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France - Simple English Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Beginning</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Geography_and_climate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geography_and_climate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Geography and climate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Geography_and_climate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Name" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Name"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Name</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Name-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Roman_Gaul" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Roman_Gaul"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Roman Gaul</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Roman_Gaul-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Franks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Franks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Franks</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Franks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kingdom" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kingdom"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Kingdom</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kingdom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Middle_Ages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Middle_Ages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4.1</span> <span>Middle Ages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Middle_Ages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Enlightenment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Enlightenment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4.2</span> <span>Enlightenment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Enlightenment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Republic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Republic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Republic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Republic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Napoleonic_Wars" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Napoleonic_Wars"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5.1</span> <span>Napoleonic Wars</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Napoleonic_Wars-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Colonialism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Colonialism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5.2</span> <span>Colonialism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Colonialism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-World_Wars" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#World_Wars"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5.3</span> <span>World Wars</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-World_Wars-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Divisions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Divisions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Divisions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Divisions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Government" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Government"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Government</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Government-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Military" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Military"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Military</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Military-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Foreign_relations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foreign_relations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Foreign relations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foreign_relations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Economy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demographics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Demographics</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Demographics subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ethnic_groups" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ethnic_groups"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Ethnic groups</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ethnic_groups-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Culture</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Culture subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Language" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Language"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Language</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Language-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>Religion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.3</span> <span>Literature</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sports" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sports"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.4</span> <span>Sports</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sports-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cuisine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cuisine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.5</span> <span>Cuisine</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cuisine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tourism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tourism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.6</span> <span>Tourism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tourism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Related_pages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Related_pages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Related pages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Related_pages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.1</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_websites" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_websites"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Other websites</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_websites-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">France</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 310 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-310" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">310 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ace mw-list-item"><a href="https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peurancih" title="Peurancih – Acehnese" lang="ace" hreflang="ace" data-title="Peurancih" data-language-autonym="Acèh" data-language-local-name="Acehnese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Acèh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbd mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B6" title="Фрэндж – Kabardian" lang="kbd" hreflang="kbd" data-title="Фрэндж" data-language-autonym="Адыгэбзэ" data-language-local-name="Kabardian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Адыгэбзэ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ady mw-list-item"><a href="https://ady.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B5" title="Францие – Adyghe" lang="ady" hreflang="ady" data-title="Францие" data-language-autonym="Адыгабзэ" data-language-local-name="Adyghe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Адыгабзэ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankryk" title="Frankryk – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Frankryk" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankreich" title="Frankreich – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Frankreich" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8D%88%E1%88%A8%E1%8A%95%E1%88%A3%E1%8B%AD" title="ፈረንሣይ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ፈረንሣይ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ranska" title="Ranska – Inari Sami" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" data-title="Ranska" data-language-autonym="Anarâškielâ" data-language-local-name="Inari Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Anarâškielâ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B8" title="फ्रांस – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="फ्रांस" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francland" title="Francland – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Francland" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ab mw-list-item"><a href="https://ab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0" title="Франциа – Abkhazian" lang="ab" hreflang="ab" data-title="Франциа" data-language-autonym="Аԥсшәа" data-language-local-name="Abkhazian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Аԥсшәа</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%A7" title="فرنسا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="فرنسا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francia" title="Francia – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Francia" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%A6%DC%AA%DC%A2%DC%A3%DC%90" title="ܦܪܢܣܐ – Aramaic" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܦܪܢܣܐ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramaic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ܐܪܡܝܐ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%96%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%BD%D5%A1" title="Ֆրանսա – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Ֆրանսա" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fr%C3%A2n%C8%9Bie" title="Frânție – Aromanian" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Frânție" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="Aromanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Armãneashti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/France" title="France – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="France" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Arpetan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AB%E0%A7%8D%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B8" title="ফ্ৰান্স – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="ফ্ৰান্স" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francia" title="Francia – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Francia" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-atj mw-list-item"><a href="https://atj.wikipedia.org/wiki/France" title="France – Atikamekw" lang="atj" hreflang="atj" data-title="France" data-language-autonym="Atikamekw" data-language-local-name="Atikamekw" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Atikamekw</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B8" title="फ्रांस – Awadhi" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="फ्रांस" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="Awadhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अवधी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hy%C3%A3sia" title="Hyãsia – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Hyãsia" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81" title="Паранс – Avaric" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="Паранс" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="Avaric" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Авар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phransiya" title="Phransiya – Aymara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Phransiya" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="Aymara" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aymar aru</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fransa" title="Fransa – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Fransa" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%87" title="فرانسه – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="فرانسه" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perancis" title="Perancis – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Perancis" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bm mw-list-item"><a href="https://bm.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%A0ransi" title="Fàransi – Bambara" lang="bm" hreflang="bm" data-title="Fàransi" data-language-autonym="Bamanankan" data-language-local-name="Bambara" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bamanankan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AB%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B8" title="ফ্রান্স – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ফ্রান্স" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parancis" title="Parancis – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Parancis" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Banjar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoat-kok" title="Hoat-kok – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Hoat-kok" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-map-bms mw-list-item"><a href="https://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perancis" title="Perancis – Banyumasan" lang="jv-x-bms" hreflang="jv-x-bms" data-title="Perancis" data-language-autonym="Basa Banyumasan" data-language-local-name="Banyumasan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Banyumasan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Франция – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Франция" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%8F" title="Францыя – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Францыя" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%8F" title="Францыя – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Францыя" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B8" title="फ्रांस – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="फ्रांस" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pransya" title="Pransya – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Pransya" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bi mw-list-item"><a href="https://bi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franis" title="Franis – Bislama" lang="bi" hreflang="bi" data-title="Franis" data-language-autonym="Bislama" data-language-local-name="Bislama" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bislama</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Франция – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Франция" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankreich" title="Frankreich – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Frankreich" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A7%E0%BE%A5%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A2%E0%BD%93%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A6%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8D" title="ཧྥ་རན་སི། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="ཧྥ་རན་སི།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francuska" title="Francuska – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Francuska" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bro-C%27hall" title="Bro-C'hall – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Bro-C'hall" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8" title="Франци – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Франци" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7a" title="França – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="França" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8" title="Франци – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Франци" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pransiya" title="Pransiya – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Pransiya" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francie" title="Francie – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Francie" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ch mw-list-item"><a href="https://ch.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francia" title="Francia – Chamorro" lang="ch" hreflang="ch" data-title="Francia" data-language-autonym="Chamoru" data-language-local-name="Chamorro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Chamoru</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cbk-zam mw-list-item"><a href="https://cbk-zam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francia" title="Francia – Chavacano" lang="cbk" hreflang="cbk" data-title="Francia" data-language-autonym="Chavacano de Zamboanga" data-language-local-name="Chavacano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Chavacano de Zamboanga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ny mw-list-item"><a href="https://ny.wikipedia.org/wiki/France" title="France – Nyanja" lang="ny" hreflang="ny" data-title="France" data-language-autonym="Chi-Chewa" data-language-local-name="Nyanja" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Chi-Chewa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Furanzi" title="Furanzi – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Furanzi" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tum mw-list-item"><a href="https://tum.wikipedia.org/wiki/France" title="France – Tumbuka" lang="tum" hreflang="tum" data-title="France" data-language-autonym="ChiTumbuka" data-language-local-name="Tumbuka" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiTumbuka</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francia" title="Francia – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Francia" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Corsu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ffrainc" title="Ffrainc – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Ffrainc" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dag mw-list-item"><a href="https://dag.wikipedia.org/wiki/France" title="France – Dagbani" lang="dag" hreflang="dag" data-title="France" data-language-autonym="Dagbanli" data-language-local-name="Dagbani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dagbanli</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankrig" title="Frankrig – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Frankrig" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%A7" title="فرانسا – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="فرانسا" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankriika" title="Frankriika – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Frankriika" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Northern Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Davvisámegiella</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pdc mw-list-item"><a href="https://pdc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankreich" title="Frankreich – Pennsylvania German" lang="pdc" hreflang="pdc" data-title="Frankreich" data-language-autonym="Deitsch" data-language-local-name="Pennsylvania German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deitsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankreich" title="Frankreich – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Frankreich" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%8A%DE%A6%DE%83%DE%A6%DE%82%DE%B0%DE%90%DE%AD%DE%90%DE%A8%DE%88%DE%A8%DE%8D%DE%A7%DE%8C%DE%B0" title="ފަރަންސޭސިވިލާތް – Divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="ފަރަންސޭސިވިލާތް" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="Divehi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ދިވެހިބަސް</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%A1%C3%A1ghahii_Dine%CA%BC%C3%A9_Bik%C3%A9yah" title="Dáághahii Dineʼé Bikéyah – Navajo" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Dáághahii Dineʼé Bikéyah" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="Navajo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Diné bizaad</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francojska" title="Francojska – Lower Sorbian" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Francojska" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Lower Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dolnoserbski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dty mw-list-item"><a href="https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8" title="फ्रान्स – Doteli" lang="dty" hreflang="dty" data-title="फ्रान्स" data-language-autonym="डोटेली" data-language-local-name="Doteli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>डोटेली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dz mw-list-item"><a href="https://dz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%95%E0%BD%A2%E0%BD%B1%E0%BD%93%E0%BD%A6%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8B" title="ཕརཱནསི་ – Dzongkha" lang="dz" hreflang="dz" data-title="ཕརཱནསི་" data-language-autonym="ཇོང་ཁ" data-language-local-name="Dzongkha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ཇོང་ཁ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prantsusmaa" title="Prantsusmaa – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Prantsusmaa" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%93%CE%B1%CE%BB%CE%BB%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Γαλλία – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Γαλλία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franza" title="Franza – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="Franza" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Emiliàn e rumagnòl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France" title="France – English" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="France" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Франция Мастор – Erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Франция Мастор" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Эрзянь</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francia" title="Francia – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Francia" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francio" title="Francio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Francio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francia" title="Francia – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Francia" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frantzia" title="Frantzia – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Frantzia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ee mw-list-item"><a href="https://ee.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frans" title="Frans – Ewe" lang="ee" hreflang="ee" data-title="Frans" data-language-autonym="Eʋegbe" data-language-local-name="Ewe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eʋegbe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%87" title="فرانسه – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="فرانسه" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/France" title="France – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="France" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frakland" title="Frakland – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Frakland" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/France" title="France – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="France" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankryk" title="Frankryk – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Frankryk" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ff mw-list-item"><a href="https://ff.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farayse" title="Farayse – Fula" lang="ff" hreflang="ff" data-title="Farayse" data-language-autonym="Fulfulde" data-language-local-name="Fula" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fulfulde</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/France" title="France – Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="France" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friulian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Furlan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Fhrainc" title="An Fhrainc – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="An Fhrainc" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yn_Rank" title="Yn Rank – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Yn Rank" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gag mw-list-item"><a href="https://gag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C5%A3iya" title="Franţiya – Gagauz" lang="gag" hreflang="gag" data-title="Franţiya" data-language-autonym="Gagauz" data-language-local-name="Gagauz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gagauz</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Fhraing" title="An Fhraing – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="An Fhraing" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francia" title="Francia – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Francia" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D1%8C%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%85%D1%8C%D0%B5" title="Фаьренгехье – Ingush" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="Фаьренгехье" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="Ingush" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ГӀалгӀай</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%9C%8B" title="法國 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="法國" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ki mw-list-item"><a href="https://ki.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baranja" title="Baranja – Kikuyu" lang="ki" hreflang="ki" data-title="Baranja" data-language-autonym="Gĩkũyũ" data-language-local-name="Kikuyu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gĩkũyũ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-glk mw-list-item"><a href="https://glk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%87" title="فرانسه – Gilaki" lang="glk" hreflang="glk" data-title="فرانسه" data-language-autonym="گیلکی" data-language-local-name="Gilaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>گیلکی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%AB%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%B0%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%A8%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%B8" title="ફ્રાન્સ – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="ફ્રાન્સ" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-got mw-list-item"><a href="https://got.wikipedia.org/wiki/%F0%90%8D%86%F0%90%8D%82%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8C%B2%F0%90%8C%BA%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8C%BB%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8C%BD%F0%90%8C%B3" title="𐍆𐍂𐌰𐌲𐌺𐌰𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳 – Gothic" lang="got" hreflang="got" data-title="𐍆𐍂𐌰𐌲𐌺𐌰𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳" data-language-autonym="𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺" data-language-local-name="Gothic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gom mw-list-item"><a href="https://gom.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B8" title="फ्रांस – Goan Konkani" lang="gom" hreflang="gom" data-title="फ्रांस" data-language-autonym="गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni" data-language-local-name="Goan Konkani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fap-koet" title="Fap-koet – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Fap-koet" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xal mw-list-item"><a href="https://xal.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%9E%D1%80%D0%BD" title="Пранцсин Орн – Kalmyk" lang="xal" hreflang="xal" data-title="Пранцсин Орн" data-language-autonym="Хальмг" data-language-local-name="Kalmyk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Хальмг</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%94%84%EB%9E%91%EC%8A%A4" title="프랑스 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="프랑스" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faransa" title="Faransa – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Faransa" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-haw mw-list-item"><a href="https://haw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palani" title="Palani – Hawaiian" lang="haw" hreflang="haw" data-title="Palani" data-language-autonym="Hawaiʻi" data-language-local-name="Hawaiian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hawaiʻi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%96%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%BD%D5%AB%D5%A1" title="Ֆրանսիա – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ֆրանսիա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8" title="फ़्रान्स – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="फ़्रान्स" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francoska" title="Francoska – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Francoska" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francuska" title="Francuska – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Francuska" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francia" title="Francia – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Francia" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/France" title="France – Igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="France" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="Igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Igbo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pransia" title="Pransia – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Pransia" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bpy mw-list-item"><a href="https://bpy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AB%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B8" title="ফ্রান্স – Bishnupriya" lang="bpy" hreflang="bpy" data-title="ফ্রান্স" data-language-autonym="বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী" data-language-local-name="Bishnupriya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prancis" title="Prancis – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Prancis" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francia" title="Francia – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Francia" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francia" title="Francia – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Francia" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iu mw-list-item"><a href="https://iu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%95%97%E1%95%8C%E1%93%90%E1%94%85" title="ᕗᕌᓐᔅ – Inuktitut" lang="iu" hreflang="iu" data-title="ᕗᕌᓐᔅ" data-language-autonym="ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut" data-language-local-name="Inuktitut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86" title="Франц – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Франц" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xh mw-list-item"><a href="https://xh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fransi" title="Fransi – Xhosa" lang="xh" hreflang="xh" data-title="Fransi" data-language-autonym="IsiXhosa" data-language-local-name="Xhosa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiXhosa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/IFulansi" title="IFulansi – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="IFulansi" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiZulu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frakkland" title="Frakkland – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Frakkland" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francia" title="Francia – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Francia" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A6%D7%A8%D7%A4%D7%AA" title="צרפת – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="צרפת" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prancis" title="Prancis – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Prancis" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frans%C9%A9%C9%A9" title="Fransɩɩ – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Fransɩɩ" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AB%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D" title="ಫ್ರಾನ್ಸ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಫ್ರಾನ್ಸ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pransiya" title="Pransiya – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Pransiya" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kapampangan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-krc mw-list-item"><a href="https://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Франция – Karachay-Balkar" lang="krc" hreflang="krc" data-title="Франция" data-language-autonym="Къарачай-малкъар" data-language-local-name="Karachay-Balkar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Къарачай-малкъар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%A4%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%92%E1%83%94%E1%83%97%E1%83%98" title="საფრანგეთი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="საფრანგეთი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%9B%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%9B%D8%B3" title="فرٛانٛس – Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="فرٛانٛس" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franc%C3%ABj%C3%B4" title="Francëjô – Kashubian" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="Francëjô" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="Kashubian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kaszëbsczi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Франция – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Франция" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pow_Frynk" title="Pow Frynk – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Pow Frynk" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw mw-list-item"><a href="https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ubufaransa" title="Ubufaransa – Kinyarwanda" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" data-title="Ubufaransa" data-language-autonym="Ikinyarwanda" data-language-local-name="Kinyarwanda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ikinyarwanda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rn mw-list-item"><a href="https://rn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ubufaransa" title="Ubufaransa – Rundi" lang="rn" hreflang="rn" data-title="Ubufaransa" data-language-autonym="Ikirundi" data-language-local-name="Rundi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ikirundi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ufaransa" title="Ufaransa – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Ufaransa" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%BC%D1%83" title="Прансузму – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Прансузму" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Коми</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fwalansa" title="Fwalansa – Kongo" lang="kg" hreflang="kg" data-title="Fwalansa" data-language-autonym="Kongo" data-language-local-name="Kongo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kongo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franca" title="Franca – Kotava" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="Franca" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="Kotava" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kotava</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frans" title="Frans – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Frans" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lafrans" title="Lafrans – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Lafrans" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fransa" title="Fransa – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Fransa" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Франция – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Франция" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franzia" title="Franzia – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Franzia" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fransia" title="Fransia – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Fransia" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladino</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%9B%E0%BA%B0%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%97%E0%BA%94%E0%BA%9D%E0%BA%A3%E0%BA%B1%E0%BB%88%E0%BA%87" title="ປະເທດຝຣັ່ງ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ປະເທດຝຣັ່ງ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ltg mw-list-item"><a href="https://ltg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pra%C5%86ceja" title="Praņceja – Latgalian" lang="ltg" hreflang="ltg" data-title="Praņceja" data-language-autonym="Latgaļu" data-language-local-name="Latgalian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latgaļu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francia" title="Francia – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Francia" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francija" title="Francija – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Francija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankr%C3%A4ich" title="Frankräich – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Frankräich" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Франция – Lezghian" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Франция" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="Lezghian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лезги</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pranc%C5%ABzija" title="Prancūzija – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Prancūzija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fransa" title="Fransa – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Fransa" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankriek" title="Frankriek – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Frankriek" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falansia" title="Falansia – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Falansia" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingála</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frans" title="Frans – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Frans" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frantsii" title="Frantsii – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Frantsii" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Livvinkarjala</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/fasygu%27e" title="fasygu'e – Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="fasygu'e" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="Lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>La .lojban.