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class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Masks_in_performance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Masks_in_performance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Masks in performance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Masks_in_performance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ritual_masks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ritual_masks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Ritual masks</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Ritual_masks-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Ritual masks subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Ritual_masks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Africa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Africa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Africa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Africa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Oceania" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Oceania"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Oceania</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Oceania-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-North_America" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#North_America"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>North America</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-North_America-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Latin_America" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Latin_America"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Latin America</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Latin_America-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Asia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Asia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Asia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Asia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-China" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#China"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5.1</span> <span>China</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-China-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-India/Sri_Lanka/Indo-China" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#India/Sri_Lanka/Indo-China"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5.2</span> <span>India/Sri Lanka/Indo-China</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-India/Sri_Lanka/Indo-China-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Indonesia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Indonesia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5.3</span> <span>Indonesia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Indonesia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Japan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Japan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5.4</span> <span>Japan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Japan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Korea" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Korea"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5.5</span> <span>Korea</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Korea-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Middle_East" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Middle_East"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6</span> <span>Middle East</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Middle_East-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Europe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Europe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.7</span> <span>Europe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Europe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Masks_in_theatre" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Masks_in_theatre"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Masks in theatre</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Masks_in_theatre-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Masks in theatre subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Masks_in_theatre-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Contemporary_theatre" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Contemporary_theatre"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Contemporary theatre</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Contemporary_theatre-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Functional_masks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Functional_masks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Functional masks</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Functional_masks-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Functional masks subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Functional_masks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Medical" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Medical"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Medical</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Medical-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Protective" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Protective"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Protective</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Protective-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Disguise" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Disguise"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Disguise</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Disguise-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Occupational" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Occupational"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>Occupational</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Occupational-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sports" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sports"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.5</span> <span>Sports</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sports-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Punitive" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Punitive"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Punitive</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Punitive-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fashion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fashion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Fashion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fashion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_works_of_fiction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_works_of_fiction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>In works of fiction</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-In_works_of_fiction-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle In works of fiction subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-In_works_of_fiction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Drama" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Drama"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Drama</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Drama-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_types" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_types"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Other types</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_types-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gallery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gallery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Gallery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gallery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Mask</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 95 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-95" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">95 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masker" title="Masker – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Masker" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maske_(Gesichtsbedeckung)" title="Maske (Gesichtsbedeckung) – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Maske (Gesichtsbedeckung)" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8C%AD%E1%88%9D%E1%89%A5%E1%88%8D" title="ጭምብል – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ጭምብል" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B9" title="قناع – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="قناع" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B4%D5%AB%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%AF" title="Դիմակ – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Դիմակ" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%96%E0%A6%BE" title="মুখা – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="মুখা" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A1zcara" title="Mázcara – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Mázcara" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maska" title="Maska – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Maska" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B3%DA%A9" title="ماسک – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="ماسک" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tapel" title="Tapel – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Tapel" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%96%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B6" title="মুখোশ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="মুখোশ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ma-suh-kuh" title="Ma-suh-kuh – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Ma-suh-kuh" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Маска – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Маска" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maskara" title="Maskara – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Maskara" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Маска – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Маска" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%82%E0%BD%91%E0%BD%BC%E0%BD%84%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A0%E0%BD%96%E0%BD%82" title="གདོང་འབག – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="གདོང་འབག" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Careta" title="Careta – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Careta" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maska" title="Maska – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Maska" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mwgwd" title="Mwgwd – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Mwgwd" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maske" title="Maske – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Maske" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maske" title="Maske – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Maske" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mask" title="Mask – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Mask" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%81" title="Чамакс – Erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Чамакс" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Эрзянь</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A1scara" title="Máscara – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Máscara" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masko" title="Masko – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Masko" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maskara_(mozorroa)" title="Maskara (mozorroa) – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Maskara (mozorroa)" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B5%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AA%DA%A9" title="صورتک – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="صورتک" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masque" title="Masque – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Masque" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masker" title="Masker – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Masker" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masc" title="Masc – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Masc" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Careta" title="Careta – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Careta" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%88%B2%E9%9D%A2%E6%AE%BC%E5%AD%90" title="戲面殼子 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="戲面殼子" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%83%88" title="탈 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="탈" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B4%D5%AB%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%AF" title="Դիմակ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Դիմակ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%96%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BE" title="मुखौटा – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="मुखौटा" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maska" title="Maska – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Maska" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maskilo" title="Maskilo – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Maskilo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topeng" title="Topeng – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Topeng" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iu mw-list-item"><a href="https://iu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%91%AE%E1%93%87%E1%95%90%E1%90%B8%E1%92%83" title="ᑮᓇᕐᐸᒃ – Inuktitut" lang="iu" hreflang="iu" data-title="ᑮᓇᕐᐸᒃ" data-language-autonym="ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut" data-language-local-name="Inuktitut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gr%C3%ADma" title="Gríma – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Gríma" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maschera" title="Maschera – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Maschera" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%A1%D7%9B%D7%94" title="מסכה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מסכה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Top%C3%A8ng" title="Topèng – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Topèng" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AE%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%96%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%A1" title="ಮುಖವಾಡ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಮುಖವಾಡ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%A6%E1%83%90%E1%83%91%E1%83%98_(%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A3%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98)" title="ნიღაბი (რიტუალი) – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ნიღაბი (რიტუალი)" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Маска – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Маска" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barakoa" title="Barakoa – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Barakoa" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%BBpo%C5%9F" title="Rûpoş – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Rûpoş" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persona" title="Persona – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Persona" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maska" title="Maska – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Maska" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kauk%C4%97" title="Kaukė – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Kaukė" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maske" title="Maske – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Maske" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mascara" title="Mascara – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Mascara" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Маска – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Маска" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D" title="മാസ്ക് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="മാസ്ക്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BE" title="मुखवटा – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="मुखवटा" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topeng" title="Topeng – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Topeng" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%99%E1%80%BB%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA%E1%80%94%E1%80%BE%E1%80%AC%E1%80%96%E1%80%AF%E1%80%B6%E1%80%B8" title="မျက်နှာဖုံး – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="မျက်နှာဖုံး" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masker" title="Masker – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Masker" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gebelskop" title="Gebelskop – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Gebelskop" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%8B" title="मुकुन्डो – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="मुकुन्डो" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BB%AE%E9%9D%A2" title="仮面 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="仮面" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maske" title="Maske – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Maske" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maske" title="Maske – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Maske" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masqueta" title="Masqueta – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Masqueta" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niqob" title="Niqob – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Niqob" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%96%E0%A9%8C%E0%A8%9F%E0%A8%BE" title="ਮਖੌਟਾ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਮਖੌਟਾ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B3%DA%A9" title="ماسک – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ماسک" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mostacia" title="Mostacia – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Mostacia" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maska" title="Maska – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Maska" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A1scara" title="Máscara – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Máscara" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masc%C4%83" title="Mască – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Mască" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saynata" title="Saynata – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Saynata" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Маска – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Маска" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maska" title="Maska – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Maska" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A0scara" title="Màscara – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Màscara" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mask" title="Mask – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Mask" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maska" title="Maska – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Maska" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larwa" title="Larwa – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Larwa" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B3%DA%A9" title="ماسک – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ماسک" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Маска – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Маска" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maska" title="Maska – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Maska" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kedok" title="Kedok – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Kedok" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naamari" title="Naamari – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Naamari" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ansiktsmask" title="Ansiktsmask – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Ansiktsmask" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maskara" title="Maskara – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Maskara" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BF" title="முகமூடி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="முகமூடி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%81" title="หน้ากาก – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="หน้ากาก" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maske" title="Maske – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Maske" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" 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Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Mask%22">"Mask"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Mask%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Mask%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Mask%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Mask%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Mask%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">January 2021</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> </div> </div><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ravensburg_Fasnet_Papierkrattler_2005.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Ravensburg_Fasnet_Papierkrattler_2005.jpg/250px-Ravensburg_Fasnet_Papierkrattler_2005.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="196" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Ravensburg_Fasnet_Papierkrattler_2005.jpg/330px-Ravensburg_Fasnet_Papierkrattler_2005.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Ravensburg_Fasnet_Papierkrattler_2005.jpg/500px-Ravensburg_Fasnet_Papierkrattler_2005.jpg 2x" data-file-width="901" data-file-height="801" /></a><figcaption><i>Papierkrattler</i> masks at the Narrensprung 2005 Carnival parade, <a href="/wiki/Ravensburg" title="Ravensburg">Ravensburg</a>, Germany</figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>mask</b> is an object normally worn on the <a href="/wiki/Face" title="Face">face</a>, typically for <a href="/wiki/Protection" title="Protection">protection</a>, <a href="/wiki/Disguise" title="Disguise">disguise</a>, <a href="/wiki/Performance" title="Performance">performance</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Entertainment" title="Entertainment">entertainment</a>, and often employed for <a href="/wiki/Ritual" title="Ritual">rituals</a> and rites. Masks have been used since antiquity for both <a href="/wiki/Ceremony" title="Ceremony">ceremonial</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pragmatism" title="Pragmatism">practical</a> purposes, as well as in the <a href="/wiki/Performing_arts" title="Performing arts">performing arts</a> and for entertainment. They are usually worn on the face, although they may also be positioned for effect elsewhere on the wearer's body. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Art_history" title="Art history">art history</a>, especially <a href="/wiki/Sculpture" title="Sculpture">sculpture</a>, "mask" is the term for a face without a body that is not modelled in the round (which would make it a "head"), but for example appears in low <a href="/wiki/Relief" title="Relief">relief</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MaskOfAgamemnon.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/MaskOfAgamemnon.jpg/250px-MaskOfAgamemnon.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/MaskOfAgamemnon.jpg/330px-MaskOfAgamemnon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/MaskOfAgamemnon.jpg/500px-MaskOfAgamemnon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1748" data-file-height="1748" /></a><figcaption>The so-called '<a href="/wiki/Mask_of_Agamemnon" title="Mask of Agamemnon">Mask of Agamemnon</a>', a 16th-century BC mask discovered by <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Schliemann" title="Heinrich Schliemann">Heinrich Schliemann</a> in 1876 at <a href="/wiki/Mycenae" title="Mycenae">Mycenae</a>, Greece, <a href="/wiki/National_Archaeological_Museum,_Athens" title="National Archaeological Museum, Athens">National Archaeological Museum, Athens</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The word "mask" appeared in English in the 1530s, from <a href="/wiki/Middle_French" title="Middle French">Middle French</a> <i>masque</i> "covering to hide or guard the face", derived in turn from <a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a> <i>maschera</i>, from <a href="/wiki/Medieval_Latin" title="Medieval Latin">Medieval Latin</a> <i>masca</i> "mask, specter, nightmare".<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This word is of uncertain origin, perhaps from <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a> <i>maskharah</i> مَسْخَرَۃٌ "buffoon", from the verb <i>sakhira</i> "to ridicule". However, it may also come from <a href="/wiki/Proven%C3%A7al_dialect" title="Provençal dialect">Provençal</a> <i>mascarar</i> "to black (the face)" (or the related <a href="/wiki/Catalan_language" title="Catalan language">Catalan</a> <i>mascarar</i>, <a href="/wiki/Old_French" title="Old French">Old French</a> <i>mascurer</i>). This in turn is of uncertain origin – perhaps from a Germanic source akin to English "mesh", but perhaps from <i>mask-</i> "black", a borrowing from a <a href="/wiki/Pre-Indo-European_languages" title="Pre-Indo-European languages">pre-Indo-European</a> language.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One German author claims the word "mask" is originally derived from the Spanish <i>más que la cara</i> (literally, "more than the face" or "added face"), which evolved to "máscara", while the Arabic "maskharat" – referring to the buffoonery which is possible only by disguising the face – would be based on these Spanish roots.