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Suleyman the Magnificent | Biography, Facts, Empire, Accomplishments, & History | Britannica
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</div><button disabled class="prev-button js-prev-button position-absolute btn btn-circle shadow btn-blue " aria-label="Previous"> <span class="material-icons md-24" data-icon="keyboard_arrow_left"></span> </button> <button disabled class="next-button js-next-button position-absolute btn btn-circle shadow btn-blue " aria-label="Next"> <span class="material-icons md-24" data-icon="keyboard_arrow_right"></span> </button> </div> </div> </div> <main> <div class="md-page-wrapper"> <div id="content" class="md-content"> <div class="md-article-container template-desktop"> <div class="infinite-scroll-container article last"> <script> Object.assign( window.Mendel.config, { "infiniteScrollList": [{"p":1,"t":572395},{"p":19,"t":434996},{"p":1,"t":255234},{"p":1,"t":311566},{"p":1,"t":300350},{"p":1,"t":2096049},{"p":1,"t":628127},{"p":1,"t":2097774},{"p":4,"t":610052},{"p":1,"t":628125}], "sequence": 1, "topics": {} }); </script> <article class="article-content container-lg qa-content px-0 pt-0 pb-40 py-lg-20 content md-expanded" data-topic-id="572395"> <div class="grid gx-0"> <div class="col-auto"> <div class="topic-left-rail md-article-drawer position-relative d-flex border-right-sm border-left-sm open"> <div class="drawer d-flex flex-column open"> <div class="left-rail-section-content"> <div class="topic-left-rail-header text-truncate bg-gray-50 position-relative text-right d-flex align-items-center"> <div class="tlr-title px-20 py-15 text-left"><em class="material-icons text-gray-400 d-lg-none" data-icon="toc"></em> <a class="font-serif font-weight-bold text-black link-blue" href="https://www-britannica-com.translate.goog/biography/Suleyman-the-Magnificent?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Süleyman the Magnificent</a> </div><button aria-label="Close" class="js-sections-close-button btn-link btn-sm btn d-lg-none position-absolute top-0 p-10 right-0"> <em class="material-icons font-26" data-icon="close"></em> </button> </div> <div class="section-content pl-10 pr-20 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Süleyman the Magnificent: longest-reigning Ottoman sultan</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="md-websites-ebk-title"> Britannica Websites </div> <div class="md-websites-ebk-subtitle"> Articles from Britannica Encyclopedias for elementary and high school students. </div> <ul class="list-unstyled bps-topic-web-sites lh-lg"> <li><a class="external" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://kids.britannica.com/kids/article/Suleyman-the-Magnificent/390057" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Süleyman the Magnificent - Children's Encyclopedia (Ages 8-11)</a></li> <li><a class="external" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://kids.britannica.com/students/article/Suleyman-I/277952" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Süleyman I - Student Encyclopedia (Ages 11 and up)</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="toc-header-marker"></div><button class="ai-ask-button btn btn-sm border-2 btn-outline-red-400 border-red-400 d-none mr-0 mr-lg-10 ml-5 ml-sm-10 ml-lg-0 p-10 px-sm-5 px-md-10 js-header-ai-ask-button"> Ask the Chatbot a Question </button> <div class="caption alternate-titles"> Also known as: Kanuni, Muhteşem, Süleyman I, Süleyman Kanuni, Süleyman Muhteşem, Süleyman the Lawgiver </div> <div class="md-byline module-spacing "> <div class="font-serif font-12"><span class="written-by text-gray-700"> Written by </span> <div class="editor-popover popover p-0"><a class="d-block p-20 qa-editor-popup gtm-byline font-12 byline-contributor" href="https://www-britannica-com.translate.goog/contributor/VJ-Parry/2252?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB"> <div class="editor-title font-16 font-weight-bold"> V.J. Parry </div> <div class="editor-description font-12 font-serif mt-5 clamp-description text-black"> Reader in the History of the Near and Middle East, School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London. Contributor to <i>The New Cambridge Modern History; Encyclopædia of Islam.</i> </div></a> <div data-popper-arrow></div> </div><span class="btn btn-link editor-link p-0 qa-byline-link gtm-byline font-12 byline-contributor text-decoration-underline"> V.J. 