</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lg mw-list-item"><a href="https://lg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bufalansa" title="Bufalansa – Ganda" lang="lg" hreflang="lg" data-title="Bufalansa" data-language-autonym="Luganda" data-language-local-name="Ganda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Luganda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fr%C3%A0ncia" title="Frància – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Frància" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franciaorsz%C3%A1g" title="Franciaország – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Franciaország" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mad mw-list-item"><a href="https://mad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prancis" title="Prancis – Madurese" lang="mad" hreflang="mad" data-title="Prancis" data-language-autonym="Madhurâ" data-language-local-name="Madurese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Madhurâ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8" title="फ्रान्स – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="फ्रान्स" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मैथिली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Франција – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Франција" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frantsa" title="Frantsa – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Frantsa" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AB%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BB%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D" title="ഫ്രാൻസ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഫ്രാൻസ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franza" title="Franza – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Franza" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/W%C4%ABw%C4%AB" title="Wīwī – Māori" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Wīwī" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="Māori" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Māori</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8" title="फ्रान्स – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="फ्रान्स" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%A4%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%92%E1%83%94%E1%83%97%E1%83%98" title="საფრანგეთი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="საფრანგეთი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%A7" title="فرنسا – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="فرنسا" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%87" title="فرانسه – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="فرانسه" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perancis" title="Perancis – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Perancis" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%90%EA%AF%AD%EA%AF%94%EA%AF%A5%EA%AF%9F%EA%AF%81" title="ꯐ꯭ꯔꯥꯟꯁ – Manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯐ꯭ꯔꯥꯟꯁ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="Manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parancih" title="Parancih – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Parancih" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hu%C3%A1k-gu%C3%B3k" title="Huák-guók – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Huák-guók" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fr%C3%A1ncia" title="Fráncia – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Fráncia" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Кранцмастор – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Кранцмастор" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Мокшень</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86" title="Франц – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Франц" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%95%E1%80%BC%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9E%E1%80%85%E1%80%BA%E1%80%94%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%84%E1%80%B6" title="ပြင်သစ်နိုင်ငံ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ပြင်သစ်နိုင်ငံ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fj mw-list-item"><a href="https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varanise" title="Varanise – Fijian" lang="fj" hreflang="fj" data-title="Varanise" data-language-autonym="Na Vosa Vakaviti" data-language-local-name="Fijian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Na Vosa Vakaviti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankrijk" title="Frankrijk – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Frankrijk" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankriek" title="Frankriek – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Frankriek" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8" title="फ्रान्स – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="फ्रान्स" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8" title="फ्रान्स – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="फ्रान्स" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%95%E3%83%A9%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B9" title="フランス – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="フランス" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franza" title="Franza – Neapolitan" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Franza" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="Neapolitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Napulitano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nqo mw-list-item"><a href="https://nqo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DF%9D%DF%8A%DF%AC%DF%99%DF%8A%DF%B2%DF%AC%DF%9B%DF%8C%DF%AB" title="ߝߊ߬ߙߊ߲߬ߛߌ߫ – N’Ko" lang="nqo" hreflang="nqo" data-title="ߝߊ߬ߙߊ߲߬ߛߌ߫" data-language-autonym="ߒߞߏ" data-language-local-name="N’Ko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ߒߞߏ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8" title="Франци – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Франци" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fr%C3%A5nkrik" title="Frånkrik – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Frånkrik" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pih mw-list-item"><a href="https://pih.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frans" title="Frans – Pitcairn-Norfolk" lang="pih" hreflang="pih" data-title="Frans" data-language-autonym="Norfuk / Pitkern" data-language-local-name="Pitcairn-Norfolk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norfuk / Pitkern</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankrike" title="Frankrike – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Frankrike" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankrike" title="Frankrike – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Frankrike" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fraunce" title="Fraunce – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Fraunce" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nouormand</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fransia" title="Fransia – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Fransia" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Novial</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7a" title="França – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="França" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Франций – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Франций" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Олык марий</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firaansi" title="Firaansi – Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Firaansi" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fransiya" title="Fransiya – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Fransiya" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AB%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%82%E0%A8%B8" title="ਫ਼ਰਾਂਸ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਫ਼ਰਾਂਸ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pi mw-list-item"><a href="https://pi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B8" title="फ्रांस – Pali" lang="pi" hreflang="pi" data-title="फ्रांस" data-language-autonym="पालि" data-language-local-name="Pali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>पालि</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pfl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pfl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankreich" title="Frankreich – Palatine German" lang="pfl" hreflang="pfl" data-title="Frankreich" data-language-autonym="Pälzisch" data-language-local-name="Palatine German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Pälzisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pag mw-list-item"><a href="https://pag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fransia" title="Fransia – Pangasinan" lang="pag" hreflang="pag" data-title="Fransia" data-language-autonym="Pangasinan" data-language-local-name="Pangasinan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Pangasinan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ami mw-list-item"><a href="https://ami.wikipedia.org/wiki/France" title="France – Amis" lang="ami" hreflang="ami" data-title="France" data-language-autonym="Pangcah" data-language-local-name="Amis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Pangcah</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3" title="فرانس – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="فرانس" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-blk mw-list-item"><a href="https://blk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%95%E1%80%AD%E1%80%89%E1%80%BA%E1%80%90%E1%80%AD%E1%80%85%E1%80%BA%E1%80%81%E1%80%99%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%91%E1%80%AE" title="ပိဉ်တိစ်ခမ်းထီ – Pa'O" lang="blk" hreflang="blk" data-title="ပိဉ်တိစ်ခမ်းထီ" data-language-autonym="ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ" data-language-local-name="Pa'O" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fransia" title="Fransia – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Fransia" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Papiamentu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%87" title="فرانسه – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="فرانسه" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frans" title="Frans – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Frans" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-koi mw-list-item"><a href="https://koi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81" title="Франс – Komi-Permyak" lang="koi" hreflang="koi" data-title="Франс" data-language-autonym="Перем коми" data-language-local-name="Komi-Permyak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Перем коми</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%94%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%9A%E1%9E%B6%E1%9F%86%E1%9E%84" title="បារាំង – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="បារាំង" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franche" title="Franche – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Franche" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Picard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fransa" title="Fransa – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Fransa" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tpi mw-list-item"><a href="https://tpi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frens" title="Frens – Tok Pisin" lang="tpi" hreflang="tpi" data-title="Frens" data-language-autonym="Tok Pisin" data-language-local-name="Tok Pisin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tok Pisin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankriek" title="Frankriek – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Frankriek" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francja" title="Francja – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Francja" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%93%CE%B1%CE%BB%CE%BB%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Γαλλία – Pontic" lang="pnt" hreflang="pnt" data-title="Γαλλία" data-language-autonym="Ποντιακά" data-language-local-name="Pontic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ποντιακά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7a" title="França – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="França" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franciya" title="Franciya – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Franciya" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frenkistan" title="Frenkistan – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Frenkistan" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qırımtatarca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ty mw-list-item"><a href="https://ty.wikipedia.org/wiki/Far%C4%81ni" title="Farāni – Tahitian" lang="ty" hreflang="ty" data-title="Farāni" data-language-autonym="Reo tahiti" data-language-local-name="Tahitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Reo tahiti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ksh mw-list-item"><a href="https://ksh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankreich" title="Frankreich – Colognian" lang="ksh" hreflang="ksh" data-title="Frankreich" data-language-autonym="Ripoarisch" data-language-local-name="Colognian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ripoarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C8%9Ba" title="Franța – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Franța" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rmy mw-list-item"><a href="https://rmy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franchiya" title="Franchiya – Vlax Romani" lang="rmy" hreflang="rmy" data-title="Franchiya" data-language-autonym="Romani čhib" data-language-local-name="Vlax Romani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Romani čhib</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frantscha" title="Frantscha – Romansh" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="Frantscha" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="Romansh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Rumantsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ransiya" title="Ransiya – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Ransiya" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Франція – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Франція" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Франция – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Франция" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%8B%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8B%D0%B9%D0%B0" title="Быраансыйа – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Быраансыйа" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szy mw-list-item"><a href="https://szy.wikipedia.org/wiki/France" title="France – Sakizaya" lang="szy" hreflang="szy" data-title="France" data-language-autonym="Sakizaya" data-language-local-name="Sakizaya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sakizaya</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sm mw-list-item"><a href="https://sm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farani" title="Farani – Samoan" lang="sm" hreflang="sm" data-title="Farani" data-language-autonym="Gagana Samoa" data-language-local-name="Samoan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gagana Samoa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%83" title="फ्रान्सदेशः – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="फ्रान्सदेशः" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sg mw-list-item"><a href="https://sg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Far%C3%A2nzi" title="Farânzi – Sango" lang="sg" hreflang="sg" data-title="Farânzi" data-language-autonym="Sängö" data-language-local-name="Sango" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sängö</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%AF%E1%B1%B7%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%B1%E1%B1%A5" title="ᱯᱷᱨᱟᱱᱥ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱯᱷᱨᱟᱱᱥ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-skr mw-list-item"><a href="https://skr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3" title="فرانس – Saraiki" lang="skr" hreflang="skr" data-title="فرانس" data-language-autonym="سرائیکی" data-language-local-name="Saraiki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سرائیکی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frantza" title="Frantza – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Frantza" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fraunce" title="Fraunce – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Fraunce" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-trv mw-list-item"><a href="https://trv.wikipedia.org/wiki/France" title="France – Taroko" lang="trv" hreflang="trv" data-title="France" data-language-autonym="Seediq" data-language-local-name="Taroko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seediq</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankriek" title="Frankriek – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Frankriek" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-st mw-list-item"><a href="https://st.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fora" title="Fora – Southern Sotho" lang="st" hreflang="st" data-title="Fora" data-language-autonym="Sesotho" data-language-local-name="Southern Sotho" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sesotho</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nso mw-list-item"><a href="https://nso.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fora" title="Fora – Northern Sotho" lang="nso" hreflang="nso" data-title="Fora" data-language-autonym="Sesotho sa Leboa" data-language-local-name="Northern Sotho" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sesotho sa Leboa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tn mw-list-item"><a href="https://tn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fora" title="Fora – Tswana" lang="tn" hreflang="tn" data-title="Fora" data-language-autonym="Setswana" data-language-local-name="Tswana" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Setswana</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franca" title="Franca – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Franca" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francia" title="Francia – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Francia" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B4%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BB%E0%B6%82%E0%B7%81%E0%B6%BA" title="ප්රංශය – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ප්රංශය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3" title="فرانس – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="فرانس" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ss mw-list-item"><a href="https://ss.wikipedia.org/wiki/IFulansi" title="IFulansi – Swati" lang="ss" hreflang="ss" data-title="IFulansi" data-language-autonym="SiSwati" data-language-local-name="Swati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>SiSwati</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franc%C3%BAzsko" title="Francúzsko – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Francúzsko" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francija" title="Francija – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Francija" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cu mw-list-item"><a href="https://cu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D1%97%EA%99%97" title="Франкїꙗ – Church Slavic" lang="cu" hreflang="cu" data-title="Франкїꙗ" data-language-autonym="Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ" data-language-local-name="Church Slavic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francyj%C5%8F" title="Francyjŏ – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Francyjŏ" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faransiiska" title="Faransiiska – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Faransiiska" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%DB%95%DA%95%DB%95%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%A7" title="فەڕەنسا – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="فەڕەنسا" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-srn mw-list-item"><a href="https://srn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franskondre" title="Franskondre – Sranan Tongo" lang="srn" hreflang="srn" data-title="Franskondre" data-language-autonym="Sranantongo" data-language-local-name="Sranan Tongo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sranantongo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D1%83%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Француска – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Француска" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francuska" title="Francuska – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Francuska" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prancis" title="Prancis – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Prancis" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ranska" title="Ranska – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Ranska" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankrike" title="Frankrike – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Frankrike" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pransiya" title="Pransiya – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Pransiya" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81" title="பிரான்சு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பிரான்சு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shi mw-list-item"><a href="https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%E1%B9%9Ban%E1%B9%A3a" title="Fṛanṣa – Tachelhit" lang="shi" hreflang="shi" data-title="Fṛanṣa" data-language-autonym="Taclḥit" data-language-local-name="Tachelhit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taclḥit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fransa" title="Fransa – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Fransa" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-tara mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-tara.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frange" title="Frange – Tarantino" lang="nap-x-tara" hreflang="nap-x-tara" data-title="Frange" data-language-autonym="Tarandíne" data-language-local-name="Tarantino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tarandíne</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Франция – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Франция" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shn mw-list-item"><a href="https://shn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%99%E1%80%AD%E1%80%B0%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%81%BE%E1%80%9B%E1%81%A2%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%82%87%E1%80%9E%E1%80%B5%E1%80%90%E1%80%BA%E1%82%88" title="မိူင်းၾရၢင်ႇသဵတ်ႈ – Shan" lang="shn" hreflang="shn" data-title="မိူင်းၾရၢင်ႇသဵတ်ႈ" data-language-autonym="တႆး" data-language-local-name="Shan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>တႆး</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tay mw-list-item"><a href="https://tay.wikipedia.org/wiki/France" title="France – Atayal" lang="tay" hreflang="tay" data-title="France" data-language-autonym="Tayal" data-language-local-name="Atayal" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tayal</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AB%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D" title="ఫ్రాన్స్ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="ఫ్రాన్స్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tet mw-list-item"><a href="https://tet.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fransa" title="Fransa – Tetum" lang="tet" hreflang="tet" data-title="Fransa" data-language-autonym="Tetun" data-language-local-name="Tetum" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tetun</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%9D%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%AA" title="ประเทศฝรั่งเศส – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ประเทศฝรั่งเศส" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ti mw-list-item"><a href="https://ti.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8D%88%E1%88%A8%E1%8A%95%E1%88%B3" title="ፈረንሳ – Tigrinya" lang="ti" hreflang="ti" data-title="ፈረንሳ" data-language-autonym="ትግርኛ" data-language-local-name="Tigrinya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ትግርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%B0" title="Фаронса – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Фаронса" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-to mw-list-item"><a href="https://to.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falanis%C4%93" title="Falanisē – Tongan" lang="to" hreflang="to" data-title="Falanisē" data-language-autonym="Lea faka-Tonga" data-language-local-name="Tongan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lea faka-Tonga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8E%A6%E1%8E%B8%E1%8F%A5%E1%8F%B1" title="ᎦᎸᏥᏱ – Cherokee" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᎦᎸᏥᏱ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="Cherokee" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᏣᎳᎩ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chy mw-list-item"><a href="https://chy.wikipedia.org/wiki/France" title="France – Cheyenne" lang="chy" hreflang="chy" data-title="France" data-language-autonym="Tsetsêhestâhese" data-language-local-name="Cheyenne" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tsetsêhestâhese</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fransa" title="Fransa – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Fransa" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fransi%C3%BDa" title="Fransiýa – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Fransiýa" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tw mw-list-item"><a href="https://tw.wikipedia.org/wiki/France" title="France – Twi" lang="tw" hreflang="tw" data-title="France" data-language-autonym="Twi" data-language-local-name="Twi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Twi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kcg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kcg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fi%CC%B1ransa_(a%CC%B1byin)" title="Fi̱ransa (a̱byin) – Tyap" lang="kcg" hreflang="kcg" data-title="Fi̱ransa (a̱byin)" data-language-autonym="Tyap" data-language-local-name="Tyap" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tyap</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tyv mw-list-item"><a href="https://tyv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Франция – Tuvinian" lang="tyv" hreflang="tyv" data-title="Франция" data-language-autonym="Тыва дыл" data-language-local-name="Tuvinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тыва дыл</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Франция – Udmurt" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Франция" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="Udmurt" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Удмурт</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bug mw-list-item"><a href="https://bug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%A8%84%E1%A8%99%E1%A8%91%E1%A8%8A%E1%A8%8C%E1%A8%97%E1%A8%94" title="ᨄᨙᨑᨊᨌᨗᨔ – Buginese" lang="bug" hreflang="bug" data-title="ᨄᨙᨑᨊᨌᨗᨔ" data-language-autonym="Basa Ugi" data-language-local-name="Buginese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Ugi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Франція – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Франція" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3" title="فرانس – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="فرانس" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%89%D9%8A%DB%95" title="فرانسىيە – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="فرانسىيە" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fazgoz" title="Fazgoz – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Fazgoz" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fransa" title="Fransa – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Fransa" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francii" title="Francii – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Francii" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ph%C3%A1p" title="Pháp – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Pháp" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frans%C3%A4n" title="Fransän – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Fransän" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prantsusmaa" title="Prantsusmaa – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Prantsusmaa" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/France" title="France – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="France" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%9C%8B" title="法國 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="法國" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vrankryk" title="Vrankryk – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Vrankryk" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fransya" title="Fransya – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Fransya" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wo mw-list-item"><a href="https://wo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faraas" title="Faraas – Wolof" lang="wo" hreflang="wo" data-title="Faraas" data-language-autonym="Wolof" data-language-local-name="Wolof" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Wolof</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%9B%BD" title="法国 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="法国" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ts mw-list-item"><a href="https://ts.wikipedia.org/wiki/Furhwa" title="Furhwa – Tsonga" lang="ts" hreflang="ts" data-title="Furhwa" data-language-autonym="Xitsonga" data-language-local-name="Tsonga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Xitsonga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%A7%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%99%D7%9A" title="פראנקרייך – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="פראנקרייך" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fr%C3%A1ns%C3%AC" title="Fránsì – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Fránsì" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%9C%8B" title="法國 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="法國" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fransa" title="Fransa – Dimli" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Fransa" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Dimli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankriek" title="Frankriek – Zeelandic" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="Frankriek" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="Zeelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zeêuws</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pranc%C5%ABz%C4%97j%C4%97" title="Prancūzėjė – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Prancūzėjė" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%9B%BD" title="法国 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="法国" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ann mw-list-item"><a href="https://ann.wikipedia.org/wiki/Furans" title="Furans – Obolo" lang="ann" hreflang="ann" data-title="Furans" data-language-autonym="Obolo" data-language-local-name="Obolo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Obolo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bbc mw-list-item"><a href="https://bbc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paransis" title="Paransis – Batak Toba" lang="bbc" hreflang="bbc" data-title="Paransis" data-language-autonym="Batak Toba" data-language-local-name="Batak Toba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Batak Toba</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prasman" title="Prasman 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data-title="France" data-language-autonym="Yerwa Kanuri" data-language-local-name="Central Kanuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yerwa Kanuri</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyr%C9%99ngyston" title="Fyrəngyston – Talysh" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="Fyrəngyston" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="Talysh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tolışi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zgh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zgh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E2%B4%BC%E2%B5%95%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%8F%E2%B5%9A%E2%B4%B0" title="ⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⴰ – Standard Moroccan Tamazight" lang="zgh" hreflang="zgh" data-title="ⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⴰ" data-language-autonym="ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ" data-language-local-name="Standard Moroccan Tamazight" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit 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<div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-Sound-icon.svg" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Simple_en_France.ogg" title="This is a spoken article. 