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other related forms are <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a> <i>masecha</i>= "mask"; Arabic <i>maskhara</i> مَسْخَرَ = "he ridiculed, he mocked", <i>masakha</i> مَسَخَ = "he transfomed" (<a href="/wiki/Transitivity_(grammar)" title="Transitivity (grammar)">transitive</a>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Museo_Nacional_de_Antropolog%C3%ADa_-_Wiki_takes_Antropolog%C3%ADa_079.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Museo_Nacional_de_Antropolog%C3%ADa_-_Wiki_takes_Antropolog%C3%ADa_079.jpg/250px-Museo_Nacional_de_Antropolog%C3%ADa_-_Wiki_takes_Antropolog%C3%ADa_079.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Museo_Nacional_de_Antropolog%C3%ADa_-_Wiki_takes_Antropolog%C3%ADa_079.jpg/330px-Museo_Nacional_de_Antropolog%C3%ADa_-_Wiki_takes_Antropolog%C3%ADa_079.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Museo_Nacional_de_Antropolog%C3%ADa_-_Wiki_takes_Antropolog%C3%ADa_079.jpg/500px-Museo_Nacional_de_Antropolog%C3%ADa_-_Wiki_takes_Antropolog%C3%ADa_079.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="5184" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Funeral_mask" class="mw-redirect" title="Funeral mask">Funeral mask</a> of <a href="/wiki/K%27inich_Janaab%27_Pakal" class="mw-redirect" title="K'inich Janaab' Pakal">K'inich Janaab' Pakal</a> at the <a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_Anthropology_(Mexico)" title="National Museum of Anthropology (Mexico)">National Museum of Anthropology (Mexico)</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The use of masks in <a href="/wiki/Ritual" title="Ritual">rituals</a> or <a href="/wiki/Ceremonies" class="mw-redirect" title="Ceremonies">ceremonies</a> is a very ancient human practice across the world,<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although masks can also be worn for protection, in hunting, in sports, in feasts, or in wars – or simply used as ornamentation.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some ceremonial or decorative masks were not designed to be worn. Although the religious use of masks has waned, masks are used sometimes in drama therapy or psychotherapy.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One of the challenges in <a href="/wiki/Anthropology" title="Anthropology">anthropology</a> is finding the precise derivation of human culture and early activities, the invention and use of the mask is only one area of unsolved inquiry. The use of masks dates back several millennia. It is conjectured that the first masks may have been used by primitive people to associate the wearer with some kind of unimpeachable authority, such as a deity, or to otherwise lend credence to the person's claim on a given social role. </p><p>The earliest known <a href="/wiki/Anthropomorphic" class="mw-redirect" title="Anthropomorphic">anthropomorphic</a> artwork is circa 30,000–40,000 years old.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The use of masks is demonstrated graphically at some of these sites. Insofar as masks involved the use of war-paint, leather, vegetative material, or wooden material, such masks failed to be preserved, however, they are visible in <a href="/wiki/Paleolithic" title="Paleolithic">Paleolithic</a> cave drawings, of which dozens have been preserved.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the <a href="/wiki/Neanderthal" title="Neanderthal">Neanderthal</a> Roche-Cotard site in France, a flintstone likeness of a face was found that is approximately 35,000 years old, but it is not clear whether it was intended as a mask.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the Greek <a href="/wiki/Bacchanalia" title="Bacchanalia">bacchanalia</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Dionysus" title="Dionysus">Dionysus</a> cult, which involved the use of masks, the ordinary controls on behaviour were temporarily suspended, and people cavorted in merry revelry outside their ordinary rank or status. <a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Gu%C3%A9non" title="René Guénon">René Guénon</a> claims that in the Roman <a href="/wiki/Saturnalia" title="Saturnalia">saturnalia</a> festivals, the ordinary roles were often inverted. Sometimes a slave or a criminal was temporarily granted the insignia and status of royalty, only to be killed after the festival ended.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Carnival_of_Venice" title="Carnival of Venice">Carnival of Venice</a>, in which all are equal behind their masks, dates back to 1268 AD.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The use of carnivalesque masks in the Jewish <a href="/wiki/Purim" title="Purim">Purim</a> festivities probably originated in the late 15th century, although some Jewish authors claim it has always been part of Judaic tradition.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The North American <a href="/wiki/Iroquois" title="Iroquois">Iroquois</a> tribes used masks for healing purposes (see <a href="/wiki/False_Face_Society" title="False Face Society">False Face Society</a>). In the <a href="/wiki/Himalayas" title="Himalayas">Himalayas</a>, masks functioned above all as mediators of supernatural forces.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Yup%27ik_masks" class="mw-redirect" title="Yup'ik masks">Yup'ik masks</a> could be small 3-inch (7.6 cm) finger masks, but also 10-kilogram (22 lb) masks hung from the ceiling or carried by several people.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Masks have been created with plastic surgery for mutilated soldiers.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Masks in various forms – sacred, practical, or playful – have played a crucial historical role in the development of understandings about "what it means to be human", because they permit the imaginative experience of "what it is like" to be transformed into a different identity (or to affirm an existing social or spiritual identity).<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Not all cultures have known the use of masks, but most of them have.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Masks_in_performance">Masks in performance</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mosaic_of_the_theatrical_masks_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Mosaic_of_the_theatrical_masks_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/250px-Mosaic_of_the_theatrical_masks_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="178" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Mosaic_of_the_theatrical_masks_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/330px-Mosaic_of_the_theatrical_masks_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Mosaic_of_the_theatrical_masks_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/500px-Mosaic_of_the_theatrical_masks_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3544" data-file-height="2874" /></a><figcaption>Theatrical masks of Tragedy and Comedy. Mosaic, <a href="/wiki/Roman_art" title="Roman art">Roman mosaic</a>, second century AD</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Batak_maskerdans_tijdens_een_dodenfeest_TMnr_60045322.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Batak_maskerdans_tijdens_een_dodenfeest_TMnr_60045322.jpg/250px-COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Batak_maskerdans_tijdens_een_dodenfeest_TMnr_60045322.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Batak_maskerdans_tijdens_een_dodenfeest_TMnr_60045322.jpg/330px-COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Batak_maskerdans_tijdens_een_dodenfeest_TMnr_60045322.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Batak_maskerdans_tijdens_een_dodenfeest_TMnr_60045322.jpg/500px-COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Batak_maskerdans_tijdens_een_dodenfeest_TMnr_60045322.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="464" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Batak_(Indonesia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Batak (Indonesia)">Batak</a> mask dance at a funeral feast in the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_East_Indies" title="Dutch East Indies">Dutch East Indies</a>, 1930s</figcaption></figure> <p>Throughout the world, masks are used for their expressive power as a feature of masked performance – both ritually and in various theatre traditions. The <a href="/wiki/Ritual" title="Ritual">ritual</a> and <a href="/wiki/Theatre" title="Theatre">theatrical</a> definitions of mask use frequently overlap and merge but still provide a useful basis for categorisation. The image of <a href="/wiki/Comedy_and_tragedy_masks" title="Comedy and tragedy masks">juxtaposed comedy and tragedy masks</a> are widely used to represent the performing arts, and specifically <a href="/wiki/Drama" title="Drama">drama</a>. </p><p>In many dramatic traditions including the <a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_ancient_Greece" title="Theatre of ancient Greece">theatre of ancient Greece</a>, the classical <a href="/wiki/Noh" title="Noh">noh</a> drama of Japan (14th century to present), the traditional <a href="/wiki/Lhamo" title="Lhamo">lhamo</a> drama of <a href="/wiki/Tibet" title="Tibet">Tibet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Talchum" title="Talchum">talchum</a> in Korea, and the <a href="/wiki/Topeng_dance" class="mw-redirect" title="Topeng dance">topeng dance</a> of <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>, masks were or are typically worn by all the performers, with several different types of mask used for different types of character. </p><p>In Ancient Rome, the word <i><a href="/wiki/Persona" title="Persona">persona</a></i> meant 'a mask'; it also referred to an individual who had full <a href="/wiki/Roman_citizenship" title="Roman citizenship">Roman citizenship</a>. A citizen could demonstrate his or her lineage through <i><a href="/wiki/Roman_funerals_and_burial#Imagines_("images")" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman funerals and burial">imagines</a></i> – <a href="/wiki/Death_mask" title="Death mask">death masks</a> of ancestors. These were wax casts kept in a <i><a href="/wiki/Lararium" class="mw-redirect" title="Lararium">lararium</a></i> (the family shrine). Rites of passage, such as initiation of young members of the family or funerals, were carried out at the shrine under the watch of the ancestral masks. At funerals, professional actors would wear these masks to perform deeds of the lives of the ancestors,<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> thus linking the role of mask as a ritual object and in theatre. </p><p>Masks are a familiar and vivid element in many <a href="/wiki/Folk_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Folk culture">folk</a> and traditional <a href="/wiki/Procession" title="Procession">pageants</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ceremonies" class="mw-redirect" title="Ceremonies">ceremonies</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rituals" class="mw-redirect" title="Rituals">rituals</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Festivals" class="mw-redirect" title="Festivals">festivals</a>, and are often of an ancient origin. The mask is normally a part of a costume that adorns the whole body and embodies a tradition important to the religious and/or social life of the <a href="/wiki/Community" title="Community">community</a> as whole or a particular group within the community. Masks are used almost universally and maintain their power and mystery both for their wearers and their audience. The continued popularity of wearing masks at <a href="/wiki/Carnival" title="Carnival">carnival</a>, and for children at parties and for festivals such as <a href="/wiki/Halloween" title="Halloween">Halloween</a> are good examples. Nowadays these are usually mass-produced plastic masks, often associated with popular <a href="/wiki/Films" class="mw-redirect" title="Films">films</a>, <a href="/wiki/TV" class="mw-redirect" title="TV">television</a> programmes, or <a href="/wiki/Cartoon" title="Cartoon">cartoon</a> characters – they are, however, reminders of the enduring power of pretense and play and the power and appeal of masks. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ritual_masks">Ritual masks</h2></div> <p>Ritual masks occur throughout the world, and although they tend to share many characteristics, highly distinctive forms have developed. The function of the masks may be magical or religious; they may appear in rites of passage or as a make-up for a form of theatre. Equally masks may disguise a penitent or preside over important ceremonies; they may help mediate with spirits, or offer a protective role to the members of a society who use their powers.<sup id="cite_ref-MasquesduMonde_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MasquesduMonde-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Biologist <a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Griffith" title="Jeremy Griffith">Jeremy Griffith</a> has suggested that ritual masks, as representations of the human face, are extremely revealing of the two fundamental aspects of the human psychological condition: firstly, the repression of a cooperative, instinctive self or soul; and secondly, the extremely angry state of the unjustly condemned conscious thinking egocentric intellect.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In parts of Australia, giant <a href="/wiki/Totem" title="Totem">totem</a> masks cover the body. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Africa">Africa</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/African_tribal_masks" class="mw-redirect" title="African tribal masks">African tribal masks</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kamerun_Ekoi_Aufsatzmasken_Linden-Museum_45455_47707.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Kamerun_Ekoi_Aufsatzmasken_Linden-Museum_45455_47707.jpg/250px-Kamerun_Ekoi_Aufsatzmasken_Linden-Museum_45455_47707.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Kamerun_Ekoi_Aufsatzmasken_Linden-Museum_45455_47707.jpg/330px-Kamerun_Ekoi_Aufsatzmasken_Linden-Museum_45455_47707.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Kamerun_Ekoi_Aufsatzmasken_Linden-Museum_45455_47707.jpg/500px-Kamerun_Ekoi_Aufsatzmasken_Linden-Museum_45455_47707.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2046" data-file-height="1581" /></a><figcaption>Masks of <a href="/wiki/Cameroon" title="Cameroon">Cameroon</a></figcaption></figure> <p>There are a wide variety of masks used in Africa. In West Africa, masks are used in masquerades that form part of religious ceremonies enacted to communicate with spirits and ancestors. Examples are the masquerades of the <a href="/wiki/Yoruba_people" title="Yoruba people">Yoruba</a>, <a href="/wiki/Igbo_people" title="Igbo people">Igbo</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Edo_people" title="Edo people">Edo</a> cultures, including <a href="/wiki/Egungun" title="Egungun">Egungun Masquerades</a> and <a href="/wiki/Northern_Edo_Masquerades" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern Edo Masquerades">Northern Edo Masquerades</a>. The masks are usually carved with an extraordinary skill and variety by artists who will usually have received their training as an apprentice to a master carver – frequently it is a tradition that has been passed down within a family through many generations. Such an artist holds a respected position in tribal society because of the work that he or she creates, embodying not only complex craft techniques but also spiritual/social and symbolic knowledge.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> African masks are also used in the Mas or Masquerade of the <a href="/wiki/Caribbean_Carnival" class="mw-redirect" title="Caribbean Carnival">Caribbean Carnival</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Djol%C3%A9" title="Djolé">Djolé</a> (also known as Jolé or Yolé) is a mask-dance from Temine people in Sierra Leone. Males wear the mask, although it does depict a female. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fang_mask_Louvre_MH65-104-1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Fang_mask_Louvre_MH65-104-1.jpg/220px-Fang_mask_Louvre_MH65-104-1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="425" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Fang_mask_Louvre_MH65-104-1.jpg/330px-Fang_mask_Louvre_MH65-104-1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Fang_mask_Louvre_MH65-104-1.jpg/440px-Fang_mask_Louvre_MH65-104-1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="2900" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ngil_mask" title="Ngil mask">Fang mask</a> used for the <i>ngil</i> ceremony, an inquisitorial search for sorcerers. Wood, <a href="/wiki/Gabon" title="Gabon">Gabon</a>, 19th century</figcaption></figure> <p>Many African masks represent animals. Some African tribes believe that the animal masks can help them communicate with the spirits who live in forests or open savannas. People of <a href="/wiki/Burkina_Faso" title="Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a> known as the Bwa and <a href="/wiki/Nuna_people" title="Nuna people">Nuna</a> call to the spirit to stop destruction. The <a href="/wiki/Dogon_people" title="Dogon people">Dogon</a> of <a href="/wiki/Mali" title="Mali">Mali</a> have complex religions that also have animal masks. Their three main cults use seventy-eight different types of masks. Most of the ceremonies of the Dogon culture are secret, although the antelope dance is shown to non-Dogons. The antelope masks are rough rectangular boxes with several horns coming out of the top. The Dogons are expert agriculturists and the antelope symbolizes a hard-working farmer.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another culture that has a very rich agricultural tradition is the <a href="/wiki/Bambara_people" title="Bambara people">Bamana</a> people of Mali. The antelope (called <a href="/wiki/Chiwara" title="Chiwara">Chiwara</a>) is believed to have taught man the secrets of agriculture. Although the Dogons and Bamana people both believe the <a href="/wiki/Antelope" title="Antelope">antelope</a> symbolises agriculture, they interpret elements the masks differently. To the Bamana people, swords represent the sprouting of grain. </p><p>Masks may also indicate a culture's ideal of feminine beauty. The masks of <a href="/wiki/Punu_people" title="Punu people">Punu</a> of <a href="/wiki/Gabon" title="Gabon">Gabon</a> have highly arched eyebrows, almost almond-shaped eyes and a narrow chin. The raised strip running from both sides of the nose to the ears represent jewellery. Dark black hairstyle, tops the mask off. The whiteness of the face represents the whiteness and beauty of the spirit world. Only men wear the masks and perform the dances with high stilts despite the fact that the masks represent women. One of the most beautiful representations of female beauty is the <a href="/wiki/Idia" title="Idia">Idia</a>'s Mask of <a href="/wiki/Benin" title="Benin">Benin</a> in present-day Edo State of Nigeria. It is believed to have been commissioned by a king of Benin in memory of his mother. To honor his dead mother, the king wore the mask on his hip during special ceremonies.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Senoufo" class="mw-redirect" title="Senoufo">Senoufo</a> people of the <a href="/wiki/Ivory_Coast" title="Ivory Coast">Ivory Coast</a> represent tranquility by making masks with eyes half-shut and lines drawn near the mouth. The <a href="/wiki/Temne_people" title="Temne people">Temne</a> of <a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone" title="Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a> use masks with small eyes and mouths to represent humility and humbleness. They represent wisdom by making bulging forehead. Other masks that have exaggerated long faces and broad foreheads symbolize the soberness of one's duty that comes with power. War masks are also popular. The <a href="/wiki/Grebo_people" title="Grebo people">Grebo</a> of the Ivory Coast and Liberia carve masks with round eyes to represent alertness and anger, with the straight nose to represent unwillingness to retreat.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Asaro_Mud_Man_Kabiufa_Papua_New_Guinea.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Asaro_Mud_Man_Kabiufa_Papua_New_Guinea.jpg/220px-Asaro_Mud_Man_Kabiufa_Papua_New_Guinea.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Asaro_Mud_Man_Kabiufa_Papua_New_Guinea.jpg/330px-Asaro_Mud_Man_Kabiufa_Papua_New_Guinea.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Asaro_Mud_Man_Kabiufa_Papua_New_Guinea.jpg/440px-Asaro_Mud_Man_Kabiufa_Papua_New_Guinea.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4368" data-file-height="2912" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Asaro_Mudmen" title="Asaro Mudmen">Asaro mudman</a> holding mask, Papua New Guinea</figcaption></figure> <p>Today, the qualities of <a href="/wiki/African_art" title="African art">African art</a> are beginning to be more understood and appreciated. However, most African masks are now being produced for the tourist trade. Although they often show skilled craftsmanship, they nearly always lack the spiritual character of the traditional tribal masks. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Oceania">Oceania</h3></div> <p>The variety and beauty of the masks of <a href="/wiki/Melanesia" title="Melanesia">Melanesia</a> are almost as highly developed as in Africa. It is a culture where <a href="/wiki/Ancestor_worship" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancestor worship">ancestor worship</a> is dominant and religious ceremonies are devoted to ancestors. Inevitably, many of the mask types relate to use in these ceremonies and are linked with the activities of secret societies. The mask is regarded as an instrument of revelation, giving form to the sacred. This is often accomplished by linking the mask to an ancestral presence, and thus bringing the past into the present. </p><p>As a culture of scattered islands and peninsulars, Melanesian mask forms have developed in a highly diversified fashion, with a great deal of variety in their construction and aesthetic.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Papua New Guinea, six-metre-high totem masks are placed to protect the living from spirits; whereas the <i><a href="/wiki/Duk-duk" class="mw-redirect" title="Duk-duk">duk-duk</a></i> and <i>tubuan</i> masks of New Guinea are used to enforce social codes by intimidation. They are conical masks, made from cane and leaves.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="North_America">North America</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Crooked_Beak_of_Heaven_Mask.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Crooked_Beak_of_Heaven_Mask.jpg/220px-Crooked_Beak_of_Heaven_Mask.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Crooked_Beak_of_Heaven_Mask.jpg/330px-Crooked_Beak_of_Heaven_Mask.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Crooked_Beak_of_Heaven_Mask.jpg/440px-Crooked_Beak_of_Heaven_Mask.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3796" data-file-height="2988" /></a><figcaption>Kwakwaka'wakw ritual mask (painted wood, fiber, and cord)</figcaption></figure> <p>North American indigenous cultures in the <a href="/wiki/Arctic" title="Arctic">Arctic</a> and para-Arctic regions have tended towards simple religious practice but a highly evolved and rich mythology, especially concerning hunting. In some areas, annual <a href="/wiki/Shamanic" class="mw-redirect" title="Shamanic">shamanic</a> ceremonies involved masked dances and these strongly abstracted masks are arguably the most striking artifacts produced in this region. <a href="/wiki/Inuit" title="Inuit">Inuit</a> groups vary widely and share neither a common mythology nor language. Not surprisingly their <a href="/wiki/Masks_among_Eskimo_peoples" title="Masks among Eskimo peoples">mask traditions</a> are also often different, although their masks are often made out of driftwood, animal skins, bones, and feathers. In some areas Inuit women use finger masks during storytelling and dancing.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Indigenous <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Northwest" title="Pacific Northwest">Pacific Northwest</a> coastal cultural groups generally included highly skilled <a href="/wiki/Woodworkers" class="mw-redirect" title="Woodworkers">woodworkers</a>. Their masks were often masterpieces of carving, sometimes with movable jaws, with the parts sometimes moved by pulling cords, or a mask within a mask to represent a magical transformation. The carving of masks was an important feature of woodcraft, along with many other features that often combined the utilitarian with the symbolic, such as <a href="/wiki/Shield" title="Shield">shields</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canoes" class="mw-redirect" title="Canoes">canoes</a>, poles, and houses. </p><p>Woodland tribes, especially in the northeastern and around the <a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes" title="Great Lakes">Great Lakes</a>, cross-fertilized culturally with one another. The <a href="/wiki/Iroquois" title="Iroquois">Iroquois</a> made spectacular wooden '<a href="/wiki/False_Face_Society" title="False Face Society">false face</a>' masks, used in healing ceremonies and carved from living trees. These masks appear in a great variety of shapes, depending on their precise function. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Pueblo" title="Pueblo">Pueblo</a> craftsmen produced impressive work for masked religious ritual, especially the <a href="/wiki/Hopi" title="Hopi">Hopi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zuni_people" title="Zuni people">Zuni</a>. The <i><a href="/wiki/Kachina" title="Kachina">kachinas</a></i> (gods and spirits) frequently take the form of highly distinctive and elaborate masks that are used in ritual dances. These are usually made of leather with appendages of fur, feathers, or leaves. Some cover the face, some the whole head, and are often highly abstracted forms. <a href="/wiki/Navajo_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Navajo people">Navajo</a> masks appear to be inspired by the Pueblo prototypes.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In modern immigrant Euro-American culture, masking is a common feature of <a href="/wiki/Mardi_Gras" title="Mardi Gras">Mardi Gras</a> traditions, most notably <a href="/wiki/New_Orleans_Mardi_Gras" class="mw-redirect" title="New Orleans Mardi Gras">in New Orleans</a>. Costumes and masks (originally inspired by <a href="/wiki/Masquerade_ball" title="Masquerade ball">masquerade balls</a>) are frequently worn by "<a href="/wiki/Krewe" title="Krewe">krewe</a>"-members on Mardi Gras Day; local laws against using a mask to conceal one's identity are suspended for the day. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Latin_America">Latin America</h3></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Xiuhtecuhtli_(mask).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Xiuhtecuhtli_%28mask%29.jpg/120px-Xiuhtecuhtli_%28mask%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Xiuhtecuhtli_%28mask%29.jpg/250px-Xiuhtecuhtli_%28mask%29.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="3898" data-file-height="5198" /></a><figcaption>Aztec mask of <a href="/wiki/Xiuhtecuhtli" title="Xiuhtecuhtli">Xiuhtecuhtli</a>, c. 1500, of <a href="/wiki/Mixtec" title="Mixtec">Mixtec</a>-Aztec provenance</figcaption></figure> <p>Distinctive styles of masks began to emerge in pre-Hispanic America about 1200 BC, although there is evidence of far older mask forms. In the <a href="/wiki/Andes" title="Andes">Andes</a>, masks were used to dress the faces of the dead. These were originally made of fabric, but later burial masks were sometimes made of beaten <a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">copper</a> or <a href="/wiki/Gold" title="Gold">gold</a>, and occasionally of <a href="/wiki/Clay" title="Clay">clay</a>. </p><p>For the <a href="/wiki/Aztecs" title="Aztecs">Aztecs</a>, human skulls were prized as war <a href="/wiki/Trophy" title="Trophy">trophies</a>, and skull masks were not uncommon. Masks were also used as part of court entertainments, possibly combining political with religious significance. </p><p>In post-colonial Latin America, <a href="/wiki/Pre-Columbian" class="mw-redirect" title="Pre-Columbian">pre-Columbian</a> traditions merged with Christian rituals, and syncretic masquerades and ceremonies, such as <a href="/wiki/All_Souls%27_Day" title="All Souls' Day">All Souls</a>/<a href="/wiki/Day_of_the_Dead" title="Day of the Dead">Day of the Dead</a> developed, despite efforts of the Church to stamp out the indigenous traditions. Masks remain an important feature of popular carnivals and religious dances, such as <a href="/wiki/Moros_y_Cristianos" class="mw-redirect" title="Moros y Cristianos">The Dance of the Moors and Christians</a>. Mexico, in particular, retains a great deal of creativity in the production of masks, encouraged by collectors. <a href="/wiki/Lucha_libre" title="Lucha libre">Wrestling</a> matches, where it is common for the participants to <a href="/wiki/Wrestling_mask" title="Wrestling mask">wear masks</a>, are very popular, and many of the wrestlers can be considered folk heroes. For instance, the popular wrestler <a href="/wiki/El_Santo" title="El Santo">El Santo</a> continued wearing his mask after retirement, revealed his face briefly only in old age, and was buried wearing his silver mask.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Asia">Asia</h3></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="China">China</h4></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Beijing_opera_mask.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Beijing_opera_mask.jpg/120px-Beijing_opera_mask.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Beijing_opera_mask.jpg/250px-Beijing_opera_mask.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="533" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Peking_opera" title="Peking opera">Peking opera</a> mask</figcaption></figure> <p>In China, masks are thought to have originated in ancient religious ceremonies. Images of people wearing masks have been found in rock paintings along the <a href="/wiki/Yangtze" title="Yangtze">Yangtze</a>. Later mask forms brings together myths and symbols from <a href="/wiki/Shamanism" title="Shamanism">shamanism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Emigh-1996_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Emigh-1996-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%E9%9D%92%E9%93%9C%E7%BA%B5%E7%9B%AE%E9%9D%A2%E5%85%B7B.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/%E9%9D%92%E9%93%9C%E7%BA%B5%E7%9B%AE%E9%9D%A2%E5%85%B7B.jpg/220px-%E9%9D%92%E9%93%9C%E7%BA%B5%E7%9B%AE%E9%9D%A2%E5%85%B7B.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/%E9%9D%92%E9%93%9C%E7%BA%B5%E7%9B%AE%E9%9D%A2%E5%85%B7B.jpg/330px-%E9%9D%92%E9%93%9C%E7%BA%B5%E7%9B%AE%E9%9D%A2%E5%85%B7B.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/%E9%9D%92%E9%93%9C%E7%BA%B5%E7%9B%AE%E9%9D%A2%E5%85%B7B.jpg/440px-%E9%9D%92%E9%93%9C%E7%BA%B5%E7%9B%AE%E9%9D%A2%E5%85%B7B.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Sanxingdui" title="Sanxingdui">Sanxingdui</a> Bronze Mask with Protruding Eyes, <a href="/wiki/Shu_(state)" class="mw-redirect" title="Shu (state)">Shu</a></figcaption></figure> <p><i>Shigong</i> dance masks were used in shamanic rituals to thank the gods, while <a href="/wiki/Nuo_opera" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuo opera"><i>nuo</i></a> dance masks protected from bad spirits. Wedding masks were used to pray for good luck and a lasting marriage, and "Swallowing Animal" masks were associated with protecting the home and symbolised the "swallowing" of disaster. Opera masks were used in a basic "common" form of opera performed without a stage or backdrops. These led to colourful facial patterns that we see in today's <a href="/wiki/Peking_opera" title="Peking opera">Peking opera</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="India/Sri_Lanka/Indo-China"><span id="India.2FSri_Lanka.2FIndo-China"></span>India/Sri Lanka/Indo-China</h4></div> <p>Masked characters, usually divinities, are a central feature of Indian dramatic forms, many based on depicting the epics <a href="/wiki/Mahabharata" title="Mahabharata">Mahabharata</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ramayana" title="Ramayana">Ramayana</a>. Countries that have had strong Indian cultural influences – <a href="/wiki/Cambodia" title="Cambodia">Cambodia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Burma" class="mw-redirect" title="Burma">Burma</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a>, and Lao – have developed the Indian forms, combined with local myths, and developed their own characteristic styles. </p><p>The masks are usually highly exaggerated and formalised, and share an aesthetic with the carved images of monstrous heads that dominate the facades of <a href="/wiki/Hindu" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu">Hindu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Buddhist" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhist">Buddhist</a> temples. These faces or <i>Kirtimukhas</i>, 'Visages of Glory', are intended to ward off evil and are associated with the animal world as well as the divine. During ceremonies, these visages are given active form in the great mask dramas of the South and South-eastern Asian region.<sup id="cite_ref-Emigh-1996_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Emigh-1996-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Indonesia">Indonesia</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Topeng" class="mw-redirect" title="Topeng">Topeng</a></div> <p>In Indonesia, the mask dance predates Hindu-Buddhist influences. It is believed that the use of masks is related to the cult of the ancestors, which considered dancers the interpreters of the gods. <a href="/wiki/Native_Indonesian" class="mw-redirect" title="Native Indonesian">Native Indonesian</a> tribes such as <a href="/wiki/Dayak_people" title="Dayak people">Dayak</a> have masked Hudoq dance that represents nature spirits. In <a href="/wiki/Java" title="Java">Java</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bali" title="Bali">Bali</a>, masked dance is commonly called <i><a href="/wiki/Topeng" class="mw-redirect" title="Topeng">topeng</a></i> and demonstrated Hindu influences as it often feature epics such as <i><a href="/wiki/Ramayana" title="Ramayana">Ramayana</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Mahabharata" title="Mahabharata">Mahabharata</a></i>. The native story of <a href="/wiki/Panji_(prince)" class="mw-redirect" title="Panji (prince)">Panji</a> also popular in topeng masked dance. Indonesian topeng dance styles are widely distributed, such as topeng Bali, Cirebon, Betawi, Malang, Yogyakarta, and Solo. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Japan">Japan</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%E5%A4%A9%E7%8B%97%E3%81%AE%E9%9D%A2%E9%89%84%E8%BC%AA%E6%B8%A9%E6%B3%89PB060289.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/%E5%A4%A9%E7%8B%97%E3%81%AE%E9%9D%A2%E9%89%84%E8%BC%AA%E6%B8%A9%E6%B3%89PB060289.jpg/250px-%E5%A4%A9%E7%8B%97%E3%81%AE%E9%9D%A2%E9%89%84%E8%BC%AA%E6%B8%A9%E6%B3%89PB060289.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/%E5%A4%A9%E7%8B%97%E3%81%AE%E9%9D%A2%E9%89%84%E8%BC%AA%E6%B8%A9%E6%B3%89PB060289.jpg/330px-%E5%A4%A9%E7%8B%97%E3%81%AE%E9%9D%A2%E9%89%84%E8%BC%AA%E6%B8%A9%E6%B3%89PB060289.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/%E5%A4%A9%E7%8B%97%E3%81%AE%E9%9D%A2%E9%89%84%E8%BC%AA%E6%B8%A9%E6%B3%89PB060289.jpg/500px-%E5%A4%A9%E7%8B%97%E3%81%AE%E9%9D%A2%E9%89%84%E8%BC%AA%E6%B8%A9%E6%B3%89PB060289.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960" /></a><figcaption>Mask of <a href="/wiki/Tengu" title="Tengu">Tengu</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Japanese masks are part of a very old and highly sophisticated and stylized theatrical tradition. Although the roots are in prehistoric myths and cults, they have developed into refined art forms. The oldest masks are the <i>gigaku</i>. The form no longer exists, and was probably a type of dance presentation. The <i>bugaku</i> developed from this – a complex dance-drama that used masks with moveable jaws. </p><p>The <i>nō</i> or <a href="/wiki/Noh" title="Noh">noh</a> mask evolved from the gigaku and bugaku and are acted entirely by men. The masks are worn throughout very long performances and are consequently very light. The <i>nō</i> mask is the supreme achievement of Japanese mask-making. <i>Nō</i> masks represent gods, men, women, madmen and devils, and each category has many sub-divisions. <i><a href="/wiki/Ky%C5%8Dgen" title="Kyōgen">Kyōgen</a></i> are short farces with their own masks, and accompany the tragic nō plays. <a href="/wiki/Kabuki" title="Kabuki">Kabuki</a> is the theatre of modern Japan, rooted in the older forms, but in this form masks are replaced by painted faces.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Korea">Korea</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A_Korean_Mask.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/A_Korean_Mask.jpg/250px-A_Korean_Mask.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/A_Korean_Mask.jpg/330px-A_Korean_Mask.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/A_Korean_Mask.jpg/500px-A_Korean_Mask.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3872" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>A Korean mask worn by a <a href="/wiki/Talchum" title="Talchum">Talchum</a> performer</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Korean_mask" title="Korean mask">Korean mask</a></div> <p>Korean masks have a long tradition associated with shamanism and later in ritual dance. Korean masks were used in war, on both soldiers and their horses; ceremonially, for burial rites in jade and bronze and for shamanistic ceremonies to drive away evil spirits; to remember the faces of great historical figures in death masks; and in the arts, particularly in ritual dances, courtly, and theatrical plays. The present uses are as miniature masks for tourist souvenirs, or on <a href="/wiki/Mobile_phone" title="Mobile phone">mobile phones</a>, where they hang as good-luck talismans. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Korea-Andong-Hahoe.Village-04.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Korea-Andong-Hahoe.Village-04.jpg/250px-Korea-Andong-Hahoe.Village-04.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Korea-Andong-Hahoe.Village-04.jpg/330px-Korea-Andong-Hahoe.Village-04.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Korea-Andong-Hahoe.Village-04.jpg/500px-Korea-Andong-Hahoe.Village-04.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>traditional Korean masks, <a href="/wiki/Hahoetal" title="Hahoetal">Hahoetal</a> (Kaksi, Yangban and Sonpi)</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Middle_East">Middle East</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ancient_iranian_mask.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Ancient_iranian_mask.jpg/250px-Ancient_iranian_mask.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="79" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Ancient_iranian_mask.jpg/330px-Ancient_iranian_mask.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Ancient_iranian_mask.jpg/500px-Ancient_iranian_mask.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="230" /></a><figcaption>Golden masks excavated from the <a href="/wiki/Kalmakareh_Cave" title="Kalmakareh Cave">Kalmakareh Cave</a> in <a href="/wiki/Lorestan" class="mw-redirect" title="Lorestan">Lorestan</a>, Iran, first half of first Millennium BC, <a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_Iran" title="National Museum of Iran">National Museum of Iran</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Theatre in the Middle East, as elsewhere, was initially of a ritual nature, dramatising human relationships with nature, the deities, and other human beings. It grew out of sacred rites of myths and legends performed by priests and lay actors at fixed times and often in fixed locations. Folk theatre – mime, mask, puppetry, farce, juggling – had a ritual context in that it was performed at religious or rites of passage such as days of naming, circumcisions, and marriages. Over time, some of these contextual ritual enactments became divorced from their religious meaning and they were performed throughout the year. Some 2500 years ago, kings and commoners alike were entertained by dance and mime accompanied by music where the dancers often wore masks, a vestige of an earlier era when such dances were enacted as religious rites. According to <a href="/wiki/George_Goyan" title="George Goyan">George Goyan</a>, this practice evoked that of Roman funeral rites where masked actor-dancers represented the deceased with motions and gestures mimicking those of the deceased while singing the praise of their lives (see <i> Masks in Performance</i> above).<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Europe">Europe</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Theatre_Olympics_2023_(3).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Theatre_Olympics_2023_%283%29.jpg/250px-Theatre_Olympics_2023_%283%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="211" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Theatre_Olympics_2023_%283%29.jpg/330px-Theatre_Olympics_2023_%283%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Theatre_Olympics_2023_%283%29.jpg/500px-Theatre_Olympics_2023_%283%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3123" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>Greek mask</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bud%C4%93%C4%BCi.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Bud%C4%93%C4%BCi.JPG/250px-Bud%C4%93%C4%BCi.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Bud%C4%93%C4%BCi.JPG/330px-Bud%C4%93%C4%BCi.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Bud%C4%93%C4%BCi.JPG/500px-Bud%C4%93%C4%BCi.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1007" data-file-height="652" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Mete%C5%86i" title="Meteņi">Meteņi</a> <a href="/wiki/Mumming" class="mw-redirect" title="Mumming">mumming</a> group (<a href="/wiki/Bud%C4%93%C4%BCi" class="mw-redirect" title="Budēļi">Budēļi</a>, Buduļi or Būduļi) of <a href="/wiki/Zemgale" class="mw-redirect" title="Zemgale">Zemgale</a> and <a href="/wiki/Courland" title="Courland">Courland</a> regions in <a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a>, 2016<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Venice_carnival_costume_with_mask_and_hat_-_transparent.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Venice_carnival_costume_with_mask_and_hat_-_transparent.png/220px-Venice_carnival_costume_with_mask_and_hat_-_transparent.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="294" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Venice_carnival_costume_with_mask_and_hat_-_transparent.png/330px-Venice_carnival_costume_with_mask_and_hat_-_transparent.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Venice_carnival_costume_with_mask_and_hat_-_transparent.png/440px-Venice_carnival_costume_with_mask_and_hat_-_transparent.png 2x" data-file-width="539" data-file-height="720" /></a><figcaption>A Venetian carnival mask</figcaption></figure> <p>The oldest representations of masks in Europe are animal masks, such as the <a href="/wiki/Cave_paintings" class="mw-redirect" title="Cave paintings">cave paintings</a> of <a href="/wiki/Lascaux" title="Lascaux">Lascaux</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Dordogne" title="Dordogne">Dordogne</a> in southern France. Such masks survive in the alpine regions of Austria and Switzerland, and may be connected with hunting or <a href="/wiki/Shamanism" title="Shamanism">shamanism</a>. Masks are used throughout Europe in modern times, and are frequently integrated into regional folk celebrations and customs. Old masks are preserved and can be seen in <a href="/wiki/Museum" title="Museum">museums</a> and other collections, and much research has been undertaken into the historical origins of masks. Most probably represent <a href="/wiki/Animism" title="Animism">nature spirits</a>, and as a result many of the associated customs are seasonal. The original significance would have survived only until the introduction of <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a>, which incorporated many of the customs into its own traditions. In that process their meanings were changed also so, for example, old <a href="/wiki/God" title="God">gods</a> and goddesses originally associated with the celebrations were demonised and viewed as mere <a href="/wiki/Devil" title="Devil">devils</a>, or were subjugated to the <a href="/wiki/Abrahamic_God" class="mw-redirect" title="Abrahamic God">Abrahamic God</a>. </p><p>Many of the masks and characters used in European festivals belong to the contrasting categories of the 'good', or 'idealised beauty', set against the 'ugly' or 'beastly' and grotesque. This is particularly true of the Germanic and Central European festivals. Another common type is the <a href="/wiki/Jester" title="Jester">Fool</a>, sometimes considered to be the synthesis of the two contrasting types, Handsome and Ugly.<sup id="cite_ref-Mack-1994_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mack-1994-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Masks also tend to be associated with New Year and <a href="/wiki/Carnival" title="Carnival">Carnival</a> festivals. </p><p>The debate about the meaning of these and other mask forms continues in Europe, where <a href="/wiki/Monsters" class="mw-redirect" title="Monsters">monsters</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bears" class="mw-redirect" title="Bears">bears</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wild_man" title="Wild man">wild men</a>, <a href="/wiki/Harlequin" title="Harlequin">harlequins</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hobby_horse" title="Hobby horse">hobby horses</a>, and other fanciful characters appear in carnivals throughout the continent. It is generally accepted that the masks, noise, colour, and clamour are meant to drive away the forces of darkness and winter, and open the way for the spirits of light and the coming of spring.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Sardinia" title="Sardinia">Sardinia</a> existed the tradition of <i>Mamuthones e Issohadores</i> of <a href="/wiki/Mamoiada" title="Mamoiada">Mamoiada</a>; <i>Boes e Merdules</i> of <a href="/wiki/Ottana" title="Ottana">Ottana</a>; <i>Thurpos</i> of <a href="/wiki/Orotelli" title="Orotelli">Orotelli</a>; <i>S'Urtzu</i>, <i>Su 'Omadore</i> and <i>Sos Mamutzones</i> of <a href="/wiki/Samugheo" title="Samugheo">Samugheo</a>. The celebration of <a href="/wiki/Giubiana" title="Giubiana">Giubiana</a> in <a href="/wiki/Canzo" title="Canzo">Canzo</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lombardy" title="Lombardy">Lombardy</a>) preserves a tradition of masks of <a href="/wiki/Anguane" title="Anguane">anguane</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wild_man" title="Wild man">wild man</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cultural_depictions_of_bears" title="Cultural depictions of bears">bear</a> and its hunter, and Giubiana herself, among others. </p><p>Another tradition of European masks developed, more self-consciously, from court and civic events, or entertainments managed by <a href="/wiki/Guilds" class="mw-redirect" title="Guilds">guilds</a> and co-fraternities. These grew out of the earlier revels and had become evident by the 15th century in places such as Rome and <a href="/wiki/Venice" title="Venice">Venice</a>, where they developed as entertainments to enliven towns and cities. Thus the <a href="/wiki/Maundy_Thursday" title="Maundy Thursday">Maundy Thursday</a> carnival in St. Marks Square in Venice, attended by the <a href="/wiki/Doge_(title)" title="Doge (title)">Doge</a> and aristocracy, also involved the guilds, including a guild of maskmakers.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is evidence of '<a href="/wiki/Commedia_dell%27arte" title="Commedia dell'arte">commedia dell'arte</a>'-inspired <a href="/wiki/Venetian_masks" class="mw-redirect" title="Venetian masks">Venetian masks</a> and by the late 16th century the Venetian Carnival began to reach its peak and eventually lasted a whole 'season' from January until <a href="/wiki/Lent" title="Lent">Lent</a>. By the 18th century, it was already a tourist attraction, <a href="/wiki/Goethe" class="mw-redirect" title="Goethe">Goethe</a> saying that he was ugly enough not to need a mask. The carnival was repressed during the Napoleonic Republic, although in the 1980s its costumes and the masks aping the 18th century heyday were revived.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="The material near this tag failed verification of its source citation(s). (January 2021)">failed verification</span></a></i>]</sup> It appears other cities in central Europe were influenced by the Venetian model. </p><p>During the Reformation, many of these carnival customs began to die out in Protestant regions, although they seem to have survived in Catholic areas despite the opposition of the ecclesiastical authorities. So by the 19th century, the carnivals of the relatively wealthy bourgeois town communities, with elaborate masques and costumes, existed side by side with the ragged and essentially folkloric customs of the rural areas.<sup id="cite_ref-MasquesduMonde_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MasquesduMonde-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although these civic masquerades and their masks may have retained elements drawn from popular culture, the survival of carnival in the 19th century was often a consequence of a self-conscious 'folklore' movement that accompanied the rise of nationalism in many European countries.<sup id="cite_ref-Mack-1994_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mack-1994-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nowadays, during <a href="/wiki/Carnival_in_the_Netherlands" title="Carnival in the Netherlands">carnival in the Netherlands</a> masks are often replaced with face paint for more comfort. </p><p>In the beginning of the new century, on 19 August 2004, the <a href="/wiki/Bulgarians" title="Bulgarians">Bulgarian</a> archaeologist <a href="/wiki/Georgi_Kitov" title="Georgi Kitov">Georgi Kitov</a> discovered a 673 g gold mask in the burial mound "Svetitsata" near <a href="/wiki/Shipka_(town)" title="Shipka (town)">Shipka</a>, Central <a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a>. It is a very fine piece of workmanship made out of massive 23 <a href="/wiki/Fineness#Karat" title="Fineness">karat</a> gold. Unlike other masks discovered in the <a href="/wiki/Balkans" title="Balkans">Balkans</a> (of which three are in <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Macedonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of Macedonia">Republic of Macedonia</a> and two in Greece), it is now kept in the <a href="/wiki/National_Archaeological_Museum_(Bulgaria)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Archaeological Museum (Bulgaria)">National Archaeological Museum</a> in <a href="/wiki/Sofia" title="Sofia">Sofia</a>. It is considered to be the mask of a <a href="/wiki/Thracians" title="Thracians">Thracian</a> king, presumably <a href="/wiki/Teres_I" title="Teres I">Teres</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Masks_in_theatre">Masks in theatre</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/60px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Theatre_masks" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Theatre masks">Theatre masks</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Tshechu_Compilation-Oct2013.webm/220px--Tshechu_Compilation-Oct2013.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="124" data-durationhint="102" data-mwtitle="Tshechu_Compilation-Oct2013.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Tshechu_Compilation-Oct2013.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/c3/Tshechu_Compilation-Oct2013.webm/Tshechu_Compilation-Oct2013.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/c3/Tshechu_Compilation-Oct2013.webm/Tshechu_Compilation-Oct2013.webm.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/c3/Tshechu_Compilation-Oct2013.webm/Tshechu_Compilation-Oct2013.webm.1080p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="1080p.vp9.webm" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c3/Tshechu_Compilation-Oct2013.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/c3/Tshechu_Compilation-Oct2013.webm/Tshechu_Compilation-Oct2013.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/c3/Tshechu_Compilation-Oct2013.webm/Tshechu_Compilation-Oct2013.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/c3/Tshechu_Compilation-Oct2013.webm/Tshechu_Compilation-Oct2013.