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class="js-fact mb-10 line-clamp clamp-3"> <dl> <dt> Turkish: </dt> <dd> Süleyman Muhteşem or Kanuni </dd> </dl><button class="js-more-btn d-none btn btn-unstyled font-12 bg-gray-50" aria-label="Toggle more/less fact data"> <em class="js-content link-blue">(Show more)</em> </button> </div> </div> <div class=""> <div class="js-fact mb-10 line-clamp clamp-3"> <dl> <dt> Born: </dt> <dd> November 1494–April 1495 </dd> </dl><button class="js-more-btn d-none btn btn-unstyled font-12 bg-gray-50" aria-label="Toggle more/less fact data"> <em class="js-content link-blue">(Show more)</em> </button> </div> </div> <div class=""> <div class="js-fact mb-10 line-clamp clamp-3"> <dl> <dt> Died: </dt> <dd> September 5/6, 1566, near Szigetvár, <a href="https://www-britannica-com.translate.goog/place/Hungary?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Hungary</a> </dd> </dl><button class="js-more-btn d-none btn btn-unstyled font-12 bg-gray-50" aria-label="Toggle more/less fact data"> <em class="js-content link-blue">(Show more)</em> </button> </div> </div> <div class=""> <div class="js-fact mb-10 line-clamp clamp-3"> <dl> <dt> Title / Office: </dt> <dd> <a href="https://www-britannica-com.translate.goog/topic/sultan-Islamic-title?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">sultan (1520-1566)</a>, <a href="https://www-britannica-com.translate.goog/place/Ottoman-Empire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Ottoman Empire</a> </dd> </dl><button class="js-more-btn d-none btn btn-unstyled font-12 bg-gray-50" aria-label="Toggle more/less fact data"> <em class="js-content link-blue">(Show more)</em> </button> </div> </div> <div class="facts-item-none d-none"> <div class="js-fact mb-10 line-clamp clamp-3"> <dl> <dt> Notable Family Members: </dt> <dd> spouse <a href="https://www-britannica-com.translate.goog/biography/Roxelana?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Roxelana</a> </dd> </dl><button class="js-more-btn d-none btn btn-unstyled font-12 bg-gray-50" aria-label="Toggle more/less 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achievements?<\/div><em><\/em>", "acceptedAnswer" : { "@type" : "Answer", "text" : "S\u00FCleyman codified a centralized legal system (<em><a href=\"https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/kanun\">kanun<\/a><\/em>) for the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Ottoman-Empire\">Ottoman state<\/a>, expanded both the territory and the revenue of the empire, and built up Constantinople (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Istanbul\">Istanbul<\/a>) as the empire\u2019s capital." } } , { "@type" : "Question", "name" : "<div>How did S\u00FCleyman the Magnificent die?<\/div><em><\/em>", "acceptedAnswer" : { "@type" : "Answer", "text" : "S\u00FCleyman died of natural causes during a campaign to besiege the fortress of Szigetv\u00E1r in <a href=\"https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Hungary\">Hungary<\/a>." } } ] } </script> <div class="top-questions qa-accordion d-flex flex-column module-spacing"> <div class="font-weight-bold font-14 mb-5"> Top Questions </div> <div id="intent-accordion" class="md-intent-accordion"> <div class="top-question bg-gray-50 rounded" data-value="1"> <h3 class="accordion--question font-14 font-weight-normal cursor-pointer rounded"> <div class="pe-none d-flex justify-content-between align-items-center"> <div> How did Süleyman the Magnificent come to power? </div><em class="material-icons" data-icon="expand_more"></em> </div></h3> <div class="accordion--answer hidden p-15 pt-5 font-16 mb-5"> <div class="accordion--answer-copy"> <p>Süleyman succeeded his father, <a href="https://www-britannica-com.translate.goog/biography/Selim-I?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="md-crosslink " data-show-preview="true">Selim I</a>, as sultan of the <a href="https://www-britannica-com.translate.goog/place/Ottoman-Empire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="md-crosslink " data-show-preview="true">Ottoman Empire</a> in September 1520.</p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="top-question bg-gray-50 rounded" data-value="2"> <h3 class="accordion--question font-14 font-weight-normal cursor-pointer rounded"> <div class="pe-none d-flex justify-content-between align-items-center"> <div> What were Süleyman the Magnificent’s achievements? </div><em class="material-icons" data-icon="expand_more"></em> </div></h3> <div class="accordion--answer hidden p-15 pt-5 font-16 mb-5"> <div class="accordion--answer-copy"> <p>Süleyman codified a centralized legal system (<em><a href="https://www-britannica-com.translate.goog/topic/kanun?