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Follow the link for more information." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Sound-icon.svg/20px-Sound-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Sound-icon.svg/30px-Sound-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Sound-icon.svg/40px-Sound-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="96" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Simple English Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r9671799">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the country. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/France_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="France (disambiguation)">France (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r10098372">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r8087921">.mw-parser-output .ib-country{border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country td,.mw-parser-output .ib-country th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-full-data{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-header{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.2}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-names{padding-top:0.25em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-name-style{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-image{padding:0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-anthem{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding-top:0.5em;margin-top:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-largest,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-lang{font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-ethnic,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-religion,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-sovereignty{font-weight:normal;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li{text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li2{text-indent:0.5em;margin-left:1em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-website{line-height:11pt}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption3{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn{text-align:left;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-num{margin-left:1em}</style><table class="infobox ib-country vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above adr"><div class="fn org country-name">French Republic</div><div class="ib-country-names"><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">République française</i></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%;font-weight:normal;">(<a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>)</span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div class="noresize" style="display:table; width:100%;"> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding-left:5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_France.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of France"><img alt="Flag of France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/125px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/188px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/250px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> <div><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_France" title="Flag of France">Flag</a></div> </div> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding: 0px 5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Armoiries_r%C3%A9publique_fran%C3%A7aise.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Emblem of France"><img alt="Emblem of France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Armoiries_r%C3%A9publique_fran%C3%A7aise.svg/75px-Armoiries_r%C3%A9publique_fran%C3%A7aise.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="85" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Armoiries_r%C3%A9publique_fran%C3%A7aise.svg/113px-Armoiries_r%C3%A9publique_fran%C3%A7aise.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Armoiries_r%C3%A9publique_fran%C3%A7aise.svg/150px-Armoiries_r%C3%A9publique_fran%C3%A7aise.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="175" data-file-height="199" /></a></span></div> <div><a href="/wiki/Emblem_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Emblem of France"> Emblem</a></div> </div> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><b>Motto: </b>"<span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Libert%C3%A9,_%C3%A9galit%C3%A9,_fraternit%C3%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberté, égalité, fraternité">Liberté, égalité, fraternité</a></i></span>"<div>"Liberty, Equality, Fraternity"</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data anthem"><b>Anthem:</b> "<a href="/wiki/La_Marseillaise" title="La Marseillaise">La Marseillaise</a>"<br /> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-top:0.4em;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="80" data-mwtitle="La_Marseillaise.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/30/La_Marseillaise.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/30/La_Marseillaise.ogg/La_Marseillaise.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ALa_Marseillaise.ogg&lang=am&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="am" label="አማርኛ (am)" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ALa_Marseillaise.ogg&lang=ar&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="ar" label="العربية (ar)" data-dir="rtl" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ALa_Marseillaise.ogg&lang=az&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="az" label="azərbaycanca (az)" data-dir="ltr" /><track 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src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ALa_Marseillaise.ogg&lang=vi&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="vi" label="Tiếng Việt (vi)" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ALa_Marseillaise.ogg&lang=zh-hans&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="zh-Hans" label="中文(简体) (zh-hans)" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ALa_Marseillaise.ogg&lang=zh-hant&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="zh-Hant" label="中文(繁體) (zh-hant)" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ALa_Marseillaise.ogg&lang=zh-hk&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="zh-Hant-HK" label="中文(香港) (zh-hk)" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ALa_Marseillaise.ogg&lang=zh-my&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="zh-Hans-MY" label="中文(马来西亚) (zh-my)" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ALa_Marseillaise.ogg&lang=zh&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="zh" label="中文 (zh)" data-dir="ltr" /></audio></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="switcher-container"><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:EU-France_(orthographic_projection).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/EU-France_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/220px-EU-France_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/EU-France_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/330px-EU-France_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/EU-France_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/440px-EU-France_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="2000" /></a></span><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none" data-switcher-default="">Show globe</span></div><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:EU-France.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/EU-France.svg/250px-EU-France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/EU-France.svg/375px-EU-France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/EU-France.svg/500px-EU-France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2045" data-file-height="1720" /></a></span><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Show map of Europe</span></div></div><div class="ib-country-map-caption"><div style="text-align:center;font-size:11px;line-height:1.15em;"><span style="font-size:11px;">Location of <span style="font-size:2px;"> </span><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_France" title="Metropolitan France">metropolitan France</a><span style="font-size:8px;"><span class="nowrap">  </span></span>(<span style="font-size:9px;">dark green</span>)</span><p style="width:250px;font-size:11px;text-align:left;margin-left:1.2ex;margin-top:0px;margin-bottom:0px;line-height:1.15em;">– on the <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">European continent</a><span style="font-size:8px;"><span class="nowrap">  </span></span>(<span style="font-size:9px;">green & dark grey</span>)<br />– in the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a><span style="font-size:8px;"><span class="nowrap">  </span></span>(<span style="font-size:9px;">green</span>)</p></div> (Note the overseas department of <a href="/wiki/French_Guiana" title="French Guiana">French Guiana</a> highlighted on the extreme lefthand side of the globe image.)</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:France_in_the_World_(%2BAntarctica_claims).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/France_in_the_World_%28%2BAntarctica_claims%29.svg/250px-France_in_the_World_%28%2BAntarctica_claims%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/France_in_the_World_%28%2BAntarctica_claims%29.svg/375px-France_in_the_World_%28%2BAntarctica_claims%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/France_in_the_World_%28%2BAntarctica_claims%29.svg/500px-France_in_the_World_%28%2BAntarctica_claims%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2521" data-file-height="1260" /></a></span><div class="ib-country-map-caption"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r8662964">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>Location of the territory of the French Republic (red)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Ad%C3%A9lie_Land" title="Adélie Land">Adélie Land</a> (Antarctic claim; hatched)</li></ul></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capital<div class="ib-country-largest">and largest city</div></th><td class="infobox-data">Paris<br /><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r9430902">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=France&params=48_51_N_2_21_E_type:city"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">48°51′N</span> <span class="longitude">2°21′E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">48.850°N 2.350°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">48.850; 2.350</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Official language<br /> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r6670383">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><span class="nobold">and national language</span></th><td class="infobox-data">French<sup id="cite_ref-one_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-one-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>upper-roman 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r10098372"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Nationality <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6670383"><span class="nobold">(2018)</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8662964"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>93.0% <a href="/wiki/French_people" title="French people">French citizens</a></li><li>7.0% foreign nationals</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion <div class="ib-country-religion"> (2017<sup id="cite_ref-IPSOS_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IPSOS-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>)</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8662964"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li style="white-space:nowrap;">60.5% <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_France" title="Catholic Church in France">Roman Catholic</a></li><li style="white-space:nowrap;">30% <a href="/wiki/Irreligion" title="Irreligion">non-religious</a></li><li style="white-space:nowrap;">3.5% other faiths</li><li style="white-space:nowrap;">5% <a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestant</a></li><li style="white-space:nowrap;">1% unanswered</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">Demonym(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/French_people" title="French people">French</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Government</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Unitary_state" title="Unitary state">Unitary</a> <a href="/wiki/Semi-presidential" class="mw-redirect" title="Semi-presidential">semi-presidential</a> <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_republic" title="Constitutional republic">constitutional republic</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r10098372"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/President_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="President of France">President</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_Macron" title="Emmanuel Macron">Emmanuel Macron</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_France" title="Prime Minister of France">Prime Minister</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Bayrou" title="François Bayrou">François Bayrou</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_the_Senate_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Presidents of the Senate of France">President of the Senate</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/G%C3%A9rard_Larcher" title="Gérard Larcher">Gérard Larcher</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_the_National_Assembly_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Presidents of the National Assembly of France">President of the National Assembly</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ya%C3%ABl_Braun-Pivet" title="Yaël Braun-Pivet">Yaël Braun-Pivet</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Legislature</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/French_Parliament" title="French Parliament">Parliament</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• <a href="/wiki/Upper_house" title="Upper house">Upper house</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Senate_(France)" title="Senate (France)">Senate</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• <a href="/wiki/Lower_house" title="Lower house">Lower house</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(France)" title="National Assembly (France)">National Assembly</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/History_of_France" title="History of France">Establishment</a></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r10098372"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Baptism" title="Baptism">Baptism</a> of <a href="/wiki/Clovis_I" title="Clovis I">Clovis I</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">25 December 496</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Verdun" title="Treaty of Verdun">Treaty of Verdun</a><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>upper-roman 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">August 843</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/w/index.php?title=Proclamation_of_the_abolition_of_the_monarchy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Proclamation of the abolition of the monarchy (not yet started)">Republic established</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">22 September 1792</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/w/index.php?title=Enlargement_of_the_European_Union&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Enlargement of the European Union (not yet started)">Founded</a> the <a href="/wiki/European_Economic_Community" title="European Economic Community">EEC</a><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>upper-roman 3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1 January 1958</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitution_of_France&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Constitution of France (not yet started)">Current constitution</a><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>upper-roman 4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">4 October 1958</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Area</th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">640,679 km<sup>2</sup> (247,368 sq mi)<wbr />​<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_area" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries and dependencies by area">42nd</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_France" title="Metropolitan France">Metropolitan France</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Institut_g%C3%A9ographique_national&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Institut géographique national (not yet started)">IGN</a>)</div></th><td class="infobox-data">551,695 km<sup>2</sup> (213,011 sq mi)<wbr />​<sup id="cite_ref-three_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-three-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>upper-roman 5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_area" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries and dependencies by area">50th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Metropolitan France (<a href="/wiki/Cadastre" title="Cadastre">Cadastre</a>)</div></th><td class="infobox-data">543,940.9 km<sup>2</sup> (210,016.8 sq mi)<wbr />​<sup id="cite_ref-four_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-four-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>upper-roman 6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><wbr />​<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_area" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries and dependencies by area">50th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Demographics of France">Population</a></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Feb 2022 estimate</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Neutral increase"><img alt="Neutral increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Increase_Neutral.svg/11px-Increase_Neutral.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Increase_Neutral.svg/17px-Increase_Neutral.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Increase_Neutral.svg/22px-Increase_Neutral.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="347" data-file-height="346" /></span></span> 67,818,000<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_population" title="List of countries and dependencies by population">20th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Density</div></th><td class="infobox-data">104/km<sup>2</sup> (270/sq mi) (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_territories_by_population_density" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries and territories by population density">106th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Metropolitan France, estimate as of June 2020</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Neutral increase"><img alt="Neutral increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Increase_Neutral.svg/11px-Increase_Neutral.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Increase_Neutral.svg/17px-Increase_Neutral.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Increase_Neutral.svg/22px-Increase_Neutral.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="347" data-file-height="346" /></span></span> 64,910,000<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_population" title="List of countries and dependencies by population">22nd</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Density</div></th><td class="infobox-data">116/km<sup>2</sup> (300.4/sq mi) (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_population_density" title="List of countries and dependencies by population density">89th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">GDP</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6670383"><span class="nobold">(<a href="/wiki/Purchasing_power_parity" title="Purchasing power parity">PPP</a>)</span></th><td class="infobox-data">2019 estimate</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> $3.061 trillion<sup id="cite_ref-IMFWEOFR_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IMFWEOFR-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(PPP)" title="List of countries by GDP (PPP)">10th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Per capita</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> $47,223<sup id="cite_ref-IMFWEOFR_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IMFWEOFR-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(PPP)_per_capita" title="List of countries by GDP (PPP) per capita">26th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">GDP</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6670383"><span class="nobold">(nominal)</span></th><td class="infobox-data">2019 estimate</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> $2.707 trillion<sup id="cite_ref-IMFWEOFR_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IMFWEOFR-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)" title="List of countries by GDP (nominal)">7th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Per capita</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> $41,761<sup id="cite_ref-IMFWEOFR_12-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IMFWEOFR-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)_per_capita" title="List of countries by GDP (nominal) per capita">22nd</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Gini_coefficient" title="Gini coefficient">Gini</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6670383"><span class="nobold">(2018)</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Positive decrease"><img alt="Positive decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Decrease_Positive.svg/11px-Decrease_Positive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Decrease_Positive.svg/17px-Decrease_Positive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Decrease_Positive.svg/22px-Decrease_Positive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 28.5<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><span class="nowrap"><span style="color:forestgreen">low</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Human_Development_Index" title="Human Development Index">HDI</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6670383"><span class="nobold">(2018)</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 0.891<sup id="cite_ref-UNHDR_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UNHDR-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><span class="nowrap"><span style="color:darkgreen">very high</span></span> · <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_Human_Development_Index" title="List of countries by Human Development Index">26th</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Currency</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8662964"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Euro" title="Euro">Euro</a> (<a href="/wiki/Euro_sign" title="Euro sign">€</a>) (<a href="/wiki/ISO_4217" title="ISO 4217">EUR</a>)<wbr />​<sup id="cite_ref-six_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-six-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>upper-roman 7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li><li><a href="/wiki/CFP_franc" title="CFP franc">CFP franc</a> (XPF)<wbr />​<sup id="cite_ref-seven_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-seven-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>upper-roman 8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Time zone</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Coordinated_Universal_Time" title="Coordinated Universal Time">UTC</a>+1</span> (<a href="/wiki/Central_European_Time" title="Central European Time">Central European Time</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Summer (<a href="/wiki/Daylight_saving_time" title="Daylight saving time">DST</a>)</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Coordinated_Universal_Time" title="Coordinated Universal Time">UTC</a>+2</span> (<a href="/wiki/Central_European_Summer_Time" title="Central European Summer Time">Central European Summer Time</a><sup id="cite_ref-eight_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eight-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>upper-roman 10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"></th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="font-size:85%;">Note: various other time zones are observed in overseas France.<sup id="cite_ref-nine_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nine-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>upper-roman 9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <p><br /> </p> Although France is located in <a href="/wiki/Western_European_Time" title="Western European Time">Western European Time</a>/<a href="/wiki/UTC" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC">UTC</a> (Z) zone, since 25 February 1940, upon <a href="/w/index.php?title=German_military_administration_in_occupied_France_during_World_War_II&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="German military administration in occupied France during World War II (not yet started)">WW2 German occupation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Central_European_Time" title="Central European Time">Central European Time</a>/<a href="/wiki/UTC%2B1" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC+1">UTC+1</a> was enforced (without reversal to this day) as standard time,<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.timeanddate.com/time/zone/france/paris">[1]</a> with a +0:50:39 offset (and +1:50:39 during <a href="/wiki/Daylight_saving_time" title="Daylight saving time">DST</a>) from Paris <a href="/w/index.php?title=Local_Mean_Time&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Local Mean Time (not yet started)">LMT</a> (UTC+0:09:21).</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Date format</th><td class="infobox-data">dd/mm/yyyy (<a href="/wiki/Anno_Domini" title="Anno Domini">AD</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Left-_and_right-hand_traffic" title="Left- and right-hand traffic">Driving side</a></th><td class="infobox-data">right</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Calling code</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Telephone_numbers_in_France&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Telephone numbers in France (not yet started)">+33</a><sup id="cite_ref-eleven_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eleven-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>upper-roman 11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166" title="ISO 3166">ISO 3166 code</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/w/index.php?title=ISO_3166-2:FR&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ISO 3166-2:FR (not yet started)">FR</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Country_code_top-level_domain" title="Country code top-level domain">Internet TLD</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/.fr" class="mw-redirect" title=".fr">.fr</a><sup id="cite_ref-ten_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ten-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>upper-roman 12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="ib-country-website"><b>Website</b><br /><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gouvernement.fr">www<wbr />.gouvernement<wbr />.fr</a></span></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="ib-country-fn">Source gives area of metropolitan France as 551,500 km2 (212,900 sq mi) and lists overseas regions separately, whose areas sum to 89,179 km<sub>2</sub> (34,432 sq mi). Adding these give the total shown here for the entire French Republic. <a href="/wiki/The_World_Factbook" title="The World Factbook">The World Factbook</a> reports the total as 643,801 km2 (248,573 sq mi).<sup id="cite_ref-Field_Listing_::_Area_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Field_Listing_::_Area-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>France</b> (<span class="nounderlines nowrap"><span class="unicode haudio"><span class="fn"><span style="white-space:nowrap;margin-right:.25em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:En-us-France.ogg" title="About this sound"><img alt="audio speaker icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Loudspeaker.svg/11px-Loudspeaker.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Loudspeaker.svg/17px-Loudspeaker.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Loudspeaker.svg/22px-Loudspeaker.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span><a href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/51/En-us-France.ogg" class="internal" title="En-us-France.ogg"><span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA">/ˈfræns/</span></a></span> <small class="metadata audiolinkinfo" style="cursor:help;">(<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Media_help" title="Wikipedia:Media help"><span style="cursor:help;">help</span></a>·<a href="/wiki/File:En-us-France.ogg" title="File:En-us-France.ogg"><span style="cursor:help;">info</span></a>)</small></span></span> or <span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA">/ˈfrɑːns/</span>; <small>French pronunciation: ​</small><span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/French" title="Help:IPA/French">[fʁɑ̃s]</a></span>), officially the <b>French Republic</b> (French: <i lang="fr">République française</i>, <small>French pronunciation: ​</small><span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/French" title="Help:IPA/French">[ʁepyblik fʁɑ̃sɛz]</a></span>), is a country in <a href="/wiki/Western_Europe" title="Western Europe">Western Europe</a>. It also includes various departments and territories of France overseas. </p><p>Mainland France extends from the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea" title="Mediterranean Sea">Mediterranean Sea</a> to the <a href="/wiki/English_Channel" title="English Channel">English Channel</a> and the <a href="/wiki/North_Sea" title="North Sea">North Sea</a>, and from the <a href="/wiki/Rhine" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhine">Rhine</a> to the Atlantic Ocean. It is sometimes referred to as <i>L’Hexagone</i> ("The <a href="/wiki/Hexagon" title="Hexagon">Hexagon</a>") because of the shape of its territory. </p><p>France is a <a href="/wiki/Unitary_state" title="Unitary state">unitary</a> <a href="/wiki/Semi-presidential" class="mw-redirect" title="Semi-presidential">semi-presidential</a> republic. The <a href="/wiki/Head_of_state" title="Head of state">head of state</a> is the President, who is also a politician. The Prime Minister is secondary to the President. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_France" title="Metropolitan France">Metropolitan France</a> is bordered (clockwise from the North) by <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>, <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Monaco" title="Monaco">Monaco</a>, <a href="/wiki/Andorra" title="Andorra">Andorra</a>, and Spain. The overseas departments and collectives of France share land borders with Brazil and <a href="/wiki/Suriname" title="Suriname">Suriname</a> (bordering <a href="/wiki/French_Guiana" title="French Guiana">French Guiana</a>), and the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands_Antilles" title="Netherlands Antilles">Netherlands Antilles</a> (bordering <a href="/wiki/Collectivity_of_Saint_Martin" title="Collectivity of Saint Martin">Saint Martin</a>). France is linked to the United Kingdom by the <a href="/wiki/Channel_Tunnel" title="Channel Tunnel">Channel Tunnel</a>, which passes under the English Channel. </p><p>France is the largest country in the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> and the second largest in Europe. It has been one of the world's most powerful countries for many centuries. During the 17th and 18th centuries, France colonized much of North America. During the 19th and early 20th centuries, France built one of the largest colonial empires of the time. This included large parts of <a href="/wiki/North_Africa" title="North Africa">North</a>, <a href="/wiki/West_Africa" title="West Africa">West</a> and Central Africa, Southeast Asia, and many <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Islands" title="Pacific Islands">Pacific Islands</a>. France is a <a href="/wiki/Developed_country" title="Developed country">developed country</a> and has a large economy.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It is the most visited country in the world, with 82 million foreign visitors every year.<sup id="cite_ref-tourism.stat_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tourism.stat-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>France was one of the first members of the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a>, and has the largest land area of all members. It is also a founding member of the United Nations, and a member of the <a href="/wiki/Organisation_internationale_de_la_Francophonie" title="Organisation internationale de la Francophonie">Francophonie</a>, the <a href="/wiki/G8" title="G8">G8</a>, <a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a>, and the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Latin_Union&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Latin Union (not yet started)">Latin Union</a>. It is one of the five permanent members of the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council" title="United Nations Security Council">United Nations Security Council</a>. France has the largest number of <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_weapon" title="Nuclear weapon">nuclear weapons</a> with active warheads, and the largest number of <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power" title="Nuclear power">nuclear power</a> plants, in the European Union. </p><p>France's official language is <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>, which is also official in 29 other countries. Some other French speaking countries include the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo">Congo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mauritius" title="Mauritius">Mauritius</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography_and_climate">Geography and climate</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=France&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Change section: Geography and climate" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=France&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: Geography and climate"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>France is in Western Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> France shares its borders with <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a>, Germany, <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a>, Italy, <a href="/wiki/Monaco" title="Monaco">Monaco</a>, <a href="/wiki/Andorra" title="Andorra">Andorra</a>, and Spain.