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<!DOCTYPE HTML> <HTML lang="en-US"><head><META http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8"><title>Periodic Table of Elements: Beryllium - Be (EnvironmentalChemistry.com)</title><META NAME="ROBOTS" CONTENT="NOARCHIVE"> <meta name="superfish" content="nofish"><META NAME="ROBOTS" CONTENT="NOODP"><META NAME="DESCRIPTION" CONTENT="Comprehensive information for the element Beryllium - Be is provided by this page including scores of properties, element names in many languages, most known nuclides and technical terms are linked to their definitions."><META NAME="KEYWORDS" CONTENT="Beryllium,periodic table of elements,chemistry,atom,nuclides,isotopes,element,atomic mass,atomic radius,atomic volume,boiling point,coefficient of lineal thermal expansion,covalent radius,cross section,crystal structure,electrical conductivity,electrochemical equivalent,electron configuration,electron dot models,electron work function,electronegativity,freezing point,ionic radius,filling orbitals,heat of fusion,heat of vaporization,incompatibilities,ionization potentials,melting point,oxidation states,physical state,specific heat,thermal conductivity,Valence electrons,Valence electron potential,vapor pressure,teacher resources,educational resources,careers,science articles,environmental issues,science"><META NAME="revisit-after" content="30 days"><SCRIPT type="text/javascript">if(top.location!=location){top.location.href=document.location.href}</script><link rel="canonical" href="https://EnvironmentalChemistry.com/yogi/periodic/Be.html"><link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="RSS" href="/feed.xml" ><link rel="shortcut icon" href="https://envirochem.us/favicon.ico" type="image/x-icon"><link type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="https://envirochem.us/css/Main20170126.css"><link type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="https://envirochem.us/css/PTOE20170126.css"><link type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" media="screen" href="https://envirochem.us/css/screen20120422.css"><LINK rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="https://envirochem.us/css/printer.css" media="print"></head><BODY><div class="MB"><header><div class="TA"><a href="https://EnvironmentalChemistry.com/" title="EnvironmentalChemistry.com homepage & site map">EnvironmentalChemistry.com</a></div><div class="TB"><a href="/yogi/environmental" title="Environmental articles and resources" class="TBA">Environmental</a>, <a href="/yogi/chemistry/" title="Chemistry resources" class="TBA">Chemistry</a> & <a href="/yogi/hazmat/" title="Hazardous materials and regulatory resources" class="TBA">Hazardous Materials</a> News, <a href="/careers/" class="TBA">Careers</a> & Resources</div></header><script type="text/javascript">var strChemistry=' Selected';var strEnvironmental='';var strHazMat='';var strCareers='';var strHeadlines='';document.write(TopMenu());</script><div class="W"><div class="CA"><div class="BA"><ul class="Handheld"><li><a href="#Content">Skip to page content</a><li><A HREF="#Menu">Skip to site menu on this page</a></ul><script type="text/javascript">document.writeln(printInstructions());</script><span id="Content"></span><h1><a href="https://EnvironmentalChemistry.com/yogi/periodic/">Periodic Table of Elements</a></h1><h2>Element Beryllium - Be</h2><p>Comprehensive data on the chemical element Beryllium is provided on this page; including scores of properties, element names in many languages, most known nuclides of Beryllium. Common chemical compounds are also provided for many elements. In addition technical terms are linked to their definitions and the menu contains links to related articles that are a great aid in one's studies.