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /></video></span><figcaption>Masked dancers at a <a href="/wiki/Tshechu" title="Tshechu">tshechu</a> festival, <a href="/wiki/Bhutan" title="Bhutan">Bhutan</a>, 2013</figcaption></figure> <p>Masks play a key part within world theatre traditions. They continue to be a vital force within contemporary theatre, and their usage takes a variety of forms and has often developed from, or continues to be part of old, highly sophisticated, stylized theatrical traditions. </p><p>In many cultural traditions, the masked performer is a central concept and is highly valued. In the western tradition, actors in <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_theatre" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek theatre">Ancient Greek theatre</a> wore masks, as they do in traditional Japanese <a href="/wiki/Noh" title="Noh">Noh</a> drama. In some Greek masks, the wide and open mouth of the mask contained a <a href="/wiki/Brass" title="Brass">brass</a> megaphone enabling the voice of the wearer to be projected into the large auditoria. In medieval Europe, masks were used in mystery and <a href="/wiki/Miracle_plays" class="mw-redirect" title="Miracle plays">miracle plays</a> to portray allegorical creatures, and the performer representing God frequently wore a <a href="/wiki/Gold" title="Gold">gold</a> or gilt mask. During the <a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a>, <a href="/wiki/Masques" class="mw-redirect" title="Masques">masques</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ballet_de_cour" title="Ballet de cour">ballet de cour</a> developed – courtly masked entertainments that continued as part of <a href="/wiki/Ballet" title="Ballet">ballet</a> conventions until the late eighteenth century. The masked characters of the <a href="/wiki/Commedia_dell%27arte" title="Commedia dell'arte">Commedia dell'arte</a> included the ancestors of the modern clown. In contemporary western theatre, the mask is often used alongside <a href="/wiki/Puppetry" title="Puppetry">puppetry</a> to create a theatre that is essentially visual, rather than verbal, and many of its practitioners have been visual artists. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Contemporary_theatre">Contemporary theatre</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Three_pictures_of_the_same_noh_%27hawk_mask%27_showing_how_the_expression_changes_with_a_tilting_of_the_head.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Three_pictures_of_the_same_noh_%27hawk_mask%27_showing_how_the_expression_changes_with_a_tilting_of_the_head.jpg/220px-Three_pictures_of_the_same_noh_%27hawk_mask%27_showing_how_the_expression_changes_with_a_tilting_of_the_head.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="112" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Three_pictures_of_the_same_noh_%27hawk_mask%27_showing_how_the_expression_changes_with_a_tilting_of_the_head.jpg/330px-Three_pictures_of_the_same_noh_%27hawk_mask%27_showing_how_the_expression_changes_with_a_tilting_of_the_head.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Three_pictures_of_the_same_noh_%27hawk_mask%27_showing_how_the_expression_changes_with_a_tilting_of_the_head.jpg/440px-Three_pictures_of_the_same_noh_%27hawk_mask%27_showing_how_the_expression_changes_with_a_tilting_of_the_head.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1914" data-file-height="976" /></a><figcaption>Three photographs of the same <a href="/wiki/Noh" title="Noh">noh</a> mask of a woman show how her expression appears to change with a tilting of the head of the performer - to demonstrate the effect, the mask was affixed to a wall with constant lighting and only the camera was moved</figcaption></figure> <p>Masks and <a href="/wiki/Puppet" title="Puppet">puppets</a> were often incorporated into the theatre work of European <a href="/wiki/Avant-garde" title="Avant-garde">avant-garde</a> artists from the turn of the nineteenth century. <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Jarry" title="Alfred Jarry">Alfred Jarry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pablo_Picasso" title="Pablo Picasso">Pablo Picasso</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oskar_Schlemmer" title="Oskar Schlemmer">Oskar Schlemmer</a>, other artists of the <a href="/wiki/Bauhaus" title="Bauhaus">Bauhaus</a> School, as well as <a href="/wiki/Surrealists" class="mw-redirect" title="Surrealists">surrealists</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dadaists" class="mw-redirect" title="Dadaists">Dadaists</a>, experimented with theatre forms and masks in their work. </p><p>In the 20th century, many theatre practitioners, such as <a href="/wiki/Meyerhold" class="mw-redirect" title="Meyerhold">Meyerhold</a>, <a href="/wiki/Edward_Gordon_Craig" title="Edward Gordon Craig">Edward Gordon Craig</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Copeau" title="Jacques Copeau">Jacques Copeau</a>, and others in their lineage, attempted to move away from Naturalism. They turned to sources such as Oriental Theatre (particularly Japanese <a href="/wiki/Noh" title="Noh">Noh</a> theatre) and <a href="/wiki/Commedia_dell%27arte" title="Commedia dell'arte">commedia dell'arte</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Callery_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Callery-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> both of which forms feature masks prominently. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Edward_Gordon_Craig" title="Edward Gordon Craig">Edward Gordon Craig</a> (1872–1966) in <i>A Note on Masks</i> (1910) proposed the virtues of using masks over the naturalism of the actor.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Craig was highly influential, and his ideas were taken up by <a href="/wiki/Brecht" class="mw-redirect" title="Brecht">Brecht</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cocteau" class="mw-redirect" title="Cocteau">Cocteau</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jean_Genet" title="Jean Genet">Genet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eugene_O%27Neill" title="Eugene O'Neill">Eugene O'Neill</a> – and later by <a href="/wiki/John_Arden" title="John Arden">Arden</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grotowski" class="mw-redirect" title="Grotowski">Grotowski</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peter_Brook" title="Peter Brook">Brook</a>, and others who "attempted to restore a ritualistic if not actually religious significance to theatre".<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Copeau, in his attempts to "Naturalise" actors,<sup id="cite_ref-Training_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Training-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> decided to use masks to liberate them from their "excessive awkwardness". In turn, Copeau's work with masks was taken on by his students including <a href="/wiki/Etienne_Decroux" class="mw-redirect" title="Etienne Decroux">Etienne Decroux</a> and later, via <a href="/wiki/Jean_Daste" class="mw-redirect" title="Jean Daste">Jean Daste</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Lecoq" title="Jacques Lecoq">Jacques Lecoq</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Callery_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Callery-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lecoq, having worked as movement director at Teatro Piccalo in Italy, was influenced by the Commedia tradition. Lecoq met <a href="/w/index.php?title=Amleto_Satori&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Amleto Satori (page does not exist)">Amleto Satori</a>, a sculptor, and they collaborated on reviving the techniques of making traditional leather Commedia masks. Later, developing Copeau's "noble mask", Lecoq would ask Satori to make him <i>masques neutre</i> (the neutral mask). For Lecoq, masks became an important training tool, the neutral mask being designed to facilitate a state of openness in the student-performers, moving gradually on to character and expressive masks, and finally to "the smallest mask in the world" the clown's red-nose. One highly important feature of Lecoq's use of mask, wasn't so much its visual impact on stage, but how it changed the performers movement on stage. It was a body-based approach to mask work, rather than a visually led one.<sup id="cite_ref-Callery_46-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Callery-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Lecoq_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lecoq-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lecoq's pedagogy has been hugely influential for theatre practitioners in Europe working with mask and has been exported widely across the world. This work with masks also relates to <a href="/wiki/L%27%C3%89cole_Internationale_de_Th%C3%A9%C3%A2tre_Jacques_Lecoq#Laboratory_of_Movement_(LEM)" title="L'École Internationale de Théâtre Jacques Lecoq">performing with portable structures</a> and <a href="/wiki/Puppetry" title="Puppetry">puppetry</a>. Students of Lecoq have continued using masks in their work after leaving the school, such as in <a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Wright_(theatre_director)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John Wright (theatre director) (page does not exist)">John Wright</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Trestle_Theatre" title="Trestle Theatre">Trestle Theatre</a></i>. </p><p>In America, mask-work was slower to arrive, but the Guerrilla Theatre movement, typified by groups such as the <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco_Mime_Troupe" title="San Francisco Mime Troupe">San Francisco Mime Troupe</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bread_and_Puppet_Theatre" class="mw-redirect" title="Bread and Puppet Theatre">Bread and Puppet Theatre</a> took advantage of it. Influenced by modern dance, modern mime, Commedia dell'arte and Brecht such groups took to the streets to perform highly political theatre. <a href="/wiki/Peter_Schumann" title="Peter Schumann">Peter Schumann</a>, the founder of Bread and Puppet theatre, made particular use of German Carnival masks.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bread and Puppet inspired other practitioners around the world, many of whom used masks in their work. In the US and Canada, these companies include <a href="/wiki/In_the_Heart_of_the_Beast_Puppet_and_Mask_Theater" class="mw-redirect" title="In the Heart of the Beast Puppet and Mask Theater">In the Heart of the Beast Puppet and Mask Theater</a> of <a href="/wiki/Minneapolis" title="Minneapolis">Minneapolis</a>; Arm-of-the Sea Theatre from <a href="/wiki/New_York_State" class="mw-redirect" title="New York State">New York State</a>; Snake Theater from <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a>; and Shadowland Theatre of <a href="/wiki/Toronto" title="Toronto">Toronto</a>, Ontario. These companies, and others, have a strong social agenda, and combine masks, music and puppetry to create a visual theatrical form. Another route masks took into American Theatre was via dancer/choreographers such as <a href="/wiki/Mary_Wigman" title="Mary Wigman">Mary Wigman</a>, who had been using masks in dance and had emigrated to America to flee the <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi regime</a>. </p><p>In Europe, Schumann's influence combined with the early avant-garde artists to encourage groups such as Moving Picture Mime Show and <a href="/wiki/Welfare_State_International" title="Welfare State International">Welfare State</a> (both in the UK). These companies had a big influence on the next generation of groups working in visual theatre, including IOU and <a href="/wiki/Horse_and_Bamboo_Theatre" title="Horse and Bamboo Theatre">Horse and Bamboo Theatre</a>, who create a theatre in which masks are used along with puppets, film and other visual forms, with an emphasis on the narrative structure.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Functional_masks">Functional masks</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other functional masks, see <a href="/wiki/Mask_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Mask (disambiguation)">Mask (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p>Masks are also familiar as pieces of kit associated with practical functions, usually protective, including in sports and during plagues: </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Medical">Medical</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:200403-N-PH222-1006_(49745621613).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/200403-N-PH222-1006_%2849745621613%29.jpg/220px-200403-N-PH222-1006_%2849745621613%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/200403-N-PH222-1006_%2849745621613%29.jpg/330px-200403-N-PH222-1006_%2849745621613%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/200403-N-PH222-1006_%2849745621613%29.jpg/440px-200403-N-PH222-1006_%2849745621613%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4530" data-file-height="3236" /></a><figcaption>A person dons <a href="/wiki/Personal_protective_equipment" title="Personal protective equipment">PPE</a> and a <a href="/wiki/N95_respirator#Surgical_N95" title="N95 respirator">surgical N95</a> in a hospital</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:L%E1%BB%85_h%E1%BB%99i_La_V%C3%A2n.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/L%E1%BB%85_h%E1%BB%99i_La_V%C3%A2n.jpg/250px-L%E1%BB%85_h%E1%BB%99i_La_V%C3%A2n.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/L%E1%BB%85_h%E1%BB%99i_La_V%C3%A2n.jpg/330px-L%E1%BB%85_h%E1%BB%99i_La_V%C3%A2n.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/L%E1%BB%85_h%E1%BB%99i_La_V%C3%A2n.jpg/500px-L%E1%BB%85_h%E1%BB%99i_La_V%C3%A2n.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920" /></a><figcaption>Vietnamese youth wear surgical masks during the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic" title="COVID-19 pandemic">COVID-19 pandemic</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Some masks are used for medical purposes: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/N95_respirator" title="N95 respirator">N95 respirator</a>, used for the prevention of <a href="/wiki/Tuberculosis" title="Tuberculosis">tuberculosis</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Pathogens" class="mw-redirect" title="Pathogens">pathogens</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/FFP2" class="mw-redirect" title="FFP2">FFP2</a>, European equivalent</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxygen_mask" title="Oxygen mask">Oxygen mask</a>, a piece of medical equipment that assists breathing.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anesthetic_mask" class="mw-redirect" title="Anesthetic mask">Anesthetic mask</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burn_mask" title="Burn mask">Burn mask</a>, a piece of medical equipment that protects the burn tissue from contact with other surfaces, and minimises the risk of infection.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surgical_mask" title="Surgical mask">Surgical mask</a>, a tool for <a href="/wiki/Source_control_(respiratory_disease)" title="Source control (respiratory disease)">respiratory source control</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Face_shield" title="Face shield">Face shield</a>, to protect a medical professional from bodily fluids.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pocket_mask" title="Pocket mask">Pocket mask</a> or <i>CPR mask</i>, used to safely deliver rescue breaths during a cardiac arrest or respiratory arrest.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cloth_face_mask" title="Cloth face mask">Cloth face mask</a>, an alternative to respirators and surgical masks during shortages.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Protective">Protective</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Police_officer_wearing_half-mask_respirator.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Police_officer_wearing_half-mask_respirator.jpg/250px-Police_officer_wearing_half-mask_respirator.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="274" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Police_officer_wearing_half-mask_respirator.jpg/330px-Police_officer_wearing_half-mask_respirator.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Police_officer_wearing_half-mask_respirator.jpg/440px-Police_officer_wearing_half-mask_respirator.jpg 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="560" /></a><figcaption>Protective <a href="/wiki/Elastomeric_respirator" title="Elastomeric respirator">reusable filter mask</a> worn by <a href="/wiki/NYPD" class="mw-redirect" title="NYPD">NYPD</a> officer</figcaption></figure> <p>Protective masks are pieces of kit or equipment worn on the head and face to afford protection to the wearer, and today usually have these functions: </p> <ul><li>Providing a supply of air or filtering the outside air (<a href="/wiki/Respirator" title="Respirator">respirators</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dust_mask" title="Dust mask">dust masks</a>).</li> <li>Protecting the face against flying objects or dangerous environments, while allowing vision.</li></ul> <p>In Roman <a href="/wiki/Gladiator" title="Gladiator">gladiatorial</a> tournaments masks were sometimes used. From archaeological evidence it is clear that these were not only protective but also helped make the wearer appear more intimidating. In <a href="/wiki/Medieval" class="mw-redirect" title="Medieval">medieval</a> Europe and in Japan soldiers and <a href="/wiki/Samurai" title="Samurai">samurai</a> wore similarly ferocious-looking protective <a href="/wiki/Armour" title="Armour">armour</a>, extending to face-masks. </p><p>In the 16th century, the <a href="/wiki/Visard" title="Visard">Visard</a> was worn by women to protect from <a href="/wiki/Sunburn" title="Sunburn">sunburn</a>. Today this function is attributed to thin balaclavas. </p><p>In sport the protective mask will often have a secondary function to make the wearer appear more impressive as a competitor. </p><p>Before strong transparent materials such as <a href="/wiki/Polycarbonate" title="Polycarbonate">polycarbonate</a> were invented, <a href="/wiki/Visor" title="Visor">visors</a> to protect the face had to be opaque with small eyeslits, and were a sort of mask, as often in mediaeval suits of <a href="/wiki/Armour" title="Armour">armour</a>, and (for example) <a href="/wiki/Old_Norse" title="Old Norse">Old Norse</a> <i>grímr</i> meant "mask or visor". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Disguise">Disguise</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Balaclava_3_hole_black.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Balaclava_3_hole_black.jpg/220px-Balaclava_3_hole_black.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Balaclava_3_hole_black.jpg/330px-Balaclava_3_hole_black.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Balaclava_3_hole_black.jpg/440px-Balaclava_3_hole_black.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3042" data-file-height="2028" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Ribbing_(knitting)" title="Ribbing (knitting)">rib knit</a> three-hole balaclava allows the wearer to protect the face against cold air or hinder <a href="/wiki/Recognition_of_human_individuals" class="mw-redirect" title="Recognition of human individuals">recognition</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:London_QVS_April_12_2008_0010_Anons.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/London_QVS_April_12_2008_0010_Anons.jpg/220px-London_QVS_April_12_2008_0010_Anons.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="236" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/London_QVS_April_12_2008_0010_Anons.jpg/330px-London_QVS_April_12_2008_0010_Anons.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/London_QVS_April_12_2008_0010_Anons.jpg/440px-London_QVS_April_12_2008_0010_Anons.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2345" data-file-height="2517" /></a><figcaption>Members of <i><a href="/wiki/Anonymous_(group)" class="mw-redirect" title="Anonymous (group)">Anonymous</a></i> wear Guy Fawkes masks while protesting against the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Scientology" title="Church of Scientology">Church of Scientology</a>, 2008, London</figcaption></figure> <p>Masks are sometimes used to avoid <a href="/wiki/Recognition_of_human_individuals" class="mw-redirect" title="Recognition of human individuals">recognition</a>. As a disguise the mask acts as a form of protection for the wearer who wishes to assume a role or task without being identified by others. </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robber" class="mw-redirect" title="Robber">Robbers</a> and other criminal perpetrators may wear masks as a means in concealing their faces and thus identities from their victims and from law enforcement.</li> <li>Occasionally a <a href="/wiki/Witness" title="Witness">witness</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Prosecution" class="mw-redirect" title="Prosecution">prosecution</a> appears in <a href="/wiki/Court" title="Court">court</a> in a mask to avoid being recognized by associates of the accused.</li> <li>Participants in a <a href="/wiki/Black_bloc" title="Black bloc">black bloc</a> at <a href="/wiki/Protest" title="Protest">protests</a> usually wear masks, often <a href="/wiki/Kerchief" title="Kerchief">bandannas</a>, to avoid recognition, and to try to protect against any <a href="/wiki/Riot_control_agent" class="mw-redirect" title="Riot control agent">riot control agents</a> used.</li> <li>In fiction, <a href="/wiki/Superhero" title="Superhero">superheroes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Supervillain" title="Supervillain">supervillains</a> often wear masks or <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/cowl" class="extiw" title="wikt:cowl">cowls</a> for protection and to <a href="/wiki/Brand" title="Brand">brand</a> themselves.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>Masks are also used to prevent recognition while showing membership of a group: </p> <ul><li>Masks are use by penitents in ceremonies to disguise their identity in order to make the act of penitence more selfless. The <a href="/wiki/Semana_Santa" class="mw-redirect" title="Semana Santa">Semana Santa</a> parades throughout Spain and in <a href="/wiki/Hispanic" title="Hispanic">Hispanic</a> or <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic</a> countries throughout the world are examples of this, with their cone-shaped masks known as <a href="/wiki/Capirote" title="Capirote">capirote</a>.</li> <li>Masks are used by <a href="/wiki/Vigilante" class="mw-redirect" title="Vigilante">vigilante</a> groups.</li> <li>The cone-shaped mask in particular is identified with the <a href="/wiki/Ku_Klux_Klan" title="Ku Klux Klan">Ku Klux Klan</a> in a self-conscious effort to combine the hiding of personal identity with the promotion of a powerful and intimidating image.</li> <li>Members of the group <a href="/wiki/Anonymous_(group)" class="mw-redirect" title="Anonymous (group)">Anonymous</a> frequently wear masks (usually <a href="/wiki/Guy_Fawkes_mask" title="Guy Fawkes mask">Guy Fawkes masks</a>, best known from <i><a href="/wiki/V_for_Vendetta" title="V for Vendetta">V for Vendetta</a></i>) when they attend protests.</li></ul> <p>While the <a href="/wiki/Niq%C4%81b" title="Niqāb">niqāb</a> usually shows membership of some <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islamic</a> community, its purpose is not to hinder recognition, although it falls under some <a href="/wiki/Anti-mask_laws" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-mask laws">anti-mask laws</a> such as the <a href="/wiki/French_ban_on_face_covering" title="French ban on face covering">French ban on face covering</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Occupational">Occupational</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/NIOSH_air_filtration_rating" title="NIOSH air filtration rating">NIOSH air filtration rating</a>, <a href="/wiki/FFP_standards" class="mw-redirect" title="FFP standards">FFP standards</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Breathing_apparatus" title="Breathing apparatus">breathing apparatus</a></div> <ul><li>Beaked masks containing herbs in the beak were worn in <a href="/wiki/Early_modern_Europe" title="Early modern Europe">early modern Europe</a> by plague doctors<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS"><span title="This claim needs references to better sources. (January 2021)">better source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> to try to ward off the <a href="/wiki/Black_Death" title="Black Death">Black Death</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filter_mask" class="mw-redirect" title="Filter mask">Filter mask</a>, a piece of safety equipment.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fullface_mask" class="mw-redirect" title="Fullface mask">Full-face diving mask</a> as part of <a href="/wiki/Self-contained_breathing_apparatus" title="Self-contained breathing apparatus">self-contained breathing apparatus</a> for divers and others; some let the wearer talk to others through a built-in communication device</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Respirator" title="Respirator">Respirator</a> (gas or particulate mask), a mask worn on the face to protect the body from airborne pollutants and toxic materials, and fine <a href="/wiki/Particulate_matter" class="mw-redirect" title="Particulate matter">particulate matter</a> or infectious particles.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxygen_mask" title="Oxygen mask">Oxygen mask</a> worn by high-altitude pilots, or used in medicine to deliver oxygen, anesthetic, or other gases to patients</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welding_mask" class="mw-redirect" title="Welding mask">Welding mask</a> to protect the welder's face and eyes from the brightness and sparks created during welding</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sports">Sports</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:20081122_Brandon_Graham_and_Terrell_Pryor.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/20081122_Brandon_Graham_and_Terrell_Pryor.jpg/250px-20081122_Brandon_Graham_and_Terrell_Pryor.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/20081122_Brandon_Graham_and_Terrell_Pryor.jpg/330px-20081122_Brandon_Graham_and_Terrell_Pryor.