<sup id="cite_ref-kwintessential1_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kwintessential1-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> France has two mountain ranges near its borders: the <a href="/wiki/Alps" title="Alps">Alps</a> in the east and the <a href="/wiki/Pyrenees" title="Pyrenees">Pyrenees</a> in the south.<sup id="cite_ref-kwintessential1_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kwintessential1-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The climate of southern France is similar to <a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a> which both have <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_climate" title="Mediterranean climate">Mediterranean climate</a>. There are many rivers in France, including the <a href="/wiki/Seine" title="Seine">Seine</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Loire_River" title="Loire River">Loire</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the north and the west of France, there are low hills and river valleys. </p><p>In France there are many different <a href="/wiki/Climate" title="Climate">climates</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean" title="Atlantic Ocean">Atlantic</a> has a major effect on the weather in the north and west. This means the temperature is about the same most of the year. It is in the marine west coast climate region. In the east, winters are cold and the weather is good. Summers are hot and stormy. In the south, winters are cool and <a href="/wiki/Rain" title="Rain">wet</a>. Summers are hot and dry.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The north has a temperate climate similar to that of the United Kingdom and other Northern European countries. </p><p>France has the second-largest <a href="/wiki/Exclusive_economic_zone" title="Exclusive economic zone">exclusive economic zone</a> (EEZ) in the world.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It covers 11,035,000 km<sup>2</sup> (4,260,637 sq mi). Only the United States has a larger one. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=France&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Change section: History" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=France&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section's source code: History"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Name">Name</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=France&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Change section: Name" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=France&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section's source code: Name"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The name "France" comes from the <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> word Francia ', which means "land of the <a href="/wiki/Franks" title="Franks">Franks</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Roman_Gaul">Roman Gaul</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=France&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Change section: Roman Gaul" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=France&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section's source code: Roman Gaul"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The borders of modern France are about the same as those of ancient <a href="/wiki/Gaul" title="Gaul">Gaul</a>. <a href="/wiki/Celt" class="mw-redirect" title="Celt">Celtic</a> Gauls inhabited Ancient Gaul. <a href="/wiki/Julius_Caesar" title="Julius Caesar">Julius Caesar</a> conquered Gaul for <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Rome</a> in the 1st century BC.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Eventually, the Gauls adopted <a href="/wiki/Romance_languages" title="Romance languages">Roman</a> speech (<a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a>, from which the French language evolved) and Roman culture. <a href="/wiki/History_of_Christianity" title="History of Christianity">Christianity</a> first appeared in the 2nd and 3rd centuries AD. It became firmly established by the fourth and fifth centuries. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_France_1477-fr.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Map_France_1477-fr.svg/220px-Map_France_1477-fr.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="237" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Map_France_1477-fr.svg/330px-Map_France_1477-fr.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Map_France_1477-fr.svg/440px-Map_France_1477-fr.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="970" /></a><figcaption>France in 1477. Red line: limit of the Kingdom of France; light blue: the royal domain</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Franks">Franks</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=France&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Change section: Franks" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=France&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section's source code: Franks"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the 4th century AD, the <a href="/wiki/Germanic_peoples" title="Germanic peoples">Germanic tribes</a>, principally the <a href="/wiki/Franks" title="Franks">Franks</a> invaded the Gauls. This is how the name <i>Francie</i> appeared. The modern name "France" comes from the name of the <a href="/wiki/Capetian_dynasty" title="Capetian dynasty">Capetian</a> Kings of France around Paris. The Franks were the first tribe of Europe after the fall of the Roman Empire to convert to Christianity rather than <a href="/wiki/Arianism" title="Arianism">Arianism</a>. The French called themselves "the most Christian Kingdom of France".<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Verdun" title="Treaty of Verdun">Treaty of Verdun</a> (843), divided <a href="/wiki/Charlemagne" title="Charlemagne">Charlemagne</a>'s Empire into three parts.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The biggest area was Western Francia. It is similar to modern France. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kingdom">Kingdom</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=France&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Change section: Kingdom" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=France&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section's source code: Kingdom"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Middle_Ages">Middle Ages</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=France&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Change section: Middle Ages" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=France&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section's source code: Middle Ages"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Carolingian" class="mw-redirect" title="Carolingian">Carolingian</a> <a href="/wiki/Dynasty" title="Dynasty">dynasty</a> <a href="/wiki/Rule" class="mw-disambig" title="Rule">ruled</a> France until 987, when <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Capet_of_France" title="Hugh Capet of France">Hugh Capet</a> became <a href="/wiki/King_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="King of France">King of France</a>. His descendants, the <a href="/wiki/Capetian_dynasty" title="Capetian dynasty">Direct Capetians</a>, the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Valois" title="House of Valois">House of Valois</a> and the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Bourbon" title="House of Bourbon">House of Bourbon</a>, <a href="https://simple.wiktionary.org/wiki/unify" class="extiw" title="wikt:unify">unified</a> the country with many wars and dynastic inheritance. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Enlightenment">Enlightenment</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=France&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Change section: Enlightenment" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=France&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section's source code: Enlightenment"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The monarchy was the most <a href="/wiki/Great_power" title="Great power">powerful</a> during the 17th century and the reign of <a href="/wiki/Louis_XIV_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis XIV of France">Louis XIV of France</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At that time, France had the <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Demographics of France">largest population in Europe</a>. The country had a big influence over European politics, economy, and culture. French became the common language of diplomacy in international affairs. Much of the <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Enlightenment</a> happened in France. French scientists made big <a href="/wiki/Science" title="Science">scientific</a> discoveries in the 18th century. France also <a href="/wiki/Invasion" title="Invasion">conquered</a> many <a href="/wiki/French_overseas_collectivities" title="French overseas collectivities">overseas possessions</a> in the Americas and Asia.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Republic">Republic</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=France&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Change section: Republic" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=France&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section's source code: Republic"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Napoleonic_Wars">Napoleonic Wars</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=France&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Change section: Napoleonic Wars" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=France&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section's source code: Napoleonic Wars"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>France had a monarchy until the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a> in 1789. King <a href="/wiki/Louis_XVI_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis XVI of France">Louis XVI</a> and his wife, <a href="/wiki/Marie_Antoinette" title="Marie Antoinette">Marie Antoinette</a>, were executed in 1793.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thousands of other French citizens were killed. <a href="/wiki/Napoleon_Bonaparte" class="mw-redirect" title="Napoleon Bonaparte">Napoleon Bonaparte</a> took control of the Republic in 1799. He later made himself Emperor of the First Empire (1804–1814). His armies conquered most of continental Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Metric_system" title="Metric system">metric system</a> was invented by French scientists during the French revolution. That time 3 estates were developed. </p><p>After Napoleon's final defeat in 1815 at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Waterloo" title="Battle of Waterloo">Battle of Waterloo</a>, another monarchy arose. An interesting fact is that the French King Louis XIX was king for only 20 minutes from the time his father <a href="/wiki/Charles_X" title="Charles X">Charles X</a> abdicated, to the time the <a href="/wiki/July_Monarchy" title="July Monarchy">July Monarchy</a> started in 1830. Later <a href="/wiki/Louis-Napol%C3%A9on_Bonaparte" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte">Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte</a> created the Second Empire in 1852. Louis-Napoléon was removed after the defeat in the <a href="/wiki/Franco-Prussian_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Franco-Prussian war">Franco-Prussian war</a> of 1870. The Third Republic replaced his <a href="/wiki/Regime" title="Regime">regime</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Colonialism">Colonialism</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=France&veaction=edit&section=11" title="Change section: Colonialism" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=France&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section's source code: Colonialism"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The large <a href="/wiki/French_colonial_empire" title="French colonial empire">French colonial empire</a> in the 19th century included parts of West Africa and Southeast Asia. The culture and politics of these regions were <a href="/wiki/Influence" title="Influence">influenced</a> by France. Many <a href="/wiki/Colony" title="Colony">ex-colonies</a> officially speak the French language.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="World_Wars">World Wars</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=France&veaction=edit&section=12" title="Change section: World Wars" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=France&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section's source code: World Wars"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The country actively took part in both the <a href="/wiki/WWI" class="mw-redirect" title="WWI">First</a> and <a href="/wiki/WWII" class="mw-redirect" title="WWII">Second World Wars</a>, with battles taking place on its soil. During the <a href="/wiki/First_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First World War">First World War</a>, millions were killed in the <a href="/wiki/Trench_warfare" title="Trench warfare">trenches</a> including over a million in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Somme" title="Battle of the Somme">Battle of the Somme</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The conditions were extremely difficult for the soldiers on the front. The last surviving veteran was Pierre Picault who died on 20 November 2008 at the age of 109.<sup id="cite_ref-France_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-France-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the Second World War, <a href="/wiki/Nazi" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazi">Nazis</a> <a href="https://simple.wiktionary.org/wiki/occupy" class="extiw" title="wikt:occupy">occupied</a> France. The Allies landed in Normandy on 6 June 1944 and began the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Normandy" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Normandy">Battle of Normandy</a>. German forces lost France in just a few months. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Divisions">Divisions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=France&veaction=edit&section=13" title="Change section: Divisions" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=France&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section's source code: Divisions"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The 13 regions and 96 <a href="/wiki/Departments_of_France" title="Departments of France">departments</a> of <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_France" title="Metropolitan France">metropolitan France</a> include <a href="/wiki/Corsica" title="Corsica">Corsica</a>. France is divided into (administrative) regions: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Auvergne-Rh%C3%B4ne-Alpes" title="Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes">Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bourgogne-Franche-Comt%C3%A9" title="Bourgogne-Franche-Comté">Bourgogne-Franche-Comté</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brittany" title="Brittany">Brittany</a> (<i>Bretagne</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centre-Val_de_Loire" title="Centre-Val de Loire">Centre-Val de Loire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corsica" title="Corsica">Corsica</a> (<i>Corse</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Est" title="Grand Est">Grand Est</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hauts-de-France" title="Hauts-de-France">Hauts-de-France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%8Ele-de-France" title="Île-de-France">Île-de-France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Normandy" title="Normandy">Normandy</a> (<i>Normandie</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nouvelle-Aquitaine" title="Nouvelle-Aquitaine">Nouvelle-Aquitaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occitanie" title="Occitanie">Occitanie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pays_de_la_Loire" title="Pays de la Loire">Pays de la Loire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provence-Alpes-C%C3%B4te_d%27Azur" title="Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur">Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur</a></li></ul> <p>Corsica has a different status than the other 12 metropolitan regions. It is called <i><a href="/wiki/Collectivit%C3%A9_territoriale" class="mw-redirect" title="Collectivité territoriale">collectivité territoriale</a></i>. </p><p>France also has five <a href="/wiki/Overseas_Regions_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Overseas Regions of France">overseas regions</a>: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_Guiana" title="French Guiana">French Guiana</a> (in South America)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guadeloupe" title="Guadeloupe">Guadeloupe</a> (in the Caribbean)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martinique" title="Martinique">Martinique</a> (in the Caribbean)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayotte" title="Mayotte">Mayotte</a> (in the Indian Ocean)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9union" title="Réunion">Réunion</a> (in the Indian Ocean)</li></ul> <p>These five overseas regions have the same status as the metropolitan ones. They are like the overseas American states of <a href="/wiki/Alaska" title="Alaska">Alaska</a> and Hawaii. </p><p>Then France is divided into 101 <a href="/wiki/Departments_of_France" title="Departments of France">departments</a>. The departments are divided into 342 <a href="/wiki/Arrondissements_of_France" title="Arrondissements of France">arrondissements</a>. The <i>arrondissements</i> are re-divided into 4,032 <a href="/wiki/Cantons_of_France" title="Cantons of France">cantons</a>. The smallest <a href="/wiki/Administrative_division" title="Administrative division">subdivision</a> is the <a href="/wiki/Communes_of_France" title="Communes of France">commune</a> (there are 36,699 communes). On 1 January 2008, <a href="/wiki/INSEE" title="INSEE">INSEE</a> counted 36,781 communes in France. 36,569 of them are in <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_France" title="Metropolitan France">metropolitan France</a> and 212 of them are in <a href="/wiki/Overseas_France" title="Overseas France">overseas France</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Government">Government</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=France&veaction=edit&section=14" title="Change section: Government" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=France&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section's source code: Government"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The government of France is a <a href="/wiki/Semi-presidential_system" title="Semi-presidential system">semi-presidential system</a> determined by the constitution of the <a href="/wiki/French_Fifth_Republic" title="French Fifth Republic">French Fifth Republic</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It provides for a <a href="/wiki/Separation_of_powers" title="Separation of powers">separation of powers</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The main ideals are expressed in the <a href="/wiki/Declaration_of_the_Rights_of_Man_and_of_the_Citizen" title="Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen">Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen</a>. The constitution declares the nation to be "an indivisible, secular, democratic, and social Republic". With a Prime Minister subordinate to the President, this slightly strange system was chosen by General <a href="/wiki/Charles_de_Gaulle" title="Charles de Gaulle">Charles de Gaulle</a> in 1958. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Military">Military</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=France&veaction=edit&section=15" title="Change section: Military" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=France&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section's source code: Military"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gaule96.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Gaule96.jpg/220px-Gaule96.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Gaule96.jpg/330px-Gaule96.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Gaule96.jpg/440px-Gaule96.jpg 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="443" /></a><figcaption>Nuclear <a href="/wiki/Aircraft_carrier" title="Aircraft carrier">aircraft carrier</a> <i>Charles de Gaulle</i></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:French_Republican_Guard_Bastille_Day_2007_n4.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/French_Republican_Guard_Bastille_Day_2007_n4.jpg/170px-French_Republican_Guard_Bastille_Day_2007_n4.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="254" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/French_Republican_Guard_Bastille_Day_2007_n4.jpg/255px-French_Republican_Guard_Bastille_Day_2007_n4.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/French_Republican_Guard_Bastille_Day_2007_n4.jpg/340px-French_Republican_Guard_Bastille_Day_2007_n4.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="2390" /></a><figcaption>French Republican Guard</figcaption></figure> <p>The French armed forces has four branches: </p> <ul><li>The <i>Armée de Terre</i> (Army)</li> <li>The <i>Marine Nationale</i> (Navy)</li> <li>The <i>Armée de l'Air</i> (Air Force)</li> <li>The <i>Gendarmerie Nationale</i> (a military force which acts as a National Rural Police)</li></ul> <p>France has about 359,000 military personnel.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> France spends 2.6% of its gross domestic product (GDP) on <a href="/wiki/Defense_(military)" class="mw-redirect" title="Defense (military)">defense</a>. This is the highest in the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a>. France and the UK spend 40% of the EU defence <a href="/wiki/Budget" title="Budget">budget</a>. About 10% of France's defence budget is for its <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_weapons" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear weapons">nuclear weapons</a> force. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Foreign_relations">Foreign relations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=France&veaction=edit&section=16" title="Change section: Foreign relations" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=France&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section's source code: Foreign relations"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9671799"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> and <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council" title="United Nations Security Council">United Nations Security Council</a></div> <p>France is a member of the United Nations.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is a permanent member of the United Nations Security Council and has veto rights.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is also a member of the <a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Organisation" class="mw-redirect" title="World Trade Organisation">World Trade Organisation</a> (WTO). It hosts the headquarters of the <a href="/wiki/Organisation_for_Economic_Co-operation_and_Development" class="mw-redirect" title="Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development">OECD</a>, <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> and <a href="/wiki/Interpol" title="Interpol">Interpol</a>. In <a href="/wiki/1953" title="1953">1953</a>, the United Nations asked France to choose a <a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms" title="Coat of arms">coat of arms</a> to represent them internationally. The French emblem is now on their passports. </p><p>France was a founding member of the European Union.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 1960s, France wanted to exclude the United Kingdom from the organisation. It wanted to build its own economic <a href="/wiki/Influence" title="Influence">power</a> in continental Europe. France and Germany became closer after <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>. This was to try to become the most influential country in the EU. It limited the influence of the new Eastern European members. France is a member of the <a href="/wiki/North_Atlantic_Treaty_Organisation" class="mw-redirect" title="North Atlantic Treaty Organisation">North Atlantic Treaty Organisation</a> (NATO).<sup id="cite_ref-nato_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nato-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, under <a href="/wiki/Charles_de_Gaulle" title="Charles de Gaulle">President de Gaulle</a>, it left the joint military command. In the early 1990s, France received criticism for its underground <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_weapons" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear weapons">nuclear</a> tests in <a href="/wiki/French_Polynesia" title="French Polynesia">French Polynesia</a>. France vigorously opposed the <a href="/wiki/2003_invasion_of_Iraq" title="2003 invasion of Iraq">2003 invasion of Iraq</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> France retains strong political and economic influence in its former African colonies. For instance it has supplied economic aid and troops for peace-keeping missions in the <a href="/wiki/Ivory_Coast" title="Ivory Coast">Ivory Coast</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chad" title="Chad">Chad</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=France&veaction=edit&section=17" title="Change section: Economy" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=France&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section's source code: Economy"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A380_Reveal_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/A380_Reveal_2.jpg/220px-A380_Reveal_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/A380_Reveal_2.jpg/330px-A380_Reveal_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/A380_Reveal_2.jpg/440px-A380_Reveal_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2098" data-file-height="716" /></a><figcaption>The first completed <a href="/wiki/Airbus_A380" title="Airbus A380">Airbus A380</a> in <a href="/wiki/Toulouse" title="Toulouse">Toulouse</a> on 18 January 2005. Airbus is a symbol of the <a href="/wiki/Globalisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Globalisation">globalisation</a> of the French and European economy.</figcaption></figure> <p>France is a member of the <a href="/wiki/G8" title="G8">G8</a> group of <a href="https://simple.wiktionary.org/wiki/lead#Verb" class="extiw" title="wikt:lead">leading</a> <a href="https://simple.wiktionary.org/wiki/industry" class="extiw" title="wikt:industry">industrialised</a> countries. France has the eighth-largest economy in the world by <a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">Gross domestic product (GDP)</a> (which takes into account how much it costs to live in different countries and inflation rates).<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> France and 11 other <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> members jointly launched the <a href="/wiki/Euro" title="Euro">euro</a> on 1 January 1999 and started using it in 2002.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>France's economy has nearly 2.9 million registered companies.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The government has a considerable influence over railway, electricity, aircraft, and telecommunications firms (as it owns big companies like <a href="/wiki/SNCF" title="SNCF">SNCF</a> and <a href="/wiki/%C3%89lectricit%C3%A9_de_France" title="Électricité de France">EDF</a> (French electricity)).<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> France has an important aerospace (design of aircraft and <a href="/wiki/Spacecraft" title="Spacecraft">spacecraft</a>) industry led by <a href="/wiki/Airbus" title="Airbus">Airbus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It can also launch <a href="/wiki/Rocket" title="Rocket">rockets</a> from <a href="/wiki/French_Guiana" title="French Guiana">French Guiana</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>France has invested a lot in <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power" title="Nuclear power">nuclear power</a>. This made France the smallest producer of <a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas" title="Greenhouse gas">carbon dioxide</a> among the seven most industrialised countries in the world.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a result, 59 nuclear power plants generate most of the electricity produced in the country (78% in 2006,<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> up from only 8% in 1973, 24% in 1980, and 75% in 1990). </p><p>France is the leading agricultural producer and exporter in Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> France exports wheat, poultry, dairy products, beef, and pork. It is also famous for its wine industry. France received 10 billion euros in 2006 from the European Community as <a href="/wiki/Subsidy" title="Subsidy">subsidies</a> to its farmers.<sup id="cite_ref-BBCCap_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBCCap-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At one time, the Factory Act of 1833 limited the workday for women and children to 11 hours a day.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chateau_de_Montsoreau_Museum_of_contemporary_art_Loire_Valley_France.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Chateau_de_Montsoreau_Museum_of_contemporary_art_Loire_Valley_France.jpg/220px-Chateau_de_Montsoreau_Museum_of_contemporary_art_Loire_Valley_France.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Chateau_de_Montsoreau_Museum_of_contemporary_art_Loire_Valley_France.jpg/330px-Chateau_de_Montsoreau_Museum_of_contemporary_art_Loire_Valley_France.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Chateau_de_Montsoreau_Museum_of_contemporary_art_Loire_Valley_France.jpg/440px-Chateau_de_Montsoreau_Museum_of_contemporary_art_Loire_Valley_France.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="4608" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Montsoreau" title="Château de Montsoreau">Château de Montsoreau</a> is the only castle in France built in the <a href="/wiki/Loire" class="mw-redirect" title="Loire">Loire</a> river bed.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=France&veaction=edit&section=18" title="Change section: Demographics" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=France&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section's source code: Demographics"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On 1 January 2008, it was estimated that 63.8 million people live in France, including in the <a href="/wiki/Overseas_Regions_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Overseas Regions of France">Overseas Regions of France</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-entire_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-entire-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 61,875,000 of these live in metropolitan France, the part of the country that is within Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-entire_64-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-entire-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ethnic_groups">Ethnic groups</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=France&veaction=edit&section=19" title="Change section: Ethnic groups" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=France&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section's source code: Ethnic groups"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The major ethnic groups living in France today are descended from <a href="/wiki/Celt" class="mw-redirect" title="Celt">Celtic people</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Roman people</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-USStateDeptBN_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USStateDeptBN-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The significant minority groups living in France are: </p> <ul><li>Teutonic, that is <a href="/wiki/Germanic_peoples" title="Germanic peoples">Germanic peoples</a><sup id="cite_ref-USStateDeptBN_65-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USStateDeptBN-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavic_peoples" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavic peoples">Slavic</a><sup id="cite_ref-USStateDeptBN_65-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USStateDeptBN-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>people from North Africa<sup id="cite_ref-USStateDeptBN_65-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USStateDeptBN-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Sub-Saharan African - people from Africa who live south of the <a href="/wiki/Sahara" title="Sahara">Sahara</a> desert<sup id="cite_ref-USStateDeptBN_65-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USStateDeptBN-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>people from <a href="/wiki/Indochina" title="Indochina">Indochina</a><sup id="cite_ref-USStateDeptBN_65-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USStateDeptBN-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>people from the <a href="/wiki/Basque_Country_(greater_region)" title="Basque Country (greater region)">Basque Country</a> of southwest Europe<sup id="cite_ref-USStateDeptBN_65-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USStateDeptBN-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roma_people" title="Roma people">Romani people</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=France&veaction=edit&section=20" title="Change section: Culture" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=France&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section's source code: Culture"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Claude_Monet_1899_Nadar.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Claude_Monet_1899_Nadar.jpg/170px-Claude_Monet_1899_Nadar.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="276" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Claude_Monet_1899_Nadar.jpg/255px-Claude_Monet_1899_Nadar.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Claude_Monet_1899_Nadar.jpg/340px-Claude_Monet_1899_Nadar.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2021" data-file-height="3285" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Claude_Monet" title="Claude Monet">Claude Monet</a>, founder of the <a href="/wiki/Impressionism" title="Impressionism">Impressionist</a> movement</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Language">Language</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=France&veaction=edit&section=21" title="Change section: Language" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=France&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section's source code: Language"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9671799"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See the main article: <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French language</a></div> <p>French is the official <a href="/wiki/Language" title="Language">language</a> of France. It belongs to the <a href="/wiki/Romance_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Romance language">Romance language</a> group, which includes Italian and Spanish. Many regional <a href="/wiki/Dialect" title="Dialect">dialects</a> are also used in France. <a href="/wiki/Alsatian_language" title="Alsatian language">Alsatian</a>, a German dialect, is spoken in <a href="/wiki/Alsace" title="Alsace">Alsace</a> and in parts of <a href="/wiki/Lorraine" title="Lorraine">Lorraine</a> in eastern France. French was the language of diplomacy and culture in Europe between the 17th and 19th century and is still widely used.