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href="#EU_Directive"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>EU Directive</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-EU_Directive-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_fundamentals_of_copyright_law_according_to_§_31_of_the_German_Copyright_Act_(UrhG)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_fundamentals_of_copyright_law_according_to_§_31_of_the_German_Copyright_Act_(UrhG)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>The fundamentals of copyright law according to § 31 of the German Copyright Act (UrhG)</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-The_fundamentals_of_copyright_law_according_to_§_31_of_the_German_Copyright_Act_(UrhG)-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle The fundamentals of copyright law according to § 31 of the German Copyright Act (UrhG) subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-The_fundamentals_of_copyright_law_according_to_§_31_of_the_German_Copyright_Act_(UrhG)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Exploitation_rights_and_the_rights_of_use" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Exploitation_rights_and_the_rights_of_use"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Exploitation rights and the rights of use</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Exploitation_rights_and_the_rights_of_use-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Non-exclusive_right_of_use" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Non-exclusive_right_of_use"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1.1</span> <span>Non-exclusive right of use</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Non-exclusive_right_of_use-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Exclusive_right_of_use" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Exclusive_right_of_use"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1.2</span> <span>Exclusive right of use</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Exclusive_right_of_use-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Types_of_use" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Types_of_use"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1.3</span> <span>Types of use</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Types_of_use-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prohibition_of_granting_rights_of_utilisation_for_yet_unknown_types_of_use,_§_31_IV_UrhG" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prohibition_of_granting_rights_of_utilisation_for_yet_unknown_types_of_use,_§_31_IV_UrhG"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1.4</span> <span>Prohibition of granting rights of utilisation for yet unknown types of use, § 31 IV UrhG</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prohibition_of_granting_rights_of_utilisation_for_yet_unknown_types_of_use,_§_31_IV_UrhG-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Abolition_of_§_31_IV_UrhG_and_its_replacement_by_§_31a_UrhG_as_of_31_December_2007" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Abolition_of_§_31_IV_UrhG_and_its_replacement_by_§_31a_UrhG_as_of_31_December_2007"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Abolition of § 31 IV UrhG and its replacement by § 31a UrhG as of 31 December 2007</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Abolition_of_§_31_IV_UrhG_and_its_replacement_by_§_31a_UrhG_as_of_31_December_2007-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Scope_of_application_and_applicability_conditions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Scope_of_application_and_applicability_conditions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2.1</span> <span>Scope of application and applicability conditions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Scope_of_application_and_applicability_conditions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Requirement_of_written_form" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Requirement_of_written_form"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2.2</span> <span>Requirement of written form</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Requirement_of_written_form-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Right_of_rescission" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Right_of_rescission"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2.3</span> <span>Right of rescission</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Right_of_rescission-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Indispensability_clause" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Indispensability_clause"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2.4</span> <span>Indispensability clause</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Indispensability_clause-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Concept_of_the_yet_unknown_types_of_use_in_the_sense_of_§_31a_UrhG_and_conclusion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Concept_of_the_yet_unknown_types_of_use_in_the_sense_of_§_31a_UrhG_and_conclusion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Concept of the yet unknown types of use in the sense of § 31a UrhG and conclusion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Concept_of_the_yet_unknown_types_of_use_in_the_sense_of_§_31a_UrhG_and_conclusion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Parallel_act_covering_research_and_education_effective_1_March_2018" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Parallel_act_covering_research_and_education_effective_1_March_2018"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Parallel act covering research and education effective 1 March 2018</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Parallel_act_covering_research_and_education_effective_1_March_2018-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a 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.compact-ambox .ambox.mbox-small-left{font-size:100%;width:auto;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox .mbox-text{padding:0!important;margin:0!important}.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox .mbox-text-span{display:list-item;line-height:1.5em;list-style-type:disc}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .multiple-issues-text>.mw-collapsible-toggle,.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox .mbox-image,.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox .mbox-imageright,.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox .mbox-empty-cell,.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .hide-when-compact{display:none}</style><table class="box-Multiple_issues plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-multiple_issues compact-ambox" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/40px-Ambox_important.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/60px-Ambox_important.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/80px-Ambox_important.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="40" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span"><div class="multiple-issues-text mw-collapsible"><b>This article has multiple issues.</b> Please help <b><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Copyright_law_of_Germany" title="Special:EditPage/Copyright law of Germany">improve it</a></b> or discuss these issues on the <b><a href="/wiki/Talk:Copyright_law_of_Germany" title="Talk:Copyright law of Germany">talk page</a></b>. <small><i>(<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove these messages</a>)</i></small> <div class="mw-collapsible-content"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Expert_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/40px-Ambox_important.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/60px-Ambox_important.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/80px-Ambox_important.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="40" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs attention from an expert in Law</b>. The specific problem is: <b>See talk page, issues with accuracy.</b><span class="hide-when-compact"> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Law" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Law">WikiProject Law</a> may be able to help recruit an expert.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">November 2018</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Confusing plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-confusing" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/40px-Edit-clear.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/60px-Edit-clear.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/80px-Edit-clear.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>may be <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Vagueness" title="Wikipedia:Vagueness">confusing or unclear</a> to readers</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">clarify the article</a>. There might be a discussion about this on <a href="/wiki/Talk:Copyright_law_of_Germany" title="Talk:Copyright law of Germany">the talk page</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">November 2018</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Expand_language plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-notice skin-invert-image" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Translation_to_english_arrow.svg/50px-Translation_to_english_arrow.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Translation_to_english_arrow.svg/75px-Translation_to_english_arrow.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Translation_to_english_arrow.svg/100px-Translation_to_english_arrow.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="60" data-file-height="20" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1214851843">.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{box-sizing:border-box;width:100%;padding:5px;border:none;font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .hidden-title{font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .hidden-content{text-align:left}@media all and (max-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{width:auto!important;clear:none!