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<!DOCTYPE html><html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xmlns:v="urn:schemas-microsoft-com:vml" xmlns:o="urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:office"><head><title>TSE Reflect - Digital economics</title><meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge"/><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"/><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1"/><style type="text/css">#outlook a { padding:0; } body { margin:0;padding:0;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;-ms-text-size-adjust:100%; } table, td { border-collapse:collapse;mso-table-lspace:0pt;mso-table-rspace:0pt; } img { border:0;height:auto;line-height:100%; outline:none;text-decoration:none;-ms-interpolation-mode:bicubic; } p { display:block;margin:13px 0; }</style><style type="text/css">@media only screen and (min-width:480px) { .mj-column-per-100 { width:100% !important; max-width: 100%; } .mj-column-per-67 { width:67% !important; max-width: 67%; } .mj-column-per-33 { width:33% !important; max-width: 33%; 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margin: 10px 0; margin-top: 10px;" data-testid="Srak6Re-l"><span style="background-color:transparent;color:#000000;font-family:Arial;font-size:13px;"><i>Dear readers,</i></span></p><p class="text-build-content" style="line-height: 22px; margin: 10px 0;" data-testid="Srak6Re-l"><span style="background-color:transparent;color:#000000;font-family:Arial;font-size:13px;"><i>My first priority as the new Digital Center director is to pay tribute to my predecessors Christophe Bisière and Jacques Crémer for establishing TSE at the vanguard of digital research. Leading by example, their work highlights the value of collaborative analysis that informs policy responses to the tech revolution.</i></span></p><p class="text-build-content" style="line-height: 22px; margin: 10px 0;" data-testid="Srak6Re-l"><span style="background-color:transparent;color:#000000;font-family:Arial;font-size:13px;"><i>In this Reflect issue, for example, Jacques shows how economics can guide implementation of the Digital Markets Act as it comes into full force this month, while Rima Alaily offers the perspective of our partners at Microsoft. We also feature empirical analysis of the role of social media in political polarization.</i></span></p><p class="text-build-content" style="line-height: 22px; margin: 10px 0;" data-testid="Srak6Re-l"><span style="background-color:transparent;color:#000000;font-family:Arial;font-size:13px;"><i>Looking ahead to a packed conference season, we celebrate the efforts of the FIT IN initiative to improve digital financial services for the world’s poorest. We’ll also explore digitization of the postal sector, thanks to our long-running collaboration with Groupe La Poste. Stay tuned!</i></span></p><p class="text-build-content" style="line-height: 22px; margin: 10px 0; margin-bottom: 10px;" data-testid="Srak6Re-l"><span style="color:#000000;font-family:Arial, sans-serif;font-size:13px;"><i><b>Alexandre de Cornière</b></i></span><br/><span style="color:#000000;font-family:Arial, sans-serif;font-size:13px;"><i><b>Director, TSE Digital Center</b></i></span></p></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div style="margin:0px auto;max-width:600px;"><table align="center" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" role="presentation" style="width:100%;"><tbody><tr><td style="direction:ltr;font-size:0px;padding:0px 0px 0px 0px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-left:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-top:0px;text-align:center;"><div class="mj-column-per-100 mj-outlook-group-fix" style="font-size:0px;text-align:left;direction:ltr;display:inline-block;vertical-align:top;width:100%;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" role="presentation" style="vertical-align:top;" width="100%"><tbody><tr><td align="center" style="font-size:0px;padding:0px 0px 0px 0px;padding-top:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-left:0px;word-break:break-word;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" role="presentation" style="border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px;"><tbody><tr><td style="width:600px;"><a href="https://www.tse-fr.eu/digital?lang=en" target="_blank"><img alt="TSE Director of the Digital Center" src="http://13xy.mj.am/img2/13xy/23372090-beba-44a6-887a-d33a53f505b8/content" style="border:none;display:block;outline:none;text-decoration:none;height:auto;width:100%;font-size:13px;" width="600" height="auto"/></a></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div