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some people in France also speak <a href="/wiki/Basque_language" title="Basque language">Basque</a>, <a href="/wiki/Breton_language" title="Breton language">Breton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Catalan_language" title="Catalan language">Catalan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Corsican_language" title="Corsican language">Corsican</a>, German, <a href="/wiki/Flemish_language" title="Flemish language">Flemish</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Occitan_language" title="Occitan language">Occitan</a>. </p><p>There is around 200,000 <a href="/wiki/Romani_language" title="Romani language">Romani</a> speakers in France, 950,000 speakers of different <a href="/wiki/Arabic" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic">Arabic</a> dialects (plus 220,000 occasional speakers) and 1.5 – 2 million speakers of different Berber dialects.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion">Religion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=France&veaction=edit&section=22" title="Change section: Religion" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=France&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section's source code: Religion"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="barbox tright" style="overflow-x: auto;"> <div style="border:1px solid silver; font-size:88%; padding:0.4em; width:auto; background: white;"> <table style="text-align:left; border-collapse:collapse; width:100%;"> <tbody><tr style="background:#ddd"><th style="text-align:center;" colspan="5">France religiosity</th></tr> <tr style="font-size:88%; height:4px;"> <td style="padding:0 4px; text-align:left;">religion</td> <td style="padding:0 4px; text-align:right;"></td> <td style="width:100px; text-align:left;"></td> <td style="padding:0 4px; width:1em; text-align:right;">percent</td> <td style="padding:0 4px; text-align:right;"></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;">Christianity</td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:blue; width:54%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">54%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;">Not religious</td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:gray; width:31%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">31%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;">Islam</td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:green; width:5%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">5%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;">Judaism</td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:pink; width:1%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">1%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;">Other religions<br />or no opinion</td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:brown; width:10%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">10%</td> </tr> </tbody></table> </div> </div> <p>France is a <a href="/wiki/Secularism" title="Secularism">secular</a> country and the constitution guarantees freedom of religion.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The population is about 51% <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic">Roman Catholic</a>, and 31% of people are agnostics or <a href="/wiki/Atheism" title="Atheism">atheists</a>. 5% are <a href="/wiki/Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim">Muslim</a>, 3% say they are <a href="/wiki/Protestant" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant">Protestant</a> and 1% say they are Jewish. 10% are from other religions or do not have an opinion about religion.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-religion_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-religion-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are also <a href="/wiki/Zoroastrian" class="mw-redirect" title="Zoroastrian">Zoroastrian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Unitarian_Universalism" title="Unitarian Universalism">Unitarian Universalist</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jain</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wicca" title="Wicca">Wiccan</a> communities. Religions founded in France include <a href="/wiki/Raelism" class="mw-redirect" title="Raelism">Raelism</a>. </p><p>According to a Poll in 2007:<sup id="cite_ref-EUROBAROMETER_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EUROBAROMETER-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><b>34%</b> of French citizens responded that <i>"they believe there is a God"</i>.</li> <li><b>27%</b> answered that <i>"they believe there is some sort of <a href="/wiki/Spirit" title="Spirit">spirit</a> or life force"</i>.</li> <li><b>33%</b> answered that <i>"they do not believe there is any sort of spirit, God, or life force"</i>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Literature">Literature</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=France&veaction=edit&section=23" title="Change section: Literature" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=France&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section's source code: Literature"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9671799"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See the main article: <a href="/wiki/French_literature" title="French literature">French literature</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dartagnan-musketeers.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Dartagnan-musketeers.jpg/220px-Dartagnan-musketeers.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="230" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Dartagnan-musketeers.jpg/330px-Dartagnan-musketeers.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Dartagnan-musketeers.jpg/440px-Dartagnan-musketeers.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2386" data-file-height="2495" /></a><figcaption><i>The Three Musketeers</i> by <a href="/wiki/Alexandre_Dumas,_p%C3%A8re" title="Alexandre Dumas, père">Alexandre Dumas</a></figcaption></figure> <p>French literature began in the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> French was divided into several dialects at the time. Some authors <a href="/wiki/Spelling" class="mw-redirect" title="Spelling">spelled</a> words differently from one other. </p><p>During the 17th century, <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Corneille" title="Pierre Corneille">Pierre Corneille</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jean_Racine" title="Jean Racine">Jean Racine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Moli%C3%A8re" title="Molière">Molière</a>, <a href="/wiki/Blaise_Pascal" title="Blaise Pascal">Blaise Pascal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes" title="René Descartes">René Descartes</a> were the main authors.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 18th and 19th centuries, French literature and poetry reached its best. The 18th century saw writings of authors, essayists and moralists as <a href="/wiki/Voltaire" title="Voltaire">Voltaire</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Rousseau" title="Jean-Jacques Rousseau">Jean-Jacques Rousseau</a>. As for French children's literature in those times, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Perrault" title="Charles Perrault">Charles Perrault</a> wrote stories such as "<a href="/wiki/Little_Red_Riding_Hood" title="Little Red Riding Hood">Little Red Riding Hood</a>", "<a href="/wiki/Beauty_and_the_Beast" title="Beauty and the Beast">Beauty and the Beast</a>", "<a href="/wiki/Sleeping_Beauty" title="Sleeping Beauty">Sleeping Beauty</a>" and "<a href="/wiki/Puss_in_Boots" title="Puss in Boots">Puss in Boots</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many famous French novels were written in the 19th century by authors such as <a href="/wiki/Victor_Hugo" title="Victor Hugo">Victor Hugo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alexandre_Dumas,_p%C3%A8re" title="Alexandre Dumas, père">Alexandre Dumas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jules_Verne" title="Jules Verne">Jules Verne</a>. They wrote popular novels like <a href="/wiki/The_Three_Musketeers" title="The Three Musketeers">The Three Musketeers</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Count_of_Monte-Cristo" class="mw-redirect" title="The Count of Monte-Cristo">The Count of Monte-Cristo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Twenty_Thousand_Leagues_Under_the_Sea" title="Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Sea">Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Sea</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Hunchback_of_Notre-Dame" class="mw-redirect" title="The Hunchback of Notre-Dame">The Hunchback of Notre-Dame</a> and <a href="/wiki/Les_Mis%C3%A9rables" title="Les Misérables">Les Misérables</a>. Other 19th century fiction writers include <a href="/wiki/Emile_Zola" class="mw-redirect" title="Emile Zola">Emile Zola</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guy_de_Maupassant" title="Guy de Maupassant">Guy de Maupassant</a>, <a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9ophile_Gautier" title="Théophile Gautier">Théophile Gautier</a> and <a href="/wiki/Stendhal" title="Stendhal">Stendhal</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Famous novels were written during the 20th century by <a href="/wiki/Marcel_Proust" title="Marcel Proust">Marcel Proust</a>, <a href="/wiki/Antoine_de_Saint-Exup%C3%A9ry" title="Antoine de Saint-Exupéry">Antoine de Saint-Exupéry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Albert_Camus" title="Albert Camus">Albert Camus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jean-Paul_Sartre" title="Jean-Paul Sartre">Jean-Paul Sartre</a> and <a href="/wiki/Michel_Houellebecq" title="Michel Houellebecq">Michel Houellebecq</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sports">Sports</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=France&veaction=edit&section=24" title="Change section: Sports" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=France&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section's source code: Sports"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:TourDeFrance_2005_07_09.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/TourDeFrance_2005_07_09.jpg/220px-TourDeFrance_2005_07_09.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/TourDeFrance_2005_07_09.jpg/330px-TourDeFrance_2005_07_09.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/TourDeFrance_2005_07_09.jpg/440px-TourDeFrance_2005_07_09.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2143" data-file-height="1709" /></a><figcaption>The <i>Peloton</i> (means "pack" in French) of the <a href="/wiki/Tour_de_France" title="Tour de France">Tour de France</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Tour_de_France" title="Tour de France">Tour de France</a> cycling <a href="/wiki/Racing" title="Racing">race</a> in July is one of the best-known sporting events.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is a three-week race of around 3,500 km that covers most of France and ends in the centre of Paris, on the <i>Avenue des Champs-Elysées</i>. <a href="/wiki/Association_football" title="Association football">Football</a> is another popular sport in France. The French team won the <a href="/wiki/FIFA_World_Cup" title="FIFA World Cup">FIFA World Cup</a> in 1998 and 2018. They also won the <a href="/wiki/UEFA_European_Football_Championship" class="mw-redirect" title="UEFA European Football Championship">UEFA European Football Championship</a> in 1984 and 2000. France also hosts the <a href="/wiki/24_Hours_of_Le_Mans" title="24 Hours of Le Mans">24 Hours of Le Mans</a> <a href="/wiki/Car_race" class="mw-redirect" title="Car race">car race</a>. France also hosted the <a href="/wiki/Rugby_World_Cup" title="Rugby World Cup">Rugby World Cup</a> in 2007 and finished fourth.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> France is closely associated with the Modern Olympic Games. At the end of the 19th century, the <a href="/wiki/Baron" title="Baron">Baron</a> <a href="/wiki/Pierre_de_Coubertin" title="Pierre de Coubertin">Pierre de Coubertin</a> suggested having the Olympic Games again. France hosted the <a href="/wiki/Summer_Olympics" class="mw-redirect" title="Summer Olympics">Summer Olympics</a> twice, in 1900 and 1924, in Paris. France will host the Summer Olympics in 2024, in Paris. France also hosted the <a href="/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games" title="Winter Olympic Games">Winter Games</a> three times: in 1924 in <a href="/wiki/Chamonix" title="Chamonix">Chamonix</a>, in 1968 in <a href="/wiki/Grenoble" title="Grenoble">Grenoble</a>, and in 1992 in <a href="/wiki/Albertville" title="Albertville">Albertville</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cuisine">Cuisine</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=France&veaction=edit&section=25" title="Change section: Cuisine" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=France&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section's source code: Cuisine"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Terrine_de_saumon_au_basilic.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Terrine_de_saumon_au_basilic.JPG/230px-Terrine_de_saumon_au_basilic.JPG" decoding="async" width="230" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Terrine_de_saumon_au_basilic.JPG/345px-Terrine_de_saumon_au_basilic.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Terrine_de_saumon_au_basilic.JPG/460px-Terrine_de_saumon_au_basilic.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Basil salmon <a href="/w/index.php?title=Terrine_(food)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Terrine (food) (not yet started)">terrine</a></figcaption></figure> <p>French cuisine has influenced the style of cooking throughout Europe, and its chefs work in restaurants throughout the world.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The roots of modern <i>haute cuisine</i> lie in chefs like <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Pierre_La_Varenne" title="François Pierre La Varenne">La Varenne</a> (1615–1678) and the notable chef of <a href="/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Napoleon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marie-Antoine_Car%C3%AAme" title="Marie-Antoine Carême">Marie-Antoine Carême</a> (1784–1833). These chefs developed a lighter style of food compared to the food of the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a>. They used fewer spices, and more herbs and creamy ingredients. </p><p>Typical ingredients like <a href="/wiki/Roux" title="Roux">roux</a> and fish stock, and techniques such as <a href="/wiki/Marinade" title="Marinade">marinading</a>, and dishes such as <a href="/wiki/Ragout" title="Ragout">ragout</a>, were invented. Carême was an expert pâtissier (pastry-maker), and this is still a mark of French cooking. He developed basic sauces, his 'mother sauces'; he had over a hundred sauces in his repertoire, based on the half-dozen mother sauces. </p><p>French cuisine was introduced in the 20th century by <a href="/wiki/Auguste_Escoffier" title="Auguste Escoffier">Georges Auguste Escoffier</a> (1846–1935). He was a genius at organisation. He worked out how to run large restaurants, as in a big hotel or a palace; how the staff should be organised; how the menu was prepared. He had methods for everything. Escoffier's largest contribution was the publication of <i>Le Guide Culinaire</i> in 1903, which established the fundamentals of French cookery. Escoffier managed the restaurants and cuisine at the <a href="/wiki/Savoy_Hotel" title="Savoy Hotel">Savoy Hotel</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Carlton_Hotel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Carlton Hotel (not yet started)">Carlton Hotel</a> in London, the <a href="/wiki/H%C3%B4tel_Ritz_Paris" title="Hôtel Ritz Paris">Hôtel Ritz Paris</a>, and some of the greatest cruise ships. </p><p>Escoffier, however, left out much of the culinary character to be found in the <a href="/wiki/Regions_of_France" title="Regions of France">regions of France</a>. </p><p>Gastro-tourism and the <i><a href="/wiki/Guide_Michelin" class="mw-redirect" title="Guide Michelin">Guide Michelin</a></i> helped to make people familiar with the rich <a href="/wiki/Bourgeois" class="mw-redirect" title="Bourgeois">bourgeois</a> and peasant cuisine of the French countryside in the 20th century. <a href="/wiki/Gascony" title="Gascony">Gascon</a> cuisine has also had great influence over the cuisine in the southwest of France. Many dishes that were once regional have become common all over the country. Cheese and wine are a major part of the cuisine, playing different roles regionally and nationally.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the north of France, people often prefer to use butter to <a href="https://simple.wiktionary.org/wiki/cook" class="extiw" title="wikt:cook">cook</a>. In the south, they prefer <a href="/wiki/Olive_oil" title="Olive oil">olive oil</a> and garlic.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In France, each <a href="/wiki/Regions_of_France" title="Regions of France">region</a> has its own special <a href="/wiki/Dish" class="mw-disambig" title="Dish">dish</a>; <a href="/w/index.php?title=Choucroute&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Choucroute (not yet started)">choucroute</a> in Alsace, <a href="/wiki/Quiche" title="Quiche">quiche</a> in <a href="/wiki/Lorraine" title="Lorraine">Lorraine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cassoulet" title="Cassoulet">cassoulet</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Languedoc-Roussillon" title="Languedoc-Roussillon">Languedoc-Roussillon</a>, and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tapenade&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tapenade (not yet started)">tapenade</a> in <a href="/wiki/Provence-Alpes-C%C3%B4te_d%27Azur" title="Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur">Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur</a>. </p><p>In November 2010, French gastronomy was added by <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> to its lists of the world's 'intangible cultural heritage'.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chateau-de-versailles-cour.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Chateau-de-versailles-cour.jpg/220px-Chateau-de-versailles-cour.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="93" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Chateau-de-versailles-cour.jpg/330px-Chateau-de-versailles-cour.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Chateau-de-versailles-cour.jpg/440px-Chateau-de-versailles-cour.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1278" data-file-height="542" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Palace_of_Versailles" title="Palace of Versailles">Palace of Versailles</a> is one of the most popular tourist destinations in France.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tourism">Tourism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=France&veaction=edit&section=26" title="Change section: Tourism" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=France&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section's source code: Tourism"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Paris_06_Eiffelturm_4828.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Paris_06_Eiffelturm_4828.jpg/110px-Paris_06_Eiffelturm_4828.jpg" decoding="async" width="110" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Paris_06_Eiffelturm_4828.jpg/165px-Paris_06_Eiffelturm_4828.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Paris_06_Eiffelturm_4828.jpg/220px-Paris_06_Eiffelturm_4828.jpg 2x" data-file-width="630" data-file-height="1000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Eiffel_Tower" title="Eiffel Tower">Eiffel Tower</a></figcaption></figure> <p>France is the number one tourist destination in the world. In 2007, 81.9 million foreign tourists visited France.<sup id="cite_ref-gouv2007_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gouv2007-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Spain comes second (58.5 million in 2006) and the United States comes third (51.1 million in 2006). Some of the most famous attractions in Paris, are the <a href="/wiki/Eiffel_Tower" title="Eiffel Tower">Eiffel Tower</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Arc_de_Triomphe" title="Arc de Triomphe">Arc de Triomphe</a>. Another one is <a href="/wiki/Mont_Saint_Michel" class="mw-redirect" title="Mont Saint Michel">Mont Saint Michel</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Normandy" title="Normandy">Normandy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A European <a href="/wiki/Disneyland" title="Disneyland">Disneyland</a> is located in a suburb east of Paris. The resort opened in 1992 and is also a popular tourist destination in Europe. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Related_pages">Related pages</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=France&veaction=edit&section=27" title="Change section: Related pages" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=France&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section's source code: Related pages"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/France_at_the_Olympics" title="France at the Olympics">France at the Olympics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/France_national_football_team" title="France national football team">France national football team</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_France" title="List of rivers of France">List of rivers of France</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=France&veaction=edit&section=28" title="Change section: References" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=France&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section's source code: References"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r9724317">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-IPSOS-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-IPSOS_2-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r9724332">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171019192134/https://www.reforme.net/actualite/societe/sondage-les-protestants-en-france-en-2017-1-qui-sont-les-protestants/">"Sondage 'Les protestants en France en 2017' (1) : qui sont les protestants ?"</a>. <i>Reforme.net</i> (in French). 26 October 2017. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reforme.net/actualite/societe/sondage-les-protestants-en-france-en-2017-1-qui-sont-les-protestants/">the original</a> on 19 October 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 April</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Reforme.net&rft.atitle=Sondage+%27Les+protestants+en+France+en+2017%27+%281%29+%3A+qui+sont+les+protestants+%3F&rft.date=2017-10-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reforme.net%2Factualite%2Fsociete%2Fsondage-les-protestants-en-france-en-2017-1-qui-sont-les-protestants%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AFrance" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/products/dyb/dyb2012/Table03.pdf">"Table 3: Population by sex, rate of population increase, surface area and density"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/products/dyb/dyb2012.htm"><i>Demographic Yearbook</i></a>. United Nations Statistics Division. 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150428204710/http://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/products/dyb/dyb2012.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 28 April 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 September</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Table+3%3A+Population+by+sex%2C+rate+of+population+increase%2C+surface+area+and+density&rft.btitle=Demographic+Yearbook&rft.pub=United+Nations+Statistics+Division&rft.date=2012&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Funstats.un.org%2Funsd%2Fdemographic%2Fproducts%2Fdyb%2Fdyb2012%2FTable03.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AFrance" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-9">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150828051307/http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/comparateur.asp?codgeo=METRODOM-1">"France Métropolitaine"</a>. INSEE. 2011. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/comparateur.asp?codgeo=METRODOM-1">the original</a> on 28 August 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=France+M%C3%A9tropolitaine&rft.pub=INSEE&rft.date=2011&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.insee.fr%2Ffr%2Fthemes%2Fcomparateur.asp%3Fcodgeo%3DMETRODOM-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AFrance" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-10">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.insee.fr/en/statistiques/serie/001641607">"Demography – Population at the beginning of the month – France"</a>. <i>Insee</i>. 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210225103452/https://www.insee.fr/en/statistiques/serie/001641607">Archived</a> from the original on 25 February 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 July</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Insee&rft.atitle=Demography+%E2%80%93+Population+at+the+beginning+of+the+month+%E2%80%93+France&rft.date=2019&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.insee.fr%2Fen%2Fstatistiques%2Fserie%2F001641607&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AFrance" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-11">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.insee.fr/en/statistiques/serie/000436387">"Demography – Population at the beginning of the month – Metropolitan France"</a>. <i>Insee</i>. 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190606131558/https://www.insee.fr/en/statistiques/serie/000436387">Archived</a> from the original on 6 June 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 July</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Insee&rft.atitle=Demography+%E2%80%93+Population+at+the+beginning+of+the+month+%E2%80%93+Metropolitan+France&rft.date=2019&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.insee.fr%2Fen%2Fstatistiques%2Fserie%2F000436387&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AFrance" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-IMFWEOFR-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-IMFWEOFR_12-0">6.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-IMFWEOFR_12-1">6.1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-IMFWEOFR_12-2">6.2</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-IMFWEOFR_12-3">6.3</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2019/02/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=54&pr.y=7&sy=2017&ey=2021&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=132&s=NGDPD%2CPPPGDP%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPPC&grp=0&a=">"World Economic Outlook Database, October 2019"</a>. <i>IMF.org</i>. <a href="/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund" title="International Monetary Fund">International Monetary Fund</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200522000457/https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2019/02/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=54&pr.y=7&sy=2017&ey=2021&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=132&s=NGDPD%2CPPPGDP%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPPC&grp=0&a=">Archived</a> from the original on 22 May 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 October</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=IMF.org&rft.atitle=World+Economic+Outlook+Database%2C+October+2019&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.imf.org%2Fexternal%2Fpubs%2Fft%2Fweo%2F2019%2F02%2Fweodata%2Fweorept.aspx%3Fpr.x%3D54%26pr.y%3D7%26sy%3D2017%26ey%3D2021%26scsm%3D1%26ssd%3D1%26sort%3Dcountry%26ds%3D.%26br%3D1%26c%3D132%26s%3DNGDPD%252CPPPGDP%252CNGDPDPC%252CPPPPC%26grp%3D0%26a%3D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AFrance" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-13">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/tgm/table.do?tab=table&init=1&language=en&pcode=tessi190&plugin=1">"Gini coefficient of equivalised disposable income – EU-SILC survey"</a>. <i>ec.europa.eu/eurostat</i>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Eurostat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eurostat (not yet started)">Eurostat</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190320064533/https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/tgm/table.do?tab=table&init=1&language=en&pcode=tessi190&plugin=1">Archived</a> from the original on 20 March 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 October</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ec.europa.eu%2Feurostat&rft.atitle=Gini+coefficient+of+equivalised+disposable+income+%E2%80%93+EU-SILC+survey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fec.europa.eu%2Feurostat%2Ftgm%2Ftable.do%3Ftab%3Dtable%26init%3D1%26language%3Den%26pcode%3Dtessi190%26plugin%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AFrance" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-UNHDR-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-UNHDR_14-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170322121226/http://hdr.undp.org/sites/all/themes/hdr_theme/country-notes/ROU.pdf">"Human Development Report 2019"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Development_Programme" title="United Nations Development Programme">United Nations Development Programme</a>. 10 December 2019. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hdr.undp.org/en/content/2019-human-development-index-ranking">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 22 March 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 December</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Human+Development+Report+2019&rft.pub=United+Nations+Development+Programme&rft.date=2019-12-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhdr.undp.org%2Fen%2Fcontent%2F2019-human-development-index-ranking&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AFrance" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Field_Listing_::_Area-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Field_Listing_::_Area_21-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140131115000/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2147.html">"Field Listing :: Area"</a>. <i>The World Factbook</i>. CIA. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2147.html">the original</a> on 31 January 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 November</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+World+Factbook&rft.atitle=Field+Listing+%3A%3A+Area&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Flibrary%2Fpublications%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Ffields%2F2147.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AFrance" class="Z3988"></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/15px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/23px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/30px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196" /></span></span> <i>This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-22">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2195.html">Field listing - GDP (official exchange rate)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081004071135/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook//fields/2195.html">Archived</a> 4 October 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, CIA World Factbook: List of countries by nominal GDP figures.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-tourism.stat-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-tourism.stat_23-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080624195206/http://www.tourisme.gouv.fr/fr/z2/stat/tis/att00018288/TIS_EVE2007_2008-5.pdf">"Le tourisme international en France en 2007"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Direction du Tourisme (French government's tourism agency). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tourisme.gouv.fr/fr/z2/stat/tis/att00018288/TIS_EVE2007_2008-5.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 24 June 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 June</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Le+tourisme+international+en+France+en+2007&rft.pub=Direction+du+Tourisme+%28French+government%27s+tourism+agency%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tourisme.gouv.fr%2Ffr%2Fz2%2Fstat%2Ftis%2Fatt00018288%2FTIS_EVE2007_2008-5.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AFrance" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="languageicon">(in French)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-24">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.essex.ac.uk/armedcon/world/europe/western_europe/default.html">"Western Europe"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160912161954/http://www.essex.ac.uk/armedcon/world/europe/western_europe/default.html">Archived</a> from the original on 12 September 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 August</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Western+Europe&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.essex.ac.uk%2Farmedcon%2Fworld%2Feurope%2Fwestern_europe%2Fdefault.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AFrance" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-kwintessential1-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-kwintessential1_25-0">13.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-kwintessential1_25-1">13.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kwintessential.co.uk/articles/article/France/Geography-of-France/540">"French Geography"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110831213549/http://www.kwintessential.co.uk/articles/article/france/Geography-of-France/540">Archived</a> from the original on 31 August 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 August</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=French+Geography&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kwintessential.co.uk%2Farticles%2Farticle%2FFrance%2FGeography-of-France%2F540&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AFrance" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-26">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.francethisway.com/tourism/french-rivers.php">"French Rivers"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100627160207/http://www.francethisway.com/tourism/french-rivers.php">Archived</a> from the original on 27 June 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 August</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=French+Rivers&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.francethisway.com%2Ftourism%2Ffrench-rivers.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AFrance" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-27">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite id="CITEREFWorld_Travel_Guide" class="citation web cs1">World Travel Guide. