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Comparative landslide susceptibility assessment using information value and frequency ratio bivariate statistical methods: a case study from Northwestern Himalayas, Jammu and Kashmir, India | Arabian Journal of Geosciences
<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en" class="no-js"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge"> <meta name="applicable-device" content="pc,mobile"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:large"> <meta name="access" content="No"> <meta name="360-site-verification" content="1268d79b5e96aecf3ff2a7dac04ad990" /> <title>Comparative landslide susceptibility assessment using information value and frequency ratio bivariate statistical methods: a case study from Northwestern Himalayas, Jammu and Kashmir, India | Arabian Journal of Geosciences</title> <meta name="twitter:site" content="@SpringerLink"/> <meta name="twitter:card" content="summary_large_image"/> <meta name="twitter:image:alt" content="Content cover image"/> <meta name="twitter:title" content="Comparative landslide susceptibility assessment using information value and frequency ratio bivariate statistical methods: a case study from Northwestern Himalayas, Jammu and Kashmir, India"/> <meta name="twitter:description" content="Arabian Journal of Geosciences - In the northwestern Himalayas, including Jammu and Kashmir (J&amp;K), frequent landslides pose significant risks, necessitating proactive zoning to mitigate..."/> <meta name="twitter:image" content="https://static-content.springer.com/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs12517-024-12022-2/MediaObjects/12517_2024_12022_Fig1_HTML.png"/> <meta name="journal_id" content="12517"/> <meta name="dc.title" content="Comparative landslide susceptibility assessment using information value and frequency ratio bivariate statistical methods: a case study from Northwestern Himalayas, Jammu and Kashmir, India"/> <meta name="dc.source" content="Arabian Journal of Geosciences 2024 17:8"/> <meta name="dc.format" content="text/html"/> <meta name="dc.publisher" content="Springer"/> <meta name="dc.date" content="2024-07-10"/> <meta name="dc.type" content="OriginalPaper"/> <meta name="dc.language" content="En"/> <meta name="dc.copyright" content="2024 Saudi Society for Geosciences and Springer Nature Switzerland AG"/> <meta name="dc.rights" content="2024 Saudi Society for Geosciences and Springer Nature Switzerland AG"/> <meta name="dc.rightsAgent" content="journalpermissions@springernature.com"/> <meta name="dc.description" content="In the northwestern Himalayas, including Jammu and Kashmir (J&amp;K), frequent landslides pose significant risks, necessitating proactive zoning to mitigate potential damage through effective land-use planning. Fourteen causative and two triggering factors, such as slope, aspect, curvature, relative relief (RR), terrain ruggedness index (TRI), geomorphon, dissection index (Di), lithology, structural tectonic, drainage density (Dd), stream power index (SPI), topographic wetness index (TWI), land use land cover (LULC), road density (Rd), earthquake density (Ed), and rainfall density (Rd), were selected based on terrain conditions to assess landslide susceptibility. Utilizing frequency ratio (FR) and information value (IV) approaches, a comprehensive landslide susceptibility mapping (LSM) study covered 54,922 km2, incorporating 6669 landslide instances. This dataset was split into 70% (4659 landslides) for modeling and 30% (2010 landslides) for validation. The landslide susceptibility map, classified into five categories (very low, low, moderate, high, and very high), delineates varying proportions of the study area. Using the FR approach, these zones cover 12.9% (7063 km2), 25.7% (14,101 km2), 25.6% (14,049 km2), 24.7% (13,586 km2), and 11.1% (6123 km2) of the area, respectively. Meanwhile, employing the IV approach, the coverage percentages are 5.7% (3119 km2), 11.0% (6063 km2), 20.1% (11,057 km2), 38.9% (21,373 km2), and 24.1% (13,310 km2). Validation using receiver operating characteristic curves revealed high correlations for both FR (AUC: 0.809) and IV (AUC: 0.778) models, indicating their effectiveness. The FR model, characterized by simplicity and higher accuracy, outperformed the IV model, offering valuable insights for local, regional, and governments in land-use planning, disaster prevention, and mitigation efforts."