style="background:#ffffff;background-color:#ffffff;margin:0px auto;max-width:600px;"><table align="center" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" role="presentation" style="background:#ffffff;background-color:#ffffff;width:100%;"><tbody><tr><td style="direction:ltr;font-size:0px;padding:0px 0px 0px 0px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-left:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-top:0px;text-align:center;"><div class="mj-column-per-100 mj-outlook-group-fix" style="font-size:0px;text-align:left;direction:ltr;display:inline-block;vertical-align:top;width:100%;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" role="presentation" style="vertical-align:top;" width="100%"><tbody><tr><td align="center" style="font-size:0px;padding:10px 15px 0px 15px;padding-right:15px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-left:15px;word-break:break-word;"><p style="border-top:solid 3px #061987;font-size:1px;margin:0px auto;width:100%;"></p></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div style="background:#ffffff;background-color:#ffffff;margin:0px auto;max-width:600px;"><table align="center" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" role="presentation" style="background:#ffffff;background-color:#ffffff;width:100%;"><tbody><tr><td style="direction:rtl;font-size:0px;padding:15px 15px 0px 15px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-left:15px;padding-right:15px;padding-top:15px;text-align:center;"><div class="mj-column-per-50 mj-outlook-group-fix" style="font-size:0px;text-align:left;direction:ltr;display:inline-block;vertical-align:top;width:100%;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" role="presentation" style="vertical-align:top;" width="100%"><tbody><tr><td align="left" style="font-size:0px;padding:0px 10px 0px 10px;padding-top:0px;padding-right:10px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-left:10px;word-break:break-word;"><div style="font-family:Verdana, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;font-size:23px;letter-spacing:normal;line-height:1;text-align:left;color:#000000;"><p class="text-build-content" data-testid="5cWrZ5sXb_" style="margin: 10px 0; margin-top: 10px;"><span style="background-color:transparent;color:#55575d;font-family:Arial;font-size:16px;"><b>RESEARCH</b></span></p><p class="text-build-content" style="line-height: 24px; margin: 10px 0;" data-testid="5cWrZ5sXb_"><a class="link-build-content" style="color:inherit;text-decoration:none;; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank" href="https://www.tse-fr.eu/Digital-Markets-Act"><span style="background-color:transparent;color:#f24a4f;font-family:Arial;font-size:23px;"><b>Will the Digital Markets Act create a level playing field?</b></span></a></p><p class="text-build-content" style="line-height: 20px; margin: 10px 0; margin-bottom: 10px;" data-testid="5cWrZ5sXb_"><a class="link-build-content" style="color:inherit;text-decoration:none;; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank" href="https://www.tse-fr.eu/Digital-Markets-Act"><span style="background-color:transparent;color:#000000;font-family:Arial;font-size:13px;">Research by <b>Jacques Crémer</b> suggests that EU regulation can increase fairness, competition, and innovation ➜</span></a></p></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="mj-column-per-50 mj-outlook-group-fix" style="font-size:0px;text-align:left;direction:ltr;display:inline-block;vertical-align:top;width:100%;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" role="presentation" style="vertical-align:top;" width="100%"><tbody><tr><td align="center" style="font-size:0px;padding:0px 0px 0px 0px;padding-top:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-left:0px;word-break:break-word;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" role="presentation" style="border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px;"><tbody><tr><td style="width:285px;"><a href="https://www.tse-fr.eu/Digital-Markets-Act" target="_blank"><img alt="Billboards" src="http://13xy.mj.am/img2/13xy/a2b9ca10-1705-4b05-a0e0-351cc9a7a757/content" style="border:none;display:block;outline:none;text-decoration:none;height:auto;width:100%;font-size:13px;" width="285" height="auto"/></a></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div style="background:#ffffff;background-color:#ffffff;margin:0px auto;max-width:600px;"><table