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldtravelguide.net/country/92/climate/Europe/France.html">"Climates of France"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100805103456/http://www.worldtravelguide.net/country/92/climate/Europe/France.html">Archived</a> from the original on 5 August 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 August</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Climates+of+France&rft.au=World+Travel+Guide&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldtravelguide.net%2Fcountry%2F92%2Fclimate%2FEurope%2FFrance.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AFrance" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-28">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090805195645/http://www.francetourism.com/practicalinfo/general.htm">"Practical Information on France – General"</a>. French Tourist Office. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.francetourism.com/practicalinfo/general.htm">the original</a> on 5 August 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 September</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Practical+Information+on+France+%E2%80%93+General&rft.pub=French+Tourist+Office&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.francetourism.com%2Fpracticalinfo%2Fgeneral.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AFrance" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-29">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.developpementdurable.com/economie/2010/07/A2769/mediterranee-la-france-prend-le-controle-en-creant-une-zone-economique-exclusive.html">"EEZ of France"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110430124908/http://www.developpementdurable.com/economie/2010/07/A2769/mediterranee-la-france-prend-le-controle-en-creant-une-zone-economique-exclusive.html">Archived</a> from the original on 30 April 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 August</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=EEZ+of+France&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.developpementdurable.com%2Feconomie%2F2010%2F07%2FA2769%2Fmediterranee-la-france-prend-le-controle-en-creant-une-zone-economique-exclusive.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AFrance" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="languageicon">(in French)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-30">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thesunchronicle.com/articles/2008/04/20/features/3057797.txt">"Origin of Francia"</a>. <i>The Sun Chronicle</i>. 20 April 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 August</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Sun+Chronicle&rft.atitle=Origin+of+Francia&rft.date=2008-04-20&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thesunchronicle.com%2Farticles%2F2008%2F04%2F20%2Ffeatures%2F3057797.txt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AFrance" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-31">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite id="CITEREFDiscover_France" class="citation web cs1">Discover France. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.discoverfrance.net/France/History/Roman_Empire.shtml">"Caesar Conquered Gaul"</a>. <i>discoverfrance.net</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100612002809/http://discoverfrance.net/France/History/Roman_Empire.shtml">Archived</a> from the original on 12 June 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 August</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=discoverfrance.net&rft.atitle=Caesar+Conquered+Gaul&rft.au=Discover+France&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.discoverfrance.net%2FFrance%2FHistory%2FRoman_Empire.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AFrance" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-32">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite id="CITEREFwff" class="citation web cs1">wff. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110722112834/http://www.wf-f.org/03-1-France.html">"France used this pretext to call themselves this"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wf-f.org/03-1-France.html">the original</a> on 22 July 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 August</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=France+used+this+pretext+to+call+themselves+this&rft.au=wff&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wf-f.org%2F03-1-France.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AFrance" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-33">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite id="CITEREFFrance_Balade" class="citation web cs1">France Balade. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.francebalade.com/histo/carolin.htm">"Division of Charlemagne's empire into three parts"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101019023417/http://www.francebalade.com/histo/carolin.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 19 October 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 August</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Division+of+Charlemagne%27s+empire+into+three+parts&rft.au=France+Balade&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.francebalade.com%2Fhisto%2Fcarolin.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AFrance" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="languageicon">(in French)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-34">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite id="CITEREFUNCG" class="citation web cs1">UNCG. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090301141722/http://www.uncg.edu/rom/courses/dafein/civ/timeline.htm">"French History - Le Grand Siècle"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uncg.edu/rom/courses/dafein/civ/timeline.htm">the original</a> on 1 March 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 August</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=French+History+-+Le+Grand+Si%C3%A8cle&rft.au=UNCG&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.uncg.edu%2From%2Fcourses%2Fdafein%2Fciv%2Ftimeline.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AFrance" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-35">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite id="CITEREFUnderstand_France" class="citation web cs1">Understand France. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.understandfrance.org/France/History3.html">"French colonies History"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100922052426/http://www.understandfrance.org/France/History3.html">Archived</a> from the original on 22 September 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 August</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=French+colonies+History&rft.au=Understand+France&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.understandfrance.org%2FFrance%2FHistory3.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AFrance" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-36">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite id="CITEREFLucidcafé" class="citation web cs1">Lucidcafé. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070609055954/http://www.lucidcafe.com/library/95nov/antoinette.html">"Louis XVI and Marie-Antoinette's executions"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lucidcafe.com/library/95nov/antoinette.html">the original</a> on 9 June 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 August</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Louis+XVI+and+Marie-Antoinette%27s+executions&rft.au=Lucidcaf%C3%A9&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lucidcafe.com%2Flibrary%2F95nov%2Fantoinette.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AFrance" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-37">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite id="CITEREFNapoleonguide.com" class="citation web cs1">Napoleonguide.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.napoleonguide.com/campind.htm">"Campaigns of Napoleon Bonaparte"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100723235623/http://www.napoleonguide.com/campind.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 23 July 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 August</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Campaigns+of+Napoleon+Bonaparte&rft.au=Napoleonguide.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.napoleonguide.com%2Fcampind.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AFrance" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-38">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite id="CITEREFIntellego" class="citation web cs1">Intellego. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.intellego.fr/soutien-scolaire-3eme/aide-scolaire-Education-civique-juridique-et-sociale/Les-regimes-politiques-de-France-de-1780-a-nos-jours./31424">"Regimes of France"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100424200837/http://www.intellego.fr/soutien-scolaire-3eme/aide-scolaire-education-civique-juridique-et-sociale/les-regimes-politiques-de-france-de-1780-a-nos-jours./31424">Archived</a> from the original on 24 April 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 August</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Regimes+of+France&rft.au=Intellego&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.intellego.fr%2Fsoutien-scolaire-3eme%2Faide-scolaire-Education-civique-juridique-et-sociale%2FLes-regimes-politiques-de-France-de-1780-a-nos-jours.%2F31424&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AFrance" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="languageicon">(in French)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-39">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite id="CITEREFalsintl.com" class="citation web cs1">alsintl.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100901085645/http://www.alsintl.com/resources/languages/French/">"French language in Colonies"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.alsintl.com/resources/languages/French/">the original</a> on 1 September 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 August</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=French+language+in+Colonies&rft.au=alsintl.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.alsintl.com%2Fresources%2Flanguages%2FFrench%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AFrance" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-40">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite id="CITEREFfirstworldwar.com" class="citation web cs1">firstworldwar.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.firstworldwar.com/battles/somme.htm">"Battle of the Somme"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150316141435/http://www.firstworldwar.com/battles/somme.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 16 March 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 August</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Battle+of+the+Somme&rft.au=firstworldwar.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.firstworldwar.com%2Fbattles%2Fsomme.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AFrance" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-France-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-France_41-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dersdesders.free.fr/france.html">Ders Des Ders Report - France</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110717180723/http://dersdesders.free.fr/france.html">Archived</a> 17 July 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <span class="languageicon">(in French)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-42">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="languageicon">(in French)</span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.insee.fr/fr/methodes/nomenclatures/cog/documentation.asp">"Code officiel géographique – Présentation"</a>. INSEE. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.webcitation.org/66gU6nxGq?url=http://www.insee.fr/fr/methodes/nomenclatures/cog/documentation.asp">Archived</a> from the original on 4 April 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 June</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Code+officiel+g%C3%A9ographique+%E2%80%93+Pr%C3%A9sentation&rft.pub=INSEE&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.insee.fr%2Ffr%2Fmethodes%2Fnomenclatures%2Fcog%2Fdocumentation.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AFrance" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-43">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="languageicon">(in French)</span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.insee.fr/fr/methodes/default.asp?page=nomenclatures/cog/outremer.htm">"Code des collectivités d'outre-mer (COM)"</a>. INSEE. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.webcitation.org/66gU97b9F?url=http://www.insee.fr/fr/methodes/default.asp?page=nomenclatures%2Fcog%2Foutremer.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 4 April 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 June</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Code+des+collectivit%C3%A9s+d%27outre-mer+%28COM%29&rft.pub=INSEE&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.insee.fr%2Ffr%2Fmethodes%2Fdefault.asp%3Fpage%3Dnomenclatures%2Fcog%2Foutremer.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AFrance" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-44">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.absoluteastronomy.com/topics/Semi-presidential_system">"France's political system"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091208120448/http://www.absoluteastronomy.com/topics/Semi-presidential_system">Archived</a> from the original on 8 December 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 September</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=France%27s+political+system&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.absoluteastronomy.com%2Ftopics%2FSemi-presidential_system&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AFrance" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-45">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite id="CITEREFGuy_Carcassonne" class="citation web cs1">Guy Carcassonne. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unc.edu/depts/europe/francophone/principles_en.pdf">"Separation of Powers"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. unc.edu. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100601200220/http://www.unc.edu/depts/europe/francophone/principles_en.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 1 June 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 August</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Separation+of+Powers&rft.pub=unc.edu&rft.au=Guy+Carcassonne&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.unc.edu%2Fdepts%2Feurope%2Ffrancophone%2Fprinciples_en.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AFrance" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-46">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.csis.org/media/csis/pubs/060626_asia_balance_powers.pdf">"Number of military personnel in France, page 32"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181226073401/https://www.csis.org/media/csis/pubs/060626_asia_balance_powers.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 26 December 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 November</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Number+of+military+personnel+in+France%2C+page+32&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.csis.org%2Fmedia%2Fcsis%2Fpubs%2F060626_asia_balance_powers.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AFrance" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-47">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.csis.org/media/csis/pubs/westmb012302%5B1%5D.pdf">"Number of military personnel in France, page 112"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090617081254/http://www.csis.org/media/csis/pubs/westmb012302%5B1%5D.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 17 June 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 November</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Number+of+military+personnel+in+France%2C+page+112&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.csis.org%2Fmedia%2Fcsis%2Fpubs%2Fwestmb012302%255B1%255D.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AFrance" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-48">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.un.org/en/members/index.shtml#f">"Members of the UN"</a>. United Nations. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140412154940/http://www.un.org/en/members/index.shtml#f">Archived</a> from the original on 12 April 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 August</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Members+of+the+UN&rft.pub=United+Nations&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.un.org%2Fen%2Fmembers%2Findex.shtml%23f&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AFrance" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-49">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.un.org/sc/members.asp">"Members of the Security council"</a>. United Nations. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120913181027/www.un.org/sc/members.asp">Archived</a> from the original on 13 September 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 August</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Members+of+the+Security+council&rft.pub=United+Nations&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.un.org%2Fsc%2Fmembers.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AFrance" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-50">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://europa.eu/abc/history/index_en.htm">"History of the EU"</a>. European Union. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090221102210/http://europa.eu/abc/history/index_en.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 21 February 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 August</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=History+of+the+EU&rft.pub=European+Union&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feuropa.eu%2Fabc%2Fhistory%2Findex_en.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AFrance" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nato-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-nato_51-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nato.int/cps/en/natolive/nato_countries.htm">"NATO - Member countries"</a>. Nato.int. 30 July 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110924014819/http://www.nato.int/cps/en/natolive/nato_countries.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 24 September 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 August</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=NATO+-+Member+countries&rft.pub=Nato.int&rft.date=2010-07-30&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nato.int%2Fcps%2Fen%2Fnatolive%2Fnato_countries.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AFrance" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-52">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/2688117.stm">"Opposition of the war in Iraq"</a>. BBC. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181005031037/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/2688117.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 5 October 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 August</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Opposition+of+the+war+in+Iraq&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fmiddle_east%2F2688117.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AFrance" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-53">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2001rank.html">"CIA World Factbook GDP PPP data update of 2008"</a>. US Government. 20 November 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200527163315/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2001rank.html">Archived</a> from the original on 27 May 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 November</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=CIA+World+Factbook+GDP+PPP+data+update+of+2008&rft.pub=US+Government&rft.date=2008-11-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Flibrary%2Fpublications%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Frankorder%2F2001rank.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AFrance" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-54">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/1845045.stm">"Euro launched in 12 countries"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200927153443/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/1845045.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 27 September 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 September</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Euro+launched+in+12+countries&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fbusiness%2F1845045.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AFrance" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-55">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.journaldunet.com/management/repere/entreprises_france_type.shtml">"Number of companies in France"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081217093527/http://www.journaldunet.com/management/repere/entreprises_france_type.shtml">Archived</a> from the original on 17 December 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 November</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Number+of+companies+in+France&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.journaldunet.com%2Fmanagement%2Frepere%2Fentreprises_france_type.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AFrance" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-56">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120709190130/http://investisseurs.edf.com/the-edf-group/edf-investors/stock-information/shareholding-policy-117065.html">"Shareholding policy"</a>. Électricité de France. 31 December 2007. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://investisseurs.edf.com/the-edf-group/edf-investors/stock-information/shareholding-policy-117065.html">the original</a> on 9 July 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 April</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Shareholding+policy&rft.pub=%C3%89lectricit%C3%A9+de+France&rft.date=2007-12-31&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Finvestisseurs.edf.com%2Fthe-edf-group%2Fedf-investors%2Fstock-information%2Fshareholding-policy-117065.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AFrance" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-57">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="languageicon">(in French)</span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite id="CITEREFCNES" class="citation web cs1">CNES. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070629155229/http://www.ademe.fr/midi-pyrenees/documents/a_3/cnes_dossier_presse.pdf">"France"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ademe.fr/midi-pyrenees/documents/a_3/cnes_dossier_presse.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 29 June 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 May</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=France&rft.au=CNES&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ademe.fr%2Fmidi-pyrenees%2Fdocuments%2Fa_3%2Fcnes_dossier_presse.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AFrance" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-58">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.russianspaceweb.com/kourou_origin.html">"Rocket launch site in Kourou"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090604112430/http://www.russianspaceweb.com/kourou_origin.html">Archived</a> from the original on 4 June 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 September</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Rocket+launch+site+in+Kourou&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.russianspaceweb.com%2Fkourou_origin.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AFrance" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-59">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090627085127/http://www.bls-frenchcourses.com/french-economy-industry-GB.html">"France, smallest producer of CO2"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bls-frenchcourses.com/french-economy-industry-GB.html">the original</a> on 27 June 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 September</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=France%2C+smallest+producer+of+CO2&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bls-frenchcourses.com%2Ffrench-economy-industry-GB.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AFrance" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-60">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite id="CITEREFDGEMP_/_Observatoire_de_l'énergie2007" class="citation web cs1">DGEMP / Observatoire de l'énergie (April 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.industrie.gouv.fr/energie/statisti/se_elec.htm">"Électricité en France: les principaux résultats en 2006"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070603104111/http://www.industrie.gouv.fr/energie/statisti/se_elec.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 3 June 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 May</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%C3%89lectricit%C3%A9+en+France%3A+les+principaux+r%C3%A9sultats+en+2006.&rft.date=2007-04&rft.au=DGEMP+%2F+Observatoire+de+l%27%C3%A9nergie&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.industrie.gouv.fr%2Fenergie%2Fstatisti%2Fse_elec.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AFrance" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-61">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ameinfo.com/185827.html">"France is the leading agricultural producer and exporter in Europe"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120513235600/http://www.ameinfo.com/185827.html">Archived</a> from the original on 13 May 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 September</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=France+is+the+leading+agricultural+producer+and+exporter+in+Europe&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ameinfo.com%2F185827.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AFrance" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BBCCap-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-BBCCap_62-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/4407792.stm">"Q&A: Common Agricultural Policy"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 20 November 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090205122234/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/4407792.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 5 February 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 February</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Q%26A%3A+Common+Agricultural+Policy&rft.date=2008-11-20&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Feurope%2F4407792.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AFrance" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-63">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite id="CITEREFKewRichmondSurrey" class="citation web cs1">Kew; Richmond; Surrey. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/education/lesson13.htm">"1833 Factory Act"</a>. <i>The National Archives</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140410122152/http://nationalarchives.gov.uk/education/lesson13.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 10 April 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 March</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+National+Archives&rft.atitle=1833+Factory+Act&rft.au=Kew&rft.au=Richmond&rft.au=Surrey&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nationalarchives.gov.uk%2Feducation%2Flesson13.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AFrance" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-entire-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-entire_64-0">52.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-entire_64-1">52.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.insee.fr/en/themes/document.asp?ref_id=ip1170&reg_id=0">"Demographic report 2007 - The birth rate remains very high"</a>. Government of France - INSEE. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210521172701/https://www.insee.fr/en/statistiques">Archived</a> from the original on 21 May 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 January</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Demographic+report+2007+-+The+birth+rate+remains+very+high&rft.pub=Government+of+France+-+INSEE&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.insee.fr%2Fen%2Fthemes%2Fdocument.asp%3Fref_id%3Dip1170%26reg_id%3D0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AFrance" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-USStateDeptBN-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-USStateDeptBN_65-0">53.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-USStateDeptBN_65-1">53.1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-USStateDeptBN_65-2">53.2</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-USStateDeptBN_65-3">53.3</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-USStateDeptBN_65-4">53.4</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-USStateDeptBN_65-5">53.5</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-USStateDeptBN_65-6">53.6</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/3842.htm">"Background Note: France"</a>. <i>Under Secretary for Public Diplomacy and Public Affairs > Bureau of Public Affairs > Bureau of Public Affairs: Electronic Information and Publications Office > Background Notes - Bureau of European and Eurasian Affairs</i>. U.S. State Department. August 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120913082425/http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/3842.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 13 September 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 October</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Under+Secretary+for+Public+Diplomacy+and+Public+Affairs+%3E+Bureau+of+Public+Affairs+%3E+Bureau+of+Public+Affairs%3A+Electronic+Information+and+Publications+Office+%3E+Background+Notes+-+Bureau+of+European+and+Eurasian+Affairs&rft.atitle=Background+Note%3A+France&rft.date=2008-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.state.gov%2Fr%2Fpa%2Fei%2Fbgn%2F3842.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AFrance" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-66">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080423103843/http://www.history.com/encyclopedia.do?articleId=207636">"France an important language of diplomacy"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.history.com/encyclopedia.do?articleId=207636">the original</a> on 23 April 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=France+an+important+language+of+diplomacy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.history.com%2Fencyclopedia.do%3FarticleId%3D207636&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AFrance" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-67">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://minorityrights.org/country/france/">"France - World Directory of Minorities & Indigenous Peoples"</a>. 2 November 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=France+-+World+Directory+of+Minorities+%26+Indigenous+Peoples&rft.date=2023-11-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fminorityrights.org%2Fcountry%2Ffrance%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AFrance" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-68">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.assemblee-nationale.fr/connaissance/constitution.asp">"Constitution of 1958"</a>. Assemblée Nationale. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131106014452/http://www.assemblee-nationale.fr/connaissance/constitution.asp">Archived</a> from the original on 6 November 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 August</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Constitution+of+1958&rft.pub=Assembl%C3%A9e+Nationale&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.assemblee-nationale.fr%2Fconnaissance%2Fconstitution.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AFrance" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="languageicon">(in French)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-69">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite id="CITEREFCatholic_World_News2003" class="citation web cs1">Catholic World News (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.catholicculture.org/news/features/index.cfm?recnum=48547">"France is no longer Catholic, survey shows"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110501035606/http://www.catholicculture.org/news/features/index.cfm?recnum=48547">Archived</a> from the original on 1 May 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 January</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=France+is+no+longer+Catholic%2C+survey+shows&rft.date=2003&rft.au=Catholic+World+News&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.catholicculture.org%2Fnews%2Ffeatures%2Findex.cfm%3Frecnum%3D48547&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AFrance" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-religion-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-religion_70-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="languageicon">(in Romanian)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cotidianul.ro/franta_nu_mai_e_o_tara_catolica-20395.html">Franţa nu mai e o ţară catolică</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090129144728/http://www.cotidianul.ro/franta_nu_mai_e_o_tara_catolica-20395.html">Archived</a> 29 January 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Cotidianul" title="Cotidianul">Cotidianul</a></i> 11 January 2007</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EUROBAROMETER-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-EUROBAROMETER_71-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ec.europa.eu/public_opinion/archives/ebs/ebs_225_report_en.pdf">"Eurobarometer on Social Values, Science and technology 2005 - page 11"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.webcitation.org/616ESNz5H?url=http://ec.europa.eu/public_opinion/archives/ebs/ebs_225_report_en.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 21 August 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 May</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Eurobarometer+on+Social+Values%2C+Science+and+technology+2005+-+page+11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fec.europa.eu%2Fpublic_opinion%2Farchives%2Febs%2Febs_225_report_en.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AFrance" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-72">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.discoverfrance.net/France/Literature/DF_literature.shtml">"French literature started in the Middle Ages"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160419194513/http://www.discoverfrance.net/France/Literature/DF_literature.shtml">Archived</a> from the original on 19 April 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 September</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=French+literature+started+in+the+Middle+Ages&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.discoverfrance.net%2FFrance%2FLiterature%2FDF_literature.