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="font-size:100%; padding: 0px;"><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="text-align:center; padding-right: 3em; font-weight: normal; text-align: left">You can help <b>expand this article with text translated from <a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutsches_Urheberrecht" class="extiw" title="de:Deutsches Urheberrecht">the corresponding article</a> in German</b>.  <i><small>(March 2009)</small></i> <small>Click [show] for important translation instructions.</small></div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style=""> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/translate?&u=https%3A%2F%2Fde.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FDeutsches_Urheberrecht&sl=de&tl=en&prev=_t&hl=en">View</a> a machine-translated version of the German article.</li> <li>Machine translation, like <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://deepl.com">DeepL</a> or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/">Google Translate</a>, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Wikipedia.</li> <li>Consider <b><a href="/wiki/Template:Expand_German#Topics_and_categorization" title="Template:Expand German">adding a topic</a></b> to this template: there are already 2,064 articles in the <a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_needing_translation_from_German_Wikipedia" title="Category:Articles needing translation from German Wikipedia">main category</a>, and specifying<code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|topic=</code> will aid in categorization.</li> <li>Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article.</li> <li>You <b>must</b> provide <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Copying_within_Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia:Copying within Wikipedia">copyright attribution</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Help:Edit_summary" title="Help:Edit summary">edit summary</a> accompanying your translation by providing an <a href="/wiki/Help:Interlanguage_links" title="Help:Interlanguage links">interlanguage link</a> to the source of your translation. A model attribution edit summary is <code>Content in this edit is translated from the existing German Wikipedia article at [[:de:Deutsches Urheberrecht]]; see its history for attribution.</code></li> <li>You may also add the template <code>{{Translated|de|Deutsches Urheberrecht}}</code> to the <a href="/wiki/Talk:Copyright_law_of_Germany" title="Talk:Copyright law of Germany">talk page</a>.</li> <li>For more guidance, see <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Translation" title="Wikipedia:Translation">Wikipedia:Translation</a>.</li></ul></div></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> </div> </div><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p><p><b>German authors' right</b> or <i><b>Deutsches Urheberrecht</b></i> is codified in the <i>Gesetz über Urheberrecht und verwandte Schutzrechte</i> (also referred to as <i>Urhebergesetz</i> or <i>Urheberrechtsgesetz</i> and abbreviated <i>UrhG</i>). An official translation is available.<sup id="cite_ref-bmjv-2020_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bmjv-2020-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It should not be confused with copyright (exclusive rights to copy granted to <i>distributors</i>), and is more akin to <a href="/wiki/Authors%27_rights" title="Authors' rights">authors' rights</a> (exclusive rights to profit from one's work granted to <i>authors</i>). </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Protection_requirements">Protection requirements</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Copyright_law_of_Germany&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Protection requirements"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Court decisions have set vastly different standards for the eligibility of works of <a href="/wiki/Applied_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Applied art">applied art</a> on the one hand and other types of work on the other, especially <a href="/wiki/Fine_art" title="Fine art">fine art</a>. While the barrier is usually very low for fine art and protection is granted even for minimal creativity (dubbed "<i>kleine Münze</i>", literally "small coin" or "small change"),<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> there are extremely high standards for applied art to be reached for it to achieve <a href="/wiki/Copyright" title="Copyright">copyright protection</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is so because <i><a href="/wiki/Geschmacksmuster" title="Geschmacksmuster">Geschmacksmuster</a></i> (design patents) and <i>Schriftzeichengesetz</i> (typeface patents) are seen as <i><a href="/wiki/Lex_specialis" title="Lex specialis">lex specialis</a></i> for applied art such that the threshold of originality must not be assumed low for them. This has been confirmed by courts several times, especially for logos, but also for earrings.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Transfer">Transfer</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Copyright_law_of_Germany&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Transfer"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Urhebergesetz</i></span> is an authors' right (<span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">droit d'auteur</i></span>) or "monistic" style law. As such there is a special emphasis on the relation between the work and its actual author.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The right is perceived as an aspect of the author's general personality right and as a general rule is therefore inalienable. This also means that there is no corporate <a href="/wiki/Copyright" title="Copyright">copyright</a> in <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the fundamental rights cannot be transferred except by <a href="/wiki/Inheritance" title="Inheritance">inheritance</a> ("heritage").<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Licences">Licences</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Copyright_law_of_Germany&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Licences"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>While exclusive licences are almost as powerful as copyright transfer, the author always retains some rights to the work, including the right to prevent defacing and to be identified as the author.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Employment agreements are frequently construed as granting the employer an exclusive licence to any works created by the employee within the scope of their obligations. For <a href="/wiki/Computer_software" class="mw-redirect" title="Computer software">computer software</a>, the copyright act expressly provides that all economic usage rights (as opposed to personality rights) "belong" to the employer.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A recent amendment of the <i>Urhebergesetz</i> (sec. 31a, included in 2008) has created the possibility to grant licences for "unknown uses", i.e. permit use of works in media not known at the time the licence is granted. Previously this had not been possible, so that even "unrestricted" licences granted before the mid-1990s did not (and could not) include the right to use the work on the internet, which created considerable practical problems. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Collection_monopolies">Collection monopolies</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Copyright_law_of_Germany&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Collection monopolies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Copyright_collective" title="Copyright collective">Copyright collecting societies</a> that collect royalties as part of <a href="/wiki/Compulsory_license" title="Compulsory license">compulsory licensing</a> in the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> (EU) usually hold monopolies in their respective national markets.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Germany, case law has established the so-called <i><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">GEMA Vermutung</i></span></i>, a presumption that works are managed by the <a href="/wiki/Gesellschaft_f%C3%BCr_musikalische_Auff%C3%BChrungs-_und_mechanische_Vervielf%C3%A4ltigungsrechte" class="mw-redirect" title="Gesellschaft für musikalische Aufführungs- und mechanische Vervielfältigungsrechte">Gesellschaft für musikalische Aufführungs- und mechanische Vervielfältigungsrechte</a> (GEMA) due to its monopoly position.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETorremans2007p._265,_footnote_41_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETorremans2007p._265,_footnote_41-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As such, in Germany the burden of proof is on the accused infringer that the work is not managed by GEMA.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETorremans2007p._265,_footnote_41_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETorremans2007p._265,_footnote_41-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="EU_Directive">EU Directive</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Copyright_law_of_Germany&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: EU Directive"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Germany has implemented the <a href="/wiki/Information_Society_Directive" class="mw-redirect" title="Information Society Directive">EU Copyright Directive</a> 93/98/EEC. Parts of the Directive were based on German authors' right law in the first place, e.g. the duration of <a href="/wiki/Copyright_term" title="Copyright term">copyright term</a>: German authors' right law had previously granted protection for 70 years after the death of the author,<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which was the longest term of all <a href="/wiki/EU_member_states" class="mw-redirect" title="EU member states">EU member states</a>; prior to 1965, the protection was life plus 80 years.