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shells</title> <meta name="description" content="Search results for: walnut shells"> <meta name="keywords" content="walnut shells"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, minimum-scale=1, maximum-scale=1, user-scalable=no"> <meta charset="utf-8"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/favicon.ico" type="image/x-icon" rel="shortcut icon"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/bootstrap-4.2.1/css/bootstrap.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/fontawesome/css/all.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/css/site.css?v=150220211555" rel="stylesheet"> </head> <body> <header> <div class="container"> <nav class="navbar navbar-expand-lg navbar-light"> <a class="navbar-brand" href="https://waset.org"> <img src="https://cdn.waset.org/static/images/wasetc.png" alt="Open Science Research Excellence" title="Open Science Research Excellence" /> </a> <button class="d-block d-lg-none navbar-toggler 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id="custom-search-input"> <div class="input-group"> <i class="fas fa-search"></i> <input type="text" class="search-query" name="q" placeholder="Author, Title, Abstract, Keywords" value="walnut shells"> <input type="submit" class="btn_search" value="Search"> </div> </div> </form> </div> </div> <div class="row mt-3"> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Commenced</strong> in January 2007</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Frequency:</strong> Monthly</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Edition:</strong> International</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Paper Count:</strong> 180</div> </div> </div> </div> <h1 class="mt-3 mb-3 text-center" style="font-size:1.6rem;">Search results for: walnut shells</h1> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">180</span> Characterization of Candlenut Shells and Its Application to Remove Oil and Fine Solids of Produced Water in Nutshell Filters of Water Cleaning Plant</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Annur%20Suhadi">Annur Suhadi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Haris%20B.%20Harahap"> Haris B. Harahap</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Zaim%20Arrosyidi"> Zaim Arrosyidi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Epan"> Epan</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Darmapala"> Darmapala</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Oilfields under waterflood often face the problem of plugging injectors either by internal filtration or external filter cake built up inside pore throats. The content of suspended solids shall be reduced to required level of filtration since corrective action of plugging is costly expensive. The performance of nutshell filters, where filtration takes place, is good using pecan and walnut shells. Candlenut shells were used instead of pecan and walnut shells since they were abundant in Indonesia, Malaysia, and East Africa. Physical and chemical properties of walnut, pecan, and candlenut shells were tested and the results were compared. Testing, using full-scale nutshell filters, was conducted to determine the oil content, turbidity, and suspended solid removal, which was based on designed flux rate. The performance of candlenut shells, which were deeply bedded in nutshell filters for filtration process, was monitored. Cleaned water outgoing nutshell filters had total suspended solids of 17 ppm, while oil content could be reduced to 15.1 ppm. Turbidity, using candlenut shells, was below the specification for injection water, which was less than 10 Nephelometric Turbidity Unit (NTU). Turbidity of water, outgoing nutshell filter, was ranged from 1.7-5.0 NTU at various dates of operation. Walnut, pecan, and candlenut shells had moisture content of 8.98 wt%, 10.95 wt%, and 9.95 wt%, respectively. The porosity of walnut, pecan, and candlenut shells was significantly affected by moisture content. Candlenut shells had property of toluene solubility of 7.68 wt%, which was much higher than walnut shells, reflecting more crude oil adsorption. The hardness of candlenut shells was 2.5-3 Mohs, which was close to walnut shells’ hardness. It was advantage to guarantee the cleaning filter cake by fluidization process during backwashing. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=candlenut%20shells" title="candlenut shells">candlenut shells</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=filtration" title=" filtration"> filtration</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=nutshell%20filter" title=" nutshell filter"> nutshell filter</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=pecan%20shells" title=" pecan shells"> pecan shells</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=walnut%20shells" title=" walnut shells "> walnut shells </a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/118388/characterization-of-candlenut-shells-and-its-application-to-remove-oil-and-fine-solids-of-produced-water-in-nutshell-filters-of-water-cleaning-plant" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/118388.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">111</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">179</span> Catalytic and Non-Catalytic Pyrolysis of Walnut Shell Waste to Biofuel: Characterisation of Catalytic Biochar and Biooil</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Saimatun%20Nisa">Saimatun Nisa</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Walnut is an important export product from the Union Territory of Jammy and Kashmir. After extraction of the kernel, the walnut shell forms a solid waste that needs to be managed. Pyrolysis is one interesting option for the utilization of this walnut waste. In this study microwave pyrolysis reactor is used to convert the walnut shell biomass into its value-added products. Catalytic and non-catalytic conversion of walnut shell waste to oil, gas and char was evaluated using a Co-based catalyst. The catalyst was characterized using XPS and SEM analysis. Pyrolysis temperature, reaction time, particle size and sweeping gas (N₂) flow rate were set in the ranges of 400–600 °C, 40 min, <0.6mm to < 4.75mm and 300 ml min−1, respectively. The heating rate was fixed at 40 °C min−1. Maximum gas yield was obtained at 600 °C, 40 min, particle size range 1.18-2.36, 0.5 molar catalytic as 45.2%. The liquid product catalytic and non-catalytic was characterized by GC–MS analyses. In addition, the solid product was analyzed by means of FTIR & SEM. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=walnut%20shell" title="walnut shell">walnut shell</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=biooil" title=" biooil"> biooil</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=biochar" title=" biochar"> biochar</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=microwave%20pyrolysis" title=" microwave pyrolysis"> microwave pyrolysis</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/185833/catalytic-and-non-catalytic-pyrolysis-of-walnut-shell-waste-to-biofuel-characterisation-of-catalytic-biochar-and-biooil" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/185833.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">52</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">178</span> Preparation and Characterization of Maltodextrin Microcapsules Containing Walnut Green Husk Extract </h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Fatemeh%20Cheraghali">Fatemeh Cheraghali</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Saeedeh%20Shojaee-Aliabadi"> Saeedeh Shojaee-Aliabadi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Seyede%20Marzieh%20Hosseini"> Seyede Marzieh Hosseini</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Leila%20Mirmoghtadaie"> Leila Mirmoghtadaie</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In recent years, the field of natural antimicrobial and antioxidant compounds is one of the main research topics in the food industry. Application of agricultural residues is mainly cheap, and available resources are receiving increased attention. Walnut green husk is one of the agricultural residues that is considered as natural compounds with biological properties because of phenolic compounds. In this study, maltodextrin 10% was used for microencapsulation of walnut green husk extract. At first, the extract was examined to consider extraction yield, total phenolic compounds, and antioxidant activation. The results showed the extraction yield of 81.43%, total phenolic compounds of 3997 [mg GAE/100 g], antioxidant activity [DPPH] of 84.85% for walnut green husk extract. Antioxidant activity is about 75%-81% and by DPPH. At the next stage, microencapsulation was done by spry-drying method. The microencapsulation efficiency was 72%-79%. The results of SEM tests confirmed this microencapsulation process. In addition, microencapsulated and free extract was more effective on gram-positive bacteria’s rather than the gram-negative ones. According to the study, walnut green husk can be used as a cheap antioxidant and antimicrobial compounds due to sufficient value of phenolic compounds. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=biopolymer" title="biopolymer">biopolymer</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=microencapsulation" title=" microencapsulation"> microencapsulation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=spray-drying" title=" spray-drying"> spray-drying</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=walnut%20green%20husk" title=" walnut green husk"> walnut green husk</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/98739/preparation-and-characterization-of-maltodextrin-microcapsules-containing-walnut-green-husk-extract" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/98739.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">161</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">177</span> First Report of Rahnella Victoriana Associated with Walnut Decline</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mohammadreza%20Hajialigol">Mohammadreza Hajialigol</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Nargues%20Falahi%20Charkhabi"> Nargues Falahi Charkhabi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Fatemeh%20Shahryari"> Fatemeh Shahryari</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Saadat%20Sarikhani"> Saadat Sarikhani</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Iran is the third producer of Persian walnut worldwide. However, its walnut trees have been under threat from decline during last decade. Walnut canker caused by B. nigrifluens and B. rubrifaciens was recorded in multiple regions of Iran. Furthermore, Brenneria rosae subsp. rosae and Gibbsiella quercinecans were recently recognized as responsible for walnut decline in northwestern Iran. This study aimed to identify the causal agent of walnut decline in Kermanshah and Isfahan. MATERIAL AND METHODS Symptomatic samples were collected from affected walnut trees of Kermanshah and Isfahan provinces. The pathogenicity of strains was proved on immature walnut fruits cv. ‘Hartley’ and young green twigs of two-year-old walnut seedling cv. ‘Chandler’. Pathogenic strains were subjected to conventional phenotypic tests. 