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="md-crosslink " data-show-preview="true">kanun</a></em>) for the <a href="https://www-britannica-com.translate.goog/place/Ottoman-Empire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="md-crosslink " data-show-preview="true">Ottoman state</a>, expanded both the territory and the revenue of the empire, and built up Constantinople (<a href="https://www-britannica-com.translate.goog/place/Istanbul?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="md-crosslink " data-show-preview="true">Istanbul</a>) as the empire’s capital.</p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="top-question bg-gray-50 rounded" data-value="3"> <h3 class="accordion--question font-14 font-weight-normal cursor-pointer rounded"> <div class="pe-none d-flex justify-content-between align-items-center"> <div> How did Süleyman the Magnificent die? </div><em class="material-icons" data-icon="expand_more"></em> </div></h3> <div class="accordion--answer hidden p-15 pt-5 font-16 mb-5"> <div class="accordion--answer-copy"> <p>Süleyman died of natural causes during a campaign to besiege the fortress of Szigetvár in <a href="https://www-britannica-com.translate.goog/place/Hungary?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="md-crosslink " data-show-preview="true">Hungary</a>.</p> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div><!--[BEFORE-ARTICLE]--><span class="marker before-article"></span> <section data-level="1" id="ref1"> <!--[PREMOD1]--><span class="marker PREMOD1 mod-inline"></span> <p class="topic-paragraph"><strong><span id="ref163004"></span>Süleyman the Magnificent</strong> (born November 1494–April 1495—died September 5/6, 1566, near Szigetvár, Hungary) was the <a href="https://www-britannica-com.translate.goog/topic/sultan-Islamic-title?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="md-crosslink autoxref " data-show-preview="true">sultan</a> of the <a href="https://www-britannica-com.translate.goog/place/Ottoman-Empire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="md-crosslink " data-show-preview="true">Ottoman Empire</a> from 1520 to 1566 who not only undertook bold <a href="https://www-britannica-com.translate.goog/topic/armed-force?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="md-crosslink autoxref " data-show-preview="true">military</a> campaigns that enlarged his realm but also oversaw the development of what came to be regarded as the most <a class="md-dictionary-link md-dictionary-tt-off eb" data-term="characteristic" href="https://www-britannica-com.translate.goog/dictionary/characteristic?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" data-type="EB">characteristic</a> achievements of Ottoman civilization in the fields of law, <a href="https://www-britannica-com.translate.goog/art/literature?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="md-crosslink autoxref " data-show-preview="true">literature</a>, art, and architecture.</p><!--[MOD1]--><span class="marker MOD1 mod-inline"></span> </section><!--[H2]--><span class="marker h2"></span> <section data-level="1" id="ref6970"> <h2 class="h1">Early life and reign</h2><!--[PREMOD2]--><span class="marker PREMOD2 mod-inline"></span> <p class="topic-paragraph">Süleyman was the only son of Sultan <a href="https://www-britannica-com.translate.goog/biography/Selim-I?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="md-crosslink " data-show-preview="true">Selim I</a>. He became <em>sancak beyi</em> (governor) of Kaffa in <a href="https://www-britannica-com.translate.goog/place/Crimea?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="md-crosslink " data-show-preview="true">Crimea</a> during the reign of his grandfather <a href="https://www-britannica-com.translate.goog/biography/Bayezid-II?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="md-crosslink " data-show-preview="true">Bayezid II</a> and of <a href="https://www-britannica-com.translate.goog/place/Manisa-Turkey?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="md-crosslink " data-show-preview="true">Manisa</a> in western <a href="https://www-britannica-com.translate.goog/place/Anatolia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="md-crosslink autoxref " data-show-preview="true">Asia Minor</a> in the reign of Selim I.</p><!--[MOD2]--><span class="marker MOD2 mod-inline"></span> <!--[PREMOD3]--><span class="marker PREMOD3 mod-inline"></span> <p class="topic-paragraph">Süleyman succeeded his father as sultan in September 1520 and began his reign with campaigns against the Christian powers in central <a href="https://www-britannica-com.translate.goog/place/Europe?