/> <meta name="prism.issn" content="1866-7538"/> <meta name="prism.publicationName" content="Arabian Journal of Geosciences"/> <meta name="prism.publicationDate" content="2024-07-10"/> <meta name="prism.volume" content="17"/> <meta name="prism.number" content="8"/> <meta name="prism.section" content="OriginalPaper"/> <meta name="prism.startingPage" content="1"/> <meta name="prism.endingPage" content="40"/> <meta name="prism.copyright" content="2024 Saudi Society for Geosciences and Springer Nature Switzerland AG"/> <meta name="prism.rightsAgent" content="journalpermissions@springernature.com"/> <meta name="prism.url" content="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12517-024-12022-2"/> <meta name="prism.doi" content="doi:10.1007/s12517-024-12022-2"/> <meta name="citation_pdf_url" content="https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s12517-024-12022-2.pdf"/> <meta name="citation_fulltext_html_url" content="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12517-024-12022-2"/> <meta name="citation_journal_title" content="Arabian Journal of Geosciences"/> <meta name="citation_journal_abbrev" content="Arab J Geosci"/> <meta name="citation_publisher" content="Springer International Publishing"/> <meta name="citation_issn" content="1866-7538"/> <meta name="citation_title" content="Comparative landslide susceptibility assessment using information value and frequency ratio bivariate statistical methods: a case study from Northwestern Himalayas, Jammu and Kashmir, India"/> <meta name="citation_volume" content="17"/> <meta name="citation_issue" content="8"/> <meta name="citation_publication_date" content="2024/08"/> <meta name="citation_online_date" content="2024/07/10"/> <meta name="citation_firstpage" content="1"/> <meta name="citation_lastpage" content="40"/> <meta name="citation_article_type" content="Original Paper"/> <meta name="citation_language" content="en"/> <meta name="dc.identifier" content="doi:10.1007/s12517-024-12022-2"/> <meta name="DOI" content="10.1007/s12517-024-12022-2"/> <meta name="size" content="801443"/> <meta name="citation_doi" content="10.1007/s12517-024-12022-2"/> <meta name="citation_springer_api_url" content="http://api.springer.com/xmldata/jats?q=doi:10.1007/s12517-024-12022-2&api_key="/> <meta name="description" content="In the northwestern Himalayas, including Jammu and Kashmir (J&amp;K), frequent landslides pose significant risks, necessitating proactive zoning to mit"/> <meta name="dc.creator" content="Khan, Imran"/> <meta name="dc.creator" content="Kainthola, Ashutosh"/> <meta name="dc.creator" content="Bahuguna, Harish"/> <meta name="dc.creator" content="Asgher, Md. 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Sarfaraz"/> <meta name="citation_author_email" content="sasgher20@gmail.com"/> <meta name="citation_author_institution" content="Department of Geography, University of Jammu, Jammu, India"/> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"/> <meta name="citation_cover_date" content="2024/08/01"/> <meta property="og:url" content="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12517-024-12022-2"/> <meta property="og:type" content="article"/> <meta property="og:site_name" content="SpringerLink"/> <meta property="og:title" content="Comparative landslide susceptibility assessment using information value and frequency ratio bivariate statistical methods: a case study from Northwestern Himalayas, Jammu and Kashmir, India - Arabian Journal of Geosciences"/> <meta property="og:description" content="In the northwestern Himalayas, including Jammu and Kashmir (J&K), frequent landslides pose significant risks, necessitating proactive zoning to mitigate potential damage through effective land-use planning. Fourteen causative and two triggering factors, such as slope, aspect, curvature, relative relief (RR), terrain ruggedness index (TRI), geomorphon, dissection index (Di), lithology, structural tectonic, drainage density (Dd), stream power index (SPI), topographic wetness index (TWI), land use land cover (LULC), road density (Rd), earthquake density (Ed), and rainfall density (Rd), were selected based on terrain conditions to assess landslide susceptibility. Utilizing frequency ratio (FR) and information value (IV) approaches, a comprehensive landslide susceptibility mapping (LSM) study covered 54,922 km2, incorporating 6669 landslide instances. This dataset was split into 70% (4659 landslides) for modeling and 30% (2010 landslides) for validation. The landslide susceptibility map, classified into five categories (very low, low, moderate, high, and very high), delineates varying proportions of the study area. Using