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class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.1.2</span> <span>Seljuk Empire</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Seljuk_Empire-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Africa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Africa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.1.3</span> <span>Africa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Africa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-By_topic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#By_topic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.2</span> <span>By topic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-By_topic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Arts_and_Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arts_and_Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.2.1</span> <span>Arts and Culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Arts_and_Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Science_and_Technology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Science_and_Technology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.2.2</span> <span>Science and Technology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Science_and_Technology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1091" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1091"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>1091</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1091-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-By_place_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#By_place_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.1</span> <span>By place</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-By_place_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Byzantine_Empire" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Byzantine_Empire"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.1.1</span> <span>Byzantine Empire</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Byzantine_Empire-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Europe_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Europe_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.1.2</span> <span>Europe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Europe_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Britain_and_France" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Britain_and_France"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.1.3</span> <span>Britain and France</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Britain_and_France-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-By_topic_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#By_topic_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.2</span> <span>By topic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-By_topic_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Disasters" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Disasters"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.2.1</span> <span>Disasters</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Disasters-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.2.2</span> <span>Religion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1092" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1092"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>1092</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1092-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-By_place_3" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#By_place_3"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.1</span> <span>By place</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-By_place_3-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Byzantine_Empire_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Byzantine_Empire_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.1.1</span> <span>Byzantine Empire</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Byzantine_Empire_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Europe_3" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Europe_3"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.1.2</span> <span>Europe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Europe_3-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Britain" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Britain"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.1.3</span> <span>Britain</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Britain-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Seljuk_Empire_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Seljuk_Empire_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.1.4</span> <span>Seljuk Empire</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Seljuk_Empire_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-China" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#China"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.1.5</span> <span>China</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-China-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-By_topic_3" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#By_topic_3"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.2</span> <span>By topic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-By_topic_3-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Religion_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.2.1</span> <span>Religion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1093" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1093"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>1093</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1093-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-By_place_4" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#By_place_4"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4.1</span> <span>By place</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-By_place_4-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Europe_4" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Europe_4"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4.1.1</span> <span>Europe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Europe_4-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Britain_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Britain_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4.1.2</span> <span>Britain</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Britain_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-By_topic_4" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#By_topic_4"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4.2</span> <span>By topic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-By_topic_4-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Religion_3" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion_3"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4.2.1</span> <span>Religion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion_3-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1094" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1094"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>1094</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1094-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-By_place_5" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#By_place_5"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5.1</span> <span>By place</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-By_place_5-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Byzantine_Empire_3" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Byzantine_Empire_3"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5.1.1</span> <span>Byzantine Empire</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Byzantine_Empire_3-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Europe_5" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Europe_5"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5.1.2</span> <span>Europe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Europe_5-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fatimid_Egypt" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fatimid_Egypt"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5.1.3</span> <span>Fatimid Egypt</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fatimid_Egypt-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Eastern_Islamic_world" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eastern_Islamic_world"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5.1.4</span> <span>Eastern Islamic world</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Eastern_Islamic_world-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-By_topic_5" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#By_topic_5"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5.2</span> <span>By topic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-By_topic_5-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Religion_4" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion_4"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5.2.1</span> <span>Religion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion_4-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1095" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1095"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>1095</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1095-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-By_place_6" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#By_place_6"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6.1</span> <span>By place</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-By_place_6-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Byzantine_Empire_4" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Byzantine_Empire_4"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6.1.1</span> <span>Byzantine Empire</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Byzantine_Empire_4-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Europe_6" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Europe_6"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6.1.2</span> <span>Europe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Europe_6-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-England" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#England"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6.1.3</span> <span>England</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-England-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fatimid_Empire" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fatimid_Empire"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6.2</span> <span>Fatimid Empire</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fatimid_Empire-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-By_topic_6" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#By_topic_6"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6.3</span> <span>By topic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-By_topic_6-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Religion_5" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion_5"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6.3.1</span> <span>Religion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion_5-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1096" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1096"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.7</span> <span>1096</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1096-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-By_place_7" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#By_place_7"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.7.1</span> <span>By place</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-By_place_7-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-First_Crusade" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_Crusade"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.7.1.1</span> <span>First Crusade</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_Crusade-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Europe_7" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Europe_7"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.7.1.2</span> <span>Europe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Europe_7-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Asia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Asia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.7.1.3</span> <span>Asia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Asia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-By_topic_7" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#By_topic_7"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.7.2</span> <span>By topic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-By_topic_7-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Religion_6" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion_6"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.7.2.1</span> <span>Religion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion_6-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1097" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1097"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.8</span> <span>1097</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1097-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-By_place_8" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#By_place_8"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.8.1</span> <span>By place</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-By_place_8-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-First_Crusade_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_Crusade_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.8.1.1</span> <span>First Crusade</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_Crusade_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Europe_8" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Europe_8"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.8.1.2</span> <span>Europe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Europe_8-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Scotland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Scotland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.8.1.3</span> <span>Scotland</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Scotland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-England_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#England_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.8.1.4</span> <span>England</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-England_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-By_topic_8" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#By_topic_8"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.8.2</span> <span>By topic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-By_topic_8-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Religion_7" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion_7"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.8.2.1</span> <span>Religion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion_7-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1098" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1098"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.9</span> <span>1098</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1098-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-By_place_9" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#By_place_9"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.9.1</span> <span>By place</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-By_place_9-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-First_Crusade_3" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_Crusade_3"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.9.1.1</span> <span>First Crusade</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_Crusade_3-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Britain_3" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Britain_3"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.9.1.2</span> <span>Britain</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Britain_3-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-By_topic_9" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#By_topic_9"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.9.2</span> <span>By topic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-By_topic_9-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Religion_8" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion_8"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.9.2.1</span> <span>Religion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion_8-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1099" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1099"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.10</span> <span>1099</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1099-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-By_place_10" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#By_place_10"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.10.1</span> <span>By place</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-By_place_10-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-First_Crusade_4" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_Crusade_4"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.10.1.1</span> <span>First Crusade</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_Crusade_4-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-By_topic_10" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#By_topic_10"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.10.2</span> <span>By topic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-By_topic_10-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Natural_events" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Natural_events"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.10.2.1</span> <span>Natural events</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Natural_events-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion_9" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion_9"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.10.2.2</span> <span>Religion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion_9-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Significant_people" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Significant_people"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Significant people</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Significant_people-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Births" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Births"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Births</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Births-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Deaths" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Deaths"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Deaths</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Deaths-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">1090s</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 83 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-83" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">83 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%82%D8%AF_1090" title="عقد 1090 – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="عقد 1090" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anyos_1090" title="Anyos 1090 – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Anyos 1090" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%A9cada_del_1090" title="Década del 1090 – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Década del 1090" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/1090-an" title="1090-an – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="1090-an" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A7%A7%E0%A7%A6%E0%A7%AF%E0%A7%A6-%E0%A6%8F%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%95" title="১০৯০-এর দশক – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="১০৯০-এর দশক" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/1090_n%C3%AE-t%C4%81i" title="1090 nî-tāi – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="1090 nî-tāi" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/1090-%D1%8F" title="1090-я – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="1090-я" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/1090-%D1%8F" title="1090-я – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="1090-я" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/1090-e" title="1090-e – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="1090-e" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloavezhio%C3%B9_1090" title="Bloavezhioù 1090 – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Bloavezhioù 1090" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%A8cada_del_1090" title="Dècada del 1090 – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Dècada del 1090" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/1090-%D0%BC%C4%95%D1%88_%C3%A7%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BC" title="1090-мĕш çулсем – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="1090-мĕш çулсем" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dekada_1090" title="Dekada 1090 – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Dekada 1090" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/1090au" title="1090au – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="1090au" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/1090%27erne" title="1090'erne – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="1090'erne" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%85_1090" title="عوام 1090 – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="عوام 1090" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/1090er" title="1090er – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="1090er" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/1090._aastad" title="1090. aastad – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="1090. aastad" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_1090" title="An 1090 – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="An 1090" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Emiliàn e rumagnòl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/1090_%D1%86%D0%B5_%D0%B8%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%8C" title="1090 це иеть – Erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="1090 це иеть" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Эрзянь</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%C3%B1os_1090" title="Años 1090 – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Años 1090" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/1090-aj_jaroj" title="1090-aj jaroj – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="1090-aj jaroj" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/1090eko_hamarkada" title="1090eko hamarkada – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="1090eko hamarkada" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%87%D9%87_%DB%B1%DB%B0%DB%B9%DB%B0_(%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AF%DB%8C)" title="دهه ۱۰۹۰ (میلادی) – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="دهه ۱۰۹۰ (میلادی)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/1090-%C3%A1rini" title="1090-árini – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="1090-árini" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ann%C3%A9es_1090" title="Années 1090 – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Années 1090" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/1090id%C3%AD" title="1090idí – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="1090idí" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/1090an" title="1090an – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="1090an" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%A9cada_de_1090" title="Década de 1090 – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Década de 1090" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/1090%E5%B9%B4%E4%BB%A3" title="1090年代 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="1090年代" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/1090%EB%85%84%EB%8C%80" title="1090년대 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="1090년대" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/1090-ih" title="1090-ih – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="1090-ih" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yari_1090a" title="Yari 1090a – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Yari 1090a" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/1090-an" title="1090-an – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="1090-an" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/1091-1100" title="1091-1100 – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="1091-1100" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anni_1090" title="Anni 1090 – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Anni 1090" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A9%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%94-90_%D7%A9%D7%9C_%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%90%D7%94_%D7%94-11" title="שנות ה-90 של המאה ה-11 – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="שנות ה-90 של המאה ה-11" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/1090-an" title="1090-an – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="1090-an" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/1090-%E1%83%98%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98" title="1090-იანები – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="1090-იანები" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miaka_ya_1090" title="Miaka ya 1090 – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Miaka ya 1090" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/1090-%D3%A7%D0%B4_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%8F%D1%81" title="1090-ӧд вояс – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="1090-ӧд вояс" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Коми</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/XI_am%C5%BEiaus_10-as_de%C5%A1imtmetis" title="XI amžiaus 10-as dešimtmetis – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="XI amžiaus 10-as dešimtmetis" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anni_1090" title="Anni 1090 – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Anni 1090" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/1090-es_%C3%A9vek" title="1090-es évek – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="1090-es évek" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/1090-%D1%82%D0%B8" title="1090-ти – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="1090-ти" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87.%E0%A4%B8.%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%87_%E0%A5%A7%E0%A5%A6%E0%A5%AF%E0%A5%A6_%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%95" title="इ.स.चे १०९० चे दशक – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="इ.स.