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Copyright_law_of_Germany&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to historian Eckhard Höffner the 1710 introduction of copyright law in what was then Great Britain and later in France acted as a barrier to economic progress for over a century, while Germany prospered in the same time frame due to the lack of copyright laws. At that time Germany did not yet exist as a unified nation; and the many states that comprised the German territories were still primarily agrarian. Copyright law was absent and not enforceable. <a href="/wiki/Prussia" title="Prussia">Prussia</a> introduced a copyright law rather late, in 1837, but even then authors and publishers just had to go to another German state to circumvent its ruling. Höffner argues that, as a result, there was a massive proliferation of books, fostering the spread of knowledge and laying the foundation for the country's eventual industrial ascendency.<sup id="cite_ref-eh_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eh-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Comparing the English system, where copyright ruled, to the free-wheeling German situation, he notes that in 1843 about 14,000 new publications, including a high proportion of academic works, were published in Germany, compared to only about 1,000 publications in England.<sup id="cite_ref-eh_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eh-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In England publishers exploited their position, paying authors little, while selling their products for the well-to-do. In Germany, publishers had to sell cheaply to the masses in a competitive market, aside from producing luxury editions for the wealthy. Höffner believes that the availability of bestsellers and academic works at low prices fostered a wide, educated readership; he also argues that the lack of copyright benefited the authors financially. Eventually copyright laws were enacted throughout Germany, and with <a href="/wiki/Unification_of_Germany" title="Unification of Germany">unification</a>, in 1871, such laws also became enforceable. In the meantime, Höffner contends, Britain had lost its intellectual head start on the <a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-thad_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-thad-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_fundamentals_of_copyright_law_according_to_§_31_of_the_German_Copyright_Act_(UrhG)"><span id="The_fundamentals_of_copyright_law_according_to_.C2.A7_31_of_the_German_Copyright_Act_.28UrhG.29"></span>The fundamentals of copyright law according to § 31 of the German Copyright Act (UrhG)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Copyright_law_of_Germany&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: The fundamentals of copyright law according to § 31 of the German Copyright Act (UrhG)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The author is the creator of their work, which enjoys <a href="/wiki/Copyright" title="Copyright">copyright protection</a> in accordance with the UrhG, §§ 7, 1, 2 UrhG.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Accordingly, all work resulting from a personal intellectual activity is <a href="/wiki/Copyright" title="Copyright">copyright</a> protected.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The "principle of non-transferability" of full or divided <a href="/wiki/Authorship" class="mw-redirect" title="Authorship">authorship</a> according to § 29 I UrhG is valid. Therefore, the creator of an original work can neither transfer their personal right as a creator,<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> nor the complete rights for the exploitation of their work to others.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to §§ 15 f. UrhG the author is the only one who is able to take advantage of the exploitation rights.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>If an author himself does not want to exploit their own work, it is possible to grant the rights of utilisation to another person. In accordance with the regulation of § 29 II UrhG (referring to § 31 UrhG) the copyright itself cannot be transferred as long as the author is alive. However, the author can choose whether or not they want to grant certain exploitation rights regarding their copyright protected work to another one.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The authorised person purchases the warranty to utilise the work in the granted way, separated into several types of use.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The right of use can be granted as a non-exclusive right or an exclusive right of use. It can be granted with restrictions on spatial and temporal usage or restrictions on the exploitation concerning the contents, § 31 I 2 UrhG. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Exploitation_rights_and_the_rights_of_use">Exploitation rights and the rights of use</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Copyright_law_of_Germany&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Exploitation rights and the rights of use"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Copyright_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Copyright law">copyright law</a> protects an author regarding their intellectual and personal relationship to the work and the types of its utilisation, § 11 UrhG. According to § 11 UrhG the author shall participate in all kinds of utilisation of their work. The author’s economic interests in their work shall be protected by the exploitation rights.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A (not final) list of exploitation rights is presented in § 15 UrhG. The exploitation right must be distinguished from the right of use.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The non-transferability of the authorship means that there is no way to transfer the exploitation rights on the whole. However, there is the possibility of granting certain rights of use to someone else, according to the § 31 UrhG. It is up to the author if they want to grant e. g. a <a href="/wiki/Publisher" class="mw-redirect" title="Publisher">publisher</a> the right to reproduce and distribute their work.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Non-exclusive_right_of_use">Non-exclusive right of use</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Copyright_law_of_Germany&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Non-exclusive right of use"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The non-exclusive right of use<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> entitles the right holder to use the work only as allowed by contractual terms and without exclusion of possible usage by a third party, § 31 II UrhG. e.g. the author can grant a non-exclusive right of using a <a href="/wiki/Stage_play" class="mw-redirect" title="Stage play">stage play</a> to not just one but several <a href="/wiki/Theatre" title="Theatre">theatre</a> ensembles. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Exclusive_right_of_use">Exclusive right of use</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Copyright_law_of_Germany&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Exclusive right of use"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The exclusive right of use,<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> entitles the right holder to use the work exclusively as allowed by contractual terms meaning no other person can be given the (exclusive) right of using a stage play to only one theatre ensemble.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The right holder, however, can be given the right of independently granting non-exclusive rights of that work if the author agrees, § 31 III 1 UrhG. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Types_of_use">Types of use</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Copyright_law_of_Germany&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Types of use"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The right to use a copyright protected work may cover individual or all types of use,<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> § 31 I 1 UrhG. The concept of "type of use" is not defined by law, and there is no list featuring possibilities of use. From the wording of § 31 I 1 UrhG (<span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">"einzelne oder alle"</i></span>, "several or all") it can be inferred that each type of use shows distinctive characteristics. </p><p>A type of use must, thus, be clearly distinguishable from any other type of use.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For each type of use there is consequently a corresponding right of use. If there are several types of use in connection with their work, there will be, in proportion, various rights of use the author can grant.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The types of use have changed and evolved in the course of technical development and they still continue to do so.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term "kind of use" refers to "all technically and economically concretised utilisation of an author's work,<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> meaning that the parties to a contract have specified the use of the work as required for achieving the contractual purpose.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The kinds of use listed in § 15 UrhG can be subdivided into several rights of use which again can be matched, each, with a corresponding type of use, so it is always possible to restrict a right of use in many different ways as long as the specification of the use of work makes clear the individuality of the type of use with respect to its economic and technical content.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> So there is a possibility to control the use of one's work by specifying the types of use, thereby limiting the rights of use. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Prohibition_of_granting_rights_of_utilisation_for_yet_unknown_types_of_use,_§_31_IV_UrhG"><span id="Prohibition_of_granting_rights_of_utilisation_for_yet_unknown_types_of_use.2C_.C2.A7_31_IV_UrhG"></span>Prohibition of granting rights of utilisation for yet unknown types of use, § 31 IV UrhG</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Copyright_law_of_Germany&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Prohibition of granting rights of utilisation for yet unknown types of use, § 31 IV UrhG"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The binding regulation as stated in § 31 IV UrhG made the concession of rights of use for yet unknown types and the legal obligations resulting therefrom ineffective and it limited the rights of use down to only the types of use known at that time.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was intended that the author should be protected to the best possible extent against an unlimited exploitation of their rights due to types of use which could not be foreseen at the time of conclusion of the <a href="/wiki/Contract" title="Contract">contract</a>. The author could, however, decide whether or not they agreed to have their work exploited regarding a type of use not yet known at the time of conclusion of the contract and if so, by whom.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was intended that the countervalue of granting rights of use for new types of use should always be secured for the author; they should be in the position of negotiating an appropriate <a href="/wiki/Fee" title="Fee">fee</a> arrangement.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It is decisive that the type of use is not only specified by its technical possibilities but also by its economical importance and usability.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is also decisive, inter alia, whether a large audience is targeted, whether separate distribution structures are created or whether the range of economic exploitation can be significantly expanded.<sup id="cite_ref-Reber_1998,_p.793_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reber_1998,_p.793-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A type of use needs to be sufficiently known to have established itself in a market at a fixed price.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It could be that a new technique differs clearly from an established one creating a new kind of use.<sup id="cite_ref-Reber_1998,_p.793_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reber_1998,_p.793-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Furthermore, it is also possible that a technically known but economically not yet relevant kind of use could be part of a contract if specifically named and explicitly agreed upon between the parties.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to jurisdiction, contracts on yet unknown types of use (representing a so-called business of risk<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) are only effective if such a type is specifically named, explicitly discussed and agreed upon in the contract; never does this form a part of the general terms and conditions. As kinds of independent and formerly not yet known types of use exploitation on e. g. narrow-gauge film,<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> on video<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and via video on demand<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> are all recognised by the legislator.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Abolition_of_§_31_IV_UrhG_and_its_replacement_by_§_31a_UrhG_as_of_31_December_2007"><span id="Abolition_of_.C2.A7_31_IV_UrhG_and_its_replacement_by_.C2.A7_31a_UrhG_as_of_31_December_2007"></span>Abolition of § 31 IV UrhG and its replacement by § 31a UrhG as of 31 December 2007</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Copyright_law_of_Germany&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Abolition of § 31 IV UrhG and its replacement by § 31a UrhG as of 31 December 2007"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>§ 31 IV UrhG was abolished and replaced by the new § 31a UrhG by the end of December 2007. Since then the parties are able to enter into a so-called <a href="/wiki/Buy-out" class="mw-redirect" title="Buy-out">buy-out</a> contract,<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> meaning that the author will grant all rights of use of the known and yet unknown type of use to the other party.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Scope_of_application_and_applicability_conditions">Scope of application and applicability conditions</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Copyright_law_of_Germany&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Scope of application and applicability conditions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to its personal scope of application, § 31a UrhG affects solely contracts between the author or their legal successor and the right holder. As a future economic success is not measurable, the granting of exploitation rights by using yet unknown types of use is reserved to the author, even if they have already granted exploitation rights concerning known types of use.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Requirement_of_written_form">Requirement of written form</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Copyright_law_of_Germany&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Requirement of written form"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In accordance with § 31a UrhG the author is entitled to grant rights of use or to contractually bind himself to do so, even if the type of use is yet unknown at that time. A pre-condition be that the author submits their intention in written form, § 31a I 1 UrhG. If a written document is lacking the agreement will have no legal bearing since void; it will be unenforceable by law. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Right_of_rescission">Right of rescission</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Copyright_law_of_Germany&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Right of rescission"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Pursuant to § 31a I 1 UrhG the author has the right of <a href="/wiki/Rescission_(contract_law)" title="Rescission (contract law)">rescission</a>, § 31a I 3 UrhG. In spite of a valid claim to reasonable <a href="/wiki/Damages" title="Damages">compensation</a>, the right of rescission enables the author to change a decision and cancel the granting of rights concerning the use of yet unknown types of use on the whole or just partially without adverse legal consequences.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The general possibility of revoking one's former decision according to § 31a UrhG will prevent any comprehensive and legally binding licensing of known and yet unknown types of use (as usual in US-American law) within the framework of German copyright law in the future.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Indispensability_clause">Indispensability clause</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Copyright_law_of_Germany&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Indispensability clause"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>§ 31a UrhG corresponds to the severe character of § 31 IV UrhG. It severely regulates the requirement of written form, the right of rescission and the conditions of expiry and omission of rescission as being indispensable in advance. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Concept_of_the_yet_unknown_types_of_use_in_the_sense_of_§_31a_UrhG_and_conclusion"><span id="Concept_of_the_yet_unknown_types_of_use_in_the_sense_of_.C2.A7_31a_UrhG_and_conclusion"></span>Concept of the yet unknown types of use in the sense of § 31a UrhG and conclusion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Copyright_law_of_Germany&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Concept of the yet unknown types of use in the sense of § 31a UrhG and conclusion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Since 1 January 2008 the new § 31a UrhG deals with new types of use. However, the contractual granting of rights to use yet unknown types of use is principally not impossible any more, but tied to appointed conditions. So far it is possible that a new type of use will be evaluated in the future under less rigorous constituent elements.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Finally it remains the author's decision whether they grant the rights to exploit their work via a new, yet unknown type of use or not. They can prevent that the utilisation of their work be tied to a yet unknown type of use or they can negotiate new and individual conditions if they chooses to grant the right of utilisation in connection with yet unknown types of use. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Parallel_act_covering_research_and_education_effective_1_March_2018">Parallel act covering research and education effective 1 March 2018</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Copyright_law_of_Germany&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Parallel act covering research and education effective 1 March 2018"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On 1 March 2018, the <b>Act to align copyright law with the current demands of the knowledge‑based society</b> or <i><b>Urheberrechts-Wissensgesellschafts-Gesetz</b></i> (abbreviated <i>UrhWissG</i>) covering the fields of research and education came into force.