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AFrance" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-73">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite id="CITEREF17eme_siecle" class="citation web cs1">17eme siecle. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://17emesiecle.free.fr/Auteurs.php">"French authors of the 17th century"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100726070006/http://17emesiecle.free.fr/Auteurs.php">Archived</a> from the original on 26 July 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 August</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=French+authors+of+the+17th+century&rft.au=17eme+siecle&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2F17emesiecle.free.fr%2FAuteurs.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AFrance" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-74">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110715065339/http://www.perraultfairytales.com/en/stories">"Perrault's tales"</a>. PerraultFairyTales.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.perraultfairytales.com/en/stories">the original</a> on 15 July 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 September</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Perrault%27s+tales&rft.pub=PerraultFairyTales.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.perraultfairytales.com%2Fen%2Fstories&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AFrance" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-75">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite id="CITEREFBoorsch1996" class="citation web cs1">Boorsch, Jean (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.discoverfrance.net/France/Literature/DF_literature.shtml">"French Literature"</a>. <i>Discoverfrance.net</i>. p. 5. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160419194513/http://www.discoverfrance.net/France/Literature/DF_literature.shtml">Archived</a> from the original on 19 April 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 August</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Discoverfrance.net&rft.atitle=French+Literature&rft.pages=5&rft.date=1996&rft.aulast=Boorsch&rft.aufirst=Jean&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.discoverfrance.net%2FFrance%2FLiterature%2FDF_literature.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AFrance" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-76">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite id="CITEREFDamian_Papworth" class="citation web cs1">Damian Papworth. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110718024209/http://www.weightlossdietinformation.com/the-tour-de-france-the-most-famous-bicycle-race-in-the-world.html">"Famous tour de France"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.weightlossdietinformation.com/the-tour-de-france-the-most-famous-bicycle-race-in-the-world.html">the original</a> on 18 July 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 September</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Famous+tour+de+France&rft.au=Damian+Papworth&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.weightlossdietinformation.com%2Fthe-tour-de-france-the-most-famous-bicycle-race-in-the-world.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AFrance" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-77">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite id="CITEREFDautajDelpFinley" class="citation web cs1">Dautaj, Jacqueline; Delp, Valorie; Finley, Amy. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://french.lovetoknow.com/Popular_French_Sports">"Popular French Sports"</a>. <i>LoveToKnow Corp</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100528112941/http://french.lovetoknow.com/Popular_French_Sports">Archived</a> from the original on 28 May 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 August</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=LoveToKnow+Corp.&rft.atitle=Popular+French+Sports&rft.aulast=Dautaj&rft.aufirst=Jacqueline&rft.au=Delp%2C+Valorie&rft.au=Finley%2C+Amy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffrench.lovetoknow.com%2FPopular_French_Sports&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AFrance" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-78">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.delices-du-monde.fr/recettes-francaise.html">"Diversity of French Cuisine"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100723164351/http://www.delices-du-monde.fr/recettes-francaise.html">Archived</a> from the original on 23 July 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 August</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Diversity+of+French+Cuisine&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.delices-du-monde.fr%2Frecettes-francaise.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AFrance" class="Z3988"></span><span class="languageicon">(in French)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-79">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.goodcooking.com/frcheese.htm">"French Cheeses"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171010114424/http://www.goodcooking.com/frcheese.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 10 October 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 August</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=French+Cheeses&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.goodcooking.com%2Ffrcheese.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AFrance" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-80">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100827131743/http://www.franceway.com/cheese/">"French Cheese"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.franceway.com/cheese/">the original</a> on 27 August 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 August</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=French+Cheese&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.franceway.com%2Fcheese%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AFrance" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-81">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100726071220/http://trifter.com/practical-travel/world-cuisine/top-10-most-tasty-cuisines-in-the-world/">"The world's best cuisines"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://trifter.com/practical-travel/world-cuisine/top-10-most-tasty-cuisines-in-the-world/">the original</a> on 26 July 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 August</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+world%27s+best+cuisines&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftrifter.com%2Fpractical-travel%2Fworld-cuisine%2Ftop-10-most-tasty-cuisines-in-the-world%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AFrance" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-82">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5jvmxWfyZ2tFVA3qcmC7DkX6SMi5g">"Butter and oil in French Cuisine"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110425112349/http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5jvmxWfyZ2tFVA3qcmC7DkX6SMi5g">Archived</a> from the original on 25 April 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 August</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Butter+and+oil+in+French+Cuisine&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com%2Fhostednews%2Fafp%2Farticle%2FALeqM5jvmxWfyZ2tFVA3qcmC7DkX6SMi5g&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AFrance" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-83">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dallasnews.com/sharedcontent/dws/news/world/stories/DN-culture_17int.ART.State.Edition1.b21e71.html">Bon appétit: Your meal is certified by the U.N.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101120234633/http://www.dallasnews.com/sharedcontent/dws/news/world/stories/DN-culture_17int.ART.State.Edition1.b21e71.html">Archived</a> 20 November 2010 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Dallas Morning News</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-84">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unesco.org/new/en/media-services/single-view/news/celebrations_healing_techniques_crafts_and_culinary_arts_added_to_the_representative_list_of_the_intangible_cultural_heritage/">"Celebrations, healing techniques, crafts and culinary arts added to the Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110127080124/http://www.unesco.org/new/en/media-services/single-view/news/celebrations_healing_techniques_crafts_and_culinary_arts_added_to_the_representative_list_of_the_intangible_cultural_heritage/">Archived</a> from the original on 27 January 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 January</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Celebrations%2C+healing+techniques%2C+crafts+and+culinary+arts+added+to+the+Representative+List+of+the+Intangible+Cultural+Heritage&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.unesco.org%2Fnew%2Fen%2Fmedia-services%2Fsingle-view%2Fnews%2Fcelebrations_healing_techniques_crafts_and_culinary_arts_added_to_the_representative_list_of_the_intangible_cultural_heritage%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AFrance" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-gouv2007-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-gouv2007_85-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080624195206/http://www.tourisme.gouv.fr/fr/z2/stat/tis/att00018288/TIS_EVE2007_2008-5.pdf">"Le tourisme international en France en 2007"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Direction du Tourisme (French government's tourism agency). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tourisme.gouv.fr/fr/z2/stat/tis/att00018288/TIS_EVE2007_2008-5.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 24 June 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 June</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Le+tourisme+international+en+France+en+2007&rft.pub=Direction+du+Tourisme+%28French+government%27s+tourism+agency%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tourisme.gouv.fr%2Ffr%2Fz2%2Fstat%2Ftis%2Fatt00018288%2FTIS_EVE2007_2008-5.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AFrance" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="languageicon">(in French)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-86">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www2.culture.gouv.fr/deps/mini_chiff_03/fr/musee.htm">"Musées et Monuments historiques"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071224180811/http://www2.culture.gouv.fr/deps/mini_chiff_03/fr/musee.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 24 December 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 November</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mus%C3%A9es+et+Monuments+historiques&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww2.culture.gouv.fr%2Fdeps%2Fmini_chiff_03%2Ffr%2Fmusee.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AFrance" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notes">Notes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=France&veaction=edit&section=29" title="Change section: Notes" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=France&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section's source code: Notes"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724317"><div class="reflist reflist-upper-roman"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-one-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-one_1-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">For information about regional languages, see <a href="/w/index.php?title=Languages_of_France&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Languages of France (not yet started)">Languages of France</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Established the <a href="/wiki/West_Francia" title="West Francia">Kingdom of the West Franks</a> (the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_France" title="Kingdom of France">Kingdom of France</a>) from the <a href="/wiki/Carolingian_Empire" title="Carolingian Empire">Carolingian Empire</a> of Francia</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> since 1993</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Established the <a href="/wiki/French_Fifth_Republic" title="French Fifth Republic">Fifth Republic</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-three-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-three_7-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">French <a href="/w/index.php?title=Institut_G%C3%A9ographique_National&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Institut Géographique National (not yet started)">National Geographic Institute</a> data, which includes bodies of water</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-four-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-four_8-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">French <a href="/w/index.php?title=Land_registration&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Land registration (not yet started)">Land Register</a> data, which exclude lakes, ponds and <a href="/wiki/Glacier" title="Glacier">glaciers</a> larger than 1 km<sup>2</sup> (0.386 sq mi or 247 acres) as well as the estuaries of rivers</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-six-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-six_15-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Whole of the French Republic except the overseas territories in the Pacific Ocean</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-seven-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-seven_16-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">French overseas territories in the Pacific Ocean only</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nine-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-nine_17-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Time zones across the French Republic span from UTC-10 (<a href="/wiki/French_Polynesia" title="French Polynesia">French Polynesia</a>) to UTC+12 (<a href="/wiki/Wallis_and_Futuna" title="Wallis and Futuna">Wallis and Futuna</a>).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-eight-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-eight_18-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Daylight saving time is observed in metropolitan France and <a href="/wiki/Saint_Pierre_and_Miquelon" title="Saint Pierre and Miquelon">Saint Pierre and Miquelon</a> only.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-eleven-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-eleven_19-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">The overseas regions and collectivities form part of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=French_telephone_numbering_plan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="French telephone numbering plan (not yet started)">French telephone numbering plan</a>, but have their own country calling codes: <a href="/wiki/Guadeloupe" title="Guadeloupe">Guadeloupe</a> +590; <a href="/wiki/Martinique" title="Martinique">Martinique</a> +596; <a href="/wiki/French_Guiana" title="French Guiana">French Guiana</a> +594, <a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9union" title="Réunion">Réunion</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mayotte" title="Mayotte">Mayotte</a> +262; <a href="/wiki/Saint_Pierre_and_Miquelon" title="Saint Pierre and Miquelon">Saint Pierre and Miquelon</a> +508. The overseas territories are not part of the French telephone numbering plan; their country calling codes are: <a href="/wiki/New_Caledonia" title="New Caledonia">New Caledonia</a> +687, <a href="/wiki/French_Polynesia" title="French Polynesia">French Polynesia</a> +689; <a href="/wiki/Wallis_and_Futuna" title="Wallis and Futuna">Wallis and Futuna</a> +681.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ten-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-ten_20-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">In addition to <a href="/wiki/.fr" class="mw-redirect" title=".fr">.fr</a>, several other Internet TLDs are used in French overseas <i>départements</i> and territories: <a href="/wiki/.re" class="mw-redirect" title=".re">.re</a>, <a href="/wiki/.mq" class="mw-redirect" title=".mq">.mq</a>, <a href="/wiki/.gp" class="mw-redirect" title=".gp">.gp</a>, <a href="/wiki/.tf" class="mw-redirect" title=".tf">.tf</a>, <a href="/wiki/.nc" class="mw-redirect" title=".nc">.nc</a>, <a href="/wiki/.pf" class="mw-redirect" title=".pf">.pf</a>, <a href="/wiki/.wf" class="mw-redirect" title=".wf">.wf</a>, <a href="/wiki/.pm" class="mw-redirect" title=".pm">.pm</a>, <a href="/wiki/.gf" class="mw-redirect" title=".gf">.gf</a> and <a href="/wiki/.yt" class="mw-redirect" title=".yt">.yt</a>. France also uses <a href="/wiki/.eu" class="mw-redirect" title=".eu">.eu</a>, shared with other members of the European Union. The <a href="/wiki/.cat" class="mw-redirect" title=".cat">.cat</a> domain is used in <a href="/w/index.php?title=Catalan_Countries&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Catalan Countries (not yet started)">Catalan-speaking territories</a>.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_websites">Other websites</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=France&veaction=edit&section=30" title="Change section: Other websites" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=France&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section's source code: Other websites"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r9671870">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r9671876">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8662964"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <i><b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/France" class="extiw" title="commons:France">France</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9671870"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9671876"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8662964"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/40px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/60px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/80px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikivoyage has a travel guide about: <i><b><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/France" class="extiw" title="wikivoyage:France">France</a></b></i></div></div> </div> <ul><li><span class="official-website"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.service-public.fr/">Official website</a></span></span> <span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q142#P856" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite id="CITEREFAbout-France.com" class="citation web cs1">About-France.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://about-france.com">"Clear but detailed information about France"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Clear+but+detailed+information+about+France&rft.au=About-France.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fabout-france.com&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AFrance" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181224211127/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/fr.html">"CIA World Factbook – France"</a>. Central Intelligence Agency. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/fr.html">the original</a> on 24 December 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 February</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=CIA+World+Factbook+%E2%80%93+France&rft.pub=Central+Intelligence+Agency&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Flibrary%2Fpublications%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Fgeos%2Ffr.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AFrance" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite id="CITEREFLescommunes.com" class="citation web cs1">Lescommunes.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081219011701/http://www.lescommunes.com/index.en.html">"Cities and Towns in France"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lescommunes.com/index.en.html">the original</a> on 19 December 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 August</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Cities+and+Towns+in+France&rft.au=Lescommunes.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lescommunes.com%2Findex.en.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AFrance" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div id="section_SpokenWikipedia" class="infobox sisterproject noprint"> <div style="text-align: center"><b>Listen to this article · <a href="/wiki/File:Simple_en_France.ogg" title="File:Simple en France.ogg">(info)</a></b><br /><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_1" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="1222" data-mwtitle="Simple_en_France.ogg" data-mwprovider="local"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/simple/7/7b/Simple_en_France.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/simple/transcoded/7/7b/Simple_en_France.ogg/Simple_en_France.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span></span></div> <div style="float: left; margin-left: 5px;"><figure class="mw-halign-none" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sound-icon.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Spoken Wikipedia"><img alt="Spoken Wikipedia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Sound-icon.svg/45px-Sound-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Sound-icon.svg/68px-Sound-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Sound-icon.svg/90px-Sound-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="96" /></a><figcaption>Spoken Wikipedia</figcaption></figure></div> <div style="font-size: xx-small; line-height: 1.6em; margin-left: 60px;">This audio file was created from an article revision dated 2009-03-17, and does not play the most recent changes to the article. (<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Help_with_media_files" title="Wikipedia:Help with media files">Audio help</a>)</div> <div style="text-align: center; clear: both"><b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Spoken_articles" title="Wikipedia:Spoken articles">More spoken articles</a></b></div> </div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r9122542">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul 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aria-labelledby="23px&#124;border_&#124;alt=&#124;link=_Countries_and_territories_of_Europe262" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r10098456">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Europe" title="Template:Europe"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Europe" title="Template talk:Europe"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Europe&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23px&#124;border_&#124;alt=&#124;link=_Countries_and_territories_of_Europe262" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/23px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/35px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/46px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="810" data-file-height="540" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Country" title="Country">Countries</a> and territories of <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Country" title="Country">Countries</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a> – <a href="/wiki/Andorra" title="Andorra">Andorra</a> – <a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a> – <a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus">Belarus</a> – <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a> – <a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a> – <a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a> – <a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a> – <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Cyprus" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of Cyprus">Republic of Cyprus</a><sup>1</sup> – <a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a> – <a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a><sup>2,4</sup> – <a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a> – <a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a> – <a class="mw-selflink selflink">France</a><sup>4</sup> – <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a><sup>1</sup> – <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a> – <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a> – <a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a> – <a href="/wiki/Iceland" title="Iceland">Iceland</a> – <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a> – <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a> – <a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a> – <a href="/wiki/Liechtenstein" title="Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a> – <a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a> – <a href="/wiki/Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a> – <a href="/wiki/Malta" title="Malta">Malta</a> – <a href="/wiki/Moldova" title="Moldova">Moldova</a> – <a href="/wiki/Monaco" title="Monaco">Monaco</a> – <a href="/wiki/Montenegro" title="Montenegro">Montenegro</a> – <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a><sup>4</sup> – <a href="/wiki/North_Macedonia" title="North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a> – <a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a><sup>4</sup> – <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a> – <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a><sup>4,6</sup> – <a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a> – <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a><sup>1</sup> – <a href="/wiki/San_Marino" title="San Marino">San Marino</a> – <a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a> – <a href="/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia">Slovakia</a> – <a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia">Slovenia</a> – <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a><sup>4,6</sup> – <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a> – <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a> – <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a><sup>1</sup> – <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a> – <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a><sup>4</sup> – <a href="/wiki/Vatican_City" title="Vatican City">Vatican City</a><sup>7</sup></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_dependent_territories" class="mw-redirect" title="List of dependent territories">Dependencies</a></b></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Akrotiri_and_Dhekelia" title="Akrotiri and Dhekelia">Akrotiri and Dhekelia</a><sup>1</sup> – <a href="/wiki/Azores" title="Azores">Azores</a><sup>5</sup> – <a href="/wiki/Ceuta" title="Ceuta">Ceuta</a><sup>5, 6</sup> – <a href="/wiki/Faroe_Islands" title="Faroe Islands">Faroe Islands</a><sup>5</sup> – <a href="/wiki/Gibraltar" title="Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a><sup>5</sup> – <a href="/wiki/Greenland" title="Greenland">Greenland</a><sup>5,2</sup> – <a href="/wiki/Guernsey" title="Guernsey">Guernsey</a> – <a href="/wiki/Jan_Mayen" title="Jan Mayen">Jan Mayen</a> – <a href="/wiki/Jersey" title="Jersey">Jersey</a> – <a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Man" title="Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a> – <a href="/wiki/Melilla" title="Melilla">Melilla</a><sup>5,6</sup> – <a href="/wiki/Svalbard" title="Svalbard">Svalbard</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_unrecognized_countries" class="mw-redirect" title="List of unrecognized countries">Other Countries</a></b></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Abkhazia" title="Abkhazia">Abkhazia</a><sup>1,3</sup> – <a href="/wiki/Kosovo" title="Kosovo">Kosovo</a><sup>3</sup> – <a href="/wiki/South_Ossetia" title="South Ossetia">South Ossetia</a><sup>1, 3</sup> – <a href="/wiki/Transnistria" title="Transnistria">Transnistria</a> – <a href="/wiki/Turkish_Republic_of_Northern_Cyprus" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus">Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus</a><sup>1,3</sup></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">1. <a href="/wiki/Transcontinental_country" title="Transcontinental country">Transcontinental country</a>/territory that is part of both Europe and Asia. 2. Territory or with territory geographically part of North America. 3. Partially recognized. 4. Not all dependent territories are listed. 5. Territory has some form of self-rule. 6. Territory or with territory geographically part of Africa. 7. Governed by the <a href="/wiki/Holy_See" title="Holy See">Holy See</a>.</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9122542"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r10098651"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Group_of_Eight_(G8)33" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r10098456"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:G8" title="Template:G8"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:G8" title="Template talk:G8"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:G8&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Group_of_Eight_(G8)33" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/G8" title="G8">Group of Eight (G8)</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"> <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a> •</span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">France</a> •</span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"> <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a> •</span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"> <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a> •</span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"> <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a> •</span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"> <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(membership suspended)</span> •</span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"> <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> •</span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"> <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>  •</span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"> <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> </span></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9122542"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r10098651"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9122542"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Group_of_Seven_(G7)491" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r10098456"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Group_of_7" title="Template:Group of 7"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:Group_of_7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:Group of 7 (not yet started)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Group_of_7&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Group_of_Seven_(G7)491" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Group_of_Seven" class="mw-redirect" title="Group of Seven">Group of Seven (G7)</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Group_of_Seven#History" class="mw-redirect" title="Group of Seven">G6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_of_Eight" class="mw-redirect" title="Group of Eight">G8</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=G8%2B5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="G8+5 (not yet started)">G8+5</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=G14_(nations)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="G14 (nations) (not yet started)">G14</a></li></ul> </div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Member countries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Group_of_Seven" class="mw-redirect" title="Group of Seven">G7</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/15px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/15px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/30px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a class="mw-selflink selflink">France</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/15px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="9" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/30px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/15px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/30px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/15px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/30px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg/15px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="9" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/15px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Group_of_Eight" class="mw-redirect" title="Group of Eight">G8</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/15px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/30px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Annexation_of_Crimea_by_the_Russian_Federation" title="Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation">Suspended</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Representative</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/15px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/23px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/30px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="810" data-file-height="540" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=G8%2B5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="G8+5 (not yet started)">G8+5</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>G8</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/15px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/23px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/30px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/15px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/15px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/23px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/30px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/15px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="9" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/30px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="980" data-file-height="560" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/15px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/23px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/30px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=G14_(nations)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="G14 (nations) (not yet started)">G14</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>G8+5</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/15px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/23px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/30px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Current politicians</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_G7_leaders" title="List of G7 leaders">Leaders</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Canada" title="Prime Minister of Canada"><img alt="Canada" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/15px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Justin_Trudeau" title="Justin Trudeau">Trudeau</a></li> <li><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/President_of_France" title="President of France"><img alt="France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/15px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/30px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_Macron" title="Emmanuel