चे १०९० चे दशक" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/1090-%E1%83%98%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98" title="1090-იანეფი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="1090-იანეფი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%82%D8%AF_1090" title="عقد 1090 – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="عقد 1090" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/1090-an" title="1090-an – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="1090-an" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/1090_ni%C3%A8ng-d%C3%A2i" title="1090 nièng-dâi – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="1090 nièng-dâi" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/1090-1099" title="1090-1099 – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="1090-1099" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/1090%E5%B9%B4%E4%BB%A3" title="1090年代 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="1090年代" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/1090-%C3%A5rene" title="1090-årene – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="1090-årene" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anna%C3%A9es_1090" title="Annaées 1090 – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Annaées 1090" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nouormand</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/1090_%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="1090 ийла – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="1090 ийла" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Олык марий</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/1090-lar" title="1090-lar – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="1090-lar" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%A9cada_de_1090" title="Década de 1090 – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Década de 1090" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anii_1090" title="Anii 1090 – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Anii 1090" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/1090_watakuna" title="1090 watakuna – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="1090 watakuna" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/1090-%D0%B5_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%8B" title="1090-е годы – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="1090-е годы" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nso mw-list-item"><a href="https://nso.wikipedia.org/wiki/1090s" title="1090s – Northern Sotho" lang="nso" hreflang="nso" data-title="1090s" data-language-autonym="Sesotho sa Leboa" data-language-local-name="Northern Sotho" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sesotho sa Leboa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitet_1090" title="Vitet 1090 – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Vitet 1090" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/1090ini" title="1090ini – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="1090ini" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/1090s" title="1090s – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="1090s" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/90._roky_11._storo%C4%8Dia" title="90. roky 11. storočia – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="90. roky 11. storočia" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/1090." title="1090. – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="1090." data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/1090-%D0%B5" title="1090-е – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="1090-е" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/1090-e" title="1090-e – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="1090-e" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/1090-an" title="1090-an – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="1090-an" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/1090-luku" title="1090-luku – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="1090-luku" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/1090-talet" title="1090-talet – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="1090-talet" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/1090-%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80" title="1090-еллар – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="1090-еллар" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A9_1090" title="คริสต์ทศวรรษ 1090 – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="คริสต์ทศวรรษ 1090" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B0%D2%B3%D0%B0%D0%B8_1090_(%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B4%D3%A3)" title="Даҳаи 1090 (мелодӣ) – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Даҳаи 1090 (мелодӣ)" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/1090%C3%BD%C3%BD" title="1090ýý – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="1090ýý" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/1090-%D1%82%D1%96" title="1090-ті – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="1090-ті" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/1090%D8%A1_%DA%A9%DB%8C_%D8%AF%DB%81%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%8C" title="1090ء کی دہائی – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="1090ء کی دہائی" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%E1%BA%ADp_ni%C3%AAn_1090" title="Thập niên 1090 – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Thập niên 1090" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/An%C3%AAyes_1090" title="Anêyes 1090 – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Anêyes 1090" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/1090_nga_dekada" title="1090 nga dekada – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="1090 nga dekada" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/1090%E5%B9%B4%E4%BB%A3" title="1090年代 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="1090年代" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/1090%E5%B9%B4%E4%BB%A3" title="1090年代 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="1090年代" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/1090%E5%B9%B4%E4%BB%A3" title="1090年代 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="1090年代" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span 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.sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/List_of_decades,_centuries,_and_millennia" title="List of decades, centuries, and millennia">Millennium</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <a href="/wiki/2nd_millennium" title="2nd millennium">2nd millennium</a></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/List_of_decades,_centuries,_and_millennia" title="List of decades, centuries, and millennia">Centuries</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/10th_century" title="10th century">10th century</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/11th_century" title="11th century">11th century</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/12th_century" title="12th century">12th century</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/List_of_decades,_centuries,_and_millennia" title="List of decades, centuries, and millennia">Decades</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1070s" title="1070s">1070s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1080s" title="1080s">1080s</a></li> <li><b><a class="mw-selflink selflink">1090s</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1100s_(decade)" title="1100s (decade)">1100s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1110s" title="1110s">1110s</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/List_of_years" title="List of years">Years</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AD_1090" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1090">1090</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AD_1091" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1091">1091</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AD_1092" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1092">1092</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AD_1093" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1093">1093</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AD_1094" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1094">1094</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AD_1095" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1095">1095</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AD_1096" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1096">1096</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AD_1097" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1097">1097</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AD_1098" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1098">1098</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AD_1099" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1099">1099</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Categories</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1090s_births" title="Category:1090s births">Births</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:1090s_deaths" title="Category:1090s deaths">Deaths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:1090s_by_country" title="Category:1090s by country">By country</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1090s_establishments" title="Category:1090s establishments">Establishments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:1090s_disestablishments" title="Category:1090s disestablishments">Disestablishments</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Decadebox" title="Template:Decadebox"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Decadebox" title="Template talk:Decadebox"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Decadebox" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Decadebox"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>1090s</b> was a decade of the Julian Calendar which began on January 1, 1090, and ended on December 31, 1099. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-3"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Events">Events</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1090">1090</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable relarticle mainarticle selfreference noprint">This section is <a href="/wiki/Help:Transclusion" title="Help:Transclusion">transcluded</a> from <a href="/wiki/1090" title="1090">1090</a>. <span class="plainlinks" style="font-style: normal; font-size:85%;">(<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1090&action=edit">edit</a> | <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1090&action=history">history</a>)</span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="By_place"> By place</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1090&action=edit&section=T-1" title="Edit section: By place"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="Europe"> Europe</h6><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1090&action=edit&section=T-2" title="Edit section: Europe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>A third <a href="/wiki/Almoravid_dynasty" title="Almoravid dynasty">Almoravid</a> expedition is launched in <a href="/wiki/Al-Andalus" title="Al-Andalus">Al-Andalus</a>, designed to finally subdue the <a href="/wiki/Taifa" title="Taifa">Taifa's Kingdoms</a>. The cities of <a href="/wiki/C%C3%B3rdoba,_Spain" title="Córdoba, Spain">Córdoba</a>, <a href="/wiki/Seville" title="Seville">Seville</a>, <a href="/wiki/Granada" title="Granada">Granada</a>, <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A1laga" title="Málaga">Málaga</a>, <a href="/wiki/Almer%C3%ADa" title="Almería">Almería</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ronda" title="Ronda">Ronda</a> fall to the troops of Sultan <a href="/wiki/Yusuf_ibn_Tashfin" title="Yusuf ibn Tashfin">Yusuf ibn Tashfin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>King <a href="/wiki/Stephen_II_of_Croatia" title="Stephen II of Croatia">Stephen II of Croatia</a> becomes involved in an open conflict between factions of the <a href="/wiki/Croatian_nobility" title="Croatian nobility">Croatian nobility</a>, who reassert their traditional rights in their own counties.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="Seljuk_Empire"> Seljuk Empire</h6><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1090&action=edit&section=T-3" title="Edit section: Seljuk Empire"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hassan-i_Sabbah" class="mw-redirect" title="Hassan-i Sabbah">Hassan-i Sabbah</a> founds the <a href="/wiki/Nizari_Ismaili_state" title="Nizari Ismaili state">Nizari Ismaili state</a> after taking control of the <a href="/wiki/Alamut_Castle" title="Alamut Castle">Alamut Castle</a> and organising the military group called the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Assassins" title="Order of Assassins">Order of Assassins</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="Africa"> Africa</h6><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1090&action=edit&section=T-4" title="Edit section: Africa"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9ja%C3%AFa" title="Béjaïa">Béjaïa</a> (or Bugia) becomes the capital of the <a href="/wiki/Hammadid_dynasty" title="Hammadid dynasty">Hammadid dynasty</a> in modern-day <a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a>. It becomes an important port and centre of culture.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="By_topic"> By topic</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1090&action=edit&section=T-5" title="Edit section: By topic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="Arts_and_Culture"> Arts and Culture</h6><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1090&action=edit&section=T-6" title="Edit section: Arts and Culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Troubadour" title="Troubadour">Troubadours</a> begin playing in western <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Aquitaine" title="Duchy of Aquitaine">Aquitaine</a> (<a href="/wiki/Poitou" title="Poitou">Poitou</a> and <a href="/wiki/County_of_Saintonge" title="County of Saintonge">Saintonge</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Gascony" title="Duchy of Gascony">Gascony</a> (approximate date).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="Science_and_Technology"> Science and Technology</h6><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1090&action=edit&section=T-7" title="Edit section: Science and Technology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Qin_Guan" title="Qin Guan">Qin Guan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chinese_poetry" title="Chinese poetry">Chinese poet</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Song_dynasty" title="Song dynasty">Song dynasty</a>, writes the <i>Can Shu</i> (Book of <a href="/wiki/Sericulture" title="Sericulture">Sericulture</a>), which describes a <a href="/wiki/Silk" title="Silk">silk</a>-reeling machine that has the world's oldest known <a href="/wiki/Belt_(mechanical)" title="Belt (mechanical)">mechanical belt drive</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1091">1091</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable relarticle mainarticle selfreference noprint">This section is <a href="/wiki/Help:Transclusion" title="Help:Transclusion">transcluded</a> from <a href="/wiki/1091" title="1091">1091</a>. <span class="plainlinks" style="font-style: normal; font-size:85%;">(<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1091&action=edit">edit</a> | <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1091&action=history">history</a>)</span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="By_place_2"> By place</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1091&action=edit&section=T-1" title="Edit section: By place"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="Byzantine_Empire"> Byzantine Empire</h6><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1091&action=edit&section=T-2" title="Edit section: Byzantine Empire"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Spring – <a href="/wiki/Tzachas" title="Tzachas">Tzachas</a>, a Seljuk Turkish military commander, establishes an independent maritime state centred in the <a href="/wiki/Ionia" title="Ionia">Ionian</a> coastal city of <a href="/wiki/Smyrna" title="Smyrna">Smyrna</a> (modern-day <a href="/wiki/%C4%B0zmir" title="İzmir">İzmir</a>). He proclaims himself emperor (<i><a href="/wiki/Basileus" title="Basileus">basileus</a></i>), and concludes an alliance with the <a href="/wiki/Pechenegs" title="Pechenegs">Pechenegs</a> in <a href="/wiki/Thrace_(theme)" title="Thrace (theme)">Thrace</a>. Tzachas uses his fleet to blockade <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a> by sea, while the Pechenegs besiege the capital by land.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_29" title="April 29">April 29</a> – <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Levounion" title="Battle of Levounion">Battle of Levounion</a>: Emperor <a href="/wiki/Alexios_I_Komnenos" title="Alexios I Komnenos">Alexios I</a>, supported by his allies, defeats 80,000 of Pechenegs (including women and children) at the <a href="/wiki/Maritsa" title="Maritsa">Evros River</a>, near <a href="/wiki/Enez" title="Enez">Enos</a> (modern <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>). The <a href="/wiki/Cumans" title="Cumans">Cumans</a> and Byzantine forces fall upon the enemy camp, slaughtering all in their path. The Pechenegs are butchered so savagely, that this people is almost wiped out.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="Europe_2"> Europe</h6><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1091&action=edit&section=T-3" title="Edit section: Europe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Spring – King <a href="/wiki/Stephen_II_of_Croatia" title="Stephen II of Croatia">Stephen II</a>, the last member of the <a href="/wiki/Trpimirovi%C4%87_dynasty" title="Trpimirović dynasty">Trpimirović dynasty</a>, dies without leaving an heir after a 2-year reign. War and unrest breaks out in <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Croatia_(925%E2%80%931102)" title="Kingdom of Croatia (925–1102)">Croatia</a> afterwards. King <a href="/wiki/Ladislaus_I_of_Hungary" title="Ladislaus I of Hungary">Ladislaus I of Hungary</a>, on instigation of his sister, Queen <a href="/wiki/Helena_of_Hungary,_Queen_of_Croatia" title="Helena of Hungary, Queen of Croatia">Helena</a>, intervenes in the conflict and occupies Croatia. He proclaims himself king, but is contested by the Croatian nobleman <a href="/wiki/Petar_Sna%C4%8Di%C4%87" title="Petar Snačić">Petar Snačić</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/February" title="February">February</a> – <a href="/wiki/Norman_conquest_of_southern_Italy" title="Norman conquest of southern Italy">Norman conquest of Sicily</a>: The <a href="/wiki/Normans" title="Normans">Normans</a> conquer <a href="/wiki/Noto" title="Noto">Noto</a> and complete the 30-year-long conquest of <a href="/wiki/Sicily" title="Sicily">Sicily</a> from the Moorish rulers. Duke <a href="/wiki/Roger_Borsa" title="Roger Borsa">Roger Borsa</a> (a son of <a href="/wiki/Robert_Guiscard" title="Robert Guiscard">Robert Guiscard</a>) surrenders his share in the castles of <a href="/wiki/Calabria" title="Calabria">Calabria</a>, and receives his inheritance of <a href="/wiki/Palermo" title="Palermo">Palermo</a>. He grants charters to various towns and encourages <a href="/wiki/Urban_planning" title="Urban planning">urban planning</a> in <a href="/wiki/County_of_Apulia_and_Calabria" title="County of Apulia and Calabria">Apulia and Calabria</a>.</li> <li>Summer – The <a href="/wiki/Norman_invasion_of_Malta" title="Norman invasion of Malta">Norman invasion of Malta</a>: A Norman fleet led by Count <a href="/wiki/Roger_I_of_Sicily" title="Roger I of Sicily">Roger I of Sicily</a> ("Bosso") arrives in <a href="/wiki/Malta" title="Malta">Malta</a>. Roger disembarks his army, and besieges the island's capital Medina (modern-day <a href="/wiki/Mdina" title="Mdina">Mdina</a>). The inhabitants negotiate peace terms (by promising to pay an annual <a href="/wiki/Tribute" title="Tribute">tribute</a>) and swear an oath of loyalty to Roger. On the way back, the Normans sack the island <a href="/wiki/Gozo" title="Gozo">Gozo</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/July" title="July">July</a> – The <a href="/wiki/Abbadid_dynasty" title="Abbadid dynasty">Abbadid dynasty</a> ruling in <a href="/wiki/Al-Andalus" title="Al-Andalus">Al-Andalus</a> (modern <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a>) falls when <a href="/wiki/Almoravid_dynasty" title="Almoravid dynasty">Almoravid</a> forces storm <a href="/wiki/Seville" title="Seville">Seville</a>. Confronted with this threat, Emir <a href="/wiki/Taifa_of_Badajoz#Emirs_of_Badajoz" title="Taifa of Badajoz">Muhammad ibn Abu Bakr Muhammad al-Aftas</a> of <a href="/wiki/Badajoz" title="Badajoz">Badajoz</a> obtains the support of King <a href="/wiki/Alfonso_VI_of_Le%C3%B3n_and_Castile" title="Alfonso VI of León and Castile">Alfonso VI</a> ("the Brave") of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Castile" title="Kingdom of Castile">Castile</a>, in exchange for the Moorish positions on the river <a href="/wiki/Tagus" title="Tagus">Tagus</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sintra" title="Sintra">Sintra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Santar%C3%A9m,_Portugal" title="Santarém, Portugal">Santarém</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lisbon" title="Lisbon">Lisbon</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-picard2000_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-picard2000-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="Britain_and_France"> Britain and France</h6><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1091&action=edit&section=T-4" title="Edit section: Britain and France"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/February_2" title="February 2">February 2</a> – King <a href="/wiki/William_II_of_England" title="William II of England">William II of England</a> invades western <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Normandy" title="Duchy of Normandy">Normandy</a> with a large army. His brothers, <a href="/wiki/Henry_I_of_England" title="Henry I of England">Henry</a> and <a href="/wiki/Robert_Curthose" title="Robert Curthose">Robert Curthose</a>, mobilize mercenary forces to resist him during a siege at <a href="/wiki/Mont-Saint-Michel" title="Mont-Saint-Michel">Mont-Saint-Michel</a>. Under terms of the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Caen" title="Treaty of Caen">Treaty of Caen</a>, estates on the <a href="/wiki/Cotentin_Peninsula" title="Cotentin Peninsula">Cotentin Peninsula</a> of Normandy are surrendered to William, matters being concluded in August.<sup id="cite_ref-CBH_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CBH-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>July – King <a href="/wiki/Malcolm_III_of_Scotland" title="Malcolm III of Scotland">Malcolm III of Scotland</a> invades <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_England" title="Kingdom of England">England</a>, reaching as far south as <a href="/wiki/Durham,_England" title="Durham, England">Durham</a>. The Normans led by William II and Robert march north to oppose the Scots, but a conflict is averted. Malcolm is forced to accept the terms of the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Abernethy" title="Treaty of Abernethy">Treaty of Abernethy</a> (<a href="/wiki/1072" title="1072">1072</a>) and pays <a href="/wiki/Homage_(feudal)" title="Homage (feudal)">homage</a> to William.<sup id="cite_ref-CBH_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CBH-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cardiff_Castle" title="Cardiff Castle">Cardiff Castle</a> in Wales is constructed by <a href="/wiki/Robert_Fitzhamon" title="Robert Fitzhamon">Robert Fitzhamon</a>, Norman lord of <a href="/wiki/Feudal_barony_of_Gloucester" title="Feudal barony of Gloucester">Gloucester</a> (approximate date).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="By_topic_2"> By topic</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1091&action=edit&section=T-5" title="Edit section: By topic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="Disasters"> Disasters</h6><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1091&action=edit&section=T-6" title="Edit section: Disasters"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/October_17" title="October 17">October 17</a> – <a href="/wiki/London_tornado_of_1091" title="London tornado of 1091">London tornado</a>: A <a href="/wiki/TORRO_scale" title="TORRO scale">T8 tornado</a> (roughly equal to an F4 on the <a href="/wiki/Fujita_scale" title="Fujita scale">Fujita scale</a>) occurs in <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>. The wooden <a href="/wiki/London_Bridge" title="London Bridge">London Bridge</a> is demolished and the church of <a href="/wiki/St_Mary-le-Bow" title="St Mary-le-Bow">St. Mary-le-Bow</a> is badly damaged.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="Religion"> Religion</h6><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1091&action=edit&section=T-7" title="Edit section: Religion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>December – <a href="/wiki/Athanasius_VI_bar_Khamoro" title="Athanasius VI bar Khamoro">Athanasius VI bar Khamoro</a> becomes (against his will) patriarch and head of the <a href="/wiki/Syriac_Orthodox_Church" title="Syriac Orthodox Church">Syriac Orthodox Church</a> in <a href="/wiki/Antioch" title="Antioch">Antioch</a> (until <a href="/wiki/1129" title="1129">1129</a>).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1092">1092</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable relarticle mainarticle selfreference noprint">This section is <a href="/wiki/Help:Transclusion" title="Help:Transclusion">transcluded</a> from <a href="/wiki/1092" title="1092">1092</a>. <span class="plainlinks" style="font-style: normal; font-size:85%;">(<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1092&action=edit">edit</a> | <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1092&action=history">history</a>)</span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="By_place_3"> By place</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1092&action=edit&section=T-1" title="Edit section: By place"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="Byzantine_Empire_2"> Byzantine Empire</h6><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1092&action=edit&section=T-2" title="Edit section: Byzantine Empire"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Summer – Emperor <a href="/wiki/Alexios_I_Komnenos" title="Alexios I Komnenos">Alexios I Komnenos</a> bribes one of <a href="/wiki/Kilij_Arslan_I" title="Kilij Arslan I">Kilij Arslan</a>'s (sultan of the <a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Rum" title="Sultanate of Rum">Sultanate of Rum</a>) officials to recover <a href="/wiki/Sinop,_Turkey" title="Sinop, Turkey">Sinope</a> (the capital of <a href="/wiki/Paphlagonia" title="Paphlagonia">Paphlagonia</a>), and neighbouring coastal regions. He uses the Byzantine fleet to defeat the Seljuk navy off the coast of <a href="/wiki/Cius" title="Cius">Cius</a> in <a href="/wiki/Bithynia" title="Bithynia">Bithynia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="Europe_3"> Europe</h6><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1092&action=edit&section=T-3" title="Edit section: Europe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/January_14" title="January 14">January 14</a> – <a href="/wiki/Vratislaus_II_of_Bohemia" title="Vratislaus II of Bohemia">Vratislaus II</a>, the first king of <a href="/wiki/List_of_Bohemian_monarchs" title="List of Bohemian monarchs">Bohemia</a>, dies after a 6½-year reign and is succeeded by his brother <a href="/wiki/Conrad_I,_Duke_of_Bohemia" title="Conrad I, Duke of Bohemia">Conrad I</a> who becomes duke and not king because Vratislaus was elevated to the royal dignity 'for life' by <a href="/wiki/Henry_IV,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor">Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor</a> (in <a href="/wiki/1085" title="1085">1085</a>). Conrad dies <a href="/wiki/September_6" title="September 6">September 6</a> after a 8-month reign and is succeeded by his nephew <a href="/wiki/Bretislav_II" title="Bretislav II">Bretislav II</a> (the eldest son of Vratislaus).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="Britain"> Britain</h6><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1092&action=edit&section=T-4" title="Edit section: Britain"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Summer – King <a href="/wiki/William_II_of_England" title="William II of England">William II</a> annexes <a href="/wiki/Cumbria" title="Cumbria">Cumbria</a> from the Scottish Celtic kingdom of <a href="/wiki/Strathclyde" title="Strathclyde">Strathclyde</a>, and builds <a href="/wiki/Carlisle_Castle" title="Carlisle Castle">Carlisle Castle</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_11" title="May 11">May 11</a> – <a href="/wiki/Lincoln_Cathedral" title="Lincoln Cathedral">Lincoln Cathedral</a>, one of England's finest <a href="/wiki/English_Gothic_architecture" title="English Gothic architecture">Gothic</a> buildings, is consecrated.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="Seljuk_Empire_2"> Seljuk Empire</h6><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1092&action=edit&section=T-5" title="Edit section: Seljuk Empire"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/November_19" title="November 19">November 19</a> – Sultan <a href="/wiki/Malik-Shah_I" title="Malik-Shah I">Malik-Shah I</a> dies after a 20-year reign while <a href="/wiki/Hunting" title="Hunting">hunting</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Seljuk_Empire" title="Seljuk Empire">Seljuk Empire</a> falls into chaos: his brother <a href="/wiki/Tutush_I" title="Tutush I">Tutush I</a> and rival successors carve up their own independent <a href="/wiki/Sultan" title="Sultan">sultanates</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a>. Malik-Shah is succeeded by his son <a href="/wiki/Mahmud_I_of_Great_Seljuq" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahmud I of Great Seljuq">Mahmud I</a>, but he does not gain control of the empire.