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class="vector-toc-text"> 1 Etymologi og terminologi </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Etymologi_og_terminologi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Definition_og_begrundelse" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Definition_og_begrundelse"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Definition og begrundelse </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Definition_og_begrundelse-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Historie" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historie"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Historie </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Historie-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Vis/skjul underafsnit Historie </button> <ul id="toc-Historie-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Punarmrityu:_Gendød" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Punarmrityu:_Gendød"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Punarmrityu: Gendød </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Punarmrityu:_Gendød-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Idéhistorie" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Idéhistorie"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Idéhistorie </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Idéhistorie-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Samsāra_i_Hinduisme" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Samsāra_i_Hinduisme"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Samsāra i Hinduisme </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Samsāra_i_Hinduisme-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Vis/skjul underafsnit Samsāra i Hinduisme </button> <ul id="toc-Samsāra_i_Hinduisme-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Forskelle_inden_for_hinduistiske_traditioner" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Forskelle_inden_for_hinduistiske_traditioner"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Forskelle inden for hinduistiske traditioner </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Forskelle_inden_for_hinduistiske_traditioner-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Saṃsāra_i_Jainisme" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Saṃsāra_i_Jainisme"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Saṃsāra i Jainisme </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Saṃsāra_i_Jainisme-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Samsara_i_Buddhisme" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Samsara_i_Buddhisme"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Samsara i Buddhisme </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Samsara_i_Buddhisme-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Saṅsāra_i_Sikhisme" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Saṅsāra_i_Sikhisme"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Saṅsāra i Sikhisme </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Saṅsāra_i_Sikhisme-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Referencer" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Referencer"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Referencer </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Referencer-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliografi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliografi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Bibliografi </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliografi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Eksterne_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eksterne_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Eksterne links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Eksterne_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Indhold" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Vis/skjul indholdsfortegnelsen" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Vis/skjul indholdsfortegnelsen </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Samsara</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Gå til en artikel på et andet sprog. Tilgængelig på 72 sprog" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-72" aria-hidden="true" > 72 sprog </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samsara" title="Samsara – afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Samsara" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%88%B0%E1%88%9D%E1%88%B3%E1%88%A8" title="ሰምሳረ – amharisk" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ሰምሳረ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="amharisk" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7" title="سامسارا – arabisk" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="سامسارا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabisk" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sansara" title="Sansara – aserbajdsjansk" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Sansara" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="aserbajdsjansk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sa%E1%B9%83s%C4%81ra" title="Saṃsāra – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Saṃsāra" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Сансара – belarusisk" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Сансара" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="belarusisk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Самсара – bulgarsk" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Самсара" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bulgarsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0" title="संसार – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="संसार" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0_(%E0%A6%A7%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC_%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%A8)" title="সংসার (ধর্মীয় দর্শন) – bengali" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="সংসার (ধর্মীয় দর্শন)" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengali" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A0%E0%BD%81%E0%BD%BC%E0%BD%A2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%96%E0%BC%8D" title="འཁོར་བ། – tibetansk" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="འཁོར་བ།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="tibetansk" class="interlanguage-link-target">བོད་ཡིག</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BD_%D1%85%D2%AF%D1%80%D0%B4%D1%8D" title="Сансарын хүрдэ – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Сансарын хүрдэ" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target">Буряад</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samsara" title="Samsara – catalansk" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Samsara" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="catalansk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sans%C3%A1ra" title="Sansára – tjekkisk" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Sansára" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="tjekkisk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samsara" title="Samsara – walisisk" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Samsara" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="walisisk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samsara" title="Samsara – tysk" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Samsara" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="tysk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A3%CE%B1%CE%BC%CF%83%CE%AC%CF%81%CE%B1" title="Σαμσάρα – græsk" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Σαμσάρα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="græsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sa%E1%B9%83s%C4%81ra" title="Saṃsāra – engelsk" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Saṃsāra" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="engelsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sansaro" title="Sansaro – esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Sansaro" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samsara" title="Samsara – spansk" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Samsara" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="spansk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sansaara" title="Sansaara – estisk" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Sansaara" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estisk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samsara" title="Samsara – baskisk" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Samsara" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="baskisk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samsara" title="Samsara – finsk" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Samsara" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sa%E1%B9%83s%C4%81ra" title="Saṃsāra – fransk" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Saṃsāra" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="fransk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A1%D7%9E%D7%A1%D7%A8%D7%94" title="סמסרה – hebraisk" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="סמסרה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="hebraisk" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samsara" title="Samsara – kroatisk" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Samsara" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="kroatisk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szansz%C3%A1ra" title="Szanszára – ungarsk" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Szanszára" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="ungarsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8D%D5%A1%D5%B4%D5%BD%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A1" title="Սամսարա – armensk" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Սամսարա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="armensk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samsara" title="Samsara – indonesisk" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Samsara" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonesisk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samsara" title="Samsara – islandsk" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Samsara" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="islandsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sa%E1%B9%83s%C4%81ra" title="Saṃsāra – italiensk" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Saṃsāra" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italiensk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%BC%AA%E5%BB%BB" title="輪廻 – japansk" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="輪廻" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japansk" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90" title="სამსარა – georgisk" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="სამსარა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="georgisk" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Сансара – kasakhisk" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Сансара" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="kasakhisk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B0" title="ಸಂಸಾರ – kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಸಂಸಾರ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9C%A4%ED%9A%8C" title="윤회 – koreansk" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="윤회" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="koreansk" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Сансара – kirgisisk" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Сансара" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="kirgisisk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samsara" title="Samsara – luxembourgsk" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Samsara" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="luxembourgsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samsara" title="Samsara – litauisk" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Samsara" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="litauisk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sans%C4%81ra" title="Sansāra – lettisk" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Sansāra" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="lettisk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Самсара – makedonsk" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Самсара" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="makedonsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0_(%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%82_%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE)" title="संसार (हिंदू धर्म) – marathisk" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="संसार (हिंदू धर्म)" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="marathisk" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samsara" title="Samsara – malajisk" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Samsara" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malajisk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%87" title="سمساره – mazenisk" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="سمساره" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="mazenisk" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samsara" title="Samsara – nederlandsk" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Samsara" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="nederlandsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samsara" title="Samsara – nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Samsara" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samsara" title="Samsara – bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Samsara" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samsara" title="Samsara – occitansk" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Samsara" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="occitansk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sa%E1%B9%81s%C4%81ra" title="Saṁsāra – pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Saṁsāra" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kapampangan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sansara" title="Sansara – polsk" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Sansara" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="polsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sansara" title="Sansara – portugisisk" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Sansara" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugisisk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sa%E1%B9%83s%C4%81ra" title="Saṃsāra – rumænsk" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Saṃsāra" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="rumænsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Сансара – russisk" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Сансара" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="russisk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="fremragende artikel"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sa%E1%B9%83s%C4%81ra" title="Saṃsāra – sardinsk" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Saṃsāra" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="sardinsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samsara" title="Samsara – serbokroatisk" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Samsara" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="serbokroatisk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B7%83%E0%B6%82%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%BB%E0%B6%BA" title="සංසාරය – singalesisk" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="සංසාරය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="singalesisk" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samsara" title="Samsara – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Samsara" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sans%C3%A1ra" title="Sansára – slovakisk" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Sansára" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="slovakisk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samsara" title="Samsara – slovensk" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Samsara" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="slovensk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samsara" title="Samsara – albansk" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Samsara" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="albansk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Самсара – serbisk" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Самсара" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serbisk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samsara" title="Samsara – svensk" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Samsara" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="svensk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B1%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B4%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF" title="பிறவிச்சுழற்சி – tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பிறவிச்சுழற்சி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%8F" title="สังสารวัฏ – thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="สังสารวัฏ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samsara" title="Samsara – tyrkisk" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Samsara" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="tyrkisk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Самсара – tatarisk" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Самсара" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="tatarisk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tyv mw-list-item"><a href="https://tyv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%87%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D2%A3" title="Очалаң – tuvinian" lang="tyv" hreflang="tyv" data-title="Очалаң" data-language-autonym="Тыва дыл" data-language-local-name="tuvinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тыва дыл</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Самсара – ukrainsk" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Самсара" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ukrainsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lu%C3%A2n_h%E1%BB%93i" title="Luân hồi – vietnamesisk" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Luân hồi" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnamesisk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%BD%AE%E5%9B%9E" title="轮回 – wu-kinesisk" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="轮回" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="wu-kinesisk" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90" title="სამსარა – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="სამსარა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%BD%AE%E5%9B%9E" title="轮回 – kinesisk" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="轮回" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="kinesisk" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%BC%AA%E8%BF%B4" title="輪迴 – kantonesisk" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="輪迴" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="kantonesisk" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q173324#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Redigér sproglinks" class="wbc-editpage">Redigér links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Navnerum"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Samsara" title="Se indholdssiden [c]" accesskey="c">Artikel</a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Diskussion:Samsara" rel="discussion" title="Diskussion om indholdet på siden [t]" accesskey="t">Diskussion</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Ændr sprogvariant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >dansk </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Visninger"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Samsara">Læs</a></li><li id="ca-ve-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Samsara&veaction=edit" title="Redigér denne side [v]" accesskey="v">Redigér</a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="collapsible vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Samsara&action=edit" title="Rediger kildekoden for denne side [e]" accesskey="e">Rediger kildekode</a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Samsara&action=history" title="Tidligere versioner af denne side [h]" accesskey="h">Se historik</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Sideværktøjer"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Værktøjer" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >Værktøjer </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Værktøjer</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">flyt til sidebjælken</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">skjul</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="Flere muligheder" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Handlinger </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Samsara">Læs</a></li><li id="ca-more-ve-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Samsara&veaction=edit" title="Redigér denne side [v]" accesskey="v">Redigér</a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="collapsible vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Samsara&action=edit" title="Rediger kildekoden for denne side [e]" accesskey="e">Rediger kildekode</a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Samsara&action=history">Se historik</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Generelt </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Speciel:Hvad_linker_hertil/Samsara" title="Liste med alle sider som henviser hertil [j]" accesskey="j">Hvad henviser hertil</a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Speciel:Relaterede_%C3%A6ndringer/Samsara" rel="nofollow" title="Seneste ændringer af sider som denne side henviser til [k]" accesskey="k">Beslægtede ændringer</a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:UploadWizard?uselang=da&campaign=dk" title="Upload filer [u]" accesskey="u">Upload fil</a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Speciel:Specialsider" title="Liste over alle specialsider [q]" accesskey="q">Specialsider</a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Samsara&oldid=11675914" title="Permanent link til denne version af denne side">Permanent link</a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Samsara&action=info" title="Yderligere oplysninger om denne side">Sideinformation</a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Speciel:Citer&page=Samsara&id=11675914&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information om, hvordan man kan citere denne side">Referer til denne side</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Speciel:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fda.