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id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 12 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-12" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">12 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schlacht_bei_Wattignies" title="Schlacht bei Wattignies – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Schlacht bei Wattignies" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batalla_de_Wattignies" title="Batalla de Wattignies – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Batalla de Wattignies" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AA%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C" title="نبرد واتینی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="نبرد واتینی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bataille_de_Wattignies" title="Bataille de Wattignies – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Bataille de Wattignies" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battaglia_di_Wattignies" title="Battaglia di Wattignies – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Battaglia di Wattignies" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wattignies-i_csata" title="Wattignies-i csata – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Wattignies-i csata" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slag_bij_Wattignies" title="Slag bij Wattignies – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Slag bij Wattignies" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitwa_pod_Wattignies" title="Bitwa pod Wattignies – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Bitwa pod Wattignies" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batalha_de_Wattignies" title="Batalha de Wattignies – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Batalha de Wattignies" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8_%D0%92%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%8C%D0%B8" title="Битва при Ваттиньи – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Битва при Ваттиньи" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitka_kod_Wattigniesa" title="Bitka kod Wattigniesa – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Bitka kod Wattigniesa" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wattignies_Muharebesi" title="Wattignies Muharebesi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Wattignies Muharebesi" 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data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-coordinates" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span id="coordinates"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Battle_of_Wattignies&params=50_12_05_N_04_00_48_E_"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">50°12′05″N</span> <span class="longitude">04°00′48″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">50.20139°N 4.01333°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">50.20139; 4.01333</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">1793 battle during the War of the First Coalition</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r963460841">@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .desktop-float-right{box-sizing:border-box;float:right;clear:right}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.vevent .status>p:first-child{margin:0}</style><table class="infobox vevent" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th class="summary" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Battle of Wattignies</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Part of the <a href="/wiki/Low_Countries_theatre_of_the_War_of_the_First_Coalition" title="Low Countries theatre of the War of the First Coalition">Flanders campaign</a> in the <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_First_Coalition" title="War of the First Coalition">War of the First Coalition</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;line-height:1.5em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bataille_de_Wattignies,_15-16_octobre_1793.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Bataille_de_Wattignies%2C_15-16_octobre_1793.JPG/275px-Bataille_de_Wattignies%2C_15-16_octobre_1793.JPG" decoding="async" width="275" height="222" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Bataille_de_Wattignies%2C_15-16_octobre_1793.JPG/413px-Bataille_de_Wattignies%2C_15-16_octobre_1793.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Bataille_de_Wattignies%2C_15-16_octobre_1793.JPG/550px-Bataille_de_Wattignies%2C_15-16_octobre_1793.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1846" data-file-height="1491" /></a></span><br /><i>Battle of Wattignies</i> by <a href="/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Lami" title="Eugène Lami">Eugène Lami</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><table style="width:100%;margin:0;padding:0;border:0;display:inline-table"><tbody><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Date</th><td>15–16 October 1793</td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Location</th><td><div class="location"><a href="/wiki/Wattignies-la-Victoire" title="Wattignies-la-Victoire">Wattignies-la-Victoire</a>, near <a href="/wiki/Maubeuge" title="Maubeuge">Maubeuge</a>, France</div><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Battle_of_Wattignies&params=50_12_05_N_04_00_48_E_"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">50°12′05″N</span> <span class="longitude">04°00′48″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">50.20139°N 4.01333°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">50.20139; 4.01333</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Result</th><td class="status"> French victory</td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Belligerents</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/France" title="France"><img alt="France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Flag_of_France_%281790%E2%80%931794%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_France_%281790%E2%80%931794%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Flag_of_France_%281790%E2%80%931794%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_France_%281790%E2%80%931794%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Flag_of_France_%281790%E2%80%931794%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_France_%281790%E2%80%931794%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/French_First_Republic" title="French First Republic">France</a></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Habsburg_monarchy" title="Habsburg monarchy"><img alt="Habsburg monarchy" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Banner_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_without_haloes_%281400-1806%29.svg/23px-Banner_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_without_haloes_%281400-1806%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Banner_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_without_haloes_%281400-1806%29.svg/35px-Banner_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_without_haloes_%281400-1806%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Banner_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_without_haloes_%281400-1806%29.svg/45px-Banner_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_without_haloes_%281400-1806%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Habsburg_monarchy" title="Habsburg monarchy">Austria</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Republic" title="Dutch Republic"><img alt="Dutch Republic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Statenvlag.svg/23px-Statenvlag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Statenvlag.svg/35px-Statenvlag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Statenvlag.svg/45px-Statenvlag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Republic" title="Dutch Republic">Dutch Republic</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Commanders and leaders</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/France" title="France"><img alt="France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Flag_of_France_%281790%E2%80%931794%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_France_%281790%E2%80%931794%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Flag_of_France_%281790%E2%80%931794%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_France_%281790%E2%80%931794%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Flag_of_France_%281790%E2%80%931794%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_France_%281790%E2%80%931794%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Jourdan" title="Jean-Baptiste Jourdan">Jean-Baptiste Jourdan</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/France" title="France"><img alt="France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Flag_of_France_%281790%E2%80%931794%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_France_%281790%E2%80%931794%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Flag_of_France_%281790%E2%80%931794%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_France_%281790%E2%80%931794%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Flag_of_France_%281790%E2%80%931794%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_France_%281790%E2%80%931794%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Lazare_Carnot" title="Lazare Carnot">Lazare Carnot</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/France" title="France"><img alt="France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Flag_of_France_%281790%E2%80%931794%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_France_%281790%E2%80%931794%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Flag_of_France_%281790%E2%80%931794%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_France_%281790%E2%80%931794%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Flag_of_France_%281790%E2%80%931794%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_France_%281790%E2%80%931794%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jacques_Ferrand_(general)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jacques Ferrand (general) (page does not exist)">Jacques Ferrand</a></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire"><img alt="Holy Roman Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Banner_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_without_haloes_%281400-1806%29.svg/23px-Banner_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_without_haloes_%281400-1806%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Banner_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_without_haloes_%281400-1806%29.svg/35px-Banner_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_without_haloes_%281400-1806%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Banner_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_without_haloes_%281400-1806%29.svg/45px-Banner_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_without_haloes_%281400-1806%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Prince_Josias_of_Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld" title="Prince Josias of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld">Prince Josias of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire"><img alt="Holy Roman Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Banner_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_without_haloes_%281400-1806%29.svg/23px-Banner_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_without_haloes_%281400-1806%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Banner_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_without_haloes_%281400-1806%29.svg/35px-Banner_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_without_haloes_%281400-1806%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Banner_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_without_haloes_%281400-1806%29.svg/45px-Banner_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_without_haloes_%281400-1806%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Count_of_Clerfayt" class="mw-redirect" title="Count of Clerfayt">Count of Clerfayt</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Republic" title="Dutch Republic"><img alt="Dutch Republic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Statenvlag.svg/23px-Statenvlag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Statenvlag.svg/35px-Statenvlag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Statenvlag.svg/45px-Statenvlag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/William_I_of_the_Netherlands" title="William I of the Netherlands">Prince of Orange</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Strength</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> Engaged: 45,000<br />Jourdan: 45,000<br />Ferrand: 25,000</td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> Engaged: 22,400<br />Observation Army: 37,000<br />Siege Army: 26,000</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Casualties and losses</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> 3,000–5,000</td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> 3,000</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="border-top:1px dotted #aaa;"><div class="switcher-container"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/France_relief_location_map.jpg/220px-France_relief_location_map.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="211" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/France_relief_location_map.jpg/330px-France_relief_location_map.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/France_relief_location_map.jpg/440px-France_relief_location_map.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1922" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:12.368%;left:62.11%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Battle of Wattignies"><img alt="Battle of Wattignies" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Europe_relief_laea_location_map.jpg/220px-Europe_relief_laea_location_map.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Europe_relief_laea_location_map.jpg/330px-Europe_relief_laea_location_map.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Europe_relief_laea_location_map.jpg/440px-Europe_relief_laea_location_map.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1580" data-file-height="1351" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:59.512%;left:27.598%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Battle of Wattignies"><img alt="Battle of Wattignies" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Battle of Wattignies (Europe)</div><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Show map of Europe</span></div></div></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output 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<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Porrentruy" title="Capture of Porrentruy">Porrentruy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Qui%C3%A9vrain_(1792)" title="Battle of Quiévrain (1792)">Quiévrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Marquain" title="Battle of Marquain">Marquain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Verdun_(1792)" title="Battle of Verdun (1792)">Verdun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Thionville_(1792)" title="Siege of Thionville (1792)">Thionville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Valmy" title="Battle of Valmy">Valmy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Lille_(1792)" title="Siege of Lille (1792)">Lille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Mainz_(1792)" title="Siege of Mainz (1792)">Mainz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Jemappes" title="Battle of Jemappes">Jemappes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_expedition_to_Sardinia" title="French expedition to Sardinia">Sardinia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Martinique_(1794)" title="Battle of Martinique (1794)">Martinique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Guadeloupe_(1794)" title="Invasion of Guadeloupe (1794)">Guadeloupe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_the_Dutch_fleet_at_Den_Helder" title="Capture of the Dutch fleet at Den Helder">Den Helder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Siegburg" title="Battle of Siegburg">Siegburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Altenkirchen" title="Battle of Altenkirchen">Altenkirchen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Wetzlar_(1796)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Wetzlar (1796)">Wetzlar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kircheib" title="Battle of Kircheib">Kircheib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kehl_(1796)" title="Battle of Kehl (1796)">1st Kehl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ettlingen" title="Battle of Ettlingen">Malsch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Neresheim" title="Battle of Neresheim">Neresheim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Amberg" title="Battle of Amberg">Amberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newfoundland_expedition" title="Newfoundland expedition">Newfoundland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_W%C3%BCrzburg" title="Battle of Würzburg">Würzburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Limburg_(1796)" title="Battle of Limburg (1796)">Limburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Kehl_(1796)" title="Second Battle of Kehl (1796)">2nd Kehl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Biberach_(1796)" title="Battle of Biberach (1796)">Biberach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_expedition_to_Ireland_(1796)" title="French expedition to Ireland (1796)">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fishguard" title="Battle of Fishguard">Fishguard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Neuwied_(1797)" title="Battle of Neuwied (1797)">Neuwied</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Diersheim_(1797)" title="Battle of Diersheim (1797)">Diersheim</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Low_Countries_theatre_of_the_War_of_the_First_Coalition" title="Low Countries theatre of the War of the First Coalition">Flanders campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chouannerie" title="Chouannerie">Chouannerie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_campaign_of_1793%E2%80%931796" title="Mediterranean campaign of 1793–1796">Mediterranean campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_the_Vend%C3%A9e" title="War in the Vendée">War in the Vendée</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Pyrenees" title="War of the Pyrenees">War of the Pyrenees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_campaigns_of_the_French_Revolutionary_Wars" title="Italian campaigns of the French Revolutionary Wars">Italian campaigns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Indies_theatre_of_the_French_Revolutionary_Wars" title="East Indies theatre of the French Revolutionary Wars">East Indies Theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Rhine_Campaign_of_1793%E2%80%9394" title="Template:Campaignbox Rhine Campaign of 1793–94">Rhine campaign of 1793–94</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_campaign_of_May_1794" title="Atlantic campaign of May 1794">Atlantic campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhine_campaign_of_1795" title="Rhine campaign of 1795">Rhine campaign of 1795</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhine_campaign_of_1796" title="Rhine campaign of 1796">Rhine campaign of 1796</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Campaign_of_1796%E2%80%931797" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Campaign of 1796–1797">Italian campaign of 1796-1797</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Spanish_War_(1796%E2%80%931808)" title="Anglo-Spanish War (1796–1808)">Anglo-Spanish War</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Flanders_campaign" style="margin:0;float:right;clear:right;width:25.