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DNA Strands | AncestryDNA® Learning Hub
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} }</style> <div data-cmp-is="ancestry-container" data-visibility-no-activate="false" class="cmp-container container-media-b010ebb3cf hide480 "> <span style="background:linear-gradient(to right, 0%,rgba(0,0,0,0) 90%)"></span> <div class="cmp-container__container-content"> <div class="aem-Grid aem-Grid--12 aem-Grid--default--12 "> <div class="breadcrumb aem-GridColumn aem-GridColumn--default--12"><div> <nav class="pageCrumbs" role="navigation" aria-label="Breadcrumb"> <a class="pageCrumb" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231216230056/http://www.ancestry.com/c/dna-learning-hub">AncestryDNA® Learning Hub</a> <span class="pageCrumb icon iconArrowRight" aria-hidden="true"></span> <a class="pageCrumb" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231216230056/http://www.ancestry.com/c/dna-learning-hub/dna-strands">DNA Strands</a> </nav> </div> </div> </div> </div> <span style="background:linear-gradient(to left, 0%,rgba(0,0,0,0) 90%)"></span> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div></div> </div> <div class="embed aem-GridColumn aem-GridColumn--default--12"> <style> # iframe { width: ; 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} } @media (min-width: 768px) and (max-width: 1005px) { .spacer-media-d11f2d6917 { height:20px; } } @media (max-width: 767px) { .spacer-media-d11f2d6917 { height:20px; } } </style> <div class="cmp-spacer spacer-media-d11f2d6917" data-mobile-height="20px" data-tablet-height="20px" data-desktop-height="20px"></div> </div> <div class="itemlist aem-GridColumn aem-GridColumn--default--12"><div class="cmp-item-list cmp-item-list__space-between-items listNoWrap "> <div class="cmp-item-list__items" data-mobile-max-width="none" data-tablet-max-width="none" data-column-breakpoint="1005" data-desktop-max-width="none" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px;"> <div class="cmp-item-list__item-wrapper " data-align-to-top="align-to-top-vertically"> <div class="cmp-item-list__item" style="min-width: 225px; flex: 1 1 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px;" data-index="0"> <div class="container responsivegrid content-width__full-width"> <style> @media (max-width: 767px) { .container-media-56dcb003c9 { min-height:1px;border-style:none;border-width:0;border-color:transparent;max-width:none;position:relative;left:inherit;top:inherit;right:inherit;bottom:inherit;z-index:1;margin-top:0;margin-right:auto;margin-bottom:0;margin-left:auto;padding-top:inherit;padding-right:inherit;padding-bottom:inherit;padding-left:inherit; } } @media (min-width: 768px) and (max-width: 1005px) { .container-media-56dcb003c9 { min-height:1px;border-style:none;border-width:0;border-color:transparent;max-width:none;position:relative;left:inherit;top:inherit;right:inherit;bottom:inherit;z-index:1;margin-top:0;margin-right:auto;margin-bottom:0;margin-left:auto;padding-top:inherit;padding-right:inherit;padding-bottom:inherit;padding-left:inherit; } } @media (min-width: 1006px) and (max-width: 1399px) { .container-media-56dcb003c9 { min-height:1px;border-style:none;border-width:0;border-color:transparent;max-width:none;position:relative;left:inherit;top:inherit;right:inherit;bottom:inherit;z-index:1;margin-top:0;margin-right:auto;margin-bottom:0;margin-left:auto;padding-top:inherit;padding-right:20px;padding-bottom:inherit;padding-left:inherit; } } @media (min-width: 1400px) { .container-media-56dcb003c9 { min-height:1px;border-style:none;border-width:0;border-color:transparent;max-width:none;position:relative;left:inherit;top:inherit;right:inherit;bottom:inherit;z-index:1;margin-top:0;margin-right:auto;margin-bottom:0;margin-left:auto;padding-top:inherit;padding-right:20px;padding-bottom:inherit;padding-left:inherit; } }</style> <div data-cmp-is="ancestry-container" data-visibility-no-activate="false" class="cmp-container container-media-56dcb003c9 "> <span style="background:linear-gradient(to right, 0%,rgba(0,0,0,0) 90%)"></span> <div class="cmp-container__container-content"> <div class="text"> <div data-event-enabled="true" data-event-target-attribute-values="["innerHTML"]" class="cmp-text"> <p><span class="text2xlrg">Most people have seen the famous double helix of DNA—two strands of DNA intertwined like a spiral staircase. All living things have DNA. Simple creatures like bacteria have just one long, circular piece of DNA made up of two intertwined DNA strands. The human genome, the set of DNA in people, has many more strands of DNA.</span></p> <p><span class="text2xlrg">Most of humans’ DNA is typically packaged into 46 chromosomes <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231216230056/https://www.ancestry.com/c/dna-learning-hub/where-is-dna-found">located in the cell’s nucleus</a>, which is a specialized compartment for storing DNA. Each of the chromosomes in the nucleus is made up of two linear DNA strands wrapped around each other.</span></p> <p><span class="text2xlrg"><img src="//web.archive.org/web/20231216230056im_/https://cmsasset.ancestrycdn.com/content/dam/Landing-Pages/US/seo-dna-images/SEO-DNA_Images_What-is-DNA-2019-01-09-12-14-16.jpg" style="float: left;margin: 0.0px 10.0px 5.0px 0.0px;max-width: 100.0%;" title="DNA Double Helix Diagram" width="360"/>Human cells also contain a small amount of extrachromosomal DNA located in another part of the cell called the mitochondria. This mitochondrial DNA is more like bacterial DNA—a single long, circular piece of DNA made up of two strands of DNA.</span></p> <p><span class="text2xlrg">A DNA strand is a long, thin molecule—averaging only about two nanometers (or two billionths of a meter) in width. That is so thin, that a human hair is about 40,000 times as wide. The incredible thinness of DNA strands allows them to be very tightly packed, as otherwise most DNA molecules would not fit inside of cells.</span></p> <p><span class="text2xlrg">For perspective, if you stretched out every strand of DNA contained in just a single human cell end-to-end, it would measure almost two meters, or around 6.6 feet in length. If the nucleus of a cell were the size of a baseball, this would be the equivalent of 8.3 miles of DNA being stuffed inside.</span></p> <h3 class="bold text2xlrg">Parts of a DNA Strand</h3> <p><span class="text2xlrg">Regardless of its length and location in the cell, all DNA strands share a common structure. They are all composed of building blocks called <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231216230056/https://www.ancestry.com/c/dna-learning-hub/dna-molecule">nucleotides</a> that are linked together in a row. Nucleotides themselves are comprised of three joined parts: a sugar molecule, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base.</span></p> <p><span class="text2xlrg">The sugars of one nucleotide link to the phosphates of the adjacent nucleotide to form the exterior of the DNA strand, known as the sugar-phosphate backbone. The interior of the DNA strand is made up of the nitrogenous bases. These bases bind together in pairs, forming weak bonds that nonetheless hold the two strands of DNA in a double helix together. Their sequence encodes an organism’s genetic information.</span></p> <h3 class="bold text2xlrg">How Are the Two Strands of DNA Held Together?</h3> <p><span class="text2xlrg">The two strands of DNA in a double helix are held together by pairing between the nitrogenous bases in the nucleotides of each strand. The nitrogenous base of a DNA nucleotide can be one of four different molecules: adenine (A), guanine (G), thymine (T), and cytosine (C). Pairs of nitrogenous bases on opposing strands are held together by attractions called hydrogen bonds that occur in a specific pattern.