the FR approach, these zones cover 12.9% (7063 km2), 25.7% (14,101 km2), 25.6% (14,049 km2), 24.7% (13,586 km2), and 11.1% (6123 km2) of the area, respectively. Meanwhile, employing the IV approach, the coverage percentages are 5.7% (3119 km2), 11.0% (6063 km2), 20.1% (11,057 km2), 38.9% (21,373 km2), and 24.1% (13,310 km2). Validation using receiver operating characteristic curves revealed high correlations for both FR (AUC: 0.809) and IV (AUC: 0.778) models, indicating their effectiveness. The FR model, characterized by simplicity and higher accuracy, outperformed the IV model, offering valuable insights for local, regional, and governments in land-use planning, disaster prevention, and mitigation efforts."/> <meta property="og:image" content="https://static-content.springer.com/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs12517-024-12022-2/MediaObjects/12517_2024_12022_Fig1_HTML.png"/> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="180x180" href=/oscar-static/img/favicons/darwin/apple-touch-icon-92e819bf8a.png> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="192x192" href=/oscar-static/img/favicons/darwin/android-chrome-192x192-6f081ca7e5.png> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="32x32" href=/oscar-static/img/favicons/darwin/favicon-32x32-1435da3e82.png> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="16x16" href=/oscar-static/img/favicons/darwin/favicon-16x16-ed57f42bd2.png> <link rel="shortcut icon" data-test="shortcut-icon" 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Fourteen causative and two triggering factors, such as slope, aspect, curvature, relative relief (RR), terrain ruggedness index (TRI), geomorphon, dissection index (Di), lithology, structural tectonic, drainage density (Dd), stream power index (SPI), topographic wetness index (TWI), land use land cover (LULC), road density (Rd), earthquake density (Ed), and rainfall density (Rd), were selected based on terrain conditions to assess landslide susceptibility. Utilizing frequency ratio (FR) and information value (IV) approaches, a comprehensive landslide susceptibility mapping (LSM) study covered 54,922 km2, incorporating 6669 landslide instances. This dataset was split into 70% (4659 landslides) for modeling and 30% (2010 landslides) for validation. The landslide susceptibility map, classified into five categories (very low, low, moderate, high, and very high), delineates varying proportions of the study area. Using the FR approach, these zones cover 12.9% (7063 km2), 25.7% (14,101 km2), 25.6% (14,049 km2), 24.7% (13,586 km2), and 11.1% (6123 km2) of the area, respectively. Meanwhile, employing the IV approach, the coverage percentages are 5.7% (3119 km2), 11.0% (6063 km2), 20.1% (11,057 km2), 38.9% (21,373 km2), and 24.1% (13,310 km2). Validation using receiver operating characteristic curves revealed high correlations for both FR (AUC: 0.809) and IV (AUC: 0.778) models, indicating their effectiveness. 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data-test="article-publication-year">2024</span>) </li> <li class="c-article-identifiers__item c-article-identifiers__item--cite"> <a href="#citeas" data-track="click" data-track-action="cite this article" data-track-category="article body" data-track-label="link">Cite this article</a> </li> </ul> <div class="app-article-masthead__buttons" data-test="download-article-link-wrapper" data-track-context="masthead"> </div> </div> <div class="app-article-masthead__brand"> <a href="/journal/12517" class="app-article-masthead__journal-link" data-track="click_journal_home" data-track-action="journal homepage" data-track-context="article page" data-track-label="link"> <picture> <source type="image/webp" media="(min-width: 768px)" width="120" height="159" srcset="https://media.springernature.com/w120/springer-static/cover-hires/journal/12517?as=webp, https://media.springernature.com/w316/springer-static/cover-hires/journal/12517?as=webp 2x"> <img width="72" height="95" src="https://media.springernature.com/w72/springer-static/cover-hires/journal/12517?as=webp" srcset="https://media.springernature.com/w144/springer-static/cover-hires/journal/12517?as=webp 2x" alt=""> </picture> <span class="app-article-masthead__journal-title">Arabian Journal of Geosciences</span> </a> <a href="https://link.springer.com/journal/12517/aims-and-scope" class="app-article-masthead__submission-link" data-track="click_aims_and_scope" data-track-action="aims and scope" data-track-context="article page" data-track-label="link"> Aims and