16S rRNA, gyrB, and infB genes were partially amplified and sequenced. RESULTS Irregular longitudinal cankers and dark lesions were observed in the outer and inner bark, respectively. Twenty-four strains were isolated on EMB-agar media. Fourteen strains were able to cause necrosis and a dark-colored region in the mesocarp and on young green twigs around the inoculation site 14 and 30 days post-inoculation, respectively. Strains were able to hydrolyze Tween 20, Tween 80, gelatin and esculin, however, did not produce indole or urease. Pairwise comparison, the 16S rRNA gene nucleotide sequences of strain I2 were 100% identical with those of Rahnella victoriana FRB 225T. Moreover, a phylogenetic tree reconstructed based on the concatenated sequences of two housekeeping gene fragments, gyrB (601 bp) and infB (615 bp), revealed that the strains I2, I5, and KE6 were clustered with R. victoriana FRB 225T. CONCLUSION To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of R. victoriana in association with walnut decline. This result is necessary to find resistant genotypes. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=emerging%20pathogens" title="emerging pathogens">emerging pathogens</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Iran" title=" Iran"> Iran</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=juglans%20regia" title=" juglans regia"> juglans regia</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=MLSA" title=" MLSA"> MLSA</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/172638/first-report-of-rahnella-victoriana-associated-with-walnut-decline" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/172638.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">84</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">176</span> Walnut (Juglans Regia) Extracts: Investigation of Antioxidant Effect, Total Phenols and Tyrosinase Inhibitory Activity</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=N.%20Saki">N. Saki</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=S.%20Nalbantoglu"> S. Nalbantoglu</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=M.%20Akin"> M. Akin</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=G.%20Arabaci"> G. Arabaci</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Walnut has a great range of phenolic profile and it is used in Asia and Africa for treatment of many diseases and cancer. Phenolic compounds play a number of crucial roles in complex metabolism of plants and of also fruit trees. Consumption of certain phenolics in the food is considered beneficial for human nutrition. Phenolic compounds known as anti-radical inactivators with their high antioxidant activities and these activities play an important role in inhibition of multi-metal corrosion. Many common corrosion inhibitors that are still in use today are health hazards. Therefore, there is still an increased attention directed towards the development of environmentally compatible, nonpolluting corrosion inhibitors. The present study reports the total phenols content, antioxidant potentials and tyrosinase inhibitory activity of the walnut (Juglans regia L.) produced in Turkey. The anti-tyrosinase activity was investigated for walnut at 2 h extraction time and all extracts exhibited tyrosinase activity. The results of this study suggested that walnut can be used as an excellent, easily accessible source of natural antioxidant. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=antioxidant%20activity" title="antioxidant activity">antioxidant activity</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Juglans%20Regia" title=" Juglans Regia"> Juglans Regia</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=total%20phenols" title=" total phenols"> total phenols</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=tyrosinase%20activity" title=" tyrosinase activity"> tyrosinase activity</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/12885/walnut-juglans-regia-extracts-investigation-of-antioxidant-effect-total-phenols-and-tyrosinase-inhibitory-activity" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/12885.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">301</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">175</span> Parametric Study of the Structures: Influence of the Shells</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Serikma%20Mourad">Serikma Mourad</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mezidi%20Amar"> Mezidi Amar</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The conception (design) of an earthquake-resistant structure is a complex problem seen the necessity of meeting the requirements of security been imperative by the regulations, and of economy been imperative by the increasing costs of the structures. The resistance of a building in the horizontal actions (shares) is mainly ensured by a mixed brace system; for a concrete building, this system is constituted by frame or shells; or both at the same time. After the earthquake of Boumerdes (May 23; 2003) in Algeria, the studies made by experts, ended in modifications of the Algerian Earthquake-resistant Regulation (AER 99). One of these modifications was to widen the use of shells for the brace system. This modification has create a conflict on the quantities, the positions and the type of the shells at adopt. In the present project, we suggest seeing the effect of the variation of the dimensions, the localization and the conditions of rigidity in extremities of shells. The study will be led on a building (F+5) implanted in zone of seismicity average. To do it, we shall proceed to a classic dynamic study of a structure by using 4 alternatives for shells by varying the lengths and number in order to compare the cost of the structure for 4 dispositions of the shells with a technical-economic study of the brace system by the use of different dispositions of shells and to estimate the quantities of necessary materials (concrete and steel). <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=reinforced%20concrete" title="reinforced concrete">reinforced concrete</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=mixed%20brace%20system" title=" mixed brace system"> mixed brace system</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=dynamic%20analysis" title=" dynamic analysis"> dynamic analysis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=beams" title=" beams"> beams</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=shells" title=" shells"> shells</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/44098/parametric-study-of-the-structures-influence-of-the-shells" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/44098.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">325</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">174</span> Comparison of the Effects of Fresh Leaf, Septum and Peel Extracts of Walnut on Blood Glucose and Pancreatic Structure</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Tahmineh%20Hasanzadeh">Tahmineh Hasanzadeh</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Afshin%20Farahbakhsh"> Afshin Farahbakhsh</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> There is some report about the hypoglycemic effect of Juglans rejia L. leaf in alloxan induced diabetic rats and hypoglycemic effect of its fruit peel administered intraperitoneally.In Iranian traditional medicine, septum of walnut shell (SWS) was recommended to reduce blood glucose. For this purpose, 41 male bulb/C mice 25-30 gm were divided into five groups. All the animals received IP injection of streptozotocin (STZ) (220 mg/kg). Two weeks later, the diabetic animals were received daily oral treatment of normal saline and aqueous extract of SWS (200, 400, 600 and 800 mg/kg) respectively for four weeks. Blood samples were taken from retro orbital sinus before the start of the experiment and repeated each two weeks. At the end of the experiment, the animals were sacrificed and the pancreatic tissues were fixed, prepared and stained by Hematoxylin-Eosin for light microscope studies. The results showed that in each group, the SWS extract reduced blood glucose in a long time (p < 0.05). metabolic extract in STZ- induced diabetic rats, which was accompanied by the hypoglycemic effect of leaf extract. However, this effect should be determined with scientific researches. Therefore, the aim of this study is to evaluate the effect of the aqueous extract of SWS on blood glucose and histopathological structure of pancreas. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=septum%20of%20walnut" title="septum of walnut">septum of walnut</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=blood%20glucose" title=" blood glucose"> blood glucose</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=pancreas" title=" pancreas"> pancreas</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=diabetes" title=" diabetes"> diabetes</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=walnut%20leaf" title=" walnut leaf"> walnut leaf</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=walnut%20peel" title=" walnut peel"> walnut peel</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=insulin" title=" insulin"> insulin</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/46409/comparison-of-the-effects-of-fresh-leaf-septum-and-peel-extracts-of-walnut-on-blood-glucose-and-pancreatic-structure" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/46409.