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="China"> China</h6><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1092&action=edit&section=T-6" title="Edit section: China"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Su_Song" title="Su Song">Su Song</a>, a Chinese statesman and <a href="/wiki/Scientist" title="Scientist">scientist</a>, publishes his <i>Xin Yi Xiang Fa Yao</i>, a treatise outlining the construction and operation of his complex astronomical <a href="/wiki/Clocktower" class="mw-redirect" title="Clocktower">clocktower</a>, built in <a href="/wiki/Kaifeng" title="Kaifeng">Kaifeng</a>. It also includes a celestial atlas of five <a href="/wiki/Star_map" class="mw-redirect" title="Star map">star maps</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="By_topic_3"> By topic</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1092&action=edit&section=T-7" title="Edit section: By topic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="Religion_2"> Religion</h6><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1092&action=edit&section=T-8" title="Edit section: Religion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/April_21" title="April 21">April 21</a> – The <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Pisa" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Pisa">Diocese of Pisa</a> is elevated to the dignity of a metropolitan <a href="/wiki/Diocese#archdiocese" title="Diocese">archdiocese</a> by <a href="/wiki/Pope_Urban_II" title="Pope Urban II">Pope Urban II</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_21" title="May 21">May 21</a> – <a href="/wiki/Synod_of_Szabolcs" title="Synod of Szabolcs">Synod of Szabolcs</a>: King <a href="/wiki/Ladislaus_I_of_Hungary" title="Ladislaus I of Hungary">Ladislaus I of Hungary</a> assembles a council of the prelates of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary" title="Kingdom of Hungary">his kingdom</a> at the fortress of <a href="/wiki/Szabolcs_(village)" title="Szabolcs (village)">Szabolcs</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1093">1093</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable relarticle mainarticle selfreference noprint">This section is <a href="/wiki/Help:Transclusion" title="Help:Transclusion">transcluded</a> from <a href="/wiki/1093" title="1093">1093</a>. <span class="plainlinks" style="font-style: normal; font-size:85%;">(<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1093&action=edit">edit</a> | <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1093&action=history">history</a>)</span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="By_place_4"> By place</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1093&action=edit&section=T-1" title="Edit section: By place"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="Europe_4"> Europe</h6><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1093&action=edit&section=T-2" title="Edit section: Europe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/April_13" title="April 13">April 13</a> –The Grand Prince of Kiev <a href="/wiki/Vsevolod_I_of_Kiev" title="Vsevolod I of Kiev">Vsevolod I Yaroslavich</a> dies, after a 15-year reign. He is succeeded by <a href="/wiki/Sviatopolk_II_of_Kiev" title="Sviatopolk II of Kiev">Sviatopolk II</a>, who is acknowledged by other princes as the senior son of <a href="/wiki/Iziaslav_I_of_Kiev" title="Iziaslav I of Kiev">Iziaslav I</a>, and ascends the Kievan throne as ruler of the <a href="/wiki/Kievan_Rus%27" title="Kievan Rus'">Kievan Rus'</a>. His cousin <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_II_Monomakh" title="Vladimir II Monomakh">Vladimir II</a>, prince of <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Chernigov" title="Principality of Chernigov">Chernigov</a>, becomes a bitter rival.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_26" title="May 26">May 26</a> – <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Stugna_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of the Stugna River">Battle of the Stugna River</a>: The nomadic <a href="/wiki/Cumans" title="Cumans">Cumans</a> defeat a Kievan joint force led by the princes of Kievan Rus' at the <a href="/wiki/Stuhna_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Stuhna River">Stuhna River</a> in the valley near <a href="/wiki/Trypillia" title="Trypillia">Trepol</a>. <a href="/wiki/Rostislav_Vsevolodovich" title="Rostislav Vsevolodovich">Rostislav Vsevolodovich</a>, prince of <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Pereyaslavl" title="Principality of Pereyaslavl">Pereyaslavl</a>, drowns while fleeing the battle.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_22" title="September 22">September 22</a> – King <a href="/wiki/Olaf_III_of_Norway" title="Olaf III of Norway">Olaf III of Norway</a> ("the Peaceful") dies after a 26-year reign. He is succeeded by his son <a href="/wiki/Magnus_Barefoot" title="Magnus Barefoot">Magnus Barefoot</a> who is proclaimed ruler of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Norway_(872%E2%80%931397)" title="Kingdom of Norway (872–1397)">Norway</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Borgarting" title="Borgarting">Borgarting</a> (or the <a href="/wiki/Thing_(assembly)" title="Thing (assembly)">Thing</a>), an assembly of <a href="/wiki/Lawspeaker" title="Lawspeaker">lawspeakers</a>, in the region of <a href="/wiki/Viken,_Norway" class="mw-redirect" title="Viken, Norway">Viken</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="Britain_2"> Britain</h6><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1093&action=edit&section=T-3" title="Edit section: Britain"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/March_6" title="March 6">March 6</a> – <a href="/wiki/Anselm_of_Canterbury" title="Anselm of Canterbury">Anselm</a>, Italian <a href="/wiki/Benedictines" title="Benedictines">Benedictine</a> abbot and <a href="/wiki/Theologian" class="mw-redirect" title="Theologian">theologian</a>, becomes archbishop of <a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Canterbury" title="Diocese of Canterbury">Canterbury</a> in England, succeeding <a href="/wiki/Lanfranc" title="Lanfranc">Lanfranc</a>. The post of archbishop has been left vacant since <a href="/wiki/1089" title="1089">1089</a> by King <a href="/wiki/William_II_of_England" title="William II of England">William II of England</a> – so he can collect the church's income for himself.<sup id="cite_ref-BBC_timeline_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC_timeline-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_13" title="November 13">November 13</a> – <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Alnwick_(1093)" title="Battle of Alnwick (1093)">Battle of Alnwick</a>: King <a href="/wiki/Malcolm_III_of_Scotland" title="Malcolm III of Scotland">Malcolm III of Scotland</a> invades <a href="/wiki/Northumberland" title="Northumberland">Northumberland</a>, but is killed by English forces under Earl <a href="/wiki/Robert_de_Mowbray" title="Robert de Mowbray">Robert de Mowbray</a> while besieging <a href="/wiki/Alnwick_Castle" title="Alnwick Castle">Alnwick Castle</a>. He is succeeded by his brother <a href="/wiki/Donald_III_of_Scotland" title="Donald III of Scotland">Donald III</a> ("the Fair") as ruler of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Scotland" title="Kingdom of Scotland">Scotland</a>.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Normans" title="Normans">Normans</a> under Lord <a href="/wiki/Robert_Fitzhamon" title="Robert Fitzhamon">Robert Fitzhamon</a> continue their occupation of southern <a href="/wiki/Wales" title="Wales">Wales</a><sup id="cite_ref-CBH1093_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CBH1093-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with <a href="/wiki/Pembroke_Castle" title="Pembroke Castle">Pembroke Castle</a> being constructed by <a href="/wiki/Arnulf_de_Montgomery" title="Arnulf de Montgomery">Arnulf de Montgomery</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="By_topic_4"> By topic</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1093&action=edit&section=T-4" title="Edit section: By topic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="Religion_3"> Religion</h6><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1093&action=edit&section=T-5" title="Edit section: Religion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/April_8" title="April 8">April 8</a> – Monks move into the new <a href="/wiki/Winchester_Cathedral" title="Winchester Cathedral">Winchester Cathedral</a> in England, constructed by the Norman bishop <a href="/wiki/Walkelin" title="Walkelin">Walkelin</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_11" title="August 11">August 11</a> – Construction of <a href="/wiki/Durham_Cathedral" title="Durham Cathedral">Durham Cathedral</a> in England begins, replacing the Saxon 'White Church'.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1094">1094</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable relarticle mainarticle selfreference noprint">This section is <a href="/wiki/Help:Transclusion" title="Help:Transclusion">transcluded</a> from <a href="/wiki/1094" title="1094">1094</a>. <span class="plainlinks" style="font-style: normal; font-size:85%;">(<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1094&action=edit">edit</a> | <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1094&action=history">history</a>)</span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="By_place_5"> By place</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1094&action=edit&section=T-1" title="Edit section: By place"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="Byzantine_Empire_3"> Byzantine Empire</h6><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1094&action=edit&section=T-2" title="Edit section: Byzantine Empire"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Spring – Emperor <a href="/wiki/Alexios_I_Komnenos" title="Alexios I Komnenos">Alexios I Komnenos</a> sends a Byzantine expeditionary force under General <a href="/wiki/Tatikios" title="Tatikios">Tatikios</a> to <a href="/wiki/%C4%B0znik" title="İznik">Nicaea</a>, in an attempt to re-capture the city from the Seljuk Turks. However, the arrival of <a href="/wiki/Barkiyaruq" class="mw-redirect" title="Barkiyaruq">Barkiyaruq</a>'s army en route stops the Byzantines. Alexios sends reinforcements; short of supplies, the Seljuk Turks retreat. <a href="/wiki/Abu%27l-Qasim_(Seljuq_governor_of_Nicaea)" class="mw-redirect" title="Abu'l-Qasim (Seljuq governor of Nicaea)">Abu'l-Qasim</a>, Seljuk governor of Nicaea, is defeated and forced to conclude a truce with Alexios.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="Europe_5"> Europe</h6><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1094&action=edit&section=T-3" title="Edit section: Europe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/May" title="May">May</a> – <a href="/wiki/El_Cid" title="El Cid">El Cid</a> (Rodrigo Diaz de Vivar) completes his conquest of <a href="/wiki/Valencia_(autonomous_community)" class="mw-redirect" title="Valencia (autonomous community)">Valencia</a> in <a href="/wiki/Al-Andalus" title="Al-Andalus">Al-Andalus</a> (modern <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a>) and begins his rule (in the name of King <a href="/wiki/Alfonso_VI_of_Le%C3%B3n_and_Castile" title="Alfonso VI of León and Castile">Alfonso VI</a>) there. The <a href="/wiki/Almoravid_dynasty" title="Almoravid dynasty">Almoravid</a> campaign to regain the city fails.<sup id="cite_ref-lameretlesmusulmans_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lameretlesmusulmans-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May" title="May">May</a>–<a href="/wiki/June" title="June">June</a> – <a href="/wiki/Duncan_II_of_Scotland" title="Duncan II of Scotland">Duncan</a>, son of the late King <a href="/wiki/Malcolm_III_of_Scotland" title="Malcolm III of Scotland">Malcolm III of Scotland</a>, gathers a substantial army, chiefly Anglo-Normans from England, and challenges his uncle <a href="/wiki/Donald_III_of_Scotland" title="Donald III of Scotland">Donald III</a> ("the Fair") for the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Scotland" title="Kingdom of Scotland">Kingdom of Scotland</a>. Duncan is crowned king at <a href="/wiki/Scone,_Scotland" title="Scone, Scotland">Scone</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Potter_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Potter-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_28" title="July 28">July 28</a> – <a href="/wiki/William_Bertrand_of_Provence" title="William Bertrand of Provence">William Bertrand</a> dies, and his margravial title of <a href="/wiki/Provence" title="Provence">Provence</a> is inherited by <a href="/wiki/Raymond_IV,_Count_of_Toulouse" title="Raymond IV, Count of Toulouse">Raymond IV</a> ("Saint-Gilles"), who becomes count of <a href="/wiki/County_of_Toulouse" title="County of Toulouse">Toulouse</a> (until <a href="/wiki/1105" title="1105">1105</a>).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_12" title="November 12">November 12</a> – Donald III mobilizes his army and kills Duncan II in battle in the <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Lowlands" title="Scottish Lowlands">Scottish Lowlands</a>, re-taking the Scottish throne.<sup id="cite_ref-Potter_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Potter-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="Fatimid_Egypt"> Fatimid Egypt</h6><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1094&action=edit&section=T-4" title="Edit section: Fatimid Egypt"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>After the death of <a href="/wiki/Caliphate" title="Caliphate">Caliph</a> <a href="/wiki/Al-Mustansir_Billah" title="Al-Mustansir Billah">al-Mustansir Billah</a>, his son-in-law and <a href="/wiki/Vizier" title="Vizier">vizier</a> <a href="/wiki/Al-Afdal_Shahanshah" title="Al-Afdal Shahanshah">Al-Afdal</a> declares <a href="/wiki/Al-Musta%27li" title="Al-Musta'li">al-Musta'li</a>, a younger son of al-Mustansir, in a <a href="/wiki/Coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="Coup d'état">coup d'état</a> as new Caliph. Al-Mustansir's designated heir, <a href="/wiki/Nizar_ibn_al-Mustansir" title="Nizar ibn al-Mustansir">Nizar</a>, flees to <a href="/wiki/Alexandria" title="Alexandria">Alexandria</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="Eastern_Islamic_world"> Eastern Islamic world</h6><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1094&action=edit&section=T-5" title="Edit section: Eastern Islamic world"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dinar_of_Abbasid_caliph_of_Baghdad_al-muqtadi.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Dinar_of_Abbasid_caliph_of_Baghdad_al-muqtadi.jpg/220px-Dinar_of_Abbasid_caliph_of_Baghdad_al-muqtadi.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="108" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Dinar_of_Abbasid_caliph_of_Baghdad_al-muqtadi.jpg/330px-Dinar_of_Abbasid_caliph_of_Baghdad_al-muqtadi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Dinar_of_Abbasid_caliph_of_Baghdad_al-muqtadi.jpg/440px-Dinar_of_Abbasid_caliph_of_Baghdad_al-muqtadi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="641" data-file-height="316" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Gold_dinar" title="Gold dinar">Gold dinar</a> of <a href="/wiki/Al-Muqtadi" title="Al-Muqtadi">al-Muqtadi</a> mint at Baghdad</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/February_3" title="February 3">February 3</a> – Caliph of <a href="/wiki/Baghdad" title="Baghdad">Baghdad</a> <a href="/wiki/Al-Muqtadi" title="Al-Muqtadi">al-Muqtadi</a> dies and is succeeded by his nominated heir Ahmad (<a href="/wiki/Al-Mustazhir" title="Al-Mustazhir">al-Mustazhir</a>).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/October" title="October">October</a> – Seljuk sultan <a href="/wiki/Mahmud_I_(Seljuk_sultan)" title="Mahmud I (Seljuk sultan)">Mahmud I</a> dies after a 2-year reign. He is succeeded by his brother <a href="/wiki/Barkiyaruq" class="mw-redirect" title="Barkiyaruq">Barkiyaruq</a> (one of the Seljuk princes who claim the throne) as ruler of the <a href="/wiki/Seljuk_Empire" title="Seljuk Empire">Seljuk Empire</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="By_topic_5"> By topic</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1094&action=edit&section=T-6" title="Edit section: By topic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="Religion_4"> Religion</h6><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1094&action=edit&section=T-7" title="Edit section: Religion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/May_15" title="May 15">May 15</a> – The <a href="/wiki/Catania_Cathedral" title="Catania Cathedral">Cathedral of St. Agatha</a> in <a href="/wiki/Catania" title="Catania">Catania</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sicily" title="Sicily">Sicily</a>) is consecrated by the Breton abbot <a href="/wiki/Ansger" title="Ansger">Ansger</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_8" title="October 8">October 8</a> – Doge <a href="/wiki/Vitale_Faliero" title="Vitale Faliero">Vitale Faliero</a> consecrates the new <a href="/wiki/St_Mark%27s_Basilica" title="St Mark's Basilica">Basilica of San Marco</a> in <a href="/wiki/Venice" title="Venice">Venice</a>.</li> <li>King <a href="/wiki/Ladislaus_I_of_Hungary" title="Ladislaus I of Hungary">Ladislaus I of Hungary</a> founds a diocese (alongside the bishop's <a href="/wiki/Episcopal_see" title="Episcopal see">see</a>) in <a href="/wiki/Zagreb" title="Zagreb">Zagreb</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Musta%27li" title="Al-Musta'li">Al-Musta'li</a> becomes the nineteenth <a href="/wiki/Imamate_in_Shia_doctrine" title="Imamate in Shia doctrine">imam</a> of <a href="/wiki/Musta%27li_Ismailism" title="Musta'li Ismailism">Musta'li Ismailism</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1095">1095</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable relarticle mainarticle selfreference noprint">This section is <a href="/wiki/Help:Transclusion" title="Help:Transclusion">transcluded</a> from <a href="/wiki/1095" title="1095">1095</a>. <span class="plainlinks" style="font-style: normal; font-size:85%;">(<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1095&action=edit">edit</a> | <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1095&action=history">history</a>)</span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="By_place_6"> By place</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1095&action=edit&section=T-1" title="Edit section: By place"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="Byzantine_Empire_4"> Byzantine Empire</h6><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1095&action=edit&section=T-2" title="Edit section: Byzantine Empire"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>March – Emperor <a href="/wiki/Alexios_I_Komnenos" title="Alexios I Komnenos">Alexios I Komnenos</a> send envoys to <a href="/wiki/Pope_Urban_II" title="Pope Urban II">Pope Urban II</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Piacenza" title="Council of Piacenza">Council of Piacenza</a> and appeals to the Christian states of <a href="/wiki/Western_Europe" title="Western Europe">Western Europe</a> for military aid against the <a href="/wiki/Seljuk_Empire" title="Seljuk Empire">Seljuk Turks</a>. Urban responds favourably, hoping to heal the <a href="/wiki/East%E2%80%93West_Schism" title="East–West Schism">Great Schism</a> of 40 years earlier, and to reunite the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a> under <a href="/wiki/Papal_primacy" title="Papal primacy">papal primacy</a> by helping the Eastern churches.</li> <li>Summer – The nomadic <a href="/wiki/Cumans" title="Cumans">Cumans</a> cross the <a href="/wiki/Danube" title="Danube">River Danube</a> and invade <a href="/wiki/Thrace_(theme)" title="Thrace (theme)">Thrace</a>, to support the pretender <a href="/wiki/Constantine_Diogenes_(pretender)" title="Constantine Diogenes (pretender)">Constantine Diogenes</a> (son of the late Emperor <a href="/wiki/Romanos_IV_Diogenes" title="Romanos IV Diogenes">Romanos IV</a>). The Cumans occupy the province of <a href="/wiki/Paristrion" title="Paristrion">Paristrion</a> (located in the Lower Danube). Emperor Alexios I places Byzantine detachments to guard the passes over the <a href="/wiki/Balkan_Mountains" title="Balkan Mountains">Balkan Mountains</a>, but they are bypassed.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="Europe_6"> Europe</h6><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1095&action=edit&section=T-3" title="Edit section: Europe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/County_of_Portugal" title="County of Portugal">Second County of Portugal</a> is established by Count <a href="/wiki/Henry,_Count_of_Portugal" title="Henry, Count of Portugal">Henry of Burgundy</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Almoravid_dynasty" title="Almoravid dynasty">Almoravids</a> start pushing back the forces of King <a href="/wiki/Alfonso_VI_of_Le%C3%B3n_and_Castile" title="Alfonso VI of León and Castile">Alfonso VI</a> ("the Brave") to the positions they occupied a decade earlier. This offensive begins with the re-conquest of <a href="/wiki/Lisbon" title="Lisbon">Lisbon</a>, which had been given away to <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Castile" title="Kingdom of Castile">Castile</a> in <a href="/wiki/1091" title="1091">1091</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-picard2000_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-picard2000-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>July – <a href="/wiki/Coloman,_King_of_Hungary" title="Coloman, King of Hungary">Coloman</a> ("the Learned") begins to establish himself as ruler of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary" title="Kingdom of Hungary">Hungary</a>, following the death of his uncle, King <a href="/wiki/Ladislaus_I_of_Hungary" title="Ladislaus I of Hungary">Ladislaus I</a> (until <a href="/wiki/1116" title="1116">1116</a>).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_18" title="August 18">August 18</a> – <a href="/wiki/Olaf_I_of_Denmark" title="Olaf I of Denmark">Olaf I of Denmark</a> ("Hunger") dies after a 9-year reign. He is succeeded by his brother <a href="/wiki/Eric_I_of_Denmark" title="Eric I of Denmark">Eric I</a> ("the Good") as king of <a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="England"> England</h6><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1095&action=edit&section=T-4" title="Edit section: England"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>January – After attacking four Norwegian merchant ships lying in the <a href="/wiki/River_Tyne" title="River Tyne">River Tyne</a>, <a href="/wiki/Robert_de_Mowbray" title="Robert de Mowbray">Robert de Mowbray</a>, earl of <a href="/wiki/Northumberland" title="Northumberland">Northumberland</a>, is called for by King <a href="/wiki/William_II_of_England" title="William II of England">William II of England</a> to explain his actions. Instead, Mowbray rises up in rebellion against William along with other Norman nobles. William leads an army and besieges <a href="/wiki/Bamburgh_Castle" title="Bamburgh Castle">Bamburgh Castle</a>; de Mowbray is captured after fleeing the stronghold.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Fatimid_Empire"> Fatimid Empire</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1095&action=edit&section=T-5" title="Edit section: Fatimid Empire"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>The rebellion of <a href="/wiki/Nizar_ibn_al-Mustansir" title="Nizar ibn al-Mustansir">Nizar</a> is squashed by <a href="/wiki/Al-Afdal_Shahanshah" title="Al-Afdal Shahanshah">al-Afdal</a>. Nizar is <a href="/wiki/Immured" class="mw-redirect" title="Immured">immured</a> and his death results in a <a href="/wiki/Schism" title="Schism">schism</a> of <a href="/wiki/Ismaili_Shia" class="mw-redirect" title="Ismaili Shia">Ismaili Shia</a>. While Shiites in Egypt, Yemen and parts of Syria remain loyal to the new caliph, <a href="/wiki/Al-Musta%27li" title="Al-Musta'li">Al-Musta'li</a>, the Persian and many other Eastern Shiites under <a href="/wiki/Hasan-i_Sabbah" title="Hasan-i Sabbah">Hasan-i Sabbah</a> break away in the newly formed <a href="/wiki/Nizari_Ismaili_state" title="Nizari Ismaili state">Nizari Ismaili state</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="By_topic_6"> By topic</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1095&action=edit&section=T-6" title="Edit section: By topic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="Religion_5"> Religion</h6><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1095&action=edit&section=T-7" title="Edit section: Religion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/November_18" title="November 18">November 18</a> – The <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Clermont" title="Council of Clermont">Council of Clermont</a> begins. The synod is called by Pope Urban II to discuss sending the <a href="/wiki/First_Crusade" title="First Crusade">First Crusade</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Land" title="Holy Land">Holy Land</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_27" title="November 27">November 27</a> – Urban II preaches the First Crusade at the Council of Clermont; <a href="/wiki/Peter_the_Hermit" title="Peter the Hermit">Peter the Hermit</a> begins to preach throughout <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_28" title="November 28">November 28</a> – Urban II appoints Bishop <a href="/wiki/Adhemar_of_Le_Puy" title="Adhemar of Le Puy">Adhemar of Le Puy</a> and Count <a href="/wiki/Raymond_IV_of_Toulouse" class="mw-redirect" title="Raymond IV of Toulouse">Raymond IV of Toulouse</a> ("Saint-Gilles"), to lead the First Crusade.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Isma%27ilism" title="Isma'ilism">Ismaili Shia</a> split into the <a href="/wiki/Musta%27li_Ismailism" title="Musta'li Ismailism">Musta'li</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nizari_Isma%27ilism" title="Nizari Isma'ilism">Nizari</a> branch.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valence_Cathedral" title="Valence Cathedral">Valence Cathedral</a> is consecrated in <a href="/wiki/Valence,_Dr%C3%B4me" title="Valence, Drôme">Valence</a> (approximate date).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1096">1096</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable relarticle mainarticle selfreference noprint">This section is <a href="/wiki/Help:Transclusion" title="Help:Transclusion">transcluded</a> from <a href="/wiki/1096" title="1096">1096</a>. <span class="plainlinks" style="font-style: normal; font-size:85%;">(<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1096&action=edit">edit</a> | <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1096&action=history">history</a>)</span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="By_place_7"> By place</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1096&action=edit&section=T-1" title="Edit section: By place"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="First_Crusade"> First Crusade</h6><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1096&action=edit&section=T-2" title="Edit section: First Crusade"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Spring – <a href="/wiki/Peter_the_Hermit" title="Peter the Hermit">Peter the Hermit</a> begins his preaching of the <a href="/wiki/First_Crusade" title="First Crusade">First Crusade</a>, traveling from <a href="/wiki/Berry,_France" title="Berry, France">Berry</a> (in central <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>) across <a href="/wiki/Champagne-Ardenne" title="Champagne-Ardenne">Champagne</a>, and down the <a href="/wiki/Meuse" title="Meuse">Meuse</a> Valley to <a href="/wiki/Cologne" title="Cologne">Cologne</a> (modern <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>). He gathers the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Crusade" title="People's Crusade">People's Crusade</a> (some 40,000 supporters), which departs about <a href="/wiki/April_20" title="April 20">April 20</a>. Peter's speeches appeal not only to nobles and <a href="/wiki/Knight" title="Knight">knights</a>, but also <a href="/wiki/Laborer" title="Laborer">laborers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trade" title="Trade">tradesmen</a> and peasants (among them are former <a href="/wiki/Brigandage" title="Brigandage">brigands</a> and criminals).<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May" title="May">May</a> – The People's Crusade, under Peter the Hermit, arrives at <a href="/wiki/Sopron" title="Sopron">Sopron</a>. <a href="/wiki/Coloman,_King_of_Hungary" title="Coloman, King of Hungary">Coloman, King of Hungary</a> ("the Learned") gives them permission to pass through <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary_(1000-1301)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Hungary (1000-1301)">Hungary</a>, and to use the markets. Peter and his followers (some 20,000 men and women) travel from <a href="/wiki/Budapest" title="Budapest">Budapest</a> southwards supported by knights, while lumbering wagons carry stores and a chest of money that he has collected for the journey.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/May" title="May">May</a> – The <a href="/wiki/Rhineland_massacres" title="Rhineland massacres">Rhineland massacres</a>: Members of the People's Crusade led by Count <a href="/wiki/Emicho" title="Emicho">Emicho</a> destroy most of the Jewish communities along the <a href="/wiki/Rhine" title="Rhine">Rhine</a> in a series of large <a href="/wiki/Pogrom" title="Pogrom">pogroms</a> in <a href="/wiki/France_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="France in the Middle Ages">France</a> and Germany. Thousands of Jews are massacred, driven to suicide, or forced to convert to <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a>. Estimates of the number of Jewish men, women and children murdered are 2,000 to 12,000.