scope <svg width="16" height="16" focusable="false" role="img" aria-hidden="true" class="u-icon"><use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-arrow-right-medium"></use></svg> </a> <a href="https://www.editorialmanager.com/ajgs/" class="app-article-masthead__submission-link" data-track="click_submit_manuscript" data-track-context="article masthead on springerlink article page" data-track-action="submit manuscript" data-track-label="link"> Submit manuscript <svg width="16" height="16" focusable="false" role="img" aria-hidden="true" class="u-icon"><use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-arrow-right-medium"></use></svg> </a> </div> </div> </div> </section> <div class="c-article-main u-container u-mt-24 u-mb-32 l-with-sidebar" id="main-content" data-component="article-container"> <main class="u-serif js-main-column" data-track-component="article body"> <div class="c-article-header"> <header> <ul class="c-article-author-list c-article-author-list--short" data-test="authors-list" data-component-authors-activator="authors-list"><li class="c-article-author-list__item"><a data-test="author-name" data-track="click" data-track-action="open author" data-track-label="link" href="#auth-Imran-Khan-Aff1-Aff2" data-author-popup="auth-Imran-Khan-Aff1-Aff2" data-author-search="Khan, Imran" data-corresp-id="c1">Imran Khan<svg width="16" height="16" focusable="false" role="img" aria-hidden="true" class="u-icon"><use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-mail-medium"></use></svg></a><span class="u-js-hide"> <a class="js-orcid" href="http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7377-5251"><span class="u-visually-hidden">ORCID: </span>orcid.org/0000-0001-7377-5251</a></span><sup class="u-js-hide"><a href="#Aff1">1</a>,<a href="#Aff2">2</a></sup>, </li><li class="c-article-author-list__item"><a data-test="author-name" data-track="click" data-track-action="open author" data-track-label="link" href="#auth-Ashutosh-Kainthola-Aff2" data-author-popup="auth-Ashutosh-Kainthola-Aff2" data-author-search="Kainthola, Ashutosh">Ashutosh Kainthola</a><sup class="u-js-hide"><a href="#Aff2">2</a></sup>, </li><li class="c-article-author-list__item c-article-author-list__item--hide-small-screen"><a data-test="author-name" data-track="click" data-track-action="open author" data-track-label="link" href="#auth-Harish-Bahuguna-Aff3" data-author-popup="auth-Harish-Bahuguna-Aff3" data-author-search="Bahuguna, Harish">Harish Bahuguna</a><sup class="u-js-hide"><a href="#Aff3">3</a></sup> & </li><li class="c-article-author-list__show-more" aria-label="Show all 4 authors for this article" title="Show all 4 authors for this article">…</li><li class="c-article-author-list__item"><a data-test="author-name" data-track="click" data-track-action="open author" data-track-label="link" href="#auth-Md__Sarfaraz-Asgher-Aff4" data-author-popup="auth-Md__Sarfaraz-Asgher-Aff4" data-author-search="Asgher, Md. Sarfaraz">Md. Sarfaraz Asgher</a><sup class="u-js-hide"><a href="#Aff4">4</a></sup> </li></ul><button aria-expanded="false" class="c-article-author-list__button"><svg width="16" height="16" focusable="false" role="img" aria-hidden="true" class="u-icon"><use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-chevron-down-medium"></use></svg><span>Show authors</span></button> <div data-test="article-metrics"> <ul class="app-article-metrics-bar u-list-reset"> <li class="app-article-metrics-bar__item"> <p class="app-article-metrics-bar__count"><svg class="u-icon app-article-metrics-bar__icon" width="24" height="24" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false"> <use xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-accesses-medium"></use> </svg>300 <span class="app-article-metrics-bar__label">Accesses</span></p> </li> <li class="app-article-metrics-bar__item"> <p class="app-article-metrics-bar__count"><svg class="u-icon app-article-metrics-bar__icon" width="24" height="24" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false"> <use xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-citations-medium"></use> </svg>1 <span class="app-article-metrics-bar__label">Citation</span></p> </li> <li class="app-article-metrics-bar__item app-article-metrics-bar__item--metrics"> <p class="app-article-metrics-bar__details"><a href="/article/10.1007/s12517-024-12022-2/metrics" data-track="click" data-track-action="view metrics" data-track-label="link" rel="nofollow">Explore all metrics <svg class="u-icon app-article-metrics-bar__arrow-icon" width="24" height="24" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false"> <use xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-arrow-right-medium"></use> </svg></a></p> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="u-mt-32"> </div> </header> </div> <div data-article-body="true" data-track-component="article body" class="c-article-body"> <section aria-labelledby="Abs1" data-title="Abstract" lang="en"><div class="c-article-section" id="Abs1-section"><h2 class="c-article-section__title js-section-title js-c-reading-companion-sections-item" id="Abs1">Abstract</h2><div class="c-article-section__content" id="Abs1-content"><p>In the northwestern Himalayas, including Jammu and Kashmir (J&K), frequent landslides pose significant risks, necessitating proactive zoning to mitigate potential damage through effective land-use planning. Fourteen causative and two triggering factors, such as slope, aspect, curvature, relative relief (RR), terrain ruggedness index (TRI), geomorphon, dissection index (Di), lithology, structural tectonic, drainage density (Dd), stream power index (SPI), topographic wetness index (TWI), land use land cover (LULC), road density (Rd), earthquake density (Ed), and rainfall density (Rd), were selected based on terrain conditions to assess landslide susceptibility. Utilizing frequency ratio (FR) and information value (IV) approaches, a comprehensive landslide susceptibility mapping (LSM) study covered 54,922 km<sup>2</sup>, incorporating 6669 landslide instances. This dataset was split into 70% (4659 landslides) for modeling and 30% (2010 landslides) for validation. The landslide susceptibility map, classified into five categories (very low, low, moderate, high, and very high), delineates varying proportions of the study area. Using the FR approach, these zones cover 12.9% (7063 km<sup>2</sup>), 25.7% (14,101 km<sup>2</sup>), 25.6% (14,049 km<sup>2</sup>), 24.7% (13,586 km<sup>2</sup>), and 11.1% (6123 km<sup>2</sup>) of the area, respectively. Meanwhile, employing the IV approach, the coverage percentages are 5.7% (3119 km<sup>2</sup>), 11.0% (6063 km<sup>2</sup>), 20.1% (11,057 km<sup>2</sup>), 38.9% (21,373 km<sup>2</sup>), and 24.1% (13,310 km<sup>2</sup>). Validation using receiver operating characteristic curves revealed high correlations for both FR (AUC: 0.809) and IV (AUC: 0.778) models, indicating their effectiveness. The FR model, characterized by simplicity and higher accuracy, outperformed the IV model, offering valuable insights for local, regional, and governments in land-use planning, disaster prevention, and mitigation efforts.</p></div></div></section> <div class="c-notes"> <p class="c-notes__text c-status-message--info"> <svg width="24" height="24" focusable="false" role="img" aria-hidden="true" class="c-status-message__icon"> <use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-info-filled-medium"></use> </svg> This is a preview of subscription content, <a id="test-login-banner-link" href="//wayf.springernature.com?redirect_uri=https%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2Farticle%2F10.1007%2Fs12517-024-12022-2%3Ferror%3Dcookies_not_supported%26code%3D131429db-5c50-4bad-a23f-69bf99438182" data-track="click" data-track-action="login" data-track-label="link" class="c-preview-message__link">log in via an institution</a> <svg width="16" height="16" focusable="false" role="img" 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height="175"></picture></div></div></figure></div><div class="c-article-section__figure js-c-reading-companion-figures-item" data-test="figure" data-container-section="figure" id="figure-3"><figure><figcaption><b id="Fig3" class="c-article-section__figure-caption" data-test="figure-caption-text">Fig. 3</b></figcaption><div class="c-article-section__figure-content"><div class="c-article-section__figure-item"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="//media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs12517-024-12022-2/MediaObjects/12517_2024_12022_Fig3_HTML.png?as=webp"><img src="//media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs12517-024-12022-2/MediaObjects/12517_2024_12022_Fig3_HTML.png" alt="" loading="lazy" width="312" height="171"></picture></div></div></figure></div><div class="c-article-section__figure js-c-reading-companion-figures-item" data-test="figure" data-container-section="figure" id="figure-4"><figure><figcaption><b id="Fig4" class="c-article-section__figure-caption" data-test="figure-caption-text">Fig. 4</b></figcaption><div class="c-article-section__figure-content"><div