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/20081122_Brandon_Graham_and_Terrell_Pryor.jpg/500px-20081122_Brandon_Graham_and_Terrell_Pryor.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2323" data-file-height="1857" /></a><figcaption>An American football player wearing a mask that protects his face from another player's hand</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_football_protective_equipment#Helmet" class="mw-redirect" title="American football protective equipment">American football helmet face mask</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balaclava_(clothing)" title="Balaclava (clothing)">Balaclava</a>, also known as a "ski mask", to protect the face against cold air.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baseball" title="Baseball">Baseball</a> catcher's mask.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_mask" title="Diving mask">Diving mask</a>, an item of diving equipment that allows scuba divers, free-divers, and snorkelers to see clearly underwater.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fencing" title="Fencing">Fencing</a> mask.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goaltender_mask" title="Goaltender mask">Goaltender mask</a>, a mask worn by an <a href="/wiki/Ice_hockey" title="Ice hockey">ice</a> or <a href="/wiki/Field_hockey" title="Field hockey">field hockey</a> goaltender to protect the head and face from injury.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurling" title="Hurling">Hurling</a> helmets were made mandatory in 2010, and have a wire mask on the front to protect the player's face.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kendo" title="Kendo">Kendo</a>, a mask called <i>Men</i> is used in this Japanese sword-fighting martial art.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paintball_mask" class="mw-redirect" title="Paintball mask">Paintball mask</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visor_(ice_hockey)" class="mw-redirect" title="Visor (ice hockey)">Visor (ice hockey)</a>.</li></ul> <p>An interesting example of a sports mask that confounds the protective function is the <a href="/wiki/Wrestling_mask" title="Wrestling mask">wrestling mask</a>, a mask most widely used in the Mexican/Latin <a href="/wiki/Lucha_libre" title="Lucha libre">lucha libre</a> style of wrestling. In modern lucha libre, masks are colourfully designed to evoke the images of animals, <a href="/wiki/Deity" title="Deity">gods</a>, ancient <a href="/wiki/Hero" title="Hero">heroes</a>, and other <a href="/wiki/Archetypes" class="mw-redirect" title="Archetypes">archetypes</a>. The mask is considered "sacred" to some degree, placing its role closer to the ritual and performance function.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Punitive">Punitive</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mask_of_shame.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Mask_of_shame.jpg/250px-Mask_of_shame.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="294" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Mask_of_shame.jpg/330px-Mask_of_shame.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Mask_of_shame.jpg/500px-Mask_of_shame.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1712" data-file-height="2288" /></a><figcaption>A medieval "<a href="/wiki/Scold%27s_bridle" title="Scold's bridle">Mask of Shame</a>"</figcaption></figure> <p>Masks are sometimes used to punish the wearer either by signalling their humiliation or causing direct suffering: </p> <ul><li>Particularly uncomfortable types, such as an iron mask, for example the <a href="/wiki/Scold%27s_bridle" title="Scold's bridle">Scold's bridle</a>, are fit as devices for humiliation, <a href="/wiki/Corporal_punishment" title="Corporal punishment">corporal punishment</a> or <a href="/wiki/Torture" title="Torture">torture</a>.</li> <li>Masks were used to alienate and <i>silence</i> prisoners in Australian jails in the late 19th century. They were made of white cloth and covered the face, leaving only the eyes visible.</li> <li>Use of masks is also common in <a href="/wiki/BDSM" title="BDSM">BDSM</a> practices.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Fashion">Fashion</h2></div> <p>Decorative masks may be worn as part of a costume outside of ritual or ceremonial functions. This is often described as a <a href="/wiki/Masque" title="Masque">masque</a>, and relates closely to <a href="/wiki/Carnival" title="Carnival">carnival</a> styles. For example, attendants of a costume party will sometimes wear masks as part of their costumes. </p><p>Several artists in the 20th and 21st century, such as <a href="/wiki/Isamaya_Ffrench" title="Isamaya Ffrench">Isamaya Ffrench</a> and <a href="/wiki/Damselfrau" title="Damselfrau">Damselfrau</a>, create masks as <a href="/wiki/Wearable_art" title="Wearable art">wearable art</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-damselfrau_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-damselfrau-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wrestling_mask" title="Wrestling mask">Wrestling masks</a> are used most widely in <a href="/wiki/Lucha_libre" title="Lucha libre">Mexican</a> and Japanese wrestling. A wrestler's mask is usually related to a wrestler's <a href="/wiki/Persona" title="Persona">persona</a> (for example, a wrestler known as 'The Panda' might wear a mask with a panda's facial markings). Often, wrestlers will put their masks on the line against other wrestlers' masks, titles or an opponent's hair. While in Mexico and Japan, masks are a sign of tradition, they are looked down upon in the United States and Canada.</li> <li>Several bands and performers, notably members of the groups <a href="/wiki/Slipknot_(band)" title="Slipknot (band)">Slipknot</a>, Mental Creepers and <a href="/wiki/Gwar" title="Gwar">Gwar</a>, and the guitarist <a href="/wiki/Buckethead" title="Buckethead">Buckethead</a>, wear masks when they perform on stage. Several other groups, including <a href="/wiki/Kiss_(band)" title="Kiss (band)">Kiss</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alice_Cooper" title="Alice Cooper">Alice Cooper</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Dimmu_Borgir" title="Dimmu Borgir">Dimmu Borgir</a> simulate the effect with facepaint. <a href="/wiki/Hollywood_Undead" title="Hollywood Undead">Hollywood Undead</a> also wears masks but often remove them mid-performance.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leather-working" class="mw-redirect" title="Leather-working">Leather-working</a>, <a href="/wiki/Steampunk" title="Steampunk">steampunk</a>, and other methods and themes are occasionally used to create <a href="/wiki/Artisanal" class="mw-redirect" title="Artisanal">artisanal</a> <a href="/wiki/Gas_masks" class="mw-redirect" title="Gas masks">gas masks</a>.</li></ul> <p>One user of masks in fashion is musician and fashion designer <a href="/wiki/Kanye_West" title="Kanye West">Kanye West</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> West has donned masks from <a href="/wiki/Balenciaga" title="Balenciaga">Balenciaga</a> and <a href="/wiki/Maison_Margiela" title="Maison Margiela">Maison Margiela</a>, most notably on his <a href="/wiki/The_Yeezus_Tour" title="The Yeezus Tour">Yeezus Tour</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_works_of_fiction">In works of fiction</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Masked_villain" title="Masked villain">Masked villain</a></div> <p>Masks have been used in many <a href="/wiki/Horror_film" title="Horror film">horror films</a> to conceal the identities of the killer. Notable examples include <a href="/wiki/Jason_Voorhees" title="Jason Voorhees">Jason Voorhees</a> of the <i><a href="/wiki/Friday_the_13th_(franchise)" title="Friday the 13th (franchise)">Friday the 13th</a></i> series, <a href="/wiki/Jigsaw_(Saw_character)" title="Jigsaw (Saw character)">Jigsaw Killer</a> from <a href="/wiki/Saw_(2004_film)" class="mw-redirect" title="Saw (2004 film)">Saw</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ghostface_(identity)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghostface (identity)">Ghostface</a> of the <i><a href="/wiki/Scream_(franchise)" title="Scream (franchise)">Scream</a></i> series, and <a href="/wiki/Michael_Myers_(Halloween)" title="Michael Myers (Halloween)">Michael Myers</a> of the <i><a href="/wiki/Halloween_(franchise)" title="Halloween (franchise)">Halloween</a></i> series. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Drama">Drama</h3></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bridal_Mask" title="Bridal Mask">Bridal Mask</a> - 2012 South Korean television series</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_types">Other types</h2></div> <ul><li>A "<a href="/wiki/Buccal_mask" title="Buccal mask">buccal mask</a>" is a mask that covers only the cheeks (hence the adjective "buccal") and mouth.</li> <li>A <a href="/wiki/Death_mask" title="Death mask">death mask</a> is a mask either cast from or applied to the face of a recently deceased person.</li> <li>A "<a href="/wiki/Facial" title="Facial">facial</a>" (short for facial mask) is a temporary mask, not solid, used in cosmetics or as therapy for skin treatment.</li> <li>A "life mask" is a <a href="/wiki/Plaster" title="Plaster">plaster</a> cast of a face, used as a model for making a painting or sculpture.</li> <li>An <a href="/wiki/Animal_roleplay" title="Animal roleplay">animal roleplay</a> mask is used for people to create a more animal-like image in fetish role play.</li> <li>A variety of technologies attempt to fool facial recognition software by the use of <a href="/wiki/Anti-facial_recognition_mask" title="Anti-facial recognition mask">anti-facial recognition masks</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Bryson_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bryson-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gallery">Gallery</h2></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kwakwaka%27wakw._Baleen_Whale_Mask,_19th_century.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Kwakwaka'wakw, Baleen Whale Mask, 19th century, Brooklyn Museum"><img alt="Kwakwaka'wakw, Baleen Whale Mask, 19th century, Brooklyn Museum" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Kwakwaka%27wakw._Baleen_Whale_Mask%2C_19th_century.jpg/120px-Kwakwaka%27wakw._Baleen_Whale_Mask%2C_19th_century.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="94" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Kwakwaka%27wakw._Baleen_Whale_Mask%2C_19th_century.jpg/250px-Kwakwaka%27wakw._Baleen_Whale_Mask%2C_19th_century.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="1201" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Kwakwaka%27wakw" class="mw-redirect" title="Kwakwaka'wakw">Kwakwaka'wakw</a>, Baleen Whale Mask, 19th century, <a href="/wiki/Brooklyn_Museum" title="Brooklyn Museum">Brooklyn Museum</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cherokeelongfacemask.png" class="mw-file-description" title="A Cherokee ceremonial mask made of wood"><img alt="A Cherokee ceremonial mask made of wood" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Cherokeelongfacemask.png/120px-Cherokeelongfacemask.png" decoding="async" width="79" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Cherokeelongfacemask.png/250px-Cherokeelongfacemask.png 2x" data-file-width="317" data-file-height="478" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A <a href="/wiki/Cherokee" title="Cherokee">Cherokee</a> ceremonial mask made of wood</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Topeng_Bali.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Various Balinese topeng dance masks"><img alt="Various Balinese topeng dance masks" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Topeng_Bali.jpg/120px-Topeng_Bali.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="108" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Topeng_Bali.jpg/250px-Topeng_Bali.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="2679" data-file-height="2421" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Various <a href="/wiki/Balinese_Topeng" class="mw-redirect" title="Balinese Topeng">Balinese topeng</a> dance masks</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Trommgesellenzunft_Munderkingen_Wusele_Narrentreffen_Me%C3%9Fkirch_2006.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Fools Meeting or Parade, Meßkirch, Germany"><img alt="Fools Meeting or Parade, Meßkirch, Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Trommgesellenzunft_Munderkingen_Wusele_Narrentreffen_Me%C3%9Fkirch_2006.jpg/120px-Trommgesellenzunft_Munderkingen_Wusele_Narrentreffen_Me%C3%9Fkirch_2006.jpg" decoding="async" width="113" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Trommgesellenzunft_Munderkingen_Wusele_Narrentreffen_Me%C3%9Fkirch_2006.jpg/250px-Trommgesellenzunft_Munderkingen_Wusele_Narrentreffen_Me%C3%9Fkirch_2006.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="1544" data-file-height="1645" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Fools Meeting or Parade, <a href="/wiki/Me%C3%9Fkirch" title="Meßkirch">Meßkirch</a>, Germany</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dance_Mask_(Tak%C3%BC),_20th_century,_61.34.2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Dance Mask (Takü), 20th century, Brooklyn Museum; These full-body masks are worn for the mourning, or ónyo ("weeping"), ceremony, a multi-day ritual held approximately a year after an individual's death"><img alt="Dance Mask (Takü), 20th century, Brooklyn Museum; These full-body masks are worn for the mourning, or ónyo ("weeping"), ceremony, a multi-day ritual held approximately a year after an individual's death" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Dance_Mask_%28Tak%C3%BC%29%2C_20th_century%2C_61.34.2.jpg/120px-Dance_Mask_%28Tak%C3%BC%29%2C_20th_century%2C_61.34.2.jpg" decoding="async" width="86" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Dance_Mask_%28Tak%C3%BC%29%2C_20th_century%2C_61.34.2.jpg/250px-Dance_Mask_%28Tak%C3%BC%29%2C_20th_century%2C_61.34.2.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="1536" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Dance Mask (Takü), 20th century, <a href="/wiki/Brooklyn_Museum" title="Brooklyn Museum">Brooklyn Museum</a>; These full-body masks are worn for the mourning, or ónyo ("weeping"), ceremony, a multi-day ritual held approximately a year after an individual's death</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:04.02_%E7%B8%BD%E7%B5%B1%E8%A6%96%E5%AF%9F%E3%80%8C%E4%B8%AD%E5%A4%AE%E6%B5%81%E8%A1%8C%E7%96%AB%E6%83%85%E6%8C%87%E6%8F%AE%E4%B8%AD%E5%BF%83%E3%80%8D_49726568957_66543b616e_o.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Taiwanese President Tsai Ing-wen wearing a surgical mask during the COVID-19 pandemic"><img alt="Taiwanese President Tsai Ing-wen wearing a surgical mask during the COVID-19 pandemic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/04.02_%E7%B8%BD%E7%B5%B1%E8%A6%96%E5%AF%9F%E3%80%8C%E4%B8%AD%E5%A4%AE%E6%B5%81%E8%A1%8C%E7%96%AB%E6%83%85%E6%8C%87%E6%8F%AE%E4%B8%AD%E5%BF%83%E3%80%8D_49726568957_66543b616e_o.jpg/120px-04.02_%E7%B8%BD%E7%B5%B1%E8%A6%96%E5%AF%9F%E3%80%8C%E4%B8%AD%E5%A4%AE%E6%B5%81%E8%A1%8C%E7%96%AB%E6%83%85%E6%8C%87%E6%8F%AE%E4%B8%AD%E5%BF%83%E3%80%8D_49726568957_66543b616e_o.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/04.02_%E7%B8%BD%E7%B5%B1%E8%A6%96%E5%AF%9F%E3%80%8C%E4%B8%AD%E5%A4%AE%E6%B5%81%E8%A1%8C%E7%96%AB%E6%83%85%E6%8C%87%E6%8F%AE%E4%B8%AD%E5%BF%83%E3%80%8D_49726568957_66543b616e_o.jpg/250px-04.02_%E7%B8%BD%E7%B5%B1%E8%A6%96%E5%AF%9F%E3%80%8C%E4%B8%AD%E5%A4%AE%E6%B5%81%E8%A1%8C%E7%96%AB%E6%83%85%E6%8C%87%E6%8F%AE%E4%B8%AD%E5%BF%83%E3%80%8D_49726568957_66543b616e_o.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1365" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Taiwanese President <a href="/wiki/Tsai_Ing-wen" title="Tsai Ing-wen">Tsai Ing-wen</a> wearing a <a href="/wiki/Surgical_mask" title="Surgical mask">surgical mask</a> during the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic" title="COVID-19 pandemic">COVID-19 pandemic</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Life_mask_of_Ludwig_van_Beethoven,_c._1812_CE._The_Wellcome_Collection,_London.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Life mask of Ludwig van Beethoven, c. 1812. The Wellcome Collection, London"><img alt="Life mask of Ludwig van Beethoven, c. 1812. The Wellcome Collection, London" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Life_mask_of_Ludwig_van_Beethoven%2C_c._1812_CE._The_Wellcome_Collection%2C_London.jpg/119px-Life_mask_of_Ludwig_van_Beethoven%2C_c._1812_CE._The_Wellcome_Collection%2C_London.jpg" decoding="async" width="119" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Life_mask_of_Ludwig_van_Beethoven%2C_c._1812_CE._The_Wellcome_Collection%2C_London.jpg/178px-Life_mask_of_Ludwig_van_Beethoven%2C_c._1812_CE._The_Wellcome_Collection%2C_London.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Life_mask_of_Ludwig_van_Beethoven%2C_c._1812_CE._The_Wellcome_Collection%2C_London.jpg/238px-Life_mask_of_Ludwig_van_Beethoven%2C_c._1812_CE._The_Wellcome_Collection%2C_London.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3814" data-file-height="3852" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Life mask of <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_van_Beethoven" title="Ludwig van Beethoven">Ludwig van Beethoven</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1812</span>. The Wellcome Collection, London</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lincoln_life_cast.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Life mask of Abraham Lincoln by Leonard Volk in 1860."><img alt="Life mask of Abraham Lincoln by Leonard Volk in 1860." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Lincoln_life_cast.jpg/120px-Lincoln_life_cast.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Lincoln_life_cast.jpg/250px-Lincoln_life_cast.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="2448" data-file-height="3264" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Life mask of <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Abraham Lincoln</a> by <a href="/wiki/Leonard_Volk" title="Leonard Volk">Leonard Volk</a> in 1860.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Burger_-_v%C3%ADrus_idej%C3%A9n_(2).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Mask wearing customers in downtown Budapest."><img alt="Mask wearing customers in downtown Budapest." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Burger_-_v%C3%ADrus_idej%C3%A9n_%282%29.jpg/120px-Burger_-_v%C3%ADrus_idej%C3%A9n_%282%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Burger_-_v%C3%ADrus_idej%C3%A9n_%282%29.jpg/250px-Burger_-_v%C3%ADrus_idej%C3%A9n_%282%29.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Mask wearing customers in downtown Budapest.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:NDL-DC_1301455-Utagawa_Kuniteru-%E8%8A%B1%E3%81%AE%E3%82%91%E3%82%93%E6%97%A5%E9%9D%A2%E5%A3%B2%E3%81%82%E3%81%8D%E3%81%B5%E3%81%A9-cmb.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="From the picture album "Shunyū bijo no yukaeri" 19th Century"><img alt="From the picture album "Shunyū bijo no yukaeri" 19th Century" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/NDL-DC_1301455-Utagawa_Kuniteru-%E8%8A%B1%E3%81%AE%E3%82%91%E3%82%93%E6%97%A5%E9%9D%A2%E5%A3%B2%E3%81%82%E3%81%8D%E3%81%B5%E3%81%A9-cmb.jpg/120px-NDL-DC_1301455-Utagawa_Kuniteru-%E8%8A%B1%E3%81%AE%E3%82%91%E3%82%93%E6%97%A5%E9%9D%A2%E5%A3%B2%E3%81%82%E3%81%8D%E3%81%B5%E3%81%A9-cmb.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="58" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/NDL-DC_1301455-Utagawa_Kuniteru-%E8%8A%B1%E3%81%AE%E3%82%91%E3%82%93%E6%97%A5%E9%9D%A2%E5%A3%B2%E3%81%82%E3%81%8D%E3%81%B5%E3%81%A9-cmb.jpg/180px-NDL-DC_1301455-Utagawa_Kuniteru-%E8%8A%B1%E3%81%AE%E3%82%91%E3%82%93%E6%97%A5%E9%9D%A2%E5%A3%B2%E3%81%82%E3%81%8D%E3%81%B5%E3%81%A9-cmb.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/NDL-DC_1301455-Utagawa_Kuniteru-%E8%8A%B1%E3%81%AE%E3%82%91%E3%82%93%E6%97%A5%E9%9D%A2%E5%A3%B2%E3%81%82%E3%81%8D%E3%81%B5%E3%81%A9-cmb.jpg/240px-NDL-DC_1301455-Utagawa_Kuniteru-%E8%8A%B1%E3%81%AE%E3%82%91%E3%82%93%E6%97%A5%E9%9D%A2%E5%A3%B2%E3%81%82%E3%81%8D%E3%81%B5%E3%81%A9-cmb.jpg 2x" data-file-width="9892" data-file-height="4810" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">From the picture album "Shunyū bijo no yukaeri" 19th Century</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Choregos_actors_MAN_Napoli_Inv9986.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Performers with masks. Mosaic. House of the Tragic Poet, Pompeii"><img alt="Performers with masks. Mosaic. House of the Tragic Poet, Pompeii" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Choregos_actors_MAN_Napoli_Inv9986.jpg/120px-Choregos_actors_MAN_Napoli_Inv9986.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="118" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Choregos_actors_MAN_Napoli_Inv9986.jpg/250px-Choregos_actors_MAN_Napoli_Inv9986.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="2504" data-file-height="2472" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Performers with masks. Mosaic. House of the Tragic Poet, Pompeii</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Maschera_di_Papposileno.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Mask of Silen. Bronze. First half of 1st century BC"><img alt="Mask of Silen. Bronze. First half of 1st century BC" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Maschera_di_Papposileno.jpg/80px-Maschera_di_Papposileno.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Maschera_di_Papposileno.jpg/120px-Maschera_di_Papposileno.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Maschera_di_Papposileno.jpg/160px-Maschera_di_Papposileno.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1530" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Mask of Silen. Bronze. First half of 1st century BC</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-mask_law" title="Anti-mask law">Anti-mask law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Character_mask" title="Character mask">Character mask</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pareidolia" title="Pareidolia">Pareidolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domino_mask" title="Domino mask">Domino mask</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Face_masks_during_the_COVID-19_pandemic" title="Face masks during the COVID-19 pandemic">Face masks during the COVID-19 pandemic</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626" /><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The oldest known example of the <a href="/wiki/Venus_figurines" class="mw-redirect" title="Venus figurines">Venus figurines</a> is the <a href="/wiki/Venus_of_Hohle_Fels" title="Venus of Hohle Fels">Venus of Hohle Fels</a>, carbon-dated as 35,000 to 40,000 years old.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A famous example is the images of the <a href="/wiki/Trois-Fr%C3%A8res" class="mw-redirect" title="Trois-Frères">Trois-Frères</a> cave (circa 15,000 years old). According to John W. Nunley, "The earliest evidence of masking comes from the Mousterian site of Hortus in the south of France. There the archaeologist Henry de Lumley found remnants of a leopard skin that was probably worn as a costume more than 40,000 years ago" (Nunley, 1999, p. 22).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pernet emphasizes that masks are not a wholly universal cultural phenomenon, raising the question why some cultures do not have a masking tradition.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626" /><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.etymonline.com/word/mask#etymonline_v_9675">"mask (n.)"</a>. <i>Online Etymology Dictionary</i>. Douglas Harper. n.d<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 January</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Online+Etymology+Dictionary&rft.atitle=mask+%28n.%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.etymonline.com%2Fword%2Fmask%23etymonline_v_9675&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMask" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFvon_Wartburg1992" class="citation book cs1">von Wartburg, Walther (1992). <i>Französisches Etymologisches Wörterbuch: Eine Darstellung galloromanischen sprachschatzes</i>. Basel: Zbinden Druck und Verlag. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2745309372" title="Special:BookSources/978-2745309372"><bdi>978-2745309372</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/3488833">3488833</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Franz%C3%B6sisches+Etymologisches+W%C3%B6rterbuch%3A+Eine+Darstellung+galloromanischen+sprachschatzes&rft.place=Basel&rft.pub=Zbinden+Druck+und+Verlag&rft.date=1992&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F3488833&rft.isbn=978-2745309372&rft.aulast=von+Wartburg&rft.aufirst=Walther&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMask" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKupferblum2007" class="citation book cs1">Kupferblum, Markus (2007). "Menschen, masken, Charaktere: the Arbeit mit Masken am Theater". In Kreissl, Eva (ed.). <i>Die Macht der Maske</i>. Weitra, Austria: Bibliothek der Provinz Verlag für Literatur, Kunst und Musikalien. pp. 165, 193n. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3852528205" title="Special:BookSources/978-3852528205"><bdi>978-3852528205</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Menschen%2C+masken%2C+Charaktere%3A+the+Arbeit+mit+Masken+am+Theater&rft.btitle=Die+Macht+der+Maske&rft.place=Weitra%2C+Austria&rft.pages=165%2C+193n&rft.pub=Bibliothek+der+Provinz+Verlag+f%C3%BCr+Literatur%2C+Kunst+und+Musikalien&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-3852528205&rft.aulast=Kupferblum&rft.aufirst=Markus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMask" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPernet1992" class="citation book cs1">Pernet, Henry (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ritualmasksdecep0000pern"><i>Ritual Masks: Deceptions and Revelations</i></a>. Columbia: University of South Carolina Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780872497931" title="Special:BookSources/9780872497931"><bdi>9780872497931</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/91045396">91045396</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ritual+Masks%3A+Deceptions+and+Revelations&rft.place=Columbia&rft.pub=University+of+South+Carolina+Press&rft.date=1992&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F91045396&rft.isbn=9780872497931&rft.aulast=Pernet&rft.aufirst=Henry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fritualmasksdecep0000pern&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMask" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDall2010" class="citation cs2">Dall, William Healey (2010) [1884], "On masks, labrets, and certain aboriginal customs, with an inquiry into the bearing of their geographical distribution", <i>Bureau of American Ethnology, Annual Report</i>, vol. 3, Washington D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, pp. <span class="nowrap">73–</span>151</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=On+masks%2C+labrets%2C+and+certain+aboriginal+customs%2C+with+an+inquiry+into+the+bearing+of+their+geographical+distribution&rft.btitle=Bureau+of+American+Ethnology%2C+Annual+Report&rft.place=Washington+D.C.