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="md-crosslink autoxref " data-show-preview="true">Europe</a> and the Mediterranean. <a href="https://www-britannica-com.translate.goog/place/Belgrade?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="md-crosslink " data-show-preview="true">Belgrade</a> fell to him in 1521 and <a href="https://www-britannica-com.translate.goog/place/Rhodes-island-Greece?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="md-crosslink " data-show-preview="true">Rhodes</a>, long under the rule of the <a href="https://www-britannica-com.translate.goog/topic/Hospitallers?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="md-crosslink " data-show-preview="true">Knights of St. John</a>, in 1522–23. At <span id="ref163005"></span><a href="https://www-britannica-com.translate.goog/place/Mohacs?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="md-crosslink " data-show-preview="true">Mohács</a>, in August 1526, Süleyman broke the military strength of <span id="ref163006"></span><a href="https://www-britannica-com.translate.goog/topic/history-of-Hungary?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="md-crosslink " data-show-preview="true">Hungary</a>, the Hungarian king, <a href="https://www-britannica-com.translate.goog/biography/Louis-II-king-of-Hungary-and-Bohemia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="md-crosslink " data-show-preview="true">Louis II</a>, losing his life in the battle (<em>see</em> <a href="https://www-britannica-com.translate.goog/event/Battle-of-Mohacs?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="md-crosslink " data-show-preview="true">Battle of Mohács</a>).</p><a class="link-module shadow-sm d-block qa-quiz-module" href="https://www-britannica-com.translate.goog/quiz/understanding-the-ottoman-empire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" data-link-module-iframe-link=""> <img loading="lazy" src="https://cdn.britannica.com/53/206953-131-CD79FF5F/Gallipoli-Campaign-World-War-I-wounded-Turkish-troops-at-assembly.jpg" alt="Caption: It May be Turned to Mourning for its Loss. Our picture shows a group of the wounded lately from the Dardanelles, Ottoman Empire (Turkey) at the festivities, ca. 1914-1918. (World War I)" class="rounded-sm mr-15" width="70"> <div class="line-clamp clamp-5"> <div class="module-title bg-green"> Britannica Quiz </div> <div class="font-weight-semi-bold mt-5"> Understanding the Ottoman Empire </div> </div></a><!--[MOD3]--><span class="marker MOD3 mod-inline"></span> <!--[PREMOD4]--><span class="marker PREMOD4 mod-inline"></span> <p class="topic-paragraph">The vacant throne of Hungary was now claimed by <a href="https://www-britannica-com.translate.goog/biography/Ferdinand-I-Holy-Roman-emperor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="md-crosslink " data-show-preview="true">Ferdinand I</a>, the <a href="https://www-britannica-com.translate.goog/topic/House-of-Habsburg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="md-crosslink " data-show-preview="true">Habsburg</a> archduke of <a href="https://www-britannica-com.translate.goog/place/Austria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="md-crosslink autoxref " data-show-preview="true">Austria</a>, and by <span id="ref163007"></span><a href="https://www-britannica-com.translate.goog/biography/John-king-of-Hungary?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="md-crosslink " data-show-preview="true">John</a> (János Zápolya), who was <em>voivode</em> (lord) of <a href="https://www-britannica-com.translate.goog/place/Transylvania?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="md-crosslink autoxref " data-show-preview="true">Transylvania</a>, and the candidates of the “native” party opposed to the prospect of Habsburg rule. Süleyman agreed to recognize John as a <a class="md-dictionary-link md-dictionary-tt-off eb" data-term="vassal" href="https://www-britannica-com.translate.goog/dictionary/vassal?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" data-type="EB">vassal</a> king of Hungary, and in 1529, hoping to remove at one blow all further intervention by the Habsburgs, he laid siege to <a href="https://www-britannica-com.translate.goog/place/Vienna?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="md-crosslink " data-show-preview="true">Vienna</a>. Difficulties of time and distance and of bad weather and lack of supplies, no less than the resistance of the Christians, forced the sultan to raise the siege.</p><!--[MOD4]--><span class="marker MOD4 mod-inline"></span> <!