class="c-article-section__figure-item"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="//media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs12517-024-12022-2/MediaObjects/12517_2024_12022_Fig4_HTML.png?as=webp"><img src="//media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs12517-024-12022-2/MediaObjects/12517_2024_12022_Fig4_HTML.png" alt="" loading="lazy" width="312" height="188"></picture></div></div></figure></div><div class="c-article-section__figure js-c-reading-companion-figures-item" data-test="figure" data-container-section="figure" id="figure-5"><figure><figcaption><b id="Fig5" class="c-article-section__figure-caption" data-test="figure-caption-text">Fig. 5</b></figcaption><div class="c-article-section__figure-content"><div class="c-article-section__figure-item"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="//media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs12517-024-12022-2/MediaObjects/12517_2024_12022_Fig5_HTML.png?as=webp"><img src="//media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs12517-024-12022-2/MediaObjects/12517_2024_12022_Fig5_HTML.png" alt="" loading="lazy" width="309" height="312"></picture></div></div></figure></div><div class="c-article-section__figure js-c-reading-companion-figures-item" data-test="figure" data-container-section="figure" id="figure-6"><figure><figcaption><b id="Fig6" class="c-article-section__figure-caption" data-test="figure-caption-text">Fig. 6</b></figcaption><div class="c-article-section__figure-content"><div class="c-article-section__figure-item"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="//media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs12517-024-12022-2/MediaObjects/12517_2024_12022_Fig6_HTML.png?as=webp"><img src="//media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs12517-024-12022-2/MediaObjects/12517_2024_12022_Fig6_HTML.png" alt="" loading="lazy" width="312" height="227"></picture></div></div></figure></div><div class="c-article-section__figure js-c-reading-companion-figures-item" data-test="figure" data-container-section="figure" id="figure-7"><figure><figcaption><b id="Fig7" class="c-article-section__figure-caption" data-test="figure-caption-text">Fig. 7</b></figcaption><div class="c-article-section__figure-content"><div class="c-article-section__figure-item"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="//media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs12517-024-12022-2/MediaObjects/12517_2024_12022_Fig7_HTML.png?as=webp"><img src="//media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs12517-024-12022-2/MediaObjects/12517_2024_12022_Fig7_HTML.png" alt="" loading="lazy" width="312" height="254"></picture></div></div></figure></div><div class="c-article-section__figure js-c-reading-companion-figures-item" data-test="figure" data-container-section="figure" id="figure-8"><figure><figcaption><b id="Fig8" class="c-article-section__figure-caption" data-test="figure-caption-text">Fig. 8</b></figcaption><div class="c-article-section__figure-content"><div class="c-article-section__figure-item"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="//media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs12517-024-12022-2/MediaObjects/12517_2024_12022_Fig8_HTML.png?as=webp"><img src="//media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs12517-024-12022-2/MediaObjects/12517_2024_12022_Fig8_HTML.png" alt="" loading="lazy" width="301" height="312"></picture></div></div></figure></div><div class="c-article-section__figure js-c-reading-companion-figures-item" data-test="figure" data-container-section="figure" id="figure-9"><figure><figcaption><b id="Fig9" class="c-article-section__figure-caption" data-test="figure-caption-text">Fig. 9</b></figcaption><div class="c-article-section__figure-content"><div class="c-article-section__figure-item"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="//media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs12517-024-12022-2/MediaObjects/12517_2024_12022_Fig9_HTML.png?as=webp"><img src="//media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs12517-024-12022-2/MediaObjects/12517_2024_12022_Fig9_HTML.png" alt="" loading="lazy" width="312" height="219"></picture></div></div></figure></div> </div> <div data-test="cobranding-download"> </div> <section aria-labelledby="inline-recommendations" data-title="Inline Recommendations" class="c-article-recommendations" data-track-component="inline-recommendations"> <h3 class="c-article-recommendations-title" id="inline-recommendations">Similar