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_8" title="May 8">May 8</a> – French members of the People's Crusade led by <a href="/wiki/Walter_Sans_Avoir" title="Walter Sans Avoir">Walter Sans Avoir</a> enter Hungary, without incident they arrive at <a href="/wiki/Zemun" title="Zemun">Semlin</a>, and cross the <a href="/wiki/Sava" title="Sava">Sava</a> into Byzantine territory at <a href="/wiki/Belgrade" title="Belgrade">Belgrade</a>. Meanwhile, Walter demands food but he is refused entry, and the crusaders are forced to pillage the countryside. Eventually Walter is allowed to carry on to <a href="/wiki/Ni%C5%A1" title="Niš">Niš</a>, where he is provided with food.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_18" title="May 18">May 18</a>–<a href="/wiki/May_26" title="May 26">26</a> – The <a href="/wiki/Worms_massacre_(1096)" title="Worms massacre (1096)">Worms massacre</a>: Members of the People's Crusade under Emicho besiege <a href="/wiki/Worms,_Germany" title="Worms, Germany">Worms</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Rhineland" title="Rhineland">Rhineland</a> before killing at least 800 Jews, despite the intervention of Bishop <a href="/wiki/Prince-Bishopric_of_Worms#Bishops_of_Worms,770–1802" title="Prince-Bishopric of Worms">Adalbert II</a>. He tries to hide some of them in the bishop's palace, others chose to remain outside its walls. One of the victims is <a href="/wiki/Minna_of_Worms" title="Minna of Worms">Minna of Worms</a>, an influential Jew among the Christian nobility.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_27" title="May 27">May 27</a> – Members of the People's Crusade under Emicho massacre at least 1,000 Jews in <a href="/wiki/Mainz" title="Mainz">Mainz</a>. Archbishop <a href="/wiki/Ruthard_of_Mainz" title="Ruthard of Mainz">Ruthard</a> tries to hide some of them in the cellars of <a href="/wiki/Mainz_Cathedral" title="Mainz Cathedral">Mainz Cathedral</a> but the crusaders learn of this – and murder most of the Jews. Men, women, and children of all ages are slaughtered indiscriminately.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_30" title="May 30">May 30</a> – Members of the People's Crusade led by the priest Folkmar from <a href="/wiki/Saxony" title="Saxony">Saxony</a> persecute Jews in <a href="/wiki/Prague" title="Prague">Prague</a>, despite the opposition of the local Catholic hierarchy. Local citizens try to hide them in their own houses. Later the Jews manage to escape to safety in neighboring villages, but are slaughtered by the hundreds.</li> <li>June – Members of the People's Crusade under Emicho set out up the <a href="/wiki/Main_(river)" title="Main (river)">Main</a> towards Hungary. Some followers break off from Emicho's army at Mainz and travel to <a href="/wiki/Metz" title="Metz">Metz</a> – where many Jews are persecuted and murdered. They proceed down the Rhine, massacring the Jews at <a href="/wiki/Neuss" title="Neuss">Neuss</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grevenbroich" title="Grevenbroich">Wevelinghofen</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Xanten" title="Xanten">Xanten</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>June – The People's Crusade under Emicho are refused entry to Hungary on orders of Coloman, who sends troops to defend the bridge at <a href="/wiki/Moson_County" title="Moson County">Wieselburg</a>. Emicho decides to build an alternative bridge and crosses the <a href="/wiki/Danube" title="Danube">Danube</a>. He besieges the fortress of Wieselburg, but is defeated and routed by the Hungarian army.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>June – <a href="/wiki/Zemun_Fortress" class="mw-redirect" title="Zemun Fortress">Siege of Semlin</a>: The People's Crusade led by Peter the Hermit arrives at Semlin. Hearing rumors of an attack from the Hungarian count Guz of Semlin on the rearguard, Geoffrey Burel assaults the castle, captures it by surprise, and defeats the Hungarian army. He plunders its supplies, herds and horses.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_26" title="June 26">June 26</a> – The People's Crusade (some 30,000 men) led by Peter the Hermit crosses the Sava (stealing boats from the local fishermen) but are attacked by <a href="/wiki/Pechenegs" title="Pechenegs">Pechenegs</a> and Hungarian forces. The citizens of Belgrade flee and the crusaders pillage and burn the city. Peter travels for seven days, and arrives at <a href="/wiki/Ni%C5%A1" title="Niš">Niš</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>July – The People's Crusade led by Peter the Hermit is defeated by the Byzantine army (mostly Hungarian and Bulgar mercenaries) in battle near Niš. The crusader supply train of some 2,000 wagons and Peter's treasury chest is captured by the Byzantines. About a quarter of the People's Crusade is lost.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_12" title="July 12">July 12</a> – The People's Crusade led by Peter the Hermit reaches <a href="/wiki/Sofia" title="Sofia">Sofia</a>, where they meet envoys from <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a> with orders to keep them supplied along the road. At <a href="/wiki/Plovdiv" title="Plovdiv">Philippopolis</a> the Greeks are so deeply moved by the suffering of Peter and his followers that the locals give them money, food and horses.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_1" title="August 1">August 1</a> – The <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Crusade" title="People's Crusade">People's Crusade</a> led by Peter the Hermit arrives at <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a>. He is received by Emperor <a href="/wiki/Alexios_I_Komnenos" title="Alexios I Komnenos">Alexios I Komnenos</a>, who gives him financial support. The crusaders commit endless thefts in the suburbs. Peter combines his forces with Walter Sans Avoir and camps outside Constantinople.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_2" title="August 2">August 2</a>–<a href="/wiki/August_6" title="August 6">6</a> – The People's Crusade reorganize their forces and gather supplies. Alexios I advises Peter the Hermit to wait for reinforcements but he ignores the advice. The People's army (some 30,000 men) is transported across the <a href="/wiki/Bosporus" title="Bosporus">Bosporus</a> – by the Byzantine fleet to <a href="/wiki/Helenopolis_(Bithynia)" title="Helenopolis (Bithynia)">Civetot</a> (modern <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>).</li> <li>August – <a href="/wiki/Hugh,_Count_of_Vermandois" title="Hugh, Count of Vermandois">Hugh</a> ("the Great"), count of <a href="/wiki/Vermandois" title="Vermandois">Vermandois</a> (a brother of King <a href="/wiki/Philip_I_of_France" title="Philip I of France">Philip I</a>), departs to join the First Crusade. He travels with a <a href="/wiki/Army_of_Hugh_the_Great_on_the_First_Crusade" title="Army of Hugh the Great on the First Crusade">small army</a> via the <a href="/wiki/Alps" title="Alps">Alps</a> to <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a>. While sailing the <a href="/wiki/Adriatic_Sea" title="Adriatic Sea">Adriatic Sea</a> from <a href="/wiki/Bari" title="Bari">Bari</a> to <a href="/wiki/Durr%C3%ABs" title="Durrës">Dyrrachium</a> his fleet is reduced by shipwreck. Hugh's own ship is stranded on the shore near <a href="/wiki/Epirus" title="Epirus">Epirus</a>.</li> <li>August – <a href="/wiki/Godfrey_of_Bouillon" title="Godfrey of Bouillon">Godfrey of Bouillon</a>, duke of <a href="/wiki/Lower_Lorraine" class="mw-redirect" title="Lower Lorraine">Lower Lorraine</a>, accompanied by his younger brother <a href="/wiki/Baldwin_I_of_Jerusalem" title="Baldwin I of Jerusalem">Baldwin</a>, sets off to join the First Crusade (called by <a href="/wiki/Pope_Urban_II" title="Pope Urban II">Pope Urban II</a>) at the head of an army of some 40,000 men. He pledges his <a href="/wiki/Allegiance" title="Allegiance">allegiance</a> to Emperor <a href="/wiki/Henry_IV,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor">Henry IV</a> who issues an order not to harm Jewish communities.</li> <li>September – French forces (7,000 infantry and 300 knights) led by <a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Burel_of_Amboise" title="Geoffrey Burel of Amboise">Geoffrey Burel</a> raid around <a href="/wiki/Nicaea" title="Nicaea">Nicaea</a> (the capital of the Rum <a href="/wiki/Seljuk_Empire" title="Seljuk Empire">Seljuk Turks</a>), plundering livestock and villages in the suburbs. They commit atrocities against local Christian peasants. Children are tortured and dismembered by the crusaders.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>September – German forces (5,000 infantry and 200 knights) led by Rainald of Breis raid the region of Nicaea. They advance eastward and assault the Seljuk garrison in the castle of <a href="/wiki/Xerigordos" title="Xerigordos">Xerigordos</a>. They manage to capture; and, find it well stocked with provisions. The Greek Christians inside are spared.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_29" title="September 29">September 29</a> – <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Xerigordos" title="Siege of Xerigordos">Siege of Xerigordos</a>: Sultan <a href="/wiki/Kilij_Arslan_I" title="Kilij Arslan I">Kilij Arslan I</a> sends a Seljuk expeditionary force to assault and recapture the castle of Xerigordos. They cut off the water supply, and Rainald of Breis is forced to surrender. Many of the crusaders are killed but others convert to <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> and become slaves.</li> <li>October – <a href="/wiki/Robert_Curthose" title="Robert Curthose">Robert Curthose</a>, duke of <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Normandy" title="Duchy of Normandy">Normandy</a> (a brother of King <a href="/wiki/William_II_of_England" title="William II of England">William II of England</a>), sets off to join the First Crusade. He assembles his army at <a href="/wiki/Pontarlier" title="Pontarlier">Pontarlier</a> and travels through <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy_(Holy_Roman_Empire)" title="Kingdom of Italy (Holy Roman Empire)">Italy</a> to Rome. To raise money for the Crusade Robert <a href="/wiki/Mortgage_loan" class="mw-redirect" title="Mortgage loan">mortgages</a> the Norman duchy to William, for the sum of 10,000 pennies.</li> <li>October – <a href="/wiki/Raymond_IV,_Count_of_Toulouse" title="Raymond IV, Count of Toulouse">Raymond IV</a> ("Saint-Gilles"), count of <a href="/wiki/County_of_Toulouse" title="County of Toulouse">Toulouse</a>, sets off to join the First Crusade. He travels with his army, accompanied by his wife <a href="/wiki/Elvira_of_Castile,_Countess_of_Toulouse" title="Elvira of Castile, Countess of Toulouse">Elvira</a> and Bishop <a href="/wiki/Adhemar_of_Le_Puy" title="Adhemar of Le Puy">Adhemar of Le Puy</a>, via <a href="/wiki/Provence" title="Provence">Provence</a> through the <a href="/wiki/Balkans" title="Balkans">Balkan</a> route (along the coast of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Croatia_(925%E2%80%931102)" title="Kingdom of Croatia (925–1102)">Croatia</a>). He arrives at Dyrrachium to march to <a href="/wiki/Thessaloniki" title="Thessaloniki">Thessaloniki</a>.</li> <li>October – <a href="/wiki/Bohemond_I_of_Antioch" title="Bohemond I of Antioch">Bohemond I</a>, Italo-Norman prince of <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Taranto" title="Principality of Taranto">Taranto</a> (the son of Duke <a href="/wiki/Robert_Guiscard" title="Robert Guiscard">Robert Guiscard</a>), departs to join the First Crusade. He crosses the Adriatic Sea from <a href="/wiki/Brindisi" title="Brindisi">Brindisi</a> with his army (some 4,000 men), and arrives in <a href="/wiki/Vor%C3%AB" title="Vorë">Vorë</a>. While traveling, Bohemond gives strict orders not to plunder Byzantine villages.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_21" title="October 21">October 21</a> – <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Civetot" title="Battle of Civetot">Battle of Civetot</a>: The Seljuk Turks led by Kilij Arslan I defeat the People's army (20,000 men) near Nicaea. The crusaders are slaughtered, and the camp at Civetot is captured. Only children are spared and sent into slavery. Around 3,000 manage to escape back to Constantinople.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>December – The last of the four planned Crusader armies arrives at Constantinople, bringing the total numbers to 60,000 infantry and knights. Curiously there isn't a single king among the Crusaders' leaders. At this time Philip I, William II, and Henry IV are all under <a href="/wiki/Excommunication" title="Excommunication">excommunication</a> by Urban II.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_25" title="December 25">December 25</a> – Godfrey of Bouillon is appointed the primary leader of the First Crusade, making it a largely French war in practice and causing the inhabitants of the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Land" title="Holy Land">Holy Land</a> to refer to Europeans generally as "Franks". Godfrey and the other leaders agree to take an oath of loyalty to Alexios I.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="Europe_7"> Europe</h6><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1096&action=edit&section=T-3" title="Edit section: Europe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>King <a href="/wiki/Alfonso_VI_of_Le%C3%B3n_and_Castile" title="Alfonso VI of León and Castile">Alfonso VI</a> ("the Brave") of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Castile" title="Kingdom of Castile">Castile</a> arranges to marry his daughter <a href="/wiki/Theresa,_Countess_of_Portugal" title="Theresa, Countess of Portugal">Theresa</a> to <a href="/wiki/Henry,_Count_of_Portugal" title="Henry, Count of Portugal">Henry of Burgundy</a> (<a href="/wiki/House_of_Burgundy" title="House of Burgundy">House of Burgundy</a>). Theresa's <a href="/wiki/Dowry" title="Dowry">dowry</a> includes the <a href="/wiki/County_of_Portugal" title="County of Portugal">County of Portugal</a>, given to Henry with <a href="/wiki/Porto" title="Porto">Porto</a> as the capital.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Reconquista" title="Reconquista">Reconquista</a></i>: King <a href="/wiki/Peter_I_of_Aragon_and_Pamplona" title="Peter I of Aragon and Pamplona">Peter I</a> of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Aragon" title="Kingdom of Aragon">Aragon</a> conquers <a href="/wiki/Huesca" title="Huesca">Huesca</a> from the Moors of the <a href="/wiki/Taifa_of_Zaragoza" title="Taifa of Zaragoza">Taifa of Zaragoza</a>. He expands his domains to the south, conquering land from <a href="/wiki/Al_Andalus" class="mw-redirect" title="Al Andalus">Al Andalus</a> (modern <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a>). The capital is moved from <a href="/wiki/Jaca" title="Jaca">Jaca</a> to Huesca.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="Asia"> Asia</h6><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1096&action=edit&section=T-4" title="Edit section: Asia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phayao_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Phayao Province">Phayao</a>, a modern-day province of <a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a>, is founded as a city-state kingdom.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="By_topic_7"> By topic</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1096&action=edit&section=T-5" title="Edit section: By topic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="Religion_6"> Religion</h6><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1096&action=edit&section=T-6" title="Edit section: Religion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>February – <a href="/wiki/Robert_of_Arbrissel" title="Robert of Arbrissel">Robert of Arbrissel</a> founds a monastery at <a href="/wiki/La_Ro%C3%AB" title="La Roë">La Roë</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The first documented teaching at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Oxford" title="University of Oxford">University of Oxford</a> in <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_England" title="Kingdom of England">England</a> occurs.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwich_School" title="Norwich School">Norwich School</a> is founded in England as an episcopal <a href="/wiki/Grammar_school" title="Grammar school">grammar school</a>.</li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Ireland" title="Ireland">Ireland</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Waterford" title="Diocese of Waterford">Diocese of Waterford</a> is established.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1097">1097</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable relarticle mainarticle selfreference noprint">This section is <a href="/wiki/Help:Transclusion" title="Help:Transclusion">transcluded</a> from <a href="/wiki/1097" title="1097">1097</a>. <span class="plainlinks" style="font-style: normal; font-size:85%;">(<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1097&action=edit">edit</a> | <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1097&action=history">history</a>)</span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="By_place_8"> By place</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1097&action=edit&section=T-1" title="Edit section: By place"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="First_Crusade_2"> First Crusade</h6><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1097&action=edit&section=T-2" title="Edit section: First Crusade"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Spring – The Crusaders under <a href="/wiki/Godfrey_of_Bouillon" title="Godfrey of Bouillon">Godfrey of Bouillon</a> attack the Byzantine imperial palace at <a href="/wiki/Blachernae" title="Blachernae">Blachernae</a>. Norman forces led by <a href="/wiki/Bohemond_I_of_Antioch" title="Bohemond I of Antioch">Bohemond I</a> join the Crusaders – he is not welcome in <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a> because his father, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Guiscard" title="Robert Guiscard">Robert Guiscard</a>, has invaded <a href="/wiki/Illyria" title="Illyria">Illyria</a> (territory belonging to the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a>), and captured the cities of <a href="/wiki/Durr%C3%ABs" title="Durrës">Dyrrhachium</a> and <a href="/wiki/Corfu_(city)" title="Corfu (city)">Corfu</a> (see <a href="/wiki/1084" title="1084">1084</a>).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_14" title="May 14">May 14</a> – <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Nicaea" title="Siege of Nicaea">Siege of Nicaea</a>: The Crusaders begin their campaign with the siege of <a href="/wiki/Nicaea" title="Nicaea">Nicaea</a> (the capital of the <a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Rum" title="Sultanate of Rum">Sultanate of Rum</a>), assigning their forces to different sections of the walls, which are well-defended with 200 towers. Towards the end, an advance party of the <a href="/wiki/Seljuk_Empire" title="Seljuk Empire">Seljuk Turks</a> is defeated by troops of <a href="/wiki/Raymond_IV,_Count_of_Toulouse" title="Raymond IV, Count of Toulouse">Raymond IV, Count of Toulouse</a> ("Saint-Gilles") and <a href="/wiki/Robert_II,_Count_of_Flanders" title="Robert II, Count of Flanders">Robert II</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-norman_adversaries_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-norman_adversaries-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_19" title="June 19">June 19</a> – The Seljuk Turks surrender Nicaea to the Crusaders after a month siege. The Byzantines occupy the city; their commander <a href="/wiki/Manuel_Boutoumites" title="Manuel Boutoumites">Manuel Boutoumites</a> is named by Emperor <a href="/wiki/Alexios_I_Komnenos" title="Alexios I Komnenos">Alexios I Komnenos</a> as <i><a href="/wiki/Dux" title="Dux">doux</a></i> of Nicaea. In the consternation the Crusaders are not allowed to plunder the city and are forced (again) to pledge their allegiance to Alexios.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_1" title="July 1">July 1</a> – <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Dorylaeum_(1097)" title="Battle of Dorylaeum (1097)">Battle of Dorylaeum</a>: The Crusaders defeat a Seljuk army led by <a href="/wiki/Kilij_Arslan_I" title="Kilij Arslan I">Kilij Arslan I</a>, ruler of the Sultanate of Rum, who wants revenge for the capture of Nicaea. During the battle many Crusaders are killed but the Seljuk Turks are forced to flee and abandon their tents and treasure after being surprised by the arrival of a second Crusader army.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_21" title="October 21">October 21</a> – <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Antioch" title="Siege of Antioch">Siege of Antioch</a>: The Crusaders arrive outside the city and begin the siege. They can not impose a complete blockade on Antioch. The Seljuk garrison comes out of the city to harass Crusader siege-lines and intercept supply convoys (supported by a Genoese fleet of 12 galleys) from <a href="/wiki/Port_Saint_Symeon" title="Port Saint Symeon">Saint Symeon</a> and <a href="/wiki/%C4%B0skenderun" title="İskenderun">Alexandretta</a> (modern <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-antioch_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-antioch-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_31" title="December 31">December 31</a> – Battle of Harenc: The Crusaders under the command of Bohemond I and Robert II defeat Seljuk forces from <a href="/wiki/Aleppo" title="Aleppo">Aleppo</a>, which try to relieve besieged Antioch.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="Europe_8"> Europe</h6><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1097&action=edit&section=T-3" title="Edit section: Europe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>April/May – <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gvozd_Mountain" title="Battle of Gvozd Mountain">Battle of Gvozd Mountain</a>: In an attempt to win the crown of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Croatia_(925%E2%80%931102)" title="Kingdom of Croatia (925–1102)">Kingdom of Croatia</a>, the Hungarian army crosses the <a href="/wiki/Drava" title="Drava">Drava River</a> and invades Croatia. King <a href="/wiki/Petar_Sna%C4%8Di%C4%87" title="Petar Snačić">Peter II</a> of Croatia moves his residency at <a href="/wiki/Knin" title="Knin">Knin</a> Castle to defend his kingdom. The two armies meet each other near Gvozd Mountain (modern-day <a href="/wiki/Mala_Kapela" title="Mala Kapela">Mala Kapela</a>). After a fierce battle Peter, the last Croatian king, is defeated and killed by the Hungarians.</li> <li>Summer – Almoravid forces launch a new campaign in <a href="/wiki/Al-Andalus" title="Al-Andalus">Al-Andalus</a> (modern <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a>). Sultan <a href="/wiki/Yusuf_ibn_Tashfin" title="Yusuf ibn Tashfin">Yusuf ibn Tashfin</a>, leader of the <a href="/wiki/Almoravid_dynasty" title="Almoravid dynasty">Almoravid Empire</a>, is honored with the title of <i>Amir al Muslimin</i> ("Commander of the Muslims").<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_15" title="August 15">August 15</a> – <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Consuegra" title="Battle of Consuegra">Battle of Consuegra</a>: The Castilian and Leonese army (30,000 men) of King <a href="/wiki/Alfonso_VI_of_Le%C3%B3n_and_Castile" title="Alfonso VI of León and Castile">Alfonso VI</a> ('"the Brave") is defeated by Almoravid forces (10,000 men) near the Castle of <a href="/wiki/Consuegra" title="Consuegra">Consuegra</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="Scotland"> Scotland</h6><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1097&action=edit&section=T-4" title="Edit section: Scotland"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>King <a href="/wiki/Donald_III_of_Scotland" title="Donald III of Scotland">Donald III of Scotland</a> ("the Fair") is deposed by his nephew <a href="/wiki/Edgar,_King_of_Scotland" title="Edgar, King of Scotland">Edgar</a> (who is supported by King <a href="/wiki/William_II_of_England" title="William II of England">William II of England</a>) after a 4-year reign. Edgar (nicknamed <i>Probus</i>, "the Valliant") becomes ruler of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Scotland" title="Kingdom of Scotland">Scotland</a> until <a href="/wiki/1107" title="1107">1107</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="England_2"> England</h6><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1097&action=edit&section=T-5" title="Edit section: England"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>William II orders the construction of <a href="/wiki/Palace_of_Westminster#Westminster_Hall" title="Palace of Westminster">Westminster Hall</a> near <a href="/wiki/Westminster_Abbey" title="Westminster Abbey">Westminster Abbey</a> in <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>. The hall is designed to hold <a href="/wiki/Banquet" title="Banquet">banquets</a>, ceremonies and coronations that take place in the Abbey nearby.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="By_topic_8"> By topic</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1097&action=edit&section=T-6" title="Edit section: By topic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="Religion_7"> Religion</h6><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1097&action=edit&section=T-7" title="Edit section: Religion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>October – <a href="/wiki/Anselm_of_Canterbury" title="Anselm of Canterbury">Anselm</a>, archbishop of <a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Canterbury" title="Diocese of Canterbury">Canterbury</a>, goes into <a href="/wiki/Exile" title="Exile">exile</a>. Conflicts between him and William II result in Anselm leaving <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_England" title="Kingdom of England">England</a> and heading for <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a>. William confiscates Anselm's land.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1098">1098</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable relarticle mainarticle selfreference noprint">This section is <a href="/wiki/Help:Transclusion" title="Help:Transclusion">transcluded</a> from <a href="/wiki/1098" title="1098">1098</a>. <span class="plainlinks" style="font-style: normal; font-size:85%;">(<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1098&action=edit">edit</a> | <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1098&action=history">history</a>)</span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="By_place_9"> By place</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1098&action=edit&section=T-1" title="Edit section: By place"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="First_Crusade_3"> First Crusade</h6><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1098&action=edit&section=T-2" title="Edit section: First Crusade"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/February_9" title="February 9">February 9</a> – <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Lake_of_Antioch" title="Battle of the Lake of Antioch">Battle of the Lake of Antioch</a>: The Crusaders under <a href="/wiki/Bohemond_I_of_Antioch" title="Bohemond I of Antioch">Bohemond I</a> defeat a Seljuk relief force (some 12,000 men) led by Sultan <a href="/wiki/Fakhr_al-Mulk_Radwan" class="mw-redirect" title="Fakhr al-Mulk Radwan">Fakhr al-Mulk Radwan</a> of <a href="/wiki/Aleppo" title="Aleppo">Aleppo</a>. Bohemond gathers 700 knights, and marches in the night to ambush the Seljuk Turks at the <a href="/wiki/Lake_Amik" title="Lake Amik">Lake of Antioch</a> (modern <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>). After several successful cavalry charges the Crusaders rout the Seljuk army, forcing Radwan to retreat back to Aleppo.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_10" title="March 10">March 10</a> – <a href="/wiki/Baldwin_I_of_Jerusalem" title="Baldwin I of Jerusalem">Baldwin of Boulogne</a> enters <a href="/wiki/Edessa" title="Edessa">Edessa</a>, and is welcomed as liberator by the Armenian clergy. The local population massacres the Seljuk garrison and officials – or forces them to flee. Baldwin is acknowledged as their ruler (or <i><a href="/wiki/Dux" title="Dux">doux</a></i>). He assumes the title of count and establishes the first <a href="/wiki/Crusader_states" title="Crusader states">crusader state</a>. Baldwin marries <a href="/wiki/Arda_of_Armenia" title="Arda of Armenia">Arda of Armenia</a>, daughter of Lord <a href="/wiki/Thoros_of_Marash" title="Thoros of Marash">Thoros of Marash</a>, and consolidates his conquered territory.