--[PREMOD5]--><span class="marker PREMOD5 mod-inline"></span> <p class="topic-paragraph">The campaign was successful, however, in a more immediate sense, for John was to rule thereafter over most of Hungary until his death, in 1540. A second great campaign in 1532, notable for the brilliant Christian defense of Güns, ended as a mere foray into Austrian border territories. The sultan, preoccupied with affairs in the East and convinced that Austria was not to be overcome at one stroke, granted a truce to the archduke Ferdinand in 1533.</p><!--[MOD5]--><span class="marker MOD5 mod-inline"></span> <!--[PREMOD6]--><span class="marker PREMOD6 mod-inline"></span> <p class="topic-paragraph">The death of John in 1540 and the prompt advance of Austrian forces once more into central Hungary drove Süleyman to modify profoundly the solution that he had <a class="md-dictionary-link md-dictionary-tt-off eb" data-term="imposed" href="https://www-britannica-com.translate.goog/dictionary/imposed?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" data-type="EB">imposed</a> in the time of John. His campaigns of 1541 and 1543 led to the emergence of three distinct Hungarys—Habsburg Hungary in the extreme north and west; Ottoman Hungary along the middle Danube, a region under direct and permanent military occupation by the Ottomans and with its main centre at Buda; and Transylvania, a vassal state dependent on the Porte and in the hands of <a href="https://www-britannica-com.translate.goog/biography/John-Sigismund?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="md-crosslink " data-show-preview="true">John Sigismund</a>, the son of John Zápolya.</p><!--[MOD6]--><span class="marker MOD6 mod-inline"></span> <!--[PREMOD7]--><span class="marker PREMOD7 mod-inline"></span> <p class="topic-paragraph">Between 1543 and 1562 the war in Hungary continued, broken by truces and with few notable changes on either side; the most important was the Ottoman capture of the <a href="https://www-britannica-com.translate.goog/place/Banat?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="md-crosslink " data-show-preview="true">Banat of Temesvár</a> (Timișoara) in 1532. After long negotiations a peace recognizing the <a class="md-dictionary-link md-dictionary-tt-off eb" data-term="status quo" href="https://www-britannica-com.translate.goog/dictionary/status quo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" data-type="EB">status quo</a> in Hungary was signed in 1562.</p> <div class="module-spacing"> <div class="marketing-INLINE_SUBSCRIPTION marketing-content" data-marketing-id="INLINE_SUBSCRIPTION"> <style> .student-promo-banner-wrapper { container-type: inline-size; margin-bottom: 15px; } @container (min-width: 475px) { .student-promo-banner { flex-direction: row; } .student-promo-banner-img-wrapper { margin-bottom: 0; margin-right: 10px; justify-content: flex-start; } .student-promo-banner-text-wrapper { text-align: left; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 10px; } .student-promo-banner-button-wrapper { margin-right: 0; } }</style> <div class="student-promo-banner-wrapper"> <div class="student-promo-banner d-flex flex-column align-items-center bg-blue rounded p-20"> <div class="student-promo-banner-img-wrapper mb-20 mr-0 d-flex justify-content-center"><img class="rounded" style="max-width: 100px; min-width: 80px" src="https://cdn.britannica.com/marketing/BlueThistle.webp"> </div> <div class="student-promo-banner-text-wrapper ml-0 mb-10 text-center text-white"> <div class="h2 mb-10"> Are you a student? </div> <div class="h4 font-weight-semi-bold"> Get a special academic rate on Britannica Premium. </div> </div> <div class="student-promo-banner-button-wrapper d-flex justify-content-center align-items-center ml-auto mr-auto"><a class="btn btn-m btn-orange" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://premium.britannica.com/student-subscription/?utm_source%3Dpremium%26utm_medium%3Dinline-cta%26utm_campaign%3Daugust-2024">Subscribe</a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div><!--[MOD7]--><span class="marker MOD7 mod-inline"></span> </section><!--[H3]--><span class="marker h3"></span> <section data-level="1" id="ref6971"> <h2 class="h1">The campaigns against <span id="ref163008"></span><a href="https://www-britannica-com.translate.goog/topic/history-of-Iran?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="md-crosslink ">Persia</a></h2><!--[PREMOD8]--><span class="marker PREMOD8 mod-inline"></span> <p class="topic-paragraph">Süleyman waged three major campaigns against Persia. The first (1534–35) gave the Ottomans control over the region of <a href="https://www-britannica-com.translate.goog/place/Erzurum?