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">279</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">173</span> Citrobacter Braakii, a New Plant Pathogen, Causal Agent of Walnut Decline</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mohammadreza%20Hajialigol">Mohammadreza Hajialigol</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Nargues%20Falahi%20Charkhabi"> Nargues Falahi Charkhabi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Fatemeh%20Shahryari"> Fatemeh Shahryari</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Saadat%20Sarikhani"> Saadat Sarikhani</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Walnut canker is characterized by brown to blackish roundish blotches on the trunks and main branches, necrosis of inner bark and bleeding with dark brown to black-colored exudates. The present study aimed to identify the causative agents of walnut decline by their phenotypic features, approval of pathogenicity, the partial sequencing of the housekeeping genes in Razavi Khorasan. MATERIAL AND METHODS Ten Symptomatic samples were collected from walnut orchards of Razavi Khorasan in 2019. Pathogenicity of all isolated strains was carried out on walnut immature fruits cv. ‘Hartley’ and young green twigs of cv. ‘Chandler’. All pathogenic strains were subjected to physiological, morphological and biochemical tests. 16S rRNA and housekeeping genes (fusA, leuS, and pyrG) were partially amplified and sequenced. RESULTS Eight strains were able to cause necrosis and a dark-colored region in the mesocarp of immature walnut fruits, and three representative strains caused necrosis on young inoculated twigs. Strains utilized starch, however, did not utilized esculin, Tween 20, Tween 80, and gelatin. The partial 16S rRNA gene sequence of strain KH7 indicated 99.63 % similarity to that of Citrobacter braakii ATCC5113T. The phylogenetic analyses based on the partial sequencing of three housekeeping genes, fusA (633 bp), pyrG (305), and leuS (640 bp), demonstrated that strains KH1, KH3, and KH7 belong to C. braakii species in a monophyletic clade with high bootstrap support. CONCLUSION To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of C. braakii as a new plant pathogen which cause walnut decline. Identification of bacteria associated with walnut decline will eventually improve our understanding of the etiology of the disease and may result in improved management techniques for control. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=emerging%20pathogens" title="emerging pathogens">emerging pathogens</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Iran" title=" Iran"> Iran</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=juglans%20regia" title=" juglans regia"> juglans regia</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=MLSA" title=" MLSA"> MLSA</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/172635/citrobacter-braakii-a-new-plant-pathogen-causal-agent-of-walnut-decline" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/172635.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">90</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">172</span> Optimization of the Flexural Strength of Biocomposites Samples Reinforced with Resin for Engineering Applications</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Stephen%20Akong%20Takim">Stephen Akong Takim</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This study focused on the optimization of the flexural strength of bio-composite samples of palm kernel, whelks, clams, periwinkles shells and bamboo fiber reinforced with resin for engineering applications. The aim of the study was to formulate different samples of bio-composite reinforced with resin for engineering applications and to evaluate the flexural strength of the fabricated composite. The hand lay-up technique was used for the composites produced by incorporating different percentage compositions of the shells/fiber (10%, 15%, 20%, 25% and 30%) into varied proportions of epoxy resin and catalyst. The cured samples, after 24 hours, were subjected to tensile, impact, flexural and water absorption tests. The experiments were conducted using the Taguchi optimization method L25 (5x5) with five design parameters and five level combinations in Minitab 18 statistical software. The results showed that the average value of flexural was 114.87MPa when compared to the unreinforced 72.33MPa bio-composite. The study recommended that agricultural waste, like palm kernel shells, whelk shells, clams, periwinkle shells and bamboo fiber, should be converted into important engineering applications. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=bio-composite" title="bio-composite">bio-composite</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=resin" title=" resin"> resin</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=palm%20kernel%20shells" title=" palm kernel shells"> palm kernel shells</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=welk%20shells" title=" welk shells"> welk shells</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=periwinkle%20shells" title=" periwinkle shells"> periwinkle shells</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=bamboo%20fiber" title=" bamboo fiber"> bamboo fiber</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Taguchi%20techniques%20and%20engineering%20application" title=" Taguchi techniques and engineering application"> Taguchi techniques and engineering application</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/178076/optimization-of-the-flexural-strength-of-biocomposites-samples-reinforced-with-resin-for-engineering-applications" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/178076.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">77</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">171</span> Modeling Revolution Shell Structures by MATLAB Programming-Axisymmetric and Nonaxisymmetric Shells</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hamadi%20Djamal">Hamadi Djamal</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Labiodh%20Bachir"> Labiodh Bachir</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ounis%20Abdelhafid"> Ounis Abdelhafid</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Chaalane%20Mourad"> Chaalane Mourad</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The objective of this work is setting numerically operational finite element CAXI_L for the axisymmetric and nonaxisymmetric shells. This element is based on the Reissner-Mindlin theory and mixed model formulation. The MATLAB language is used for the programming. In order to test the elaborated program, some applications are carried out. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=axisymmetric%20shells" title="axisymmetric shells">axisymmetric shells</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=nonaxisymmetric%20behaviour" title=" nonaxisymmetric behaviour"> nonaxisymmetric behaviour</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=finite%20element" title=" finite element"> finite element</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=MATLAB%20programming" title=" MATLAB programming"> MATLAB programming</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/3301/modeling-revolution-shell-structures-by-matlab-programming-axisymmetric-and-nonaxisymmetric-shells" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/3301.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">318</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">170</span> Computational Analyses of Persian Walnut Genetic Data: Notes on Genetic Diversity and Cultivar Phylogeny</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Masoud%20Sheidaei">Masoud Sheidaei</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Melica%20Tabasi"> Melica Tabasi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Fahimeh%20Koohdar"> Fahimeh Koohdar</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mona%20Sheidaei"> Mona Sheidaei</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Juglans regia L. is an economically important species of edible nuts. Iran is known as a center of origin of genetically rich walnut germplasm and expected to be found a large diversity within Iranian walnut populations. A detailed population genetic of local populations is useful for developing an optimal strategy for in situ conservation and can assist the breeders in crop improvement programs. Different phylogenetic studies have been carried out in this genus, but none has been concerned with genetic changes associated with geographical divergence and the identification of adaptive SNPs. Therefore, we carried out the present study to identify discriminating ITS nucleotides among Juglans species and also reveal association between ITS SNPs and geographical variables. We used different computations approaches like DAPC, CCA, and RDA analyses for the above-mentioned tasks. We also performed population genetics analyses for population effective size changes associated with the species expansion. The results obtained suggest that latitudinal distribution has a more profound effect on the species genetic changes. Similarly, multiple analytical approaches utilized for the identification of both discriminating DNA nucleotides/ SNPs almost produced congruent results. The SNPs with different phylogenetic importance were also identified by using a parsimony approach. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Persian%20walnut" title="Persian walnut">Persian walnut</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=adaptive%20SNPs" title=" adaptive SNPs"> adaptive SNPs</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=data%20analyses" title=" data analyses"> data analyses</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=genetic%20diversity" title=" genetic diversity"> genetic diversity</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/148098/computational-analyses-of-persian-walnut-genetic-data-notes-on-genetic-diversity-and-cultivar-phylogeny" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/148098.