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;margin-left:1em;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-vertical mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Flanders_Campaign_1792-94" title="Template:Campaignbox Flanders Campaign 1792-94"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_Flanders_Campaign_1792-94" title="Template talk:Campaignbox Flanders Campaign 1792-94"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Flanders_Campaign_1792-94" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox Flanders Campaign 1792-94"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Flanders_campaign" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="line-height:1.6em"><a href="/wiki/Low_Countries_theatre_of_the_War_of_the_First_Coalition" title="Low Countries theatre of the War of the First Coalition"><span class="wrap">Flanders campaign</span></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Jemappes" title="Battle of Jemappes">Jemappes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Limburg_(1792)" title="Battle of Limburg (1792)">1st Limburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Anderlecht" title="Battle of Anderlecht">Anderlecht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Namur_(1792)" title="Siege of Namur (1792)">Namur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Maastricht_(1793)" title="Siege of Maastricht (1793)">1st Maastricht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Breda_(1793)" title="Siege of Breda (1793)">Breda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Aldenhoven_(1793)" title="Battle of Aldenhoven (1793)">1st Aldenhoven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Neerwinden_(1793)" title="Battle of Neerwinden (1793)">Neerwinden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Cond%C3%A9_(1793)" title="Siege of Condé (1793)">1st Condé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Raismes_(1793)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Raismes (1793)">Raismes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Famars" title="Battle of Famars">Famars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Valenciennes_(1793)" title="Siege of Valenciennes (1793)">1st Valenciennes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Caesar%27s_Camp" title="Battle of Caesar's Camp">Caesar's Camp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lincelles" title="Battle of Lincelles">Lincelles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Dunkirk_(1793)" title="Siege of Dunkirk (1793)">Dunkirk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Le_Quesnoy_(1793)" title="Siege of Le Quesnoy (1793)">1st Le Quesnoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hondschoote_(1793)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Hondschoote (1793)">Hondschoote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Avesnes-le-Sec" title="Battle of Avesnes-le-Sec">Avesnes-le-Sec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Menin_(1793)" title="Battle of Menin (1793)">Menin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Courtrai_(1793)" title="Battle of Courtrai (1793)">1st Courtrai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Maubeuge_(1793)" title="Siege of Maubeuge (1793)">Maubeuge</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Wattignies</a></li> <li>Cysoing (1793)</li> <li>Marchiennes (1793)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Le_Cateau_(1794)" title="Battle of Le Cateau (1794)">Le Cateau</a></li> <li>Battle of Vaux (1794)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Landrecies_(1794)" title="Siege of Landrecies (1794)">1st Landrecies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Villers-en-Cauchies" title="Battle of Villers-en-Cauchies">Villers-en-Cauchies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Beaumont_(1794)" title="Battle of Beaumont (1794)">Beaumont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mouscron" title="Battle of Mouscron">Mouscron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Willems" title="Battle of Willems">Willems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Courtrai_(1794)" title="Battle of Courtrai (1794)">2nd Courtrai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Grandreng" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Grandreng">Grandreng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tourcoing" title="Battle of Tourcoing">Tourcoing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tournay" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Tournay">Tournay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Erquelinnes" title="Battle of Erquelinnes">Erquelinnes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gosselies" title="Battle of Gosselies">Gosselies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Ypres_(1794)" title="Siege of Ypres (1794)">Ypres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lambusart" title="Battle of Lambusart">Lambusart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fleurus_(1794)" title="Battle of Fleurus (1794)">Fleurus</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Landrecies_(1794-07)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Siege of Landrecies (1794-07) (page does not exist)">2nd Landrecies</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Si%C3%A8ge_de_Landrecies_(juillet_1794)" class="extiw" title="fr:Siège de Landrecies (juillet 1794)">fr</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Le_Quesnoy_(1794)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Siege of Le Quesnoy (1794) (page does not exist)">2nd Le Quesnoy</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Si%C3%A8ge_du_Quesnoy_(1794)" class="extiw" title="fr:Siège du Quesnoy (1794)">fr</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Valenciennes_(1794)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Siege of Valenciennes (1794) (page does not exist)">2nd Valenciennes</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Si%C3%A8ge_de_Valenciennes_(1794)" class="extiw" title="fr:Siège de Valenciennes (1794)">fr</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Cond%C3%A9_(1794)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Siege of Condé (1794) (page does not exist)">2nd Condé</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Si%C3%A8ge_de_Cond%C3%A9_(1794)" class="extiw" title="fr:Siège de Condé (1794)">fr</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Boxtel" title="Battle of Boxtel">Boxtel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sprimont" title="Battle of Sprimont">Sprimont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Maastricht_(1794)" title="Siege of Maastricht (1794)">2nd Maastricht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Aldenhoven_(1794)" title="Battle of Aldenhoven (1794)">2nd Aldenhoven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Puiflijk" title="Battle of Puiflijk">Puiflijk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Nijmegen_(1794)" title="Siege of Nijmegen (1794)">Nijmegen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Luxembourg_(1794%E2%80%9395)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Luxembourg (1794–95)">Luxembourg</a></li> <li>Geldermalsen</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batavian_Revolution_in_Amsterdam" title="Batavian Revolution in Amsterdam">Amsterdam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_the_Dutch_fleet_at_Den_Helder" title="Capture of the Dutch fleet at Den Helder">Den Helder</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p>The <b>Battle of Wattignies</b> (15–16 October 1793) saw a <a href="/wiki/French_First_Republic" title="French First Republic">French</a> army commanded by <a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Jourdan" title="Jean-Baptiste Jourdan">Jean-Baptiste Jourdan</a> attack a Coalition army directed by <a href="/wiki/Prince_Josias_of_Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld" title="Prince Josias of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld">Prince Josias of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld</a>. After two days of combat Jourdan's troops compelled the <a href="/wiki/Habsburg_monarchy" title="Habsburg monarchy">Habsburg</a> covering force led by <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_S%C3%A9bastien_Charles_Joseph_de_Croix,_Count_of_Clerfayt" title="François Sébastien Charles Joseph de Croix, Count of Clerfayt">François Sébastien Charles Joseph de Croix, Count of Clerfayt</a> to withdraw. The <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_First_Coalition" title="War of the First Coalition">War of the First Coalition</a> victory allowed the French to raise the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Maubeuge_(1793)" title="Siege of Maubeuge (1793)">siege of Maubeuge</a>. At a time when failed generals were often executed or imprisoned, Jourdan had to endure interference from <a href="/wiki/Lazare_Carnot" title="Lazare Carnot">Lazare Carnot</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Committee_of_Public_Safety" title="Committee of Public Safety">Committee of Public Safety</a>. The village, renamed <a href="/wiki/Wattignies-la-Victoire" title="Wattignies-la-Victoire">Wattignies-la-Victoire</a> in honor of the important success, is located 9 kilometres (6 mi) southeast of Maubeuge. </p><p>Coburg's main army encircled 25,000 French soldiers in Maubeuge while about 22,000 Austrians under Clerfayt were formed in a semi-circle, covering the southern approaches to the fortress. On the first day, 45,000 French soldiers mounted a clumsy attack which was easily repulsed, except near the village of Wattignies. On the second day, Jourdan concentrated half his army at Wattignies and after a tough fight, forced Coburg to concede defeat. Though the Coalition army was better trained than the French, its units were spread out too thinly and the different nationalities failed to cooperate. Soon the Coalition army went into winter quarters, finishing a campaign that started with great promise and ended in disappointment. Carnot rewrote history so that he and the political representatives got most of the credit for the triumph; Jourdan was dismissed in January 1794. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Wattignies&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the summer of 1793, the 118,000-strong Coalition army punched a gap in the line of French fortresses along the frontier with the <a href="/wiki/Austrian_Netherlands" title="Austrian Netherlands">Austrian Netherlands</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhipps2011213_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhipps2011213-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Cond%C3%A9_(1793)" title="Siege of Condé (1793)">siege of Condé</a> concluding on 12 July and the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Valenciennes_(1793)" title="Siege of Valenciennes (1793)">siege of Valenciennes</a> on 27 July.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith199848–49_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith199848–49-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Caesar%27s_Camp" title="Battle of Caesar's Camp">Battle of Caesar's Camp</a>, the Coalition army under <a href="/wiki/Prince_Josias_of_Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld" title="Prince Josias of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld">Prince Josias of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld</a> hustled the French <i><a href="/wiki/Army_of_the_North_(France)" title="Army of the North (France)">Army of the North</a></i> out of a position near <a href="/wiki/Cambrai" title="Cambrai">Cambrai</a> on 7 August.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith199850–51_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith199850–51-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At this moment, the Coalition allies unwisely split their forces. <a href="/wiki/Prince_Frederick,_Duke_of_York_and_Albany" title="Prince Frederick, Duke of York and Albany">Prince Frederick, Duke of York and Albany</a> headed west toward <a href="/wiki/Dunkirk" title="Dunkirk">Dunkirk</a> with 37,000 British, Austrians, Hanoverians and Hessians.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhipps2011212–213_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhipps2011212–213-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From 6–8 September, the <i>Army of the North</i> under <a href="/wiki/Jean_Nicolas_Houchard" title="Jean Nicolas Houchard">Jean Nicolas Houchard</a> defeated the Dunkirk covering force in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hondschoote_(1793)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Hondschoote (1793)">Battle of Hondschoote</a>, compelling the Duke of York to give up the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Dunkirk_(1793)" title="Siege of Dunkirk (1793)">siege of Dunkirk</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith199853–55_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith199853–55-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was followed by the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Menin_(1793)" title="Battle of Menin (1793)">Battle of Menin</a> on 13 September, in which the French routed a Dutch corps under <a href="/wiki/William_I_of_the_Netherlands" title="William I of the Netherlands">Prince William of Orange</a>. The Dutch suffered 3,000 casualties and lost 40 field pieces in the disaster. Two days later, an Austrian corps led by <a href="/wiki/Johann_Peter_Beaulieu" title="Johann Peter Beaulieu">Johann Peter Beaulieu</a> routed the French and recaptured <a href="/wiki/Menen" title="Menen">Menen (Menin)</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhipps2011241–242_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhipps2011241–242-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Coburg's main army concluded the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Le_Quesnoy_(1793)" title="Siege of Le Quesnoy (1793)">siege of Le Quesnoy</a> on 13 September, taking 4,000 French troops prisoner.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith199853–55_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith199853–55-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Two French columns attempted to raise the siege but failed, one of the columns being nearly wiped out by Coalition cavalry in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Avesnes-le-Sec" title="Battle of Avesnes-le-Sec">Battle of Avesnes-le-Sec</a>. Though Coburg might have easily seized Cambrai and <a href="/wiki/Bouchain" title="Bouchain">Bouchain</a>, which had been stripped of their garrisons to form the relief columns, the Coalition commander chose to move against <a href="/wiki/Maubeuge" title="Maubeuge">Maubeuge</a> instead.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhipps2011243_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhipps2011243-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For these defeats, Houchard was arrested on 23 September and incarcerated in a common prison. Denounced as a coward and a traitor by the Revolutionary Tribunal, he was executed by <a href="/wiki/Guillotine" title="Guillotine">guillotine</a> on 16 November.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhipps2011244–245_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhipps2011244–245-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His predecessor in command of the <i>Army of the North</i>, <a href="/wiki/Adam_Philippe,_Comte_de_Custine" title="Adam Philippe, Comte de Custine">Adam Philippe, Comte de Custine</a> had been guillotined on 27 August 1793.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhipps2011189_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhipps2011189-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Jourdan" title="Jean-Baptiste Jourdan">Jean-Baptiste Jourdan</a> had been wounded at Hondschoote and was named to lead the <i><a href="/wiki/Army_of_the_Ardennes" title="Army of the Ardennes">Army of the Ardennes</a></i> on 9 September. He was appointed provisional commander in chief of the <i>Army of the North</i> on 22 September. When Jourdan protested that he lacked the experience to command the 104,000-man army, the <a href="/wiki/Representatives_on_mission" class="mw-redirect" title="Representatives on mission">representatives on mission</a> notified him that refusal would result in his arrest.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhipps2011246–247_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhipps2011246–247-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The new commander found that he must respond to the Coalition's move against Maubeuge.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhipps2011250_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhipps2011250-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Coburg's army began the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Maubeuge_(1793)" title="Siege of Maubeuge (1793)">siege of Maubeuge</a> on 30 September.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith199858_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith199858-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Operations">Operations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Wattignies&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Operations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="French_deployment">French deployment</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Wattignies&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: French deployment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On 1 October 1793, Jourdan's large army was distributed across a broad front in four great masses, starting at the <a href="/wiki/North_Sea" title="North Sea">North Sea</a> and running southeast. <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Souham" title="Joseph Souham">Joseph Souham</a> at Dunkirk commanded 8,852 infantry in 17 battalions and 430 cavalry in one regiment and André Gigaux at <a href="/wiki/Hondschoote" title="Hondschoote">Hondschoote</a> had 7,269 infantry in 15 battalions. Near <a href="/wiki/Cassel,_Nord" title="Cassel, Nord">Cassel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dominique_Vandamme" title="Dominique Vandamme">Dominique Vandamme</a> led 8,984 foot soldiers in 19 battalions and 325 horsemen in one regiment, while Charles François Filon led 3,705 foot soldiers in nine battalions. At <a href="/wiki/Bailleul,_Nord" title="Bailleul, Nord">Bailleul</a> there were 4,166 infantry in 10 battalions. The second mass started at <a href="/wiki/Armenti%C3%A8res" title="Armentières">Armentières</a>, where there were 9,644 foot in 19 battalions and 1,338 horse in four regiments. At the Camp of Madelaine near <a href="/wiki/Lille" title="Lille">Lille</a>, Antoine Anne Lecourt de Berú directed 13,564 infantry in 28 battalions and 817 Chasseurs à Cheval, in three regiments.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDupuis190953_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDupuis190953-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pierre_Guillaume_Gratien&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pierre Guillaume Gratien (page does not exist)">Pierre Guillaume Gratien</a> at <a href="/wiki/Mons-en-P%C3%A9v%C3%A8le" title="Mons-en-Pévèle">Mons-en-Pévèle</a> led 3,521 infantry in nine battalions.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDupuis190954_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDupuis190954-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The third mass was located at the Camp of <a href="/wiki/Gavrelle" title="Gavrelle">Gavrelle</a> between <a href="/wiki/Douai" title="Douai">Douai</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arras" title="Arras">Arras</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhipps2011247_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhipps2011247-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Commanded by Jourdan, the force included the Flankers of the Right with 6,048 foot in 15 battalions and 1,602 horse in five regiments and the Flankers of the Left with 6,821 infantry in 14 battalions and 1,323 cavalry in three regiments. The Advance Guard consisted of 4,821 foot in eight battalions and 1,901 horse in five regiments; the Center Division was made up of 4,077 infantry in six battalions and 428 cavalry in two regiments, with two battalions of 732 men guarding the wagon train.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDupuis190954_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDupuis190954-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jacques_Ferrand_(general)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jacques Ferrand (general) (page does not exist)">Jacques Ferrand</a> commanded the fourth mass, which was in the Maubeuge entrenched camp.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDupuis190954_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDupuis190954-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Second-in-command was <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jean_Nestor_de_Chancel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jean Nestor de Chancel (page does not exist)">Jean Nestor de Chancel</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhipps201128_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhipps201128-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The fortress garrison under Étienne Gudin counted 2,173 soldiers. Pierre Arnould Meyer's right brigade numbered 6,992 men including the 7th and 12th Dragoons, Joseph-Antoine Colomb's center brigade had 6,802 men and <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Desjardin" title="Jacques Desjardin">Jacques Desjardin</a>'s left brigade consisted of 8,140 men including the 1st Hussars; altogether Ferrand commanded 24,107 soldiers.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDupuis190962–63_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDupuis190962–63-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Blockade_of_Maubeuge">Blockade of Maubeuge</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Wattignies&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Blockade of Maubeuge"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Prince_Frederick_Josias_of_Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld_(1737-1815).png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Painting of a white-haired man with a receding hairline. He wears a white military uniform with gold braid on the collar while his chest is adorned with a large silver award and a red and white sash." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Prince_Frederick_Josias_of_Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld_%281737-1815%29.png/150px-Prince_Frederick_Josias_of_Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld_%281737-1815%29.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Prince_Frederick_Josias_of_Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld_%281737-1815%29.png/225px-Prince_Frederick_Josias_of_Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld_%281737-1815%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Prince_Frederick_Josias_of_Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld_%281737-1815%29.png/300px-Prince_Frederick_Josias_of_Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld_%281737-1815%29.png 2x" data-file-width="1692" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>Prince of Coburg</figcaption></figure> <p>At dawn on 29 September, a column under <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_S%C3%A9bastien_Charles_Joseph_de_Croix,_Count_of_Clerfayt" title="François Sébastien Charles Joseph de Croix, Count of Clerfayt">François Sébastien Charles Joseph de Croix, Count of Clerfayt</a> crossed the <a href="/wiki/Sambre" title="Sambre">Sambre</a> at <a href="/wiki/Berlaimont" title="Berlaimont">Berlaimont</a>, southwest of Maubeuge. To the northeast, Franz Vincenz von Hoditz's column crossed the river near <a href="/wiki/Pont-sur-Sambre" title="Pont-sur-Sambre">Pont-sur-Sambre</a> and a third column led by <a href="/wiki/Wenzel_Joseph_von_Colloredo" title="Wenzel Joseph von Colloredo">Wenzel Joseph von Colloredo</a> crossed the Sambre at <a href="/wiki/Hautmont" title="Hautmont">Hautmont</a>. In a series of skirmishes, the three Austrian columns pressed east, finally driving Desjardin's troops into the Maubeuge entrenched camp, with losses of 150 men and two cannons.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDupuis190966–68_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDupuis190966–68-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To the east of Maubeuge, Austrians under <a href="/wiki/Maximilian_Anton_Karl,_Count_Baillet_de_Latour" title="Maximilian Anton Karl, Count Baillet de Latour">Maximilian Anton Karl, Count Baillet de Latour</a> crossed the Sambre near <a href="/wiki/Marpent" title="Marpent">Marpent</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jeumont" title="Jeumont">Jeumont</a>. A column under Alexander Friedrich von Seckendorf crossed near <a href="/wiki/Merbes-le-Ch%C3%A2teau" title="Merbes-le-Château">Merbes-le-Château</a> farther east. These forces forced Meyer's troops in disorder back within Maubeuge, which was isolated.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDupuis190969–70_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDupuis190969–70-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:JEAN_BAPTISTE_JOURDAN_(1762-1833).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Color-tint print of a large-eyed man with his hair cut in the late 1700s style. He wears a dark blue military coat with a line of yellow braid." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/JEAN_BAPTISTE_JOURDAN_%281762-1833%29.jpg/150px-JEAN_BAPTISTE_JOURDAN_%281762-1833%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="193" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/JEAN_BAPTISTE_JOURDAN_%281762-1833%29.jpg/225px-JEAN_BAPTISTE_JOURDAN_%281762-1833%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/JEAN_BAPTISTE_JOURDAN_%281762-1833%29.jpg/300px-JEAN_BAPTISTE_JOURDAN_%281762-1833%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1511" data-file-height="1945" /></a><figcaption>Jean-Baptiste Jourdan</figcaption></figure> <p>Coburg split his forces into a 26,000-man Siege Army directed by the Prince of Orange and an Army of Observation. The Siege Army consisted of 14,000 Austrians under Colloredo south of the Sambre and 12,000 Dutch under Orange north of the river. Colloredo's force included 16 battalions, 10 companies and eight squadrons. The Army of Observation totaled 25,550 infantry and 12,150 cavalry, distributed in three main divisions. Franz Xaver von Wenckheim commanded 7,250 foot and 4,200 horse, west of the Sambre in the <a href="/wiki/For%C3%AAt_de_Mormal" title="Forêt de Mormal">Forêt de Mormal</a>. Hoditz directed 9,300 foot and 3,750 horse on the east of Maubeuge and Clerfayt led 9,000 foot and 4,200 horse on the south side of Maubeuge. Clerfayt divided his corps into three groups under <a href="/wiki/Count_Heinrich_von_Bellegarde" class="mw-redirect" title="Count Heinrich von Bellegarde">Count Heinrich von Bellegarde</a>, Joseph Binder von Degenschild and <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_von_Terzi" class="mw-redirect" title="Ludwig von Terzi">Ludwig von Terzi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDupuis190973–74_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDupuis190973–74-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Coalition forces began constructing extensive siege works around Maubeuge. On the first day, the French garrison <a href="/wiki/Sortie" title="Sortie">sortied</a> against the Cense de Château but were repulsed after stiff fighting. Maubeuge was supplied for a normal garrison but far too many soldiers were trapped there. On 10 October, Ferrand had to put the troops on half-rations, while hundreds of sick and dying soldiers crowded the hospitals. On 13 October, the French enjoyed initial success in a sortie against the Bois du Tilleul, but troops sent out to help mistakenly fired on their own friends and the French were compelled to retreat. The Coalition established batteries of 20 24-pound cannons against the town. After the Coalition army opened its bombardment on the night of 14 October, the morale of the garrison sank. When some soldiers complained to Chancel that they were hungry and tired he replied, "Listen young men, it takes a lot of work and privation in order to gain the honor to fight and die for your country."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECust1859153–154_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECust1859153–154-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Representative <a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Drouet_(French_revolutionary)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jean-Baptiste Drouet (French revolutionary)">Jean-Baptiste Drouet</a> tried to cut his way out of Maubeuge with some dragoons but was captured. Denounced for abandoning the place, Drouet claimed his escape would have raised the spirits of the garrison.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhipps201122–23_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhipps201122–23-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="French_reaction">French reaction</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Wattignies&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: French reaction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Leaving 10,000 soldiers in the Camp of Gavrelle to support Bouchain and Cambrai, Jourdan immediately moved to the relief of Maubeuge with the remaining 20,000 men. He also called in 12,000 reinforcements from the Camp de Madelaine and 10,000 more from farther north.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDupuis190989–90_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDupuis190989–90-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Without waiting for the troops from the north, Jourdan assembled a division under <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Fromentin" title="Jacques Fromentin">Jacques Fromentin</a>. Leaving the camp on 3 October, it arrived at <a href="/wiki/Guise" title="Guise">Guise</a> on the 6th. That same day <a href="/wiki/Antoine_Balland" title="Antoine Balland">Antoine Balland</a>'s division left the Camp of Gavrelle and reached Guise on 9 October. Berú promptly sent Gratien's brigade and other units from Lille and Mons-en-Pévèle, this body of 11,701 soldiers was assigned to <a href="/wiki/Florent_Joseph_Duquesnoy" title="Florent Joseph Duquesnoy">Florent Joseph Duquesnoy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDupuis190991–94_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDupuis190991–94-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Left wing commander Jean-Baptiste Davaine sent 9,012 troops under Martin Jean Carrion de Loscondes which arrived at Guise on 10 October. The <a href="/wiki/Committee_of_Public_Safety" title="Committee of Public Safety">Committee of Public Safety</a> placed the <i>Army of Ardennes</i> under Jourdan's control on 2 October. The army's commander Ferrand was immured in Maubeuge and orders were sent for one detachment to operate from <a href="/wiki/Philippeville" title="Philippeville">Philippeville</a>. A motley force of 4,263 men was assembled under <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Rapha%C3%ABl_Paillot_de_Beauregard" title="Pierre Raphaël Paillot de Beauregard">Pierre Raphaël Paillot de Beauregard</a> and reached <a href="/wiki/Fourmies,_Nord" title="Fourmies, Nord">Fourmies</a> on 11 October. The next day, several units from the north joined Beauregard's division. Jourdan's army shifted east from Guise to <a href="/wiki/Avesnes-sur-Helpe" title="Avesnes-sur-Helpe">Avesnes-sur-Helpe</a> between 11 and 13 October.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDupuis190995–97_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDupuis190995–97-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 14 October, Jourdan and Committee of Public Safety member <a href="/wiki/Lazare_Carnot" title="Lazare Carnot">Lazare Carnot</a> reconnoitered the Coalition front south of Maubeuge. The numerical strength of the army was 37,906 infantry and 6,370 cavalry for a grand total of 44,276, with the troops distributed as follows. Fromentin's division numbered 7,357 men including 1,495 cavalry. Carrion's division, now under <a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%89tienne_Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois_Cordellier-Delano%C3%BCe&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Étienne Jean-François Cordellier-Delanoüe (page does not exist)">Étienne Jean-François Cordellier-Delanoüe</a>, counted 6,866 troops including 668 horsemen. Balland's division consisted of 13,294 soldiers, of which 1,440 were cavalry. Duquesnoy's division had 10,906 men including 1,960 mounted troops. Beauregard's division comprised 5,853 troops of which 837 were horsemen.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDupuis1909103–104_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDupuis1909103–104-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Historian <a href="/wiki/Ramsay_Weston_Phipps" title="Ramsay Weston Phipps">Ramsay Weston Phipps</a> remarked that Beauregard's men were "bad troops under a bad General".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhipps2011256_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhipps2011256-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Battle">Battle</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Wattignies&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Battle"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="15_October">15 October</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Wattignies&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: 15 October"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Austrian covering force was entrenched and though Clerfayt was in nominal command, Coburg was on the scene and in control of the battle. Coburg was so certain of success that he was supposed to have said that if he were defeated, he would become a <i>sans-culotte</i>. This story made the rounds in the French army and made its soldiers eager to make the Coalition commander wear trousers.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhipps2011252_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhipps2011252-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On the morning of 15 October, Bellegarde held the Coalition right flank with about 5,000 troops in three battalions of foot and 16 squadrons of horse. The extreme right touched the Sambre at Berlaimont. Clerfayt defended the center with 9,200 soldiers, deployed along a west-to-east line of villages. Supported by division commanders were <a href="/wiki/Franz_Joseph,_Count_Kinsky" title="Franz Joseph, Count Kinsky">Franz Joseph, Count Kinsky</a> and Joseph Karl von Lilien, Clerfayt controlled five battalions of <a href="/wiki/Grenadier" title="Grenadier">grenadiers</a>, five battalions of regulars, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">3</span></span> battalion of Croats, four infantry companies and 12 cavalry squadrons. Terzi was posted on the left flank at Wattignies with 4,000 men in three battalions of foot and 12 squadrons of horse. The extreme left at <a href="/wiki/Obrechies" title="Obrechies">Obrechies</a> was defended by <a href="/wiki/Karl_Joseph_Hadik_von_Futak" title="Karl Joseph Hadik von Futak">Karl Joseph Hadik von Futak</a> and 2,100 soldiers.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDupuis1909111–112_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDupuis1909111–112-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Far to the east at <a href="/wiki/Beaumont,_Belgium" title="Beaumont, Belgium">Beaumont</a>, Johann Andreas Benjowsky commanded 4,000 troops organized as three battalions and 12 squadrons.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDupuis1909109_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDupuis1909109-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From right to left the French divisions were Beauregard at <a href="/wiki/Solre-le-Ch%C3%A2teau" title="Solre-le-Château">Solre-le-Château</a>, Duquesnoy on the main road from Avesnes-sur-Helpe, Balland in reserve at <a href="/wiki/Avesnelles" title="Avesnelles">Avesnelles</a>, Cordellier at La Capelle and Fromentin at <a href="/wiki/Dompierre-sur-Helpe" title="Dompierre-sur-Helpe">Dompierre-sur-Helpe</a>. Duquesnoy and Beauregard moved to attack Wattignies, while Fromentin advanced against the Austrian right flank.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECust1859154_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECust1859154-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jourdan enjoyed a two-to-one superiority and the Coalition generals had to be anxious about the 20,000 French soldiers at Maubeuge.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDupuis1909113_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDupuis1909113-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Heinrich_Graf_Bellegarde.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Black and white sketch of a curly-haired man wearing a gray military coat with a high collar." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Heinrich_Graf_Bellegarde.jpg/130px-Heinrich_Graf_Bellegarde.jpg" decoding="async" width="130" height="195" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Heinrich_Graf_Bellegarde.jpg/195px-Heinrich_Graf_Bellegarde.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Heinrich_Graf_Bellegarde.jpg/260px-Heinrich_Graf_Bellegarde.jpg 2x" data-file-width="267" data-file-height="400" /></a><figcaption>Count Bellegarde</figcaption></figure> <p>On the right, Beauregard's men left Solre-le-Château at 7:00 am. Near Obrechies, four squadrons of Austrian cavalry charged them and drove them off, with the loss of three field guns.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDupuis1909170_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDupuis1909170-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Duquesnoy's division departed <a href="/wiki/Flaumont-Waudrechies" title="Flaumont-Waudrechies">Flaumont</a> at 6:00 am and marched through <a href="/wiki/Beugnies" title="Beugnies">Beugnies</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dimont" title="Dimont">Dimont</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dimechaux" title="Dimechaux">Dimechaux</a>. Supported by a plentiful artillery, the French infantry drove two Austrian battalions out of Wattignies, but as the French poured out of the other side of the village they were met by an infantry-cavalry counterattack. Duquesnoy's soldiers abandoned Wattignies and retreated to Dimechaux and Dimont.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDupuis1909169_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDupuis1909169-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On the far left, Cordellier's division advanced on <a href="/wiki/Leval,_Nord" title="Leval, Nord">Leval</a> and <a href="/wiki/Monceau-Saint-Waast" title="Monceau-Saint-Waast">Monceau-Saint-Waast</a> while farther east, Fromentin's division attacked toward <a href="/wiki/Saint-Remy-Chauss%C3%A9e" title="Saint-Remy-Chaussée">Saint-Remy-Chaussée</a> and <a href="/wiki/Saint-Aubin,_Nord" title="Saint-Aubin, Nord">Saint-Aubin</a>. Bellegarde's cannons opened fire in mid-morning, starting a mutual bombardment. The French infantry crossed a ravine and grappled for possession of Saint-Aubin village with a Croatian infantry battalion. In the afternoon Bellegarde launched a counterattack led by Austrian regular infantry, while two regiments of cavalry swept down on the French left flank. The Austrians captured eight French cannon and caused the French to flee to the safety of the ravine.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDupuis1909159–161_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDupuis1909159–161-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the center, Clerfayt deployed five grenadier battalions in the villages of <a href="/wiki/Dourlers" title="Dourlers">Dourlers</a>, Mont-Dourlers, <a href="/wiki/Floursies" title="Floursies">Floursies</a> and along the Monceau Road. This east–west sunken road was located on a reverse slope, just south of Dourlers. The French Royalists and some Croatians guarded the forest to the east, while the Croatian battalion fought to the west at Saint-Aubin. The remaining battalions of Austrian regular foot and all the horse occupied a ridge behind the line of villages.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhipps2011163_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhipps2011163-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Jourdan, Carnot and Representative <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Dominique_Fran%C3%A7ois_Joseph_Duquesnoy" title="Ernest Dominique François Joseph Duquesnoy">Ernest Dominique François Joseph Duquesnoy</a> accompanied Balland's division in the center. The army commander planned to wait for the attacks of his two wings to make significant progress before launching the attack of Balland's division. In mid-morning, the division filed out of the woods in front of Dourlers and opened fire with its artillery. Seeing the initial success of the two wings, Carnot wanted the attack to be started at once. Jourdan wanted more ground to be gained on the flanks but the politician would not be denied. Finally, Jourdan put himself at the head of Balland's division and ordered the assault. As the French soldiers came over the crest of the ridge in front on the sunken road, they came under murderous fire from the crack Austrian grenadiers. Despite heroic attempts to get light artillery forward, cannons were dismounted and gunners and horses were shot down. In the thick of the bullets, Jourdan bravely urged his troops on but an Austrian force appeared from the direction of Saint-Aubin, threatening the French left flank. At nightfall the representatives authorized a retreat after Balland's division had lost between 1,200 and 1,500 casualties.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDupuis1909164–165_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDupuis1909164–165-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="16_October">16 October</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Wattignies&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: 16 October"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wattignies-la-Victoire_(Nord,_Fr)_%C3%A9glise,_cot%C3%A9_sud.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Photo of a small stone church under a blue sky with white clouds." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Wattignies-la-Victoire_%28Nord%2C_Fr%29_%C3%A9glise%2C_cot%C3%A9_sud.jpg/260px-Wattignies-la-Victoire_%28Nord%2C_Fr%29_%C3%A9glise%2C_cot%C3%A9_sud.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="195" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Wattignies-la-Victoire_%28Nord%2C_Fr%29_%C3%A9glise%2C_cot%C3%A9_sud.jpg/390px-Wattignies-la-Victoire_%28Nord%2C_Fr%29_%C3%A9glise%2C_cot%C3%A9_sud.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Wattignies-la-Victoire_%28Nord%2C_Fr%29_%C3%A9glise%2C_cot%C3%A9_sud.jpg/520px-Wattignies-la-Victoire_%28Nord%2C_Fr%29_%C3%A9glise%2C_cot%C3%A9_sud.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a><figcaption>Wattignies church</figcaption></figure> <p>During the night, French deserters wrongly reported to the Austrians that Jourdan was reinforced to 100,000 men. Believing he was going to be attacked again, Coburg reinforced his covering force by five battalions of about 3,750 men and rearranged his defenses. On the left, Terzi had 5,250 foot soldiers in seven regular battalions and 2,100 cavalry in 14 squadrons. The center under Clerfayt counted 6,650 foot and 1,800 horse. This force was made up of five grenadier battalions, two regular battalions, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">3</span></span> of a battalion of Croats, four companies and six squadrons of French Royalists and six squadrons of <a href="/wiki/Cuirassier" title="Cuirassier">cuirassiers</a>. Bellegarde's right wing was composed of 4,500 infantry in seven regular battalions and 2,100 light cavalry in 14 squadrons. Altogether, the covering force numbered about 16,400 infantry and 6,000 cavalry.