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_3" title="June 3">June 3</a> – <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Antioch" title="Siege of Antioch">Siege of Antioch</a>: The Crusaders under Bohemond I capture <a href="/wiki/Antioch" title="Antioch">Antioch</a> after a 8-month siege. He established secret contact with <a href="/wiki/Firouz" title="Firouz">Firouz</a>, an Armenian guard who controlled the "Tower of the Two Sisters". He opened the gates and Bohemond entered the city. Thousands of Christians are massacred along with Muslims. Bohemond is named Prince of Antioch (under protest) and creates the <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Antioch" title="Principality of Antioch">Principality of Antioch</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-antioch_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-antioch-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_5" title="June 5">June 5</a> – <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Antioch_(1098)" title="Battle of Antioch (1098)">Battle of Antioch</a>: Emir <a href="/wiki/Kerbogha" title="Kerbogha">Kerbogha</a>, ruler (<i><a href="/wiki/Atabeg" title="Atabeg">atabeg</a></i>) of <a href="/wiki/Mosul" title="Mosul">Mosul</a>, arrives at Antioch with a Seljuk army (35,000 men) to relieve the city. He lays siege to the Crusaders who have just captured the city themselves (although they do not have full control of it). A Byzantine relief force led by Emperor <a href="/wiki/Alexios_I_Komnenos" title="Alexios I Komnenos">Alexios I Komnenos</a> turns back after Count <a href="/wiki/Stephen,_Count_of_Blois" title="Stephen, Count of Blois">Stephen of Blois</a> convinces them that the situation in Antioch is hopeless.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_28" title="June 28">June 28</a> – Following the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Lance" title="Holy Lance">Holy Lance</a> discovery by <a href="/wiki/Peter_Bartholomew" title="Peter Bartholomew">Peter Bartholomew</a> in Antioch, the Crusaders under Bohemond I (leaving only 200 men) sortie from the city and defeat the Seljuk army. Kerbogha is forced to withdraw to Mosul, the garrison in the citadel surrenders to Bohemond personally (who raises his <a href="/wiki/Banner" title="Banner">banner</a> above the city) and the Crusaders occupy Antioch. The Crusade is delayed for the rest of the year.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_14" title="July 14">July 14</a> – Donation of Altavilla: Bohemond I grants commercial privileges and the right to use warehouses (fondaco) to the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Genoa" title="Republic of Genoa">Republic of Genoa</a>. This marks the beginning of Italian merchant settlements in the <a href="/wiki/Levant" title="Levant">Levant</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_1" title="August 1">August 1</a> – <a href="/wiki/Adhemar_of_Le_Puy" title="Adhemar of Le Puy">Adhemar of Le Puy</a> (or Aimar), French bishop and nominal leader of the <a href="/wiki/First_Crusade" title="First Crusade">First Crusade</a>, dies during an <a href="/wiki/Epidemic" title="Epidemic">epidemic</a> (probably <a href="/wiki/Typhus" title="Typhus">typhus</a>). With this, <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a>'s direct control over the Crusade effectively ends.</li> <li>August – Fatimid forces under Caliph <a href="/wiki/Al-Musta%27li" title="Al-Musta'li">Al-Musta'li</a> recapture <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a> and occupy <a href="/wiki/Palestina_(region)" class="mw-redirect" title="Palestina (region)">Palestine</a>. The Crusaders threaten the borders of the <a href="/wiki/Fatimid_Caliphate" title="Fatimid Caliphate">Fatimid Caliphate</a> which already has lost the <a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Sicily" class="mw-redirect" title="Emirate of Sicily">Emirate of Sicily</a> (see <a href="/wiki/1091" title="1091">1091</a>).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_12" title="December 12">December 12</a> – <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Ma%27arra" title="Siege of Ma'arra">Siege of Ma'arra</a>: The Crusaders capture the city of <a href="/wiki/Maarrat_al-Nu%27man" class="mw-redirect" title="Maarrat al-Nu'man">Ma'arra</a> after a month's siege and massacre part of the population. Short of supplies, the army is accused of widespread <a href="/wiki/Human_cannibalism" title="Human cannibalism">cannibalism</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="Britain_3"> Britain</h6><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1098&action=edit&section=T-3" title="Edit section: Britain"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>June or July – <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Anglesey_Sound" title="Battle of Anglesey Sound">Battle of Anglesey Sound</a>: A Norwegian fleet led by King <a href="/wiki/Magnus_Barefoot" title="Magnus Barefoot">Magnus Barefoot</a> reverses an Anglo-Norman invasion of <a href="/wiki/North_Wales" title="North Wales">North Wales</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-CBH1098_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CBH1098-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Magnus conquers the <a href="/wiki/Orkney_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Orkney Islands">Orkney Islands</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Hebrides" title="Hebrides">Hebrides</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Man" title="Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a>.</li> <li>King <a href="/wiki/Edgar,_King_of_Scotland" title="Edgar, King of Scotland">Edgar</a> of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Scotland" title="Kingdom of Scotland">Scotland</a> signs a treaty with Magnus III in which he agrees that the northern territories including the Hebrides belong to <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Norway_(872%E2%80%931397)" title="Kingdom of Norway (872–1397)">Norway</a>. At <a href="/wiki/Dunfermline_Abbey" title="Dunfermline Abbey">Dunfermline Abbey</a>, Edgar seeks support from <a href="/wiki/Anselm_of_Canterbury" title="Anselm of Canterbury">Anselm of Canterbury</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="By_topic_9"> By topic</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1098&action=edit&section=T-4" title="Edit section: By topic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="Religion_8"> Religion</h6><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1098&action=edit&section=T-5" title="Edit section: Religion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/March_21" title="March 21">March 21</a> – <a href="/wiki/C%C3%AEteaux_Abbey" title="Cîteaux Abbey">Cîteaux Abbey</a>, located in <a href="/wiki/Saint-Nicolas-l%C3%A8s-C%C3%AEteaux" title="Saint-Nicolas-lès-Cîteaux">Saint-Nicolas-lès-Cîteaux</a>, is founded by <a href="/wiki/Robert_of_Molesme" title="Robert of Molesme">Robert of Molesme</a>, founder of the <a href="/wiki/Cistercians" title="Cistercians">Cistercian Order</a>.</li> <li>October – The <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Bari" title="Council of Bari">Council of Bari</a> presided by Pope <a href="/wiki/Pope_Urban_II" title="Pope Urban II">Urban II</a> discusses relations between the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Western</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Greek_Orthodox_Church" title="Greek Orthodox Church">Eastern Church</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1099">1099</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable relarticle mainarticle selfreference noprint">This section is <a href="/wiki/Help:Transclusion" title="Help:Transclusion">transcluded</a> from <a href="/wiki/1099" title="1099">1099</a>. <span class="plainlinks" style="font-style: normal; font-size:85%;">(<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1099&action=edit">edit</a> | <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1099&action=history">history</a>)</span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="By_place_10"> By place</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1099&action=edit&section=T-1" title="Edit section: By place"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="First_Crusade_4"> First Crusade</h6><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1099&action=edit&section=T-2" title="Edit section: First Crusade"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/January_16" title="January 16">January 16</a> – The Crusaders, under <a href="/wiki/Raymond_IV,_Count_of_Toulouse" title="Raymond IV, Count of Toulouse">Raymond IV</a>, count of <a href="/wiki/County_of_Toulouse" title="County of Toulouse">Toulouse</a> (Raymond of Saint-Gilles), leave <a href="/wiki/Antioch" title="Antioch">Antioch</a>, and head south towards <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a>. They are joined by forces of <a href="/wiki/Tancred,_Prince_of_Galilee" title="Tancred, Prince of Galilee">Tancred</a> (a nephew of <a href="/wiki/Bohemond_I_of_Antioch" title="Bohemond I of Antioch">Bohemond I</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Robert_Curthose" title="Robert Curthose">Robert II</a>, duke of <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Normandy" title="Duchy of Normandy">Normandy</a>. Raymond is given free passage and supplies, and accepts guides from the Emir of <a href="/wiki/Shaizar" title="Shaizar">Shaizar</a> (modern <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a>), who conducts the army (6,000 men) across the <a href="/wiki/Orontes_River" title="Orontes River">Orontes River</a> (between Shaizar and <a href="/wiki/Hama" title="Hama">Hama</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_22" title="January 22">January 22</a> – The Crusaders, under Raymond IV, reach <a href="/wiki/Masyaf" title="Masyaf">Masyaf</a>, where a treaty is agreed to. They decide to continue the march, rather than to capture or destroy the town. The next day the Crusaders enter the deserted town of <a href="/wiki/Raphanea" title="Raphanea">Rafaniyah</a>, that provides them with much-needed supplies. Raymond moves into the <a href="/wiki/Beqaa_Valley" title="Beqaa Valley">Buqaia Valley</a>, and takes the strategic Kurdish fortress of Hosn al-Akrad (the future <a href="/wiki/Krak_des_Chevaliers" title="Krak des Chevaliers">Krak des Chevaliers</a> castle).<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/February" title="February">February</a> – The Crusaders under <a href="/wiki/Godfrey_of_Bouillon" title="Godfrey of Bouillon">Godfrey of Bouillon</a> set out from Antioch to <a href="/wiki/Latakia" title="Latakia">Latakia</a>. They are joined by forces of Bohemond I and <a href="/wiki/Robert_II,_Count_of_Flanders" title="Robert II, Count of Flanders">Robert II</a>, count of <a href="/wiki/County_of_Flanders" title="County of Flanders">Flanders</a>. On their arrival, Bohemond decides to turn back to consolidate his power in Antioch. Godfrey and Robert move on to besiege the small sea-port of <a href="/wiki/Jableh" title="Jableh">Jabala</a>. After two weeks, the Emir of Jabala makes a truce, and accepts the suzerainty of the Crusaders.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_14" title="February 14">February 14</a> – The Crusaders under Raymond IV besiege the fortified town of <a href="/wiki/Arqa" title="Arqa">Akkar</a> – whose garrison is loyal to <a href="/wiki/Jalal_al-Mulk_Abu%27l-Hasan" class="mw-redirect" title="Jalal al-Mulk Abu'l-Hasan">Jalal al-Mulk Abu'l-Hasan</a>, emir of <a href="/wiki/Tripoli,_Lebanon" title="Tripoli, Lebanon">Tripoli</a> (modern <a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a>). On May 13 after a 3-month siege the investment of Akkar is raised and Raymond orders the camp to be struck. The Crusader host, finally joined by the forces of Godfrey of Bouillon and Robert II, resumes his march southwards to Tripoli.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_17" title="February 17">February 17</a> – Raymond IV sends a small part of his army under <a href="/wiki/Raymond_Pilet_d%27Al%C3%A8s" title="Raymond Pilet d'Alès">Raymond Pilet</a> to attack the port of <a href="/wiki/Tartus" title="Tartus">Tortosa</a> on the Syrian coast. The Crusaders led many fires around the port to make believe their number is greater than it is. Fooled by the deception, the governor and the garrison flees by sea in the night leaving the port open for the Crusaders to capture. The port becomes strategically important for supplies.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May" title="May">May</a> – The Crusaders march past Tripoli, accompanied by guides provided by the emir who lead them safely through the towns of <a href="/wiki/Batroun" title="Batroun">Batroun</a> and <a href="/wiki/Byblos" title="Byblos">Byblos</a>. On May 19 they cross the <a href="/wiki/Nahr_al-Kalb" title="Nahr al-Kalb">Dog River</a> north of <a href="/wiki/Beirut" title="Beirut">Beirut</a> into Fatimid territory. There local governors supply the Crusaders with tribute and food in return for no damage to the <a href="/wiki/Agriculture" title="Agriculture">agricultural</a> area. The Fatimids keep no large troops in the north, except for small garrisons.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_20" title="May 20">May 20</a> – The Fatimid governor of <a href="/wiki/Sidon" title="Sidon">Sidon</a> refuses to cooperate and his garrison attacks the Crusader host while they are looting local villages. The Fatimids are repulsed, the towns further south generally follow the example of Beirut. The Crusaders move on to <a href="/wiki/Tyre,_Lebanon" title="Tyre, Lebanon">Tyre</a> – Raymond IV decides to wait for two days to allow a force under <a href="/wiki/Baldwin_II_of_Jerusalem" title="Baldwin II of Jerusalem">Baldwin of Le Bourg</a> (supported by knights from Antioch) to catch up with him.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_26" title="May 26">May 26</a> – The Crusaders march to <a href="/wiki/Haifa" title="Haifa">Haifa</a> and along the coast under <a href="/wiki/Mount_Carmel" title="Mount Carmel">Mount Carmel</a> to <a href="/wiki/Caesarea_Maritima" title="Caesarea Maritima">Caesarea</a> (modern <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a>), where they rest for four days in order to celebrate <a href="/wiki/Whitsun" title="Whitsun">Whitsun</a> (Whit Sunday).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_2" title="June 2">June 2</a>–<a href="/wiki/June_6" title="June 6">6</a> – The Crusaders occupy <a href="/wiki/Apollonia-Arsuf" class="mw-redirect" title="Apollonia-Arsuf">Arsuf</a> and turn inland towards <a href="/wiki/Ramla" title="Ramla">Ramlah</a>, where they reorganise for the march against Jerusalem. A Crusader force under Tancred liberates <a href="/wiki/Bethlehem" title="Bethlehem">Bethlehem</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_7" title="June 7">June 7</a> – <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Jerusalem_(1099)" title="Siege of Jerusalem (1099)">Siege of Jerusalem</a>: The Crusaders reach the outskirts of Jerusalem, and begin the siege of the Holy City. <a href="/wiki/Iftikhar_al-Dawla" title="Iftikhar al-Dawla">Iftikhar al-Dawla</a> offers a peace agreement but this is refused.<sup id="cite_ref-siege_jerusalem_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-siege_jerusalem-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_13" title="June 13">June 13</a> – The Crusaders under Godfrey of Boullion launch their first assault on Jerusalem, while the Fatimid garrison and Jewish militia defend the northern wall at the <a href="/wiki/Damascus_Gate" title="Damascus Gate">Damascus Gate</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_17" title="June 17">June 17</a> – A naval squadron of six Genoese ships led by <a href="/wiki/Guglielmo_Embriaco" title="Guglielmo Embriaco">Guglielmo Embriaco</a> (loaded with military materials) enters the port of <a href="/wiki/Jaffa" title="Jaffa">Jaffa</a>; all except one are trapped by a larger Fatimid fleet.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_8" title="July 8">July 8</a> – The Crusaders attempt to take Jerusalem by storm but are repulsed. In a <a href="/wiki/Procession" title="Procession">procession</a> they walk around the walls under leadership of priests in the hope the city would surrender.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_13" title="July 13">July 13</a> – The Crusader army (some 12,000 men) launch a final assault on Jerusalem. The attacks against the northern and southern wall are repulsed without establishing a foothold.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_15" title="July 15">July 15</a> <ul><li>The Crusaders breach the walls of Jerusalem after a two-pronged assault.</li> <li>Iftikhar al-Dawla surrenders Jerusalem to Raymond IV in the <a href="/wiki/Tower_of_David" title="Tower of David">Tower of David</a> with a great sum of treasure in return for his life. He is escorted out of the city with his bodyguard.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_22" title="July 22">July 22</a> – The <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Jerusalem" title="Kingdom of Jerusalem">Kingdom of Jerusalem</a> is established in the <a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a>. Godfrey of Bouillon is named king (but refuses to be crowned) and takes the title <i><a href="/wiki/The_Title_of_Godfrey_of_Bouillon" class="mw-redirect" title="The Title of Godfrey of Bouillon">Advocatus Sancti Sepulchri</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_10" title="August 10">August 10</a> – The Crusaders under Godfrey of Bouillon (supported by 1,200–1,300 knights) assemble at <a href="/wiki/Yibna" title="Yibna">Yibna</a> (<a href="/wiki/Vassals_of_the_Kingdom_of_Jerusalem#Lordship_of_Ibelin" title="Vassals of the Kingdom of Jerusalem">Ibelin</a>) – close to the coast and almost halfway from Jaffa to <a href="/wiki/Ascalon" title="Ascalon">Ascalon</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_12" title="August 12">August 12</a> – <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ascalon" title="Battle of Ascalon">Battle of Ascalon</a>: The Crusader army (some 10,000 men) decisively defeats the Fatimids who are sent to relieve Jerusalem. Vizier <a href="/wiki/Al-Afdal_Shahanshah" title="Al-Afdal Shahanshah">Al-Afdal</a> is forced to retreat to <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>November – A Crusader army under Bohemond I travels south to begin a <a href="/wiki/Pilgrimage" title="Pilgrimage">pilgrimage</a> to Jerusalem. They are accompanied by <a href="/wiki/Baldwin_I_of_Jerusalem" title="Baldwin I of Jerusalem">Baldwin of Boulogne</a>, brother of Godfrey of Bouillon.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_21" title="December 21">December 21</a> – The Crusaders under Bohemond I and Baldwin arrive at Jerusalem. Four days later, <a href="/wiki/Dagobert_of_Pisa" title="Dagobert of Pisa">Daimbert</a>, archbishop of <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Pisa" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Pisa">Pisa</a>, is installed as the <a href="/wiki/Latin_Patriarchate_of_Jerusalem" title="Latin Patriarchate of Jerusalem">Latin Patriarch of Jerusalem</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="By_topic_10"> By topic</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1099&action=edit&section=T-3" title="Edit section: By topic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="Natural_events"> Natural events</h6><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1099&action=edit&section=T-4" title="Edit section: Natural events"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/November_11" title="November 11">November 11</a> – Great floods around the <a href="/wiki/North_Sea" title="North Sea">North Sea</a> and <a href="/wiki/English_Channel" title="English Channel">English Channel</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="Religion_9"> Religion</h6><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1099&action=edit&section=T-5" title="Edit section: Religion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>The commune in <a href="/wiki/Emilia-Romagna" title="Emilia-Romagna">Emilia</a> founds the <a href="/wiki/Modena_Cathedral" title="Modena Cathedral">Modena Cathedral</a>, dedicated to the patron saint <a href="/wiki/Geminianus" title="Geminianus">Geminianus</a>. The Italian sculptor <a href="/wiki/Wiligelmo" title="Wiligelmo">Wiligelmo</a> creates <a href="/wiki/Reliefs" class="mw-redirect" title="Reliefs">reliefs</a> with <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Genesis" title="Book of Genesis">Genesis</a> scenes.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_29" title="July 29">July 29</a> – <a href="/wiki/Pope_Urban_II" title="Pope Urban II">Pope Urban II</a> (Urbanus) dies after a 9-year <a href="/wiki/Pontificate" title="Pontificate">pontificate</a> at <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a>. He is succeeded by <a href="/wiki/Pope_Paschal_II" title="Pope Paschal II">Paschal II</a> as the 160th <a href="/wiki/Pope" title="Pope">pope</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Significant_people">Significant people</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1090s&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Significant people"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nizam_al-Mulk" title="Nizam al-Mulk">Nizam al-Mulk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Urban_II" title="Pope Urban II">Pope Urban II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Muqtadi" title="Al-Muqtadi">Al-Muqtadi</a> caliph of Baghdad</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malik-Shah_I" title="Malik-Shah I">Malik-Shah I</a> Seljuk sultan</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Births">Births</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable noprint selfref">Transcluding articles: <a href="/wiki/1090" title="1090">1090</a>, <a href="/wiki/1091" title="1091">1091</a>, <a href="/wiki/1092" title="1092">1092</a>, <a href="/wiki/1093" title="1093">1093</a>, <a href="/wiki/1094" title="1094">1094</a>, <a href="/wiki/1095" title="1095">1095</a>, <a href="/wiki/1096" title="1096">1096</a>, <a href="/wiki/1097" title="1097">1097</a>, <a href="/wiki/1098" title="1098">1098</a>, and <a href="/wiki/1099" title="1099">1099</a></div> <p><b>1090</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/January_17" title="January 17">January 17</a> – <a href="/wiki/Qin_Hui" title="Qin Hui">Qin Hui</a>, Chinese chancellor (d. <a href="/wiki/1155" title="1155">1155</a>)</li> <li><i>unknown dates</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_II,_Duke_of_Swabia" title="Frederick II, Duke of Swabia">Frederick II</a> ("the One-Eyed"), German <a href="/wiki/Nobility" title="Nobility">nobleman</a> (d. <a href="/wiki/1147" title="1147">1147</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C5%8Din" title="Dōin">Dōin</a> (Fujiwara no Atsuyori), Japanese <i><a href="/wiki/Waka_(poetry)" title="Waka (poetry)">waka</a></i> poet (d. <a href="/wiki/1179" title="1179">1179</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li> <li><i>probable</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adolf_III_of_Berg" title="Adolf III of Berg">Adolf III</a>, German count of <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Berg" title="Duchy of Berg">Berg</a> and <a href="/wiki/H%C3%B6vel_(Sundern)" title="Hövel (Sundern)">Hövel</a> (d. <a href="/wiki/1152" title="1152">1152</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agnes_I,_Abbess_of_Quedlinburg" title="Agnes I, Abbess of Quedlinburg">Agnes I</a>, German <a href="/wiki/Abbess" title="Abbess">abbess</a> of <a href="/wiki/Quedlinburg_Abbey" title="Quedlinburg Abbey">Quedlinburg</a> (approximate date)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alaungsithu" title="Alaungsithu">Alaungsithu</a>, Burmese king of the <a href="/wiki/Pagan_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Pagan Kingdom">Pagan dynasty</a> (d. <a href="/wiki/1167" title="1167">1167</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arnold_of_Brescia" title="Arnold of Brescia">Arnold of Brescia</a>, Italian <a href="/wiki/Canons_regular" class="mw-redirect" title="Canons regular">canon regular</a> (approximate date)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_of_Clairvaux" title="Bernard of Clairvaux">Bernard of Clairvaux</a>, French <a href="/wiki/Abbot" title="Abbot">abbot</a> and theologian (d. <a href="/wiki/1153" title="1153">1153</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chen_Yuyi" title="Chen Yuyi">Chen Yuyi</a>, Chinese politician of the <a href="/wiki/Song_dynasty" title="Song dynasty">Song dynasty</a> (d. <a href="/wiki/1138" title="1138">1138</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eliezer_ben_Nathan" title="Eliezer ben Nathan">Eliezer ben Nathan</a>, German <a href="/wiki/Rabbi" title="Rabbi">rabbi</a> and liturgical poet (d. <a href="/wiki/1170" title="1170">1170</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_II_of_Denmark" title="Eric II of Denmark">Eric II</a> ("the Memorable"), king of <a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a> (approximate date)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fujiwara_no_Akisuke" title="Fujiwara no Akisuke">Fujiwara no Akisuke</a>, Japanese nobleman and poet (d. 1155)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juliane_de_Fontevrault" title="Juliane de Fontevrault">Juliane de Fontevrault</a>, illegitimate daughter of King <a href="/wiki/Henry_I_of_England" title="Henry I of England">Henry I of England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conrad_I,_Duke_of_Z%C3%A4hringen" title="Conrad I, Duke of Zähringen">Conrad I, Duke of Zähringen</a>, German nobleman and rector of <a href="/wiki/Upper_Burgundy" title="Upper Burgundy">Burgundy</a> (d. 1152)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niklot" title="Niklot">Niklot</a> (or Nyklot), Obotrite prince and tribal chief (d. <a href="/wiki/1160" title="1160">1160</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert,_1st_Earl_of_Gloucester" title="Robert, 1st Earl of Gloucester">Robert, 1st Earl of Gloucester</a>, illegitimate son of King Henry I of England</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theobald_II,_Count_of_Champagne" title="Theobald II, Count of Champagne">Theobald II, Count of Champagne</a> ("the Great"), French nobleman</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theobald_of_Bec" title="Theobald of Bec">Theobald of Bec</a>, Norman churchman, archbishop of <a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Canterbury" title="Diocese of Canterbury">Canterbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_de_Mohun,_1st_Earl_of_Somerset" title="William de Mohun, 1st Earl of Somerset">William de Mohun, 1st Earl of Somerset</a>, Anglo-Norman nobleman</li></ul></li></ul> <p><b>1091</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/September_18" title="September 18">September 18</a> – <a href="/wiki/Andronikos_Komnenos_(son_of_Alexios_I)" title="Andronikos Komnenos (son of Alexios I)">Andronikos Komnenos</a>, Byzantine prince and general</li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_22" title="December 22">December 22</a> – <a href="/wiki/Jutta_von_Sponheim" title="Jutta von Sponheim">Jutta von Sponheim</a>, German <a href="/wiki/Abbess" title="Abbess">abbess</a> (d. <a href="/wiki/1136" title="1136">1136</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hongzhi_Zhengjue" title="Hongzhi Zhengjue">Hongzhi Zhengjue</a>, Chinese <a href="/wiki/Chan_Buddhism" title="Chan Buddhism">Chan</a> <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Buddhism" title="Chinese Buddhism">Buddhist</a> monk and writer (d. <a href="/wiki/1157" title="1157">1157</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matilda,_Countess_of_Rethel" title="Matilda, Countess of Rethel">Matilda of Rethel</a>, French <a href="/wiki/Nobility" title="Nobility">noblewoman</a> and sovereign (d. <a href="/wiki/1151" title="1151">1151</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiantong_Zongjue" title="Tiantong Zongjue">Tiantong Zongjue</a>, Chinese <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Buddhism" title="Chinese Buddhism">Buddhist</a> monk and patriarch (d. <a href="/wiki/1162" title="1162">1162</a>)</li></ul> <p><b>1092</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ad%C3%A9laide_de_Maurienne" class="mw-redirect" title="Adélaide de Maurienne">Adélaide de Maurienne</a>, queen consort of <a href="/wiki/France_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="France in the Middle Ages">France</a> (d. <a href="/wiki/1154" title="1154">1154</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Mustarshid" title="Al-Mustarshid">Al-Mustarshid</a>, caliph of the <a href="/wiki/Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Abbasid Caliphate">Abbasid Caliphate</a> (d. <a href="/wiki/1135" title="1135">1135</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fulk,_King_of_Jerusalem" title="Fulk, King of Jerusalem">Fulk V</a> ("the Younger"), Count of Anjou and king of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Jerusalem" title="Kingdom of Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a> (d. <a href="/wiki/1143" title="1143">1143</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magn%C3%BAs_Einarsson" title="Magnús Einarsson">Magnús Einarsson</a>, Icelandic bishop of <a href="/wiki/Sk%C3%A1lholt" title="Skálholt">Skálholt</a> (d. <a href="/wiki/1148" title="1148">1148</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_the_Venerable" title="Peter the Venerable">Peter the Venerable</a>, French monk and <a href="/wiki/Abbot" title="Abbot">abbot</a> (d. <a href="/wiki/1156" title="1156">1156</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sachen_Kunga_Nyingpo" title="Sachen