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FSamsara">Hent forkortet URL</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Speciel:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fda.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FSamsara">Download QR-kode</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-Organisation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-Organisation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Organisation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-contact" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Kontakt_Wikipedia">Kontakt Wikipedia</a></li><li id="n-Wikimedia-Danmark" class="mw-list-item"><a href="https://dk.wikimedia.org/wiki/">Wikimedia Danmark</a></li><li id="n-GLAM" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:GLAM">GLAM</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Udskriv/eksportér </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-create_a_book" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Speciel:Bog&bookcmd=book_creator&referer=Samsara">Lav en bog</a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Speciel:DownloadAsPdf&page=Samsara&action=show-download-screen">Download som PDF</a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Samsara&printable=yes" title="Printervenlig udgave af denne side [p]" accesskey="p">Udskriftsvenlig udgave</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> I andre projekter </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Sa%E1%B9%83s%C4%81ra" hreflang="en">Wikimedia Commons</a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a 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<div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Udseende</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">flyt til sidebjælken</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">skjul</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Fra Wikipedia, den frie encyklopædi</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="da" dir="ltr">Saṃsāra er et <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">sanskrit</a>-ord, der betyder "vandrende" eller "verden" med konnotation til cykliske, kredsløbsmæssige ændringer. <a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlaus_Klostermaier2010604-1">[1]</a> <a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMark_JuergensmeyerWade_Clark_Roof2011271-272-2">[2]</a> Det indeholder også begrebet <a href="/wiki/Reinkarnation" title="Reinkarnation">genfødsel</a> og "cyklisiteten i alt liv, stof, eksistens", en grundlæggende tro i de fleste <a href="/wiki/Religion_i_Sydasien" title="Religion i Sydasien">indiske religioner</a>. <a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> <a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> Kort sagt er det cyklussen af død og genfødsel. <a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMark_JuergensmeyerWade_Clark_Roof2011271-272-2">[2]</a> <a href="#cite_note-Gross1993p148-5">[5]</a> Saṃsāra omtales undertiden med udtryk som "transmigration", "karmisk cyklus", "<a href="/wiki/Reinkarnation" title="Reinkarnation">reinkarnation</a>" og "cyklus af målløs drift, vandring eller dagligdags eksistens". <a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMark_JuergensmeyerWade_Clark_Roof2011271-272-2">[2]</a> <a href="#cite_note-Firth1997p106-6">[6]</a> Begrebet Saṃsāra har rødder i den post-<a href="/wiki/Vedaerne" title="Vedaerne">vediske litteratur</a>; teorien diskuteres ikke i <a href="/wiki/Vedaerne" title="Vedaerne">vedaerne</a> selv. <a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> <a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> Det forekommer i en udviklet form i de tidlige Upanishads, som dog ikke omtaler mekanismen bag. <a href="#cite_note-amboyer-9">[9]</a> <a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStephen_J._Laumakis200890-99-10">[10]</a> Den fulde redegørelse for Saṃsāra-doktrinen findes i sramaniske religioner som <a href="/wiki/Buddhisme" title="Buddhisme">buddhisme</a> og <a href="/wiki/Jainisme" title="Jainisme">jainisme</a> samt forskellige skoler i <a href="/wiki/Hinduisme" title="Hinduisme">hinduistisk</a> filosofi efter omkring midten af det 1. årtusinde f.Kr. <a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStephen_J._Laumakis200890-99-10">[10]</a> <a href="#cite_note-Krishan1997p17-11">[11]</a> Saṃsāra-doktrinen er knyttet til <a href="/wiki/Karma" title="Karma">karma-</a>teorien i indiske religioner, og frigørelsen fra Saṃsāra har været kernen i den åndelige søgen i de indiske traditioner, såvel som i deres interne uenigheder. <a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEObeyesekere20051-2,_108,_126-128-12">[12]</a> <a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMark_JuergensmeyerWade_Clark_Roof2011272-273-13">[13]</a> Befrielsen fra Saṃsāra kaldes <a href="/wiki/Moksha" title="Moksha">Moksha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nirvana" title="Nirvana">Nirvana</a>, Mukti eller Kaivalya. <a href="#cite_note-Firth1997p106-6">[6]</a> <a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMichael_Myers201336-14">[14]</a> <a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarold_Coward2008103-15">[15]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymologi_og_terminologi">Etymologi og terminologi</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Samsara&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Redigér afsnit: Etymologi og terminologi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">redigér</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Samsara&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: Etymologi og terminologi">rediger kildetekst</a>]</div> Saṃsāra (<a href="/wiki/Devanagari" title="Devanagari">Devanagari</a>: संसार) betyder "vandrende", <a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMark_JuergensmeyerWade_Clark_Roof2011271-272-2">[2]</a> <a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELochtefeld2002589-16">[16]</a> såvel som "verden", hvor udtrykket betegner "cyklisk ændring". <a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlaus_Klostermaier2010604-1">[1]</a> Saṃsāra er et grundlæggende begreb i alle <a href="/wiki/Religion_i_Sydasien" title="Religion i Sydasien">indiske religioner</a>, er knyttet til <a href="/wiki/Karma" title="Karma">karma-</a> teorien og henviser til den tro, at alle levende væsener cyklisk gennemgår fødsler og genfødsler. Udtrykket er relateret til udtryk som "cyklus for successiv eksistens", "transmigration", "karmisk cyklus", "livets hjul" og "cyklisitet i alt liv, stof, eksistens". <a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMark_JuergensmeyerWade_Clark_Roof2011271-272-2">[2]</a> <a href="#cite_note-Gross1993p148-5">[5]</a> <a href="#cite_note-ykrishanp24-17">[17]</a> Mange videnskabelige tekster skriver Saṃsāra som Samsara. <a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJeaneane_D._Fowler199710-18">[18]</a> Ifølge Monier-Williams er Saṃsāra forankret i udtrykket Saṃsṛ (संसृ), som betyder "at gå rundt, dreje, passere gennem en række stadier, gå mod eller opnå, bevæge sig i et kredsløb". <a href="#cite_note-monierwilliamssamsara-19">[19]</a> En konceptuel form fra denne rod vises i gamle tekster som Saṃsaraṇa, som betyder "at gå rundt gennem en række stadier, fødsel, genfødelse af levende væsner og verden" uden hindring. Udtrykket forkortes til Saṃsāra og refererer til det samme koncept som en "passage gennem successive tilstande af dagligdags eksistens", en transmigration, metempsychosis, et livskredsløb, hvor man gentager tidligere stadier, fra en krop til en anden, et verdsligt liv med konstant forandring, det vil sige genfødsel, vækst, henfald og gendød. <a href="#cite_note-Doniger1980p268-20">[20]</a> Konceptet kontrasteres derefter med begrebet <a href="/wiki/Moksha" title="Moksha">moksha</a>, også kendt som mukti, nirvana, nibbana eller kaivalya, som henviser til befrielse fra denne cyklus af målløs vandring. <a href="#cite_note-Firth1997p106-6">[6]</a> Samsara-konceptet blev udviklet i den post-<a href="/wiki/Vedaerne" title="Vedaerne">vediske</a> tid og kan spores i Samhita-lagene, for eksempel i afsnit 1.164, 4.55, 6.70 og 10.14 i Rigveda.<a href="#cite_note-amboyer-9">[9]</a> <a href="#cite_note-valleepoussin24-21">[21]</a> <a href="#cite_note-Krishan1997p11-22">[22]</a> Mens ideen nævnes i samhita-lagene i <a href="/wiki/Vedaerne" title="Vedaerne">Vedaerne</a>, mangler der en klar redegørelse, og ideen folder sig fuldt ud i de tidlige Upanishads . <a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStephen_J._Laumakis200890-23">[23]</a> <a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDalal2010344,_356-357-24">[24]</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Damien_Keown&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Damien Keown (ikke skrevet endnu)">Damien Keown</a> oplyser, at forestillingen om "cyklisk fødsel og død" opstår omkring 800 f.Kr. <a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDamien_Keown2004248-25">[25]</a> Ordet Saṃsāra opstår sammen med <a href="/wiki/Moksha" title="Moksha">Moksha</a> i adskillige vigtigst upanishader, såsom i vers 1.3.7 i Katha Upanishad, <a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> vers 6.16 i Shvetashvatara Upanishad, <a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> vers 1.4 og 6.34 i Maitri Upanishad.<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> <a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> Ordet Samsara er relateret til Saṃsṛti, sidstnævnte henviser til "forløbet af dagligdags eksistens, transmigration, flow, kredsløb eller strøm". <a href="#cite_note-monierwilliamssamsara-19">[19]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Definition_og_begrundelse">Definition og begrundelse</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Samsara&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Redigér afsnit: Definition og begrundelse" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">redigér</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Samsara&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section's source code: Definition og begrundelse">rediger kildetekst</a>]</div> Ordet betyder bogstaveligt "vandre gennem, strømme videre", siger Stephen J. Laumakis, i betydningen "målløs og retningsløs vandring". <a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStephen_J._Laumakis200897-30">[30]</a> Begrebet Saṃsāra er tæt forbundet med troen på, at personen fortsat bliver født og genfødt i forskellige verdener og former. <a href="#cite_note-GoaEtCoward2014-31">[31]</a> De tidligste lag af vedisk tekst inkorporerer livskonceptet, efterfulgt af et efterliv i himlen og helvede baseret på kumulative dyder (fortjeneste) eller laster (anmærkning). <a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> De gamle vediske <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rishier&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rishier (ikke skrevet endnu)">Rishier</a> udfordrede imidlertid denne idé om livet efter livet som forenklet, fordi mennesker ikke lever et lige så moralsk eller umoralsk liv. Mellem generelt dydige liv er nogle mere dydige; mens ondskaben også har grader, og teksterne hævder, at det ville være uretfærdigt for guden <a href="/wiki/Yama" class="mw-redirect" title="Yama">Yama</a> at dømme og belønne mennesker med forskellige grader af dyder eller laster som "enten/eller" på en uforholdsmæssig måde. <a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJessica_FrazierGavin_Flood201184-86-33">[33]</a> <a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> <a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> De introducerede ideen om et efterliv i himlen eller helvede i forhold til ens fortjeneste, og når dette løber ud, vender man tilbage og genfødes. <a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJessica_FrazierGavin_Flood201184-86-33">[33]</a> <a href="#cite_note-Krishan1997p17-11">[11]</a> <a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> Denne idé forekommer i gamle, middelalderlige tekster, som en cyklus af liv, død, genfødsel og genfødt, såsom afsnit 6:31 i <a href="/wiki/Mahabharata" title="Mahabharata">Mahabharata</a> og afsnit 6.10 i Devi Bhagavata Purana.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJessica_FrazierGavin_Flood201184-86-33">[33]</a> <a href="#cite_note-ykrishanp24-17">[17]</a> <a href="#cite_note-valleepoussin24-21">[21]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historie">Historie</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Samsara&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Redigér afsnit: Historie" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">redigér</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Samsara&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section's source code: Historie">rediger kildetekst</a>]</div> Den historiske oprindelse for et begreb om en cyklus med gentagen <a href="/wiki/Reinkarnation" title="Reinkarnation">reinkarnation</a> er uklar, men ideen vises i tekster fra både Indien og det antikke Grækenland i det første årtusinde f.Kr. <a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> <a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> Ideen om Samsara antydes i de sene vediske tekster som Rigveda, men teorien er fraværende. <a href="#cite_note-amboyer-9">[9]</a> <a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> De sene tekstlige lag i Vedaerne nævner og forudser doktrinen om karma og genfødelse, dog siger Stephen Laumakis, iden ideen er ikke fuldt udviklet. <a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStephen_J._Laumakis200890-23">[23]</a> Det er i de tidlige Upanishads, hvor disse ideer er mere fuldt udviklet, men også der giver diskussionen ikke specifikke mekanistiske detaljer. <a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStephen_J._Laumakis200890-23">[23]</a> De detaljerede doktriner blomstrer med unikke egenskaber, der starter omkring midten af 1. årtusinde f.Kr., i forskellige traditioner som i buddhismen, jainismen og forskellige skoler i hinduistisk filosofi.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStephen_J._Laumakis200890-99-10">[10]</a> Nogle forskere oplyser, at Samsara- doktrinen kan være stammet fra Sramana- traditionerne og derefter blev vedtaget af de brahmaniske traditioner (hinduisme). <a href="#cite_note-floodaithp86-40">[40]</a> <a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> Beviserne for, hvem der påvirkede hvem i antikken, er slanke og spekulative, og oddsene er den historiske udvikling af Samsara-teorierne, der sandsynligvis skete parallelt med gensidig påvirkning. <a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Punarmrityu:_Gendød">Punarmrityu: Gendød</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Samsara&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Redigér afsnit: Punarmrityu: Gendød" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">redigér</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Samsara&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section's source code: Punarmrityu: Gendød">rediger kildetekst</a>]</div> Mens Saṃsāra normalt beskrives som genfødelse og reinkarnation af levende væsener, begyndte den kronologiske udvikling af ideen i løbet af dens historie med spørgsmålene om, hvad der er den sande natur af menneskelig eksistens, og om mennesker kun dør en gang. Dette førte først til begreberne Punarmṛtyu ("redeath") og Punaravṛtti ("return"). <a href="#cite_note-Doniger1980p268-20">[20]</a> <a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuitenen195734-35-43">[43]</a> <a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMircea_Eliade198756-57-44">[44]</a> Disse tidlige teorier hævdede, at den menneskelige eksistens natur involverer to realiteter, den ene uforanderlige absolutte Atman (sjæl), der på en eller anden måde er forbundet med den ultimative uforanderlige udødelige virkelighed og lykke kaldet <a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Brahman</a>, <a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJessica_FrazierGavin_Flood201118-45">[45]</a> <a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohn_Bowker201484-85-46">[46]</a> og at resten er det altid skiftende emne (krop) i en fænomenal verden ( <a href="/wiki/Maya_(illusion)" title="Maya (illusion)">Maya</a> ). <a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJessica_FrazierGavin_Flood201118-19,_24-25-47">[47]</a> <a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarold_Coward201229-31-48">[48]</a> <a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohn_Geeverghese_Arapura198685-88-49">[49]</a> Redeath afspejlede i de vediske teosofiske spekulationer afslutningen på "salige år tilbragt i svarga eller himlen", og det blev efterfulgt af genfødelse tilbage i den fænomenale verden. <a href="#cite_note-EllwoodAlles2007p406-50">[50]</a> Samsara udviklede sig til en grundlæggende teori om eksistens natur, som deles af alle indiske religioner. <a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEObeyesekere1980139-140-51">[51]</a> <a href="/wiki/Reinkarnation" title="Reinkarnation">Genfødsel</a> som menneske, konstaterer John Bowker, blev derefter præsenteret som en "sjælden mulighed for at bryde genfødelsessekvensen og således opnå Moksha, frigivelse". <a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohn_Bowker201484-85-46">[46]</a> Hver indisk åndelig tradition udviklede sine egne antagelser og stier ( mange eller yoga ) til denne åndelige frigivelse, <a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohn_Bowker201484-85-46">[46]</a> med