</span></p> <p><span class="text2xlrg">Every adenine on one DNA strand forms two hydrogen bonds with a thymine molecule on the complementary strand and vice versa. And every guanine molecule on one strand forms three hydrogen bonds with a cytosine molecule on the other and vice versa. In this way, the two DNA strands are stuck together by hydrogen bonds all along their length, forming the “steps” of the spiral staircase that is the double helix.</span></p> <h3 class="bold text2xlrg">Why Do DNA Strands Have to Be Antiparallel?</h3> <p><span class="text2xlrg">The two complementary DNA strands that compose a double-stranded piece of DNA are described as being antiparallel to each other. The term antiparallel means that while the two strands are physically parallel to one another, they run in opposite directions— much like the right and left lanes of a street.</span></p> <p><span class="text2xlrg">In other words, where the backbone of one DNA strand starts with a sugar molecule and ends in a phosphate group, the backbone of its complementary strand starts with a phosphate group and ends in a sugar molecule. The antiparallel orientation of the two DNA strands makes DNA more structurally stable and enables the complementary base pairing that holds the DNA strands together.</span></p> <p><span class="text2xlrg">The direction of each DNA strand is significant to the process of copying the DNA (DNA replication) and reading the information contained in the genes of DNA (transcription), as cells can only read DNA in one direction. 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} </style> <div data-cmp-is="image" data-cmp-lazy data-cmp-src="//cmsasset.ancestrycdn.com/content/experience-fragments/acom/en-us/onsite/bau/dna_learning_hub/us-traits-learning-hub-related-articles/us-traits-learning-hub-related-articles-hair-color11111111/_jcr_content/root/responsivegrid/image_copy.coreimg{.width}.jpeg/1681480693753/nucleotides-related.jpeg" data-asset="/content/dam/ancestry/magnolia-dam/SEO-LP-Images/seo-dna-learning-hub-images/related/nucleotides-related.jpg" data-title="Maurice Wilkins" class="cmp-image imageCon anc-image-cmp anc-imagec707e7f99a" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject"> <noscript data-cmp-hook-image="noscript"> <img src="/web/20231216230056im_/https://www.ancestry.com/c/dna-learning-hub/dna-strands" class="cmp-image__image lazyImg" itemprop="contentUrl" data-cmp-hook-image="image" alt="Maurice Wilkins"/> </noscript> </div> </div> <div class="container responsivegrid content-width__full-width aem-GridColumn aem-GridColumn--default--12"> <style> @media (max-width: 767px) { .container-media-f8519e16f7 { min-height:1px;border-style:none;border-width:0;border-color:transparent;max-width:none;position:relative;left:inherit;top:inherit;right:inherit;bottom:inherit;z-index:1;margin-top:10px;margin-right:auto;margin-bottom:0;margin-left:auto;padding-top:inherit;padding-right:inherit;padding-bottom:20px;padding-left:inherit; } } @media (min-width: 768px) and (max-width: 1005px) { .container-media-f8519e16f7 { min-height:1px;border-style:none;border-width:0;border-color:transparent;max-width:320px;min-height:170px;position:relative;left:inherit;top:inherit;right:inherit;bottom:inherit;z-index:1;margin-top:10px;margin-right:auto;margin-bottom:0;margin-left:0;padding-top:inherit;padding-right:inherit;padding-bottom:10px;padding-left:inherit; } } @media (min-width: 1006px) and (max-width: 1399px) { .container-media-f8519e16f7 { min-height:1px;border-style:none;border-width:0;border-color:transparent;max-width:320px;min-height:150px;position:relative;left:inherit;top:inherit;right:inherit;bottom:inherit;z-index:1;margin-top:10px;margin-right:auto;margin-bottom:0;margin-left:0;padding-top:inherit;padding-right:inherit;padding-bottom:10px;padding-left:inherit; } } @media (min-width: 1400px) { .container-media-f8519e16f7 { min-height:1px;border-style:none;border-width:0;border-color:transparent;max-width:none;min-height:120px;position:relative;left:inherit;top:inherit;right:inherit;bottom:inherit;z-index:1;margin-top:10px;margin-right:auto;margin-bottom:0;margin-left:auto;padding-top:inherit;padding-right:inherit;padding-bottom:10px;padding-left:inherit; } }</style> <div