content being viewed by others</h3> <div class="c-article-recommendations-list"> <div 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1732377032, embedded_user: 'null' } }); </script> <section data-title="Data availability"><div class="c-article-section" id="data-availability-section"><h2 class="c-article-section__title js-section-title js-c-reading-companion-sections-item" id="data-availability">Data availability</h2><div class="c-article-section__content" id="data-availability-content"> <p>Data used in this study were provided by the Geological Survey of India (lithological data and fault data), Indian Meteorological Department (rainfall data data), National Centre of Seismology (earthquake data), and digital elevation data from the USGS websites. The above datasets can be access from their respective website at free of cost.</p> </div></div></section><div id="MagazineFulltextArticleBodySuffix"><section aria-labelledby="Bib1" data-title="References"><div class="c-article-section" id="Bib1-section"><h2 class="c-article-section__title js-section-title js-c-reading-companion-sections-item" id="Bib1">References</h2><div class="c-article-section__content" id="Bib1-content"><div data-container-section="references"><ul class="c-article-references" data-track-component="outbound reference" data-track-context="references section"><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR1">Abija FA, Nwosu JI, Ifedotun AI, Osadebe CC (2019) Landslide susceptibility assessment of Calabar, Nigeria using geotechnical, remote sensing and multi-criteria decision analysis: implications for urban planning and development. 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Sarfaraz Asgher</p></li></ol><div class="u-js-hide u-hide-print" data-test="author-info"><span class="c-article__sub-heading">Authors</span><ol class="c-article-authors-search u-list-reset"><li id="auth-Imran-Khan-Aff1-Aff2"><span class="c-article-authors-search__title u-h3 js-search-name">Imran Khan</span><div class="c-article-authors-search__list"><div class="c-article-authors-search__item c-article-authors-search__list-item--left"><a href="/search?dc.creator=Imran%20Khan" class="c-article-button" data-track="click" data-track-action="author link - publication" data-track-label="link" rel="nofollow">View author publications</a></div><div class="c-article-authors-search__item c-article-authors-search__list-item--right"><p class="search-in-title-js c-article-authors-search__text">You can also search for this author in <span class="c-article-identifiers"><a class="c-article-identifiers__item" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=search&term=Imran%20Khan" data-track="click" data-track-action="author link - pubmed" data-track-label="link" rel="nofollow">PubMed</a><span class="u-hide"> </span><a class="c-article-identifiers__item" href="http://scholar.google.co.uk/scholar?as_q=&num=10&btnG=Search+Scholar&as_epq=&as_oq=&as_eq=&as_occt=any&as_sauthors=%22Imran%20Khan%22&as_publication=&as_ylo=&as_yhi=&as_allsubj=all&hl=en" data-track="click" data-track-action="author link - scholar" data-track-label="link" rel="nofollow">Google Scholar</a></span></p></div></div></li><li id="auth-Ashutosh-Kainthola-Aff2"><span class="c-article-authors-search__title u-h3 js-search-name">Ashutosh Kainthola</span><div class="c-article-authors-search__list"><div class="c-article-authors-search__item c-article-authors-search__list-item--left"><a href="/search?dc.creator=Ashutosh%20Kainthola" class="c-article-button" data-track="click" data-track-action="author link - publication" data-track-label="link" rel="nofollow">View author publications</a></div><div class="c-article-authors-search__item c-article-authors-search__list-item--right"><p class="search-in-title-js c-article-authors-search__text">You can also search for this author in <span class="c-article-identifiers"><a class="c-article-identifiers__item" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=search&term=Ashutosh%20Kainthola" data-track="click" data-track-action="author link - pubmed" data-track-label="link" rel="nofollow">PubMed</a><span class="u-hide"> </span><a class="c-article-identifiers__item" href="http://scholar.google.co.uk/scholar?as_q=&num=10&btnG=Search+Scholar&as_epq=&as_oq=&as_eq=&as_occt=any&as_sauthors=%22Ashutosh%20Kainthola%22&as_publication=&as_ylo=&as_yhi=&as_allsubj=all&hl=en" data-track="click" data-track-action="author link - scholar" data-track-label="link" rel="nofollow">Google Scholar</a></span></p></div></div></li><li