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">129</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">169</span> Determination of the Effectiveness of Some Methods Used in Greater Wax Moth (Galleria mellonella L.) in Honeycombs</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Neslihan%20Ozsoy%20Taskiran">Neslihan Ozsoy Taskiran</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Miray%20Dayioglu"> Miray Dayioglu</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Belgin%20Gunbey"> Belgin Gunbey</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Banu%20Yucel"> Banu Yucel</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Cigdem%20Takma"> Cigdem Takma</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Unal%20Karik"> Unal Karik</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Tugce%20Olgun"> Tugce Olgun</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Levent%20Aydin"> Levent Aydin</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> A greater wax moth (Galleria mellonella L.), which is one of the most important pests after Varroa, plays a role in the transportation of many pathogens into the hive as well as damage to the honeycombs, and beekeepers suffer economically. Due to the risk that some of the methods against this pest may cause residue in bee products, and it can be harmful to the health of people who consume these products. Therefore, the most appropriate, most economical, and effective method should be applied in the moth control. For this purpose, in the first phase of the project (2017-2018), planned to be 2-stage in the Aegean Agricultural Research Institute in 2017-2020, the honeycombs, certified with good agricultural practice, were kept in a favorable condition for moths. Later, applications (Sulfur - B401 - Walnut (Leaf & Smoker) - lavender essential oil (1cc & 2cc & 3cc & 4cc) - laurel essential oil (1cc & 2cc & 3cc & 4cc) - control) were applied to the honeycombs with moths. In 2017, the B401 group had the highest wax moth damage area, and the group with the lowest wax moth damage area was determined as lavender 1cc; In 2018, the highest wax moth damage area was found in the walnut smoker group, while the lowest wax moth damage area was found in sulfur, walnut leaves, laurel 1cc - 2cc - 4cc, lavender 1cc - 2cc - 3cc - 4cc and control groups. In addition, sulfur residue amount (mean 128,18 mg/kg) in honeycomb was measured in the sulfur-treated group. Phase 1 of the project was completed, and the most important sub-groups among walnut (leaf) - lavender (1cc) and laurel (4cc) groups were identified. Accordingly, it is planned to carry out these treatments ((sulfur - B401 - walnut (leaf) - lavender (1cc) and laurel (4cc)) on honeycombs with do not contain moths, and later, it is planned to examine the effects of the treatment on the offspring area and honey yield by giving these honeycombs to the hives, in the 2nd stage of the project (2019-2020). <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=honey%20bee" title="honey bee">honey bee</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=lavender%20essential%20oil" title=" lavender essential oil"> lavender essential oil</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=laurel%20essential%20oil" title=" laurel essential oil"> laurel essential oil</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=walnut" title=" walnut"> walnut</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=wax%20moth" title=" wax moth"> wax moth</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/127984/determination-of-the-effectiveness-of-some-methods-used-in-greater-wax-moth-galleria-mellonella-l-in-honeycombs" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/127984.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">166</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">168</span> Hybrid Nano Material of Ground Egg Shells with Metal Oxide for Lead Removal</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=A.%20Threepanich">A. Threepanich</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=S.%20Youngme"> S. Youngme</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=P.%20Praipipat"> P. Praipipat</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Although ground egg shells had the ability to eliminate lead in water, their efficiency may decrease in a case of contaminating of other cations such as Na⁺, Ca²⁺ in the water. The development of ground egg shells may solve this problem in which metal oxides are a good choice for this case since they have the ability to remove any heavy metals including lead in the water. Therefore, this study attempts to use this advantage for improving ground egg shells for the specific lead removal efficiency in the water. X-ray fluorescence (XRF) technique was used for the chemical element contents analysis of ground egg shells (GES) and ground egg shells with metal oxide (GESM), and Transmission electron microscope (TEM) technique was used to examine the material sizes. The batch test studies were designed to investigate the factor effects on dose (5, 10, 15 grams), pH (5, 7, 9), and settling time (1, 3, 5 hours) for the lead removal efficiency in the water. The XRF analysis results showed GES contained calcium (Ca) 91.41% and Silicon (Si) 4.03% and GESM contained calcium (Ca) 91.41%, Silicon (Si) 4.03%, and Iron (Fe) 3.05%. TEM results confirmed the sizes of GES and GESM in the range of 1-20 nm. The batch test studies showed the best optimum conditions for the lead removal in the water of GES and GESM in dose, pH, and settling time were 10 grams, pH 9, 5 hours and 5 grams, pH 9, 3 hours, respectively. The competing ions (Na⁺ and Ca²⁺) study reported GESM had the higher % lead removal efficiency than GES at 90% and 60%, respectively. Therefore, this result can confirm that adding of metal oxide to ground egg shells helps to improve the lead removal efficiency in the water. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=nano%20material" title="nano material">nano material</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ground%20egg%20shells" title=" ground egg shells"> ground egg shells</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=metal%20oxide" title=" metal oxide"> metal oxide</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=lead" title=" lead"> lead</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/98886/hybrid-nano-material-of-ground-egg-shells-with-metal-oxide-for-lead-removal" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/98886.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">135</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">167</span> Genetic Diversity Analysis in Ecological Populations of Persian Walnut</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Masoud%20Sheidai">Masoud Sheidai</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Fahimeh%20Koohdar"> Fahimeh Koohdar</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hashem%20Sharifi"> Hashem Sharifi</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Juglans regia (L.) commonly known as Persian walnut of the genus Juglans L. (Juglandaceae) is one of the most important cultivated plant species due to its high-quality wood and edible nuts. The genetic diversity analysis is essential for conservation and management of tree species. Persian walnut is native from South-Eastern Europe to North-Western China through Tibet, Nepal, Northern India, Pakistan, and Iran. The species like Persian walnut, which has a wide range of geographical distribution, should harbor extensive genetic variability to adapt to environmental fluctuations they face. We aimed to study the population genetic structure of seven Persian walnut populations including three wild and four cultivated populations by using ISSR (Inter simple sequence repeats) and SRAP (Sequence related amplified polymorphism) molecular markers. We also aimed to compare the genetic variability revealed by ISSR neutral multilocus marker and rDNA ITS sequences. The studied populations differed in morphological features as the samples in each population were clustered together and were separate from the other populations. Three wild populations studied were placed close to each other. The mantel test after 5000 times permutation performed between geographical distance and morphological distance in Persian walnut populations produced significant correlation (r = 0.48, P = 0.002). Therefore, as the populations become farther apart, they become more divergent in morphological features. ISSR analysis produced 47 bands/ loci, while we obtained 15 SRAP bands. Gst and other differentiation statistics determined for these loci revealed that most of the ISSR and SRAP loci have very good discrimination power and can differentiate the studied populations. AMOVA performed for these loci produced a significant difference (< 0.05) supporting the above-said result. AMOVA produced significant genetic difference based on ISSR data among the studied populations (PhiPT = 0.52, P = 0.001). AMOVA revealed that 53% of the total variability is due to among population genetic difference, while 47% is due to within population genetic variability. The results showed that both multilocus molecular markers and ITS sequences can differentiate Persian walnut populations. The studied populations differed genetically and showed isolation by distance (IBD). ITS sequence based MP and Bayesian phylogenetic trees revealed that Iranian walnut cultivars form a distinct clade separated from the cultivars studied from elsewhere. Almost all clades obtained have high bootstrap value. The results indicated that a combination of multilpcus and sequencing molecular markers can be used in genetic differentiation of Persian walnut. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=genetic%20diversity" title="genetic diversity">genetic diversity</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=population" title=" population"> population</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=molecular%20markers" title=" molecular markers"> molecular markers</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=genetic%20difference" title=" genetic difference"> genetic difference</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/97640/genetic-diversity-analysis-in-ecological-populations-of-persian-walnut" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/97640.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">162</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">166</span> Effect of Modified Atmosphere Packaging and Storage Temperatures on Quality of Shelled Raw Walnuts</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=M.%20Javanmard">M. Javanmard</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This study was aimed at analyzing the effects of packaging (MAP) and preservation conditions on the packaged fresh walnut kernel quality. The central composite plan was used for evaluating the effect of oxygen (0–10%), carbon dioxide (0-10%), and temperature (4-26 °C) on qualitative characteristics of walnut kernels. Also, the response level technique was used to find the optimal conditions for interactive effects of factors, as well as estimating the best conditions of process using least amount of testing. Measured qualitative parameters were: peroxide index, color, decreased weight, mould and yeast counting test, and sensory evaluation. The results showed that the defined model for peroxide index, color, weight loss, and sensory evaluation is significant (p < 0.001), so that increase of temperature causes the peroxide value, color variation, and weight loss to increase and it reduces the overall acceptability of walnut kernels. An increase in oxygen percentage caused the color variation level and peroxide value to increase and resulted in lower overall acceptability of the walnuts. An increase in CO<sub>2</sub> percentage caused the peroxide value to decrease, but did not significantly affect other indices (p ≥ 0.05). Mould and yeast were not found in any samples. Optimal packaging conditions to achieve maximum quality of walnuts include: 1.46% oxygen, 10% carbon dioxide, and temperature of 4 °C. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=shelled%20walnut" title="shelled walnut">shelled walnut</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=MAP" title=" MAP"> MAP</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=quality" title=" quality"> quality</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=storage%20temperature" title=" storage temperature"> storage temperature</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/20267/effect-of-modified-atmosphere-packaging-and-storage-temperatures-on-quality-of-shelled-raw-walnuts" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/20267.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">388</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">165</span> Effect of Cooking Time, Seed-To-Water Ratio and Soaking Time on the Proximate Composition and Functional Properties of Tetracarpidium conophorum (Nigerian Walnut) Seeds</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=J.%20O.%20Idoko">J. O. Idoko</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=C.%20N.%20Michael"> C. N. Michael</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=T.%20O.%20Fasuan"> T. O. Fasuan</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This study investigated the effects of cooking time, seed-to-water ratio and soaking time on proximate and functional properties of African walnut seed using Box-Behnken design and Response Surface Methodology (BBD-RSM) with a view to increase its utilization in the food industry. African walnut seeds were sorted washed, soaked, cooked, dehulled, sliced, dried and milled. Proximate analysis and functional properties of the samples were evaluated using standard procedures. Data obtained were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. Quadratic models were obtained to predict the proximate and functional qualities as a function of cooking time, seed-to-water ratio and soaking time. The results showed that the crude protein ranged between 11.80% and 23.50%, moisture content ranged between 1.00% and 4.66%, ash content ranged between 3.35% and 5.25%, crude fibre ranged from 0.10% to 7.25% and carbohydrate ranged from 1.22% to 29.35%. The functional properties showed that soluble protein ranged from 16.26% to 42.96%, viscosity ranged from 23.43 mPas to 57 mPas, emulsifying capacity ranged from 17.14% to 39.43% and water absorption capacity ranged from 232% to 297%. An increase in the volume of water used during cooking resulted in loss of water soluble protein through leaching, the length of soaking time and the moisture content of the dried product are inversely related, ash content is inversely related to the cooking time and amount of water used, extraction of fat is enhanced by increase in soaking time while increase in cooking and soaking times result into decrease in fibre content. The results obtained indicated that African walnut could be used in several food formulations as protein supplement and binder. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=African%20walnut" title="African walnut">African walnut</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=functional%20properties" title=" functional properties"> functional properties</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=proximate%20analysis" title=" proximate analysis"> proximate analysis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=response%20surface%20methodology" title=" response surface methodology"> response surface methodology</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/11005/effect-of-cooking-time-seed-to-water-ratio-and-soaking-time-on-the-proximate-composition-and-functional-properties-of-tetracarpidium-conophorum-nigerian-walnut-seeds" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/11005.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">396</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">164</span> Buckling Analysis of Composite Shells under Compression and Torsional Loads: Numerical and Analytical Study</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=G%C3%BCne%C5%9F%20Ayd%C4%B1n">Güneş Aydın</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Razi%20Kalantari%20Osgouei"> Razi Kalantari Osgouei</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Murat%20Emre%20%C3%96zt%C3%BCrk"> Murat Emre Öztürk</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ahmad%20Partovi%20Meran"> Ahmad Partovi Meran</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ekrem%20T%C3%BCfek%C3%A7i"> Ekrem Tüfekçi</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Advanced lightweight laminated composite shells are increasingly being used in all types of modern structures, for enhancing their structural efficiency and performance. Such thin-walled structures are susceptible to buckling when subjected to various loading. This paper focuses on the buckling of cylindrical shells under axial compression and torsional loads. Effects of fiber orientation on the maximum buckling load of carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) shells are optimized. Optimum fiber angles have been calculated analytically by using MATLAB program. Numerical models have been carried out by using Finite Element Method program ABAQUS. Results from analytical and numerical analyses are also compared. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=buckling" title="buckling">buckling</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=composite" title=" composite"> composite</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cylindrical%20shell" title=" cylindrical shell"> cylindrical shell</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=finite%20element" title=" finite element"> finite element</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=compression" title=" compression"> compression</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=torsion" title=" torsion"> torsion</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=MATLAB" title=" MATLAB"> MATLAB</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=optimization" title=" optimization"> optimization</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/13203/buckling-analysis-of-composite-shells-under-compression-and-torsional-loads-numerical-and-analytical-study" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/13203.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">588</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">163</span> Isotopes Used in Comparing Indigenous and International Walnut (Juglans regia L.) Varieties</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Raluca%20Popescu">Raluca Popescu</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Diana%20Costinel"> Diana Costinel</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Elisabeta-Irina%20Geana"> Elisabeta-Irina Geana</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Oana-Romina%20Botoran"> Oana-Romina Botoran</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Roxana-Elena%20Ionete"> Roxana-Elena Ionete</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Yazan%20Falah%20Jadee%20%27Alabedallat"> Yazan Falah Jadee 'Alabedallat</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mihai%20Botu"> Mihai Botu</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Walnut production is high in Romania, different varieties being cultivated dependent on high yield, disease resistance or quality of produce. Walnuts have a highly nutritional composition, the kernels containing essential fatty acids, where the unsaturated fraction is higher than in other types of nuts, quinones, tannins, minerals. Walnut consumption can lower the cholesterol, improve the arterial function and reduce inflammation. The purpose of this study is to determine and compare the composition of walnuts of indigenous and international varieties all grown in Romania, in order to identify high-quality indigenous varieties. Oil has been extracted from the nuts of 34 varieties, the fatty acids composition and IV (iodine value) being afterwards measured by NMR. Furthermore, δ13C of the extracted oil had been measured by IRMS to find specific isotopic fingerprints that can be used in authenticating the varieties. Chemometrics had been applied to the data in order to identify similarities and differences between the varieties. The total saturated fatty acids content (SFA) varied between n.d. and 23% molar, oleic acid between 17 and 35%, linoleic acid between 38 and 59%, linolenic acid between 8 and 14%, corresponding to iodine values (IV - total amount of unsaturation) ranging from 100 to 135. The varieties separated in four groups according to the fatty acids composition, each group containing an international variety, making possible the classification of the indigenous ones. At both ends of the unsaturation spectrum, international varieties had been found. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=%CE%B413C-IRMS" title="δ13C-IRMS">δ13C-IRMS</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=fatty%20acids%20composition" title=" fatty acids composition"> fatty acids composition</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=1H-NMR" title=" 1H-NMR"> 1H-NMR</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=walnut%20varieties" title=" walnut varieties"> walnut varieties</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/60143/isotopes-used-in-comparing-indigenous-and-international-walnut-juglans-regia-l-varieties" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/60143.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">315</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">162</span> Active Control of Multiferroic Composite Shells Using 1-3 Piezoelectric Composites</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=S.%20C.