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDupuis1909176–177_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDupuis1909176–177-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to Carnot, he argued that Wattignies on the Austrian left was the key to the position but that Jourdan wanted to attack the Austrian right.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDupuis1909172_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDupuis1909172-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Phipps believed that Carnot's account was nonsense and that the course of the battle was typical of Jourdan's tactics.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhipps2011259_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhipps2011259-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jourdan's account only stated that he gave the order to attack Wattignies. Fromentin on the left was instructed not to mount a serious attack. Cordellier was ordered to act under Fromentin's orders and also reinforce Balland with three battalions and a cavalry regiment. Balland was directed to place nine battalions plus two cavalry regiments at Jourdan's disposal. The rest of Balland's division was to form line of battle and use its light troops to probe the enemy positions. The divisions of Beauregard and Duquesnoy numbered 16,000 soldiers, to these, Jourdan's special force added about 6,000 men.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDupuis1909173–175_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDupuis1909173–175-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 16 October, Fromentin's two divisions on the left flank and Balland's division in the center skirmished all day. Bellegarde and Clerfayt held the bulk of their strength in their main positions. Jourdan mounted the main French assault against the height of Wattignies in three columns from Dimont, Dimechaux and <a href="/wiki/Choisies" title="Choisies">Choisies</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDupuis1909177–178_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDupuis1909177–178-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The main attack was also supported by additional artillery.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECust1859154_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECust1859154-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When an early morning fog lifted in mid-morning, the French artillery opened a barrage on Wattignies. Duquesnoy's division formed the two right columns while Jourdan's detachment made up the left column.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDupuis1909181_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDupuis1909181-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After being driven back twice by heavy fire, the French columns forced their way into Wattignies in the early afternoon. A counterattack from the northwest briefly pushed back the French, who were rallied by Jourdan. More French troops came up and defeated the Austrian attack. Duquesnoy sent Gratien's brigade forward but it was caught by Austrian cavalry in the open and thrown back. By this time, the French had dragged a battery up to the Wattignies heights to support the infantry. Under pressure from infantry and artillery, Terzi's division recoiled to the north.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDupuis1909184–187_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDupuis1909184–187-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the right of Duquesnoy, Beauregard's division attacked Obrechies, which was defended by Hadik with two battalions of regulars and eight squadrons of cavalry. As the French began breaking into the village, Hadik launched attacks from three directions at once, routing Beauregard's men. The French abandoned five cannon and fled back to Solrinnes.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDupuis1909187–188_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDupuis1909187–188-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to one observer, they did not stop until they reached Solre-le-Château.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhipps2011256_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhipps2011256-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Boussu">Boussu</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Wattignies&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Boussu"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Far to the east, a column of French conscripts under Jacob Job Élie, set out from Philippeville toward Beaumont. In the early hours of 16 October, they were attacked by Coalition troops and fled. Élie managed to rally his soldiers and arrange them in two lines near <a href="/wiki/Boussu-lez-Walcourt" title="Boussu-lez-Walcourt">Boussu-lez-Walcourt</a>. At dawn when the Austrians attacked again, the second line fired a volley into the backs of the first line and all the infantry took to their heels. <a href="/wiki/Louis_Henri_Loison" title="Louis Henri Loison">Louis Henri Loison</a> capably covered the retreat with the French cavalry, saving the foot soldiers from being cut to pieces. As it was, Élie lost 400 men and 12 artillery pieces, while only 138 casualties were suffered<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhipps2011256–257_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhipps2011256–257-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> by Benjowsky's division.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECust1859155_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECust1859155-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Results">Results</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Wattignies&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Results"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Frederick,_Duke_of_York_1800-1820.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Oil painting of a man wearing a military uniform with a high collar." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Frederick%2C_Duke_of_York_1800-1820.jpg/130px-Frederick%2C_Duke_of_York_1800-1820.jpg" decoding="async" width="130" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Frederick%2C_Duke_of_York_1800-1820.jpg/195px-Frederick%2C_Duke_of_York_1800-1820.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Frederick%2C_Duke_of_York_1800-1820.jpg/260px-Frederick%2C_Duke_of_York_1800-1820.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1265" data-file-height="1500" /></a><figcaption>Duke of York</figcaption></figure> <p>Prepared for a long battle, Jourdan reinforced Duquesnoy's division at Wattignies and ordered it to entrench. The Duke of York arrived from the northwest with 3,500 men to reinforce Coburg. The Austrian commander-in-chief had plenty of soldiers but the Prince of Orange denied a request to send any of his soldiers to the south side of the Sambre.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhipps2011257–258_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhipps2011257–258-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fearful of a sortie by the large garrison of Maubeuge, Coburg lifted the siege and retreated across the river at Hautmont and Buissière. Chancel recommended an attack on the retreating army but Ferrand declined to intervene.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECust1859156_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECust1859156-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Maubeuge garrison made a weak sortie on 15 October but remained inert the next day. On 17 October, the garrison sent out a column to the south to meet with Jourdan, instead of to the north after the retreating Coalition forces.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhipps2011258_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhipps2011258-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Coalition reported losses of 365 killed, 1,753 wounded and 369 captured or missing, a total of 2,487 casualties. French losses were estimated at 3,000.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDupuis1909193_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDupuis1909193-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another authority numbered French losses as 5,000 killed, wounded and missing. The Austrians sustained 2,500 killed and wounded while an additional 500 men were captured.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERothenberg1980247_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERothenberg1980247-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A third source also gave casualty figures of 5,000 French and 3,000 Austrians and added that the French lost 27 artillery pieces.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith199859_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith199859-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A fourth source estimated losses as 3,000 on each side.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECust1859156_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECust1859156-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For the poor performance of the Maubeuge garrison, Chancel was blamed, arrested, convicted and guillotined.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECust1859156_49-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECust1859156-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For the rout of his brigade, Gratien was arrested but eventually acquitted.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDupuis1909185–186_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDupuis1909185–186-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Claude_Lecourbe" title="Claude Lecourbe">Claude Lecourbe</a> distinguished himself in the attack on Wattignies on 16 October. <a href="/wiki/%C3%89douard_Mortier" class="mw-redirect" title="Édouard Mortier">Édouard Mortier</a> was wounded at Dourlers on 15 October.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhipps2011254–255_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhipps2011254–255-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Bernadotte" class="mw-redirect" title="Jean-Baptiste Bernadotte">Jean-Baptiste Bernadotte</a> fought in Balland's division and <a href="/wiki/Michel_Ney" title="Michel Ney">Michel Ney</a> was probably in Fromentin's division.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhipps2011250_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhipps2011250-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aftermath">Aftermath</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Wattignies&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Aftermath"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Jourdan did not follow up his victory; after adding the Maubeuge garrison, he had about 60,000 French soldiers, opposed by 65,000 well-entrenched Coalition troops on the north bank of the Sambre, from <a href="/wiki/Solesmes,_Nord" title="Solesmes, Nord">Solesmes</a> on the west to <a href="/wiki/Thuin" title="Thuin">Thuin</a> on the east. Though there was time for more operations, Coburg moved his army into winter quarters. While Jourdan was with the right wing of the <i>Army of the North</i>, the operations of the left wing under Davaine failed.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhipps2011264_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhipps2011264-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Davaine was tried and executed at the same time as Chancel.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhipps2011266_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhipps2011266-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Paris, Carnot demanded an advance on <a href="/wiki/Charleroi" title="Charleroi">Charleroi</a> and Jourdan tried to comply but found that the Coalition held all the river crossings and heavy rain had ruined the roads. After threatening to resign on 4 November, the army commander was recalled to Paris to speak with the Committee of Public Safety. This was the usual prelude to arrest and execution but Jourdan was allowed to return to the army and put his soldiers in winter quarters.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhipps2011269–270_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhipps2011269–270-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After reinforcing the <i><a href="/wiki/Army_of_the_West_(1793)" class="mw-redirect" title="Army of the West (1793)">Army of the West</a></i> and the <i><a href="/wiki/Army_of_the_Moselle" title="Army of the Moselle">Army of the Moselle</a></i> each with 10,000 men, time was wasted in denouncing generals Duquesnoy, Meyer and Gudin. On 10 January 1794, Jourdan was accused of not protecting the frontier and summoned again to Paris. He was passionately defended by Representative Duquesnoy before the Committee of Public Safety and only dismissed from the army.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhipps2011271–272_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhipps2011271–272-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Commentary">Commentary</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Wattignies&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Commentary"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Portrait_Lazare_Carnot.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Painting of a long-faced man with wavy brown hair. He wears a dark blue military coat with gold epaulettes." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Portrait_Lazare_Carnot.jpg/130px-Portrait_Lazare_Carnot.jpg" decoding="async" width="130" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Portrait_Lazare_Carnot.jpg/195px-Portrait_Lazare_Carnot.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Portrait_Lazare_Carnot.jpg/260px-Portrait_Lazare_Carnot.jpg 2x" data-file-width="601" data-file-height="771" /></a><figcaption>Lazare Carnot</figcaption></figure> <p>The Carnot version of history is evident in the <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_(1911)" class="mw-redirect" title="Encyclopædia Britannica (1911)"><i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i> (1911)</a> account: </p> <blockquote><p>Jourdan wished to renew the left attack, but Carnot, the engineer, considered the Wattignies plateau the key of the position and his opinion prevailed. In the night the nearly equal partition of force, which was largely responsible for the failure, was modified, and the strength of the attack massed opposite Wattignies.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Historian <a href="/wiki/Michael_Glover_(historian)" title="Michael Glover (historian)">Michael Glover</a> presented Carnot as a meddler and wrote of the politically powerful Committee of Public Safety member, </p> <blockquote><p>Carnot's talents as 'the organizer of victory' are beyond dispute, but his tactical skills were minimal, a defect he concealed by a careful rewriting of history. To drive away a poorly led covering force of 20,000 with the 45,000 available to the Army of the North should have posed no great problem, but the business was sadly bungled. Carnot insisted that there should be a double encircling movement, a favorite maneuver of his, combined with a frontal attack, thus carefully dispersing the French numerical superiority.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGlover1987160_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGlover1987160-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Carnot believed that General Duquesnoy was capable but recognized that Balland and Fromentin were not very good generals and had no use at all for Cordellier. Phipps pointed out that none of Jourdan's division commanders fought under <a href="/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Napoleon</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhipps2011262_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhipps2011262-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jourdan later noted that Coburg erred by placing the Army of Observation too close to Maubeuge. He asserted that if Coburg had defended Avesnes-sur-Helpe, the relief army would have been in difficulty. He thought that Benjowsky's force should have been posted at Obrechies.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhipps2011262_62-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhipps2011262-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A British observer, <a href="/wiki/Harry_Calvert" title="Harry Calvert">Harry Calvert</a> credited the powerful French artillery for the victory.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhipps2011261_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhipps2011261-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Louis_Alexandre_Andrault_de_Langeron" title="Louis Alexandre Andrault de Langeron">Louis Alexandre Andrault de Langeron</a>, a French Royalist who emigrated to the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a> attributed the Coalition failure to the Dunkirk expedition that split the army, the retreat from Maubeuge, chronic slowness and the "disastrous system of forming a cordon, which causes one to be weak everywhere".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhipps2011264_56-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhipps2011264-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Phipps summed up the failure of the Coalition with a <a href="/wiki/Cricket" title="Cricket">cricket</a> analogy. </p> <blockquote><p>The Allies totally failed to see that the best way to defend the length of the frontier was to concentrate and to crush Jourdan, and although they were well informed about his collecting troops at Guise, they allowed him to bring up slowly superior forces against one link of their long chain, as if their posts were so many players, each bound to defend his own wicket.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhipps2011261_63-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhipps2011261-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Footnotes">Footnotes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Wattignies&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Footnotes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhipps2011213-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhipps2011213_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPhipps2011">Phipps 2011</a>, p. 213.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith199848–49-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith199848–49_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSmith1998">Smith 1998</a>, pp. 48–49.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith199850–51-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith199850–51_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSmith1998">Smith 1998</a>, pp. 50–51.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhipps2011212–213-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhipps2011212–213_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPhipps2011">Phipps 2011</a>, pp. 212–213.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith199853–55-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith199853–55_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith199853–55_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSmith1998">Smith 1998</a>, pp. 53–55.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhipps2011241–242-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhipps2011241–242_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPhipps2011">Phipps 2011</a>, pp. 241–242.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhipps2011243-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhipps2011243_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPhipps2011">Phipps 2011</a>, p. 243.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhipps2011244–245-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhipps2011244–245_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPhipps2011">Phipps 2011</a>, pp. 244–245.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhipps2011189-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhipps2011189_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPhipps2011">Phipps 2011</a>, p. 189.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhipps2011246–247-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhipps2011246–247_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPhipps2011">Phipps 2011</a>, pp. 246–247.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhipps2011250-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhipps2011250_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhipps2011250_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPhipps2011">Phipps 2011</a>, p. 250.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith199858-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith199858_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSmith1998">Smith 1998</a>, p. 58.