&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E73-%3C%2Fspan%3E151&rft.pub=U.S.+Government+Printing+Office&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Dall&rft.aufirst=William+Healey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMask" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKlemmWinkler1996" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Klemm, Harald; Winkler, Reinhard (1996). <i>Masken. Gesichter hinter dem Gesicht: Persönlichkeitsentfaltung und Therapie in der Arbeit mit Masken</i> [<i>Masks. Faces Behind the Face: Personality Development and Therapy in Working with Masks</i>] (in German). Oberhofen: Zytglogge-Verlag. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3729605121" title="Special:BookSources/978-3729605121"><bdi>978-3729605121</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Masken.+Gesichter+hinter+dem+Gesicht%3A+Pers%C3%B6nlichkeitsentfaltung+und+Therapie+in+der+Arbeit+mit+Masken&rft.place=Oberhofen&rft.pub=Zytglogge-Verlag&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-3729605121&rft.aulast=Klemm&rft.aufirst=Harald&rft.au=Winkler%2C+Reinhard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMask" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHitchcock2019" class="citation web cs1">Hitchcock, Don (6 October 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.donsmaps.com/mousterianothers.html">"Other Mousterian (Neanderthal) Sites"</a>. <i>Don's Maps</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Don%27s+Maps&rft.atitle=Other+Mousterian+%28Neanderthal%29+Sites&rft.date=2019-10-06&rft.aulast=Hitchcock&rft.aufirst=Don&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.donsmaps.com%2Fmousterianothers.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMask" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAmos2003" class="citation news cs1">Amos, Jonathan (2 December 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/3256228.stm">"Neanderthal 'face' found in Loire"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/British_Broadcasting_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="British Broadcasting Corporation">British Broadcasting Corporation</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Neanderthal+%27face%27+found+in+Loire&rft.date=2003-12-02&rft.aulast=Amos&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fscience%2Fnature%2F3256228.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMask" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGuénon2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Gu%C3%A9non" title="René Guénon">Guénon, René</a> (2004). <i>Symbols of Sacred Science</i>. Hillsdale, New York: Sophia Perennis. p. 141.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Symbols+of+Sacred+Science&rft.place=Hillsdale%2C+New+York&rft.pages=141&rft.pub=Sophia+Perennis&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Gu%C3%A9non&rft.aufirst=Ren%C3%A9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMask" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFForbes2010" class="citation magazine cs1">Forbes, Jamie Ellin (Spring 2010). "The resurrection of the beauty of Spring: Jeanette Korab at Carnevale de Venezia". <i>Fine Art Magazine</i>. p. 21.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Fine+Art+Magazine&rft.atitle=The+resurrection+of+the+beauty+of+Spring%3A+Jeanette+Korab+at+Carnevale+de+Venezia&rft.ssn=spring&rft.pages=21&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Forbes&rft.aufirst=Jamie+Ellin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMask" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDanan1997" class="citation magazine cs1">Danan, Julie Hilton (21 March 1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120610053431/http://www.jewishaz.com/jewishnews/970321/purim.html">"Purim wears many masks"</a>. <i>Jewish News of Greater Phoenix</i>. Vol. 49, no. 27. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jewishaz.com/jewishnews/970321/purim.html">the original</a> on 10 June 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 October</span> 2012</span>. <q>...in many parts of the world and throughout Jewish history it was the time for adults to engage in masquerade.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Jewish+News+of+Greater+Phoenix&rft.atitle=Purim+wears+many+masks&rft.volume=49&rft.issue=27&rft.date=1997-03-21&rft.aulast=Danan&rft.aufirst=Julie+Hilton&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishaz.com%2Fjewishnews%2F970321%2Fpurim.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMask" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPannierMangin1989" class="citation book cs1">Pannier, François; Mangin, Stéphane (1989). <i>Masques de l'Himalaya, du primitif au classique</i>. Paris: Editions Raymond Chabaud. p. 44.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Masques+de+l%27Himalaya%2C+du+primitif+au+classique&rft.place=Paris&rft.pages=44&rft.pub=Editions+Raymond+Chabaud&rft.date=1989&rft.aulast=Pannier&rft.aufirst=Fran%C3%A7ois&rft.au=Mangin%2C+St%C3%A9phane&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMask" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBradleyChazot1990" class="citation book cs1">Bradley, Lisa; Chazot, Eric (1990). <i>Masks of the Himalayas</i>. New York: Pace Primitive Gallery.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Masks+of+the+Himalayas&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Pace+Primitive+Gallery&rft.date=1990&rft.aulast=Bradley&rft.aufirst=Lisa&rft.au=Chazot%2C+Eric&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMask" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBlancd'HauterivesGeoffroy-SchneiterPannier2009" class="citation book cs1">Blanc, Dominique; d'Hauterives, Arnaud; Geoffroy-Schneiter, Bérénice; Pannier, François (2009). <i>Masks of the Himalayas</i>. Milan: 5 Continents Editions.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Masks+of+the+Himalayas&rft.place=Milan&rft.pub=5+Continents+Editions&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Blanc&rft.aufirst=Dominique&rft.au=d%27Hauterives%2C+Arnaud&rft.au=Geoffroy-Schneiter%2C+B%C3%A9r%C3%A9nice&rft.au=Pannier%2C+Fran%C3%A7ois&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMask" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCharetten.d." class="citation web cs1">Charette, Phillip John (n.d.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101226162107/http://www.phillipcharette.com/yupik/yupik_masks.html">"About Yup'ik Masks"</a>. <i>Phillip Charette, Contemporary Art in the Yupik Tradition</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.phillipcharette.com/yupik/yupik_masks.html">the original</a> on 26 December 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Phillip+Charette%2C+Contemporary+Art+in+the+Yupik+Tradition&rft.atitle=About+Yup%27ik+Masks&rft.aulast=Charette&rft.aufirst=Phillip+John&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.phillipcharette.com%2Fyupik%2Fyupik_masks.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMask" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFienup-Riordan1996" class="citation book cs1">Fienup-Riordan, Ann (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/livingtraditiono0000fien"><i>The Living Tradition of Yup'ik Masks: Agayuliyararput (Our Way of Making Prayer)</i></a>. University of Washington Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0295975237" title="Special:BookSources/0295975237"><bdi>0295975237</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/95023296">95023296</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Living+Tradition+of+Yup%27ik+Masks%3A+Agayuliyararput+%28Our+Way+of+Making+Prayer%29&rft.pub=University+of+Washington+Press&rft.date=1996&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F95023296&rft.isbn=0295975237&rft.aulast=Fienup-Riordan&rft.aufirst=Ann&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flivingtraditiono0000fien&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMask" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLubin2008" class="citation journal cs1">Lubin, David M. (Fall 2008). "Masks, Mutilation, and Modernity: Anna Coleman Ladd and the First World War". <i>Archives of American Art Journal</i>. <b>47</b> (3/4). Archives of American Art, <a href="/wiki/Smithsonian_Institution" title="Smithsonian Institution">Smithsonian Institution</a>: <span class="nowrap">4–</span>15. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2Faaa.47.3_4.25435155">10.1086/aaa.47.3_4.25435155</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:192771456">192771456</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Archives+of+American+Art+Journal&rft.atitle=Masks%2C+Mutilation%2C+and+Modernity%3A+Anna+Coleman+Ladd+and+the+First+World+War&rft.ssn=fall&rft.volume=47&rft.issue=3%2F4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E4-%3C%2Fspan%3E15&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2Faaa.47.3_4.25435155&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A192771456%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Lubin&rft.aufirst=David+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMask" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEdson2005" class="citation book cs1">Edson, Gary (2005). <i>Masks and Masking: Faces of Tradition and Belief Worldwide</i>. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland & Co. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780786421183" title="Special:BookSources/9780786421183"><bdi>9780786421183</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Masks+and+Masking%3A+Faces+of+Tradition+and+Belief+Worldwide&rft.place=Jefferson%2C+North+Carolina&rft.pub=McFarland+%26+Co.&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9780786421183&rft.aulast=Edson&rft.aufirst=Gary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMask" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGregor2002" class="citation book cs1">Gregor, Joseph (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/masksofworldhist0000jose/mode/2up"><i>Masks of the World</i></a>. Dover Publications. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/68-18150">68-18150</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Masks+of+the+World&rft.pub=Dover+Publications&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F68-18150&rft.aulast=Gregor&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmasksofworldhist0000jose%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMask" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHerold1992" class="citation book cs1">Herold, Erich (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/worldofmasks0000unse"><i>The World of Masks</i></a>. Hamlyn. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780600574422" title="Special:BookSources/9780600574422"><bdi>9780600574422</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+World+of+Masks&rft.pub=Hamlyn&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=9780600574422&rft.aulast=Herold&rft.aufirst=Erich&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fworldofmasks0000unse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMask" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKak2004" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Subhash_Kak" title="Subhash Kak">Kak, Subhash</a> (2004). "Ritual, masks, and sacrifice". <i>Studies in Humanities and Social Services</i>. <b>11</b>. Shimla, India: Indian Institute of Advanced Study.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Studies+in+Humanities+and+Social+Services&rft.atitle=Ritual%2C+masks%2C+and+sacrifice&rft.volume=11&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Kak&rft.aufirst=Subhash&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMask" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MasquesduMonde-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MasquesduMonde_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MasquesduMonde_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRevelardKostadonova2000" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Revelard, Michel; Kostadonova, Guergana (2000). <i>Masques du Monde... L'univers du Masque Dans les Collections du Musée International du Carnaval et du Masque de Binche</i> [<i>Masks of the World... The Universe of Masks in the Collections of the International Museum of Carnivals and the Binche Mask</i>] (in French). Tournai, Belgium: La Renaissance du Livre. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-8046-0413-6" title="Special:BookSources/2-8046-0413-6"><bdi>2-8046-0413-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Masques+du+Monde...+L%27univers+du+Masque+Dans+les+Collections+du+Mus%C3%A9e+International+du+Carnaval+et+du+Masque+de+Binche&rft.place=Tournai%2C+Belgium&rft.pub=La+Renaissance+du+Livre&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=2-8046-0413-6&rft.aulast=Revelard&rft.aufirst=Michel&rft.au=Kostadonova%2C+Guergana&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMask" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGriffith2013" class="citation book cs1">Griffith, Jeremy (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldtransformation.com/freedom-book1-adventurous-adolescentman/"><i>Freedom Expanded: Book 1 – The Human Condition Explained</i></a>. WTM Publishing & Communications. p. 145. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-74129-011-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-74129-011-0"><bdi>978-1-74129-011-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Freedom+Expanded%3A+Book+1+%E2%80%93+The+Human+Condition+Explained&rft.pages=145&rft.pub=WTM+Publishing+%26+Communications&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-74129-011-0&rft.aulast=Griffith&rft.aufirst=Jeremy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldtransformation.com%2Ffreedom-book1-adventurous-adolescentman%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMask" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLommel1981" class="citation book cs1">Lommel, Andreas (1981) [1970]. <i>Masks: Their Meaning and Function</i>. London: Ferndale Editions. p. Introduction, after Himmelheber <i>Afrikanische Masken</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-905746-11-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-905746-11-2"><bdi>0-905746-11-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Masks%3A+Their+Meaning+and+Function&rft.place=London&rft.pages=Introduction%2C+after+Himmelheber+%27%27Afrikanische+Masken%27%27&rft.pub=Ferndale+Editions&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=0-905746-11-2&rft.aulast=Lommel&rft.aufirst=Andreas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMask" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRay" class="citation web cs1">Ray, Benjamin C. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120829092915/http://cti.itc.virginia.edu/~bcr/African_Mask_Faces.html">"Faces of the Spirits"</a>. Department of Religious Studies, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Virginia" title="University of Virginia">University of Virginia</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cti.itc.virginia.edu/~bcr/African_Mask_Faces.html">the original</a> on 29 August 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 May</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Faces+of+the+Spirits&rft.pub=Department+of+Religious+Studies%2C+University+of+Virginia&rft.aulast=Ray&rft.aufirst=Benjamin+C.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcti.itc.virginia.edu%2F~bcr%2FAfrican_Mask_Faces.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMask" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBortolot2003" class="citation web cs1">Bortolot, Alexander Ives (October 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/pwmn_3/hd_pwmn_3.htm">"Idia: The First Queen Mother of Benin"</a>. <i>Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History</i>. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 March</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Heilbrunn+Timeline+of+Art+History&rft.atitle=Idia%3A+The+First+Queen+Mother+of+Benin&rft.date=2003-10&rft.aulast=Bortolot&rft.aufirst=Alexander+Ives&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.metmuseum.org%2Ftoah%2Fhd%2Fpwmn_3%2Fhd_pwmn_3.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMask" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKahler1986" class="citation web cs1">Kahler, Wendy (16 May 1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040205063052/http://www.ohoh.essortment.com/africamasks_rnqe.htm">"African mask symbolism"</a>. Pagewise, Inc. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ohoh.essortment.com/africamasks_rnqe.htm">the original</a> on 5 February 2004<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 May</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=African+mask+symbolism&rft.pub=Pagewise%2C+Inc.&rft.date=1986-05-16&rft.aulast=Kahler&rft.aufirst=Wendy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ohoh.essortment.com%2Fafricamasks_rnqe.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMask" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lommel (1970), chapter: "Oceania: Melanesia, Polynesia, Australia".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRainierTaylor1996" class="citation book cs1">Rainier, Chris; Taylor, Meg (1996). <i>Where the Masks Still Dance: New Guinea</i>. Bulfinch Press/Little, Brown & Co. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8212-2261-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-8212-2261-9"><bdi>0-8212-2261-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Where+the+Masks+Still+Dance%3A+New+Guinea&rft.pub=Bulfinch+Press%2FLittle%2C+Brown+%26+Co.&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=0-8212-2261-9&rft.aulast=Rainier&rft.aufirst=Chris&rft.au=Taylor%2C+Meg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMask" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFienup-Riordan1996" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ann_Fienup-Riordan" title="Ann Fienup-Riordan">Fienup-Riordan, Ann</a> (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=g7N7QgAACAAJ"><i>The Living Tradition of Yup'ik Masks: Agayuliyararput</i></a>. 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New York, NY: <a href="/wiki/Harry_N._Abrams" class="mw-redirect" title="Harry N. Abrams">Harry N. Abrams</a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/73-4857">73-4857</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=American+Indian+Art&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.pub=Harry+N.+Abrams&rft.date=1973&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F73-4857&rft.aulast=Feder&rft.aufirst=Norman&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMask" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.americanethnography.com/gallery.php?id=115">"Masks from North America, from the Edward S. Curtis Collection"</a>. Gallery. <i>American Ethnography (americanethnography.com)</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 July</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=American+Ethnography+%28americanethnography.com%29&rft.atitle=Masks+from+North+America%2C+from+the+Edward+S.+Curtis+Collection&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.americanethnography.com%2Fgallery.php%3Fid%3D115&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMask" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140421104627/http://www.wrestlingmuseum.com/pages/wrestlers/elsanto2.html">"Spotlight on El Santo"</a>. Professional Wrestling Online Museum. 5 February 1984. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wrestlingmuseum.com/pages/wrestlers/elsanto2.html">the original</a> on 21 April 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 May</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Spotlight+on+El+Santo&rft.pub=Professional+Wrestling+Online+Museum&rft.date=1984-02-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wrestlingmuseum.com%2Fpages%2Fwrestlers%2Felsanto2.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMask" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lommel (1970), chapter: "South America/Central America".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Emigh-1996-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Emigh-1996_38-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Emigh-1996_38-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEmigh1996" class="citation book cs1">Emigh, John (1996). <i>Masked Performance</i>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania_Press" title="University of Pennsylvania Press">University of Pennsylvania Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8122-1336-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-8122-1336-X"><bdi>0-8122-1336-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Masked+Performance&rft.pub=University+of+Pennsylvania+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=0-8122-1336-X&rft.aulast=Emigh&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMask" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lommel (1970), chapter: "Japan".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFloor2005" class="citation book cs1">Floor, Willem (2005). <i>The History of Theater in Iran</i>. MAGE. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-934211-29-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-934211-29-9"><bdi>0-934211-29-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+Theater+in+Iran&rft.pub=MAGE&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-934211-29-9&rft.aulast=Floor&rft.aufirst=Willem&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMask" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRoze2013" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Roze, Inese (4 April 2013), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.celotajs.lv/cont/prof/proj/Interreg_IVA-Heritage_Tourism/Documents/Pasakumi/2013/Prezentacija_Meteni.pdf"><i>LAUKU CEĻOTĀ – Praktiskais seminārs: "Masku tradīcijas latviešu kultūrā"</i></a> [<i>COUNTRY TRAVEL – Practical seminar: "MASK TRADITIONS IN LATVIAN CULTURE"</i>] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in Latvian), Latvian Country Tourism Association<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 February</span> 2016</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=LAUKU+CE%C4%BBOT%C4%80+%E2%80%93+Praktiskais+semin%C4%81rs%3A+%22Masku+trad%C4%ABcijas+latvie%C5%A1u+kult%C5%ABr%C4%81%22&rft.pub=Latvian+Country+Tourism+Association&rft.date=2013-04-04&rft.aulast=Roze&rft.aufirst=Inese&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.celotajs.lv%2Fcont%2Fprof%2Fproj%2FInterreg_IVA-Heritage_Tourism%2FDocuments%2FPasakumi%2F2013%2FPrezentacija_Meteni.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMask" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mack-1994-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mack-1994_42-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mack-1994_42-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPoppi1994" class="citation book cs1">Poppi, Cesayo (1994). "The other within: masks and masquerades in Europe". In Mack, John (ed.). <i>Masks: the Art of Expression</i>. British Museum. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7141-2507-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-7141-2507-5"><bdi>0-7141-2507-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+other+within%3A+masks+and+masquerades+in+Europe&rft.btitle=Masks%3A+the+Art+of+Expression&rft.pub=British+Museum&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=0-7141-2507-5&rft.aulast=Poppi&rft.aufirst=Cesayo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMask" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lommel (1970), chapter: "Europe/Conclusion".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAuguet1975" class="citation cs2">Auguet, Roland (1975), <i>Festivals and Celebrations</i>, Collins, <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/73-15299">73-15299</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Festivals+and+Celebrations&rft.pub=Collins&rft.date=1975&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F73-15299&rft.aulast=Auguet&rft.aufirst=Roland&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMask" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cdl.library.cornell.edu/">"Cornell University Library Digital Collections"</a>. <i>Digital Collections</i>. Cornell University Library.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Digital+Collections&rft.atitle=Cornell+University+Library+Digital+Collections&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcdl.library.cornell.edu%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMask" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Callery-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Callery_46-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Callery_46-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Callery_46-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCallery2001" class="citation book cs1">Callery, Dympha (2001). <i>Through the Body: A Practical Guide to Physical Theatre</i>. London: Nick Hern Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781315059785" title="Special:BookSources/9781315059785"><bdi>9781315059785</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/2002510526">2002510526</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Through+the+Body%3A+A+Practical+Guide+to+Physical+Theatre&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Nick+Hern+Books&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F2002510526&rft.isbn=9781315059785&rft.aulast=Callery&rft.aufirst=Dympha&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMask" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBablet1981" class="citation book cs1">Bablet, Denis (1981). <i>The Theatre of Edward Gordon Craig</i>. London: Eyre Methuen. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0413-4788-07" title="Special:BookSources/0413-4788-07"><bdi>0413-4788-07</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Theatre+of+Edward+Gordon+Craig&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Eyre+Methuen&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=0413-4788-07&rft.aulast=Bablet&rft.aufirst=Denis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMask" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSmith1984" class="citation book cs1">Smith, Susan Harris (1984). <i>Masks in Modern Drama</i>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_California_Press" title="University of California Press">University of California Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-520-05095-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-520-05095-9"><bdi>0-520-05095-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Masks+in+Modern+Drama&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=0-520-05095-9&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Susan+Harris&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMask" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Training-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Training_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRudlin1999" class="citation book cs1">Rudlin, John (1999). "3: Jacques Copeau: the quest for sincerity". In Hodge, Alison (ed.). <i>20th Century Actor Training</i>. Routeledge.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=3%3A+Jacques+Copeau%3A+the+quest+for+sincerity&rft.btitle=20th+Century+Actor+Training&rft.pub=Routeledge&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=Rudlin&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMask" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lecoq-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Lecoq_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLecoq2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Lecoq" title="Jacques Lecoq">Lecoq, Jacques</a> (2002). <i>The Moving Body: Teaching Creative Theatre</i>. Routeledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1408111468" title="Special:BookSources/978-1408111468"><bdi>978-1408111468</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Moving+Body%3A+Teaching+Creative+Theatre&rft.pub=Routeledge&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-1408111468&rft.aulast=Lecoq&rft.aufirst=Jacques&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMask" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFShank1982" class="citation book cs1">Shank, Theodore (1982). <i>American Alternative Theatre</i>. Macmillan Modern Dramatists. London: Palgrave Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-333-28883-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-333-28883-1"><bdi>0-333-28883-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=American+Alternative+Theatre&rft.place=London&rft.series=Macmillan+Modern+Dramatists&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=0-333-28883-1&rft.aulast=Shank&rft.aufirst=Theodore&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMask" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFrith2008" class="citation book cs1">Frith, Bob (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.blurb.com/b/226545-veil"><i>Veil</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Horse_and_Bamboo_Theatre" title="Horse and Bamboo Theatre">Horse + Bamboo Theatre</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9558841-0-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9558841-0-8"><bdi>978-0-9558841-0-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Veil&rft.pub=Horse+%2B+Bamboo+Theatre&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-9558841-0-8&rft.aulast=Frith&rft.aufirst=Bob&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.blurb.com%2Fb%2F226545-veil&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMask" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAitchison2017" class="citation web cs1">Aitchison, Sean (12 May 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbr.com/most-absolute-coolest-masks-in-comics/">"The 15 COOLEST Masks In Comics"</a>. <i>CBR</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 April</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CBR&rft.atitle=The+15+COOLEST+Masks+In+Comics&rft.date=2017-05-12&rft.aulast=Aitchison&rft.aufirst=Sean&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbr.com%2Fmost-absolute-coolest-masks-in-comics%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMask" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061016155422/http://www.exn.ca/news/images/1998/06/17/19980617-plaguedoctor.jpg">"plaguedoctor"</a>. Discovery Channel Canada. 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San Diego State University. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://media.www.thedailyaztec.com/media/storage/paper741/news/2002/12/05/Tempo/Who-Was.That.Masked.Man-758787-page2.shtml">the original</a> on 12 February 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Aztec&rft.atitle=Who+Was+That+Masked+Man%3F&rft.date=2008-10-12&rft.aulast=Brandt&rft.aufirst=Stacy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmedia.www.thedailyaztec.com%2Fmedia%2Fstorage%2Fpaper741%2Fnews%2F2002%2F12%2F05%2FTempo%2FWho-Was.That.Masked.Man-758787-page2.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMask" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-damselfrau-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-damselfrau_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSolbakken2019" class="citation web cs1">Solbakken, Per Kristian (10 February 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.designboom.com/art/damselfrau-interview-magnhild-kennedy-mask-02-10-2019/">"damselfrau: a peek behind the many masks of the london-based artist"</a>. <i>designboom</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 September</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=designboom&rft.atitle=damselfrau%3A+a+peek+behind+the+many+masks+of+the+london-based+artist&rft.date=2019-02-10&rft.aulast=Solbakken&rft.aufirst=Per+Kristian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.designboom.com%2Fart%2Fdamselfrau-interview-magnhild-kennedy-mask-02-10-2019%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMask" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gqindia.com/content/kanye-west-perfected-the-art-of-face-mask-fashion-accessory">"Kanye West perfected the art of the face mask as a fashion accessory. Here's how"</a>. <i>GQIndia</i>. 24 August 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 September</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=GQIndia&rft.atitle=Kanye+West+perfected+the+art+of+the+face+mask+as+a+fashion+accessory.+Here%27s+how.&rft.date=2021-08-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gqindia.com%2Fcontent%2Fkanye-west-perfected-the-art-of-face-mask-fashion-accessory&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMask" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bryson-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bryson_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBryson2023" class="citation news cs1">Bryson, Kevin (20 May 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://physicalsciences.uchicago.edu/news/article/evaluating-anti-facial-recognition-tools/">"Evaluating Anti-Facial Recognition Tools News Physical Sciences Division The University of Chicago"</a>. <i>physicalsciences.uchicago.edu</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 January</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=physicalsciences.uchicago.edu&rft.atitle=Evaluating+Anti-Facial+Recognition+Tools+News+Physical+Sciences+Division+The+University+of+Chicago&rft.date=2023-05-20&rft.aulast=Bryson&rft.aufirst=Kevin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fphysicalsciences.uchicago.edu%2Fnews%2Farticle%2Fevaluating-anti-facial-recognition-tools%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMask" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBurchForman,_Werner1988" class="citation book cs1">Burch, Ernest S. (junior); Forman, Werner (1988). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/eskimos00burc"><i>The Eskimos</i></a></span>. Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8061-2126-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-8061-2126-2"><bdi>0-8061-2126-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Eskimos&rft.place=Norman%2C+OK&rft.pub=University+of+Oklahoma+Press&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=0-8061-2126-2&rft.aulast=Burch&rft.aufirst=Ernest+S.+%28junior%29&rft.au=Forman%2C+Werner&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Feskimos00burc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMask" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHesselHessel,_Dieter1998" class="citation book cs1">Hessel, Ingo; Hessel, Dieter (1998). <i>Inuit Art. An introduction</i>. foreword by George Swinton. 46 Bloomsbury Street, London WCIB 3QQ: British Museum Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7141-2545-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-7141-2545-8"><bdi>0-7141-2545-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Inuit+Art.+An+introduction&rft.place=46+Bloomsbury+Street%2C+London+WCIB+3QQ&rft.pub=British+Museum+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=0-7141-2545-8&rft.aulast=Hessel&rft.aufirst=Ingo&rft.au=Hessel%2C+Dieter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMask" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location" title="Category:CS1 maint: location">link</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHuteson2007" class="citation book cs1">Huteson, Pamela Rae (2007). <i>Transformation Masks</i>. Hancock House Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88839-635-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-88839-635-8"><bdi>978-0-88839-635-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Transformation+Masks&rft.pub=Hancock+House+Publishers&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-88839-635-8&rft.aulast=Huteson&rft.aufirst=Pamela+Rae&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMask" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKleivanB._Sonne1985" class="citation book cs1">Kleivan, Inge; B. Sonne (1985). <i>Eskimos: Greenland and Canada</i>. Iconography of religions, section VIII, "Arctic Peoples", fascicle 2. Leiden, The Netherlands: Institute of Religious Iconography • State University Groningen. E.J. Brill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-07160-1" title="Special:BookSources/90-04-07160-1"><bdi>90-04-07160-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Eskimos%3A+Greenland+and+Canada&rft.place=Leiden%2C+The+Netherlands&rft.series=Iconography+of+religions%2C+section+VIII%2C+%22Arctic+Peoples%22%2C+fascicle+2&rft.pub=Institute+of+Religious+Iconography+%E2%80%A2+State+University+Groningen.+E.J.+Brill&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=90-04-07160-1&rft.aulast=Kleivan&rft.aufirst=Inge&rft.au=B.+Sonne&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMask" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMauss1979" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Marcel_Mauss" title="Marcel Mauss">Mauss, Marcel</a> (1979) [c1950]. <i>Seasonal variations of the Eskimo: a study in social morphology</i>. in collab. with Henri Beuchat; translated, with a foreword, by James J. Fox. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-33035-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-33035-1"><bdi>0-415-33035-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Seasonal+variations+of+the+Eskimo%3A+a+study+in+social+morphology&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Routledge+%26+Kegan+Paul&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=0-415-33035-1&rft.aulast=Mauss&rft.aufirst=Marcel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMask" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFOosten1997" class="citation book cs1">Oosten, Jarich G. (1997). "Cosmological Cycles and the Constituents of the Person". In S. A. Mousalimas (ed.). <i>Arctic Ecology and Identity</i>. ISTOR Books 8. Budapest • Los Angeles: Akadémiai Kiadó • International Society for Trans-Oceanic Research. pp. <span class="nowrap">85–</span>101. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/963-05-6629-X" title="Special:BookSources/963-05-6629-X"><bdi>963-05-6629-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Cosmological+Cycles+and+the+Constituents+of+the+Person&rft.btitle=Arctic+Ecology+and+Identity&rft.place=Budapest+%E2%80%A2+Los+Angeles&rft.series=ISTOR+Books+8&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E85-%3C%2Fspan%3E101&rft.pub=Akad%C3%A9miai+Kiad%C3%B3+%E2%80%A2+International+Society+for+Trans-Oceanic+Research&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=963-05-6629-X&rft.aulast=Oosten&rft.aufirst=Jarich+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMask" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRasmussen1926" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Knud_Johan_Victor_Rasmussen" class="mw-redirect" title="Knud Johan Victor Rasmussen">Rasmussen, Knud</a> (1926). <i>Thulefahrt</i>. Frankfurt am Main: Frankurter Societăts-Druckerei.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Thulefahrt&rft.place=Frankfurt+am+Main&rft.pub=Frankurter+Societ%C4%83ts-Druckerei&rft.date=1926&rft.aulast=Rasmussen&rft.aufirst=Knud&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMask" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRasmussen1965" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Rasmussen, Knud (1965). <i>Thulei utazás</i>. Világjárók (in Hungarian). translated by Detre, Zsuzsa. Budapest: Gondolat.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Thulei+utaz%C3%A1s&rft.place=Budapest&rft.series=Vil%C3%A1gj%C3%A1r%C3%B3k&rft.pub=Gondolat&rft.date=1965&rft.aulast=Rasmussen&rft.aufirst=Knud&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMask" class="Z3988"></span> Hungarian translation of Rasmussen 1926.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSivin1986" class="citation book cs1">Sivin, Carole (1986). <i>Maskmaking</i>. Worcester, Massachusetts, USA: Davis Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87192-178-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87192-178-9"><bdi>978-0-87192-178-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Maskmaking&rft.place=Worcester%2C+Massachusetts%2C+USA&rft.pub=Davis+Publications&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=978-0-87192-178-9&rft.aulast=Sivin&rft.aufirst=Carole&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMask" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWilsher2007" class="citation book cs1">Wilsher, Toby (2007). <i>The Mask Handbook: A Practical Guide</i>. London, UK: <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-41436-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-41436-4"><bdi>978-0-415-41436-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Mask+Handbook%3A+A+Practical+Guide&rft.place=London%2C+UK&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-415-41436-4&rft.aulast=Wilsher&rft.aufirst=Toby&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMask" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735" /><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/60px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Masks" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Masks">Masks</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735" /><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikiquote-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/40px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/60px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/120px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <i><b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Mask" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Mask">Mask</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140726191659/http://www.cs.okstate.edu/~subhashk/Ritual-Masks-Sacrifice.pdf">Ritual, Masks, and Sacrifice</a> (archived 26 July 2014)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061111101611/http://www.endicott-studio.com/gal/galmasks/masks1.html">The Mythic Mask: mask history and contemporary mask art</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot/Usurpations" title="Wikipedia:Link rot/Usurpations"><span title="The original domain has been hijacked for the purposes of spam, advertising, or or other fraudulent activity. The archive URL is encased in a usurped template to mitigate accidentally re-activating the underlying usurped URL, such as by converting to a CS1 or CS2 template. See template documentation.">usurped</span></a></i>]</sup> (archived 11 November 2006)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kasrl.org/noh_mask.html">The Noh Mask Effect: A Facial Expression Illusion</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=q_HMwgsQbPI">Mask Makers of Mas, Bali</a> (video on <a href="/wiki/YouTube" title="YouTube">YouTube</a>)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://africa.si.edu/pubaccess/pages/classifs/divqry1.asp?ClassificationID=13&ObjectTypeID=-1">Smithsonian Institution African Mask Links</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged December 2017">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.deathmask.kiev.ua">Virtual Museum of Death Mask</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180308153718/http://deathmask.kiev.ua/">Archived</a> 8 March 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.museumsyndicate.com/tag.php?id=135">Gallery of Masks from Around the World</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140418202932/http://www.museumsyndicate.com/tag.php?id=135">Archived</a> 18 April 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://costaricatraditionalfacemask.blogspot.co.uk/">Costa Rica Traditional Face Mask</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output 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abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Clothing" title="Template:Clothing"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Clothing" title="Template talk:Clothing"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Clothing" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Clothing"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Clothing687" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Clothing" title="Clothing">Clothing</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_clothing_and_textiles" title="History of clothing and textiles">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clothing_industry" title="Clothing industry">Industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clothing_technology" title="Clothing technology">Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clothing_terminology" title="Clothing terminology">Terminology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_clothing_and_textiles_technology" title="Timeline of clothing and textiles technology">Timeline</a></li></ul> </div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Headgear" title="Headgear">Headwear</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beret" title="Beret">Beret</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cap" title="Cap">Cap</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baseball_cap" title="Baseball cap">baseball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flat_cap" title="Flat cap">flat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knit_cap" title="Knit cap">knit</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown" title="Crown">Crown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hat" title="Hat">Hat</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boater" title="Boater">boater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bowler_hat" title="Bowler hat">bowler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fedora" title="Fedora">fedora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homburg_hat" title="Homburg hat">homburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Top_hat" title="Top hat">top</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helmet" title="Helmet">Helmet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hood_(headgear)" title="Hood (headgear)">Hood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerchief" title="Kerchief">Kerchief</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mask</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turban" title="Turban">Turban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veil" title="Veil">Veil</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Neckwear" class="mw-redirect" title="Neckwear">Neckwear</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bands_(neckwear)" title="Bands (neckwear)">Bands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choker" title="Choker">Choker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collar_(clothing)" title="Collar (clothing)">Collar</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clerical_collar" title="Clerical collar">Clerical</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pussy_bow" title="Pussy bow">Lavallière</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neckerchief" title="Neckerchief">Neckerchief</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neck_gaiter" title="Neck gaiter">Neck gaiter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Necktie" title="Necktie">Necktie</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ascot_tie" title="Ascot tie">ascot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolo_tie" title="Bolo tie">bolo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bow_tie" title="Bow tie">bow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kipper_tie" title="Kipper tie">kipper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/School_tie" title="School tie">school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stock_tie" title="Stock tie">stock</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scarf" title="Scarf">Scarf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tippet" title="Tippet">Tippet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Underwear" title="Underwear">Underwear</a><br /> and <a href="/wiki/Lingerie" title="Lingerie">lingerie</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Top</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bra" title="Bra">Bra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camisole" title="Camisole">Camisole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Undershirt" title="Undershirt">Undershirt</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Bottom</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diaper" title="Diaper">Diaper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Training_pants" title="Training pants">Training pants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leggings" title="Leggings">Leggings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panties" title="Panties">Panties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plastic_pants" title="Plastic pants">Plastic pants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slip_(clothing)" title="Slip (clothing)">Slip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thong" title="Thong">Thong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underpants" title="Underpants">Underpants</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boxer_briefs" title="Boxer briefs">boxer briefs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boxer_shorts" title="Boxer shorts">boxer shorts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Briefs" title="Briefs">briefs</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Full</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bodysuit" title="Bodysuit">Bodysuit, adult</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infant_bodysuit" title="Infant bodysuit">Bodysuit, infant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_underwear" title="Long underwear">Long underwear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/See-through_clothing" title="See-through clothing">See-through</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teddy_(garment)" title="Teddy (garment)">Teddy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Top_(clothing)" title="Top (clothing)">Tops</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blouse" title="Blouse">Blouse</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cache-c%C5%93ur" title="Cache-cœur">cache-cœur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crop_top" title="Crop top">crop top</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halterneck" title="Halterneck">halterneck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tube_top" title="Tube top">tube top</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cycling_jersey" title="Cycling jersey">Cycling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurta" title="Kurta">Kurta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mantle_(clothing)" title="Mantle (clothing)">Mantle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shirt" title="Shirt">Shirt</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dress_shirt" title="Dress shirt">dress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henley_shirt" title="Henley shirt">Henley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polo_shirt" title="Polo shirt">polo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sleeveless_shirt" title="Sleeveless shirt">sleeveless</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T-shirt" title="T-shirt">T</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crew_neck" title="Crew neck">crew neck</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sweater" title="Sweater">Sweater</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cardigan_(sweater)" title="Cardigan (sweater)">cardigan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guernsey_(clothing)" title="Guernsey (clothing)">guernsey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoodie" title="Hoodie">hoodie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jersey_(clothing)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jersey (clothing)">jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polo_neck" title="Polo