%20Kattimani">S. C. Kattimani</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This article deals with the analysis of active constrained layer damping (ACLD) of smart multiferroic or magneto-electro-elastic doubly curved shells. The kinematics of deformations of the multiferroic doubly curved shell is described by a layer-wise shear deformation theory. A three-dimensional finite element model of multiferroic shells has been developed taking into account the electro-elastic and magneto-elastic couplings. A simple velocity feedback control law is employed to incorporate the active damping. Influence of layer stacking sequence and boundary conditions on the response of the multiferroic doubly curved shell has been studied. In addition, for the different orientation of the fibers of the constraining layer, the performance of the ACLD treatment has been studied. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=active%20constrained%20layer%20damping%20%28ACLD%29" title="active constrained layer damping (ACLD)">active constrained layer damping (ACLD)</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=doubly%20curved%20shells" title=" doubly curved shells"> doubly curved shells</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=magneto-electro-elastic" title=" magneto-electro-elastic"> magneto-electro-elastic</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=multiferroic%20composite" title=" multiferroic composite"> multiferroic composite</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=smart%20structures" title=" smart structures"> smart structures</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/61791/active-control-of-multiferroic-composite-shells-using-1-3-piezoelectric-composites" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/61791.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">311</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">161</span> Nonlinear Free Vibrations of Functionally Graded Cylindrical Shells</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Alexandra%20Andrade%20Brand%C3%A3o%20Soares">Alexandra Andrade Brandão Soares</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Paulo%20Batista%20Gon%C3%A7alves"> Paulo Batista Gonçalves</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Using a modal expansion that satisfies the boundary and continuity conditions and expresses the modal couplings characteristic of cylindrical shells in the nonlinear regime, the equations of motion are discretized using the Galerkin method. The resulting algebraic equations are solved by the Newton-Raphson method, thus obtaining the nonlinear frequency-amplitude relation. Finally, a parametric analysis is conducted to study the influence of the geometry of the shell, the gradient of the functional material and vibration modes on the degree and type of nonlinearity of the cylindrical shell, which is the main contribution of this research work. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cylindrical%20shells" title="cylindrical shells">cylindrical shells</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=dynamics" title=" dynamics"> dynamics</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=functionally%20graded%20material" title=" functionally graded material"> functionally graded material</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=nonlinear%20vibrations" title=" nonlinear vibrations"> nonlinear vibrations</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/183404/nonlinear-free-vibrations-of-functionally-graded-cylindrical-shells" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/183404.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">65</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">160</span> Bioremediation of Sea Food Waste in Solid State Fermentation along with Production of Bioactive Agents</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Rahul%20Warmoota">Rahul Warmoota</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Aditya%20Bhardwaj"> Aditya Bhardwaj</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Steffy%20Angural"> Steffy Angural</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Monika%20Rana"> Monika Rana</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sunena%20Jassal"> Sunena Jassal</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Neena%20Puri"> Neena Puri</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Naveen%20Gupta"> Naveen Gupta</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Seafood processing generates large volumes of waste products such as skin, heads, tails, shells, scales, backbones, etc. Pollution due to conventional methods of seafood waste disposal causes negative implications on the environment, aquatic life, and human health. Moreover, these waste products can be used for the production of high-value products which are still untapped due to inappropriate management. Paenibacillus sp. AD is known to act on chitinolytic and proteinaceous waste and was explored for its potential to degrade various types of seafood waste in solid-state fermentation. Effective degradation of seafood waste generated from a variety of sources such as fish scales, crab shells, prawn shells, and a mixture of such wastes was observed. 30 to 40 percent degradation in terms of decrease in the mass was achieved. Along with the degradation, chitinolytic and proteolytic enzymes were produced, which can have various biotechnological applications. Apart from this, value-added products such as chitin oligosaccharides and peptides of various degrees of polymerization were also produced, which can be used for various therapeutic purposes. Results indicated that Paenibacillus sp. AD can be used for the development of a process for the infield degradation of seafood waste. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=chitin" title="chitin">chitin</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=chitin-oligosaccharides" title=" chitin-oligosaccharides"> chitin-oligosaccharides</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=chitinase" title=" chitinase"> chitinase</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=protease" title=" protease"> protease</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=biodegradation" title=" biodegradation"> biodegradation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=crab%20shells" title=" crab shells"> crab shells</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=prawn%20shells" title=" prawn shells"> prawn shells</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=fish%20scales" title=" fish scales"> fish scales</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/161494/bioremediation-of-sea-food-waste-in-solid-state-fermentation-along-with-production-of-bioactive-agents" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/161494.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">98</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">159</span> Dietary Supplementation with Coula edulis B. Walnuts Prevents Diet-Induced Obesity and Insulin Resistance in Rats</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Eric%20Beyegue">Eric Beyegue</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Boris%20Azantza"> Boris Azantza</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Judith%20Laure%20Ngondi"> Judith Laure Ngondi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Julius%20E.%20Oben"> Julius E. Oben</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Background: Dietary supplement may potentially help to fight obesity and other metabolic disorders such as adipogenesis, insulin resistance, and inflammation. The present study aimed to test whether supplementation with African walnuts (Aw) could have an effect on adipogenesis and others dysfunctions associated with obesity in rats. Methods: Wistar rats were fed with standard diet (SD) or high-fat high-sucrose diet (HFS) and HFS with supplemented (HFS-Aw) for eight weeks. Results: HFS diet-induced body weight gain and increased fat mass compared to SD. In addition HFS-fed rats developed fasting hyperglycaemia and insulinaemia as well as insulin resistance. Aw supplementation in HFS rats had a protective effect against adipose tissues weigh gain but slightly against body weight gain and major study related disorders. This could be mainly due to decreased food intake dependently of effect in food intake in central nervous system, which decreased in HFS rats supplemented with African walnut compared to the HFS-diet group. Interestingly, African walnut supplementation induced a slight decrease of fasting glycaemia, insulinaemia and Nitric Oxide which could partially explain its minor protective effect against diet-induced insulin resistance. Additionally a decrease in hepatic TG and transaminases levels suggesting a protective effect against liver injury. Conclusion: Taken together these data suggested that supplementation of African walnut could be used to prevent adipose weight gain and related disorders on the other hand, minimally reduced insulin resistance. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=African%20walnut" title="African walnut">African walnut</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=dietary%20fiber" title=" dietary fiber"> dietary fiber</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=insulin%20resistance" title=" insulin resistance"> insulin resistance</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=oxidative%20stress" title=" oxidative stress"> oxidative stress</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/64502/dietary-supplementation-with-coula-edulis-b-walnuts-prevents-diet-induced-obesity-and-insulin-resistance-in-rats" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/64502.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">282</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">158</span> Theoretical-Experimental Investigations on Free Vibration of Glass Fiber/Polyester Composite Conical Shells Containing Fluid</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Tran%20Ich%20Thinh">Tran Ich Thinh</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Nguyen%20Manh%20Cuong"> Nguyen Manh Cuong</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Free vibrations of partial fluid-filled composite truncated conical shells are investigated using the Dynamic Stiffness Method (DSM) or Continuous Element Method (CEM) based on the First Order Shear Deformation Theory (FSDT) and non-viscous incompressible fluid equations. Numerical examples are given for analyzing natural frequencies and harmonic responses of clamped-free conical shells partially and completely filled with fluid. To compare with the theoretical results, detailed experimental results have been obtained on the free vibration of a clamped-free conical shells partially filled with water by using a multi-vibration measuring machine (DEWEBOOK-DASYLab 5.61.10). Three glass fiber/polyester composite truncated cones with the radius of the larger end 285 mm, thickness 2 mm, and the cone lengths along the generators are 285 mm, 427.5 mm and 570 mm with the semi-vertex angles 27, 14 and 9 degrees respectively were used, and the filling ratio of the contained water was 0, 0.25, 0.50, 0.75 and 1.0. The results calculated by proposed computational model for studied composite conical shells are in good agreement with experiments. Obtained results indicate that the fluid filling can reduce significantly the natural frequencies of composite conical shells. Parametric studies including circumferential wave number, fluid depth and cone angles are carried out. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=dynamic%20stiffness%20method" title="dynamic stiffness method">dynamic stiffness method</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=experimental%20study" title=" experimental study"> experimental study</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=free%20vibration" title=" free vibration"> free vibration</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=fluid-shell%20interaction" title=" fluid-shell interaction"> fluid-shell interaction</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=glass%20fiber%2Fpolyester%20composite%20conical%20shell" title=" glass fiber/polyester composite conical shell"> glass fiber/polyester composite conical shell</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/26561/theoretical-experimental-investigations-on-free-vibration-of-glass-fiberpolyester-composite-conical-shells-containing-fluid" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/26561.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">498</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">157</span> Coconut Shells as the Alternative Equipment for Foot Reflexology</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Nichanant%20Sermsri">Nichanant Sermsri</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Chananchida%20Yuktirat"> Chananchida Yuktirat</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This research was the experimental research. Its purpose was to find out how coconut shells can be adapted to be equipment for foot and calf reflexology. The sample group was 58 female street vendors in Thewet Market, Dusit District, Bangkok, selected by selection criteria and voluntary. The data collecting tool in this research was the Visual Analogue Scale. The massaging tool made from coconut shells (designed and produced by the research team) was the key equipment for this research. The duration of the research was 1 month. The research team assessed the level of exhaustion and heart rate among sample group before and after the massage, then analyzed the data by mean, standard deviation and paired sample t-test. We found out from the research that 1) The level of exhaustion decreased 4.529 levels after the massage. The standard deviation was 1.6195. The heart rates went down 11.67 times/minute. The standard deviation was 6.742. 2) The level of exhaustion and heart rate after the massage decreased with the statistically significance at 0.01. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=foot%20reflexology" title="foot reflexology">foot reflexology</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=massaging%20plate" title=" massaging plate"> massaging plate</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=coconut%20shells" title=" coconut shells"> coconut shells</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ecological%20sciences" title=" ecological sciences"> ecological sciences</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/6686/coconut-shells-as-the-alternative-equipment-for-foot-reflexology" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/6686.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">186</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">156</span> Finite Element Model to Investigate the Dynamic Behavior of Ring-Stiffened Conical Shell Fully and Partially Filled with Fluid</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mohammadamin%20Esmaeilzadehazimi">Mohammadamin Esmaeilzadehazimi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Morteza%20Shayan%20Arani"> Morteza Shayan Arani</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mohammad%20Toorani"> Mohammad Toorani</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Aouni%20Lakis"> Aouni Lakis</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This study uses a hybrid finite element method to predict the dynamic behavior of both fully and partially-filled truncated conical shells stiffened with ring stiffeners. The method combines classical shell theory and the finite element method, and employs displacement functions derived from exact solutions of Sanders' shell equilibrium equations for conical shells. The shell-fluid interface is analyzed by utilizing the velocity potential, Bernoulli's equation, and impermeability conditions to determine an explicit expression for fluid pressure. The equations of motion presented in this study apply to both conical and cylindrical shells. This study presents the first comparison of the method applied to ring-stiffened shells with other numerical and experimental findings. Vibration frequencies for conical shells with various boundary conditions and geometries in a vacuum and filled with water are compared with experimental and numerical investigations, achieving good agreement. The study thoroughly investigates the influence of geometric parameters, stiffener quantity, semi-vertex cone angle, level of water filled in the cone, and applied boundary conditions on the natural frequency of fluid-loaded ring-stiffened conical shells, and draws some useful conclusions. The primary advantage of the current method is its use of a minimal number of finite elements while achieving highly accurate results. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=finite%20element%20method" title="finite element method">finite element method</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=fluid%E2%80%93structure%20interaction" title=" fluid–structure interaction"> fluid–structure interaction</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=conical%20shell" title=" conical shell"> conical shell</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=natural%20frequency" title=" natural frequency"> natural frequency</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ring-stiffener" title=" ring-stiffener"> ring-stiffener</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/177559/finite-element-model-to-investigate-the-dynamic-behavior-of-ring-stiffened-conical-shell-fully-and-partially-filled-with-fluid" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/177559.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">78</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">155</span> Vibrational Behavior of Cylindrical Shells in Axial Magnetic Field</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sedrak%20Vardanyan">Sedrak Vardanyan</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The investigation of the vibrational character of magnetic cylindrical shells placed in an axial magnetic field has important practical applications. In this work, we study the vibrational behaviour of such a cylindrical shell by making use of the so-called exact space treatment, which does not assume any hypothesis. We discuss the effects of several practically important boundary conditions on the vibrations of the described setup. We find that, for some cases of boundary conditions, e.g. clamped, simply supported or peripherally earthed, as well as for some values of the wave numbers, the vibrational frequencies of the shell are approximately zero. The theoretical and numerical exploration of this fact confirms that the vibrations are absent or attenuate very rapidly. For all the considered cases, the imaginary part of the frequencies is negative, which implies stability for the vibrational process. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=bending%20vibrational%20frequencies" title="bending vibrational frequencies">bending vibrational frequencies</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=exact%20space%20treatment" title=" exact space treatment"> exact space treatment</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=free%20vibrations" title=" free vibrations"> free vibrations</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=magnetic%20cylindrical%20shells" title=" magnetic cylindrical shells"> magnetic cylindrical shells</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/65224/vibrational-behavior-of-cylindrical-shells-in-axial-magnetic-field" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/65224.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">279</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">154</span> Analytical Solution for Multi-Segmented Toroidal Shells under Uniform Pressure</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Nosakhare%20Enoma">Nosakhare Enoma</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Alphose%20Zingoni"> Alphose Zingoni</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The requirements for various toroidal shell forms are increasing due to new applications, available storage space and the consideration of appearance. Because of the complexity of some of these structural forms, the finite element method is nowadays mainly used for their analysis, even for simple static studies. This paper presents an easy-to-use analytical algorithm for pressurized multi-segmented toroidal shells of revolution. The membrane solution, which acts as a particular solution of the bending-theory equations, is developed based on membrane theory of shells, and a general approach is formulated for quantifying discontinuity effects at the shell junctions using the well-known Geckeler’s approximation. On superimposing these effects, and applying the ensuing solution to the problem of the pressurized toroid with four segments, closed-form stress results are obtained for the entire toroid. A numerical example is carried out using the developed method. The analytical results obtained show excellent agreement with those from the finite element method, indicating that the proposed method can be also used for complementing and verifying FEM results, and providing insights on other related problems. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=bending%20theory%20of%20shells" title="bending theory of shells">bending theory of shells</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=membrane%20hypothesis" title=" membrane hypothesis"> membrane hypothesis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=pressurized%20toroid" title=" pressurized toroid"> pressurized toroid</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=segmented%20toroidal%20vessel" title=" segmented toroidal vessel"> segmented toroidal vessel</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=shell%20analysis" title=" shell analysis"> shell analysis</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/40049/analytical-solution-for-multi-segmented-toroidal-shells-under-uniform-pressure" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/40049.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">320</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">153</span> Gimbal Structure for the Design of 3D Flywheel System</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Cheng-En%20Tsai">Cheng-En Tsai</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Chung-Chun%20Hsiao"> Chung-Chun Hsiao</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Fu-Yuan%20Chang"> Fu-Yuan Chang</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Liang-Lun%20Lan"> Liang-Lun Lan</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jia-Ying%20Tu"> Jia-Ying Tu</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> New design of three dimensional (3D) flywheel system based on gimbal and gyro mechanics is proposed. The 3D flywheel device utilizes the rotational motion of three spherical shells and the conservation of angular momentum to achieve planar locomotion. Actuators mounted to the ring-shape frames are installed within the system to drive the spherical shells to rotate, for the purpose of steering and stabilization. Similar to the design of 2D flywheel system, it is expected that the spherical shells may function like a “flyball” to store and supply mechanical energy; additionally, in comparison with typical single-wheel and spherical robots, the 3D flywheel can be used for developing omnidirectional robotic systems with better mobility. The Lagrangian method is applied to derive the equation of motion of the 3D flywheel system, and simulation studies are presented to verify the proposed design. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Gimbal" title="Gimbal">Gimbal</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=spherical%20robot" title=" spherical robot"> spherical robot</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=gyroscope" title=" gyroscope"> gyroscope</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Lagrangian%20formulation" title=" Lagrangian formulation"> Lagrangian formulation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=flyball" title=" flyball"> flyball</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/22902/gimbal-structure-for-the-design-of-3d-flywheel-system" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/22902.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">627</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">152</span> A Study to Evaluate Some Physical and Mechanical Properties, Relevant in Estimating Energy Requirements in Grinding the Palm Kernel and Coconut Shells</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Saheed%20O.%20Akinwale">Saheed O. Akinwale</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Olufemi%20A.%20Koya"> Olufemi A. Koya</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Based on the need to modify palm kernel shell (PKS) and coconut shell (CNS) for some engineering applications, the study evaluated some physical characteristics and fracture resistance, relevant in estimating energy requirements in comminution of the nutshells. The shells, obtained from local processing mills, were washed, sun-dried and sorted to remove kernels, nuts and other extraneous materials. Experiments were then conducted to determine the thickness, density, moisture content, and hardness of the shells. Fracture resistances were characterised by the average compressive load, stiffness and toughness at bio-yield point of specially prepared section of the shells, under quasi-static compression loading. The densities of the dried PKS at 7.12% and the CNS at 6.47% (wb) moisture contents were 1291.20 and 1247.40 kg/m3, respectively. The corresponding Brinnel Hardness Numbers were 58.40 ± 1.91 and 56.33 ± 4.33. Close shells thickness of both PKS and CNS exhibited identical physical properties although; CNS is relatively larger in physical dimensions than PKS. The findings further showed that both shell types exhibited higher resistance with compression along the longitudinal axes than the transverse axes. With compressions along the longitudinal axes, the fracture force were 1.41 ± 0.11 and 3.62 ± 0.09 kN; bio-stiffness; 934.70 ± 67.03 kN/m and 1980.74 ± 8.92 kN/m; and toughness, 2.17 ± 0.16 and 6.51 ± 0.15 KN mm for the PKS and CNS, respectively. With the estimated toughness of CNS higher than that of PKS, the study showed the requirement of higher comminution energy for CNS. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=bio-stiffness" title="bio-stiffness">bio-stiffness</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=coconut%20shell" title=" coconut shell"> coconut shell</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=comminution" title=" comminution"> comminution</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=crushing%20strength" title=" crushing strength"> crushing strength</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=energy%20requirement" title=" energy requirement"> energy requirement</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=palm%20kernel%20shell" title=" palm kernel shell"> palm kernel shell</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=toughness" title=" toughness"> toughness</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/77757/a-study-to-evaluate-some-physical-and-mechanical-properties-relevant-in-estimating-energy-requirements-in-grinding-the-palm-kernel-and-coconut-shells" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/77757.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">232</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">151</span> Effects of Beeswax Coating on the Properties of Cocoa Bean Shell Based Papers</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sri%20Rejeki">Sri Rejeki</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Tamrin%20Tamrin"> Tamrin Tamrin</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=RH.%20F.%20Faradilla"> RH. F. Faradilla</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Muhammad%20N.%20Ibrahim"> Muhammad N. Ibrahim</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mariana%20M."> Mariana M.</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Irnawati%20Irnawati"> Irnawati Irnawati</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Cocoa bean shells, despite their antioxidant and antimicrobial properties, are still considered as an underutilized agricultural waste. The functional properties and their lignocelluloses content make cocoa bean shells a potential material for paper-based food packaging. In our previous research, we have successfully produced papers from cocoa bean shells that had antioxidant and antibacterial activities. However, the hydrophilic nature of the lignocelluloses of cocoa bean shells hinders the application of the paper to be used as a food packaging. In this research, we aimed to study the effects of beeswax coating on the wettability and mechanical properties of the paper. The coating was done by dipping the papers in beeswax solution several times and in three different beeswax concentrations. The number of dipping and beeswax concentration significantly (p<0.05) affected the water contact angle of the papers. Results show that the water contact angle increases dramatically due to the coating treatment. The control paper or uncoated paper had a contact angle of 40.50o, while the contact angle of the best-coated paper (D3B3: 3x dipping, 3g/10mL beeswax) reached 96.93o. Both tensile strength and percent elongation were not significantly (p>0.05) affected by the coating treatment. This showed that beeswax was a potential organic material to improve the hydrophobicity of paper from cocoa bean shells without any undesirable effects on the mechanical properties of the paper. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cocoa%20bean%20shell" title="cocoa bean shell">cocoa bean shell</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=paper" title=" paper"> paper</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=beeswax" title=" beeswax"> beeswax</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=coating" title=" coating"> coating</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=contact%20angle" title=" contact angle"> contact angle</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/111849/effects-of-beeswax-coating-on-the-properties-of-cocoa-bean-shell-based-papers" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/111849.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">148</span> </span> </div> </div> <ul class="pagination"> <li class="page-item disabled"><span class="page-link">&lsaquo;</span></li> <li class="page-item active"><span class="page-link">1</span></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=walnut%20shells&page=2">2</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=walnut%20shells&page=3">3</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=walnut%20shells&page=4">4</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=walnut%20shells&page=5">5</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=walnut%20shells&page=6">6</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=walnut%20shells&page=2" rel="next">&rsaquo;</a></li> </ul> </div> </main> <footer> <div id="infolinks" class="pt-3 pb-2"> <div class="container"> <div style="background-color:#f5f5f5;" class="p-3"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-md-2"> <ul class="list-unstyled"> About <li><a href="https://waset.org/page/support">About Us</a></li> <li><a href="https://waset.org/page/support#legal-information">Legal</a></li> <li><a target="_blank" rel="nofollow" href="https://publications.waset.org/static/files/WASET-16th-foundational-anniversary.pdf">WASET celebrates its 16th foundational anniversary</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="col-md-2"> <ul class="list-unstyled"> Account <li><a href="https://waset.org/profile">My Account</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="col-md-2"> <ul class="list-unstyled"> Explore <li><a 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