<sup id="cite_ref-bundesrat-2017_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bundesrat-2017-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-stary-2018_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stary-2018-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Copyright_law_of_Germany&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Image_copyright_(Germany)" class="mw-redirect" title="Image copyright (Germany)">Image copyright (Germany)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_patent_law" title="German patent law">German patent law</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Copyright_law_of_Germany&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-bmjv-2020-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-bmjv-2020_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBMJV2020" class="citation book cs1">BMJV (21 September 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/englisch_urhg/englisch_urhg.pdf"><i>Act on Copyright and Related Rights (Urheberrechtsgesetz, UrhG) — Amendments to 28 November 2018 — Official translation</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Berlin, Germany: Bundesministerium der Justiz und für Verbraucherschutz (BMJV)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 April</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Act+on+Copyright+and+Related+Rights+%28Urheberrechtsgesetz%2C+UrhG%29+%E2%80%94+Amendments+to+28+November+2018+%E2%80%94+Official+translation&rft.place=Berlin%2C+Germany&rft.pub=Bundesministerium+der+Justiz+und+f%C3%BCr+Verbraucherschutz+%28BMJV%29&rft.date=2020-09-21&rft.au=BMJV&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gesetze-im-internet.de%2Fenglisch_urhg%2Fenglisch_urhg.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACopyright+law+of+Germany" class="Z3988"></span> Publication date from PDF metadata.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fromm/Nordemann/Nordemann/Vinck, Urheberrrecht, § 2 Rn. 20; Loewenheim, Handbuch des Urheberrechts, § 9 Rn. 103</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rehbinder, Urheberrecht, Rn. 130, 131, 151</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cf. sec. 11 UrhG</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cf. sec. 7 UrhG</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cf. sec. 28 et sqq. UrhG</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cf. sec. 13 et sqq. UrhG</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sec. 69b UrhG</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTorremans2007" class="citation book cs1">Torremans, Paul (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wHJBemWuPT4C&pg=PA263"><i>Copyright Law: A Handbook of Contemporary Research</i></a>. Research Handbooks in Intellectual Property. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Publishing. p. 263. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84542-487-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84542-487-9"><bdi>978-1-84542-487-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Copyright+Law%3A+A+Handbook+of+Contemporary+Research&rft.place=Cheltenham&rft.series=Research+Handbooks+in+Intellectual+Property&rft.pages=263&rft.pub=Edward+Elgar+Publishing&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-84542-487-9&rft.aulast=Torremans&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwHJBemWuPT4C%26pg%3DPA263&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACopyright+law+of+Germany" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETorremans2007p._265,_footnote_41-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETorremans2007p._265,_footnote_41_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETorremans2007p._265,_footnote_41_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTorremans2007">Torremans 2007</a>, p. 265, footnote 41.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sec. 64 UrhG</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-eh-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-eh_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-eh_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEckhard_Höffner2010" class="citation web cs1">Eckhard Höffner (8 December 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.slideshare.net/nskinsella/hoffner-vortrag-eng10min">"Copyright and Structure of Author's Earnings, from his book:<i>Geschichte und Wesen des Urheberrechts</i> (<i>History and Nature of Copyright</i>)"</a>. Slideshare<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 April</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Copyright+and+Structure+of+Author%27s+Earnings%2C+from+his+book%3AGeschichte+und+Wesen+des+Urheberrechts+%28History+and+Nature+of+Copyright%29&rft.pub=Slideshare&rft.date=2010-12-08&rft.au=Eckhard+H%C3%B6ffner&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.slideshare.net%2Fnskinsella%2Fhoffner-vortrag-eng10min&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACopyright+law+of+Germany" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-thad-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-thad_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrank_Thadeusz2010" class="citation news cs1">Frank Thadeusz (18 August 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.spiegel.de/international/zeitgeist/0,1518,710976,00.html">"No Copyright Law: The Real Reason for Germany's Industrial Expansion?"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Der_Spiegel" title="Der Spiegel">Der Spiegel</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 April</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Der+Spiegel&rft.atitle=No+Copyright+Law%3A+The+Real+Reason+for+Germany%27s+Industrial+Expansion%3F&rft.date=2010-08-18&rft.au=Frank+Thadeusz&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.spiegel.de%2Finternational%2Fzeitgeist%2F0%2C1518%2C710976%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACopyright+law+of+Germany" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/bundesrecht/urhg/gesamt.pdf">UrhG (Stand: 17. 12. 2008)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gruber, <i>Gewerblicher Rechtsschutz und Urheberrecht</i>, 2nd ed., Altenberge 2008, p.73</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Götting, <i>Gewerblicher Rechtsschutz und Urheberrecht</i>, 1st ed., Munich 2005, p.250</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rehbinder, <i>Urheberrecht</i>, 15th ed., Munich 2008, p.199</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rehbinder, <i>Urheberrecht</i>, 15th ed., Munich 2008, p.113 f.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rehbinder, <i>Urheberrecht</i>, 15th ed., Munich 2008, p.203</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Schulze, in: Dreier / Schulze, <i>Urheberrechtsgesetz-Kommentar</i>, 1st ed., Munich 2004, p.452</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ilzhöfer <i>Patent-, Marken- und Urheberrecht</i>, 7th ed., Munich 2007, p.203</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rehbinder, <i>Urheberrecht</i>, 15th ed., Munich 2008, p.199 f.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Donhauser, <i>Der Begriff der unbekannten Nutzungsart gem. § 31 IV UrhG'", 1st ed., Baden-Baden 2001, p.13</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rehbinder, <i>Urheberrecht</i>, 15th ed., Munich 2008, p.203 f.; Wantke / Grunert, in: Wandtke / Bullinger, <i>Praxiskommentar zum Urheberrecht</i>, 2nd ed., Munich 2006, p.419 f.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Schulze, in: Dreier / Schulze, <i>Urheberrechtsgesetz-Kommentar</i>, 1st ed., Munich 2004, p.468; Rehbinder, <i>Urheberrecht</i>, 15th ed., Munich 2008, p.204 f.; Wantkev / Grunert, in Wandtke / Bullinger, <i>Praxiskommentar zum Urheberrecht</i>, 2nd ed., Munich 2006, p.419 f.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rehbinder, <i>Urheberrecht</i>, 15th ed., Munich 2008, p.204</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wantke / Grunert, in Wandtke / Bullinger, <i>Praxiskommentar zum Urheberrecht</i>, 2nd ed., Munich 2006, p.413 f.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Reber, in Hartlieb / Schwarz, <i>Handbuch des Film-, Fernseh- und Videorechts</i>, 4th ed., Munich 2004, p.137</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Schulze, in Dreier / Schulze: <i>Urheberrechtsgesetz-Kommentar</i>, 1st ed., Munich 2004, p.453</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Schwarz / Reber, in Hartlieb / Schwarz, <i>Handbuch des Film-, Fernseh- und Videorechts</i>, 4th ed., Munich 2004, p.688 f.; Reich, in Fischer / Reich, <i>Der Künstler und sein Recht</i>, 2nd ed., Munich 2007, p.51 f.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Donhauser, <i>Der Begriff der unbekannten Nutzungsart gem. § 31 IV UrhG</i>, 1st ed., Baden-Baden 2001, p.14</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cf. BGH, Urt. v. 05.06.1985, I ZR 53/83 - GEMA-Vermutung I (NJW 1986, p.1246)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cf. BGH, Urt. v. 12.12.1991, I ZR 165/89 – Taschenbuch-Lizenz (NJW 1992, p.1320)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rehbinder, <i>Urheberrecht</i>, 14th ed., Munich 2006, p.198 f.; Wantke / Grunert, in Wandtke / Bullinger, <i>Praxiskommentar zum Urheberrecht</i>, 2nd ed., Munich 2006, p.422 f.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Haberstumpf, <i>Handbuch des Urheberrechts</i>, 2nd ed., Neuwied 2000, p.211</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Donhauser, <i>Der Begriff der unbekannten Nutzungsart gem. § 31 IV UrhG</i>, 1st ed., Baden-Baden 2001, p.15</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">BGH, Urt. v. 11.10.1990, I ZR 59/89 – Videozweitauswertung I (GRUR 1991, p.136)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Reber_1998,_p.793-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Reber_1998,_p.793_38-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Reber_1998,_p.793_38-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Reber, "Digitale Verwertungstechniken – neue Nutzungsarten: Hält das Urheberrecht der technischen Entwicklung noch stand?", in <i>GRUR</i> 1998, p.793</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Reich, in Fischer / Reich, <i>Der Künstler und sein Recht</i>, 2nd ed., Munich 2007, p.49</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cf. BGH, Urt. v. 26.01.1995, I ZR 63/93 - Videozweitauswertung III (GRUR 1995, p.212 f.)