align="center" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" role="presentation" style="background:#ffffff;background-color:#ffffff;width:100%;"><tbody><tr><td style="direction:ltr;font-size:0px;padding:10px 15px 0px 15px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-left:15px;padding-right:15px;padding-top:10px;text-align:center;"><div class="mj-column-per-50 mj-outlook-group-fix" style="font-size:0px;text-align:left;direction:ltr;display:inline-block;vertical-align:top;width:100%;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" role="presentation" style="vertical-align:top;" width="100%"><tbody><tr><td align="left" style="font-size:0px;padding:0px 10px 0px 10px;padding-top:0px;padding-right:10px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-left:10px;word-break:break-word;"><div style="font-family:Verdana, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;font-size:23px;letter-spacing:normal;line-height:1;text-align:left;color:#000000;"><p class="text-build-content" style="text-align: right; margin: 10px 0; margin-top: 10px;" data-testid="GNsxssqzVmQ9lWRGHJAYa"><span style="background-color:transparent;color:#55575d;font-family:Arial;font-size:16px;"><b>RESEARCH</b></span></p><p class="text-build-content" style="line-height: 24px; text-align: right; margin: 10px 0;" data-testid="GNsxssqzVmQ9lWRGHJAYa"><a class="link-build-content" style="color:inherit;text-decoration:none;; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank" href="https://www.tse-fr.eu/filter_bubbles"><span style="background-color:transparent;color:#f24a4f;font-family:Arial;font-size:23px;"><b>Social media and polarization</b></span></a></p><p class="text-build-content" style="line-height: 20px; text-align: right; margin: 10px 0; margin-bottom: 10px;" data-testid="GNsxssqzVmQ9lWRGHJAYa"><a class="link-build-content" style="color:inherit;text-decoration:none;; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank" href="https://www.tse-fr.eu/filter_bubbles"><span style="color:#000000;font-family:Arial;font-size:13px;">Are algorithms fanning the flames of divisive politics? <b>Marijn Keijzer</b> goes in search of empirical evidence ➜</span></a></p></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="mj-column-per-50 mj-outlook-group-fix" style="font-size:0px;text-align:left;direction:ltr;display:inline-block;vertical-align:top;width:100%;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" role="presentation" style="vertical-align:top;" width="100%"><tbody><tr><td align="center" style="font-size:0px;padding:0px 0px 0px 0px;padding-top:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-left:0px;word-break:break-word;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" role="presentation" style="border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px;"><tbody><tr><td style="width:285px;"><a href="https://www.tse-fr.eu/filter_bubbles" target="_blank"><img alt="Filming march on social media" src="http://13xy.mj.am/img2/13xy/941b1b75-c49e-4b75-bdb8-6ae10e6f6093/content" style="border:none;display:block;outline:none;text-decoration:none;height:auto;width:100%;font-size:13px;" width="285" height="auto"/></a></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div style="background:#ffffff;background-color:#ffffff;margin:0px auto;max-width:600px;"><table align="center" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" role="presentation" style="background:#ffffff;background-color:#ffffff;width:100%;"><tbody><tr><td style="direction:rtl;font-size:0px;padding:15px 15px 0px 15px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-left:15px;padding-right:15px;padding-top:15px;text-align:center;"><div class="mj-column-per-50 mj-outlook-group-fix" style="font-size:0px;text-align:left;direction:ltr;display:inline-block;vertical-align:top;width:100%;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" role="presentation" style="vertical-align:top;" width="100%"><tbody><tr><td align="left" style="font-size:0px;padding:0px 0px 0px 10px;padding-top:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-left:10px;word-break:break-word;"><div style="font-family:Verdana, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;font-size:23px;letter-spacing:normal;line-height:1;text-align:left;color:#000000;"><p class="text-build-content" data-testid="4FJECn0DYr" style="margin: 10px 0; margin-top: 10px;"><span style="background-color:transparent;color:#55575d;font-family:Arial;font-size:16px;"><b>PARTNERSHIP</b></span></p><p class="text-build-content" style="line-height: 