id="auth-Harish-Bahuguna-Aff3"><span class="c-article-authors-search__title u-h3 js-search-name">Harish Bahuguna</span><div class="c-article-authors-search__list"><div class="c-article-authors-search__item c-article-authors-search__list-item--left"><a href="/search?dc.creator=Harish%20Bahuguna" class="c-article-button" data-track="click" data-track-action="author link - publication" data-track-label="link" rel="nofollow">View author publications</a></div><div class="c-article-authors-search__item c-article-authors-search__list-item--right"><p class="search-in-title-js c-article-authors-search__text">You can also search for this author in <span class="c-article-identifiers"><a class="c-article-identifiers__item" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=search&term=Harish%20Bahuguna" data-track="click" data-track-action="author link - pubmed" data-track-label="link" rel="nofollow">PubMed</a><span class="u-hide"> </span><a class="c-article-identifiers__item" href="http://scholar.google.co.uk/scholar?as_q=&num=10&btnG=Search+Scholar&as_epq=&as_oq=&as_eq=&as_occt=any&as_sauthors=%22Harish%20Bahuguna%22&as_publication=&as_ylo=&as_yhi=&as_allsubj=all&hl=en" data-track="click" data-track-action="author link - scholar" data-track-label="link" rel="nofollow">Google Scholar</a></span></p></div></div></li><li id="auth-Md__Sarfaraz-Asgher-Aff4"><span class="c-article-authors-search__title u-h3 js-search-name">Md. 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id="citeas">Cite this article</h3><p class="c-bibliographic-information__citation">Khan, I., Kainthola, A., Bahuguna, H. <i>et al.</i> Comparative landslide susceptibility assessment using information value and frequency ratio bivariate statistical methods: a case study from Northwestern Himalayas, Jammu and Kashmir, India. <i>Arab J Geosci</i> <b>17</b>, 231 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12517-024-12022-2</p><p class="c-bibliographic-information__download-citation u-hide-print"><a data-test="citation-link" data-track="click" data-track-action="download article citation" data-track-label="link" data-track-external="" rel="nofollow" href="https://citation-needed.springer.com/v2/references/10.1007/s12517-024-12022-2?format=refman&flavour=citation">Download citation<svg width="16" height="16" focusable="false" role="img" aria-hidden="true" class="u-icon"><use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-download-medium"></use></svg></a></p><ul class="c-bibliographic-information__list" data-test="publication-history"><li class="c-bibliographic-information__list-item"><p>Received<span class="u-hide">: </span><span class="c-bibliographic-information__value"><time datetime="2023-11-06">06 November 2023</time></span></p></li><li class="c-bibliographic-information__list-item"><p>Accepted<span class="u-hide">: </span><span class="c-bibliographic-information__value"><time datetime="2024-06-13">13 June 2024</time></span></p></li><li class="c-bibliographic-information__list-item"><p>Published<span class="u-hide">: </span><span class="c-bibliographic-information__value"><time datetime="2024-07-10">10 July 2024</time></span></p></li><li class="c-bibliographic-information__list-item c-bibliographic-information__list-item--full-width"><p><abbr title="Digital Object Identifier">DOI</abbr><span class="u-hide">: </span><span class="c-bibliographic-information__value">https://doi.org/10.1007/s12517-024-12022-2</span></p></li></ul><div 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methods</a></span></li><li class="c-article-subject-list__subject"><span><a href="/search?query=Information%20value&facet-discipline="Earth%20Sciences"" data-track="click" data-track-action="view keyword" data-track-label="link">Information value</a></span></li><li class="c-article-subject-list__subject"><span><a href="/search?query=Frequency%20ratio&facet-discipline="Earth%20Sciences"" data-track="click" data-track-action="view keyword" data-track-label="link">Frequency ratio</a></span></li><li class="c-article-subject-list__subject"><span><a href="/search?query=Northwestern%20Himalayas&facet-discipline="Earth%20Sciences"" data-track="click" data-track-action="view keyword" data-track-label="link">Northwestern Himalayas</a></span></li></ul><div data-component="article-info-list"></div></div></div></div></div></section> </div> </main> <div class="c-article-sidebar u-text-sm u-hide-print l-with-sidebar__sidebar" id="sidebar" data-container-type="reading-companion" 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