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Reber, in Hartlieb / Schwarz, <i>Handbuch des Film-, Fernseh- und Videorechts</i>, 4th ed., Munich 2004, p.138; Wantke / Grunert, in Wandtke / Bullinger, <i>Praxiskommentar zum Urheberrecht</i>, 2nd ed., Munich 2006, p.423</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cf. BGH, Urt. v. 30.06.1976, I ZR 63/75 – Schmalfilmrechte (GRUR 1977, p.42 f.)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cf. BGH, Urt. v. 11.10.1990, I ZR 59/89 - Videozweitauswertung I (GRUR 1991, p.133 f.)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cf. OLG M, Urt. v. 19.03.1998, 29 U 2643/97 - Video on demand (NJW RR 1999, p.988 f.)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Reber, in Hartlieb / Schwarz, <i>Handbuch des Film-, Fernseh- und Videorechts</i>, 4th ed., Munich 2004, p.137; Schulze, in Dreier / Schulze, <i>Urheberrechtsgesetz-Kommentar</i>, 1st ed., Munich 2004, p.465 f.; Wantke / Grunert, in: Wandtke / Bullinger, <i>Praxiskommentar zum Urheberrecht</i>, 2nd ed., Munich 2006, p.417, p.429</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Schwarz / Reber, in Hartlieb / Schwarz, <i>Handbuch des Film-, Fernseh- und Videorechts</i>, 4th ed., Munich 2004, p.169; Rehbinder, <i>Urheberrecht</i>, 15th ed., Munich 2008, p.224 f.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Klöhn, <i>Unbekannte Nutzungsarten nach dem „Zweiten Korb“ der Urheberrechtsreform</i>, in: K&R 2008, p.77 f.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rehbinder, <i>Urheberrecht</i>, 15th ed., Munich 2008, p.207</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cf. Scholz, in: Mestmäcker/ Schulze (Hg.): Kommentar zum deutschen Urheberrecht, 45th Ed., Neuwied 2007, 1st pt. sec. 5 for § 31a UrhG, p.11 f.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Klett, <i>Das zweite Gesetz zur Regelung des Urheberrechts in der Informationsgesellschaft („zweiter Korb“): Was lange währt, wird endlich gut?</i>, in: K&R 2008, p.2</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Scholz, in Mestmäcker / Schulze (eds.), <i>Kommentar zum deutschen Urheberrecht</i>, 45.AL, Neuwied 2007, Part 1, Section 5 to § 31a UrhG, S. 7</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bundesrat-2017-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-bundesrat-2017_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBundesrat2017" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Bundesrat (30 July 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dipbt.bundestag.de/dip21/brd/2017/0535-17.pdf">"Gesetz zur Angleichung des Urheberrechts an die aktuellen Erfordernisse der Wissensgesellschaft (Urheberrechts-Wissensgesellschafts-Gesetz — UrhWissG)"</a> [Law on the adjustment of copyright to the current requirements of the knowledge society (Urheberrechts-Wissensgesellschafts-Gesetz — UrhWissG)] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Br.-Drucks.</i> (in German). Köln, Germany: Bundesanzeiger Verlag. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0720-2946">0720-2946</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 May</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Br.-Drucks.&rft.atitle=Gesetz+zur+Angleichung+des+Urheberrechts+an+die+aktuellen+Erfordernisse+der+Wissensgesellschaft+%28Urheberrechts-Wissensgesellschafts-Gesetz+%E2%80%94+UrhWissG%29&rft.date=2017-07-30&rft.issn=0720-2946&rft.au=Bundesrat&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdipbt.bundestag.de%2Fdip21%2Fbrd%2F2017%2F0535-17.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACopyright+law+of+Germany" class="Z3988"></span> As of December 2018<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Copyright_law_of_Germany&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, no official translation into English.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-stary-2018-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-stary-2018_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStary2018" class="citation web cs1">Stary, Catherine (15 January 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://copyrightblog.kluweriplaw.com/2018/01/15/german-reform-use-copyright-protected-works-fields-education-research-will-come-force-soon/">"German reform on the use of copyright protected works in the fields of education and research will come into force soon"</a>. <i>Kluwer Copyright Blog</i>. Alphen aan den Rijn, the Netherlands<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 December</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Kluwer+Copyright+Blog&rft.atitle=German+reform+on+the+use+of+copyright+protected+works+in+the+fields+of+education+and+research+will+come+into+force+soon&rft.date=2018-01-15&rft.aulast=Stary&rft.aufirst=Catherine&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcopyrightblog.kluweriplaw.com%2F2018%2F01%2F15%2Fgerman-reform-use-copyright-protected-works-fields-education-research-will-come-force-soon%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACopyright+law+of+Germany" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Copyright_law_of_Germany&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSamuelson1996" class="citation journal cs1">Samuelson, Pamela (7 October 1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5210%2Ffm.v1i4.489">"On authors' rights in cyberspace: Questioning the need for new international rules on authors' rights in cyberspace"</a>. <i>First Monday</i>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5210%2Ffm.v1i4.489">10.5210/fm.v1i4.489</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1396-0466">1396-0466</a>.</cite><span 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id="Intellectual_property_laws_in_the_European_Union_(EU)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Intellectual_property" title="Intellectual property">Intellectual property laws</a> in the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> (EU)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_the_European_Union" title="Copyright law of the European Union">Copyright</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Directive_(European_Union)" title="Directive (European Union)">Directives</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Computer_Programs_Directive" title="Computer Programs Directive">Computer Programs Directive</a> (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rental_Directive" title="Rental Directive">Rental Directive</a> (1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satellite_and_Cable_Directive" title="Satellite and Cable Directive">Satellite and Cable Directive</a> (1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_Duration_Directive" title="Copyright Duration Directive">Copyright Duration Directive</a> (1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Database_Directive" title="Database Directive">Database Directive</a> (1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conditional_Access_Directive" title="Conditional Access Directive">Conditional Access Directive</a> (1998)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_Commerce_Directive_2000" title="Electronic Commerce Directive 2000">Electronic Commerce Directive 2000</a> (2000)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_Society_Directive" class="mw-redirect" title="Information Society Directive">Information Society Directive</a> (2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resale_Rights_Directive" title="Resale Rights Directive">Resale Rights Directive</a> (2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Directive_on_the_re-use_of_public_sector_information" title="Directive on the re-use of public sector information">Directive on the re-use of public sector information</a> (2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enforcement_Directive" title="Enforcement Directive">Enforcement Directive</a> (2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_Term_Directive" class="mw-redirect" title="Copyright Term Directive">Copyright Term Directive</a> (2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Directive_on_Copyright_in_the_Digital_Single_Market" title="Directive on Copyright in the Digital Single Market">Directive on Copyright in the Digital Single Market</a> (2019)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Customs_Regulation_1383/2003" title="Customs Regulation 1383/2003">Customs Regulation 1383/2003</a> (2003)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National laws</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_France" title="Copyright law of France">France</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_Ireland" title="Copyright law of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_Italy" title="Copyright law of Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_the_Netherlands" title="Copyright law of the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_Poland" title="Copyright law of Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_Romania" title="Copyright law of Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_Spain" title="Copyright law of Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_Sweden" title="Copyright law of Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Copyright law of the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Trade_mark_law_of_the_European_Union" title="Trade mark law of the European Union">Trade mark</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Ireland</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_trade_mark_law" title="United Kingdom trade mark law">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Union_trade_mark" title="European Union trade mark">European Union trade mark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_Marks_Directive" title="Trade Marks Directive">Trade Marks Directive</a> (1988)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9_des_Produits_Nestl%C3%A9_S.A._v._Cadbury_UK_Limited" title="Société des Produits Nestlé S.A. v. Cadbury UK Limited">Société des Produits Nestlé S.A. v. Cadbury UK Limited</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Patent_law_of_the_European_Union" title="Patent law of the European