neck">polo neck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shrug_(clothing)" title="Shrug (clothing)">shrug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sweater_vest" title="Sweater vest">sweater vest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twinset" title="Twinset">twinset</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waistcoat" title="Waistcoat">Waistcoat</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Bottoms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Trousers" title="Trousers">Trousers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bell-bottoms" title="Bell-bottoms">Bell-bottoms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bondage_pants" title="Bondage pants">Bondage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capri_pants" title="Capri pants">Capri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cargo_pants" title="Cargo pants">Cargo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaps" title="Chaps">Chaps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formal_trousers" title="Formal trousers">Formal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Go-to-hell_pants" title="Go-to-hell pants">Go-to-hell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-rise_(fashion)" title="High-rise (fashion)">High water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low-rise_(fashion)" title="Low-rise (fashion)">Lowrise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeans" title="Jeans">Jeans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jodhpurs" title="Jodhpurs">Jodhpurs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overalls" title="Overalls">Overalls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palazzo_pants" title="Palazzo pants">Palazzo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parachute_pants" title="Parachute pants">Parachute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedal_pushers" title="Pedal pushers">Pedal pushers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phat_pants" title="Phat pants">Phat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shorts" title="Shorts">Shorts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bermuda_shorts" title="Bermuda shorts">Bermuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cycling_shorts" title="Cycling shorts">cycling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dolphin_shorts" title="Dolphin shorts">dolphin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gym_shorts" title="Gym shorts">gym</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hotpants" title="Hotpants">hotpants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Running_shorts" title="Running shorts">running</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slim-fit_pants" title="Slim-fit pants">Slim-fit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sweatpants" title="Sweatpants">Sweatpants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windpants" class="mw-redirect" title="Windpants">Windpants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga_pants" title="Yoga pants">Yoga pants</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Skirt" title="Skirt">Skirts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/A-line_(clothing)" title="A-line (clothing)">A-line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ballerina_skirt" title="Ballerina skirt">Ballerina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denim_skirt" title="Denim skirt">Denim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Men%27s_skirts" title="Men's skirts">Men's</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miniskirt" title="Miniskirt">Miniskirt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pencil_skirt" title="Pencil skirt">Pencil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prairie_skirt" class="mw-redirect" title="Prairie skirt">Prairie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rah-rah_skirt" title="Rah-rah skirt">Rah-rah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarong" title="Sarong">Sarong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skort" title="Skort">Skort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tutu_(clothing)" title="Tutu (clothing)">Tutu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wrap_(clothing)" title="Wrap (clothing)">Wrap</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Full-Body<br />Wear</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Suit" title="Suit">Suits</a> and<br /><a href="/wiki/Uniform" title="Uniform">uniforms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ceremonial_dress" title="Ceremonial dress">Ceremonial dress</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Academic_dress" title="Academic dress">academic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Court_dress" title="Court dress">court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_uniform" title="Diplomatic uniform">diplomatic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_costume" title="Folk costume">Folk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jodhpuri" title="Jodhpuri">Jodhpuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jumpsuit" title="Jumpsuit">Jumpsuit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_uniform" title="Military uniform">Military</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Full_dress_uniform" title="Full dress uniform">full</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mess_dress_uniform" title="Mess dress uniform">mess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Service_dress_uniform" title="Service dress uniform">service</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sailor_suit" title="Sailor suit">sailor</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combat_uniform" title="Combat uniform">combat</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miner%27s_habit" title="Miner's habit">Miner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pantsuit" title="Pantsuit">Pantsuit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_uniform" title="Political uniform">Political</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_clothing" title="Religious clothing">Religious</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cassock" title="Cassock">cassock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clerical_clothing" title="Clerical clothing">clerical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vestment" title="Vestment">vestment</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/School_uniform" title="School uniform">School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prison_uniform" title="Prison uniform">Prison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workwear" title="Workwear">Workwear</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boilersuit" title="Boilersuit">boilersuit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleanroom_suit" title="Cleanroom suit">cleanroom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazmat_suit" title="Hazmat suit">hazmat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_suit" title="Space suit">space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scrubs_(clothing)" title="Scrubs (clothing)">scrubs</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dress" title="Dress">Dresses</a><br />and <a href="/wiki/Gown" title="Gown">gowns</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Formal, semi-<br />formal, informal</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Backless_dress" title="Backless dress">Backless</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bouffant_gown" title="Bouffant gown">Bouffant gown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coatdress" title="Coatdress">Coatdress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cocktail_dress" title="Cocktail dress">Cocktail</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Little_black_dress" title="Little black dress">little black</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evening_gown" title="Evening gown">Evening</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ball_gown" title="Ball gown">ball gown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debutante_dress" title="Debutante dress">debutante</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plain_dress" title="Plain dress">Plain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prairie_dress" title="Prairie dress">Prairie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princess_line" title="Princess line">Princess line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strapless_dress" title="Strapless dress">Strapless</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wedding_dress" title="Wedding dress">Wedding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wrap_dress" title="Wrap dress">Wrap</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Casual</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/House_dress" title="House dress">House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jumper_(dress)" title="Jumper (dress)">Jumper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romper_suit" title="Romper suit">Romper suit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheath_dress" title="Sheath dress">Sheath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shirtdress" title="Shirtdress">Shirtdress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slip_dress" title="Slip dress">Slip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sundress" title="Sundress">Sundress</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Coat" title="Coat">Coats</a><br />and<br /><a href="/wiki/List_of_outerwear" title="List of outerwear">outerwear</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Overcoats23" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Overcoat" title="Overcoat">Overcoats</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Car_coat" title="Car coat">Car</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chesterfield_coat" title="Chesterfield coat">Chesterfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Covert_coat" title="Covert coat">Covert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duffel_coat" title="Duffel coat">Duffel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duster_(clothing)" title="Duster (clothing)">Duster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greatcoat" title="Greatcoat">Greatcoat</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_Warm" title="British Warm">British Warm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guards_Coat" title="Guards Coat">Guards Coat</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greca_(clothing)" title="Greca (clothing)">Greca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Over-frock_coat" title="Over-frock coat">Over-frock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riding_coat" title="Riding coat">Riding</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shadbelly" title="Shadbelly">shadbelly</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trench_coat" title="Trench coat">Trench</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulster_coat" title="Ulster coat">Ulster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cloak" title="Cloak">Cloak</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Opera_cloak" title="Opera cloak">opera</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paletot" title="Paletot">Paletot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pea_coat" title="Pea coat">Pea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polo_coat" title="Polo coat">Polo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raincoat" title="Raincoat">Raincoat</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mackintosh" title="Mackintosh">Mackintosh</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Suit coats</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Frock_coat" title="Frock coat">Frock coat</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bekishe" title="Bekishe">bekishe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rekel" title="Rekel">rekel</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mess_jacket" title="Mess jacket">Mess jacket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suit_jacket" title="Suit jacket">Suit jacket</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blazer" title="Blazer">Blazer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoking_jacket" title="Smoking jacket">smoking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_coat" title="Sport coat">sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teba_jacket" title="Teba jacket">Teba</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tailcoat" title="Tailcoat">Tailcoat</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/White_tie#Dress_coat" title="White tie">dress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morning_dress#Morning_coat" title="Morning dress">morning</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apron" title="Apron">Apron</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pinafore" title="Pinafore">pinafore</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blouson" title="Blouson">Blouson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cagoule" title="Cagoule">Cagoule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape" title="Cape">Cape</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ferraiolo" title="Ferraiolo">ferraiolo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inverness_cape" title="Inverness cape">Inverness</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mantle_(clothing)" title="Mantle (clothing)">Mantle</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mantle_(monastic_vesture)" title="Mantle (monastic vesture)">monastic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mantle_(royal_garment)" title="Mantle (royal garment)">royal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozzetta" title="Mozzetta">mozzetta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pellegrina" title="Pellegrina">pellegrina</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coatee" title="Coatee">Coatee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cut-off" title="Cut-off">Cut-off</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilet" title="Gilet">Gilet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacket" title="Jacket">Jacket</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Down_jacket" title="Down jacket">down</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flight_jacket" title="Flight jacket">flight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goggle_jacket" title="Goggle jacket">goggle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harrington_jacket" title="Harrington jacket">Harrington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leather_jacket" title="Leather jacket">leather</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mackinaw_jacket" title="Mackinaw jacket">mackinaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norfolk_jacket" title="Norfolk jacket">Norfolk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safari_jacket" title="Safari jacket">safari</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerkin_(garment)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jerkin (garment)">Jerkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_coat" title="White coat">Lab coat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parka" title="Parka">Parka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poncho" title="Poncho">Poncho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robe" title="Robe">Robe</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bathrobe" title="Bathrobe">bathrobe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dressing_gown" title="Dressing gown">dressing gown</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shawl" title="Shawl">Shawl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ski_suit" title="Ski suit">Ski suit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sleeved_blanket" title="Sleeved blanket">Sleeved blanket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windbreaker" title="Windbreaker">Windbreaker</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nightwear" title="Nightwear">Nightwear</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Babydoll" title="Babydoll">Babydoll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babygrow" title="Babygrow">Babygrow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blanket_sleeper" title="Blanket sleeper">Blanket sleeper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Negligee" title="Negligee">Negligee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nightgown" title="Nightgown">Nightgown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nightshirt" title="Nightshirt">Nightshirt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pajamas" title="Pajamas">Pajamas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Swimsuit" title="Swimsuit">Swimwear</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bikini" title="Bikini">Bikini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burkini" title="Burkini">Burkini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boardshorts" title="Boardshorts">Boardshorts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dry_suit" title="Dry suit">Dry suit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monokini" title="Monokini">Monokini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One-piece_swimsuit" title="One-piece swimsuit">One-piece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rash_guard" title="Rash guard">Rash guard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sling_swimsuit" title="Sling swimsuit">Sling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Square_leg_suit" class="mw-redirect" title="Square leg suit">Square leg suit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swim_briefs" title="Swim briefs">Swim briefs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swim_diaper" title="Swim diaper">Swim diaper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trunks_(clothing)" class="mw-redirect" title="Trunks (clothing)">Trunks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wetsuit" title="Wetsuit">Wetsuit</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hosiery" title="Hosiery">Legwear</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sock" title="Sock">Sock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hold-ups" title="Hold-ups">Hold-ups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garter" title="Garter">Garter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pantyhose" title="Pantyhose">Pantyhose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stocking" title="Stocking">Stocking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tights" title="Tights">Tights</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Footwear" title="Footwear">Footwear</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boot" title="Boot">Boot</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dress_boot" title="Dress boot">Dress boot</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flip-flops" title="Flip-flops">Flip-flops</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandal" title="Sandal">Sandal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoe" title="Shoe">Shoe</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dress_shoe" title="Dress shoe">Dress shoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Court_shoe" title="Court shoe">Court shoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sneaker" class="mw-redirect" title="Sneaker">Sneaker</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slipper" title="Slipper">Slipper</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fashion_accessory" title="Fashion accessory">Accessories</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Adornments</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armband" title="Armband">Armband</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belt_(clothing)" title="Belt (clothing)">Belt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boutonni%C3%A8re" title="Boutonnière">Boutonnière</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coin_purse" title="Coin purse">Coin purse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cufflink" title="Cufflink">Cufflink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cummerbund" title="Cummerbund">Cummerbund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaiters" title="Gaiters">Gaiters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glasses" title="Glasses">Glasses</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sunglasses" title="Sunglasses">Sunglasses</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glove" title="Glove">Gloves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Headband" title="Headband">Headband</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Handbag" title="Handbag">Handbag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inro" title="Inro">Inro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewellery" title="Jewellery">Jewellery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Livery" title="Livery">Livery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muff_(handwarmer)" title="Muff (handwarmer)">Muff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pocket_protector" title="Pocket protector">Pocket protector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pocket_watch" title="Pocket watch">Pocket watch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sash" title="Sash">Sash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spats_(footwear)" title="Spats (footwear)">Spats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suspenders" title="Suspenders">Suspenders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wallet" title="Wallet">Wallet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watch" title="Watch">Watch</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Non-worn items</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hand_fan" title="Hand fan">Hand fan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umbrella" title="Umbrella">Umbrella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walking_stick" title="Walking stick">Walking stick</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dress_code" title="Dress code">Dress codes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Western31" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Western_dress_codes" title="Western dress codes">Western</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Formal_wear" title="Formal wear">Formal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Morning_dress" title="Morning dress">morning dress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_tie" title="White tie">white tie</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semi-formal_wear" title="Semi-formal wear">Semi-formal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_lounge_suit" title="Black lounge suit">black lounge suit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_tie" title="Black tie">black tie</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Informal_wear" title="Informal wear">Informal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Business_casual" title="Business casual">Business casual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smart_casual" title="Smart casual">Smart casual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casual_wear" title="Casual wear">Casual</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clothing_fetish" title="Clothing fetish">Clothing fetish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clothing_swap" title="Clothing swap">Clothing swap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Costume" title="Costume">Costume</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Creature_suit" title="Creature suit">creature suit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halloween_costume" title="Halloween costume">Halloween costume</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross-dressing" title="Cross-dressing">Cross-dressing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_fashion" title="Environmental impact of fashion">Environmental impact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fashion" title="Fashion">Fashion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haute_couture" title="Haute couture">haute couture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Made-to-measure" title="Made-to-measure">made-to-measure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ready-to-wear" title="Ready-to-wear">ready-to-wear</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fur_clothing" title="Fur clothing">Fur clothing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_types_of_fur" title="List of types of fur">types</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fursuit" title="Fursuit">Fursuit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_trade_of_secondhand_clothing" title="Global trade of secondhand clothing">Global trade of secondhand clothing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laundry" title="Laundry">Laundry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clothing_laws_by_country" title="Clothing laws by country">Laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_individual_dresses" title="List of individual dresses">List of individual dresses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconstructed_clothing" title="Reconstructed clothing">Reconstructed clothing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_clothing" title="Right to clothing">Right to clothing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vintage_clothing" title="Vintage clothing">Vintage clothing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Emojione_1F458.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Emojione_1F458.svg/28px-Emojione_1F458.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Emojione_1F458.svg/42px-Emojione_1F458.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Emojione_1F458.svg/56px-Emojione_1F458.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Clothing" title="Portal:Clothing">Clothing portal</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox1719" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161524#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4037845-7">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Masks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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