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="md-crosslink " data-show-preview="true">Erzurum</a> in eastern Asia Minor and also witnessed the Ottoman conquest of Iraq, a success that rounded off the achievements of Selim I. The second campaign (1548–49) brought much of the area around <a href="https://www-britannica-com.translate.goog/place/Lake-Van?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="md-crosslink " data-show-preview="true">Lake Van</a> under Ottoman rule, but the third (1554–55) served rather as a warning to the Ottomans of the difficulty of subduing the <a href="https://www-britannica-com.translate.goog/topic/Safavid-dynasty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="md-crosslink " data-show-preview="true">Safavid</a> state in Persia. The first formal peace between the Ottomans and the Safavids was signed in 1555, but it offered no clear solution to the problems confronting the Ottoman sultan on his eastern frontier.</p><!--[MOD8]--><span class="marker MOD8 mod-inline"></span> <!--[PREMOD9]--><span class="marker PREMOD9 mod-inline"></span> <p class="topic-paragraph">The naval strength of the Ottomans became <a class="md-dictionary-link md-dictionary-tt-off mw" data-term="formidable" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/formidable" data-type="MW">formidable</a> in the reign of Süleyman. Khayr al-Dīn, known in the West as <span id="ref163009"></span><a href="https://www-britannica-com.translate.goog/biography/Barbarossa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="md-crosslink " data-show-preview="true">Barbarossa</a>, became <em>kapudan</em> (admiral) of the Ottoman fleet and won a sea fight off Preveza, Greece (1538), against the combined fleets of Venice and <a href="https://www-britannica-com.translate.goog/place/Spain?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="md-crosslink autoxref " data-show-preview="true">Spain</a>, which gave to the Ottomans the naval <a class="md-dictionary-link md-dictionary-tt-off mw" data-term="initiative" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/initiative" data-type="MW">initiative</a> in the Mediterranean until the <a href="https://www-britannica-com.translate.goog/event/Battle-of-Lepanto?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="md-crosslink " data-show-preview="true">Battle of Lepanto</a> in 1571. <a href="https://www-britannica-com.translate.goog/place/Tripoli?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="md-crosslink " data-show-preview="true">Tripoli</a> in <a href="https://www-britannica-com.translate.goog/place/North-Africa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="md-crosslink autoxref " data-show-preview="true">North Africa</a> fell to the Ottomans in 1551. A strong Spanish expedition against Tripoli was crushed at <a href="https://www-britannica-com.translate.goog/place/Jerba?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="md-crosslink " data-show-preview="true">Jarbah</a> (Djerba) in 1560, but the Ottomans failed to capture <a href="https://www-britannica-com.translate.goog/place/Malta?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="md-crosslink " data-show-preview="true">Malta</a> from the Knights of <a href="https://www-britannica-com.translate.goog/place/St-Johns-Newfoundland-and-Labrador?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="md-crosslink autoxref " data-show-preview="true">St. John</a> in 1565. Ottoman naval power was felt at this time even as far afield as <a href="https://www-britannica-com.translate.goog/place/India?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="md-crosslink autoxref " data-show-preview="true">India</a>, where a fleet sent out from Egypt made an unsuccessful attempt in 1538 to take the town of <a href="https://www-britannica-com.translate.goog/place/Diu?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="md-crosslink " data-show-preview="true">Diu</a> from the Portuguese.</p><!--[MOD9]--><span class="marker MOD9 mod-inline"></span> <!--[PREMOD10]--><span class="marker PREMOD10 mod-inline"></span> <p class="topic-paragraph">The later years of Süleyman were troubled by conflict between his sons. Mustafa had become by 1553 a focus of disaffection in Asia Minor and was executed in that year on the order of the sultan. There followed during 1559–61 a conflict between the princes Selim and Bayezid over the <a class="md-dictionary-link md-dictionary-tt-off eb" data-term="succession" href="https://www-britannica-com.translate.goog/dictionary/succession?