Macron">Macron</a></li> <li><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Chancellor_of_Germany" title="Chancellor of Germany"><img alt="Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/15px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="9" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/30px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Olaf_Scholz" title="Olaf Scholz">Scholz</a></li> <li><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Italy" title="Prime Minister of Italy"><img alt="Italy" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/15px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/30px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Giorgia_Meloni" title="Giorgia Meloni">Meloni</a></li> <li><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Japan" title="Prime Minister of Japan"><img alt="Japan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/15px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/30px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Shigeru_Ishiba" title="Shigeru Ishiba">Ishiba</a></li> <li><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Prime Minister of the United Kingdom"><img alt="United Kingdom" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg/15px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="9" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Keir_Starmer" title="Keir Starmer">Starmer</a></li> <li><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/15px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Biden</a></li> <li><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_European_Council" title="President of the European Council"><img alt="European Union" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/15px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/23px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/30px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="810" data-file-height="540" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nio_Costa" title="António Costa">Costa</a></li> <li><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_European_Commission" title="President of the European Commission"><img alt="European Union" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/15px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/23px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/30px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="810" data-file-height="540" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Ursula_von_der_Leyen" title="Ursula von der Leyen">von der Leyen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Foreign_minister" title="Foreign minister">Foreign ministers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Foreign_Affairs_(Canada)" title="Minister of Foreign Affairs (Canada)"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/15px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9lanie_Joly" title="Mélanie Joly">Joly</a></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ministry_for_Europe_and_Foreign_Affairs_(France)" title="Ministry for Europe and Foreign Affairs (France)"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/15px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/30px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Catherine_Colonna" title="Catherine Colonna">Colonna</a></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Minister_for_Foreign_Affairs_(Germany)" title="Minister for Foreign Affairs (Germany)"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/15px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="9" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/30px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Annalena_Baerbock" title="Annalena Baerbock">Baerbock</a></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Italian_Minister_of_Foreign_Affairs" title="Italian Minister of Foreign Affairs"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/15px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/30px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Antonio_Tajani" title="Antonio Tajani">Tajani</a></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Minister_for_Foreign_Affairs_(Japan)" title="Minister for Foreign Affairs (Japan)"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/15px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/30px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Yoshimasa_Hayashi" title="Yoshimasa Hayashi">Hayashi</a></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Foreign_Secretary" title="Foreign Secretary"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg/15px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="9" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/David_Lammy" title="David Lammy">Lammy</a></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="United States Secretary of State"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/15px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Antony_Blinken" title="Antony Blinken">Blinken</a></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/High_Representative_of_the_Union_for_Foreign_Affairs_and_Security_Policy" title="High Representative of the Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/15px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/23px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/30px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="810" data-file-height="540" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Kaja_Kallas" title="Kaja Kallas">Kallas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Finance_minister&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Finance minister (not yet started)">Finance ministers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Finance_(Canada)" title="Minister of Finance (Canada)"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/15px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Chrystia_Freeland" title="Chrystia Freeland">Freeland</a></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Economy_and_Finance_(France)" title="Ministry of Economy and Finance (France)"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/15px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/30px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Bruno_Le_Maire" title="Bruno Le Maire">Le Maire</a></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/List_of_German_finance_ministers" title="List of German finance ministers"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/15px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="9" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/30px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Christian_Lindner" title="Christian Lindner">Lindner</a></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Italian_Minister_of_Economy_and_Finance" title="Italian Minister of Economy and Finance"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/15px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/30px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Giancarlo_Giorgetti" title="Giancarlo Giorgetti">Giorgetti</a></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Finance_(Japan)" title="Minister of Finance (Japan)"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/15px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/30px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Shun%27ichi_Suzuki_(politician)" title="Shun'ichi Suzuki (politician)">Suzuki</a></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Chancellor_of_the_Exchequer" title="Chancellor of the Exchequer"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg/15px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="9" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Rachel_Reeves" title="Rachel Reeves">Reeves</a></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Treasury" title="United States Secretary of the Treasury"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/15px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Janet_Yellen" title="Janet Yellen">Yellen</a></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/European_Commissioner_for_Economy" title="European Commissioner for Economy"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/15px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/23px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/30px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="810" data-file-height="540" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Paolo_Gentiloni" title="Paolo Gentiloni">Gentiloni</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Defence_minister&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Defence minister (not yet started)">Defence ministers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_National_Defence_(Canada)" title="Minister of National Defence (Canada)"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/15px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Anita_Anand" title="Anita Anand">Anand</a></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_the_Armed_Forces_(France)" title="Minister of the Armed Forces (France)"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/15px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/30px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A9bastien_Lecornu" title="Sébastien Lecornu">Lecornu</a></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/List_of_German_defence_ministers" title="List of German defence ministers"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/15px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="9" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/30px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Christine_Lambrecht" title="Christine Lambrecht">Lambrecht</a></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Italian_Minister_of_Defence" title="Italian Minister of Defence"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/15px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/30px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Guido_Crosetto" title="Guido Crosetto">Crosetto</a></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Defense_(Japan)" title="Minister of Defense (Japan)"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/15px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/30px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Yasukazu_Hamada" title="Yasukazu Hamada">Hamada</a></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_Defence" title="Secretary of State for Defence"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg/15px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="9" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/John_Healey_(politician)" class="mw-redirect" title="John Healey (politician)">Healey</a></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Defense" title="United States Secretary of Defense"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/15px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Lloyd_Austin" title="Lloyd Austin">Austin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Justice_minister&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Justice minister (not yet started)">Justice ministers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Justice_and_Attorney_General_of_Canada" title="Minister of Justice and Attorney General of Canada"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/15px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/David_Lametti" title="David Lametti">Lametti</a></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Justice_(France)" title="Minister of Justice (France)"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/15px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/30px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/%C3%89ric_Dupond-Moretti" title="Éric Dupond-Moretti">Dupond-Moretti</a></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Federal_Ministry_of_Justice_and_Consumer_Protection" title="Federal Ministry of Justice and Consumer Protection"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/15px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="9" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/30px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Marco_Buschmann" title="Marco Buschmann">Buschmann</a></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Italian_Minister_of_Justice" title="Italian Minister of Justice"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/15px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/30px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Carlo_Nordio" title="Carlo Nordio">Nordio</a></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Justice_(Japan)" title="Minister of Justice (Japan)"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/15px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/30px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Yoshihisa_Furukawa" title="Yoshihisa Furukawa">Furukawa</a></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Lord_Chancellor" title="Lord Chancellor"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg/15px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="9" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Shabana_Mahmood" title="Shabana Mahmood">Mahmood</a></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Attorney_General" title="United States Attorney General"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/15px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Merrick_Garland" title="Merrick Garland">Garland</a></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/List_of_European_Commissioners_for_Justice_and_Equality" title="List of European Commissioners for Justice and Equality"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/15px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/23px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/30px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="810" data-file-height="540" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Didier_Reynders" title="Didier Reynders">Reynders</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Interior_minister&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Interior minister (not yet started)">Interior ministers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Public_Safety_and_Emergency_Preparedness" title="Minister of Public Safety and Emergency Preparedness"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/15px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Marco_Mendicino" title="Marco Mendicino">Mendicino</a></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_the_Interior_(France)" title="Minister of the Interior (France)"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/15px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/30px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/G%C3%A9rald_Darmanin" title="Gérald Darmanin">Darmanin</a></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/List_of_German_interior_ministers" title="List of German interior ministers"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/15px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="9" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/30px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Nancy_Faeser" title="Nancy Faeser">Faeser</a></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Italian_Minister_of_the_Interior" title="Italian Minister of the Interior"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/15px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/30px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Matteo_Piantedosi" title="Matteo Piantedosi">Piantedosi</a></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Minister_for_Internal_Affairs_and_Communications" title="Minister for Internal Affairs and Communications"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/15px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/30px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Yasushi_Kaneko" title="Yasushi Kaneko">Kaneko</a></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Home_Secretary" title="Home Secretary"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg/15px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="9" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Yvette_Cooper" title="Yvette Cooper">Cooper</a></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Homeland_Security" title="United States Secretary of Homeland Security"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/15px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Alejandro_Mayorkas" title="Alejandro Mayorkas">Mayorkas</a></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/List_of_European_Commission_portfolios#Home_Affairs" title="List of European Commission portfolios"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/15px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/23px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/30px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="810" data-file-height="540" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Ylva_Johansson" title="Ylva Johansson">Johansson</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Central_bank" title="Central bank">Central bank</a> governors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Governor_of_the_Bank_of_Canada" title="Governor of the Bank of Canada"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/15px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Tiff_Macklem" title="Tiff Macklem">Macklem</a></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Governor_of_the_Bank_of_France" title="Governor of the Bank of France"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/15px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/30px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Villeroy_de_Galhau" title="François Villeroy de Galhau">Villeroy de Galhau</a></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Bundesbank" title="Deutsche Bundesbank"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/15px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="9" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/30px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Joachim_Nagel" title="Joachim Nagel">Nagel</a></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Governor_of_the_Bank_of_Italy" title="Governor of the Bank of Italy"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/15px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/30px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Ignazio_Visco" title="Ignazio Visco">Visco</a></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Bank_of_Japan" title="Bank of Japan"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/15px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/30px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Haruhiko_Kuroda" title="Haruhiko Kuroda">Kuroda</a></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Governor_of_the_Bank_of_England" title="Governor of the Bank of England"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg/15px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="9" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Bailey_(banker)" title="Andrew Bailey (banker)">Bailey</a></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Chair_of_the_Federal_Reserve" title="Chair of the Federal Reserve"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/15px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Jerome_Powell" title="Jerome Powell">Powell</a></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_European_Central_Bank" title="President of the European Central Bank"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/15px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/23px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/30px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="810" data-file-height="540" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Christine_Lagarde" title="Christine Lagarde">Lagarde</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Summits</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1st_G6_summit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1st G6 summit (not yet started)">1975</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2nd_G7_summit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2nd G7 summit (not yet started)">1976</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=3rd_G7_summit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="3rd G7 summit (not yet started)">1977</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=4th_G7_summit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="4th G7 summit (not yet started)">1978</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5th_G7_summit" title="5th G7 summit">1979</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/6th_G7_summit" title="6th G7 summit">1980</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=7th_G7_summit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="7th G7 summit (not yet started)">1981</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=8th_G7_summit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="8th G7 summit (not yet started)">1982</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=9th_G7_summit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="9th G7 summit (not yet started)">1983</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=10th_G7_summit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="10th G7 summit (not yet started)">1984</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=11th_G7_summit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="11th G7 summit (not yet started)">1985</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/12th_G7_summit" title="12th G7 summit">1986</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=13th_G7_summit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="13th G7 summit (not yet started)">1987</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=14th_G7_summit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="14th G7 summit (not yet started)">1988</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=15th_G7_summit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="15th G7 summit (not yet started)">1989</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=16th_G7_summit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="16th G7 summit (not yet started)">1990</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=17th_G7_summit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="17th G7 summit (not yet started)">1991</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=18th_G7_summit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="18th G7 summit (not yet started)">1992</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/19th_G7_summit" title="19th G7 summit">1993</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=20th_G7_summit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="20th G7 summit (not yet started)">1994</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=21st_G7_summit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="21st G7 summit (not yet started)">1995</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=22nd_G7_summit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="22nd G7 summit (not yet started)">1996</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=23rd_G8_summit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="23rd G8 summit (not yet started)">1997</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=24th_G8_summit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="24th G8 summit (not yet started)">1998</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=25th_G8_summit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="25th G8 summit (not yet started)">1999</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/26th_G8_summit" title="26th G8 summit">2000</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=27th_G8_summit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="27th G8 summit (not yet started)">2001</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=28th_G8_summit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="28th G8 summit (not yet started)">2002</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=29th_G8_summit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="29th G8 summit (not yet started)">2003</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=30th_G8_summit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="30th G8 summit (not yet started)">2004</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/31st_G8_summit" title="31st G8 summit">2005</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=32nd_G8_summit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="32nd G8 summit (not yet started)">2006</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=33rd_G8_summit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="33rd G8 summit (not yet started)">2007</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/34th_G8_summit" title="34th G8 summit">2008</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=35th_G8_summit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="35th G8 summit (not yet started)">2009</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=36th_G8_summit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="36th G8 summit (not yet started)">2010</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/37th_G8_summit" title="37th G8 summit">2011</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/38th_G8_summit" title="38th G8 summit">2012</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/39th_G8_summit" title="39th G8 summit">2013</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/40th_G7_summit" title="40th G7 summit">2014</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=41st_G7_summit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="41st G7 summit (not yet started)">2015</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=42nd_G7_summit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="42nd G7 summit (not yet started)">2016</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=43rd_G7_summit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="43rd G7 summit (not yet started)">2017</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=44th_G7_summit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="44th G7 summit (not yet started)">2018</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=45th_G7_summit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="45th G7 summit (not yet started)">2019</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=46th_G7_summit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="46th G7 summit (not yet started)">2020</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=47th_G7_summit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="47th G7 summit (not yet started)">2021</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=48th_G7_summit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="48th G7 summit (not yet started)">2022</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=49th_G7_summit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="49th G7 summit (not yet started)">2023</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Agreements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Louvre_Accord&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Louvre Accord (not yet started)">Louvre Accord</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Heiligendamm_Process&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Heiligendamm Process (not yet started)">Heiligendamm Process</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Muskoka_Initiative&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Muskoka Initiative (not yet started)">Muskoka Initiative</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gleneagles_Dialogue&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gleneagles Dialogue (not yet started)">Gleneagles Dialogue</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=G8_Climate_Change_Roundtable&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="G8 Climate Change Roundtable (not yet started)">Climate Change Roundtable</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_G7_leaders" title="List of G7 leaders">Leaders</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_G8_summit_resorts&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of G8 summit resorts (not yet started)">Summit resorts</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Junior_8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Junior 8 (not yet started)">Junior 8</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/G20" title="G20">G-20</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OECD" title="OECD">OECD</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Category:G7_summits&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Category:G7 summits (not yet started)">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:G8" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:G8">Multimedia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r10098651"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="European_Union_member_and_candidate_countries462" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><div id="European_Union_member_and_candidate_countries462" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> member and candidate countries</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Current members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a> <b>·</b>  <a class="mw-selflink selflink">France</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Malta" title="Malta">Malta</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia">Slovakia</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia">Slovenia</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Europe.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/65px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="65" height="43" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/98px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/130px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="810" data-file-height="540" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Candidates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Iceland" title="Iceland">Iceland</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Montenegro" title="Montenegro">Montenegro</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/North_Macedonia" title="North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Potential candidates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Kosovo" title="Kosovo">Kosovo</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Former members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_European_Union_member_states_by_accession&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of European Union member states by accession (not yet started)">by accession</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_European_Union_member_states_by_political_system&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of European Union member states by political system (not yet started)">by political system</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/List_of_European_Union_member_states_by_population" class="mw-redirect" title="List of European Union member states by population">by population</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Economy_of_the_European_Union&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Economy of the European Union (not yet started)">by GDP</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9122542"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r10098651"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="North_Atlantic_Treaty_Organization_(NATO)66" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r10098456"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:North_Atlantic_Treaty_Organization_(NATO)" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:North_Atlantic_Treaty_Organization_(NATO)" class="mw-redirect" title="Template talk:North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:North_Atlantic_Treaty_Organization_(NATO)&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="North_Atlantic_Treaty_Organization_(NATO)66" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Member countries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a> <b>·</b>  <a class="mw-selflink selflink">France</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Iceland" title="Iceland">Iceland</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Montenegro" title="Montenegro">Montenegro</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/North_Macedonia" title="North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia">Slovakia</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia">Slovenia</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9122542"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r10098651"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r9671803">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9671803"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q142#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata3759" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q142#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata3759" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" class="mw-redirect" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q142#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1204289/">FAST</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/264091107">VIAF</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJd8gD4vdtqQMdQHvYqbBP">WorldCat Entities</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90292000">Norway</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb152383070">France</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb152383070">BnF data</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4018145-5">Germany</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://uli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007552533205171">Israel</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><span title="France" class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/names/n79006404">United States</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000040596&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00563689">Japan</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><span title="Francie" class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ge129152&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35098056">Australia</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geographic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/area/08310658-51eb-3801-80de-5a0739207115">MusicBrainz area</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA00567886?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kulturnav.org/029e1223-8805-4fc9-af42-c20bdb27523d">KulturNav</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ngv.vic.gov.au/explore/collection/artist/19862/">Victoria</a></span> <ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ngv.vic.gov.au/explore/collection/artist/12367/">2</a></span></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/825932">Trove</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.parliament.uk/wn5bayLr">UK Parliament</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hls-dhs-dss.ch/fr/articles/003354">Historical Dictionary of Switzerland</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10035788">NARA</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/026378329">IdRef</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <!-- NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐api‐int.codfw.canary‐6d6fb97c68‐b76hz Cached time: 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