24px; margin: 10px 0;" data-testid="4FJECn0DYr"><a class="link-build-content" style="color:inherit;text-decoration:none;; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank" href="https://www.tse-fr.eu/microsoft-wants-regulation-ensure-tech-companies-operate-fairly"><span style="background-color:transparent;color:#f24a4f;font-family:Arial;font-size:23px;"><b>‘Regulation must ensure tech companies operate fairly’</b></span></a></p><p class="text-build-content" style="line-height: 20px; margin: 10px 0; margin-bottom: 10px;" data-testid="4FJECn0DYr"><a class="link-build-content" style="color:inherit;text-decoration:none;; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank" href="https://www.tse-fr.eu/microsoft-wants-regulation-ensure-tech-companies-operate-fairly"><span style="background-color:transparent;color:#000000;font-family:Arial;font-size:13px;">Microsoft's <b>Rima Alaily </b>discusses Europe’s digital strategy and the AI funding frenzy ➜</span></a></p></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="mj-column-per-50 mj-outlook-group-fix" style="font-size:0px;text-align:left;direction:ltr;display:inline-block;vertical-align:top;width:100%;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" role="presentation" style="vertical-align:top;" width="100%"><tbody><tr><td align="center" style="font-size:0px;padding:0px 0px 0px 0px;padding-top:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-left:0px;word-break:break-word;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" role="presentation" style="border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px;"><tbody><tr><td style="width:285px;"><a href="https://www.tse-fr.eu/microsoft-wants-regulation-ensure-tech-companies-operate-fairly" target="_blank"><img alt="Rima Alaily" src="http://13xy.mj.am/img2/13xy/00e61328-26c7-4719-b1eb-b34856601fe1/content" style="border:none;display:block;outline:none;text-decoration:none;height:auto;width:100%;font-size:13px;" width="285" height="auto"/></a></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div style="background:#ffffff;background-color:#ffffff;margin:0px auto;max-width:600px;"><table align="center" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" role="presentation" style="background:#ffffff;background-color:#ffffff;width:100%;"><tbody><tr><td style="direction:ltr;font-size:0px;padding:10px 15px 0px 15px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-left:15px;padding-right:15px;padding-top:10px;text-align:center;"><div class="mj-column-per-50 mj-outlook-group-fix" style="font-size:0px;text-align:left;direction:ltr;display:inline-block;vertical-align:top;width:100%;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" role="presentation" style="vertical-align:top;" width="100%"><tbody><tr><td align="left" style="font-size:0px;padding:0px 10px 0px 10px;padding-top:0px;padding-right:10px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-left:10px;word-break:break-word;"><div style="font-family:Verdana, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;font-size:23px;letter-spacing:normal;line-height:1;text-align:left;color:#000000;"><p class="text-build-content" style="text-align: right; margin: 10px 0; margin-top: 10px;" data-testid="Fp__Ob6oGiChVL8RJ_SWP"><span style="background-color:transparent;color:#55575d;font-family:Arial;font-size:16px;"><b>RESEARCH</b></span></p><p class="text-build-content" style="line-height: 24px; text-align: right; margin: 10px 0;" data-testid="Fp__Ob6oGiChVL8RJ_SWP"><a class="link-build-content" style="color:inherit;text-decoration:none;; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank" href="https://www.tse-fr.eu/fit-in-initiative-finance-for-all"><span style="background-color:transparent;color:#f24a4f;font-family:Arial;font-size:23px;"><b>Finance for all</b></span></a></p><p class="text-build-content" style="line-height: 20px; text-align: right; margin: 10px 0; margin-bottom: 10px;" data-testid="Fp__Ob6oGiChVL8RJ_SWP"><a class="link-build-content" style="color:inherit;text-decoration:none;; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank" href="https://www.tse-fr.eu/fit-in-initiative-finance-for-all"><span style="color:#000000;font-family:Arial;font-size:13px;">With the support of the FIT IN Initiative, researchers explore how digital payments promote financial inclusion in developing countries ➜</span></a></p></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="mj-column-per-50 