Union">Patent</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_patent_law" title="German patent law">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patent_law_in_the_Netherlands" title="Patent law in the Netherlands">The Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intellectual_property_in_Romania" title="Intellectual property in Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Directive_on_the_legal_protection_of_biotechnological_inventions" title="Directive on the legal protection of biotechnological inventions">Directive on the legal protection of biotechnological inventions</a> (1998)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_patent_law" title="European patent law">European patent law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unified_Patent_Court" title="Unified Patent Court">Unified Patent Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unitary_patent" title="Unitary patent">Unitary patent</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Industrial_design_rights_in_the_European_Union" title="Industrial design rights in the European Union">Designs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hague_Agreement_Concerning_the_International_Deposit_of_Industrial_Designs" title="Hague Agreement Concerning the International Deposit of Industrial Designs">Hague Agreement</a> (1999)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Directive_on_the_legal_protection_of_designs" title="Directive on the legal protection of designs">Directive on the legal protection of designs</a> (1998)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regulation_on_Community_designs" title="Regulation on Community designs">Regulation on Community designs</a> (2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_design" title="Community design">Community design</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geographical_indications_and_traditional_specialities_in_the_European_Union" title="Geographical indications and traditional specialities in the European Union">Geographical indications</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Protected_designation_of_origin" title="Protected designation of origin">Protected designation of origin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_speciality_guaranteed" title="Traditional speciality guaranteed">Traditional speciality guaranteed</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trade_secrets_in_the_European_Union&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Trade secrets in the European Union (page does not exist)">Trade secrets</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Directive_on_the_Protection_of_Trade_Secrets" title="Directive on the Protection of Trade Secrets">Directive on the Protection of Trade Secrets</a> (2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_on_the_Protection_of_Trade_Secrets" title="Law on the Protection of Trade Secrets">German Law on the Protection of Trade Secrets</a> (2019)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Treaties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Berne_Convention" title="Berne Convention">Berne Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lisbon_Agreement_for_the_Protection_of_Appellations_of_Origin_and_their_International_Registration" title="Lisbon Agreement for the Protection of Appellations of Origin and their International Registration">Lisbon Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madrid_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Madrid system">Madrid system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paris_Convention_for_the_Protection_of_Industrial_Property" title="Paris Convention for the Protection of Industrial Property">Paris Convention for the Protection of Industrial Property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rome_Convention_for_the_Protection_of_Performers,_Producers_of_Phonograms_and_Broadcasting_Organisations" title="Rome Convention for the Protection of Performers, Producers of Phonograms and Broadcasting Organisations">Rome Convention for the Protection of Performers, Producers of Phonograms and Broadcasting Organisations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TRIPS_Agreement" title="TRIPS Agreement">TRIPS Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WIPO_Copyright_Treaty" title="WIPO Copyright Treaty">WIPO Copyright Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WIPO_Performances_and_Phonograms_Treaty" title="WIPO Performances and Phonograms Treaty">WIPO Performances and Phonograms Treaty</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Copyright_law_by_country" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Copyright_law_by_country" title="Template:Copyright law by country"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Copyright_law_by_country" title="Template talk:Copyright law by country"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Copyright_law_by_country" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Copyright law by country"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Copyright_law_by_country" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Copyright law by country</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_copyright_acts" title="List of copyright acts">Copyright acts by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_copyright_case_law" title="List of copyright case law">Copyright case law by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries%27_copyright_lengths" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries' copyright lengths">Copyright lengths by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_copyright_treaties" title="International copyright treaties">International copyright treaties</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_parties_to_international_copyright_agreements" title="List of parties to international copyright agreements">by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_parties_to_international_treaties_protecting_rights_related_to_copyright" title="List of parties to international treaties protecting rights related to copyright">related rights</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rule_of_the_shorter_term" title="Rule of the shorter term">Rule of the shorter term</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Copyright_law_of_Benin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Copyright law of Benin (page does not exist)">Benin</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Droit_d%27auteur_au_B%C3%A9nin" class="extiw" title="fr:Droit d'auteur au Bénin">fr</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_Burundi" title="Copyright law of Burundi">Burundi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_Cameroon" title="Copyright law of Cameroon">Cameroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_Ghana" class="mw-redirect" title="Copyright law of Ghana">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_Egypt" title="Copyright law of Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Copyright_in_Ivory_Coast&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Copyright in Ivory Coast (page does not exist)">Ivory Coast</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Droit_d%27auteur_en_C%C3%B4te_d%27Ivoire" class="extiw" title="fr:Droit d'auteur en Côte d'Ivoire">fr</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Copyright_in_Madagascar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Copyright in Madagascar (page does not exist)">Madagascar</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Droit_d%27auteur_%C3%A0_Madagascar" class="extiw" title="fr:Droit d'auteur à Madagascar">fr</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Copyright_in_Morocco&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Copyright in Morocco (page does not exist)">Morocco</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Droits_d%27auteur_et_droits_voisins_au_Maroc" class="extiw" title="fr:Droits d'auteur et droits voisins au Maroc">fr</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Copyright_in_Mozambique&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Copyright in Mozambique (page does not exist)">Mozambique</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%B2_%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B5" class="extiw" title="ru:Авторское право в Мозамбике">ru</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_Senegal" class="mw-redirect" title="Copyright law of Senegal">Senegal</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Droit_d%27auteur_(S%C3%A9n%C3%A9gal)" class="extiw" title="fr:Droit d'auteur (Sénégal)">fr</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_South_Africa" title="Copyright law of South Africa">South Africa</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Copyright.svg/90px-Copyright.svg.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Copyright.svg/135px-Copyright.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Copyright.svg/180px-Copyright.