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDupuis190953-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDupuis190953_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDupuis1909">Dupuis 1909</a>, p. 53.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDupuis190954-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDupuis190954_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDupuis190954_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDupuis190954_14-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDupuis1909">Dupuis 1909</a>, p. 54.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhipps2011247-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhipps2011247_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPhipps2011">Phipps 2011</a>, p. 247.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhipps201128-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhipps201128_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPhipps2011">Phipps 2011</a>, p. 28.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDupuis190962–63-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDupuis190962–63_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDupuis1909">Dupuis 1909</a>, pp. 62–63.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDupuis190966–68-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDupuis190966–68_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDupuis1909">Dupuis 1909</a>, pp. 66–68.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDupuis190969–70-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDupuis190969–70_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDupuis1909">Dupuis 1909</a>, pp. 69–70.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDupuis190973–74-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDupuis190973–74_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDupuis1909">Dupuis 1909</a>, pp. 73–74.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECust1859153–154-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECust1859153–154_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCust1859">Cust 1859</a>, pp. 153–154.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhipps201122–23-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhipps201122–23_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPhipps2011">Phipps 2011</a>, pp. 22–23.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDupuis190989–90-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDupuis190989–90_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDupuis1909">Dupuis 1909</a>, pp. 89–90.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDupuis190991–94-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDupuis190991–94_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDupuis1909">Dupuis 1909</a>, pp. 91–94.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDupuis190995–97-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDupuis190995–97_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDupuis1909">Dupuis 1909</a>, pp. 95–97.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDupuis1909103–104-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDupuis1909103–104_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDupuis1909">Dupuis 1909</a>, pp. 103–104.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhipps2011256-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhipps2011256_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhipps2011256_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPhipps2011">Phipps 2011</a>, p. 256.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhipps2011252-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhipps2011252_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPhipps2011">Phipps 2011</a>, p. 252.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDupuis1909111–112-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDupuis1909111–112_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDupuis1909">Dupuis 1909</a>, pp. 111–112.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDupuis1909109-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDupuis1909109_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDupuis1909">Dupuis 1909</a>, p. 109.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECust1859154-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECust1859154_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECust1859154_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCust1859">Cust 1859</a>, p. 154.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDupuis1909113-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDupuis1909113_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDupuis1909">Dupuis 1909</a>, p. 113.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDupuis1909170-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDupuis1909170_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDupuis1909">Dupuis 1909</a>, p. 170.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDupuis1909169-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDupuis1909169_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDupuis1909">Dupuis 1909</a>, p. 169.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDupuis1909159–161-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDupuis1909159–161_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDupuis1909">Dupuis 1909</a>, pp. 159–161.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhipps2011163-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhipps2011163_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPhipps2011">Phipps 2011</a>, p. 163.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDupuis1909164–165-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDupuis1909164–165_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDupuis1909">Dupuis 1909</a>, pp. 164–165.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDupuis1909176–177-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDupuis1909176–177_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDupuis1909">Dupuis 1909</a>, pp. 176–177.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDupuis1909172-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDupuis1909172_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDupuis1909">Dupuis 1909</a>, p. 172.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhipps2011259-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhipps2011259_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPhipps2011">Phipps 2011</a>, p. 259.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDupuis1909173–175-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDupuis1909173–175_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDupuis1909">Dupuis 1909</a>, p. 173–175.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDupuis1909177–178-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDupuis1909177–178_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDupuis1909">Dupuis 1909</a>, pp. 177–178.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDupuis1909181-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDupuis1909181_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDupuis1909">Dupuis 1909</a>, p. 181.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDupuis1909184–187-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDupuis1909184–187_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDupuis1909">Dupuis 1909</a>, pp. 184–187.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDupuis1909187–188-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDupuis1909187–188_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDupuis1909">Dupuis 1909</a>, pp. 187–188.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhipps2011256–257-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhipps2011256–257_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPhipps2011">Phipps 2011</a>, pp. 256–257.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECust1859155-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECust1859155_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCust1859">Cust 1859</a>, p. 155.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhipps2011257–258-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhipps2011257–258_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPhipps2011">Phipps 2011</a>, pp. 257–258.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECust1859156-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECust1859156_49-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECust1859156_49-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECust1859156_49-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCust1859">Cust 1859</a>, p. 156.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhipps2011258-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhipps2011258_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPhipps2011">Phipps 2011</a>, p. 258.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDupuis1909193-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDupuis1909193_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDupuis1909">Dupuis 1909</a>, p. 193.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERothenberg1980247-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERothenberg1980247_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRothenberg1980">Rothenberg 1980</a>, p. 247.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith199859-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith199859_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSmith1998">Smith 1998</a>, p. 59.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDupuis1909185–186-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDupuis1909185–186_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDupuis1909">Dupuis 1909</a>, pp. 185–186.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhipps2011254–255-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhipps2011254–255_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPhipps2011">Phipps 2011</a>, pp. 254–255.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhipps2011264-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhipps2011264_56-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhipps2011264_56-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPhipps2011">Phipps 2011</a>, p. 264.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhipps2011266-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhipps2011266_57-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPhipps2011">Phipps 2011</a>, p. 266.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhipps2011269–270-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhipps2011269–270_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPhipps2011">Phipps 2011</a>, pp. 269–270.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhipps2011271–272-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhipps2011271–272_59-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPhipps2011">Phipps 2011</a>, pp. 271–272.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911_60-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChisholm1911">Chisholm 1911</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGlover1987160-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGlover1987160_61-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGlover1987">Glover 1987</a>, p. 160.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhipps2011262-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhipps2011262_62-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhipps2011262_62-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPhipps2011">Phipps 2011</a>, p. 262.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhipps2011261-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhipps2011261_63-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhipps2011261_63-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPhipps2011">Phipps 2011</a>, p. 261.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Wattignies&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFCust1859" class="citation web cs1">Cust, Edward (1859). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sNsGAAAAcAAJ">"Annals of the Wars: 1783–1795"</a>. London: Mitchell's Military Library. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/162602184">162602184</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 May</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Annals+of+the+Wars%3A+1783%E2%80%931795&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Mitchell%27s+Military+Library&rft.date=1859&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F162602184&rft.aulast=Cust&rft.aufirst=Edward&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsNsGAAAAcAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Wattignies" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChisholm1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a>, ed. (1911). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Wattignies"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Wattignies">"Wattignies" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 28 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 419.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Wattignies&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=419&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Wattignies" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDupuis1909" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Dupuis, Victor (1909). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k6564236m/f11.image">"La Campagne de 1793 à l'Armée du Nord et des Ardennes d'Hondtschoote à Wattignies"</a> (in French). Paris: Librairie Militaire R. Chapelot et Cie. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/772971230">772971230</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 May</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=La+Campagne+de+1793+%C3%A0+l%27Arm%C3%A9e+du+Nord+et+des+Ardennes+d%27Hondtschoote+%C3%A0+Wattignies&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=Librairie+Militaire+R.+Chapelot+et+Cie&rft.date=1909&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F772971230&rft.aulast=Dupuis&rft.aufirst=Victor&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgallica.bnf.fr%2Fark%3A%2F12148%2Fbpt6k6564236m%2Ff11.image&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Wattignies" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGlover1987" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Glover_(historian)" title="Michael Glover (historian)">Glover, Michael</a> (1987). "Jourdan: The True Patriot". In <a href="/wiki/David_G._Chandler" title="David G. Chandler">Chandler, David</a> (ed.). <i>Napoleon's Marshals</i>. New York: Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-02-905930-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-02-905930-5"><bdi>0-02-905930-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Jourdan%3A+The+True+Patriot&rft.btitle=Napoleon%27s+Marshals&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=0-02-905930-5&rft.aulast=Glover&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Wattignies" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPhipps2011" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ramsay_Weston_Phipps" title="Ramsay Weston Phipps">Phipps, Ramsay Weston</a> (2011). <i>The Armies of the First French Republic: The Armée du Nord</i>. Vol. I. US: Pickle Partners Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-908692-24-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-908692-24-5"><bdi>978-1-908692-24-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Armies+of+the+First+French+Republic%3A+The+Arm%C3%A9e+du+Nord&rft.place=US&rft.pub=Pickle+Partners+Publishing&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-908692-24-5&rft.aulast=Phipps&rft.aufirst=Ramsay+Weston&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Wattignies" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRothenberg1980" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Gunther_E._Rothenberg" title="Gunther E. Rothenberg">Rothenberg, Gunther E.</a> (1980). <i>The Art of War in the Age of Napoleon</i>. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-253-31076-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-253-31076-8"><bdi>0-253-31076-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Art+of+War+in+the+Age+of+Napoleon&rft.place=Bloomington&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=0-253-31076-8&rft.aulast=Rothenberg&rft.aufirst=Gunther+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Wattignies" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith1998" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Digby_Smith" title="Digby Smith">Smith, Digby</a> (1998). <i>The Napoleonic Wars Data Book</i>. London: Greenhill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85367-276-9" title="Special:BookSources/1-85367-276-9"><bdi>1-85367-276-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Napoleonic+Wars+Data+Book&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Greenhill&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=1-85367-276-9&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Digby&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Wattignies" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Wattignies&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Bataille_de_Wattignies" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Bataille de Wattignies">Bataille de Wattignies</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li></ul> <table class="wikitable" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:95%; clear: both;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;">Preceded by<br /><b><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Mainz_(1793)" title="Siege of Mainz (1793)">Siege of Mainz (1793)</a></b> </td> <td style="text-align: center;"><b>French Revolution: Revolutionary campaigns</b><br />Battle of Wattignies </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;">Succeeded by<br /><b><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hondschoote" title="Battle of Hondschoote">Battle of Hondschoote</a></b> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="French_Revolution" style=";wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:French_Revolution" title="Template:French Revolution"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:French_Revolution" title="Template talk:French Revolution"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:French_Revolution" title="Special:EditPage/Template:French Revolution"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="French_Revolution" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Causes_of_the_French_Revolution" title="Causes of the French Revolution">Causes</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_French_Revolution" title="Timeline of the French Revolution">Timeline</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Ancien_R%C3%A9gime" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancien Régime">Ancien Régime</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">Revolution</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_France_(1791%E2%80%9392)" title="Kingdom of France (1791–92)">Constitutional monarchy</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/French_First_Republic" title="French First Republic">Republic</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/French_Directory" title="French Directory">Directory</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/French_Consulate" title="French Consulate">Consulate</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_the_French_Revolution" title="Glossary of the French Revolution">Glossary</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_journals_appearing_under_the_French_Revolution" title="List of journals appearing under the French Revolution">Journals</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_de_la_R%C3%A9volution_fran%C3%A7aise" title="Musée de la Révolution française">Museum</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><div id="Significant_civil_and_political_events_by_year" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Significant civil and political events by year</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1788</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Day_of_the_Tiles" title="Day of the Tiles">Day of the Tiles</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(7 Jun 1788)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assembly_of_Vizille" title="Assembly of Vizille">Assembly of Vizille</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(21 Jul 1788)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1789</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/What_Is_the_Third_Estate%3F" title="What Is the Third Estate?">What Is the Third Estate?