nogle ved at udvikle ideerne fra Jivanmukti (frigørelse og frihed i dette liv), <a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> <a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> <a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> mens andre tilfredse sig med Videhamukti (frigørelse og frihed efter livet). <a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> <a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> Sramanas-traditionerne (buddhisme og jainisme) tilføjede nye ideer, der startede omkring det 6. århundrede f.Kr. <a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMichael_Myers201379-57">[57]</a> De understregede menneskelig lidelse i den større sammenhæng og placerede genfødsel, rødme og sandhed om smerte i centrum og starten på det religiøse liv. <a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMichael_Myers201379-80-58">[58]</a> Samsara blev af Sramanaserne betragtet som en begyndelsesfri cyklisk proces med hver fødsel og død som punkteringer i denne proces, <a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMichael_Myers201379-80-58">[58]</a> og åndelig frigørelse som frihed fra genfødelse og rødder. <a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> Den samsariske genfødelse og redeath ideer diskuteres i disse religioner med forskellige udtryk, såsom suchgatigati i mange tidlige Pali Suttas af buddhismen. <a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Idéhistorie">Idéhistorie</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Samsara&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Redigér afsnit: Idéhistorie" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">redigér</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Samsara&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section's source code: Idéhistorie">rediger kildetekst</a>]</div> På tværs af forskellige religioner blev forskellig <a href="/wiki/Soteriologi" title="Soteriologi">soteriologi</a> fremhævet, da Saṃsāra-teorierne udviklede sig i de respektive indiske traditioner. <a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMark_JuergensmeyerWade_Clark_Roof2011272-273-13">[13]</a> I deres Saṃsāra- teorier, for eksempel, siger Obeyesekere, accepterede hinduistiske traditioner <a href="/wiki/Atman" title="Atman">Atman</a> eller sjæl, og hævdede at det er den uforanderlige essens i ethvert levende væsen, mens buddhistiske traditioner benægter, at en sådan sjæl eksisterer og udviklede konceptet <a href="/wiki/Anatta" title="Anatta">Anatta</a>. <a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEObeyesekere1980139-140-51">[51]</a> <a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMark_JuergensmeyerWade_Clark_Roof2011272-273-13">[13]</a> <a href="#cite_note-6sourcesatman-61">[61]</a> Frelse (<a href="/wiki/Moksha" title="Moksha">moksha</a>, mukti) i hinduistiske traditioner blev beskrevet ved hjælp af begreberne Atman (selv) og <a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Brahman</a> (universel virkelighed), <a href="#cite_note-gtumoksha-62">[62]</a> mens det i buddhismen (<a href="/wiki/Nirvana" title="Nirvana">nirvana</a>, nibbana) blev beskrevet gennem begrebet Anatta (ikke-selv) og Śūnyatā (tomhed). <a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> <a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> Ajivika-traditionen kombinerede Saṃsāra med den forudsætning, at der ikke er nogen fri vilje, mens <a href="/wiki/Jainisme" title="Jainisme">jainismen</a> accepterede sjælbegrebet (og kalder det "jiva" ) med fri vilje, men understregede <a href="/wiki/Askese" title="Askese">askese</a> og ophør med handling som et middel til befrielse fra Saṃsra. <a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> <a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> De forskellige undertraditioner af hinduismen og buddhismen accepterede fri vilje, undgik asketisme, accepterede afståelse og klosterliv og udviklede deres egne ideer om frigørelse gennem realisering af eksistensens sande natur. <a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Samsāra_i_Hinduisme">Samsāra i Hinduisme</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Samsara&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Redigér afsnit: Samsāra i Hinduisme" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">redigér</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Samsara&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section's source code: Samsāra i Hinduisme">rediger kildetekst</a>]</div> I hinduismen er Saṃsāra en sjælsrejse.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMark_JuergensmeyerWade_Clark_Roof2011272-68">[68]</a> Legemet dør, hævder hinduistiske traditioner, men ikke den sjæl, som det antager at være den evige virkelighed, uforgængelig og lykke. <a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMark_JuergensmeyerWade_Clark_Roof2011272-68">[68]</a> Alt og al eksistens er forbundet, cyklisk og sammensat af to ting: sjælen og kroppen (materien). <a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJeaneane_D._Fowler199710-18">[18]</a> Denne evige sjæl, kaldet Atman reinkarnerer aldrig, den ændrer sig ikke og kan ikke ændre sig. <a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJeaneane_D._Fowler199710-18">[18]</a> I modsætning hertil kan kroppen og personligheden ændre sig - den ændrer sig konstant, fødes og dør. <a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJeaneane_D._Fowler199710-18">[18]</a> Nuværende <a href="/wiki/Karma" title="Karma">karma</a> påvirker de fremtidige omstændigheder i dette liv såvel som de fremtidige liv. <a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> <a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a> God hensigt og handlinger fører til en god fremtid, dårlig hensigt og handlinger fører til en dårlig fremtid, i det hinduistiske livssyn. <a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJeaneane_D._Fowler199711-71">[71]</a> Et dydigt liv, handlinger, der er i overensstemmelse med dharma, menes af hinduer at bidrage til en bedre fremtid, hvad enten det er i dette liv eller fremtidige liv. Målet med åndelige bestræbelser, hvad enten det er gennem stien til bhakti (hengivenhed), karma (arbejde), jnana (viden) eller <a href="/wiki/Raja" title="Raja">raja</a> (meditation) er selvbefrielse (moksha) fra Samsara . <a href="#cite_note-Flood2009-72">[72]</a> <a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a> Upanishaderne, en del af skrifterne i hinduistiske traditioner, fokuserer primært på selvbefrielse fra Saṃsāra.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJeaneane_D._Fowler1997111-112-74">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a><a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a> <a href="/wiki/Bhagavad_Gita" title="Bhagavad Gita">Bhagavad Gita</a> diskuterer forskellige veje til frigørelse.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMark_JuergensmeyerWade_Clark_Roof2011272-68">[68]</a> Upanishaderne, hævder Harold Coward, tilbyder et "meget optimistisk syn på den menneskelige naturs perfektion", og målet med menneskelig indsats er ifølge disse tekster en kontinuerlig rejse til selv-perfektion og selv-viden for at afslutte Saṃsāra.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarold_Coward2008129-77">[77]</a> Målet med åndelig søgen i de Upanishadiske traditioner er at finde det sande "jeg" inden i, og at kende ens sjæl - en tilstand, som fører til en salig tilstand af frihed, moksha. <a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarold_Coward2008129,_also_see_pages_130-155-78">[78]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Forskelle_inden_for_hinduistiske_traditioner">Forskelle inden for hinduistiske traditioner</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Samsara&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Redigér afsnit: Forskelle inden for hinduistiske traditioner" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">redigér</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Samsara&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section's source code: Forskelle inden for hinduistiske traditioner">rediger kildetekst</a>]</div> Alle hinduistiske traditioner og Darśanas deler begrebet Saṃsāra, men de er forskellige i detaljer og hvad de beskriver befrielsestilstanden fra Saṃsāra at være. <a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a> Saṃsāra betragtes som genfødelsescyklus i en tidsmæssig verden med altid skiftende virkelighed eller <a href="/wiki/Maya_(illusion)" title="Maya (illusion)">Maya</a> (udseende, illusivt), Brahman defineres som det, der aldrig ændrer sig eller sat (evig sandhed, virkelighed) og moksha som realiseringen af Brahman og frihed fra Saṃsāra. <a href="#cite_note-gtumoksha-62">[62]</a><a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a> <a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a> De dualistiske hengivenhedstraditioner som Madhvacharyas Dvaita Vedanta-tradition for hinduisme er en teistisk forudsætning, hævder den individuelle menneskelige sjæl og Brahman (Vishnu, Krishna) er to forskellige realiteter, kærlig hengivenhed til Vishnu er middel til at frigive fra Samsara, det er den Vishnos nåde, der fører til moksha, og åndelig frigørelse er kun opnåelig i efterfølgende liv ( videhamukti ). <a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a> De ikkedualistiske traditioner som Adi Shankaras Advaita Vedanta-tradition i hinduismen mangler en monistisk forudsætning, idet de hævder, at den individuelle menneskelige sjæl og Brahman er identiske, kun uvidenhed, impulsivitet og inerti fører til lidelse gennem Saṃsāra - i virkeligheden er der ingen dualitet - meditation og selvkendskab er vejen til befrielse, erkendelsen af, at ens sjæl er identisk med Brahman er moksha, og åndelig frigørelse er opnåelig i dette liv (jivanmukti). <a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Saṃsāra_i_Jainisme">Saṃsāra i Jainisme</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Samsara&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Redigér afsnit: Saṃsāra i Jainisme" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">redigér</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Samsara&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section's source code: Saṃsāra i Jainisme">rediger kildetekst</a>]</div> I <a href="/wiki/Jainisme" title="Jainisme">jainismen</a> er Saṃsāra- og karma-doktrinen centrale for dets teologiske fundamenter, som det fremgår af den omfattende litteratur om den i de vigtigste sekter i jainismen og deres banebrydende ideer om karma og Saṃsāra fra de tidligste tider af Jainas tradition. <a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPadmanabh_Jaini1980217-236-84">[84]</a> Saṃsāra i jainismen repræsenterer det verdslige liv, der er kendetegnet ved kontinuerlige genfødsler og lidelser i forskellige eksistensområder. <a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPadmanabh_Jaini1980226-228-85">[85]</a> <a href="#cite_note-dundasp14-86">[86]</a> <a href="#cite_note-Sethia2004p31-87">[87]</a> Den konceptuelle ramme for Sa ofsāra-doktrinen adskiller sig mellem jainismetraditionerne og andre indiske religioner. For eksempel accepteres sjæl ( jiva ) i Jaina-traditioner som en sandhed, som det antages i hinduistiske traditioner, men ikke antaget i de buddhistiske traditioner. Saṃsāra eller genfødelsescyklen har imidlertid en bestemt begyndelse og ende i jainismen. <a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPadmanabh_Jaini1980226-88">[88]</a> Sjæle begynder deres rejse i en oprindelig tilstand og findes i en tilstand af bevidsthedskontinuum, der konstant udvikler sig gennem Saṃsāra.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPadmanabh_Jaini1980227-89">[89]</a> Nogle udvikler sig til en højere tilstand, mens nogle regresserer, en bevægelse, der er drevet af karma. <a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPadmanabh_Jaini1980227-228-90">[90]</a> Jaina-traditioner mener desuden, at der findes Abhavya (ude af stand) eller en klasse af sjæle, der aldrig kan opnå <a href="/wiki/Moksha" title="Moksha">moksha</a> (frigørelse). <a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPadmanabh_Jaini1980226-88">[88]</a> <a href="#cite_note-Dundas2003p105-91">[91]</a> Abhavyas sjælstilstand indtages efter en forsætlig og chokerende ond handling. <a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPadmanabh_Jaini1980225-92">[92]</a> Jainisme anser sjæle som pluralistisk hver i en karma- samsara cyklus, og ikke abonnerer på Advaita stil nondualism af hinduismen, eller Advaya stil nondualism af buddhismen. Jaina-teosofien hævder ligesom antikke Ajivika, men i modsætning til hinduistiske og buddhistiske teosofier, at hver sjæl passerer gennem 8.400.000 fødselssituationer, når de cirkler gennem Saṃsāra.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPadmanabh_Jaini1980228-93">[93]</a> <a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a> Når sjælen cykler, siger Padmanabh Jaini, tror jainismetraditionerne, at den går gennem fem typer kroppe: jordlegemer, vandlegemer, brandlegemer, luftlegemer og grøntsagsliv. <a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPadmanabh_Jaini1980223-224-95">[95]</a> Med alle menneskelige og ikke-menneskelige aktiviteter, såsom regn, landbrug, spisning og endda vejrtrækning, mindre levende væsener føder eller dør, menes deres sjæle at ændre krop hele tiden. At forstyrre, skade eller dræbe enhver livsform, inklusive ethvert menneske, betragtes som en synd i jainismen med negative karmiske virkninger. <a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPadmanabh_Jaini1980224-225-96">[96]</a> <a href="#cite_note-Sethia2004p31-87">[87]</a> En befriet sjæl i jainismen er en, der er gået ud over Saṃsāra, er ved spidsen, er alvidende, forbliver der evigt og er kendt som en Siddha.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPadmanabh_Jaini1980222-223-97">[97]</a> Et mandligt menneske betragtes som tættest på spidsen med potentialet til at opnå befrielse, især gennem askese. Kvinder skal opnå karmisk fortjeneste for at blive genfødt som mand, og først da kan de opnå åndelig frigørelse i jainismen, især i digambarasektionen af jainismen; <a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a> <a href="#cite_note-harveyp182-99">[99]</a> men dette synspunkt er historisk drøftet inden for jainismen, og forskellige Jaina-sekter har givet udtryk for forskellige synspunkter, især Shvetambara-sekten, der mener, at også kvinder kan opnå befrielse fra Saṃsāra.<a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a> I modsætning til buddhistiske tekster, der ikke udtrykkeligt eller entydigt fordømmer at skade eller dræbe planter og mindre livsformer, gør Jaina-tekster det. Jainisme betragter det som en dårlig karma at skade planter og mindre livsformer med negativ indflydelse på en sjæls Saṃsāra . <a href="#cite_note-lschmithausen-101">[101]</a> Nogle tekster i buddhisme og hinduisme advarer imidlertid en person fra at skade alle livsformer, herunder planter og frø. <a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a> <a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Samsara_i_Buddhisme">Samsara i Buddhisme</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Samsara&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Redigér afsnit: Samsara i Buddhisme" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">redigér</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Samsara&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section's source code: Samsara i Buddhisme">rediger kildetekst</a>]</div> Saṃsāra i buddhismen, udtaler Jeff Wilson, er den "lidelsesfyldte cyklus af liv, død og genfødelse uden begyndelse eller slutning". <a href="#cite_note-jeffwilsonbudsam-104">[104]</a> Også kaldet eksistenshjulet ( Bhavacakra ), nævnes det ofte i buddhistiske tekster med udtrykket punarbhava (genfødsel, genindtræden); befrielsen fra denne eksistenscyklus, Nirvana, er fundamentet og det vigtigste formål med buddhismen. <a href="#cite_note-Conze2013p71-105">[105]</a> <a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGethin1998119-106">[106]</a> Samsara betragtes som impermanent i buddhismen, ligesom andre indiske religioner. Karma driver denne impermanente Samsara i buddhistisk tanke, udtaler Paul Williams, og "kort for at opnå oplysning, i hver genfødsel bliver man født og dør, for at blive genfødt andetsteds i overensstemmelse med den helt upersonlige kausale karakter af ens egen karma; denne uendelige cyklus af fødsel, genfødsel og genfødelse er Saṃsāra ". <a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams200274-75-107">[107]</a> De <a href="/wiki/De_fire_hellige_sandheder" class="mw-redirect" title="De fire hellige sandheder">fire ædle sandheder</a>, accepteret af alle buddhistiske traditioner, sigter mod at afslutte denne Samsara-relaterede genopståelse (genfødsel) og tilhørende cyklus af lidelse. <a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaul_WilliamsAnthony_TribeAlexander_Wynne201230–42-108">[108]</a> <a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobert_Buswell_Jr.Donald_Lopez_Jr.2013304-305-109">[109]</a> <a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a> Ligesom jainismen udviklede buddhismen sin egen Samsara-teori, der med tiden udviklede sig de mekanistiske detaljer om, hvordan hjulet til den verdslige eksistens fungerer over de uendelige genfødelsescyklusser. <a href="#cite_note-Trainor2004p63-111">[111]</a> <a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDalai_Lama1992xi-xii,_5-16-112">[112]</a> I de tidlige buddhistiske traditioner bestod Saṃsāra- kosmologien af fem verdener, gennem hvilke eksistenshjulet blev genanvendt. <a href="#cite_note-jeffwilsonbudsam-104">[104]</a> Dette omfattede hells ( niraya ), sultne spøgelser ( pretas ), dyr ( tiryak ), mennesker ( manushya ) og guder ( devas, himmelske). <a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a> I sidstnævnte traditioner voksede denne liste til en liste med seks genfødelsesområder og tilføjede demi-guder ( asuras ). <a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a> De "sultne spøgelse, himmelske, helvede rige" formulerer henholdsvis de rituelle, litterære og moralske sfærer i mange moderne buddhistiske traditioner. Saṃsāra-konceptet forestiller sig i buddhismen, at disse seks verdener hænger sammen, og alle cykliserer liv efter liv, og døden er bare en tilstand for et efterliv gennem disse verdener på grund af en kombination af uvidenhed, ønsker og målrettet karma eller etisk og uetiske handlinger. <a href="#cite_note-jeffwilsonbudsam-104">[104]</a> <a href="#cite_note-Trainor2004p63-111">[111]</a> Nirvana er typisk beskrevet som friheden fra genfødsel og det eneste alternativ til lidelse ved Samsara i buddhismen. <a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a> De buddhistiske tekster udviklede imidlertid en mere omfattende teori om genfødsel, siger Steven Collins fra frygt for rødder, kaldet amata (dødsfri), en stat, der betragtes som synonym med nirvana. <a href="#cite_note-Collins2010p38-116">[116]</a> <a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Saṅsāra_i_Sikhisme">Saṅsāra i Sikhisme</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Samsara&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Redigér afsnit: Saṅsāra i Sikhisme" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">redigér</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Samsara&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section's source code: Saṅsāra i Sikhisme">rediger kildetekst</a>]</div> Sikhismen inkorporerer begreberne Saṃsāra (undertiden stavet som Sansara i sikh-tekster), karma og tid og eksistens cykliske karakter. <a href="#cite_note-Mandair2013p145-118">[118]</a> Grundlagt i det 15. århundrede havde dens grundlægger <a href="/wiki/Guru_Nanak" title="Guru Nanak">Guru Nanak</a> et valg mellem det cykliske koncept af gamle indiske religioner og det lineære koncept om islam fra det tidlige 7. århundrede, og han valgte det cykliske begreb tid, stat Cole og Sambhi. <a href="#cite_note-colesambhi13-119">[119]</a> <a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a> Dog siger Arvind-Pal Singh Mandair, der er vigtige forskelle mellem Saṅsāra- begrebet i sikhismen fra Saṃsāra- begrebet i mange traditioner inden for hinduismen. Forskellen er, at sikhismen bestemt tror på Guds nåde som middel til frelse, og dens befalinger tilskynder En Herres bhakti til mukti (frelse). <a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a> Sikhisme, ligesom de tre gamle indiske traditioner, mener, at krop er letfordærveligt, der er en genfødelsescyklus, og at der er lidelser med hver genfødelsescyklus. <a href="#cite_note-Mandair2013p145-118">[118]</a> <a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a> Disse træk ved sikhismen sammen med sin tro på Saṃsāra og Guds nåde ligner nogle bhakti-orienterede undertraditioner inden for hinduismen som dem, der findes i Vaishnavism . <a href="#cite_note-123">[123]</a> <a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a> Sikhismen tror ikke, at det asketiske liv, som anbefalet i jainismen, er vejen til frigørelse. Snarere værner det socialt engagement og husholders liv kombineret med hengivenhed til Den Ende Gud som Guru for at være vejen til befrielse fra Saṅsāra.