mj-outlook-group-fix" style="font-size:0px;text-align:left;direction:ltr;display:inline-block;vertical-align:top;width:100%;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" role="presentation" style="vertical-align:top;" width="100%"><tbody><tr><td align="center" style="font-size:0px;padding:0px 0px 0px 0px;padding-top:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-left:0px;word-break:break-word;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" role="presentation" style="border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px;"><tbody><tr><td style="width:285px;"><a href="https://www.tse-fr.eu/fit-in-initiative-finance-for-all" target="_blank"><img alt="Money transfer phone" src="http://13xy.mj.am/img2/13xy/7ec2c570-bda5-4dae-8eb2-282b08ca1828/content" style="border:none;display:block;outline:none;text-decoration:none;height:auto;width:100%;font-size:13px;" width="285" height="auto"/></a></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div style="background:#ffffff;background-color:#ffffff;margin:0px auto;max-width:600px;"><table align="center" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" role="presentation" style="background:#ffffff;background-color:#ffffff;width:100%;"><tbody><tr><td style="direction:rtl;font-size:0px;padding:15px 15px 0px 15px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-left:15px;padding-right:15px;padding-top:15px;text-align:center;"><div class="mj-column-per-50 mj-outlook-group-fix" style="font-size:0px;text-align:left;direction:ltr;display:inline-block;vertical-align:top;width:100%;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" role="presentation" style="vertical-align:top;" width="100%"><tbody><tr><td align="left" style="font-size:0px;padding:0px 0px 0px 10px;padding-top:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-left:10px;word-break:break-word;"><div style="font-family:Verdana, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;font-size:23px;letter-spacing:normal;line-height:1;text-align:left;color:#000000;"><p class="text-build-content" data-testid="Q_KnnixbZFoB_S4Xml7xs" style="margin: 10px 0; margin-top: 10px;"><span style="background-color:transparent;color:#55575d;font-family:Arial;font-size:16px;"><b>INVITATION</b></span></p><p class="text-build-content" style="line-height: 24px; margin: 10px 0;" data-testid="Q_KnnixbZFoB_S4Xml7xs"><a class="link-build-content" style="color:inherit;text-decoration:none;; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank" href="https://www.tse-fr.eu/conferences/2024-fit-in-initiative-conference"><span style="background-color:transparent;color:#f24a4f;font-family:Arial;font-size:23px;"><b>FIT IN Initiative conference</b></span></a></p><p class="text-build-content" style="line-height: 20px; margin: 10px 0; margin-bottom: 10px;" data-testid="Q_KnnixbZFoB_S4Xml7xs"><a class="link-build-content" style="color:inherit;text-decoration:none;; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank" href="https://www.tse-fr.eu/conferences/2024-fit-in-initiative-conference"><span style="background-color:transparent;color:#000000;font-family:Arial;font-size:13px;">On May 2-3, this event will feature the latest research on how to improve digital financial services in poorer countries ➜</span></a></p></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="mj-column-per-50 mj-outlook-group-fix" style="font-size:0px;text-align:left;direction:ltr;display:inline-block;vertical-align:top;width:100%;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" role="presentation" style="vertical-align:top;" width="100%"><tbody><tr><td align="center" style="font-size:0px;padding:0px 0px 0px 0px;padding-top:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-left:0px;word-break:break-word;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" role="presentation" style="border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px;"><tbody><tr><td style="width:285px;"><a href="https://www.tse-fr.eu/conferences/2024-fit-in-initiative-conference" target="_blank"><img alt="Woman shop merchant" src="http://13xy.mj.am/img2/13xy/efedfa22-40ee-465b-a114-3e7aedb25b72/content" style="border:none;display:block;outline:none;text-decoration:none;height:auto;width:100%;font-size:13px;" width="285" height="auto"/></a></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div style="background:#ffffff;background-color:#ffffff;margin:0px auto;max-width:600px;"><table align="center" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" role="presentation" style="background:#ffffff;background-color:#ffffff;width:100%;"><tbody><tr><td style="direction:ltr;font-size:0px;padding:10px 