</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Jan 1789)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9veillon_riots" title="Réveillon riots">Réveillon riots</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(28 Apr 1789)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estates_General_of_1789" title="Estates General of 1789">Convocation of the Estates General</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(5 May 1789)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Joseph,_Dauphin_of_France#Illness" title="Louis Joseph, Dauphin of France">Death of the Dauphin</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(4 June 1789)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(French_Revolution)" title="National Assembly (French Revolution)">National Assembly</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(17 Jun – 9 Jul 1790)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tennis_Court_Oath" title="Tennis Court Oath">Tennis Court Oath</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(20 Jun 1789)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Constituent_Assembly_(France)" title="National Constituent Assembly (France)">National Constituent Assembly</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(9 Jul – 30 Sep 1791)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Storming_of_the_Bastille" title="Storming of the Bastille">Storming of the Bastille</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(14 Jul 1789)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Fear" title="Great Fear">Great Fear</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(20 Jul – 5 Aug 1789)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abolition_of_feudalism_in_France" title="Abolition of feudalism in France">Abolition of Feudalism</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(4–11 Aug 1789)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Declaration_of_the_Rights_of_Man_and_of_the_Citizen" title="Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen">Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(26 Aug 1789)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_March_on_Versailles" title="Women's March on Versailles">Women's March on Versailles</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(5 Oct 1789)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biens_nationaux" title="Biens nationaux">Nationalization of the Church properties</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2 Nov 1789)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1790</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parlement#Abolition" title="Parlement">Abolition of the Parlements</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Feb–Jul 1790)</span></li> <li>Abolition of the <a href="/wiki/French_nobility#The_abolition_of_privileges_during_the_French_Revolution" title="French nobility">Nobility</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(23 Jun 1790)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_Constitution_of_the_Clergy" title="Civil Constitution of the Clergy">Civil Constitution of the Clergy</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(12 Jul 1790)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/F%C3%AAte_de_la_F%C3%A9d%C3%A9ration" title="Fête de la Fédération">Fête de la Fédération</a></i> <small>(14 Jul 1790)</small></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1791</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flight_to_Varennes" title="Flight to Varennes">Flight to Varennes</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(20–21 Jun 1791)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Champ_de_Mars_massacre" title="Champ de Mars massacre">Champ de Mars massacre</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(17 Jul 1791)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Declaration_of_Pillnitz" title="Declaration of Pillnitz">Declaration of Pillnitz</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(27 Aug 1791)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Constitution_of_1791" title="French Constitution of 1791">The Constitution of 1791</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(3 Sep 1791)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legislative_Assembly_(France)" title="Legislative Assembly (France)">National Legislative Assembly</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1 Oct 1791 – Sep 1792)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1792</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_First_Coalition" title="War of the First Coalition">France declares war</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(20 Apr 1792)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brunswick_Manifesto" title="Brunswick Manifesto">Brunswick Manifesto</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(25 Jul 1792)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paris_Commune_(1789%E2%80%931795)" title="Paris Commune (1789–1795)">Paris Commune becomes insurrectionary</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Jun 1792)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurrection_of_10_August_1792" title="Insurrection of 10 August 1792">10th of August</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(10 Aug 1792)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_Massacres" title="September Massacres">September Massacres</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Sep 1792)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Convention" title="National Convention">National Convention</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(20 Sep 1792 – 26 Oct 1795)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_First_Republic" title="French First Republic">First republic declared</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(22 Sep 1792)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1793</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Execution_of_Louis_XVI" title="Execution of Louis XVI">Execution of Louis XVI</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(21 Jan 1793)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Tribunal" title="Revolutionary Tribunal">Revolutionary Tribunal</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(9 Mar 1793 – 31 May 1795)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reign_of_Terror" title="Reign of Terror">Reign of Terror</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(27 Jun 1793 – 27 Jul 1794)</span> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Committee_of_Public_Safety" title="Committee of Public Safety">Committee of Public Safety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Committee_of_General_Security" title="Committee of General Security">Committee of General Security</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurrection_of_31_May_%E2%80%93_2_June_1793" title="Insurrection of 31 May – 2 June 1793">Fall of the Girondists</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2 Jun 1793)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Paul_Marat#Death" title="Jean-Paul Marat">Assassination of Marat</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(13 Jul 1793)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lev%C3%A9e_en_masse" title="Levée en masse">Levée en masse</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(23 Aug 1793)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Death_of_Marat" title="The Death of Marat">The Death of Marat</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(painting)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_Suspects" title="Law of Suspects">Law of Suspects</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(17 Sep 1793)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marie_Antoinette#Trial_and_execution_(14–16_October_1793)" title="Marie Antoinette">Marie Antoinette is guillotined</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(16 Oct 1793)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dechristianization_of_France_during_the_French_Revolution#The_Revolution_and_the_Church" title="Dechristianization of France during the French Revolution">Anti-clerical laws</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(throughout the year)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1794</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Danton#Life" title="Georges Danton">Danton</a> and <a href="/wiki/Camille_Desmoulins#Trial_and_execution" title="Camille Desmoulins">Desmoulins guillotined</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(5 Apr 1794)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_22_Prairial" title="Law of 22 Prairial">Law of 22 Prairial</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(10 Jun 1794)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermidorian_Reaction" title="Thermidorian Reaction">Thermidorian Reaction</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(27 Jul 1794)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximilien_Robespierre" title="Maximilien Robespierre">Robespierre</a> guillotined <span style="font-size:85%;">(28 Jul 1794)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_White_Terror" title="First White Terror">White Terror</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Fall 1794)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacobins#Fall_from_power" title="Jacobins">Closing of the Jacobin Club</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(11 Nov 1794)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1795–6</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Insurrection_of_12_Germinal_Year_III" title="Insurrection of 12 Germinal Year III">Insurrection of 12 Germinal Year III</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1 Apr 1795)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Year_III" title="Constitution of the Year III">Constitution of the Year III</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(22 Aug 1795)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Directory" title="French Directory">Directoire</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1795–99)</span> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Five_Hundred" title="Council of Five Hundred">Council of Five Hundred</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Ancients" title="Council of Ancients">Council of Ancients</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/13_Vend%C3%A9miaire" title="13 Vendémiaire">13 Vendémiaire</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">5 Oct 1795</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conspiracy_of_the_Equals" title="Conspiracy of the Equals">Conspiracy of the Equals</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(May 1796)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1797</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coup_of_18_Fructidor" title="Coup of 18 Fructidor">Coup of 18 Fructidor</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(4 Sep 1797)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Congress_of_Rastatt" title="Second Congress of Rastatt">Second Congress of Rastatt</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Dec 1797)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1798</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_22_Flor%C3%A9al_Year_VI" title="Law of 22 Floréal Year VI">Law of 22 Floréal Year VI</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(11 May 1798)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1799</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coup_of_30_Prairial_VII" title="Coup of 30 Prairial VII">Coup of 30 Prairial VII</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(18 Jun 1799)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coup_of_18_Brumaire" title="Coup of 18 Brumaire">Coup of 18 Brumaire</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(9 Nov 1799)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Year_VIII" title="Constitution of the Year VIII">Constitution of the Year VIII</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(24 Dec 1799)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Consulate" title="French Consulate">Consulate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><div id="Revolutionary_campaigns" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Revolutionary campaigns</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Campaigns_of_1792_in_the_French_Revolutionary_Wars" title="Campaigns of 1792 in the French Revolutionary Wars">1792</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Verdun_(1792)" title="Battle of Verdun (1792)">Verdun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Thionville_(1792)" title="Siege of Thionville (1792)">Thionville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Valmy" title="Battle of Valmy">Valmy</a></li> <li>Royalist Revolts <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chouannerie" title="Chouannerie">Chouannerie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_the_Vend%C3%A9e" title="War in the Vendée">Vendée</a></li> <li>Dauphiné</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Column_of_the_Goddess" title="Column of the Goddess">Lille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Mainz_(1792)" title="Siege of Mainz (1792)">Siege of Mainz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Jemappes" title="Battle of Jemappes">Jemappes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Namur_(1792)" title="Siege of Namur (1792)">Namur</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Si%C3%A8ge_de_Namur_(1792)" class="extiw" title="fr:Siège de Namur (1792)">fr</a>]</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Campaigns_of_1793_in_the_French_Revolutionary_Wars" title="Campaigns of 1793 in the French Revolutionary Wars">1793</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_First_Coalition" title="War of the First Coalition">First Coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_the_Vend%C3%A9e" title="War in the Vendée">War in the Vendée</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Neerwinden_(1793)" title="Battle of Neerwinden (1793)">Battle of Neerwinden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Famars" title="Battle of Famars">Battle of Famars</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(23 May 1793)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_expedition_to_Sardinia" title="French expedition to Sardinia">Expedition to Sardinia</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(21 Dec 1792 - 25 May 1793)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kaiserslautern" title="Battle of Kaiserslautern">Battle of Kaiserslautern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Mainz_(1793)" title="Siege of Mainz (1793)">Siege of Mainz</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Battle of Wattignies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hondschoote" title="Battle of Hondschoote">Battle of Hondschoote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Bellegarde_(1793)" title="Siege of Bellegarde (1793)">Siege of Bellegarde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Peyrestortes" title="Battle of Peyrestortes">Battle of Peyrestortes (Pyrenees)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Toulon" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Toulon">Siege of Toulon</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(18 Sep – 18 Dec 1793)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Wissembourg_(1793)" class="mw-redirect" title="First Battle of Wissembourg (1793)">First Battle of Wissembourg</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(13 Oct 1793)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Truillas" title="Battle of Truillas">Battle of Truillas (Pyrenees)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Wissembourg_(1793)" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Battle of Wissembourg (1793)">Second Battle of Wissembourg</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(26–27 Dec 1793)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Campaigns_of_1794_in_the_French_Revolutionary_Wars" title="Campaigns of 1794 in the French Revolutionary Wars">1794</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Villers-en-Cauchies" title="Battle of Villers-en-Cauchies">Battle of Villers-en-Cauchies</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(24 Apr 1794)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Boulou" title="Second Battle of Boulou">Second Battle of Boulou</a> (Pyrenees) <span style="font-size:85%;">(30 Apr – 1 May 1794)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tourcoing" title="Battle of Tourcoing">Battle of Tourcoing</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(18 May 1794)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tournay_(1794)" title="Battle of Tournay (1794)">Battle of Tournay</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(22 May 1794)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glorious_First_of_June" title="Glorious First of June">Glorious First of June</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1 Jun 1794)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fleurus_(1794)" title="Battle of Fleurus (1794)">Battle of Fleurus</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(26 Jun 1794)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chouannerie" title="Chouannerie">Chouannerie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Aldenhoven_(1794)" title="Battle of Aldenhoven (1794)">Battle of Aldenhoven</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2 Oct 1794)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Luxembourg_(1794-95)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Luxembourg (1794-95)">Siege of Luxembourg</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(22 Nov 1794 - 7 Jun 1795)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Campaigns_of_1795_in_the_French_Revolutionary_Wars" title="Campaigns of 1795 in the French Revolutionary Wars">1795</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Luxembourg_(1794-95)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Luxembourg (1794-95)">Siege of Luxembourg</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(22 Nov 1794 - 7 Jun 1795)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_of_Basel" title="Peace of Basel">Peace of Basel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Campaigns_of_1796_in_the_French_Revolutionary_Wars" title="Campaigns of 1796 in the French Revolutionary Wars">1796</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Campaign_of_1796%E2%80%931797" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Campaign of 1796–1797">Italian campaign</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1796)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lonato" title="Battle of Lonato">Battle of Lonato</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(3–4 Aug 1796)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Castiglione" title="Battle of Castiglione">Battle of Castiglione</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(5 Aug 1796)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Theiningen" title="Battle of Theiningen">Battle of Theiningen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Neresheim" title="Battle of Neresheim">Battle of Neresheim</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(11 Aug 1796)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Amberg" title="Battle of Amberg">Battle of Amberg</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(24 Aug 1796)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_W%C3%BCrzburg" title="Battle of Würzburg">Battle of Würzburg</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(3 Sep 1796)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rovereto" title="Battle of Rovereto">Battle of Rovereto</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(4 Sep 1796)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bassano" title="Battle of Bassano">First Battle of Bassano</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(8 Sep 1796)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Emmendingen" title="Battle of Emmendingen">Battle of Emmendingen</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(19 Oct 1796)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Schliengen" title="Battle of Schliengen">Battle of Schliengen</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(26 Oct 1796)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Bassano" title="Second Battle of Bassano">Second Battle of Bassano</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(6 Nov 1796)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Calliano" title="Battle of Calliano">Battle of Calliano</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(6–7 Nov 1796)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Arcole" title="Battle of Arcole">Battle of Arcole</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(15–17 Nov 1796)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_expedition_to_Ireland_(1796)" title="French expedition to Ireland (1796)">Ireland expedition</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Dec 1796)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Campaigns_of_1797_in_the_French_Revolutionary_Wars" title="Campaigns of 1797 in the French Revolutionary Wars">1797</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Campaign_of_1796-1797" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Campaign of 1796-1797">Italian campaign</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1797)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_13_January_1797" title="Action of 13 January 1797">Naval Engagement off Brittany</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(13 Jan 1797)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rivoli" title="Battle of Rivoli">Battle of