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="197" data-file-height="197" /></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Americas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_Argentina" title="Copyright law of Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_in_Bermuda" title="Copyright in Bermuda">Bermuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_Bolivia" title="Copyright law of Bolivia">Bolivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_Brazil" title="Copyright law of Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_Canada" title="Copyright law of Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_Chile" title="Copyright law of Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_in_the_Dominican_Republic" title="Copyright in the Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Copyright_in_Ecuador&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Copyright in Ecuador (page does not exist)">Ecuador</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derecho_de_autor_en_Ecuador" class="extiw" title="es:Derecho de autor en Ecuador">es</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_El_Salvador" title="Copyright law of El Salvador">El Salvador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_Honduras" title="Copyright law of Honduras">Honduras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_Panama" title="Copyright law of Panama">Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_Peru" title="Copyright law of Peru">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_the_United_States" title="Copyright law of the United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Copyright_in_Uruguay&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Copyright in Uruguay (page does not exist)">Uruguay</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derecho_de_autor_en_Uruguay" class="extiw" title="es:Derecho de autor en Uruguay">es</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_Venezuela" title="Copyright law of Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afghanistan_and_copyright_issues" title="Afghanistan and copyright issues">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_Azerbaijan" title="Copyright law of Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_Bangladesh" title="Copyright law of Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Copyright law of China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_Hong_Kong" title="Copyright law of Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_India" title="Copyright law of India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_Indonesia" title="Copyright law of Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_in_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Copyright in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Copyright_in_Israel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Copyright in Israel (page does not exist)">Israel</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%B2_%D0%98%D0%B7%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B5" class="extiw" title="ru:Авторское право в Израиле">ru</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_Japan" title="Copyright law of Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_Jordan" title="Copyright law of Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_Kazakhstan" title="Copyright law of Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Copyright_in_Kyrgyzstan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Copyright in Kyrgyzstan (page does not exist)">Kyrgyzstan</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%B2_%D0%9A%D1%8B%D1%80%D0%B3%D1%8B%D0%B7%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5" class="extiw" title="ru:Авторское право в Кыргызстане">ru</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_North_Korea" title="Copyright law of North Korea">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_South_Korea" title="Copyright law of South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Copyright_in_Lebanon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Copyright in Lebanon (page does not exist)">Lebanon</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%B2_%D0%9B%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5" class="extiw" title="ru:Авторское право в Ливане">ru</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_Malaysia" title="Copyright law of Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Copyright_in_Mongolia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Copyright in Mongolia (page does not exist)">Mongolia</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%B2_%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B8" class="extiw" title="ru:Авторское право в Монголии">ru</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_Myanmar" title="Copyright law of Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_Nepal" title="Copyright law of Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_Oman" title="Copyright law of Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_Pakistan" title="Copyright law of Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_the_Philippines" title="Copyright law of the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Copyright law of Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Copyright law of Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_Syria" title="Copyright law of Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_Tajikistan" title="Copyright law of Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_Thailand" title="Copyright law of Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Copyright_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Copyright in the United Arab Emirates (page does not exist)">United Arab Emirates</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urheberrecht_(Vereinigte_Arabische_Emirate)" class="extiw" title="de:Urheberrecht (Vereinigte Arabische Emirate)">de</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Copyright_in_Uzbekistan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Copyright in Uzbekistan (page does not exist)">Uzbekistan</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%B2_%D0%A3%D0%B7%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5" class="extiw" title="ru:Авторское право в Узбекистане">ru</a>]</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_the_European_Union" title="Copyright law of the European Union">European Union</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Copyright_law_of_Austria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Copyright law of Austria (page does not exist)">Austria</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urheberrecht_(%C3%96sterreich)" class="extiw" title="de:Urheberrecht (Österreich)">de</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Copyright_in_Belgium&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Copyright in Belgium (page does not exist)">Belgium</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Droit_d%27auteur_en_Belgique" class="extiw" title="fr:Droit d'auteur en Belgique">fr</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_France" title="Copyright law of France">France</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_Greece" title="Copyright law of Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_Ireland" title="Copyright law of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_Italy" title="Copyright law of Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Copyright_in_Latvia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Copyright in Latvia (page does not exist)">Latvia</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%B2_%D0%9B%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B8" class="extiw" title="ru:Авторское право в Латвии">ru</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Copyright_in_Lithuania&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Copyright in Lithuania (page does not exist)">Lithuania</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%B2_%D0%9B%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B5" class="extiw" title="ru:Авторское право в Литве">ru</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Copyright_in_Luxembourg&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Copyright in Luxembourg (page does not exist)">Luxembourg</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urheberrecht_(Luxemburg)" class="extiw" title="de:Urheberrecht (Luxemburg)">de</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_the_Netherlands" title="Copyright law of the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_Poland" title="Copyright law of Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_Romania" title="Copyright law of Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_Spain" title="Copyright law of Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_Sweden" title="Copyright law of Sweden">Sweden</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other countries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_Albania" title="Copyright law of Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Copyright_in_Armenia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Copyright in Armenia (page does not exist)">Armenia</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%B2_%D0%90%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B8" class="extiw" title="ru:Авторское право в Армении">ru</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Copyright_in_Belarus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Copyright in Belarus (page does not exist)">Belarus</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%B2_%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B8" class="extiw" title="ru:Авторское право в Белоруссии">ru</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_Georgia" title="Copyright law of Georgia">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_Kazakhstan" title="Copyright law of Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Copyright_in_Kyrgyzstan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Copyright in Kyrgyzstan (page does not exist)">Kyrgyzstan</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%B2_%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%B8" class="extiw" title="ru:Авторское право в Киргизии">ru</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_Moldova" title="Copyright law of Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_Russia" title="Copyright law of Russia">Russia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Copyright law of the Soviet Union">USSR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_the_Russian_Federation" title="Copyright law of the Russian Federation">Russian Federation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_Serbia" title="Copyright law of Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_Switzerland" title="Copyright law of Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_Turkey" title="Copyright law of Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_in_Ukraine" title="Copyright in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Copyright law of the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" 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