Kunga Nyingpo">Sachen Kunga Nyingpo</a>, Tibetan <a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism" title="Tibetan Buddhism">Buddhist</a> leader (d. <a href="/wiki/1158" title="1158">1158</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sybilla_of_Normandy" title="Sybilla of Normandy">Sybilla of Normandy</a>, queen consort of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Scotland" title="Kingdom of Scotland">Scotland</a> (d. <a href="/wiki/1122" title="1122">1122</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wartislaw_I,_Duke_of_Pomerania" title="Wartislaw I, Duke of Pomerania">Wartislaw I</a> (or Warcisław), duke of <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Pomerania" title="Duchy of Pomerania">Pomerania</a> (approximate date)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhang_Jiucheng" title="Zhang Jiucheng">Zhang Jiucheng</a>, Chinese politician (d. <a href="/wiki/1159" title="1159">1159</a>)</li></ul> <p><b>1093</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/January_16" title="January 16">January 16</a> – <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Komnenos_(son_of_Alexios_I)" title="Isaac Komnenos (son of Alexios I)">Isaac Komnenos</a>, Byzantine co-ruler</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Yasawi" title="Ahmad Yasawi">Ahmad Yasawi</a>, Turkic poet and <a href="/wiki/Sufism" title="Sufism">Sufi</a> (d. <a href="/wiki/1166" title="1166">1166</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baldwin_VII,_Count_of_Flanders" title="Baldwin VII, Count of Flanders">Baldwin VII</a>, count of <a href="/wiki/County_of_Flanders" title="County of Flanders">Flanders</a> (d. <a href="/wiki/1119" title="1119">1119</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conrad_III_of_Germany" title="Conrad III of Germany">Conrad III</a>, king of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy_(Holy_Roman_Empire)" title="Kingdom of Italy (Holy Roman Empire)">Italy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Germany" title="Kingdom of Germany">Germany</a> (d. <a href="/wiki/1152" title="1152">1152</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demetrius_I_of_Georgia" title="Demetrius I of Georgia">Demetrius I</a>, king of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Georgia" title="Kingdom of Georgia">Georgia</a> (approximate date)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerhoh_of_Reichersberg" title="Gerhoh of Reichersberg">Gerhoh of Reichersberg</a>, German theologian (d. <a href="/wiki/1169" title="1169">1169</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grigor_III_Pahlavuni" title="Grigor III Pahlavuni">Grigor III</a>, Armenian <a href="/wiki/List_of_Armenian_Catholicoi_of_Cilicia" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Armenian Catholicoi of Cilicia">catholicos</a> of <a href="/wiki/Holy_See_of_Cilicia" title="Holy See of Cilicia">Cilicia</a> (d. 1166)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_fitzEdith" title="Robert fitzEdith">Robert fitzEdith</a>, English feudal lord (d. <a href="/wiki/1172" title="1172">1172</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sancho_Alf%C3%B3nsez" title="Sancho Alfónsez">Sancho Alfónsez</a>, Spanish <a href="/wiki/Nobility" title="Nobility">nobleman</a> (d. <a href="/wiki/1108" title="1108">1108</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_of_Sicily" title="Simon of Sicily">Simon of Hauteville</a>, count of <a href="/wiki/County_of_Sicily" title="County of Sicily">Sicily</a> (d. <a href="/wiki/1105" title="1105">1105</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_of_Vermandois" title="Simon of Vermandois">Simon of Vermandois</a>, French bishop (d. <a href="/wiki/1148" title="1148">1148</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_III,_Count_of_Ponthieu" title="William III, Count of Ponthieu">William III</a>, count of <a href="/wiki/Ponthieu" title="Ponthieu">Ponthieu</a> (approximate date)</li></ul> <p><b>1094</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/January_14" title="January 14">January 14</a> – <a href="/wiki/Eudokia_Komnene_(daughter_of_Alexios_I)" title="Eudokia Komnene (daughter of Alexios I)">Eudokia Komnene</a>, Byzantine princess (d. <a href="/wiki/1129" title="1129">1129</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abd_al-Mu%27min" title="Abd al-Mu'min">Abd al-Mu'min</a>, Almohad caliph (approximate date)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Zuhr" title="Ibn Zuhr">Ibn Zuhr</a> (or Avenzoar), Moorish <a href="/wiki/Medicine_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Medicine in the medieval Islamic world">physician</a> (d. <a href="/wiki/1162" title="1162">1162</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Malachy" class="mw-redirect" title="St Malachy">Malachy</a>, Irish archbishop and saint (d. <a href="/wiki/1148" title="1148">1148</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_d%27Avranches,_2nd_Earl_of_Chester" title="Richard d'Avranches, 2nd Earl of Chester">Richard d'Avranches</a>, 2nd <a href="/wiki/Earl_of_Chester" title="Earl of Chester">Earl of Chester</a> (d. <a href="/wiki/1120" title="1120">1120</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yel%C3%BC_Dashi" title="Yelü Dashi">Yelü Dashi</a>, founder of the <a href="/wiki/Qara_Khitai" title="Qara Khitai">Qara Khitai</a> (d. <a href="/wiki/1143" title="1143">1143</a>)</li></ul> <p><b>1095</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/July_4" title="July 4">July 4</a> – <a href="/wiki/Usama_ibn_Munqidh" title="Usama ibn Munqidh">Usama ibn Munqidh</a>, Arabian diplomat and poet (d. <a href="/wiki/1188" title="1188">1188</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_22" title="December 22">December 22</a> – <a href="/wiki/Roger_II_of_Sicily" title="Roger II of Sicily">Roger II</a>, king of <a href="/wiki/Count_of_Sicily" class="mw-redirect" title="Count of Sicily">Sicily</a> (d. <a href="/wiki/1154" title="1154">1154</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amadeus_III_of_Savoy" class="mw-redirect" title="Amadeus III of Savoy">Amadeus III</a>, count of <a href="/wiki/Savoy" title="Savoy">Savoy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Maurienne" title="Maurienne">Maurienne</a> (d. <a href="/wiki/1148" title="1148">1148</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaya-no-in" title="Kaya-no-in">Fujiwara no Taishi</a>, Japanese empress (d. <a href="/wiki/1156" title="1156">1156</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_of_Monmouth" title="Geoffrey of Monmouth">Geoffrey of Monmouth</a>, English historian (d. <a href="/wiki/1155" title="1155">1155</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%A9riman_of_Tournai" class="mw-redirect" title="Hériman of Tournai">Hériman of Tournai</a>, French <a href="/wiki/Chronicle" title="Chronicle">chronicler</a> (d. <a href="/wiki/1147" title="1147">1147</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Bigod,_1st_Earl_of_Norfolk" title="Hugh Bigod, 1st Earl of Norfolk">Hugh Bigod, 1st Earl of Norfolk</a>, English <a href="/wiki/Nobility" title="Nobility">nobleman</a> and advisor (d. <a href="/wiki/1177" title="1177">1177</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Candidus" title="Hugh Candidus">Hugh Candidus</a>, English monk and historian (d. <a href="/wiki/1160" title="1160">1160</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kakuban" title="Kakuban">Kōgyō-Daishi</a>, Japanese <a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Japan" title="Buddhism in Japan">Buddhist</a> priest (d. <a href="/wiki/1143" title="1143">1143</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Fitzharding" title="Robert Fitzharding">Robert Fitzharding</a>, English nobleman (d. <a href="/wiki/1170" title="1170">1170</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulvhild_H%C3%A5kansdotter" title="Ulvhild Håkansdotter">Ulvhild Håkansdotter</a>, twice Swedish queen consort and once Danish queen consort (d. 1148)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antipope_Victor_IV_(1159%E2%80%931164)" title="Antipope Victor IV (1159–1164)">Victor IV</a> (Octavian), antipope of <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a> (d. <a href="/wiki/1164" title="1164">1164</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_II,_Duke_of_Apulia" title="William II, Duke of Apulia">William II</a>, duke of <a href="/wiki/County_of_Apulia_and_Calabria" title="County of Apulia and Calabria">Apulia and Calabria</a> (d. <a href="/wiki/1127" title="1127">1127</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_of_Malmesbury" title="William of Malmesbury">William of Malmesbury</a>, English historian (d. 1143)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zishou_Miaozong" title="Zishou Miaozong">Zishou Miaozong</a>, Chinese <a href="/wiki/Zen" title="Zen">Zen</a> master (d. 1170)</li></ul> <p><b>1096</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/January_15" title="January 15">January 15</a> – <a href="/wiki/Theodora_Komnene_(daughter_of_Alexios_I)" title="Theodora Komnene (daughter of Alexios I)">Theodora Komnene</a>, Byzantine princess</li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_12" title="March 12">March 12</a> – <a href="/wiki/Canute_Lavard" title="Canute Lavard">Canute Lavard</a>, duke of <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Schleswig" title="Duchy of Schleswig">Schleswig</a> (d. <a href="/wiki/1131" title="1131">1131</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_9" title="April 9">April 9</a> – <a href="/wiki/Al-Muqtafi" title="Al-Muqtafi">Al-Muqtafi</a>, caliph of the <a href="/wiki/Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Abbasid Caliphate">Abbasid Caliphate</a> (d. <a href="/wiki/1160" title="1160">1160</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_31" title="December 31">December 31</a> – <a href="/wiki/Al-Amir_bi-Ahkam_Allah" title="Al-Amir bi-Ahkam Allah">Al-Amir bi-Ahkam Allah</a>, Fatimid caliph (d. <a href="/wiki/1130" title="1130">1130</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ermengol_VI,_Count_of_Urgell" class="mw-redirect" title="Ermengol VI, Count of Urgell">Ermengol VI</a> ("el de Castilla"), count of <a href="/wiki/County_of_Urgell" title="County of Urgell">Urgell</a> (d. <a href="/wiki/1154" title="1154">1154</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galdino_della_Sala" class="mw-redirect" title="Galdino della Sala">Galdino della Sala</a> (or Galdinus), Archbishop of <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Milan" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Milan">Milan</a> (d. <a href="/wiki/1176" title="1176">1176</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_of_Blois" title="Henry of Blois">Henry of Blois</a>, bishop of <a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Winchester" title="Diocese of Winchester">Winchester</a> (approximate date)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_of_Saint_Victor" title="Hugh of Saint Victor">Hugh of Saint Victor</a>, German scholar and theologian (d. <a href="/wiki/1141" title="1141">1141</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iziaslav_II_of_Kiev" title="Iziaslav II of Kiev">Iziaslav II Mstislavich</a>, Grand Prince of <a href="/wiki/Kiev" class="mw-redirect" title="Kiev">Kiev</a> (d. 1154)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minamoto_no_Tameyoshi" title="Minamoto no Tameyoshi">Minamoto no Tameyoshi</a>, Japanese <a href="/wiki/Nobility" title="Nobility">nobleman</a> (d. <a href="/wiki/1156" title="1156">1156</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Lombard" title="Peter Lombard">Peter Lombard</a>, French bishop and theologian (d. 1160)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen,_King_of_England" title="Stephen, King of England">Stephen of Blois</a>, king of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_England" title="Kingdom of England">England</a> (approximate date)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taira_no_Tadamori" title="Taira no Tadamori">Taira no Tadamori</a>, Japanese nobleman (d. <a href="/wiki/1153" title="1153">1153</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Ximeng" title="Wang Ximeng">Wang Ximeng</a>, Chinese <a href="/wiki/Landscape_painting" title="Landscape painting">landscape painter</a> (d. <a href="/wiki/1119" title="1119">1119</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_VI,_Count_of_Auvergne" title="William VI, Count of Auvergne">William VI</a>, count of <a href="/wiki/Auvergne" title="Auvergne">Auvergne</a> and <a href="/wiki/Velay" title="Velay">Velay</a> (d. <a href="/wiki/1136" title="1136">1136</a>)</li></ul> <p><b>1097</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/March_15" title="March 15">March 15</a> – <a href="/wiki/Fujiwara_no_Tadamichi" title="Fujiwara no Tadamichi">Fujiwara no Tadamichi</a>, Japanese <a href="/wiki/Nobility" title="Nobility">nobleman</a> (d. <a href="/wiki/1164" title="1164">1164</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_5" title="November 5">November 5</a> – <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_de_Montbard" title="André de Montbard">André de Montbard</a>, French nobleman (d. <a href="/wiki/1156" title="1156">1156</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_al-Najib_Suhrawardi" title="Abu al-Najib Suhrawardi">Abu al-Najib Suhrawardi</a>, Persian scholar and <a href="/wiki/Sufism" title="Sufism">Sufi</a> (d. <a href="/wiki/1168" title="1168">1168</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu%27l-Hasan_Bayhaqi" title="Abu'l-Hasan Bayhaqi">Abu'l-Hasan Bayhaqi</a>, Persian <a href="/wiki/Polymath" title="Polymath">polymath</a> and official (d. <a href="/wiki/1169" title="1169">1169</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cecile_of_France" title="Cecile of France">Cecile of France</a>, French princess and countess of <a href="/wiki/County_of_Tripoli" title="County of Tripoli">Tripoli</a> (d. <a href="/wiki/1145" title="1145">1145</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conrad,_Margrave_of_Meissen" title="Conrad, Margrave of Meissen">Conrad I</a> ("the Great"), margrave of <a href="/wiki/Margravate_of_Meissen" title="Margravate of Meissen">Meissen</a> (approximate date) (d. <a href="/wiki/1157" title="1157">1157</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Buzurg_Ummid" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad Buzurg Ummid">Muhammad Buzurg Ummid</a>, Persian ruler of <a href="/wiki/Alamut_Castle" title="Alamut Castle">Alamut</a> (d. <a href="/wiki/1162" title="1162">1162</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhang_Jun_(Song_chancellor)" title="Zhang Jun (Song chancellor)">Zhang Jun</a>, Chinese general and <a href="/wiki/Grand_chancellor_(China)" title="Grand chancellor (China)">grand chancellor</a> (d. 1164)</li></ul> <p><b>1098</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amadeus_I_of_Geneva" class="mw-redirect" title="Amadeus I of Geneva">Amadeus I</a>, Swiss <a href="/wiki/Nobility" title="Nobility">nobleman</a> (<a href="/wiki/County_of_Geneva" title="County of Geneva">House of Geneva</a>) (d. <a href="/wiki/1178" title="1178">1178</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayn_al-Quzat_Hamadani" title="Ayn al-Quzat Hamadani">Ayn al-Quzat Hamadani</a>, Persian philosopher and poet (d. <a href="/wiki/1131" title="1131">1131</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hedwig_of_Gudensberg" title="Hedwig of Gudensberg">Hedwig of Gudensberg</a>, German countess and <a href="/wiki/Regent" title="Regent">regent</a> (d. <a href="/wiki/1148" title="1148">1148</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hildegard_of_Bingen" title="Hildegard of Bingen">Hildegard of Bingen</a>, German <a href="/wiki/Benedictines" title="Benedictines">Benedictine</a> <a href="/wiki/Abbess" title="Abbess">abbess</a> (d. <a href="/wiki/1179" title="1179">1179</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_of_the_Grating" title="John of the Grating">John of the Grating</a>, French bishop and saint (d. <a href="/wiki/1163" title="1163">1163</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pons,_Count_of_Tripoli" title="Pons, Count of Tripoli">Pons</a>, French nobleman (<a href="/wiki/House_of_Toulouse" title="House of Toulouse">House of Toulouse</a>) (d. <a href="/wiki/1137" title="1137">1137</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_II_de_Senlis,_Earl_of_Huntingdon-Northampton" title="Simon II de Senlis, Earl of Huntingdon-Northampton">Simon II de Senlis, Earl of Huntingdon-Northampton</a>, Anglo-Norman nobleman (d. <a href="/wiki/1153" title="1153">1153</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wibald" title="Wibald">Wibald</a>, German <a href="/wiki/Abbot" title="Abbot">abbot</a> and councillor (d. <a href="/wiki/1158" title="1158">1158</a>)</li></ul> <p><b>1099</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Olav_Magnusson_of_Norway" class="mw-redirect" title="Olav Magnusson of Norway">Olav Magnusson</a>, king of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Norway_(872%E2%80%931397)" title="Kingdom of Norway (872–1397)">Norway</a> (d. <a href="/wiki/1115" title="1115">1115</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranulf_de_Gernon,_4th_Earl_of_Chester" title="Ranulf de Gernon, 4th Earl of Chester">Ranulf de Gernon, 4th Earl of Chester</a>, Anglo-Norman <a href="/wiki/Nobility" title="Nobility">nobleman</a> (d. <a href="/wiki/1153" title="1153">1153</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_of_Poitiers" title="Raymond of Poitiers">Raymond of Poitiers</a>, prince of <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Antioch" title="Principality of Antioch">Antioch</a> (d. <a href="/wiki/1149" title="1149">1149</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thierry,_Count_of_Flanders" title="Thierry, Count of Flanders">Thierry of Alsace</a>, count of <a href="/wiki/County_of_Flanders" title="County of Flanders">Flanders</a> (d. <a href="/wiki/1168" title="1168">1168</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_X,_Duke_of_Aquitaine" title="William X, Duke of Aquitaine">William X, Duke of Aquitaine</a> ("the Saint"), French nobleman (d. <a href="/wiki/1137" title="1137">1137</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuri_Dolgorukiy" title="Yuri Dolgorukiy">Yuri Dolgorukiy</a>, Grand Prince of <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Kiev" title="Principality of Kiev">Kiev</a> (d. <a href="/wiki/1157" title="1157">1157</a>)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Deaths">Deaths</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable noprint selfref">Transcluding articles: <a href="/wiki/1090" title="1090">1090</a>, <a href="/wiki/1091" title="1091">1091</a>, <a href="/wiki/1092" title="1092">1092</a>, <a href="/wiki/1093" title="1093">1093</a>, <a href="/wiki/1094" title="1094">1094</a>, <a href="/wiki/1095" title="1095">1095</a>, <a href="/wiki/1096" title="1096">1096</a>, <a href="/wiki/1097" title="1097">1097</a>, <a href="/wiki/1098" title="1098">1098</a>, and <a href="/wiki/1099" title="1099">1099</a></div> <p><b>1090</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/March_22" title="March 22">March 22</a> – <a href="/wiki/Garc%C3%ADa_II_of_Galicia" title="García II of Galicia">García II</a>, king of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Galicia" title="Kingdom of Galicia">Galicia and Portugal</a> (b. <a href="/wiki/1042" title="1042">1042</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_16" title="April 16">April 16</a> – <a href="/wiki/Sikelgaita" title="Sikelgaita">Sikelgaita</a>, Lombard duchess of <a href="/wiki/County_of_Apulia_and_Calabria" title="County of Apulia and Calabria">Apulia</a> (b. <a href="/wiki/1040" title="1040">1040</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_3" title="May 3">May 3</a> – <a href="/wiki/Adelaide_of_Rheinfelden" title="Adelaide of Rheinfelden">Adelaide of Rheinfelden</a>, queen consort of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary" title="Kingdom of Hungary">Hungary</a><sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_12" title="May 12">May 12</a> – <a href="/wiki/Liutold_of_Eppenstein" title="Liutold of Eppenstein">Liutold of Eppenstein</a>, German nobleman</li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_18" title="May 18">May 18</a> – <a href="/wiki/Berthold_I,_Duke_of_Swabia" title="Berthold I, Duke of Swabia">Berthold of Rheinfelden</a>, German nobleman</li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_26" title="June 26">June 26</a> – <a href="/wiki/Jarom%C3%ADr,_Bishop_of_Prague" title="Jaromír, Bishop of Prague">Jaromír</a>, Bohemian prince and bishop</li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_3" title="July 3">July 3</a> – <a href="/wiki/Egbert_II,_Margrave_of_Meissen" title="Egbert II, Margrave of Meissen">Egbert II</a> (or Ekbert), German nobleman</li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_11" title="August 11">August 11</a> – <a href="/wiki/Fujiwara_no_Atsuie" title="Fujiwara no Atsuie">Fujiwara no Atsuie</a>, Japanese nobleman (b. <a href="/wiki/1033" title="1033">1033</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_13" title="August 13">August 13</a> – <a href="/wiki/Constance_of_Normandy" title="Constance of Normandy">Constance of Normandy</a>, duchess of <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Brittany" title="Duchy of Brittany">Brittany</a></li> <li><i>unknown dates</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abd_al-Jalil_ibn_Wahbun" title="Abd al-Jalil ibn Wahbun">Abd al-Jalil ibn Wahbun</a>, Moorish poet and writer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fayun_Faxiu" title="Fayun Faxiu">Fayun Faxiu</a>, Chinese <a href="/wiki/Chan_Buddhism" title="Chan Buddhism">Chan Buddhist</a> monk (b. <a href="/wiki/1027" title="1027">1027</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_fitz_Gilbert" title="Richard fitz Gilbert">Richard fitz Gilbert</a>, Norman nobleman (b. c.10350</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guo_Xi" title="Guo Xi">Guo Xi</a>, Chinese <a href="/wiki/Landscape_painting" title="Landscape painting">landscape</a> painter<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>St <a href="/wiki/Isaiah_of_Rostov" title="Isaiah of Rostov">Isaiah of Rostov</a>, Kievan <a href="/wiki/Missionary" title="Missionary">missionary</a> and bishop<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raynald_I,_abbot_of_Flavigny" title="Raynald I, abbot of Flavigny">Raynald I</a>, French <a href="/wiki/Benedictines" title="Benedictines">Benedictine</a> abbot (b. <a href="/wiki/1059" title="1059">1059</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_of_Poitiers" title="William of Poitiers">William of Poitiers</a>, French priest and chronicler (b. c.1020)</li></ul></li> <li><i>probable</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Osbern_of_Canterbury" title="Osbern of Canterbury">Osbern of Canterbury</a>, English <a href="/wiki/Hagiography" title="Hagiography">hagiographer</a></li></ul></li></ul> <p><b>1091</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/March_26" title="March 26">March 26</a> – <a href="/wiki/Wallada_bint_al-Mustakfi" title="Wallada bint al-Mustakfi">Wallada bint al-Mustakfi</a>, Andalusian female <a href="/wiki/Poet" title="Poet">poet</a> (b. <a href="/wiki/994" title="994">994</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_17" title="June 17">June 17</a> – <a href="/wiki/Dirk_V,_Count_of_Holland" title="Dirk V, Count of Holland">Dirk V</a>, count of <a href="/wiki/County_of_Holland" title="County of Holland">Friesland</a> (west of the <a href="/wiki/Vlie" title="Vlie">Vlie</a>) (b. <a href="/wiki/1052" title="1052">1052</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_29" title="June 29">June 29</a> – <a href="/wiki/Frederick_of_Montb%C3%A9liard" title="Frederick of Montbéliard">Frederick of Montbéliard</a>, margrave of <a href="/wiki/March_of_Turin" title="March of Turin">Turin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_5" title="July 5">July 5</a> – <a href="/wiki/William_of_Hirsau" title="William of Hirsau">William of Hirsau</a>, German <a href="/wiki/Abbot" title="Abbot">abbot</a> and music theorist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_8" title="August 8">August 8</a> – <a href="/wiki/Altmann,_Bishop_of_Passau" class="mw-redirect" title="Altmann, Bishop of Passau">Altmann of Passau</a>, German bishop and saint</li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_25" title="August 25">August 25</a> – <a href="/wiki/Sisnando_Davides" title="Sisnando Davides">Sisnando Davides</a>, Mozarab military leader</li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_19" title="December 19">December 19</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adelaide_of_Susa" title="Adelaide of Susa">Adelaide of Susa</a>, margravine of Turin</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fujiwara_no_Tadaie" title="Fujiwara no Tadaie">Fujiwara no Tadaie</a>, Japanese statesman (b. <a href="/wiki/1033" title="1033">1033</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fu_Yaoyu" title="Fu Yaoyu">Fu Yaoyu</a>, Chinese government official and politician (b. <a href="/wiki/1024" title="1024">1024</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helena_of_Hungary,_Queen_of_Croatia" title="Helena of Hungary, Queen of Croatia">Helena of Hungary</a>, queen consort of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Croatia_(925%E2%80%931102)" title="Kingdom of Croatia (925–1102)">Croatia</a> (approximate date)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordan_I_of_Capua" title="Jordan I of Capua">Jordan I</a> (or Giordano), Italo-Norman prince of <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Capua" title="Principality of Capua">Capua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mac_meic_Aedh_Ua_Flaithbheartaigh" title="Mac meic Aedh Ua Flaithbheartaigh">Mac meic Aedh Ua Flaithbheartaigh</a>, Irish king of <a href="/wiki/Iar_Connacht" title="Iar Connacht">Iar Connacht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_D%27Oyly" title="Robert D'Oyly">Robert D'Oyly</a>, Norman nobleman (approximate date)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_II_of_Croatia" title="Stephen II of Croatia">Stephen II</a> (or Stjepan), king of Croatia (approximate date)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolfhelm_of_Brauweiler" title="Wolfhelm of Brauweiler">Wolfhelm of Brauweiler</a>, German <a href="/wiki/Benedictines" title="Benedictines">Benedictine</a> abbot</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artuk_Bey" title="Artuk Bey">Artuk Bey</a> (Zaheer-ul-Daulah Artuk Beg), Seljuk general and governor</li></ul> <p><b>1092</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/January_14" title="January 14">January 14</a> – <a href="/wiki/Vratislaus_II_of_Bohemia" title="Vratislaus II of Bohemia">Vratislaus II</a>, duke and king of <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Bohemia" title="Duchy of Bohemia">Bohemia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_7" title="May 7">May 7</a> – <a href="/wiki/Remigius_de_F%C3%A9camp" title="Remigius de Fécamp">Remigius de Fécamp</a>, bishop of <a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Lincoln" title="Diocese of Lincoln">Lincoln</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_6" title="September 6">September 6</a> – <a href="/wiki/Conrad_I,_Duke_of_Bohemia" title="Conrad I, Duke of Bohemia">Conrad I</a>, duke of <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Bohemia" title="Duchy of Bohemia">Bohemia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_14" title="October 14">October 14</a> – <a href="/wiki/Nizam_al-Mulk" title="Nizam al-Mulk">Nizam al-Mulk</a>, Seljuk vizier (b. <a href="/wiki/1018" title="1018">1018</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_19" title="November 19">November 19</a> – <a href="/wiki/Malik-Shah_I" title="Malik-Shah I">Malik-Shah I</a>, Seljuk sultan (b. <a href="/wiki/1055" title="1055">1055</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu%27l-Qasim_(Seljuq_governor_of_Nicaea)" class="mw-redirect" title="Abu'l-Qasim (Seljuq governor of Nicaea)">Abu'l-Qasim</a>, Seljuk general and governor</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bermudo_Ov%C3%A9quiz" title="Bermudo Ovéquiz">Bermudo Ovéquiz</a> (or "Vermudo"), Spanish <a href="/wiki/Nobility" title="Nobility">nobleman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bogumi%C5%82_(archbishop_of_Gniezno)" title="Bogumił (archbishop of Gniezno)">Bogumił</a>, archbishop of <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Gniezno" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Gniezno">Gniezno</a> (approximate date)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ermengol_IV,_Count_of_Urgell" class="mw-redirect" title="Ermengol IV, Count of Urgell">Ermengol IV</a> (or Armengol), count of <a href="/wiki/County_of_Urgell" title="County of Urgell">Urgell</a> (b. <a href="/wiki/1056" title="1056">1056</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helibo" title="Helibo">Helibo</a>, Chinese nobleman and chieftain (b. <a href="/wiki/1039" title="1039">1039</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordan_of_Hauteville" title="Jordan of Hauteville">Jordan of Hauteville</a>, Italo-Norman nobleman</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_de_Montfort" title="Richard de Montfort">Richard de Montfort</a>, French