data-cmp-is="ancestry-container" data-visibility-no-activate="false" class="cmp-container container-media-f8519e16f7 "> <span style="background:linear-gradient(to right, 0%,rgba(0,0,0,0) 90%)"></span> <div class="cmp-container__container-content"> <div class="aem-Grid aem-Grid--12 aem-Grid--default--12 "> <div class="text aem-GridColumn aem-GridColumn--default--12"> <div data-event-enabled="true" data-event-target-attribute-values="["innerHTML"]" class="cmp-text"> <h3 class="text2xlrg bold">DNA Nucleotides</h3> <p><span class="textlrg">Nucleotides are the basic building blocks of nucleic acids, including DNA and RNA. By having your DNA sequenced, you can uncover lots of useful information about yourself.</span></p> </div> </div> </div> </div> <span style="background:linear-gradient(to left, 0%,rgba(0,0,0,0) 90%)"></span> </div> </div> <div class="text aem-GridColumn aem-GridColumn--default--12"> <div data-event-enabled="true" data-event-target-attribute-values="["innerHTML"]" class="cmp-text"> <p><span class="textlrg"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231216230056/https://www.ancestry.com/c/dna-learning-hub/dna-molecule">DNA Nucleotides</a></span></p> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div></div> </div> </div> </div> <span style="background:linear-gradient(to left, 0%,rgba(0,0,0,0) 90%)"></span> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="cmp-item-list__item-wrapper " data-align-to-top="align-to-top-vertically"> <div class="cmp-item-list__item" style="min-width: 200px; flex: 1 1 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 20px; margin-bottom: 20px;" data-index="1"> <div class="container responsivegrid"> <style> @media (max-width: 767px) { .container-media-ca5f259d8b { min-height:1px;border-style:none;border-width:0;border-color:transparent;max-width:480px;position:relative;left:inherit;top:inherit;right:inherit;bottom:inherit;z-index:1;margin-top:0;margin-right:auto;margin-bottom:0;margin-left:0;padding-top:inherit;padding-right:inherit;padding-bottom:inherit;padding-left:inherit; 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} }</style> <div data-cmp-is="ancestry-container" data-visibility-no-activate="false" class="cmp-container container-media-ca5f259d8b "> <span style="background:linear-gradient(to right, 0%,rgba(0,0,0,0) 90%)"></span> <div class="cmp-container__container-content"> <div class="aem-Grid aem-Grid--12 aem-Grid--default--12 "> <div class="experiencefragment aem-GridColumn aem-GridColumn--default--12"> <div class="cmp-experiencefragment cmp-experiencefragment--us-traits-learning-hub-related-articles"> <div class="xf-content-height"> <div class="aem-Grid aem-Grid--12 aem-Grid--default--12 "> <div class="responsivegrid aem-GridColumn aem-GridColumn--default--12"> <div class="aem-Grid aem-Grid--12 aem-Grid--default--12 "> <div class="image aem-GridColumn aem-GridColumn--default--12"> <style> .anc-image-cmp.anc-imageb8241553b3 img.cmp-image__image{ aspect-ratio: 1.8446602; } </style> <div data-cmp-is="image" data-cmp-lazy data-cmp-src="//cmsasset.ancestrycdn.com/content/experience-fragments/acom/en-us/onsite/bau/dna_learning_hub/us-traits-learning-hub-related-articles/us-traits-learning-hub-related-articles-hair-color1111111111111111/_jcr_content/root/responsivegrid/image_copy.coreimg{.width}.png/1682012761340/dna-discovery-timeline-related.png" data-asset="/content/dam/ancestry/magnolia-dam/SEO-LP-Images/seo-dna-learning-hub-images/related/dna-discovery-timeline-related.png" data-title="Maurice Wilkins" class="cmp-image imageCon anc-image-cmp anc-imageb8241553b3" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject"> <noscript data-cmp-hook-image="noscript"> <img src="/web/20231216230056im_/https://www.ancestry.com/c/dna-learning-hub/dna-strands" class="cmp-image__image lazyImg" itemprop="contentUrl" data-cmp-hook-image="image" alt="Maurice Wilkins"/> </noscript> </div> </div> <div class="container responsivegrid