15px 0px 15px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-left:15px;padding-right:15px;padding-top:10px;text-align:center;"><div class="mj-column-per-50 mj-outlook-group-fix" style="font-size:0px;text-align:left;direction:ltr;display:inline-block;vertical-align:top;width:100%;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" role="presentation" style="vertical-align:top;" width="100%"><tbody><tr><td align="left" style="font-size:0px;padding:0px 10px 0px 10px;padding-top:0px;padding-right:10px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-left:10px;word-break:break-word;"><div style="font-family:Verdana, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;font-size:23px;letter-spacing:normal;line-height:1;text-align:left;color:#000000;"><p class="text-build-content" style="text-align: right; margin: 10px 0; margin-top: 10px;" data-testid="egNDZLHhee8SiddOPxorg"><span style="background-color:transparent;color:#55575d;font-family:Arial;font-size:16px;"><b>INVITATION</b></span></p><p class="text-build-content" style="line-height: 24px; text-align: right; margin: 10px 0;" data-testid="egNDZLHhee8SiddOPxorg"><a class="link-build-content" style="color:inherit;text-decoration:none;; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank" href="https://www.tse-fr.eu/conferences/2024-12th-biennial-postal-economics-conference-e-commerce-digital-economics-and-delivery-services"><span style="background-color:transparent;color:#f24a4f;font-family:Arial;font-size:23px;"><b>Postal Economics Conference</b></span></a></p><p class="text-build-content" style="line-height: 20px; text-align: right; margin: 10px 0; margin-bottom: 10px;" data-testid="egNDZLHhee8SiddOPxorg"><a class="link-build-content" style="color:inherit;text-decoration:none;; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank" href="https://www.tse-fr.eu/conferences/2024-12th-biennial-postal-economics-conference-e-commerce-digital-economics-and-delivery-services"><span style="color:#000000;font-family:Arial;font-size:13px;">This April 4-5 event will include exchanges between <b>La Poste</b> and TSE economists on issues such as e-commerce and digital delivery services ➜</span></a></p></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="mj-column-per-50 mj-outlook-group-fix" style="font-size:0px;text-align:left;direction:ltr;display:inline-block;vertical-align:top;width:100%;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" role="presentation" style="vertical-align:top;" width="100%"><tbody><tr><td align="center" style="font-size:0px;padding:0px 0px 0px 0px;padding-top:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-left:0px;word-break:break-word;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" role="presentation" style="border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px;"><tbody><tr><td style="width:285px;"><a href="https://www.tse-fr.eu/conferences/2024-12th-biennial-postal-economics-conference-e-commerce-digital-economics-and-delivery-services" target="_blank"><img alt="Postal delivery" src="http://13xy.mj.am/img2/13xy/eda6ec36-9c26-48ef-a232-fa7033f85d85/content" style="border:none;display:block;outline:none;text-decoration:none;height:auto;width:100%;font-size:13px;" width="285" height="auto"/></a></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div style="background:#ffffff;background-color:#ffffff;margin:0px auto;max-width:600px;"><table align="center" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" role="presentation" style="background:#ffffff;background-color:#ffffff;width:100%;"><tbody><tr><td style="direction:ltr;font-size:0px;padding:20px 0px 0px 0px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-left:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-top:20px;text-align:center;"><div class="mj-column-per-100 mj-outlook-group-fix" style="font-size:0px;text-align:left;direction:ltr;display:inline-block;vertical-align:top;width:100%;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" role="presentation" style="vertical-align:top;" width="100%"><tbody><tr><td align="center" style="font-size:0px;padding:0px 15px 0px 15px;padding-top:0px;padding-right:15px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-left:15px;word-break:break-word;"><p style="border-top:solid 3px #061987;font-size:1px;margin:0px auto;width:100%;"></p></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div style="background:#ffffff;background-color:#ffffff;margin:0px auto;max-width:600px;"><table