nobleman</li></ul> <p><b>1093</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/February_1" title="February 1">February 1</a> – <a href="/wiki/Abul_Hasan_Hankari" title="Abul Hasan Hankari">Abul Hasan Hankari</a>, Abbasid scholar (b. <a href="/wiki/1018" title="1018">1018</a>)</li> <li>April – <a href="/wiki/Rhys_ap_Tewdwr" title="Rhys ap Tewdwr">Rhys ap Tewdwr</a>, Welsh king of <a href="/wiki/Deheubarth" title="Deheubarth">Deheubarth</a>, killed in battle (b. <a href="/wiki/997" title="997">997</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_13" title="April 13">April 13</a> – <a href="/wiki/Vsevolod_I_of_Kiev" title="Vsevolod I of Kiev">Vsevolod I Yaroslavich</a>, Grand Prince of <a href="/wiki/Kiev" class="mw-redirect" title="Kiev">Kiev</a> (b. <a href="/wiki/1030" title="1030">1030</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_26" title="May 26">May 26</a> – <a href="/wiki/Rostislav_Vsevolodovich" title="Rostislav Vsevolodovich">Rostislav Vsevolodovich</a>, prince of <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Pereyaslavl" title="Principality of Pereyaslavl">Pereyaslavl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_21" title="June 21">June 21</a> – Ja'far ibn Abdallah al-Muqtadi, <a href="/wiki/Abbasid_dynasty" title="Abbasid dynasty">Abbasid</a> prince, son of <a href="/wiki/Al-Muqtadi" title="Al-Muqtadi">al-Muqtadi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mah-i_Mulk_Khatun" title="Mah-i Mulk Khatun">Mah-i Mulk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_10" title="July 10">July 10</a> – <a href="/wiki/Ulrich_of_Zell" title="Ulrich of Zell">Ulrich of Zell</a>, German <a href="/wiki/Cluniac_Reforms" title="Cluniac Reforms">Cluniac</a> reformer (b. <a href="/wiki/1029" title="1029">1029</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_4" title="August 4">August 4</a> – <a href="/wiki/Alan_Rufus" title="Alan Rufus">Alan Rufus</a>, Breton/Norman nobleman (approximate year)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_24" title="August 24">August 24</a> – Geoffrey Boterel, Breton nobleman, eldest brother of <a href="/wiki/Alan_Rufus" title="Alan Rufus">Alan Rufus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_29" title="August 29">August 29</a> – <a href="/wiki/Hugh_I,_Duke_of_Burgundy" title="Hugh I, Duke of Burgundy">Hugh I, Duke of Burgundy</a>, French nobleman and <a href="/wiki/Abbot" title="Abbot">abbot</a> (b. <a href="/wiki/1057" title="1057">1057</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_22" title="September 22">September 22</a> – <a href="/wiki/Olaf_III_of_Norway" title="Olaf III of Norway">Olaf III</a> "the Peaceful", king of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Norway_(872%E2%80%931397)" title="Kingdom of Norway (872–1397)">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_13" title="October 13">October 13</a> – <a href="/wiki/Robert_I,_Count_of_Flanders" title="Robert I, Count of Flanders">Robert I, Count of Flanders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_13" title="November 13">November 13</a> – <a href="/wiki/Malcolm_III_of_Scotland" title="Malcolm III of Scotland">Malcolm III</a>, king of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Scotland" title="Kingdom of Scotland">Scotland</a> (b. <a href="/wiki/1031" title="1031">1031</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_16" title="November 16">November 16</a> – <a href="/wiki/Saint_Margaret_of_Scotland" title="Saint Margaret of Scotland">Margaret</a>, queen consort of Scotland (b. <a href="/wiki/1045" title="1045">1045</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bertrand_II_of_Provence" title="Bertrand II of Provence">Bertrand II</a>, count of <a href="/wiki/Provence" title="Provence">Provence</a> (approximate date)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constance_of_Burgundy" title="Constance of Burgundy">Constance of Burgundy</a>, queen consort of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Castile" title="Kingdom of Castile">Castile</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Le%C3%B3n" title="Kingdom of León">León</a> (b. <a href="/wiki/1046" title="1046">1046</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empress_Gao_(Song_dynasty)" title="Empress Gao (Song dynasty)">Gao</a>, Chinese empress (<a href="/wiki/Song_dynasty" title="Song dynasty">Song dynasty</a>) (b. <a href="/wiki/1032" title="1032">1032</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iestyn_ap_Gwrgant" title="Iestyn ap Gwrgant">Iestyn ap Gwrgant</a>, Welsh king of <a href="/wiki/Glywysing#Morgannwg" title="Glywysing">Morgannwg</a> (b. <a href="/wiki/1014" title="1014">1014</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princess_Kaoruko" title="Princess Kaoruko">Kaoruko</a>, Japanese empress consort (b. <a href="/wiki/1029" title="1029">1029</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odo_V" title="Odo V">Odo V</a> (or Eudes), count of <a href="/wiki/Troyes" title="Troyes">Troyes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Meaux" title="Meaux">Meaux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tzachas" title="Tzachas">Tzachas</a>, Seljuk general and <a href="/wiki/Usurper" title="Usurper">usurper</a>, killed</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Shen_(Song_dynasty)" title="Wang Shen (Song dynasty)">Wang Shen</a>, Chinese painter and poet</li></ul> <p><b>1094</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/January_10" title="January 10">January 10</a> – <a href="/wiki/Al-Mustansir_Billah" title="Al-Mustansir Billah">Al-Mustansir Billah</a>, Fatimid caliph (b. <a href="/wiki/1029" title="1029">1029</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_3" title="February 3">February 3</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Muqtadi" title="Al-Muqtadi">Al-Muqtadi</a>, Abbasid caliph (b. <a href="/wiki/1056" title="1056">1056</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princess_Teishi" title="Princess Teishi">Teishi</a>, Japanese empress (b. <a href="/wiki/1013" title="1013">1013</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_2" title="June 2">June 2</a> – <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_the_Pilgrim" title="Nicholas the Pilgrim">Nicholas the Pilgrim</a>, Italian shepherd (b. <a href="/wiki/1075" title="1075">1075</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_4" title="June 4">June 4</a> – <a href="/wiki/Sancho_Ram%C3%ADrez" title="Sancho Ramírez">Sancho V</a>, king of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Aragon" title="Kingdom of Aragon">Aragon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Navarre" title="Kingdom of Navarre">Pamplona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_28" title="July 28">July 28</a> – <a href="/wiki/William_Bertrand_of_Provence" title="William Bertrand of Provence">William Bertrand</a>, margrave of <a href="/wiki/Provence" title="Provence">Provence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_14" title="October 14">October 14</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bertha_of_Holland" title="Bertha of Holland">Bertha of Holland</a>, French queen consort</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fujiwara_no_Nobunaga" title="Fujiwara no Nobunaga">Fujiwara no Nobunaga</a>, Japanese <a href="/wiki/Nobility" title="Nobility">nobleman</a> (b. <a href="/wiki/1022" title="1022">1022</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/October" title="October">October</a> – <a href="/wiki/Mahmud_I_(Seljuk_sultan)" title="Mahmud I (Seljuk sultan)">Mahmud I</a>, sultan of the <a href="/wiki/Seljuk_Empire" title="Seljuk Empire">Seljuk Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_12" title="November 12">November 12</a> – <a href="/wiki/Duncan_II_of_Scotland" title="Duncan II of Scotland">Duncan II</a>, king of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Scotland" title="Kingdom of Scotland">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Ali_Fana-Khusrau" title="Abu Ali Fana-Khusrau">Abu Ali Fana-Khusrau</a>, Buyid nobleman</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Bakri" title="Al-Bakri">Al-Bakri</a>, Moorish historian and geographer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aq_Sunqur_al-Hajib" title="Aq Sunqur al-Hajib">Aq Sunqur al-Hajib</a>, Seljuk sultan of <a href="/wiki/Aleppo" title="Aleppo">Aleppo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Badr_al-Jamali" title="Badr al-Jamali">Badr al-Jamali</a>, Fatimid <a href="/wiki/Vizier" title="Vizier">vizier</a> and statesman</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_Albalia" title="Isaac Albalia">Isaac Albalia</a>, Andalusian Jewish <a href="/wiki/Astronomer" title="Astronomer">astronomer</a> (b. <a href="/wiki/1035" title="1035">1035</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_I,_Count_of_Carinola" title="Jonathan I, Count of Carinola">Jonathan I</a>, Italo-Norman count of <a href="/wiki/Carinola" title="Carinola">Carinola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_of_Avranches" title="Michael of Avranches">Michael of Avranches</a>, Italian bishop</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_de_Beaumont" title="Roger de Beaumont">Roger de Beaumont</a>, Norman nobleman</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_de_Montgomery" title="Roger de Montgomery">Roger de Montgomery</a>, Norman nobleman</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terken_Khatun_(wife_of_Malik-Shah_I)" title="Terken Khatun (wife of Malik-Shah I)">Terken Khatun</a>, Seljuk empress and <a href="/wiki/Regent" title="Regent">regent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Fitzeustace,_1st_Earl_of_Gloucester" title="William Fitzeustace, 1st Earl of Gloucester">William Fitzeustace, 1st Earl of Gloucester</a>, Norman nobleman</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wulfnoth_Godwinson" title="Wulfnoth Godwinson">Wulfnoth Godwinson</a>, English nobleman</li></ul> <p><b>1095</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/January_20" title="January 20">January 20</a> – <a href="/wiki/Wulfstan_(died_1095)" title="Wulfstan (died 1095)">Wulfstan</a>, bishop of <a href="/wiki/Anglican_Diocese_of_Worcester" title="Anglican Diocese of Worcester">Worcester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_5" title="March 5">March 5</a> – <a href="/wiki/Judith_of_Flanders_(died_1095)" title="Judith of Flanders (died 1095)">Judith of Flanders</a>, duchess of <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Bavaria" title="Duchy of Bavaria">Bavaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_18" title="June 18">June 18</a> – <a href="/wiki/Sophia_of_Hungary" title="Sophia of Hungary">Sophia of Hungary</a>, duchess of <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Saxony" title="Duchy of Saxony">Saxony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_26" title="June 26">June 26</a> – <a href="/wiki/Robert_the_Lotharingian" title="Robert the Lotharingian">Robert the Lotharingian</a>, bishop of <a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Hereford" title="Diocese of Hereford">Hereford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_29" title="July 29">July 29</a> – <a href="/wiki/Ladislaus_I_of_Hungary" title="Ladislaus I of Hungary">Ladislaus I</a>, king of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary" title="Kingdom of Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_18" title="August 18">August 18</a> – <a href="/wiki/Olaf_I_of_Denmark" title="Olaf I of Denmark">Olaf I</a> ("Hunger"), king of <a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_12" title="October 12">October 12</a> – <a href="/wiki/Leopold_II,_Margrave_of_Austria" title="Leopold II, Margrave of Austria">Leopold II</a>, margrave of <a href="/wiki/Margravate_of_Austria" class="mw-redirect" title="Margravate of Austria">Austria</a> (b. <a href="/wiki/1050" title="1050">1050</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_22" title="November 22">November 22</a> – <a href="/wiki/Donngus_Ua_hAingliu" title="Donngus Ua hAingliu">Donngus Ua hAingliu</a>, Irish bishop</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agapetus_of_the_Kiev_Caves" class="mw-redirect" title="Agapetus of the Kiev Caves">Agapetus of Pechersk</a>, Kievan monk and doctor</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Humayd%C4%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Humaydī">Al-Humaydī</a>, Andalusian scholar and writer (b. <a href="/wiki/1029" title="1029">1029</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_ibn_Faramurz" title="Ali ibn Faramurz">Ali ibn Faramurz</a>, Kakuyid emir of <a href="/wiki/Yazd" title="Yazd">Yazd</a> and <a href="/wiki/Abarkuh" title="Abarkuh">Abarkuh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Mu%27tamid_ibn_Abbad" title="Al-Mu'tamid ibn Abbad">Al-Mu'tamid ibn Abbad</a>, Abbadid emir of <a href="/wiki/Taifa_of_Seville" title="Taifa of Seville">Seville</a> (b. <a href="/wiki/1040" title="1040">1040</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerald_of_Sauve-Majeure" title="Gerald of Sauve-Majeure">Gerald of Sauve-Majeure</a>, French <a href="/wiki/Benedictines" title="Benedictines">Benedictine</a> abbot</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Godred_Crovan" title="Godred Crovan">Godred Crovan</a>, Norse-Gaelic king of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Dublin" title="Kingdom of Dublin">Dublin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_of_Laach" title="Henry of Laach">Henry of Laach</a>, German count palatine of the <a href="/wiki/Rhine" title="Rhine">Rhine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nizar_ibn_al-Mustansir" title="Nizar ibn al-Mustansir">Nizar ibn al-Mustansir</a>, Fatimid prince (b. September 26 <a href="/wiki/1045" title="1045">1045</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert,_Count_of_Mortain" title="Robert, Count of Mortain">Robert</a>, 2nd <a href="/wiki/Earl_of_Cornwall" title="Earl of Cornwall">Earl of Cornwall</a> (approximate date)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruben_I,_Prince_of_Armenia" class="mw-redirect" title="Ruben I, Prince of Armenia">Ruben I</a> (or Rupen), prince of <a href="/wiki/Armenian_Kingdom_of_Cilicia" title="Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia">Armenia</a> (b. <a href="/wiki/1025" title="1025">1025</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shen_Kuo" title="Shen Kuo">Shen Kuo</a>, Chinese <a href="/wiki/Polymath" title="Polymath">polymath</a> scientist and engineer (b. <a href="/wiki/1031" title="1031">1031</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tutush_I" title="Tutush I">Tutush I</a>, Seljuk emir of <a href="/wiki/Damascus" title="Damascus">Damascus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aleppo" title="Aleppo">Aleppo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitale_Faliero" title="Vitale Faliero">Vitale Faliero</a> (or Falier de' Doni), doge of <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Venice" title="Republic of Venice">Venice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_I,_Count_of_Cerdanya" title="William I, Count of Cerdanya">William I</a>, count of <a href="/wiki/County_of_Cerdanya" title="County of Cerdanya">Cerdanya</a> and <a href="/wiki/Berga" title="Berga">Berga</a></li></ul> <p><b>1096</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/January_2" title="January 2">January 2</a> – <a href="/wiki/William_de_St-Calais" title="William de St-Calais">William de St-Calais</a>, Norman bishop and chief councilor</li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_11" title="January 11">January 11</a> – <a href="/wiki/Adelaide_II,_Abbess_of_Quedlinburg" title="Adelaide II, Abbess of Quedlinburg">Adelaide II</a>, German princess and <a href="/wiki/Abbess" title="Abbess">abbess</a> (b. <a href="/wiki/1045" title="1045">1045</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/May" title="May">May</a> – <a href="/wiki/Worms_massacre_(1096)" title="Worms massacre (1096)">Worms massacre</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kalonymus_ben_Meshullam" title="Kalonymus ben Meshullam">Kalonymus ben Meshullam</a>, French Jewish martyr</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minna_of_Worms" title="Minna of Worms">Minna of Worms</a>, German-Jewish female moneylender and martyr</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_21" title="October 21">October 21</a> – <a href="/wiki/Walter_Sans_Avoir" title="Walter Sans Avoir">Walter Sans Avoir</a>, French leader of the <a href="/wiki/First_Crusade" title="First Crusade">First Crusade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_11" title="November 11">November 11</a> – <a href="/wiki/Werner_I,_Count_of_Habsburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Werner I, Count of Habsburg">Werner I</a>, German nobleman (<a href="/wiki/House_of_Habsburg" title="House of Habsburg">House of Habsburg</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_23" title="December 23">December 23</a> – <a href="/wiki/Hugh_I_of_Le_Puiset" title="Hugh I of Le Puiset">Hugh I of Le Puiset</a>, French nobleman</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eudokia_Makrembolitissa" title="Eudokia Makrembolitissa">Eudokia Makrembolitissa</a>, Byzantine empress and <a href="/wiki/Regent" title="Regent">regent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fariburz_I" title="Fariburz I">Fariburz I</a>, Persian ruler of <a href="/wiki/Shirvan" title="Shirvan">Shirvan</a> (<a href="/wiki/Shirvanshah" class="mw-redirect" title="Shirvanshah">House of Shirvanshah</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gao_Shengtai" title="Gao Shengtai">Gao Shengtai</a>, Chinese ruler of the <a href="/wiki/Dali_Kingdom" title="Dali Kingdom">Dazhong Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_III,_Count_of_Anjou" title="Geoffrey III, Count of Anjou">Geoffrey III, Count of Anjou</a> ("the Bearded"), French nobleman (b. <a href="/wiki/1040" title="1040">1040</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_III,_Count_of_Luxembourg" title="Henry III, Count of Luxembourg">Henry III</a>, count of <a href="/wiki/Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a> (<a href="/wiki/House_of_Luxembourg" title="House of Luxembourg">House of Luxembourg</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_de_Gael" title="Ralph de Gael">Ralph de Gael</a>, Norman nobleman (approximate date)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarakhsi" class="mw-redirect" title="Sarakhsi">Sarakhsi</a>, Persian <a href="/wiki/Ulama" title="Ulama">scholar</a>, jurist and writer (approximate date)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_II,_Count_of_Sponheim" title="Stephen II, Count of Sponheim">Stephen II</a>, German nobleman (<a href="/wiki/Sponheim_family" title="Sponheim family">House of Sponheim</a>)</li></ul> <p><b>1097</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/June_6" title="June 6">June 6</a> – <a href="/wiki/Agnes_of_Aquitaine,_Queen_of_Aragon_and_Navarre" title="Agnes of Aquitaine, Queen of Aragon and Navarre">Agnes of Aquitaine</a>, queen consort of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Aragon" title="Kingdom of Aragon">Aragon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Navarre" title="Kingdom of Navarre">Navarre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_16" title="June 16">June 16</a> – <a href="/wiki/Wen_Yanbo_(Song_dynasty)" title="Wen Yanbo (Song dynasty)">Wen Yanbo</a>, Chinese grand chancellor (b. <a href="/wiki/1006" title="1006">1006</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_15" title="August 15">August 15</a> – <a href="/wiki/Diego_Rodr%C3%ADguez_(Son_of_El_Cid)" class="mw-redirect" title="Diego Rodríguez (Son of El Cid)">Diego Rodríguez</a>, Castilian nobleman</li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_20" title="August 20">August 20</a> – <a href="/wiki/Albert_Azzo_II,_Margrave_of_Milan" title="Albert Azzo II, Margrave of Milan">Albert Azzo II</a>, margrave of <a href="/wiki/March_of_Genoa" title="March of Genoa">Milan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Liguria" title="Liguria">Liguria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_6" title="November 6">November 6</a> – <a href="/wiki/Heonjong_of_Goryeo" title="Heonjong of Goryeo">Heonjong</a>, Korean king of <a href="/wiki/Goryeo" title="Goryeo">Goryeo</a> (b. <a href="/wiki/1084" title="1084">1084</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baldwin_Chauderon" title="Baldwin Chauderon">Baldwin Chauderon</a>, French nobleman and crusader</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florine_of_Burgundy" title="Florine of Burgundy">Florine of Burgundy</a>, French noblewoman and crusader (b. <a href="/wiki/1083" title="1083">1083</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herman_of_Hauteville" title="Herman of Hauteville">Herman of Hauteville</a>, Norman nobleman and crusader</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marpa_Lotsawa" title="Marpa Lotsawa">Marpa Lotsawa</a>, Tibetan <a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism" title="Tibetan Buddhism">Buddhist</a> teacher (b. <a href="/wiki/1012" title="1012">1012</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minamoto_no_Tsunenobu" title="Minamoto no Tsunenobu">Minamoto no Tsunenobu</a>, Japanese nobleman (b. <a href="/wiki/1016" title="1016">1016</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhya_bint_Al-Tayyani" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhya bint Al-Tayyani">Muhya bint Al-Tayyani</a>, Andalusian female poet</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odo_of_Bayeux" title="Odo of Bayeux">Odo of Bayeux</a>, Norman nobleman and bishop</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petar_Sna%C4%8Di%C4%87" title="Petar Snačić">Peter II</a>, king of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Croatia_(925%E2%80%931102)" title="Kingdom of Croatia (925–1102)">Croatia</a> (see <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gvozd_Mountain" title="Battle of Gvozd Mountain">Battle of Gvozd Mountain</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sweyn_the_Crusader" title="Sweyn the Crusader">Sweyn the Crusader</a>, Danish nobleman and crusader</li></ul> <p><b>1098</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/January_3" title="January 3">January 3</a> – <a href="/wiki/Walkelin" title="Walkelin">Walkelin</a>, Norman bishop of <a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Winchester" title="Diocese of Winchester">Winchester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_22" title="February 22">February 22</a> – <a href="/wiki/Hugh_de_Grandmesnil" title="Hugh de Grandmesnil">Hugh de Grandmesnil</a>, Norman <a href="/wiki/High_Sheriff_of_Leicestershire" title="High Sheriff of Leicestershire">sheriff</a> (b. <a href="/wiki/1032" title="1032">1032</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_31" title="July 31">July 31</a> – <a href="/wiki/Hugh_of_Montgomery,_2nd_Earl_of_Shrewsbury" title="Hugh of Montgomery, 2nd Earl of Shrewsbury">Hugh of Montgomery</a>, 2nd <a href="/wiki/Earl_of_Shrewsbury" title="Earl of Shrewsbury">Earl of Shrewsbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_1" title="August 1">August 1</a> – <a href="/wiki/Adhemar_of_Le_Puy" title="Adhemar of Le Puy">Adhemar of Le Puy</a>, French bishop (b. <a href="/wiki/1045" title="1045">1045</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alan_the_Black" title="Alan the Black">Alan the Black</a>, Norman nobleman and lord of <a href="/wiki/Richmond,_North_Yorkshire" title="Richmond, North Yorkshire">Richmond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baldwin_II,_Count_of_Hainaut" title="Baldwin II, Count of Hainaut">Baldwin II</a>, count of <a href="/wiki/County_of_Hainaut" title="County of Hainaut">Hainaut</a> (<a href="/wiki/House_of_Flanders" title="House of Flanders">House of Flanders</a>) (b. <a href="/wiki/1056" title="1056">1056</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ephraim_of_Pereyaslavl" title="Ephraim of Pereyaslavl">Ephraim of the Caves</a>, Kievan bishop of <a href="/wiki/Pereiaslav" title="Pereiaslav">Pereiaslav</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_IV_of_Pallars_Juss%C3%A0" title="Raymond IV of Pallars Jussà">Raymond IV</a> (<i>Raimundus</i>), count of <a href="/wiki/County_of_Pallars_Juss%C3%A0" title="County of Pallars Jussà">Pallars Jussà</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_de_Say" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert de Say">Robert de Say</a> (Fitz-Picot), Norman nobleman</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinayaditya_(Hoysala_dynasty)" title="Vinayaditya (Hoysala dynasty)">Vinayaditya</a>, Indian king of the <a href="/wiki/Hoysala_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Hoysala Empire">Hoysala Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walo_II_of_Chaumont-en-Vexin" title="Walo II of Chaumont-en-Vexin">Walo II of Chaumont-en-Vexin</a> (or Galon II de Beaumont), viscount and constable of France (b. <a href="/wiki/1060" title="1060">1060</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ya%C4%9F%C4%B1s%C4%B1yan" title="Yağısıyan">Yaghi Siyan</a>, Seljuk governor of <a href="/wiki/Antioch" title="Antioch">Antioch</a> (b. <a href="/wiki/1011" title="1011">1011</a>)</li></ul> <p><b>1099</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/April_14" title="April 14">April 14</a> – <a href="/wiki/Conrad_(bishop_of_Utrecht)" title="Conrad (bishop of Utrecht)">Conrad</a>, bishop of <a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Utrecht_(695%E2%80%931580)" title="Diocese of Utrecht (695–1580)">Utrecht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_20" title="April 20">April 20</a> – <a href="/wiki/Peter_Bartholomew" title="Peter Bartholomew">Peter Bartholomew</a>, French soldier and <a href="/wiki/Mysticism" title="Mysticism">mystic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_8" title="July 8">July 8</a> – <a href="/wiki/Lawrence,_Archbishop_of_Split" title="Lawrence, Archbishop of Split">Lawrence</a>, Croatian monk and archbishop</li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_10" title="July 10">July 10</a> – <a href="/wiki/El_Cid" title="El Cid">El Cid</a> (Rodrigo Diaz de Vivar), Castilian knight</li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_18" title="July 18">July 18</a> – <a href="/wiki/Fujiwara_no_Moromichi" title="Fujiwara no Moromichi">Fujiwara no Moromichi</a>, Japanese nobleman (b. <a href="/wiki/1062" title="1062">1062</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_29" title="July 29">July 29</a> – <a href="/wiki/Pope_Urban_II" title="Pope Urban II">Urban II</a>, pope of the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a> (b. <a href="/wiki/1035" title="1035">1035</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_21" title="August 21">August 21</a> – <a href="/wiki/%C3%89verard_III_of_Puiset,_Viscount_of_Chartres" title="Éverard III of Puiset, Viscount of Chartres">Éverard III of Puiset, Viscount of Chartres</a>, French nobleman</li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_3" title="December 3">December 3</a> – <a href="/wiki/Saint_Osmund" title="Saint Osmund">Osmund</a>, Norman lord chancellor of England and bishop of <a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Salisbury" title="Diocese of Salisbury">Salisbury</a>, canonized (b. <a href="/wiki/1065" title="1065">1065</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ermengarde_de_Carcassonne" title="Ermengarde de Carcassonne">Ermengarde de Carcassonne</a>, French noblewoman</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_III_of_Scotland" title="Donald III of Scotland">Donald III</a> ("the Fair"), king of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Scotland" title="Kingdom of Scotland">Scotland</a> (b. <a href="/wiki/1032" title="1032">1032</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qutb_Shah" title="Qutb Shah">Qutb Shah</a>, Persian <a href="/wiki/Sufism" title="Sufism">Sufi</a> and religious leader</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhygyfarch" title="Rhygyfarch">Rhygyfarch</a>, Welsh bishop of <a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_St_David%27s" class="mw-redirect" title="Diocese of St David's">St. David's</a> (b. <a href="/wiki/1057" title="1057">1057</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_of_Pontoise" title="Walter of Pontoise">Walter of Pontoise</a>, French <a href="/wiki/Abbot" title="Abbot">abbot</a> (approximate date)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1090s&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gilbert Meynier (2010). <i>L'Algérie cœur du Maghreb classique. De l'ouverture islamo-arabe au repli (658-1518)</i>. Paris: La Découverte; p. 83.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Steven Runciman (1952). <i>A History of the Crusades. Vol II: The Kingdom of Jerusalem</i>, pp. 96–97. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-241-29876-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-241-29876-3">978-0-241-29876-3</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Brian Todd Carey (2012). <i>Road to Manzikert: Byzantine and Islamic Warfare (527–1071)</i>, p. 160. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84884-215-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84884-215-1">978-1-84884-215-1</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-picard2000-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-picard2000_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-picard2000_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPicard2000" class="citation book cs1">Picard, Christophe (2000). <i>Le Portugal musulman (VIIIe-XIIIe siècle. L'Occident d'al-Andalus sous domination islamique</i>. Paris: Maisonneuve & Larose. p. 109. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-7068-1398-9" title="Special:BookSources/2-7068-1398-9"><bdi>2-7068-1398-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Le+Portugal+musulman+%28VIIIe-XIIIe+si%C3%A8cle.+L%27Occident+d%27al-Andalus+sous+domination+islamique&rft.place=Paris&rft.pages=109&rft.pub=Maisonneuve+%26+Larose&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=2-7068-1398-9&rft.aulast=Picard&rft.aufirst=Christophe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1090s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CBH-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CBH_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CBH_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPalmerPalmer1992" class="citation book cs1">Palmer, Alan; Palmer, Veronica (1992). <i>The Chronology of British History</i>. London: Century Ltd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7126-5616-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-7126-5616-2"><bdi>0-7126-5616-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Chronology+of+British+History&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Century+Ltd&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=0-7126-5616-2&rft.aulast=Palmer&rft.aufirst=Alan&rft.au=Palmer%2C+Veronica&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1090s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Brian Todd Carey (2012). <i>Road to Manzikert: Byzantine and Islamic Warfare (527–1071)</i>, p. 160. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84884-215-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84884-215-1">978-1-84884-215-1</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20080110062231/http://www.english-heritage.org.uk/server/show/nav.13665">"Carlisle Castle"</a>. <a href="/wiki/English_Heritage" title="English Heritage">English Heritage</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.english-heritage.org.uk/server/show/nav.13665">the original</a> on 2008-01-10<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-12-21</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Carlisle+Castle&rft.pub=English+Heritage&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.english-heritage.org.uk%2Fserver%2Fshow%2Fnav.13665&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1090s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080110200058/http://www.lincolncathedral.com/">"Lincoln Cathedral website"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lincolncathedral.com/">the original</a> on January 10, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-12-21</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Lincoln+Cathedral+website&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lincolncathedral.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1090s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Basil Dmytryshyn (2000). <i>Medieval Russia: A sourcebook 850–1700</i>, p. 60. Academic International Press.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BBC_timeline-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BBC_timeline_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/timeline/normanbritain_timeline_noflash.shtml">"Norman Britain"</a>. <i>British History Timeline</i>. <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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(1997). <i>La mer et les musulmans d'Occident au Moyen Age</i>. Paris: Presses Universitaires de France.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Potter-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Potter_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Potter_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPotter2009" class="citation book cs1">Potter, Philip J. (2009). <i>Gothic Kings of Britain: The Lives of 31 Medieval Rulers (1016–1399)</i>. Jefferson, NC: McFarland. pp. 127–128. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-4038-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-4038-2"><bdi>978-0-7864-4038-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gothic+Kings+of+Britain%3A+The+Lives+of+31+Medieval+Rulers+%281016%E2%80%931399%29&rft.place=Jefferson%2C+NC&rft.pages=127-128&rft.pub=McFarland&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-7864-4038-2&rft.aulast=Potter&rft.aufirst=Philip+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1090s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Steven Runciman (1951). <i>A History of the Crusades. Volume I: The First Crusade and the Foundation of the Kingdom of Jerusalem</i>, p. 101. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-141-98550-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-141-98550-3">978-0-141-98550-3</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gerd Mentgen. <i>Crusades in Antisemitism: A Historical Encyclopedia of Prejudice and Persecution</i> (Vol 1), ed. Richard S. Levy, pp. 151–53.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Steven Runciman (1951). <i>A History of the Crusades. Volume I: The First Crusade and the Foundation of the Kingdom of Jerusalem</i>, p. 102. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-141-98550-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-141-98550-3">978-0-141-98550-3</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Chazan, R. (1996). <i>European Jwery and the First Crusade</i>, p. 122. University of California Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-20506-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-20506-2">978-0-520-20506-2</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Steven Runciman (1951). <i>A History of the Crusades. Volume I: The First Crusade and the Foundation of the Kingdom of Jerusalem</i>, p. 115. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-141-98550-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-141-98550-3">978-0-141-98550-3</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Steven Runciman (1951). <i>A History of the Crusades. Volume I: The First Crusade and the Foundation of the Kingdom of Jerusalem</i>, pp. 116–117. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-141-98550-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-141-98550-3">978-0-141-98550-3</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Steven Runciman (1951). <i>A History of the Crusades. Volume I: The First Crusade and the Foundation of the Kingdom of Jerusalem</i>, p. 104. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-141-98550-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-141-98550-3">978-0-141-98550-3</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Steven Runciman (1951). <i>A History of the Crusades. Volume I: The First Crusade and the Foundation of the Kingdom of Jerusalem</i>, p. 105. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-141-98550-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-141-98550-3">978-0-141-98550-3</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Steven Runciman (1951). <i>A History of the Crusades. Volume I: The First Crusade and the Foundation of the Kingdom of Jerusalem</i>, pp. 107–108. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-141-98550-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-141-98550-3">978-0-141-98550-3</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Steven Runciman (1951). <i>A History of the Crusades. Volume I: The First Crusade and the Foundation of the Kingdom of Jerusalem</i>, p. 109. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-141-98550-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-141-98550-3">978-0-141-98550-3</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCatlos2004" class="citation book cs1">Catlos, Brian A. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EoDuA8fv9rEC&q=christian+mercenaries+maghrib"><i>The victors and the vanquished: Christians and Muslims of Catalonia and Aragon, 1050-1300</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 13. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-82234-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-82234-3"><bdi>0-521-82234-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+victors+and+the+vanquished%3A+Christians+and+Muslims+of+Catalonia+and+Aragon%2C+1050-1300&rft.pages=13&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-521-82234-3&rft.aulast=Catlos&rft.aufirst=Brian+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEoDuA8fv9rEC%26q%3Dchristian%2Bmercenaries%2Bmaghrib&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1090s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMüller2021" class="citation book cs1">Müller, Annalena (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zk85EAAAQBAJ"><i>From the Cloister to the State: Fontevraud and the Making of Bourbon France, 1642-1100</i></a>. Routledge. p. 43. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781000436297" title="Special:BookSources/9781000436297"><bdi>9781000436297</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 March</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+the+Cloister+to+the+State%3A+Fontevraud+and+the+Making+of+Bourbon+France%2C+1642-1100&rft.pages=43&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=9781000436297&rft.aulast=M%C3%BCller&rft.aufirst=Annalena&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dzk85EAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1090s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-norman_adversaries-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-norman_adversaries_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbelsBernard_S._Bachrach2001" class="citation book cs1">Abels, Richard Philip; Bernard S. Bachrach (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jOic9EEo3PIC&q=The+occasion+of+the+coming+of+the+Normans+to+southern+Italy"><i>The Normans and their adversaries at war</i></a>. Woodbridge: Boydell & Brewer. p. 92. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85115-847-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-85115-847-1"><bdi>0-85115-847-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Normans+and+their+adversaries+at+war&rft.place=Woodbridge&rft.pages=92&rft.pub=Boydell+%26+Brewer&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-85115-847-1&rft.aulast=Abels&rft.aufirst=Richard+Philip&rft.au=Bernard+S.+Bachrach&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjOic9EEo3PIC%26q%3DThe%2Boccasion%2Bof%2Bthe%2Bcoming%2Bof%2Bthe%2BNormans%2Bto%2Bsouthern%2BItaly&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1090s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-antioch-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-antioch_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-antioch_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRickard" class="citation web cs1">Rickard, J. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.historyofwar.org/articles/battles_antioch_crusader.html">"Antioch, crusader siege of, 21 October 1097-3 June 1098"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Bachrach (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jOic9EEo3PIC&q=The+occasion+of+the+coming+of+the+Normans+to+southern+Italy"><i>The Normans and their adversaries at war</i></a>. Woodbridge: Boydell & Brewer. p. 92. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85115-847-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-85115-847-1"><bdi>0-85115-847-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Normans+and+their+adversaries+at+war&rft.place=Woodbridge&rft.pages=92&rft.pub=Boydell+%26+Brewer&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-85115-847-1&rft.aulast=Abels&rft.aufirst=Richard+Philip&rft.au=Bernard+S.+Bachrach&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjOic9EEo3PIC%26q%3DThe%2Boccasion%2Bof%2Bthe%2Bcoming%2Bof%2Bthe%2BNormans%2Bto%2Bsouthern%2BItaly&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1090s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Tyerman,_Christopher" class="mw-redirect" title="Tyerman, Christopher">Tyerman, Christopher</a> (2006). <i>God's War: A New History of the Crusades</i>, p. 134. The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-02387-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-02387-1">978-0-674-02387-1</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Andrew Roberts (2011). <i>Great Commanders of the Medieval World (454–1582)</i>, p. 121. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85738-589-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85738-589-5">978-0-85738-589-5</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRickard" class="citation web cs1">Rickard, J. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.historyofwar.org/articles/battles_orontes.html">"Battle of the Orontes, 28 June 1098 (First Crusade)"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 January</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Battle+of+the+Orontes%2C+28+June+1098+%28First+Crusade%29&rft.aulast=Rickard&rft.aufirst=J.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.historyofwar.org%2Farticles%2Fbattles_orontes.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1090s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBenvenuti1985" class="citation book cs1">Benvenuti, Gino (1985). <i>Le Repubbliche Marinare. Amalfi, Pisa, Genova e Venezia</i>. Rome: Newton & Compton Editori. p. 34. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/88-8289-529-7" title="Special:BookSources/88-8289-529-7"><bdi>88-8289-529-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Le+Repubbliche+Marinare.+Amalfi%2C+Pisa%2C+Genova+e+Venezia&rft.place=Rome&rft.pages=34&rft.pub=Newton+%26+Compton+Editori&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=88-8289-529-7&rft.aulast=Benvenuti&rft.aufirst=Gino&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1090s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CBH1098-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CBH1098_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPalmerPalmer1992" class="citation book cs1">Palmer, Alan; Palmer, Veronica (1992). <i>The Chronology of British History</i>. London: Century Ltd. pp. 56–58. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7126-5616-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-7126-5616-2"><bdi>0-7126-5616-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Chronology+of+British+History&rft.place=London&rft.pages=56-58&rft.pub=Century+Ltd&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=0-7126-5616-2&rft.aulast=Palmer&rft.aufirst=Alan&rft.au=Palmer%2C+Veronica&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1090s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSiecienski2010" class="citation book cs1">Siecienski, Anthony Edward (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=auT8VbgOe48C"><i>The Filioque: History of a Doctrinal Controversy</i></a>. Oxford University Press. pp. 117–118. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780195372045" title="Special:BookSources/9780195372045"><bdi>9780195372045</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Filioque%3A+History+of+a+Doctrinal+Controversy&rft.pages=117-118&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9780195372045&rft.aulast=Siecienski&rft.aufirst=Anthony+Edward&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DauT8VbgOe48C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1090s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Steven_Runciman" title="Steven Runciman">Steven Runciman</a> (1951). <i>A History of the Crusades. Volume I: The First Crusade and the Foundation of the Kingdom of Jerusalem</i>, p. 221. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-141-98550-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-141-98550-3">978-0-141-98550-3</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Steven Runciman (1951). <i>A History of the Crusades. Volume I: The First Crusade and the Foundation of the Kingdom of Jerusalem</i>, p. 222. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-141-98550-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-141-98550-3">978-0-141-98550-3</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Steven Runciman (1951). <i>A History of the Crusades. Volume I: The First Crusade and the Foundation of the Kingdom of Jerusalem</i>, p. 224. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-141-98550-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-141-98550-3">978-0-141-98550-3</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">David Nicolle (2003). <i>The First Crusade 1096–99 - Conquest of the Holy Land</i>, pp. 69–70. Osprey Publishing: Campaign 132. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84176-515-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84176-515-0">978-1-84176-515-0</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Steven Runciman (1951). <i>A History of the Crusades. Volume I: The First Crusade and the Foundation of the Kingdom of Jerusalem</i>, p. 223. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-141-98550-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-141-98550-3">978-0-141-98550-3</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Steven Runciman (1951). <i>A History of the Crusades. Volume I: The First Crusade and the Foundation of the Kingdom of Jerusalem</i>, pp. 227–228. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-141-98550-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-141-98550-3">978-0-141-98550-3</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Steven Runciman (1951). <i>A History of the Crusades. Volume I: The First Crusade and the Foundation of the Kingdom of Jerusalem</i>, p. 228. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-141-98550-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-141-98550-3">978-0-141-98550-3</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">David Nicolle (2003). <i>The First Crusade 1096–99 - Conquest of the Holy Land</i>, p. 71. Osprey Publishing: Campaign 132. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84176-515-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84176-515-0">978-1-84176-515-0</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-siege_jerusalem-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-siege_jerusalem_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRickard" class="citation web cs1">Rickard, J. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.historyofwar.org/articles/battles_jerusalem1099.html">"Siege of Jerusalem, 9 June-18 July 1099"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 January</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Siege+of+Jerusalem%2C+9+June-18+July+1099&rft.aulast=Rickard&rft.aufirst=J.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.historyofwar.org%2Farticles%2Fbattles_jerusalem1099.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1090s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">David Nicolle (2003). <i>The First Crusade 1096–99 - Conquest of the Holy Land</i>, p. 73. Osprey Publishing: Campaign 132. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84176-515-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84176-515-0">978-1-84176-515-0</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">David Nicolle (2003). <i>The First Crusade 1096–99 - Conquest of the Holy Land</i>, pp. 73–76. Osprey Publishing: Campaign 132. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84176-515-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84176-515-0">978-1-84176-515-0</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">David Nicolle (2003). <i>The First Crusade 1096–99 - Conquest of the Holy Land</i>, p. 76. Osprey Publishing: Campaign 132. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84176-515-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84176-515-0">978-1-84176-515-0</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Steven Runciman (1951). <i>A History of the Crusades. Vol I: The First Crusade and the Foundation of the Kingdom of Jerusalem</i>, p. 236. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-141-98550-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-141-98550-3">978-0-141-98550-3</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Steven Runciman (1951). <i>A History of the Crusades. Vol I: The First Crusade and the Foundation of the Kingdom of Jerusalem</i>, p. 237. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-141-98550-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-141-98550-3">978-0-141-98550-3</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Steven Runciman (1951). <i>A History of the Crusades. Vol I: The First Crusade and the Foundation of the Kingdom of Jerusalem</i>, p. 242. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-141-98550-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-141-98550-3">978-0-141-98550-3</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">David Nicolle (2003). <i>The First Crusade 1096–99 - Conquest of the Holy Land</i>, p. 83. Osprey Publishing: Campaign 132. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84176-515-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84176-515-0">978-1-84176-515-0</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRickard" class="citation web cs1">Rickard, J. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.historyofwar.org/articles/battles_ascalon.html">"Ascalon, battle of, 12 August 1099"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 January</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ascalon%2C+battle+of%2C+12+August+1099&rft.aulast=Rickard&rft.aufirst=J.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.historyofwar.org%2Farticles%2Fbattles_ascalon.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1090s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Steven Runciman (1951). <i>A History of the Crusades. Vol I: The First Crusade and the Foundation of the Kingdom of Jerusalem</i>, p. 250. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-141-98550-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-141-98550-3">978-0-141-98550-3</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Steven Runciman (1951). <i>A History of the Crusades. Vol I: The First Crusade and the Foundation of the Kingdom of Jerusalem</i>, p. 251. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-141-98550-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-141-98550-3">978-0-141-98550-3</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://heritagecalling.com/2023/01/27/historic-north-sea-floods/">"Historic North Sea Floods"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Historic_England" title="Historic England">Historic England</a>. 2023-01-27<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-09-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Historic+North+Sea+Floods&rft.pub=Historic+England&rft.date=2023-01-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fheritagecalling.com%2F2023%2F01%2F27%2Fhistoric-north-sea-floods%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1090s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_B._Freed2016" class="citation book cs1">John B. Freed (1 January 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tng8DAAAQBAJ&pg=PR19"><i>Frederick Barbarossa: The Prince and the Myth</i></a>. Yale University Press. p. 19. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-12276-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-12276-3"><bdi>978-0-300-12276-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Frederick+Barbarossa%3A+The+Prince+and+the+Myth&rft.pages=19&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2016-01-01&rft.isbn=978-0-300-12276-3&rft.au=John+B.+Freed&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dtng8DAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPR19&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1090s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">McMillan, Peter. 2010 (1st ed. 2008). <i>One Hundred Poets, One Poem Each</i>. New York: Columbia University Press. Page 146</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Roger-II">"Roger II | Facts & Biography"</a>. <i>Encyclopedia Britannica</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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E.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Emeri_Johannes_van_Donzel" class="mw-redirect" title="Emeri Johannes van Donzel">van Donzel, E.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Wolfhart_Heinrichs" title="Wolfhart Heinrichs">Heinrichs, W. P.</a> & <a href="/wiki/Charles_Pellat" title="Charles Pellat">Pellat, Ch.</a> (eds.). <i><a href="/wiki/The_Encyclopaedia_of_Islam#2nd_edition,_EI2" class="mw-redirect" title="The Encyclopaedia of Islam">The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition</a>. </i>Volume VII:<i> Mif–Naz</i>. Leiden: E. J. 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Manchester University Press. 1 January 2013. p. 299. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5261-1282-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5261-1282-8"><bdi>978-1-5261-1282-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Eleventh-century+Germany%3A+The+Swabian+chronicles&rft.pages=299&rft.pub=Manchester+University+Press&rft.date=2013-01-01&rft.isbn=978-1-5261-1282-8&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPW8CEAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA299&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1090s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKanō1983" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shigefumi_Kan%C5%8D&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shigefumi Kanō (page does not exist)">Kanō, higefumi</a> (1983). "Fujiwara no Atsuie" <bdi lang="ja">藤原敦家</bdi>. <i><a href="/wiki/Nihon_Koten_Bungaku_Daijiten" title="Nihon Koten Bungaku Daijiten">Nihon Koten Bungaku Daijiten</a></i> <bdi lang="ja">日本古典文学大辞典</bdi> (in Japanese). Vol. 5. Tokyo: <a href="/wiki/Iwanami_Shoten" title="Iwanami Shoten">Iwanami Shoten</a>. p. 267. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/11917421">11917421</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Fujiwara+no+Atsuie+%E8%97%A4%E5%8E%9F%E6%95%A6%E5%AE%B6&rft.btitle=Nihon+Koten+Bungaku+Daijiten+%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E5%8F%A4%E5%85%B8%E6%96%87%E5%AD%A6%E5%A4%A7%E8%BE%9E%E5%85%B8&rft.place=Tokyo&rft.pages=267&rft.pub=Iwanami+Shoten&rft.date=1983&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F11917421&rft.aulast=Kan%C5%8D&rft.aufirst=higefumi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1090s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Barnhart, R. M. et al. (1997). Three thousand years of Chinese painting. New Haven, Yale University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-300-07013-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-300-07013-6">0-300-07013-6</a> Page 372</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlban_ButlerPaul_Burns1997" class="citation book cs1">Alban Butler; Paul Burns (1 January 1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7f1CnVuWceQC&pg=PA84"><i>Butler's Lives of the Saints</i></a>. A&C Black. p. 84. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-86012-254-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-86012-254-8"><bdi>978-0-86012-254-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Butler%27s+Lives+of+the+Saints&rft.pages=84&rft.pub=A%26C+Black&rft.date=1997-01-01&rft.isbn=978-0-86012-254-8&rft.au=Alban+Butler&rft.au=Paul+Burns&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7f1CnVuWceQC%26pg%3DPA84&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1090s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scotsman.com/regions/5-forgotten-queens-and-princesses-scotland-548776">"5 forgotten queens and princesses of Scotland"</a>. <i>www.scotsman.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 May</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.scotsman.com&rft.atitle=5+forgotten+queens+and+princesses+of+Scotland&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.scotsman.com%2Fregions%2F5-forgotten-queens-and-princesses-scotland-548776&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1090s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1090s&oldid=1081428641">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1090s&oldid=1081428641</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Category</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1090s" title="Category:1090s">1090s</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_uses_Japanese-language_script_(ja)" title="Category:CS1 uses Japanese-language script (ja)">CS1 uses Japanese-language script (ja)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Japanese-language_sources_(ja)" title="Category:CS1 Japanese-language sources (ja)">CS1 Japanese-language sources (ja)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description matches Wikidata">Short description matches Wikidata</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 7 April 2022, at 10:39<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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