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" data-type="EB">succession</a> to the throne, which ended with the defeat and execution of Bayezid. Süleyman himself died while besieging the fortress of Szigetvár in Hungary.</p> <div class="one-good-fact-module"> </div><!--[MOD10]--><span class="marker MOD10 mod-inline"></span> </section><!--[H4]--><span class="marker h4"></span> <section data-level="1" id="ref6972"> <h2 class="h1">Domestic achievements</h2><!--[PREMOD11]--><span class="marker PREMOD11 mod-inline"></span> <div class="assemblies"> <div class="w-100"> <figure class="md-assembly m-0 mb-md-0 card card-borderless print-false" data-assembly-id="14359" data-asm-type="image"> <div class="md-assembly-wrapper card-media" data-type="image"> <a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://cdn.britannica.com/73/9373-050-09421ED9/Mosque-Istanbul-Suleyman-I-the-Magnificent-Sinan.jpg" class="gtm-assembly-link position-relative d-flex align-items-center justify-content-center media-overlay-link card-media" data-href="/media/1/572395/14359"> <picture> <source media="(min-width: 680px)" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://cdn.britannica.com/73/9373-050-09421ED9/Mosque-Istanbul-Suleyman-I-the-Magnificent-Sinan.jpg?w%3D300"> <img src="https://cdn.britannica.com/73/9373-050-09421ED9/Mosque-Istanbul-Suleyman-I-the-Magnificent-Sinan.jpg?w=300" alt="Mimar Sinan: Mosque of Süleyman I the Magnificent" data-width="1600" data-height="752" loading="eager"> </picture><button class="magnifying-glass btn btn-circle position-absolute shadow btn-white top-10 right-10" aria-label="Zoom in"><em class="material-icons link-blue" data-icon="zoom_in"></em></button></a> </div> <figcaption class="card-body"> <div class="md-assembly-caption text-muted font-14 font-serif line-clamp"> <span><a class="gtm-assembly-link md-assembly-title font-weight-bold d-inline font-sans-serif mr-5 media-overlay-link" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://cdn.britannica.com/73/9373-050-09421ED9/Mosque-Istanbul-Suleyman-I-the-Magnificent-Sinan.jpg" data-href="/media/1/572395/14359">Mimar Sinan: Mosque of Süleyman I the Magnificent</a><span>Mosque of Süleyman I the Magnificent, Istanbul, by Mimar (“Architect”) Sinan, 1550–57.</span><button class="js-more-btn d-none btn btn-unstyled font-12 bg-white js-content" aria-label="Toggle more/less fact data"><span class="link-blue">(more)</span></button></span> </div> </figcaption> </figure> </div> </div> <p class="topic-paragraph">Süleyman surrounded himself with administrators and statesmen of unusual ability, men such as his grand viziers (chief ministers) <a href="https://www-britannica-com.translate.goog/biography/Ibrahim-Pasa-Ottoman-vizier-circa-1493-1536?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="md-crosslink " data-show-preview="true">İbrahim</a>, Rüstem, and <a href="https://www-britannica-com.translate.goog/biography/Mehmed-Pasa-Sokollu?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="md-crosslink " data-show-preview="true">Mehmed Sokollu</a>. <em><a href="https://www-britannica-com.translate.goog/topic/ulama?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="md-crosslink " data-show-preview="true">ʿUlamāʾ</a></em> (specialists in Islamic law), notably Abū al-Suʿūd (Hoca Çelebi) and <a href="https://www-britannica-com.translate.goog/biography/Kemalpasazade?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="md-crosslink " data-show-preview="true">Kemalpaşazade</a>, made the period memorable, as did the great Turkish poet <a href="https://www-britannica-com.translate.goog/biography/Baki?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="md-crosslink " data-show-preview="true">Bâkî</a> and the architect <a href="https://www-britannica-com.translate.goog/biography/Sinan?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="md-crosslink " data-show-preview="true">Sinan</a>. Süleyman built strong fortresses to defend the places he took from the Christians and adorned the cities of the <a href="https://www-britannica-com.translate.goog/topic/Islamic-world?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="md-crosslink " data-show-preview="true">Islamic world</a> (including <a href="https://www-britannica-com.translate.goog/place/Mecca?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="md-crosslink " data-show-preview="true">Mecca</a>, <a href="https://www-britannica-com.translate.goog/place/Damascus?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="md-crosslink " data-show-preview="true">Damascus</a>, and <a href="https://www-britannica-com.translate.goog/place/Baghdad?