content-width__full-width aem-GridColumn aem-GridColumn--default--12"> <style> @media (max-width: 767px) { .container-media-f0722caa8a { min-height:1px;border-style:none;border-width:0;border-color:transparent;max-width:none;position:relative;left:inherit;top:inherit;right:inherit;bottom:inherit;z-index:1;margin-top:10px;margin-right:auto;margin-bottom:0;margin-left:auto;padding-top:inherit;padding-right:inherit;padding-bottom:20px;padding-left:inherit; } } @media (min-width: 768px) and (max-width: 1005px) { .container-media-f0722caa8a { min-height:1px;border-style:none;border-width:0;border-color:transparent;max-width:320px;min-height:170px;position:relative;left:inherit;top:inherit;right:inherit;bottom:inherit;z-index:1;margin-top:10px;margin-right:auto;margin-bottom:0;margin-left:0;padding-top:inherit;padding-right:inherit;padding-bottom:10px;padding-left:inherit; } } @media (min-width: 1006px) and (max-width: 1399px) { .container-media-f0722caa8a { min-height:1px;border-style:none;border-width:0;border-color:transparent;max-width:320px;min-height:150px;position:relative;left:inherit;top:inherit;right:inherit;bottom:inherit;z-index:1;margin-top:10px;margin-right:auto;margin-bottom:0;margin-left:0;padding-top:inherit;padding-right:inherit;padding-bottom:10px;padding-left:inherit; } } @media (min-width: 1400px) { .container-media-f0722caa8a { min-height:1px;border-style:none;border-width:0;border-color:transparent;max-width:none;min-height:120px;position:relative;left:inherit;top:inherit;right:inherit;bottom:inherit;z-index:1;margin-top:10px;margin-right:auto;margin-bottom:0;margin-left:auto;padding-top:inherit;padding-right:inherit;padding-bottom:10px;padding-left:inherit; } }</style> <div data-cmp-is="ancestry-container" data-visibility-no-activate="false" class="cmp-container container-media-f0722caa8a "> <span style="background:linear-gradient(to right, 0%,rgba(0,0,0,0) 90%)"></span> <div class="cmp-container__container-content"> <div class="aem-Grid aem-Grid--12 aem-Grid--default--12 "> <div class="text aem-GridColumn aem-GridColumn--default--12"> <div data-event-enabled="true" data-event-target-attribute-values="["innerHTML"]" class="cmp-text"> <h3 class="text2xlrg bold">DNA Discovery</h3> <p><span class="textlrg">No one person discovered DNA. Instead, as different scientists began to uncover more and more about DNA, starting in 1869, their accumulated findings paved the way to the discovery of the double helix structure.</span></p> </div> </div> </div> </div> <span style="background:linear-gradient(to left, 0%,rgba(0,0,0,0) 90%)"></span> </div> </div> <div class="text aem-GridColumn aem-GridColumn--default--12"> <div data-event-enabled="true" data-event-target-attribute-values="["innerHTML"]" class="cmp-text"> <p><span class="textlrg"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231216230056/https://www.ancestry.com/c/dna-learning-hub/dna-discovery">DNA Discovery</a></span></p> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div></div> </div> </div> </div> <span style="background:linear-gradient(to left, 0%,rgba(0,0,0,0) 90%)"></span> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="cmp-item-list__item-wrapper " data-align-to-top="align-to-top-vertically"> <div class="cmp-item-list__item" style="min-width: 200px; flex: 1 1 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 20px; margin-bottom: 20px;" data-index="2"> <div class="container responsivegrid"> <style> @media (max-width: 767px) { .container-media-740ea84a8b { min-height:1px;border-style:none;border-width:0;border-color:transparent;max-width:480px;position:relative;left:inherit;top:inherit;right:inherit;bottom:inherit;z-index:1;margin-top:0;margin-right:auto;margin-bottom:0;margin-left:0;padding-top:inherit;padding-right:inherit;padding-bottom:inherit;padding-left:inherit; } } @media (min-width: 768px) and (max-width: 1005px) { .container-media-740ea84a8b { min-height:1px;border-style:none;border-width:0;border-color:transparent;max-width:95%;position:relative;left:inherit;top:inherit;right:inherit;bottom:inherit;z-index:1;margin-top:0;margin-right:0;margin-bottom:0;margin-left:auto;padding-top:inherit;padding-right:inherit;padding-bottom:inherit;padding-left:inherit; } } @media (min-width: 1006px) and (max-width: 1399px) { .container-media-740ea84a8b { min-height:1px;border-style:none;border-width:0;border-color:transparent;max-width:95%;position:relative;left:inherit;top:inherit;right:inherit;bottom:inherit;z-index:1;margin-top:0;margin-right:0;margin-bottom:0;margin-left:auto;padding-top:inherit;padding-right:inherit;padding-bottom:inherit;padding-left:inherit; 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} </style> <div data-cmp-is="image" data-cmp-lazy data-cmp-src="//cmsasset.ancestrycdn.com/content/experience-fragments/acom/en-us/onsite/bau/dna_learning_hub/us-traits-learning-hub-related-articles/us-traits-learning-hub-related-articles-hair-color1111111111111/_jcr_content/root/responsivegrid/image_copy.coreimg{.width}.jpeg/1682004473258/types-of-cells-related.jpeg" data-asset="/content/dam/ancestry/magnolia-dam/SEO-LP-Images/seo-dna-learning-hub-images/related/types-of-cells-related.jpg" data-title="Maurice Wilkins" class="cmp-image imageCon anc-image-cmp anc-imagef543bacd53" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject"> <noscript data-cmp-hook-image="noscript"> <img src="/web/20231216230056im_/https://www.ancestry.com/c/dna-learning-hub/dna-strands" class="cmp-image__image lazyImg" itemprop="contentUrl" data-cmp-hook-image="image" alt="Maurice Wilkins"/> </noscript> </div> </div> <div class="container responsivegrid content-width__full-width aem-GridColumn aem-GridColumn--default--12"> <style> @media (max-width: 767px) { .container-media-8c91ff65cf { min-height:1px;border-style:none;border-width:0;border-color:transparent;max-width:none;position:relative;left:inherit;top:inherit;right:inherit;bottom:inherit;z-index:1;margin-top:10px;margin-right:auto;margin-bottom:0;margin-left:auto;padding-top:inherit;padding-right:inherit;padding-bottom:20px;padding-left:inherit; } } @media (min-width: 768px) and (max-width: 1005px) { .container-media-8c91ff65cf { min-height:1px;border-style:none;border-width:0;border-color:transparent;max-width:320px;min-height:170px;position:relative;left:inherit;top:inherit;right:inherit;bottom:inherit;z-index:1;margin-top:10px;margin-right:auto;margin-bottom:0;margin-left:0;padding-top:inherit;padding-right:inherit;padding-bottom:10px;padding-left:inherit; } } @media (min-width: 1006px) and (max-width: 1399px) { .container-media-8c91ff65cf { min-height:1px;border-style:none;border-width:0;border-color:transparent;max-width:320px;min-height:150px;position:relative;left:inherit;top:inherit;right:inherit;bottom:inherit;z-index:1;margin-top:10px;margin-right:auto;margin-bottom:0;margin-left:0;padding-top:inherit;padding-right:inherit;padding-bottom:10px;padding-left:inherit; } } @media (min-width: 1400px) { .container-media-8c91ff65cf { min-height:1px;border-style:none;border-width:0;border-color:transparent;max-width:none;min-height:120px;position:relative;left:inherit;top:inherit;right:inherit;bottom:inherit;z-index:1;margin-top:10px;margin-right:auto;margin-bottom:0;margin-left:auto;padding-top:inherit;padding-right:inherit;padding-bottom:10px;padding-left:inherit; } }</style> <div data-cmp-is="ancestry-container" data-visibility-no-activate="false" class="cmp-container container-media-8c91ff65cf "> <span style="background:linear-gradient(to right, 0%,rgba(0,0,0,0) 90%)"></span> <div class="cmp-container__container-content"> <div class="aem-Grid aem-Grid--12 aem-Grid--default--12 "> <div class="text aem-GridColumn aem-GridColumn--default--12"> <div data-event-enabled="true" data-event-target-attribute-values="["innerHTML"]" class="cmp-text"> <h3 class="text2xlrg bold">Cells</h3> <p><span class="textlrg">In human cells, most DNA is found in a compartment within the cell called a nucleus. 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