align="center" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" role="presentation" style="background:#ffffff;background-color:#ffffff;width:100%;"><tbody><tr><td style="direction:ltr;font-size:0px;padding:0px 0px 0px 0px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-left:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-top:0px;text-align:center;"><div class="mj-column-per-100 mj-outlook-group-fix" style="font-size:0px;text-align:left;direction:ltr;display:inline-block;vertical-align:top;width:100%;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" role="presentation" style="vertical-align:top;" width="100%"><tbody><tr><td align="left" style="background:#ffffff;font-size:0px;padding:0px 25px 0px 25px;padding-top:0px;padding-right:25px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-left:25px;word-break:break-word;"><div style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif;font-size:18px;letter-spacing:normal;line-height:1;text-align:left;color:#000000;"><h1 class="text-build-content" data-testid="oqrJvBBx4" style="margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px; font-weight: normal;"><span style="color:#061987;font-family:Arial;font-size:18px;"><b>Also happening...</b></span></h1></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div style="background:#ffffff;background-color:#ffffff;margin:0px auto;max-width:600px;"><table align="center" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" role="presentation" style="background:#ffffff;background-color:#ffffff;width:100%;"><tbody><tr><td style="direction:ltr;font-size:0px;padding:0px 15px 10px 15px;padding-bottom:10px;padding-left:15px;padding-right:15px;padding-top:0px;text-align:center;"><div class="mj-column-per-100 mj-outlook-group-fix" style="font-size:0;line-height:0;text-align:left;display:inline-block;width:100%;direction:ltr;vertical-align:top;"><div class="mj-column-per-75 mj-outlook-group-fix" style="font-size:0px;text-align:left;direction:ltr;display:inline-block;vertical-align:top;width:75%;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" role="presentation" style="vertical-align:top;" width="100%"><tbody><tr><td align="left" style="background:#ffffff;font-size:0px;padding:0px 5px 0px 5px;padding-top:0px;padding-right:5px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-left:5px;word-break:break-word;"><div style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif;font-size:20px;letter-spacing:normal;line-height:1;text-align:left;color:#000000;"><p class="text-build-content" data-testid="-pWau5Gr9B" style="margin: 10px 0; margin-top: 10px;"><span style="color:#55575d;font-family:Arial;font-size:14px;"><b>PODCAST</b></span></p><p class="text-build-content" style="line-height: 24px; margin: 10px 0;" data-testid="-pWau5Gr9B"><a class="link-build-content" style="color:inherit;text-decoration:none;; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank" href="https://pod.fo/e/223670"><span style="color:#061987;font-family:Arial;font-size:20px;"><b>Why are women disadvantaged in the workplace?</b></span></a></p><p class="text-build-content" style="line-height: 20px; margin: 10px 0; margin-bottom: 10px;" data-testid="-pWau5Gr9B"><a class="link-build-content" style="color:inherit;text-decoration:none;; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank" href="https://pod.fo/e/223670"><span style="color:#000000;font-family:Arial;font-size:13px;">In this episode, experts debate the underrepresentation of women, the persistence of the motherhood wage gap, and the impact of flexible work ➜</span></a></p></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="mj-column-per-25 mj-outlook-group-fix" style="font-size:0px;text-align:left;direction:ltr;display:inline-block;vertical-align:top;width:25%;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" role="presentation" style="vertical-align:top;" width="100%"><tbody><tr><td align="center" style="font-size:0px;padding:0px 0px 0px 0px;padding-top:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-left:0px;word-break:break-word;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" role="presentation" style="border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px;"><tbody><tr><td style="width:135px;"><a href="https://pod.fo/e/223670" target="_blank"><img alt="Woman at work" src="http://13xy.mj.am/img2/13xy/2b056254-aed3-48b5-8f05-4f6f04755df7/content" style="border:none;display:block;outline:none;text-decoration:none;height:auto;width:100%;font-size:13px;" width="135" height="auto"/></a></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div