<a href="#cite_note-125">[125]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Referencer">Referencer</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Samsara&veaction=edit&section=11" title="Redigér afsnit: Referencer" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">redigér</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Samsara&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section's source code: Referencer">rediger kildetekst</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r11780210">.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlaus_Klostermaier2010604-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKlaus_Klostermaier2010604_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKlaus_Klostermaier2010604_1-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFKlaus_Klostermaier2010">Klaus Klostermaier 2010</a>, s. 604. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMark_JuergensmeyerWade_Clark_Roof2011271-272-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMark_JuergensmeyerWade_Clark_Roof2011271-272_2-0">a</a> <a 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.cs1-maint{display:none;color:#3a3;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}</style><cite id="CITEREFYadav2018" class="citation cs2">Yadav, Garima (2018), "Abortion (Hinduism)", Hinduism and Tribal Religions, Encyclopedia of Indian Religions, Springer Netherlands, s. 1-3, <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-94-024-1036-5_484-1">10.1007/978-94-024-1036-5_484-1</a>, <a href="/wiki/Internationalt_Standardbognummer" title="Internationalt Standardbognummer">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Speciel:ISBN-s%C3%B8gning/9789402410365" title="Speciel:ISBN-søgning/9789402410365"><bdi>9789402410365</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Abortion+%28Hinduism%29&rft.btitle=Hinduism+and+Tribal+Religions&rft.series=Encyclopedia+of+Indian+Religions&rft.pages=1-3&rft.pub=Springer+Netherlands&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-94-024-1036-5_484-1&rft.isbn=9789402410365&rft.aulast=Yadav&rft.aufirst=Garima&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fda.wikipedia.org%3ASamsara" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gavin_Flood&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gavin Flood (ikke skrevet endnu)">Flood, Gavin D.</a> (1996), An Introduction to Hinduism, Cambridge University Press </li> <li id="cite_note-Gross1993p148-5">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gross1993p148_5-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gross1993p148_5-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r11752076"><cite id="CITEREFRita_M._Gross1993" class="citation book cs1">Rita M. 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State University of New York Press. s. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/buddhismafterpat00gros/page/148">148</a>. <a href="/wiki/Internationalt_Standardbognummer" title="Internationalt Standardbognummer">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Speciel:ISBN-s%C3%B8gning/978-1-4384-0513-1" title="Speciel:ISBN-søgning/978-1-4384-0513-1"><bdi>978-1-4384-0513-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Buddhism+After+Patriarchy%3A+A+Feminist+History%2C+Analysis%2C+and+Reconstruction+of+Buddhism&rft.pages=148&rft.pub=State+University+of+New+York+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-1-4384-0513-1&rft.au=Rita+M.+Gross&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbuddhismafterpat00gros&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fda.wikipedia.org%3ASamsara" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Firth1997p106-6">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Firth1997p106_6-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Firth1997p106_6-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Firth1997p106_6-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r11752076"><cite id="CITEREFShirley_Firth1997" class="citation book cs1">Shirley Firth (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pYNXC-HK1u0C">Dying, Death and Bereavement in a British Hindu Community</a>. Peeters Publishers. s. 106, 29-43. <a href="/wiki/Internationalt_Standardbognummer" title="Internationalt Standardbognummer">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Speciel:ISBN-s%C3%B8gning/978-90-6831-976-7" title="Speciel:ISBN-søgning/978-90-6831-976-7"><bdi>978-90-6831-976-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dying%2C+Death+and+Bereavement+in+a+British+Hindu+Community&rft.pages=106%2C+29-43&rft.pub=Peeters+Publishers&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-90-6831-976-7&rft.au=Shirley+Firth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpYNXC-HK1u0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fda.wikipedia.org%3ASamsara" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> A.M. Boyer: Etude sur l'origine de la doctrine du samsara. Journal Asiatique, (1901), Volume 9, Issue 18, S. 451-453, 459-468 </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> Yuvraj Krishan: . Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan, 1997, <a href="/wiki/Internationalt_Standardbognummer" title="Internationalt Standardbognummer">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Speciel:ISBN-s%C3%B8gning/978-81-208-1233-8" title="Speciel:ISBN-søgning/978-81-208-1233-8">978-81-208-1233-8</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-amboyer-9">^ <a href="#cite_ref-amboyer_9-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-amboyer_9-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-amboyer_9-2">c</a> A.M. Boyer (1901), Etude sur l'origine de la doctrine du samsara, Journal Asiatique, Volume 9, Issue 18, pages 451-453, 459-468 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStephen_J._Laumakis200890-99-10">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStephen_J._Laumakis200890-99_10-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStephen_J._Laumakis200890-99_10-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStephen_J._Laumakis200890-99_10-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFStephen_J._Laumakis2008">Stephen J. 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Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan. s. 17-27. <a href="/wiki/Internationalt_Standardbognummer" title="Internationalt Standardbognummer">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Speciel:ISBN-s%C3%B8gning/978-81-208-1233-8" title="Speciel:ISBN-søgning/978-81-208-1233-8"><bdi>978-81-208-1233-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Doctrine+of+Karma%3A+Its+Origin+and+Development+in+Br%C4%81hma%E1%B9%87ical%2C+Buddhist%2C+and+Jaina+Traditions&rft.pages=17-27&rft.pub=Bharatiya+Vidya+Bhavan&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-81-208-1233-8&rft.au=Yuvraj+Krishan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_Bi6FWX1NOgC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fda.wikipedia.org%3ASamsara" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEObeyesekere20051-2,_108,_126-128-12"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEObeyesekere20051-2,_108,_126-128_12-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFObeyesekere2005">Obeyesekere 2005</a>, s. 1-2, 108, 126-128. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMark_JuergensmeyerWade_Clark_Roof2011272-273-13">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMark_JuergensmeyerWade_Clark_Roof2011272-273_13-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMark_JuergensmeyerWade_Clark_Roof2011272-273_13-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMark_JuergensmeyerWade_Clark_Roof2011272-273_13-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFMark_JuergensmeyerWade_Clark_Roof2011">Mark Juergensmeyer & Wade Clark Roof 2011</a>, s. 272-273. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMichael_Myers201336-14"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMichael_Myers201336_14-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMichael_Myers2013">Michael Myers 2013</a>, s. 36. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarold_Coward2008103-15"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarold_Coward2008103_15-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHarold_Coward2008">Harold Coward 2008</a>, s. 103. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELochtefeld2002589-16"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELochtefeld2002589_16-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLochtefeld2002">Lochtefeld 2002</a>, s. 589. </li> <li id="cite_note-ykrishanp24-17">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ykrishanp24_17-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ykrishanp24_17-1">b</a> Yuvraj Krishan (1988), Is Karma Evolutionary?, Journal of Indian Council of Philosophical Research, Volume 6, pages 24-26 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJeaneane_D._Fowler199710-18">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJeaneane_D._Fowler199710_18-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJeaneane_D._Fowler199710_18-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJeaneane_D._Fowler199710_18-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJeaneane_D._Fowler199710_18-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFJeaneane_D._Fowler1997">Jeaneane D. 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Cambridge University Press. s. 24-29.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+way+to+Nirvana%3A+six+lectures+on+ancient+Buddhism+as+a+discipline+of+salvation&rft.pages=24-29&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1917&rft.au=Louis+de+La+Vall%C3%A9e-Poussin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIto8AAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fda.wikipedia.org%3ASamsara" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Krishan1997p11-22"><a href="#cite_ref-Krishan1997p11_22-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r11752076"><cite id="CITEREFYuvraj_Krishan1997" class="citation book cs1">Yuvraj Krishan (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_Bi6FWX1NOgC">The Doctrine of Karma: Its Origin and Development in Brāhmaṇical, Buddhist, and Jaina Traditions</a>. Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan. s. 11-15. <a href="/wiki/Internationalt_Standardbognummer" title="Internationalt Standardbognummer">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Speciel:ISBN-s%C3%B8gning/978-81-208-1233-8" title="Speciel:ISBN-søgning/978-81-208-1233-8"><bdi>978-81-208-1233-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Doctrine+of+Karma%3A+Its+Origin+and+Development+in+Br%C4%81hma%E1%B9%87ical%2C+Buddhist%2C+and+Jaina+Traditions&rft.pages=11-15&rft.pub=Bharatiya+Vidya+Bhavan&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-81-208-1233-8&rft.au=Yuvraj+Krishan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_Bi6FWX1NOgC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fda.wikipedia.org%3ASamsara" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStephen_J._Laumakis200890-23">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStephen_J._Laumakis200890_23-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStephen_J._Laumakis200890_23-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStephen_J._Laumakis200890_23-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFStephen_J._Laumakis2008">Stephen J. Laumakis 2008</a>, s. 90. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDalal2010344,_356-357-24"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDalal2010344,_356-357_24-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDalal2010">Dalal 2010</a>, s. 344, 356-357. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDamien_Keown2004248-25"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDamien_Keown2004248_25-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDamien_Keown2004">Damien Keown 2004</a>, s. 248. </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> <a class="external text" href="https://sa.wikisource.org/wiki/कठोपनिषदत्/प्रथमोध्यायः/तृतीयवल्ली">Katha Upanishad प्रथमोध्यायः/तृतीयवल्ली</a> Wikisource </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> <a class="external text" href="https://sa.wikisource.org/wiki/श्वेताश्वतरोपनिषत्/षष्ठः_अध्यायः">Shvetashvatara Upanishad षष्ठः अध्यायः</a> Wikisource </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> <a class="external text" href="https://sa.wikisource.org/wiki/मैत्रायण्युपनिषत्">Maitri Upanishad</a> Wikisource, Quote: ३ चित्तमेव हि संसारम् तत्प्रयत्नेन शोधयेत् </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> GA Jacob (1963), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/UpanishadVakyaKosha-AConcordanceOfThePrincipalUpanishadsAndBhagavad/UpanishadVakyaKoshaSktEng#page/n953/mode/2up">A concordance to the Principal Upanishads and Bhagavad Gita</a>, Motilal Banarsidass, pages 947-948 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStephen_J._Laumakis200897-30"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStephen_J._Laumakis200897_30-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStephen_J._Laumakis2008">Stephen J. Laumakis 2008</a>, s. 97. </li> <li id="cite_note-GoaEtCoward2014-31"><a href="#cite_ref-GoaEtCoward2014_31-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r11752076"><cite id="CITEREFGoaCoward2014" class="citation web cs1">Goa, David J.; Coward, Harold G. (2014-08-21). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140227223922/http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.com/en/article/hinduism/">"Hinduism"</a>. Arkiveret fra <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.com/en/article/hinduism/">originalen</a> 2014-02-27. Hentet 2015-07-31.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hinduism&rft.date=2014-08-21&rft.aulast=Goa&rft.aufirst=David+J.&rft.au=Coward%2C+Harold+G.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thecanadianencyclopedia.com%2Fen%2Farticle%2Fhinduism%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fda.wikipedia.org%3ASamsara" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r11752076"><cite id="CITEREFJames_HastingsJohn_Alexander_Selbie1922" class="citation book cs1">James Hastings; John Alexander Selbie (1922). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UD8TAAAAYAAJ">Encyclopædia of Religion and Ethics</a>. T. & T. Clark. s. 616-618.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+of+Religion+and+Ethics&rft.pages=616-618&rft.pub=T.+%26+T.+Clark&rft.date=1922&rft.au=James+Hastings&rft.au=John+Alexander+Selbie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUD8TAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fda.wikipedia.org%3ASamsara" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJessica_FrazierGavin_Flood201184-86-33">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJessica_FrazierGavin_Flood201184-86_33-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJessica_FrazierGavin_Flood201184-86_33-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJessica_FrazierGavin_Flood201184-86_33-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFJessica_FrazierGavin_Flood2011">Jessica Frazier & Gavin Flood 2011</a>, s. 84-86. </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r11752076"><cite id="CITEREFKusum_P._Merh1996" class="citation book cs1">Kusum P. Merh (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XSoKAQAAMAAJ">Yama, the Glorious Lord of the Other World</a>. Penguin. s. 213-215. <a href="/wiki/Internationalt_Standardbognummer" title="Internationalt Standardbognummer">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Speciel:ISBN-s%C3%B8gning/978-81-246-0066-5" title="Speciel:ISBN-søgning/978-81-246-0066-5"><bdi>978-81-246-0066-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Yama%2C+the+Glorious+Lord+of+the+Other+World&rft.pages=213-215&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-81-246-0066-5&rft.au=Kusum+P.+Merh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXSoKAQAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fda.wikipedia.org%3ASamsara" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r11752076"><cite id="CITEREFAnita_Raina_Thapan2006" class="citation book cs1">Anita Raina Thapan (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iDiRLzPFOPIC">The Penguin Swami Chinmyananda Reader</a>. Penguin Books. s. 84-90. <a href="/wiki/Internationalt_Standardbognummer" title="Internationalt Standardbognummer">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Speciel:ISBN-s%C3%B8gning/978-0-14-400062-3" title="Speciel:ISBN-søgning/978-0-14-400062-3"><bdi>978-0-14-400062-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Penguin+Swami+Chinmyananda+Reader&rft.pages=84-90&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-14-400062-3&rft.au=Anita+Raina+Thapan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DiDiRLzPFOPIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fda.wikipedia.org%3ASamsara" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r11752076"><cite id="CITEREFPatrul_RinpocheDalai_Lama1998" class="citation book cs1">Patrul Rinpoche; Dalai Lama (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=40i38mGQ6aAC">The Words of My Perfect Teacher: A Complete Translation of a Classic Introduction to Tibetan Buddhism</a>. Rowman Altamira. s. 95-96. <a href="/wiki/Internationalt_Standardbognummer" title="Internationalt Standardbognummer">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Speciel:ISBN-s%C3%B8gning/978-0-7619-9027-7" title="Speciel:ISBN-søgning/978-0-7619-9027-7"><bdi>978-0-7619-9027-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Words+of+My+Perfect+Teacher%3A+A+Complete+Translation+of+a+Classic+Introduction+to+Tibetan+Buddhism&rft.pages=95-96&rft.pub=Rowman+Altamira&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-7619-9027-7&rft.au=Patrul+Rinpoche&rft.au=Dalai+Lama&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D40i38mGQ6aAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fda.wikipedia.org%3ASamsara" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r11752076"><cite id="CITEREFNorman_C._McClelland2010" class="citation book cs1">Norman C. McClelland (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=S_Leq4U5ihkC">Encyclopedia of Reincarnation and Karma</a>. McFarland. s. 102-103. <a href="/wiki/Internationalt_Standardbognummer" title="Internationalt Standardbognummer">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Speciel:ISBN-s%C3%B8gning/978-0-7864-5675-8" title="Speciel:ISBN-søgning/978-0-7864-5675-8"><bdi>978-0-7864-5675-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Reincarnation+and+Karma&rft.pages=102-103&rft.pub=McFarland&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-7864-5675-8&rft.au=Norman+C.+McClelland&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DS_Leq4U5ihkC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fda.wikipedia.org%3ASamsara" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r11752076"><cite id="CITEREFClifton_D._BryantDennis_L._Peck2009" class="citation book cs1">Clifton D. Bryant; Dennis L. Peck (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4Zt2AwAAQBAJ">Encyclopedia of Death and the Human Experience</a>. SAGE Publications. s. 841-846. <a href="/wiki/Internationalt_Standardbognummer" title="Internationalt Standardbognummer">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Speciel:ISBN-s%C3%B8gning/978-1-4522-6616-9" title="Speciel:ISBN-søgning/978-1-4522-6616-9"><bdi>978-1-4522-6616-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Death+and+the+Human+Experience&rft.pages=841-846&rft.pub=SAGE+Publications&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-4522-6616-9&rft.au=Clifton+D.