Rivoli</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(14–15 Jan 1797)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_25_January_1797" title="Action of 25 January 1797">Battle of the Bay of Cádiz</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(25 Jan 1797)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Leoben" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty of Leoben">Treaty of Leoben</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(17 Apr 1797)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Neuwied_(1797)" title="Battle of Neuwied (1797)">Battle of Neuwied</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(18 Apr 1797)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Campo_Formio" title="Treaty of Campo Formio">Treaty of Campo Formio</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(17 Oct 1797)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Campaigns_of_1798_in_the_French_Revolutionary_Wars" title="Campaigns of 1798 in the French Revolutionary Wars">1798</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_invasion_of_Switzerland" title="French invasion of Switzerland">French invasion of Switzerland</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(28 January – 17 May 1798)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_campaign_in_Egypt_and_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="French campaign in Egypt and Syria">French Invasion of Egypt</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1798–1801)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Rebellion_of_1798#French_landing" title="Irish Rebellion of 1798">Irish Rebellion of 1798</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(23 May – 23 Sep 1798)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quasi-War" title="Quasi-War">Quasi-War</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1798–1800)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peasants%27_War_(1798)" title="Peasants' War (1798)">Peasants' War</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(12 Oct – 5 Dec 1798)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Campaigns_of_1799_in_the_French_Revolutionary_Wars" title="Campaigns of 1799 in the French Revolutionary Wars">1799</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Second_Coalition" title="War of the Second Coalition">Second Coalition</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1798–1802)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Acre_(1799)" title="Siege of Acre (1799)">Siege of Acre</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(20 Mar – 21 May 1799)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ostrach" title="Battle of Ostrach">Battle of Ostrach</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(20–21 Mar 1799)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Stockach_(1799)" title="Battle of Stockach (1799)">Battle of Stockach</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(25 Mar 1799)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Magnano" title="Battle of Magnano">Battle of Magnano</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(5 Apr 1799)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cassano_(1799)" title="Battle of Cassano (1799)">Battle of Cassano</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(27–28 Apr 1799)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Zurich" title="First Battle of Zurich">First Battle of Zurich</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(4–7 Jun 1799)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Trebbia_(1799)" title="Battle of Trebbia (1799)">Battle of Trebbia</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(17–20 Jun 1799)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Novi_(1799)" title="Battle of Novi (1799)">Battle of Novi</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(15 Aug 1799)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Zurich" title="Second Battle of Zurich">Second Battle of Zurich</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(25–26 Sep 1799)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Campaigns_of_1800_in_the_French_Revolutionary_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Campaigns of 1800 in the French Revolutionary Wars">1800</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Marengo" title="Battle of Marengo">Battle of Marengo</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(14 Jun 1800)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convention_of_Alessandria" title="Convention of Alessandria">Convention of Alessandria</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(15 Jun 1800)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hohenlinden" title="Battle of Hohenlinden">Battle of Hohenlinden</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(3 Dec 1800)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_League_of_Armed_Neutrality" title="Second League of Armed Neutrality">League of Armed Neutrality</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1800–02)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Campaigns_of_1801_in_the_French_Revolutionary_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Campaigns of 1801 in the French Revolutionary Wars">1801</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Lun%C3%A9ville" title="Treaty of Lunéville">Treaty of Lunéville</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(9 Feb 1801)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Florence" title="Treaty of Florence">Treaty of Florence</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(18 Mar 1801)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algeciras_campaign" title="Algeciras campaign">Algeciras campaign</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(8 Jul 1801)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1802</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Amiens" title="Treaty of Amiens">Treaty of Amiens</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(25 Mar 1802)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1802)" title="Treaty of Paris (1802)">Treaty of Paris</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(25 Jun 1802)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><div id="Military_leaders" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Military leaders</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/French_First_Republic" title="French First Republic"><img alt="French First Republic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_France_official.svg/23px-Flag_of_France_official.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_France_official.svg/35px-Flag_of_France_official.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_France_official.svg/45px-Flag_of_France_official.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/French_First_Republic" title="French First Republic">France</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/French_Revolutionary_Army" title="French Revolutionary Army">French Army</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eustache_Charles_d%27Aoust" title="Eustache Charles d'Aoust">Eustache Charles d'Aoust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Augereau" class="mw-redirect" title="Pierre Augereau">Pierre Augereau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandre_de_Beauharnais" title="Alexandre de Beauharnais">Alexandre de Beauharnais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_XIV_John" title="Charles XIV John">Jean-Baptiste Bernadotte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis-Alexandre_Berthier" title="Louis-Alexandre Berthier">Louis-Alexandre Berthier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Bessi%C3%A8res" title="Jean-Baptiste Bessières">Jean-Baptiste Bessières</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Napoléon Bonaparte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guillaume_Brune" title="Guillaume Brune">Guillaume Brune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Fran%C3%A7ois_Carteaux" title="Jean François Carteaux">Jean François Carteaux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-%C3%89tienne_Championnet" title="Jean-Étienne Championnet">Jean-Étienne Championnet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Bertin_Gaston_Chapuis_de_Tourville" title="Charles Bertin Gaston Chapuis de Tourville">Chapuis de Tourville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Philippe,_Comte_de_Custine" title="Adam Philippe, Comte de Custine">Adam Philippe, Comte de Custine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis-Nicolas_Davout" title="Louis-Nicolas Davout">Louis-Nicolas Davout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Desaix" title="Louis Desaix">Louis Desaix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Fran%C3%A7ois_Dugommier" title="Jacques François Dugommier">Jacques François Dugommier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas-Alexandre_Dumas" title="Thomas-Alexandre Dumas">Thomas-Alexandre Dumas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Fran%C3%A7ois_Dumouriez" title="Charles François Dumouriez">Charles François Dumouriez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Marie_Barth%C3%A9lemy_Ferino" title="Pierre Marie Barthélemy Ferino">Pierre Marie Barthélemy Ferino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis-Charles_de_Flers" title="Louis-Charles de Flers">Louis-Charles de Flers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Grenier" title="Paul Grenier">Paul Grenier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_de_Grouchy,_marquis_de_Grouchy" title="Emmanuel de Grouchy, marquis de Grouchy">Emmanuel de Grouchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Maurice_Hatry" title="Jacques Maurice Hatry">Jacques Maurice Hatry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lazare_Hoche" title="Lazare Hoche">Lazare Hoche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Jourdan" title="Jean-Baptiste Jourdan">Jean-Baptiste Jourdan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Christophe_de_Kellermann" title="François Christophe de Kellermann">François Christophe de Kellermann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Kl%C3%A9ber" title="Jean-Baptiste Kléber">Jean-Baptiste Kléber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Choderlos_de_Laclos" title="Pierre Choderlos de Laclos">Pierre Choderlos de Laclos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Lannes" title="Jean Lannes">Jean Lannes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Leclerc_(general,_born_1772)" title="Charles Leclerc (general, born 1772)">Charles Leclerc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Lecourbe" title="Claude Lecourbe">Claude Lecourbe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Joseph_Lefebvre" title="François Joseph Lefebvre">François Joseph Lefebvre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_Macdonald" title="Étienne Macdonald">Étienne Macdonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Antoine_Marbot" title="Jean-Antoine Marbot">Jean-Antoine Marbot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcellin_Marbot" title="Marcellin Marbot">Marcellin Marbot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_S%C3%A9verin_Marceau" title="François Séverin Marceau">François Séverin Marceau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auguste_de_Marmont" title="Auguste de Marmont">Auguste de Marmont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Mass%C3%A9na" title="André Masséna">André Masséna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bon-Adrien_Jeannot_de_Moncey" title="Bon-Adrien Jeannot de Moncey">Bon-Adrien Jeannot de Moncey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Victor_Marie_Moreau" title="Jean Victor Marie Moreau">Jean Victor Marie Moreau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89douard_Mortier,_Duke_of_Tr%C3%A9vise" class="mw-redirect" title="Édouard Mortier, Duke of Trévise">Édouard Mortier, Duke of Trévise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joachim_Murat" title="Joachim Murat">Joachim Murat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_Ney" title="Michel Ney">Michel Ney</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pierre-Jacques_Osten&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pierre-Jacques Osten (page does not exist)">Pierre-Jacques Osten</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre-Jacques_Osten" class="extiw" title="fr:Pierre-Jacques Osten">fr</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Oudinot" title="Nicolas Oudinot">Nicolas Oudinot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catherine-Dominique_de_P%C3%A9rignon" title="Catherine-Dominique de Pérignon">Catherine-Dominique de Pérignon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Charles_Pichegru" title="Jean-Charles Pichegru">Jean-Charles Pichegru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%B3zef_Poniatowski" title="Józef Poniatowski">Józef Poniatowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laurent_de_Gouvion_Saint-Cyr" title="Laurent de Gouvion Saint-Cyr">Laurent de Gouvion Saint-Cyr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barth%C3%A9lemy_Louis_Joseph_Sch%C3%A9rer" title="Barthélemy Louis Joseph Schérer">Barthélemy Louis Joseph Schérer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Mathieu-Philibert_S%C3%A9rurier" title="Jean-Mathieu-Philibert Sérurier">Jean-Mathieu-Philibert Sérurier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Souham" title="Joseph Souham">Joseph Souham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-de-Dieu_Soult" title="Jean-de-Dieu Soult">Jean-de-Dieu Soult</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis-Gabriel_Suchet" title="Louis-Gabriel Suchet">Louis-Gabriel Suchet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude-Henri_Belgrand_de_Vaubois" title="Claude-Henri Belgrand de Vaubois">Belgrand de Vaubois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude-Victor_Perrin" title="Claude-Victor Perrin">Claude Victor-Perrin, Duc de Belluno</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/French_Navy#18th_century" title="French Navy">French Navy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles-Alexandre_L%C3%A9on_Durand_Linois" title="Charles-Alexandre Léon Durand Linois">Charles-Alexandre Linois</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Coalition_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Coalition Wars">Opposition</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Austrian_Empire" title="Austrian Empire"><img alt="Austrian Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Austrian_Empire" title="Austrian Empire">Austria</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%B3zsef_Alvinczi" title="József Alvinczi">József Alvinczi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archduke_Charles,_Duke_of_Teschen" title="Archduke Charles, Duke of Teschen">Archduke Charles, Duke of Teschen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_S%C3%A9bastien_Charles_Joseph_de_Croix,_Count_of_Clerfayt" title="François Sébastien Charles Joseph de Croix, Count of Clerfayt">Count of Clerfayt <span style="font-size:85%;">(Walloon)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Aloys_zu_F%C3%BCrstenberg" title="Karl Aloys zu Fürstenberg">Karl Aloys zu Fürstenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Freiherr_von_Hotze" title="Friedrich Freiherr von Hotze">Friedrich Freiherr von Hotze <span style="font-size:85%;">(Swiss)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Adolf,_Count_von_Kalckreuth" title="Friedrich Adolf, Count von Kalckreuth">Friedrich Adolf, Count von Kalckreuth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Kray" title="Paul Kray">Pál Kray <span style="font-size:85%;">(Hungarian)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Eugene,_Prince_of_Lambesc" title="Charles Eugene, Prince of Lambesc">Charles Eugene, Prince of Lambesc <span style="font-size:85%;">(French)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximilian_Anton_Karl,_Count_Baillet_de_Latour" title="Maximilian Anton Karl, Count Baillet de Latour">Maximilian Baillet de Latour <span style="font-size:85%;">(Walloon)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Mack_von_Leiberich" title="Karl Mack von Leiberich">Karl Mack von Leiberich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Ritter_von_Otto" title="Rudolf Ritter von Otto">Rudolf Ritter von Otto <span style="font-size:85%;">(Saxon)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Josias_of_Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld" title="Prince Josias of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld">Prince Josias of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Vitus_von_Quosdanovich" title="Peter Vitus von Quosdanovich">Peter Vitus von Quosdanovich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Heinrich_XV_of_Reuss-Plauen" class="mw-redirect" title="Prince Heinrich XV of Reuss-Plauen">Prince Heinrich XV of Reuss-Plauen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_M%C3%A9sz%C3%A1ros_von_Szoboszl%C3%B3" title="Johann Mészáros von Szoboszló">Johann Mészáros von Szoboszló <span style="font-size:85%;">(Hungarian)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Philipp_Sebottendorf" title="Karl Philipp Sebottendorf">Karl Philipp Sebottendorf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dagobert_Sigmund_von_Wurmser" title="Dagobert Sigmund von Wurmser">Dagobert von Wurmser</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britain" title="Kingdom of Great Britain"><img alt="Kingdom of Great Britain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britain" title="Kingdom of Great Britain">Britain</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sir" title="Sir">Sir</a> <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Abercromby" title="Ralph Abercromby">Ralph Abercromby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Saumarez,_1st_Baron_de_Saumarez" title="James Saumarez, 1st Baron de Saumarez">James Saumarez, 1st Baron de Saumarez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Pellew,_1st_Viscount_Exmouth" title="Edward Pellew, 1st Viscount Exmouth">Edward Pellew, 1st Viscount Exmouth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Frederick,_Duke_of_York_and_Albany" title="Prince Frederick, Duke of York and Albany">Prince Frederick, Duke of York and Albany</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Republic" title="Dutch Republic"><img alt="Dutch Republic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Statenvlag.svg/23px-Statenvlag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Statenvlag.svg/35px-Statenvlag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Statenvlag.svg/45px-Statenvlag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Republic" title="Dutch Republic">Netherlands</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_V,_Prince_of_Orange" title="William V, Prince of Orange">William V, Prince of Orange</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia" title="Kingdom of Prussia"><img alt="Kingdom of Prussia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281803-1892%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281803-1892%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281803-1892%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281803-1892%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281803-1892%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281803-1892%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia" title="Kingdom of Prussia">Prussia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_William_Ferdinand,_Duke_of_Brunswick" title="Charles William Ferdinand, Duke of Brunswick">Charles William Ferdinand, Duke of Brunswick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Louis,_Prince_of_Hohenlohe-Ingelfingen" class="mw-redirect" title="Frederick Louis, Prince of Hohenlohe-Ingelfingen">Frederick Louis, Prince of Hohenlohe-Ingelfingen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire"><img alt="Russian Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Korsakov" title="Alexander Korsakov">Alexander Korsakov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Suvorov" title="Alexander Suvorov">Alexander Suvorov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrei_Rosenberg" title="Andrei Rosenberg">Andrei Rosenberg</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain"><img alt="Spain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/History_of_Spain_(1700%E2%80%931810)#Charles_IV,_decline_and_fall_(1788–1808)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Spain (1700–1810)">Spain</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Luis_Firm%C3%ADn_de_Carvajal,_Conde_de_la_Uni%C3%B3n" class="mw-redirect" title="Luis Firmín de Carvajal, Conde de la Unión">Luis Firmin de Carvajal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Ricardos" title="Antonio Ricardos">Antonio Ricardos</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><div id="Other_significant_figures_and_factions" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Other significant figures and factions</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Patriotic_Society_of_1789" title="Patriotic Society of 1789">Patriotic Society of 1789</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Sylvain_Bailly" title="Jean Sylvain Bailly">Jean Sylvain Bailly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_du_Motier,_Marquis_de_Lafayette" title="Gilbert du Motier, Marquis