style="background:#ffffff;background-color:#ffffff;margin:0px auto;max-width:600px;"><table align="center" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" role="presentation" style="background:#ffffff;background-color:#ffffff;width:100%;"><tbody><tr><td style="direction:ltr;font-size:0px;padding:0px 15px 10px 15px;padding-bottom:10px;padding-left:15px;padding-right:15px;padding-top:0px;text-align:center;"><div class="mj-column-per-100 mj-outlook-group-fix" style="font-size:0;line-height:0;text-align:left;display:inline-block;width:100%;direction:ltr;vertical-align:top;"><div class="mj-column-per-75 mj-outlook-group-fix" style="font-size:0px;text-align:left;direction:ltr;display:inline-block;vertical-align:top;width:75%;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" role="presentation" style="vertical-align:top;" width="100%"><tbody><tr><td align="left" style="background:#ffffff;font-size:0px;padding:0px 5px 0px 5px;padding-top:0px;padding-right:5px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-left:5px;word-break:break-word;"><div style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif;font-size:20px;letter-spacing:normal;line-height:1;text-align:left;color:#000000;"><p class="text-build-content" data-testid="EV92EVr5cCJN14BsZAGH-" style="margin: 10px 0; margin-top: 10px;"><span style="color:#55575d;font-family:Arial;font-size:14px;"><b>DEBATE</b></span></p><p class="text-build-content" style="line-height: 24px; margin: 10px 0;" data-testid="EV92EVr5cCJN14BsZAGH-"><a class="link-build-content" style="color:inherit;text-decoration:none;; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank" href="https://www.tse-fr.eu/evaluation-protected-area-policies-eu"><span style="color:#061987;font-family:Arial;font-size:23px;"><b>An evaluation of protected area policies in the EU</b></span></a></p><p class="text-build-content" style="line-height: 20px; margin: 10px 0; margin-bottom: 10px;" data-testid="EV92EVr5cCJN14BsZAGH-"><a class="link-build-content" style="color:inherit;text-decoration:none;; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank" href="https://www.tse-fr.eu/evaluation-protected-area-policies-eu"><span style="color:#000000;font-family:Arial;font-size:13px;"><b>Mathias Reynaert </b>highlights the lack of ambition in Europe’s biodiversity policies, which often protect land that is not threatened ➜</span></a></p></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="mj-column-per-25 mj-outlook-group-fix" style="font-size:0px;text-align:left;direction:ltr;display:inline-block;vertical-align:top;width:25%;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" role="presentation" style="vertical-align:top;" width="100%"><tbody><tr><td align="center" style="font-size:0px;padding:0px 0px 0px 0px;padding-top:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-left:0px;word-break:break-word;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" role="presentation" style="border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px;"><tbody><tr><td style="width:135px;"><a href="https://www.tse-fr.eu/evaluation-protected-area-policies-eu" target="_blank"><img alt="Green mountains" src="http://13xy.mj.am/img2/13xy/5ea6093f-69da-4be6-8c66-ceae2464ced8/content" style="border:none;display:block;outline:none;text-decoration:none;height:auto;width:100%;font-size:13px;" width="135" height="auto"/></a></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div 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0px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-left:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-top:0px;text-align:center;"><div class="mj-column-per-100 mj-outlook-group-fix" style="font-size:0px;text-align:left;direction:ltr;display:inline-block;vertical-align:top;width:100%;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" role="presentation" style="vertical-align:top;" width="100%"><tbody><tr><td align="center" style="font-size:0px;padding:0px 0px 0px 0px;padding-top:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-left:0px;word-break:break-word;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" role="presentation" style="border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px;"><tbody><tr><td style="width:600px;"><a href="https://www.tse-fr.eu/digital" target="_blank"><img alt="TSE Digital Center" src="http://13xy.mj.am/img/13xy/b/216jo/x11641.png" style="border:none;display:block;outline:none;text-decoration:none;height:auto;width:100%;font-size:13px;" width="600" 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