+Bryant&rft.au=Dennis+L.+Peck&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4Zt2AwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fda.wikipedia.org%3ASamsara" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r11752076"><cite id="CITEREFVallee_Pussin1917" class="citation book cs1">Vallee Pussin (1917). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Ito8AAAAIAAJ">The way to Nirvana: six lectures on ancient Buddhism as a discipline of salvation</a>. Cambridge University Press. s. 24-25.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+way+to+Nirvana%3A+six+lectures+on+ancient+Buddhism+as+a+discipline+of+salvation&rft.pages=24-25&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1917&rft.au=Vallee+Pussin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIto8AAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fda.wikipedia.org%3ASamsara" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-floodaithp86-40"><a href="#cite_ref-floodaithp86_40-0">^</a> Gavin D. Flood (1996), An Introduction to Hinduism, Cambridge University Press, <a href="/wiki/Internationalt_Standardbognummer" title="Internationalt Standardbognummer">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Speciel:ISBN-s%C3%B8gning/978-0521438780" title="Speciel:ISBN-søgning/978-0521438780">978-0521438780</a>, page 86, Quote: “The origin and doctrine of Karma and Samsara are obscure. These concepts were certainly circulating amongst sramanas, and Jainism and Buddhism developed specific and sophisticated ideas about the process of transmigration. It is very possible that the karmas and reincarnation entered the mainstream brahmanical thought from the sramana or the renouncer traditions. Yet, on the other hand, although there is no clear doctrine of transmigration in the vedic hymns, there is the idea of redeath, that a person having died in this world, might die yet again in the next.” </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> Padmanabh S. Jaini 2001 “Collected Paper on Buddhist Studies” Motilal Banarsidass, <a href="/wiki/Internationalt_Standardbognummer" title="Internationalt Standardbognummer">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Speciel:ISBN-s%C3%B8gning/81-208-1776-1" title="Speciel:ISBN-søgning/81-208-1776-1">81-208-1776-1</a>, page 51, Quote: "Yajnavalkya’s reluctance to discuss the doctrine of karma in public (...) can perhaps be explained by the assumption that it was, like that of the transmigration of soul, of non-brahmanical origin. In view of the fact that this doctrine is emblazoned on almost every page of sramana scriptures, it is highly probable that it was derived from them." </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r11752076"><cite id="CITEREFWendy_Doniger1980" class="citation book cs1">Wendy Doniger (1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_4WZTj3M71y0C">Karma and Rebirth in Classical Indian Traditions</a>. University of California Press. s. xvii-xviii. <a href="/wiki/Internationalt_Standardbognummer" title="Internationalt Standardbognummer">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Speciel:ISBN-s%C3%B8gning/978-0-520-03923-0" title="Speciel:ISBN-søgning/978-0-520-03923-0"><bdi>978-0-520-03923-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Karma+and+Rebirth+in+Classical+Indian+Traditions&rft.pages=xvii-xviii&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=978-0-520-03923-0&rft.au=Wendy+Doniger&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbub_gb_4WZTj3M71y0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fda.wikipedia.org%3ASamsara" class="Z3988">; Quote: "There was such constant interaction between Vedism and Buddhism in the early period that it is fruitless to attempt to sort out the earlier source of many doctrines, they lived in one another's pockets, like Picasso and Braque (who were, in later years, unable to say which of them had painted certain paintings from their earlier, shared period)." </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuitenen195734-35-43"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuitenen195734-35_43-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBuitenen1957">Buitenen 1957</a>, s. 34-35. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMircea_Eliade198756-57-44"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMircea_Eliade198756-57_44-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMircea_Eliade1987">Mircea Eliade 1987</a>, s. 56-57. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJessica_FrazierGavin_Flood201118-45"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJessica_FrazierGavin_Flood201118_45-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJessica_FrazierGavin_Flood2011">Jessica Frazier & Gavin Flood 2011</a>, s. 18. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohn_Bowker201484-85-46">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJohn_Bowker201484-85_46-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJohn_Bowker201484-85_46-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJohn_Bowker201484-85_46-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFJohn_Bowker2014">John Bowker 2014</a>, s. 84-85. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJessica_FrazierGavin_Flood201118-19,_24-25-47"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJessica_FrazierGavin_Flood201118-19,_24-25_47-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJessica_FrazierGavin_Flood2011">Jessica Frazier & Gavin Flood 2011</a>, s. 18-19, 24-25. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarold_Coward201229-31-48"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarold_Coward201229-31_48-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHarold_Coward2012">Harold Coward 2012</a>, s. 29-31. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohn_Geeverghese_Arapura198685-88-49"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJohn_Geeverghese_Arapura198685-88_49-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJohn_Geeverghese_Arapura1986">John Geeverghese Arapura 1986</a>, s. 85-88. </li> <li id="cite_note-EllwoodAlles2007p406-50"><a href="#cite_ref-EllwoodAlles2007p406_50-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r11752076"><cite id="CITEREFRobert_S._EllwoodGregory_D._Alles2007" class="citation book cs1">Robert S. Ellwood; Gregory D. Alles (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1pGbdI4L0qsC">The Encyclopedia of World Religions</a>. Infobase Publishing. s. 406-407. <a href="/wiki/Internationalt_Standardbognummer" title="Internationalt Standardbognummer">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Speciel:ISBN-s%C3%B8gning/978-1-4381-1038-7" title="Speciel:ISBN-søgning/978-1-4381-1038-7"><bdi>978-1-4381-1038-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+World+Religions&rft.pages=406-407&rft.pub=Infobase+Publishing&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-4381-1038-7&rft.au=Robert+S.+Ellwood&rft.au=Gregory+D.+Alles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1pGbdI4L0qsC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fda.wikipedia.org%3ASamsara" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEObeyesekere1980139-140-51">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEObeyesekere1980139-140_51-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEObeyesekere1980139-140_51-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFObeyesekere1980">Obeyesekere 1980</a>, s. 139-140. </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> Klaus Klostermaier, Mokṣa and Critical Theory, Philosophy East and West, Vol. 35, No. 1 (Jan., 1985), pages 61-71 </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> Norman E. Thomas (April 1988), Liberation for Life: A Hindu Liberation Philosophy, Missiology, Volume 16, Number 2, pp 149-160 </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> Gerhard Oberhammer (1994), La Délivrance dès cette vie: Jivanmukti, Collège de France, Publications de l'Institut de Civilisation Indienne. Série in-8°, Fasc. 61, Édition-Diffusion de Boccard (Paris), <a href="/wiki/Internationalt_Standardbognummer" title="Internationalt Standardbognummer">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Speciel:ISBN-s%C3%B8gning/978-2868030610" title="Speciel:ISBN-søgning/978-2868030610">978-2868030610</a>, pages 1-9 </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> M. von Brück (1986), Imitation or Identification?, Indian Theological Studies, Vol. 23, Issue 2, pages 95-105 </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Paul_Deussen" title="Paul Deussen">Paul Deussen</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//books.google.com/books?id=2h0YAAAAYAAJ">The philosophy of the Upanishads</a> at <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>, pages 356-357 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMichael_Myers201379-57"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMichael_Myers201379_57-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMichael_Myers2013">Michael Myers 2013</a>, s. 79. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMichael_Myers201379-80-58">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMichael_Myers201379-80_58-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMichael_Myers201379-80_58-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFMichael_Myers2013">Michael Myers 2013</a>, s. 79-80. </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r11752076"><cite id="CITEREFPaul_WilliamsAnthony_Tribe2000" class="citation book cs1">Paul Williams; Anthony Tribe (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BVvFBQAAQBAJ">Buddhist Thought: A Complete Introduction to the Indian Tradition</a>. Routledge. s. 18-19, chapter 1. <a href="/wiki/Internationalt_Standardbognummer" title="Internationalt Standardbognummer">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Speciel:ISBN-s%C3%B8gning/0-415207002" title="Speciel:ISBN-søgning/0-415207002"><bdi>0-415207002</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Buddhist+Thought%3A+A+Complete+Introduction+to+the+Indian+Tradition&rft.pages=18-19%2C+chapter+1&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-415207002&rft.au=Paul+Williams&rft.au=Anthony+Tribe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBVvFBQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fda.wikipedia.org%3ASamsara" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r11752076"><cite id="CITEREFThomas_William_Rhys_DavidsWilliam_Stede1921" class="citation book cs1">Thomas William Rhys Davids; William Stede (1921). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0Guw2CnxiucC&pg=PA94">Pali-English Dictionary</a>. Motilal Banarsidass. s. 94-95, Entry for Āgati. <a href="/wiki/Internationalt_Standardbognummer" title="Internationalt Standardbognummer">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Speciel:ISBN-s%C3%B8gning/978-81-208-1144-7" title="Speciel:ISBN-søgning/978-81-208-1144-7"><bdi>978-81-208-1144-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pali-English+Dictionary&rft.pages=94-95%2C+Entry+for+%27%27%C4%80gati%27%27&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=1921&rft.isbn=978-81-208-1144-7&rft.au=Thomas+William+Rhys+Davids&rft.au=William+Stede&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0Guw2CnxiucC%26pg%3DPA94&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fda.wikipedia.org%3ASamsara" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-6sourcesatman-61"><a href="#cite_ref-6sourcesatman_61-0">^</a> [a] <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britannica.com/topic/anatta">Anatta</a>, Encyclopædia Britannica (2013), Quote: "Anatta in Buddhism, the doctrine that there is in humans no permanent, underlying soul. The concept of anatta, or anatman, is a departure from the Hindu belief in atman (“the self”)."; [b] Steven Collins (1994), Religion and Practical Reason (Editors: Frank Reynolds, David Tracy), State Univ of New York Press, <a href="/wiki/Internationalt_Standardbognummer" title="Internationalt Standardbognummer">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Speciel:ISBN-s%C3%B8gning/978-0791422175" title="Speciel:ISBN-søgning/978-0791422175">978-0791422175</a>, page 64; "Central to Buddhist soteriology is the doctrine of not-self (Pali: anattā, Sanskrit: anātman, the opposed doctrine of ātman is central to Brahmanical thought). Put very briefly, this is the [Buddhist] doctrine that human beings have no soul, no self, no unchanging essence."; [c] Edward Roer (Translator), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//books.google.com/books?id=3uwDAAAAMAAJ">Shankara's Introduction</a> at <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a> to Brihad Aranyaka Upanishad, pages 2-4; [d] Katie Javanaud (2013), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://philosophynow.org/issues/97/Is_The_Buddhist_No-Self_Doctrine_Compatible_With_Pursuing_Nirvana">Is The Buddhist ‘No-Self’ Doctrine Compatible With Pursuing Nirvana?</a>, Philosophy Now; [e] David Loy (1982), Enlightenment in Buddhism and Advaita Vedanta: Are Nirvana and Moksha the Same?, International Philosophical Quarterly, Volume 23, Issue 1, pages 65-74; [f] KN Jayatilleke (2010), Early Buddhist Theory of Knowledge, <a href="/wiki/Internationalt_Standardbognummer" title="Internationalt Standardbognummer">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Speciel:ISBN-s%C3%B8gning/978-8120806191" title="Speciel:ISBN-søgning/978-8120806191">978-8120806191</a>, pages 246-249, from note 385 onwards; </li> <li id="cite_note-gtumoksha-62">^ <a href="#cite_ref-gtumoksha_62-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-gtumoksha_62-1">b</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://berkleycenter.georgetown.edu/essays/moksha">Moksha</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201025105212/https://berkleycenter.georgetown.edu/essays/moksha">Arkiveret</a> 25. oktober 2020 hos <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Georgetown University </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r11752076"><cite id="CITEREFStephen_J._Laumakis2008" class="citation book cs1">Stephen J. Laumakis (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_29ZDAcUEwYC">An Introduction to Buddhist Philosophy</a>. Cambridge University Press. s. 68-70, 125-128, 149-153, 168-176. <a href="/wiki/Internationalt_Standardbognummer" title="Internationalt Standardbognummer">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Speciel:ISBN-s%C3%B8gning/978-1-139-46966-1" title="Speciel:ISBN-søgning/978-1-139-46966-1"><bdi>978-1-139-46966-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Introduction+to+Buddhist+Philosophy&rft.pages=68-70%2C+125-128%2C+149-153%2C+168-176&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-139-46966-1&rft.au=Stephen+J.+Laumakis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_29ZDAcUEwYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fda.wikipedia.org%3ASamsara" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r11752076"><cite id="CITEREFMasao_AbeSteven_Heine1995" class="citation book cs1">Masao Abe; Steven Heine (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/buddhisminterfai0000abem">Buddhism and Interfaith Dialogue</a>. University of Hawaii Press. s. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/buddhisminterfai0000abem/page/7">7</a>–8, 73-78. <a href="/wiki/Internationalt_Standardbognummer" title="Internationalt Standardbognummer">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Speciel:ISBN-s%C3%B8gning/978-0-8248-1752-7" title="Speciel:ISBN-søgning/978-0-8248-1752-7"><bdi>978-0-8248-1752-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Buddhism+and+Interfaith+Dialogue&rft.pages=7-8%2C+73-78&rft.pub=University+of+Hawaii+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-8248-1752-7&rft.au=Masao+Abe&rft.au=Steven+Heine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbuddhisminterfai0000abem&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fda.wikipedia.org%3ASamsara" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r11752076"><cite id="CITEREFPadmanabh_S_Jaini,_George_L_Jart_III1980" class="citation book cs1">Padmanabh S Jaini, George L Jart III (1980). Wendy Doniger (red.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_4WZTj3M71y0C">Karma and Rebirth in Classical Indian Traditions</a>. University of California Press. s. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_4WZTj3M71y0C/page/n156">131</a>–133, 228-229. <a href="/wiki/Internationalt_Standardbognummer" title="Internationalt Standardbognummer">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Speciel:ISBN-s%C3%B8gning/978-0-520-03923-0" title="Speciel:ISBN-søgning/978-0-520-03923-0"><bdi>978-0-520-03923-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Karma+and+Rebirth+in+Classical+Indian+Traditions&rft.pages=131-133%2C+228-229&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=978-0-520-03923-0&rft.au=Padmanabh+S+Jaini%2C+George+L+Jart+III&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbub_gb_4WZTj3M71y0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fda.wikipedia.org%3ASamsara" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r11752076"><cite id="CITEREFChristopher_Partridge2013" class="citation book cs1">Christopher Partridge (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Z3AjAwAAQBAJ">Introduction to World Religions</a>. Fortress Press. s. 245-246. <a href="/wiki/Internationalt_Standardbognummer" title="Internationalt Standardbognummer">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Speciel:ISBN-s%C3%B8gning/978-0-8006-9970-3" title="Speciel:ISBN-søgning/978-0-8006-9970-3"><bdi>978-0-8006-9970-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Introduction+to+World+Religions&rft.pages=245-246&rft.pub=Fortress+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-8006-9970-3&rft.au=Christopher+Partridge&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZ3AjAwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fda.wikipedia.org%3ASamsara" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r11752076"><cite id="CITEREFGeorge_L_Jart_III1980" class="citation book cs1">George L Jart III (1980). Wendy Doniger (red.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_4WZTj3M71y0C">Karma and Rebirth in Classical Indian Traditions</a>. University of California Press. s. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_4WZTj3M71y0C/page/n156">131</a>–133. <a href="/wiki/Internationalt_Standardbognummer" title="Internationalt Standardbognummer">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Speciel:ISBN-s%C3%B8gning/978-0-520-03923-0" title="Speciel:ISBN-søgning/978-0-520-03923-0"><bdi>978-0-520-03923-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Karma+and+Rebirth+in+Classical+Indian+Traditions&rft.pages=131-133&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=978-0-520-03923-0&rft.au=George+L+Jart+III&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbub_gb_4WZTj3M71y0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fda.wikipedia.org%3ASamsara" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMark_JuergensmeyerWade_Clark_Roof2011272-68">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMark_JuergensmeyerWade_Clark_Roof2011272_68-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMark_JuergensmeyerWade_Clark_Roof2011272_68-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMark_JuergensmeyerWade_Clark_Roof2011272_68-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFMark_JuergensmeyerWade_Clark_Roof2011">Mark Juergensmeyer & Wade Clark Roof 2011</a>, s. 272. </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r11752076"><cite id="CITEREFMukul_Goel2008" class="citation book cs1">Mukul Goel (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=63w84TKjEu0C">Devotional Hinduism: Creating Impressions for God</a>. iUniverse. s. 6. <a href="/wiki/Internationalt_Standardbognummer" title="Internationalt Standardbognummer">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Speciel:ISBN-s%C3%B8gning/978-0-595-50524-1" title="Speciel:ISBN-søgning/978-0-595-50524-1"><bdi>978-0-595-50524-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Devotional+Hinduism%3A+Creating+Impressions+for+God&rft.pages=6&rft.pub=iUniverse&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-595-50524-1&rft.au=Mukul+Goel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D63w84TKjEu0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fda.wikipedia.org%3ASamsara" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> Christopher Chapple (1986), Karma and creativity, State University of New York Press, <a href="/wiki/Internationalt_Standardbognummer" title="Internationalt Standardbognummer">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Speciel:ISBN-s%C3%B8gning/0-88706-251-2" title="Speciel:ISBN-søgning/0-88706-251-2">0-88706-251-2</a>, pages 60-64 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJeaneane_D._Fowler199711-71"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJeaneane_D._Fowler199711_71-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJeaneane_D._Fowler1997">Jeaneane D. Fowler 1997</a>, s. 11. </li> <li id="cite_note-Flood2009-72"><a href="#cite_ref-Flood2009_72-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r11752076"><cite id="CITEREFFlood2009" class="citation web cs1">Flood, Gavin (2009-08-24). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140411171600/http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/hinduism/concepts/concepts_1.shtml">"Hindu concepts"</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=BBC_Online&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="BBC Online (ikke skrevet endnu)">BBC Online</a>. <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a>. Arkiveret fra <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/hinduism/concepts/concepts_1.shtml">originalen</a> 2014-04-11. Hentet 2015-07-31.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BBC+Online&rft.atitle=Hindu+concepts&rft.date=2009-08-24&rft.aulast=Flood&rft.aufirst=Gavin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Freligion%2Freligions%2Fhinduism%2Fconcepts%2Fconcepts_1.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fda.wikipedia.org%3ASamsara" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r11752076"><cite id="CITEREFGeorge_D._ChryssidesBenjamin_E._Zeller2014" class="citation book cs1">George D. Chryssides; Benjamin E. Zeller (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HLZMAgAAQBAJ">The Bloomsbury Companion to New Religious Movements</a>. Bloomsbury Academic. s. 333. <a href="/wiki/Internationalt_Standardbognummer" title="Internationalt Standardbognummer">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Speciel:ISBN-s%C3%B8gning/978-1-4411-9829-7" title="Speciel:ISBN-søgning/978-1-4411-9829-7"><bdi>978-1-4411-9829-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Bloomsbury+Companion+to+New+Religious+Movements&rft.pages=333&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Academic&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-4411-9829-7&rft.au=George+D.+Chryssides&rft.au=Benjamin+E.+Zeller&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHLZMAgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fda.wikipedia.org%3ASamsara" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJeaneane_D._Fowler1997111-112-74"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJeaneane_D._Fowler1997111-112_74-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJeaneane_D._Fowler1997">Jeaneane D. Fowler 1997</a>, s. 111-112. </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r11752076"><cite id="CITEREFYong_Choon_KimDavid_H._Freeman1981" class="citation book cs1">Yong Choon Kim; David H. Freeman (1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=omwMQA_DUVEC">Oriental Thought: An Introduction to the Philosophical and Religious Thought of Asia</a>. Rowman & Littlefield. s. 15-17. <a href="/wiki/Internationalt_Standardbognummer" title="Internationalt Standardbognummer">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Speciel:ISBN-s%C3%B8gning/978-0-8226-0365-8" title="Speciel:ISBN-søgning/978-0-8226-0365-8"><bdi>978-0-8226-0365-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Oriental+Thought%3A+An+Introduction+to+the+Philosophical+and+Religious+Thought+of+Asia&rft.pages=15-17&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=978-0-8226-0365-8&rft.au=Yong+Choon+Kim&rft.au=David+H.+Freeman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DomwMQA_DUVEC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fda.wikipedia.org%3ASamsara" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r11752076"><cite id="CITEREFJack_Sikora2002" class="citation book cs1">Jack Sikora (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FLRifVnKnh8C">Religions of India: A User Friendly and Brief Introduction to Hinduism, Buddhism, Sikhism, and the Jains</a>. iUniverse. s. 17-19. <a href="/wiki/Internationalt_Standardbognummer" title="Internationalt Standardbognummer">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Speciel:ISBN-s%C3%B8gning/978-1-4697-1731-9" title="Speciel:ISBN-søgning/978-1-4697-1731-9"><bdi>978-1-4697-1731-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Religions+of+India%3A+A+User+Friendly+and+Brief+Introduction+to+Hinduism%2C+Buddhism%2C+Sikhism%2C+and+the+Jains&rft.pages=17-19&rft.pub=iUniverse&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-1-4697-1731-9&rft.au=Jack+Sikora&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFLRifVnKnh8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fda.wikipedia.org%3ASamsara" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarold_Coward2008129-77"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarold_Coward2008129_77-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHarold_Coward2008">Harold Coward 2008</a>, s. 129. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarold_Coward2008129,_also_see_pages_130-155-78"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarold_Coward2008129,_also_see_pages_130-155_78-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHarold_Coward2008">Harold Coward 2008</a>, s. 129, also see pages 130-155. </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r11752076"><cite id="CITEREFJeaneane_D._Fowler1997" class="citation book cs1">Jeaneane D. Fowler (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RmGKHu20hA0C">Hinduism: Beliefs and Practices</a>. Sussex Academic Press. s. 10-12, 132-137. <a href="/wiki/Internationalt_Standardbognummer" title="Internationalt Standardbognummer">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Speciel:ISBN-s%C3%B8gning/978-1-898723-60-8" title="Speciel:ISBN-søgning/978-1-898723-60-8"><bdi>978-1-898723-60-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hinduism%3A+Beliefs+and+Practices&rft.pages=10-12%2C+132-137&rft.pub=Sussex+Academic+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-1-898723-60-8&rft.au=Jeaneane+D.+Fowler&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRmGKHu20hA0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fda.wikipedia.org%3ASamsara" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a> H Chaudhuri (1954), The Concept of Brahman in Hindu Philosophy, Philosophy East and West, 4(1), pages 47-66 </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r11752076"><cite id="CITEREFM._Hiriyanna1995" class="citation book cs1">M. Hiriyanna (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QeRIP-TuKLAC">The Essentials of Indian Philosophy</a>. Motilal Banarsidass. s. 24-25, 160-166. <a href="/wiki/Internationalt_Standardbognummer" title="Internationalt Standardbognummer">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Speciel:ISBN-s%C3%B8gning/978-81-208-1330-4" title="Speciel:ISBN-søgning/978-81-208-1330-4"><bdi>978-81-208-1330-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Essentials+of+Indian+Philosophy&rft.pages=24-25%2C+160-166&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-81-208-1330-4&rft.au=M.+Hiriyanna&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQeRIP-TuKLAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fda.wikipedia.org%3ASamsara" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r11752076"><cite id="CITEREFJeaneane_D._Fowler2002" class="citation book cs1">Jeaneane D. Fowler (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8dRZ4E-qgz8C">Perspectives of Reality: An Introduction to the Philosophy of Hinduism</a>. Sussex Academic Press. s. 340-347, 373-375. <a href="/wiki/Internationalt_Standardbognummer" title="Internationalt Standardbognummer">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Speciel:ISBN-s%C3%B8gning/978-1-898723-93-6" title="Speciel:ISBN-søgning/978-1-898723-93-6"><bdi>978-1-898723-93-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Perspectives+of+Reality%3A+An+Introduction+to+the+Philosophy+of+Hinduism&rft.pages=340-347%2C+373-375&rft.pub=Sussex+Academic+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-1-898723-93-6&rft.au=Jeaneane+D.+Fowler&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8dRZ4E-qgz8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fda.wikipedia.org%3ASamsara" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r11752076"><cite id="CITEREFJeaneane_D._Fowler2002" class="citation book cs1">Jeaneane D. Fowler (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8dRZ4E-qgz8C">Perspectives of Reality: An Introduction to the Philosophy of Hinduism</a>. Sussex Academic Press. s. 238-240, 243-245, 249-250, 261-263, 279-284. <a href="/wiki/Internationalt_Standardbognummer" title="Internationalt Standardbognummer">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Speciel:ISBN-s%C3%B8gning/978-1-898723-93-6" title="Speciel:ISBN-søgning/978-1-898723-93-6"><bdi>978-1-898723-93-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Perspectives+of+Reality%3A+An+Introduction+to+the+Philosophy+of+Hinduism&rft.pages=238-240%2C+243-245%2C+249-250%2C+261-263%2C+279-284&rft.pub=Sussex+Academic+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-1-898723-93-6&rft.au=Jeaneane+D.+Fowler&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8dRZ4E-qgz8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fda.wikipedia.org%3ASamsara" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPadmanabh_Jaini1980217-236-84"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPadmanabh_Jaini1980217-236_84-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPadmanabh_Jaini1980">Padmanabh Jaini 1980</a>, s. 217-236. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPadmanabh_Jaini1980226-228-85"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPadmanabh_Jaini1980226-228_85-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPadmanabh_Jaini1980">Padmanabh Jaini 1980</a>, s. 226-228. </li> <li id="cite_note-dundasp14-86"><a href="#cite_ref-dundasp14_86-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r11752076"><cite id="CITEREFPaul_Dundas2003" class="citation book cs1">Paul Dundas (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=X8iAAgAAQBAJ">The Jains</a>. Routledge. s. 14-16, 102-105. <a href="/wiki/Internationalt_Standardbognummer" title="Internationalt Standardbognummer">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Speciel:ISBN-s%C3%B8gning/978-0415266055" title="Speciel:ISBN-søgning/978-0415266055"><bdi>978-0415266055</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Jains&rft.pages=14-16%2C+102-105&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0415266055&rft.au=Paul+Dundas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DX8iAAgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fda.wikipedia.org%3ASamsara" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sethia2004p31-87">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sethia2004p31_87-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sethia2004p31_87-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r11752076"><cite id="CITEREFTara_Sethia2004" class="citation book cs1">Tara Sethia (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QYdlKv8wBiYC">Ahimsā, Anekānta, and Jainism</a>. Motilal Banarsidass. s. 30-31. <a href="/wiki/Internationalt_Standardbognummer" title="Internationalt Standardbognummer">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Speciel:ISBN-s%C3%B8gning/978-81-208-2036-4" title="Speciel:ISBN-søgning/978-81-208-2036-4"><bdi>978-81-208-2036-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ahims%C4%81%2C+Anek%C4%81nta%2C+and+Jainism&rft.pages=30-31&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-81-208-2036-4&rft.au=Tara+Sethia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQYdlKv8wBiYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fda.wikipedia.org%3ASamsara" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPadmanabh_Jaini1980226-88">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPadmanabh_Jaini1980226_88-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPadmanabh_Jaini1980226_88-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFPadmanabh_Jaini1980">Padmanabh Jaini 1980</a>, s. 226. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPadmanabh_Jaini1980227-89"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPadmanabh_Jaini1980227_89-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPadmanabh_Jaini1980">Padmanabh Jaini 1980</a>, s. 227. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPadmanabh_Jaini1980227-228-90"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPadmanabh_Jaini1980227-228_90-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPadmanabh_Jaini1980">Padmanabh Jaini 1980</a>, s. 227-228. </li> <li id="cite_note-Dundas2003p105-91"><a href="#cite_ref-Dundas2003p105_91-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r11752076"><cite id="CITEREFPaul_Dundas2003" class="citation book cs1">Paul Dundas (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=X8iAAgAAQBAJ">The Jains</a>. Routledge. s. 104-105. <a href="/wiki/Internationalt_Standardbognummer" title="Internationalt Standardbognummer">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Speciel:ISBN-s%C3%B8gning/978-0415266055" title="Speciel:ISBN-søgning/978-0415266055"><bdi>978-0415266055</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Jains&rft.pages=104-105&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0415266055&rft.au=Paul+Dundas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DX8iAAgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fda.wikipedia.org%3ASamsara" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPadmanabh_Jaini1980225-92"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPadmanabh_Jaini1980225_92-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPadmanabh_Jaini1980">Padmanabh Jaini 1980</a>, s. 225. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPadmanabh_Jaini1980228-93"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPadmanabh_Jaini1980228_93-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPadmanabh_Jaini1980">Padmanabh Jaini 1980</a>, s. 228. </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r11752076"><cite id="CITEREFPadmanabh_S._Jaini2000" class="citation book cs1">Padmanabh S. Jaini (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HPggiM7y1aYC">Collected Papers on Jaina Studies</a>. Motilal Banarsidass. s. 130-131. <a href="/wiki/Internationalt_Standardbognummer" title="Internationalt Standardbognummer">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Speciel:ISBN-s%C3%B8gning/978-81-208-1691-6" title="Speciel:ISBN-søgning/978-81-208-1691-6"><bdi>978-81-208-1691-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Collected+Papers+on+Jaina+Studies&rft.pages=130-131&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-81-208-1691-6&rft.au=Padmanabh+S.+Jaini&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHPggiM7y1aYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fda.wikipedia.org%3ASamsara" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPadmanabh_Jaini1980223-224-95"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPadmanabh_Jaini1980223-224_95-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPadmanabh_Jaini1980">Padmanabh Jaini 1980</a>, s. 223-224. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPadmanabh_Jaini1980224-225-96"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPadmanabh_Jaini1980224-225_96-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPadmanabh_Jaini1980">Padmanabh Jaini 1980</a>, s. 224-225. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPadmanabh_Jaini1980222-223-97"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPadmanabh_Jaini1980222-223_97-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPadmanabh_Jaini1980">Padmanabh Jaini 1980</a>, s. 222-223. </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r11752076"><cite id="CITEREFJeffery_D_Long2013" class="citation book cs1">Jeffery D Long (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ajAEBAAAQBAJ&pg=PT36">Jainism: An Introduction</a>. I.B.Tauris. s. 36-37. <a href="/wiki/Internationalt_Standardbognummer" title="Internationalt Standardbognummer">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Speciel:ISBN-s%C3%B8gning/978-0-85773-656-7" title="Speciel:ISBN-søgning/978-0-85773-656-7"><bdi>978-0-85773-656-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jainism%3A+An+Introduction&rft.pages=36-37&rft.pub=I.B.Tauris&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-85773-656-7&rft.au=Jeffery+D+Long&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DajAEBAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT36&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fda.wikipedia.org%3ASamsara" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-harveyp182-99"><a href="#cite_ref-harveyp182_99-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r11752076"><cite id="CITEREFGraham_Harvey2016" class="citation book cs1">Graham Harvey (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wrTsCwAAQBAJ&pg=PT182">Religions in Focus: New Approaches to Tradition and Contemporary Practices</a>. Routledge. s. 182-183. <a href="/wiki/Internationalt_Standardbognummer" title="Internationalt Standardbognummer">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Speciel:ISBN-s%C3%B8gning/978-1-134-93690-8" title="Speciel:ISBN-søgning/978-1-134-93690-8"><bdi>978-1-134-93690-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Religions+in+Focus%3A+New+Approaches+to+Tradition+and+Contemporary+Practices&rft.pages=182-183&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-134-93690-8&rft.au=Graham+Harvey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwrTsCwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT182&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fda.wikipedia.org%3ASamsara" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r11752076"><cite id="CITEREFPaul_Dundas2003" class="citation book cs1">Paul Dundas (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=X8iAAgAAQBAJ">The Jains</a>. Routledge. s. 55-59. <a href="/wiki/Internationalt_Standardbognummer" title="Internationalt Standardbognummer">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Speciel:ISBN-s%C3%B8gning/978-0415266055" title="Speciel:ISBN-søgning/978-0415266055"><bdi>978-0415266055</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Jains&rft.pages=55-59&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0415266055&rft.au=Paul+Dundas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DX8iAAgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fda.wikipedia.org%3ASamsara" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-lschmithausen-101"><a href="#cite_ref-lschmithausen_101-0">^</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lambert_Schmithausen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lambert Schmithausen (ikke skrevet endnu)">Lambert Schmithausen</a> (1991), Buddhism and Nature, Studia Philologica Buddhica, The International Institute for Buddhist Studies, Tokyo Japan, pages 6-7 </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a> Rod Preece (1999), Animals and Nature: Cultural Myths, Cultural Realities, <a href="/wiki/Internationalt_Standardbognummer" title="Internationalt Standardbognummer">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Speciel:ISBN-s%C3%B8gning/978-0-7748-0725-8" title="Speciel:ISBN-søgning/978-0-7748-0725-8">978-0-7748-0725-8</a>, University of British Columbia Press, pages 212-217 </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a> Christopher Chapple (1990), Ecological Nonviolence and the Hindu Tradition, in Perspectives on Nonviolence, Springer, <a href="/wiki/Internationalt_Standardbognummer" title="Internationalt Standardbognummer">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Speciel:ISBN-s%C3%B8gning/978-1-4612-4458-5" title="Speciel:ISBN-søgning/978-1-4612-4458-5">978-1-4612-4458-5</a>, pages 168-177; L Alsdorf (1962), Beiträge zur Geschichte von Vegetarismus und Rinderverehrung in Indien, Akademie der Wissenschaften und der Literatur, F. Steiner Wiesbaden, pages 592-593 </li> <li id="cite_note-jeffwilsonbudsam-104">^ <a href="#cite_ref-jeffwilsonbudsam_104-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-jeffwilsonbudsam_104-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-jeffwilsonbudsam_104-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r11752076"><cite id="CITEREFJeff_Wilson2010" class="citation book cs1">Jeff Wilson (2010). Saṃsāra and Rebirth, in Buddhism. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fobo%2F9780195393521-0141">10.1093/obo/9780195393521-0141</a>. <a href="/wiki/Internationalt_Standardbognummer" title="Internationalt Standardbognummer">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Speciel:ISBN-s%C3%B8gning/9780195393521" title="Speciel:ISBN-søgning/9780195393521"><bdi>9780195393521</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sa%E1%B9%83s%C4%81ra+and+Rebirth%2C+in+Buddhism&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fobo%2F9780195393521-0141&rft.isbn=9780195393521&rft.au=Jeff+Wilson&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fda.wikipedia.org%3ASamsara" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Conze2013p71-105"><a href="#cite_ref-Conze2013p71_105-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r11752076"><cite id="CITEREFEdward_Conze2013" class="citation book cs1">Edward Conze (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kY5TAQAAQBAJ">Buddhist Thought in India: Three Phases of Buddhist Philosophy</a>. Routledge. s. 71. <a href="/wiki/Internationalt_Standardbognummer" title="Internationalt Standardbognummer">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Speciel:ISBN-s%C3%B8gning/978-1-134-54231-4" title="Speciel:ISBN-søgning/978-1-134-54231-4"><bdi>978-1-134-54231-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Buddhist+Thought+in+India%3A+Three+Phases+of+Buddhist+Philosophy&rft.pages=71&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-134-54231-4&rft.au=Edward+Conze&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkY5TAQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fda.wikipedia.org%3ASamsara" class="Z3988">, Quote: "Nirvana is the raison d’être of Buddhism, and its ultimate justification." </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGethin1998119-106"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGethin1998119_106-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGethin1998">Gethin 1998</a>, s. 119. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams200274-75-107"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliams200274-75_107-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWilliams2002">Williams 2002</a>, s. 74-75. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaul_WilliamsAnthony_TribeAlexander_Wynne201230–42-108"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPaul_WilliamsAnthony_TribeAlexander_Wynne201230–42_108-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPaul_WilliamsAnthony_TribeAlexander_Wynne2012">Paul Williams, Anthony Tribe & Alexander Wynne 2012</a>, s. 30–42. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERobert_Buswell_Jr.Donald_Lopez_Jr.2013304-305-109"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobert_Buswell_Jr.Donald_Lopez_Jr.2013304-305_109-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRobert_Buswell_Jr.Donald_Lopez_Jr.2013">Robert Buswell Jr. & Donald Lopez Jr. 2013</a>, s. 304-305. </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r11752076"><cite id="CITEREFPeter_Harvey2015" class="citation book cs1">Peter Harvey (2015). Steven M. Emmanuel (red.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=P_lmCgAAQBAJ">A Companion to Buddhist Philosophy</a>. John Wiley & Sons. s. 26-44. <a href="/wiki/Internationalt_Standardbognummer" title="Internationalt Standardbognummer">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Speciel:ISBN-s%C3%B8gning/978-1-119-14466-3" title="Speciel:ISBN-søgning/978-1-119-14466-3"><bdi>978-1-119-14466-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Companion+to+Buddhist+Philosophy&rft.pages=26-44&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-119-14466-3&rft.au=Peter+Harvey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DP_lmCgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fda.wikipedia.org%3ASamsara" class="Z3988"> Quote: "the first features described as painful [dukkha] in the above DCPS [Dhamma-cakka-pavatana Sutta in Vinaya Pitaka] quote are basic biological aspects of being alive, each of which can be traumatic. The dukkha of these is compounded by the rebirth perspective of Buddhism, for this involves repeated re-birth, re-aging, re-sickness, and re-death." </li> <li id="cite_note-Trainor2004p63-111">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Trainor2004p63_111-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Trainor2004p63_111-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r11752076"><cite id="CITEREFKevin_Trainor2004" class="citation book cs1">Kevin Trainor (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_PrloTKuAjwC">Buddhism: The Illustrated Guide</a>. Oxford University Press. s. 62-63. <a href="/wiki/Internationalt_Standardbognummer" title="Internationalt Standardbognummer">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Speciel:ISBN-s%C3%B8gning/978-0-19-517398-7" title="Speciel:ISBN-søgning/978-0-19-517398-7"><bdi>978-0-19-517398-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Buddhism%3A+The+Illustrated+Guide&rft.pages=62-63&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-19-517398-7&rft.au=Kevin+Trainor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_PrloTKuAjwC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fda.wikipedia.org%3ASamsara" class="Z3988">; Quote: "Buddhist doctrine holds that until they realize nirvana, beings are bound to undergo rebirth and redeath due to their having acted out of ignorance and desire, thereby producing the seeds of karma". </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDalai_Lama1992xi-xii,_5-16-112"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDalai_Lama1992xi-xii,_5-16_112-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDalai_Lama1992">Dalai Lama 1992</a>, s. xi-xii, 5-16. </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r11752076"><cite id="CITEREFRobert_DeCaroli2004" class="citation book cs1">Robert DeCaroli (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=q_2XtkSRyTYC">Haunting the Buddha: Indian Popular Religions and the Formation of Buddhism</a>. Oxford University Press. s. 94-103. <a href="/wiki/Internationalt_Standardbognummer" title="Internationalt Standardbognummer">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Speciel:ISBN-s%C3%B8gning/978-0-19-803765-1" title="Speciel:ISBN-søgning/978-0-19-803765-1"><bdi>978-0-19-803765-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Haunting+the+Buddha%3A+Indian+Popular+Religions+and+the+Formation+of+Buddhism&rft.pages=94-103&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-19-803765-1&rft.au=Robert+DeCaroli&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dq_2XtkSRyTYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fda.wikipedia.org%3ASamsara" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r11752076"><cite id="CITEREFAkira_Sadakata1997" class="citation book cs1">Akira Sadakata (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bcYGAAAAYAAJ">Buddhist Cosmology: Philosophy and Origins</a>. Kōsei Publishing 佼成出版社, Tokyo. s. 68-70. <a href="/wiki/Internationalt_Standardbognummer" title="Internationalt Standardbognummer">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Speciel:ISBN-s%C3%B8gning/978-4-333-01682-2" title="Speciel:ISBN-søgning/978-4-333-01682-2"><bdi>978-4-333-01682-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Buddhist+Cosmology%3A+Philosophy+and+Origins&rft.pages=68-70&rft.pub=K%C5%8Dsei+Publishing+%E4%BD%BC%E6%88%90%E5%87%BA%E7%89%88%E7%A4%BE%2C+Tokyo&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-4-333-01682-2&rft.au=Akira+Sadakata&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbcYGAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fda.wikipedia.org%3ASamsara" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r11752076"><cite id="CITEREFCarl_B._Becker1993" class="citation book cs1">Carl B. Becker (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hbgjrC7o-mYC">Breaking the Circle: Death and the Afterlife in Buddhism</a>. Southern Illinois University Press. s. viii, 57-59. <a href="/wiki/Internationalt_Standardbognummer" title="Internationalt Standardbognummer">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Speciel:ISBN-s%C3%B8gning/978-0-8093-1932-9" title="Speciel:ISBN-søgning/978-0-8093-1932-9"><bdi>978-0-8093-1932-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Breaking+the+Circle%3A+Death+and+the+Afterlife+in+Buddhism&rft.pages=viii%2C+57-59&rft.pub=Southern+Illinois+University+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-8093-1932-9&rft.au=Carl+B.+Becker&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhbgjrC7o-mYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fda.wikipedia.org%3ASamsara" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Collins2010p38-116"><a href="#cite_ref-Collins2010p38_116-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r11752076"><cite id="CITEREFSteven_Collins2010" class="citation book cs1">Steven Collins (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=d5pshUYiUVwC">Nirvana: Concept, Imagery, Narrative</a>. Cambridge University Press. s. 38. <a href="/wiki/Internationalt_Standardbognummer" title="Internationalt Standardbognummer">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Speciel:ISBN-s%C3%B8gning/978-0-521-88198-2" title="Speciel:ISBN-søgning/978-0-521-88198-2"><bdi>978-0-521-88198-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nirvana%3A+Concept%2C+Imagery%2C+Narrative&rft.pages=38&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-521-88198-2&rft.au=Steven+Collins&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dd5pshUYiUVwC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fda.wikipedia.org%3ASamsara" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r11752076"><cite id="CITEREFFrank_J._Hoffman2002" class="citation book cs1">Frank J. Hoffman (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=O3ecE9j3qXsC">Rationality and Mind in Early Buddhism</a>. Motilal Banarsidass. s. 103-106. <a href="/wiki/Internationalt_Standardbognummer" title="Internationalt Standardbognummer">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Speciel:ISBN-s%C3%B8gning/978-81-208-1927-6" title="Speciel:ISBN-søgning/978-81-208-1927-6"><bdi>978-81-208-1927-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rationality+and+Mind+in+Early+Buddhism&rft.pages=103-106&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-81-208-1927-6&rft.au=Frank+J.+Hoffman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DO3ecE9j3qXsC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fda.wikipedia.org%3ASamsara" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mandair2013p145-118">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mandair2013p145_118-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mandair2013p145_118-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r11752076"><cite id="CITEREFArvind-Pal_Singh_Mandair2013" class="citation book cs1">Arvind-Pal Singh Mandair (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Jn_jBAAAQBAJ">Sikhism: A Guide for the Perplexed</a>. Bloomsbury Academic. s. 145-146, 181, 220. <a href="/wiki/Internationalt_Standardbognummer" title="Internationalt Standardbognummer">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Speciel:ISBN-s%C3%B8gning/978-1-4411-5366-1" title="Speciel:ISBN-søgning/978-1-4411-5366-1"><bdi>978-1-4411-5366-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sikhism%3A+A+Guide+for+the+Perplexed&rft.pages=145-146%2C+181%2C+220&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Academic&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-4411-5366-1&rft.au=Arvind-Pal+Singh+Mandair&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJn_jBAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fda.wikipedia.org%3ASamsara" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-colesambhi13-119"><a href="#cite_ref-colesambhi13_119-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r11752076"><cite id="CITEREFW.O._ColePiara_Singh_Sambhi2016" class="citation book cs1">W.O. Cole; Piara Singh Sambhi (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=G8KMCwAAQBAJ">Sikhism and Christianity: A Comparative Study</a>. Springer. s. 13-14. <a href="/wiki/Internationalt_Standardbognummer" title="Internationalt Standardbognummer">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Speciel:ISBN-s%C3%B8gning/978-1-349-23049-5" title="Speciel:ISBN-søgning/978-1-349-23049-5"><bdi>978-1-349-23049-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sikhism+and+Christianity%3A+A+Comparative+Study&rft.pages=13-14&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-349-23049-5&rft.au=W.O.+Cole&rft.au=Piara+Singh+Sambhi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DG8KMCwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fda.wikipedia.org%3ASamsara" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r11752076"><cite id="CITEREFArvind-Pal_Singh_Mandair2013" class="citation book cs1">Arvind-Pal Singh Mandair (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Jn_jBAAAQBAJ">Sikhism: A Guide for the Perplexed</a>. Bloomsbury Academic. s. 176. <a href="/wiki/Internationalt_Standardbognummer" title="Internationalt Standardbognummer">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Speciel:ISBN-s%C3%B8gning/978-1-4411-5366-1" title="Speciel:ISBN-søgning/978-1-4411-5366-1"><bdi>978-1-4411-5366-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sikhism%3A+A+Guide+for+the+Perplexed&rft.pages=176&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Academic&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-4411-5366-1&rft.au=Arvind-Pal+Singh+Mandair&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJn_jBAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fda.wikipedia.org%3ASamsara" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r11752076"><cite id="CITEREFH._S._Singha2000" class="citation book cs1">H. S. Singha (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gqIbJz7vMn0C">The Encyclopedia of Sikhism</a>. Hemkunt Press. s. 68, 80. <a href="/wiki/Internationalt_Standardbognummer" title="Internationalt Standardbognummer">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Speciel:ISBN-s%C3%B8gning/978-81-7010-301-1" title="Speciel:ISBN-søgning/978-81-7010-301-1"><bdi>978-81-7010-301-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+Sikhism&rft.pages=68%2C+80&rft.pub=Hemkunt+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-81-7010-301-1&rft.au=H.+S.+Singha&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgqIbJz7vMn0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fda.wikipedia.org%3ASamsara" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r11752076"><cite id="CITEREFPashaura_SinghLouis_E._Fenech2014" class="citation book cs1">Pashaura Singh; Louis E. Fenech (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7YwNAwAAQBAJ">The Oxford Handbook of Sikh Studies</a>. Oxford University Press. s. 231, 607. <a href="/wiki/Internationalt_Standardbognummer" title="Internationalt Standardbognummer">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Speciel:ISBN-s%C3%B8gning/978-0-19-100411-7" title="Speciel:ISBN-søgning/978-0-19-100411-7"><bdi>978-0-19-100411-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Handbook+of+Sikh+Studies&rft.pages=231%2C+607&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-19-100411-7&rft.au=Pashaura+Singh&rft.au=Louis+E.+Fenech&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7YwNAwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fda.wikipedia.org%3ASamsara" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r11752076"><cite id="CITEREFJames_Thrower1999" class="citation book cs1">James Thrower (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=luQnAAAAYAAJ">Religion: The Classical Theories</a>. Georgetown University Press. s. 40. <a href="/wiki/Internationalt_Standardbognummer" title="Internationalt Standardbognummer">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Speciel:ISBN-s%C3%B8gning/978-0-87840-751-4" title="Speciel:ISBN-søgning/978-0-87840-751-4"><bdi>978-0-87840-751-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Religion%3A+The+Classical+Theories&rft.pages=40&rft.pub=Georgetown+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-87840-751-4&rft.au=James+Thrower&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DluQnAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fda.wikipedia.org%3ASamsara" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r11752076"><cite id="CITEREFJ._S._Grewal2006" class="citation book cs1">J. S. Grewal (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MSkvAAAAYAAJ">Religious Movements and Institutions in Medieval India</a>. Oxford University Press. s. 394-395. <a href="/wiki/Internationalt_Standardbognummer" title="Internationalt Standardbognummer">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Speciel:ISBN-s%C3%B8gning/978-0-19-567703-4" title="Speciel:ISBN-søgning/978-0-19-567703-4"><bdi>978-0-19-567703-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Religious+Movements+and+Institutions+in+Medieval+India&rft.pages=394-395&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-19-567703-4&rft.au=J.+S.+Grewal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMSkvAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fda.wikipedia.org%3ASamsara" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r11752076"><cite id="CITEREFPashaura_SinghLouis_E._Fenech2014" class="citation book cs1">Pashaura Singh; Louis E. Fenech (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7YwNAwAAQBAJ">The Oxford Handbook of Sikh Studies</a>. Oxford University Press. s. 230-231. <a href="/wiki/Internationalt_Standardbognummer" title="Internationalt Standardbognummer">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Speciel:ISBN-s%C3%B8gning/978-0-19-100411-7" title="Speciel:ISBN-søgning/978-0-19-100411-7"><bdi>978-0-19-100411-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Handbook+of+Sikh+Studies&rft.pages=230-231&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-19-100411-7&rft.au=Pashaura+Singh&rft.au=Louis+E.+Fenech&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7YwNAwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fda.wikipedia.org%3ASamsara" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliografi">Bibliografi</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Samsara&veaction=edit&section=12" title="Redigér afsnit: Bibliografi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">redigér</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Samsara&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section's source code: Bibliografi">rediger kildetekst</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r11752076"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_Geeverghese_Arapura1986" class="citation book cs1">John Geeverghese Arapura (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xpycf4RxMjYC">Hermeneutical Essays on Vedāntic Topics</a>. Motilal Banarsidass. <a href="/wiki/Internationalt_Standardbognummer" title="Internationalt Standardbognummer">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Speciel:ISBN-s%C3%B8gning/978-81-208-0183-7" title="Speciel:ISBN-søgning/978-81-208-0183-7"><bdi>978-81-208-0183-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hermeneutical+Essays+on+Ved%C4%81ntic+Topics&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=978-81-208-0183-7&rft.au=John+Geeverghese+Arapura&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dxpycf4RxMjYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fda.wikipedia.org%3ASamsara" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Buitenen, J. A. B. Van (1957). "Dharma and Moksa". Philosophy East and West. 7 (1/2): 33–40. doi:10.2307/1396832. JSTOR 1396832.