de Lafayette">Gilbert du Motier, Marquis de Lafayette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Alexandre_Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric,_duc_de_la_Rochefoucauld-Liancourt" class="mw-redirect" title="François Alexandre Frédéric, duc de la Rochefoucauld-Liancourt">François Alexandre Frédéric, duc de la Rochefoucauld-Liancourt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_Ren%C3%A9_Guy_le_Chapelier" title="Isaac René Guy le Chapelier">Isaac René Guy le Chapelier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honor%C3%A9_Gabriel_Riqueti,_comte_de_Mirabeau" title="Honoré Gabriel Riqueti, comte de Mirabeau">Honoré Gabriel Riqueti, comte de Mirabeau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_Joseph_Siey%C3%A8s" title="Emmanuel Joseph Sieyès">Emmanuel Joseph Sieyès</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Maurice_de_Talleyrand-P%C3%A9rigord" title="Charles Maurice de Talleyrand-Périgord">Charles Maurice de Talleyrand-Périgord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marquis_de_Condorcet" title="Marquis de Condorcet">Nicolas de Condorcet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Feuillant_(political_group)" title="Feuillant (political group)">Feuillants</a><br />and <i><a href="/wiki/Club_de_Clichy" title="Club de Clichy">monarchiens</a></i></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grace_Elliott" title="Grace Elliott">Grace Elliott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arnaud_II_de_La_Porte" title="Arnaud II de La Porte">Arnaud de La Porte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Sifrein_Maury" title="Jean-Sifrein Maury">Jean-Sifrein Maury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-Marie,_marquis_de_Barth%C3%A9lemy" title="François-Marie, marquis de Barthélemy">François-Marie, marquis de Barthélemy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guillaume-Mathieu_Dumas" title="Guillaume-Mathieu Dumas">Guillaume-Mathieu Dumas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoine_Barnave" title="Antoine Barnave">Antoine Barnave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_du_Motier,_Marquis_de_Lafayette" title="Gilbert du Motier, Marquis de Lafayette">Lafayette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandre-Th%C3%A9odore-Victor,_comte_de_Lameth" title="Alexandre-Théodore-Victor, comte de Lameth">Alexandre-Théodore-Victor, comte de Lameth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Malo_Fran%C3%A7ois_Lameth" title="Charles Malo François Lameth">Charles Malo François Lameth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Ch%C3%A9nier" title="André Chénier">André Chénier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois_Rewbell" title="Jean-François Rewbell">Jean-François Rewbell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camille_Jordan_(politician)" title="Camille Jordan (politician)">Camille Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germaine_de_Sta%C3%ABl" title="Germaine de Staël">Madame de Staël</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Antoine_de_Boissy_d%27Anglas" title="François Antoine de Boissy d'Anglas">Boissy d'Anglas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Charles_Pichegru" title="Jean-Charles Pichegru">Jean-Charles Pichegru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Paul_Royer-Collard" title="Pierre Paul Royer-Collard">Pierre Paul Royer-Collard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bertrand_Bar%C3%A8re" title="Bertrand Barère">Bertrand Barère de Vieuzac</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Girondins" title="Girondins">Girondins</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Pierre_Brissot" title="Jacques Pierre Brissot">Jacques Pierre Brissot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Marie_Roland_de_la_Plati%C3%A8re" title="Jean-Marie Roland de la Platière">Jean-Marie Roland de la Platière</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madame_Roland" title="Madame Roland">Madame Roland</a></li> <li>Father <a href="/wiki/Henri_Gr%C3%A9goire" title="Henri Grégoire">Henri Grégoire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_Clavi%C3%A8re" title="Étienne Clavière">Étienne Clavière</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marquis_de_Condorcet" title="Marquis de Condorcet">Marquis de Condorcet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlotte_Corday" title="Charlotte Corday">Charlotte Corday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marie-Jean_H%C3%A9rault_de_S%C3%A9chelles" title="Marie-Jean Hérault de Séchelles">Marie Jean Hérault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Baptiste_Treilhard" title="Jean Baptiste Treilhard">Jean Baptiste Treilhard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Victurnien_Vergniaud" title="Pierre Victurnien Vergniaud">Pierre Victurnien Vergniaud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%A9r%C3%B4me_P%C3%A9tion_de_Villeneuve" title="Jérôme Pétion de Villeneuve">Jérôme Pétion de Villeneuve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Debry" title="Jean Debry">Jean Debry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olympe_de_Gouges" title="Olympe de Gouges">Olympe de Gouges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Robert_Lindet" title="Jean-Baptiste Robert Lindet">Jean-Baptiste Robert Lindet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Marie_de_La_R%C3%A9velli%C3%A8re-L%C3%A9peaux" title="Louis Marie de La Révellière-Lépeaux">Louis Marie de La Révellière-Lépeaux</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/The_Plain" title="The Plain">The Plain</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_Joseph_Siey%C3%A8s" title="Emmanuel Joseph Sieyès">Abbé Sieyès</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Jacques_R%C3%A9gis_de_Cambac%C3%A9r%C3%A8s" class="mw-redirect" title="Jean Jacques Régis de Cambacérès">de Cambacérès</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles-Fran%C3%A7ois_Lebrun" title="Charles-François Lebrun">Charles-François Lebrun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre-Joseph_Cambon" title="Pierre-Joseph Cambon">Pierre-Joseph Cambon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bertrand_Bar%C3%A8re" title="Bertrand Barère">Bertrand Barère</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lazare_Carnot" title="Lazare Carnot">Lazare Nicolas Marguerite Carnot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Philippe_II,_Duke_of_Orl%C3%A9ans" title="Louis Philippe II, Duke of Orléans">Philippe Égalité</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Philippe_I" title="Louis Philippe I">Louis Philippe I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honor%C3%A9_Gabriel_Riqueti,_comte_de_Mirabeau" title="Honoré Gabriel Riqueti, comte de Mirabeau">Mirabeau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoine_Christophe_Merlin" title="Antoine Christophe Merlin">Antoine Christophe Merlin de Thionville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Joseph_Mounier" title="Jean Joseph Mounier">Jean Joseph Mounier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Samuel_du_Pont_de_Nemours" title="Pierre Samuel du Pont de Nemours">Pierre Samuel du Pont de Nemours</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_de_Neufch%C3%A2teau" class="mw-redirect" title="François de Neufchâteau">François de Neufchâteau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/The_Mountain" title="The Mountain">Montagnards</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maximilien_Robespierre" title="Maximilien Robespierre">Maximilien Robespierre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Danton" title="Georges Danton">Georges Danton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Paul_Marat" title="Jean-Paul Marat">Jean-Paul Marat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camille_Desmoulins" title="Camille Desmoulins">Camille Desmoulins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Antoine_de_Saint-Just" title="Louis Antoine de Saint-Just">Louis Antoine de Saint-Just</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Barras" title="Paul Barras">Paul Barras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Philippe_I" title="Louis Philippe I">Louis Philippe I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis-Michel_le_Peletier,_marquis_de_Saint-Fargeau" title="Louis-Michel le Peletier, marquis de Saint-Fargeau">Louis Michel le Peletier de Saint-Fargeau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques-Louis_David" title="Jacques-Louis David">Jacques-Louis David</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marquis_de_Sade" title="Marquis de Sade">Marquis de Sade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Couthon" title="Georges Couthon">Georges Couthon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Ducos" title="Roger Ducos">Roger Ducos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Marie_Collot_d%27Herbois" title="Jean-Marie Collot d'Herbois">Jean-Marie Collot d'Herbois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Henri_Voulland" title="Jean-Henri Voulland">Jean-Henri Voulland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippe-Antoine_Merlin_de_Douai" title="Philippe-Antoine Merlin de Douai">Philippe-Antoine Merlin de Douai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoine_Quentin_Fouquier-Tinville" title="Antoine Quentin Fouquier-Tinville">Antoine Quentin Fouquier-Tinville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippe-Fran%C3%A7ois-Joseph_Le_Bas" title="Philippe-François-Joseph Le Bas">Philippe-François-Joseph Le Bas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marc-Guillaume_Alexis_Vadier" title="Marc-Guillaume Alexis Vadier">Marc-Guillaume Alexis Vadier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Pierre-Andr%C3%A9_Amar" title="Jean-Pierre-André Amar">Jean-Pierre-André Amar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Antoine,_comte_Prieur-Duvernois" title="Claude Antoine, comte Prieur-Duvernois">Prieur de la Côte-d'Or</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Louis_Prieur" title="Pierre Louis Prieur">Prieur de la Marne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_Romme" title="Gilbert Romme">Gilbert Romme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Bon_Saint-Andr%C3%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="Jean Bon Saint-André">Jean Bon Saint-André</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Lambert_Tallien" title="Jean-Lambert Tallien">Jean-Lambert Tallien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Louis_Prieur" title="Pierre Louis Prieur">Pierre Louis Prieur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoine_Christophe_Saliceti" title="Antoine Christophe Saliceti">Antoine Christophe Saliceti</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/H%C3%A9bertists" title="Hébertists">Hébertists</a><br />and <i><a href="/wiki/Enrag%C3%A9s" title="Enragés">Enragés</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_H%C3%A9bert" title="Jacques Hébert">Jacques Hébert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques-Nicolas_Billaud-Varenne" title="Jacques-Nicolas Billaud-Varenne">Jacques-Nicolas Billaud-Varenne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Gaspard_Chaumette" title="Pierre Gaspard Chaumette">Pierre Gaspard Chaumette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles-Philippe_Ronsin" title="Charles-Philippe Ronsin">Charles-Philippe Ronsin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoine-Fran%C3%A7ois_Momoro" title="Antoine-François Momoro">Antoine-François Momoro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-Nicolas_Vincent" title="François-Nicolas Vincent">François-Nicolas Vincent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Chabot" title="François Chabot">François Chabot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Baptiste_No%C3%ABl_Bouchotte" title="Jean Baptiste Noël Bouchotte">Jean Baptiste Noël Bouchotte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste-Joseph_Gobel" title="Jean-Baptiste-Joseph Gobel">Jean-Baptiste-Joseph Gobel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Hanriot" title="François Hanriot">François Hanriot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Roux" title="Jacques Roux">Jacques Roux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanislas-Marie_Maillard" title="Stanislas-Marie Maillard">Stanislas-Marie Maillard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles-Philippe_Ronsin" title="Charles-Philippe Ronsin">Charles-Philippe Ronsin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois_Varlet" title="Jean-François Varlet">Jean-François Varlet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Th%C3%A9ophile_Victor_Leclerc" title="Jean Théophile Victor Leclerc">Theophile Leclerc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claire_Lacombe" title="Claire Lacombe">Claire Lacombe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pauline_L%C3%A9on" title="Pauline Léon">Pauline Léon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-No%C3%ABl_Babeuf" title="François-Noël Babeuf">Gracchus Babeuf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sylvain_Mar%C3%A9chal" title="Sylvain Maréchal">Sylvain Maréchal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Figures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_X_of_France" title="Charles X of France">Charles X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_XVI" title="Louis XVI">Louis XVI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_XVII" title="Louis XVII">Louis XVII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_XVIII" title="Louis XVIII">Louis XVIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Antoine,_Duke_of_Enghien" title="Louis Antoine, Duke of Enghien">Louis Antoine, Duke of Enghien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Henri,_Prince_of_Cond%C3%A9" title="Louis Henri, Prince of Condé">Louis Henri, Prince of Condé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Joseph,_Prince_of_Cond%C3%A9" title="Louis Joseph, Prince of Condé">Louis Joseph, Prince of Condé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marie_Antoinette" title="Marie Antoinette">Marie Antoinette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Napoléon Bonaparte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucien_Bonaparte" title="Lucien Bonaparte">Lucien Bonaparte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Bonaparte" title="Joseph Bonaparte">Joseph Bonaparte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Fesch" title="Joseph Fesch">Joseph Fesch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9phine_de_Beauharnais" title="Joséphine de Beauharnais">Joséphine de Beauharnais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joachim_Murat" title="Joachim Murat">Joachim Murat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Sylvain_Bailly" title="Jean Sylvain Bailly">Jean Sylvain Bailly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques-Donatien_Le_Ray_de_Chaumont" title="Jacques-Donatien Le Ray de Chaumont">Jacques-Donatien Le Ray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guillaume-Chr%C3%A9tien_de_Lamoignon_de_Malesherbes" title="Guillaume-Chrétien de Lamoignon de Malesherbes">Guillaume-Chrétien de Malesherbes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Maurice_de_Talleyrand-P%C3%A9rigord" title="Charles Maurice de Talleyrand-Périgord">Talleyrand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9r%C3%A9sa_Tallien" title="Thérésa Tallien">Thérésa Tallien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gui-Jean-Baptiste_Target" title="Gui-Jean-Baptiste Target">Gui-Jean-Baptiste Target</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catherine_Th%C3%A9ot" title="Catherine Théot">Catherine Théot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marie_Th%C3%A9r%C3%A8se_Louise_of_Savoy,_Princesse_de_Lamballe" title="Marie Thérèse Louise of Savoy, Princesse de Lamballe">Madame de Lamballe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madame_du_Barry" title="Madame du Barry">Madame du Barry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Auguste_Le_Tonnelier_de_Breteuil" title="Louis Auguste Le Tonnelier de Breteuil">Louis de Breteuil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-Ren%C3%A9_de_Chateaubriand" title="François-René de Chateaubriand">de Chateaubriand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Chouan" title="Jean Chouan">Jean Chouan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_Charles_de_Lom%C3%A9nie_de_Brienne" title="Étienne Charles de Loménie de Brienne">Loménie de Brienne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Alexandre_de_Calonne" title="Charles Alexandre de Calonne">Charles Alexandre de Calonne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Necker" title="Jacques Necker">Jacques Necker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Duval_d%27Epr%C3%A9mesnil" title="Jean-Jacques Duval d'Eprémesnil">Jean-Jacques Duval d'Eprémesnil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_associated_with_the_French_Revolution" title="List of people associated with the French Revolution">List of people associated with the French Revolution</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Factions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jacobins" title="Jacobins">Jacobins</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cordeliers" title="Cordeliers">Cordeliers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panth%C3%A9on_Club" title="Panthéon Club">Panthéon Club</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_of_the_Friends_of_Truth" title="Society of the Friends of Truth">Social Club</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><div id="Influential_thinkers" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Influential thinkers</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Les Lumières</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Beaumarchais" title="Pierre Beaumarchais">Beaumarchais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Burke" title="Edmund Burke">Edmund Burke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anacharsis_Cloots" title="Anacharsis Cloots">Anacharsis Cloots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles-Augustin_de_Coulomb" title="Charles-Augustin de Coulomb">Charles-Augustin de Coulomb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Claude_Fran%C3%A7ois_Daunou" title="Pierre Claude François Daunou">Pierre Claude François Daunou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denis_Diderot" title="Denis Diderot">Diderot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin">Benjamin Franklin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Thomas Jefferson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoine_Lavoisier" title="Antoine Lavoisier">Antoine Lavoisier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montesquieu" title="Montesquieu">Montesquieu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Paine" title="Thomas Paine">Thomas Paine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Rousseau" title="Jean-Jacques Rousseau">Jean-Jacques Rousseau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_Joseph_Siey%C3%A8s" title="Emmanuel Joseph Sieyès">Abbé Sieyès</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voltaire" title="Voltaire">Voltaire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Wollstonecraft" title="Mary Wollstonecraft">Mary Wollstonecraft</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><div id="Cultural_impact" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Cultural impact</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/La_Marseillaise" title="La Marseillaise">La Marseillaise</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cockade_of_France" title="Cockade of France">Cockade of France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_France" title="Flag of France">Flag of France</a></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Libert%C3%A9,_%C3%A9galit%C3%A9,_fraternit%C3%A9" title="Liberté, égalité, fraternité">Liberté, égalité, fraternité</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marianne" title="Marianne">Marianne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muscadin" title="Muscadin">Muscadin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bastille_Day" title="Bastille Day">Bastille Day</a></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Panth%C3%A9on" title="Panthéon">Panthéon</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Republican_calendar" title="French Republican calendar">French Republican calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metric_system" title="Metric system">Metric system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Declaration_of_the_Rights_of_Man_and_of_the_Citizen" title="Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen">Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cult_of_the_Supreme_Being" title="Cult of the Supreme Being">Cult of the Supreme Being</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cult_of_Reason" title="Cult of Reason">Cult of Reason</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Reason" title="Temple of Reason">Temple of Reason</a></li></ul></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Sans-culottes" title="Sans-culottes">Sans-culottes</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phrygian_cap" title="Phrygian 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