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="md-crosslink " data-show-preview="true">Baghdad</a>) with mosques, bridges, aqueducts, and other <a href="https://www-britannica-com.translate.goog/technology/public-utility?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="md-crosslink autoxref " data-show-preview="true">public works</a>. In <a href="https://www-britannica-com.translate.goog/topic/general?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="md-crosslink autoxref " data-show-preview="true">general</a>, Süleyman completed the task of transforming the previously <a class="md-dictionary-link md-dictionary-tt-off mw" data-term="Byzantine" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/Byzantine" data-type="MW">Byzantine</a> city of Constantinople into <a href="https://www-britannica-com.translate.goog/place/Istanbul?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="md-crosslink " data-show-preview="true">Istanbul</a>, a worthy centre for a great Turkish and Islamic empire.</p><!--[MOD11]--><span class="marker MOD11 mod-inline"></span> <span class="md-signature font-12"><a href="https://www-britannica-com.translate.goog/contributor/VJ-Parry/2252?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">V.J. Parry</a></span> </section><!--[END-OF-CONTENT]--><span class="marker end-of-content"></span><!--[AFTER-ARTICLE]--><span class="marker after-article"></span> </div> <div id="chatbot-simplify-root"></div> <div id="chatbot-root"></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="ai-dialog-placeholder"></div> </div> </div> <aside class="col-md-da-320"></aside> </div> </div> </div> </div> </article> </div> </div> </div> </div> </main> <div id="md-footer"></div> <noscript> <iframe src="//www.googletagmanager.com/ns.html?id=GTM-5W6NC8" height="0" width="0" style="display:none;visibility:hidden"></iframe> </noscript><!-- Ortto ebmwprod capture code --> <script> window.ap3c = window.ap3c || {}; var ap3c = window.ap3c; ap3c.cmd = ap3c.cmd || []; ap3c.cmd.push(function() { ap3c.init('ZO4siT4cLwnykPnzZWJtd3Byb2Q', 'https://engage.email.britannica.com/'); ap3c.track({v: 0}); }); ap3c.activity = function(act) { ap3c.act = (ap3c.act || []); ap3c.act.push(act); }; var s, t; s = document.createElement('script'); s.type = 'text/javascript'; s.src = "https://engage.email.britannica.com/app.js"; t = document.getElementsByTagName('script')[0]; t.parentNode.insertBefore(s, t); </script> <script class="marketing-page-info" type="application/json"> {"pageType":"Topic","templateName":"DESKTOP","pageNumber":1,"pagesTotal":1,"pageId":572395,"pageLength":921,"initialLoad":true,"lastPageOfScroll":false} </script> <script class="marketing-content-info" type="application/json"> [] </script> <script src="https://cdn.britannica.com/mendel-resources/3-133/js/libs/jquery-3.5.0.min.js?v=3.133.48"></script> <script type="text/javascript" data-type="Init Mendel Code Splitting"> (function() { $.ajax({ dataType: 'script', cache: true, url: 'https://cdn.britannica.com/mendel-resources/3-133/dist/topic-page.js?v=3.133.48' }); })(); </script> <script class="analytics-metadata" type="application/json"> {"leg":"A","adLeg":"A","userType":"ANONYMOUS","pageType":"Topic","pageSubtype":null,"articleTemplateType":"BIO_MEDIUM","gisted":false,"pageNumber":1,"hasSummarizeButton":false,"hasAskButton":true,"hasAiTopQuestions":false,"hasSimplifyButton":false} </script> <script type="text/javascript"> EBStat={accountId:-1,hostnameOverride:'webstats.eb.com',domain:'www.britannica.com', json:''}; </script> <script type="text/javascript"> ( function() { $.ajax( { dataType: 'script', cache: true, url: '//www.britannica.com/webstats/mendelstats.js?v=1' } ) .done( function() { try {writeStat(null,EBStat);} catch(err){} } ); })(); </script> <div id="bc-fixed-dialogue"></div> <script defer src="https://static.cloudflareinsights.com/beacon.min.js/vcd15cbe7772f49c399c6a5babf22c1241717689176015" integrity="sha512-ZpsOmlRQV6y907TI0dKBHq9Md29nnaEIPlkf84rnaERnq6zvWvPUqr2ft8M1aS28oN72PdrCzSjY4U6VaAw1EQ==" data-cf-beacon="{"rayId":"919cf9b3ae75d083","version":"2025.1.0","serverTiming":{"name":{"cfExtPri":true,"cfL4":true,"cfSpeedBrain":true,"cfCacheStatus":true}},"token":"5cc7d7124de641b181da990fc8c9a0b6","b":1}" crossorigin="anonymous"></script> <script>function gtElInit() {var lib = new google.translate.TranslateService();lib.translatePage('en', 'en', function () {});}</script> <script src="https://translate.google.com/translate_a/element.js?cb=gtElInit&hl=en-GB&client=wt" type="text/javascript"></script> </body> </html>