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r11752076"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_Bowker2014" class="citation book cs1">John Bowker (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Te9wBAAAQBAJ">God: A Very Short Introduction</a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Internationalt_Standardbognummer" title="Internationalt Standardbognummer">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Speciel:ISBN-s%C3%B8gning/978-0-19-870895-7" title="Speciel:ISBN-søgning/978-0-19-870895-7"><bdi>978-0-19-870895-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=God%3A+A+Very+Short+Introduction&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-19-870895-7&rft.au=John+Bowker&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTe9wBAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fda.wikipedia.org%3ASamsara" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r11752076"><cite id="CITEREFRobert_Buswell_Jr.Donald_Lopez_Jr.2013" class="citation book cs1">Robert Buswell Jr.; Donald Lopez Jr. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DXN2AAAAQBAJ">The Princeton Dictionary of Buddhism</a>. Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/Internationalt_Standardbognummer" title="Internationalt Standardbognummer">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Speciel:ISBN-s%C3%B8gning/978-1-4008-4805-8" title="Speciel:ISBN-søgning/978-1-4008-4805-8"><bdi>978-1-4008-4805-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Princeton+Dictionary+of+Buddhism&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-4008-4805-8&rft.au=Robert+Buswell+Jr.&rft.au=Donald+Lopez+Jr.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDXN2AAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fda.wikipedia.org%3ASamsara" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r11752076"><cite id="CITEREFHarold_Coward2008" class="citation book cs1">Harold Coward (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LkE_8uch5P0C">The Perfectibility of Human Nature in Eastern and Western Thought: The Central Story</a>. State University of New York Press. <a href="/wiki/Internationalt_Standardbognummer" title="Internationalt Standardbognummer">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Speciel:ISBN-s%C3%B8gning/978-0-7914-7336-8" title="Speciel:ISBN-søgning/978-0-7914-7336-8"><bdi>978-0-7914-7336-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Perfectibility+of+Human+Nature+in+Eastern+and+Western+Thought%3A+The+Central+Story&rft.pub=State+University+of+New+York+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-7914-7336-8&rft.au=Harold+Coward&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLkE_8uch5P0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fda.wikipedia.org%3ASamsara" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r11752076"><cite id="CITEREFHarold_Coward2012" class="citation book cs1">Harold Coward (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_oPeWqdoqJQC">Religious Understandings of a Good Death in Hospice Palliative Care</a>. State University of New York Press. <a href="/wiki/Internationalt_Standardbognummer" title="Internationalt Standardbognummer">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Speciel:ISBN-s%C3%B8gning/978-1-4384-4275-4" title="Speciel:ISBN-søgning/978-1-4384-4275-4"><bdi>978-1-4384-4275-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Religious+Understandings+of+a+Good+Death+in+Hospice+Palliative+Care&rft.pub=State+University+of+New+York+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-4384-4275-4&rft.au=Harold+Coward&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_oPeWqdoqJQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fda.wikipedia.org%3ASamsara" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r11752076"><cite id="CITEREFDalal2010" class="citation book cs1">Dalal, Roshen (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DH0vmD8ghdMC">Hinduism: An Alphabetical Guide</a>. Penguin Books. <a href="/wiki/Internationalt_Standardbognummer" title="Internationalt Standardbognummer">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Speciel:ISBN-s%C3%B8gning/978-0-14-341421-6" title="Speciel:ISBN-søgning/978-0-14-341421-6"><bdi>978-0-14-341421-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hinduism%3A+An+Alphabetical+Guide&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-14-341421-6&rft.aulast=Dalal&rft.aufirst=Roshen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDH0vmD8ghdMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fda.wikipedia.org%3ASamsara" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r11752076"><cite id="CITEREFMircea_Eliade1987" class="citation book cs1">Mircea Eliade (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofre00mac_qwm">The encyclopedia of religion</a>. Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/Internationalt_Standardbognummer" title="Internationalt Standardbognummer">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Speciel:ISBN-s%C3%B8gning/978-0-02-909480-8" title="Speciel:ISBN-søgning/978-0-02-909480-8"><bdi>978-0-02-909480-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+encyclopedia+of+religion&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-0-02-909480-8&rft.au=Mircea+Eliade&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fencyclopediaofre00mac_qwm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fda.wikipedia.org%3ASamsara" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r11752076"><cite id="CITEREFJeaneane_D._Fowler1997" class="citation book cs1">Jeaneane D. Fowler (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RmGKHu20hA0C">Hinduism: Beliefs and Practices</a>. Sussex Academic Press. <a href="/wiki/Internationalt_Standardbognummer" title="Internationalt Standardbognummer">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Speciel:ISBN-s%C3%B8gning/978-1-898723-60-8" title="Speciel:ISBN-søgning/978-1-898723-60-8"><bdi>978-1-898723-60-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hinduism%3A+Beliefs+and+Practices&rft.pub=Sussex+Academic+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-1-898723-60-8&rft.au=Jeaneane+D.+Fowler&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRmGKHu20hA0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fda.wikipedia.org%3ASamsara" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r11752076"><cite id="CITEREFJessica_FrazierGavin_Flood2011" class="citation book cs1">Jessica Frazier; Gavin Flood (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Nv_a5cMEwngC">The Continuum Companion to Hindu Studies</a>. Bloomsbury Academic. <a href="/wiki/Internationalt_Standardbognummer" title="Internationalt Standardbognummer">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Speciel:ISBN-s%C3%B8gning/978-0-8264-9966-0" title="Speciel:ISBN-søgning/978-0-8264-9966-0"><bdi>978-0-8264-9966-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Continuum+Companion+to+Hindu+Studies&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Academic&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-8264-9966-0&rft.au=Jessica+Frazier&rft.au=Gavin+Flood&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNv_a5cMEwngC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fda.wikipedia.org%3ASamsara" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r11752076"><cite id="CITEREFGethin1998" class="citation cs2">Gethin, Rupert (1998), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/foundationsofbud00rupe">Foundations of Buddhism</a>, Oxford University Press, <a href="/wiki/Internationalt_Standardbognummer" title="Internationalt Standardbognummer">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Speciel:ISBN-s%C3%B8gning/978-0192892232" title="Speciel:ISBN-søgning/978-0192892232"><bdi>978-0192892232</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Foundations+of+Buddhism&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0192892232&rft.aulast=Gethin&rft.aufirst=Rupert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffoundationsofbud00rupe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fda.wikipedia.org%3ASamsara" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r11752076"><cite id="CITEREFPadmanabh_Jaini1980" class="citation book cs1">Padmanabh Jaini (1980). Wendy Doniger (red.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_4WZTj3M71y0C">Karma and Rebirth in Classical Indian Traditions</a>. University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/Internationalt_Standardbognummer" title="Internationalt Standardbognummer">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Speciel:ISBN-s%C3%B8gning/978-0-520-03923-0" title="Speciel:ISBN-søgning/978-0-520-03923-0"><bdi>978-0-520-03923-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Karma+and+Rebirth+in+Classical+Indian+Traditions&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=978-0-520-03923-0&rft.au=Padmanabh+Jaini&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbub_gb_4WZTj3M71y0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fda.wikipedia.org%3ASamsara" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r11752076"><cite id="CITEREFMark_JuergensmeyerWade_Clark_Roof2011" class="citation book cs1">Mark Juergensmeyer; Wade Clark Roof (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WwJzAwAAQBAJ">Encyclopedia of Global Religion</a>. SAGE Publications. <a href="/wiki/Internationalt_Standardbognummer" title="Internationalt Standardbognummer">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Speciel:ISBN-s%C3%B8gning/978-1-4522-6656-5" title="Speciel:ISBN-søgning/978-1-4522-6656-5"><bdi>978-1-4522-6656-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Global+Religion&rft.pub=SAGE+Publications&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-4522-6656-5&rft.au=Mark+Juergensmeyer&rft.au=Wade+Clark+Roof&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWwJzAwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fda.wikipedia.org%3ASamsara" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r11752076"><cite id="CITEREFDamien_Keown2004" class="citation book cs1">Damien Keown (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=985a1M7L1NcC">A Dictionary of Buddhism</a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Internationalt_Standardbognummer" title="Internationalt Standardbognummer">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Speciel:ISBN-s%C3%B8gning/978-0-19-157917-2" title="Speciel:ISBN-søgning/978-0-19-157917-2"><bdi>978-0-19-157917-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Dictionary+of+Buddhism&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-19-157917-2&rft.au=Damien+Keown&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D985a1M7L1NcC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fda.wikipedia.org%3ASamsara" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r11752076"><cite id="CITEREFKlaus_Klostermaier2010" class="citation book cs1">Klaus Klostermaier (2010). A Survey of Hinduism: Third Edition. State University of New York Press. <a href="/wiki/Internationalt_Standardbognummer" title="Internationalt Standardbognummer">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Speciel:ISBN-s%C3%B8gning/978-0-7914-8011-3" title="Speciel:ISBN-søgning/978-0-7914-8011-3"><bdi>978-0-7914-8011-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Survey+of+Hinduism%3A+Third+Edition&rft.pub=State+University+of+New+York+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-7914-8011-3&rft.au=Klaus+Klostermaier&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fda.wikipedia.org%3ASamsara" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r11752076"><cite id="CITEREFDalai_Lama1992" class="citation cs2">Dalai Lama (1992), The Meaning of Life, translated and edited by Jeffrey Hopkins, Wisdom, <a href="/wiki/Internationalt_Standardbognummer" title="Internationalt Standardbognummer">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Speciel:ISBN-s%C3%B8gning/978-1459614505" title="Speciel:ISBN-søgning/978-1459614505"><bdi>978-1459614505</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Meaning+of+Life%2C+translated+and+edited+by+Jeffrey+Hopkins&rft.pub=Wisdom&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-1459614505&rft.au=Dalai+Lama&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fda.wikipedia.org%3ASamsara" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r11752076"><cite id="CITEREFStephen_J._Laumakis2008" class="citation book cs1">Stephen J. Laumakis (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_29ZDAcUEwYC">An Introduction to Buddhist Philosophy</a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/Internationalt_Standardbognummer" title="Internationalt Standardbognummer">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Speciel:ISBN-s%C3%B8gning/978-1-139-46966-1" title="Speciel:ISBN-søgning/978-1-139-46966-1"><bdi>978-1-139-46966-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Introduction+to+Buddhist+Philosophy&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-139-46966-1&rft.au=Stephen+J.+Laumakis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_29ZDAcUEwYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fda.wikipedia.org%3ASamsara" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r11752076"><cite id="CITEREFLochtefeld2002" class="citation book cs1">Lochtefeld, James (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/illustratedencyc0000loch">The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism, Vol. 2: N-Z</a>. Rosen Publishing. <a href="/wiki/Internationalt_Standardbognummer" title="Internationalt Standardbognummer">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Speciel:ISBN-s%C3%B8gning/978-0-8239-2287-1" title="Speciel:ISBN-søgning/978-0-8239-2287-1"><bdi>978-0-8239-2287-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Illustrated+Encyclopedia+of+Hinduism%2C+Vol.+2%3A+N-Z&rft.pub=Rosen+Publishing&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-8239-2287-1&rft.aulast=Lochtefeld&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fillustratedencyc0000loch&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fda.wikipedia.org%3ASamsara" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r11752076"><cite id="CITEREFMichael_Myers2013" class="citation book cs1">Michael Myers (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xfvaAAAAQBAJ">Brahman: A Comparative Theology</a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/Internationalt_Standardbognummer" title="Internationalt Standardbognummer">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Speciel:ISBN-s%C3%B8gning/978-1-136-83565-0" title="Speciel:ISBN-søgning/978-1-136-83565-0"><bdi>978-1-136-83565-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Brahman%3A+A+Comparative+Theology&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-136-83565-0&rft.au=Michael+Myers&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxfvaAAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fda.wikipedia.org%3ASamsara" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r11752076"><cite id="CITEREFObeyesekere1980" class="citation book cs1">Obeyesekere, Gananath (1980). Wendy Doniger (red.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_4WZTj3M71y0C">Karma and Rebirth in Classical Indian Traditions</a>. University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/Internationalt_Standardbognummer" title="Internationalt Standardbognummer">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Speciel:ISBN-s%C3%B8gning/978-0-520-03923-0" title="Speciel:ISBN-søgning/978-0-520-03923-0"><bdi>978-0-520-03923-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Karma+and+Rebirth+in+Classical+Indian+Traditions&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=978-0-520-03923-0&rft.aulast=Obeyesekere&rft.aufirst=Gananath&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbub_gb_4WZTj3M71y0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fda.wikipedia.org%3ASamsara" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r11752076"><cite id="CITEREFObeyesekere2005" class="citation book cs1">Obeyesekere, Gananath (2005). Wendy Doniger (red.). Karma and Rebirth: A Cross Cultural Study. Motilal Banarsidass. <a href="/wiki/Internationalt_Standardbognummer" title="Internationalt Standardbognummer">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Speciel:ISBN-s%C3%B8gning/978-8120826090" title="Speciel:ISBN-søgning/978-8120826090"><bdi>978-8120826090</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Karma+and+Rebirth%3A+A+Cross+Cultural+Study&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-8120826090&rft.aulast=Obeyesekere&rft.aufirst=Gananath&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fda.wikipedia.org%3ASamsara" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r11752076"><cite id="CITEREFStephen_Phillips2009" class="citation book cs1">Stephen Phillips (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cRg2AAAAQBAJ">Yoga, Karma, and Rebirth: A Brief History and Philosophy</a>. Columbia University Press. <a href="/wiki/Internationalt_Standardbognummer" title="Internationalt Standardbognummer">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Speciel:ISBN-s%C3%B8gning/978-0-231-51947-2" title="Speciel:ISBN-søgning/978-0-231-51947-2"><bdi>978-0-231-51947-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Yoga%2C+Karma%2C+and+Rebirth%3A+A+Brief+History+and+Philosophy&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-231-51947-2&rft.au=Stephen+Phillips&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcRg2AAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fda.wikipedia.org%3ASamsara" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r11752076"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams2002" class="citation cs2">Williams, Paul (2002), Buddhist Thought, Routledge, <a href="/wiki/Internationalt_Standardbognummer" title="Internationalt Standardbognummer">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Speciel:ISBN-s%C3%B8gning/0-415207010" title="Speciel:ISBN-søgning/0-415207010"><bdi>0-415207010</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Buddhist+Thought&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-415207010&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fda.wikipedia.org%3ASamsara" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r11752076"><cite id="CITEREFPaul_WilliamsAnthony_Tribe2012" class="citation cs2">Paul Williams; Anthony Tribe (2012), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NOLfCgAAQBAJ">Buddhist Thought</a>, Routledge, <a href="/wiki/Internationalt_Standardbognummer" title="Internationalt Standardbognummer">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Speciel:ISBN-s%C3%B8gning/978-1-136-52088-4" title="Speciel:ISBN-søgning/978-1-136-52088-4"><bdi>978-1-136-52088-4</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Buddhist+Thought&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-136-52088-4&rft.au=Paul+Williams&rft.au=Anthony+Tribe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNOLfCgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fda.wikipedia.org%3ASamsara" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Eksterne_links">Eksterne links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Samsara&veaction=edit&section=13" title="Redigér afsnit: Eksterne links" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">redigér</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Samsara&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section's source code: Eksterne links">rediger kildetekst</a>]</div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://berkleycenter.georgetown.edu/essays/samsara-hinduism">Samsara (hinduisme)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201104011641/https://berkleycenter.georgetown.edu/essays/samsara-hinduism">Arkiveret</a> 4. november 2020 hos <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Georgetown University</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stephen-knapp.com/reincarnation_a_simple_explanation.htm">Reinkarnation: En simpel forklaring</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://webspace.ship.edu/cgboer/samsara.html">The Wheel of Life</a>, C. George Boeree, Shippensburg University</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://english.mnsu.edu/vwp/samplepapers/philosophy/phil100paper1.pdf">Forskellen mellem Samsara og Nirvana</a>, Minnesota State University, Mankato</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/view/document/obo-9780195393521/obo-9780195393521-0141.xml">Saṃsāra og Genfødsel</a>, Buddhisme, Oxford bibliografier</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r11759279">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl 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