</p><h3>Beryllium Menu</h3><ul class="Arrow"><li><b class="AC">Beryllium Page One</b><ul class="Arrow"><li class="AD"><a href="Be.html#Overview">Overview of Beryllium</a><li class="AD"><a href="Be.html#Names">Beryllium's Name in Other Languages</a><li class="AD"><a href="Be.html#Atomic">Atomic Structure of Beryllium</a><li class="AD"><a href="Be.html#Chemical">Chemical Properties of Beryllium</a><li class="AD"><a href="Be.html#Physical">Physical Properties of Beryllium</a><li class="AD"><a href="Be.html#Regulatory">Regulatory / Health</a><li class="AD"><a href="Be.html#Who">Who/When/Where/How</a></ul><li><b class="AR"><a href="Be-pg2.html">Beryllium Page Two</a></b><ul class="Arrow"><li class="AR"><a href="Be-pg2.html#Nuclides">Nuclides / Isotopes</a><li class="AR"><a href="Be-pg2.html#parents">Potential Parent Nuclides</a></ul><li><b class="AR"><a href="Be-compounds.html">Beryllium Page Three</a></b><ul class="Arrow"><li class="AR"><a href="Be-compounds.html#Compounds">Common Chemical Compounds of Beryllium</a></ul></ul><h3 id="Overview">Overview of Beryllium</h3><ul><li class="Headings"><a href="/yogi/chemistry/dictionary/A02.html#Atomic_Number">Atomic Number</a>: 4<li class="Headings"><a href="/yogi/chemistry/dictionary/G02.html#Group">Group</a>: 2<li class="Headings"><a href="/yogi/chemistry/dictionary/P01.html#Periods">Period</a>: 2<li class="Headings">Series: <A HREF="/yogi/chemistry/dictionary/A01.html#Alkali_Earth_Metal">Alkali Earth Metals</A></ul><h3 id="Beryllium_Names">Beryllium's Name in Other Languages</h3><ul><li><b>Latin:</b> Beryllium<li><b>Czech:</b> Beryllium<li><b>Croatian:</b> Berilij<li><b>French:</b> Glucinium<li><b>German:</b> Beryllium - s<li><b>Italian:</b> Berillio<li><b>Norwegian:</b> Beryllium<li><b>Portuguese:</b> Berílio<li><b>Russian:</b> Бериллий<li><b>Spanish:</b> Berílio<li><b>Swedish:</b> Beryllium</ul><H3 id="Atomic">Atomic Structure of Beryllium</h3><ul><li><b><A HREF="/yogi/chemistry/dictionary/A02.html#Atomic_Radius">Atomic Radius</A>:</b> 1.4<A HREF="/yogi/chemistry/dictionary/A01.html#Ångstrom">Å</a><li><b><A HREF="/yogi/chemistry/dictionary/A02.html#Atomic_Volume">Atomic Volume</A>:</b> 5cm<sup>3</sup>/<A HREF="/yogi/chemistry/dictionary/M02.html#Mole">mol</A><li><b><A HREF="/yogi/chemistry/dictionary/C01.html#Covalent_Radius">Covalent Radius</A>:</b> 0.9<A HREF="/yogi/chemistry/dictionary/A01.html#Ångstrom">Å</a><li><b><A HREF="/yogi/chemistry/dictionary/C02.html#Cross_section">Cross Section</a></b> (Thermal Neutron Capture)σ<sub>a</sub>/<A HREF="/yogi/chemistry/dictionary/B02.html#Barns">barns</A><b>:</b> 0.0092<li><b><A HREF="/yogi/chemistry/dictionary/C02.html#Crystal_Structure">Crystal Structure</A>:</b> Hexagonal<dl class="NoPadding"><dd><img src="https://envirochem.us/images/periodic/Crystal/hexagon.gif" class="Hexagonal" alt=""></dl><li><b>Electron Configuration:</b><dl class="NoPadding"><dd>1s<sup>2</sup> 2s<sup>2</sup></dl><li><b>Electrons per <a href="/yogi/chemistry/dictionary/E02.html#Energy_Level">Energy Level</a>:</b> 2,2<dl class="NoPadding"><dd><a href="/yogi/chemistry/dictionary/E02.html#Energy_Level"><b>Shell Model</b></a><br><img src="https://envirochem.us/images/periodic/shellmodel/Be.gif" id="SM2" alt="graphic of Beryllium's shell model"></dl><li><b><A HREF="/yogi/chemistry/dictionary/I02.html#Ionic_radius">Ionic Radius</A>:</b> 0.35<A HREF="/yogi/chemistry/dictionary/A01.html#Ångstrom">Å</a><li><b><A HREF="/yogi/chemistry/dictionary/F01.html#Filling_Orbital">Filling Orbital</A>:</b> 2s<sup>2</sup><li><b>Number of <A HREF="/yogi/chemistry/dictionary/E02.html#Electron">Electrons</A> (with no charge):</b> 4<li><b>Number of <A HREF="/yogi/chemistry/dictionary/N01.html#Neutron">Neutrons</A> (most common/stable nuclide):</b> 5<li><b>Number of <A HREF="/yogi/chemistry/dictionary/P01.html#Proton">Protons</A>:</b> 4<li><b><A HREF="/yogi/chemistry/dictionary/O02.html#Oxidation_State">Oxidation States</a>:</b> 2<li><b><A HREF="/yogi/chemistry/dictionary/V01.html#Valence_Electrons">Valence Electrons</a>:</b> 2s<sup>2</sup><dl class="NoPadding"><dd><b>Electron Dot Model</b><br><img src="https://envirochem.us/images/periodic/ElectronDot/Be.gif" class="ElectronDot" alt=""></dl></ul><h3 id="Chemical">Chemical Properties of Beryllium</h3><ul><li><b><A HREF="/yogi/chemistry/dictionary/E02.html#Electrochemical_equivalents">Electrochemical Equivalent</A>:</b> 0.16812g/amp-hr<li><b><A HREF="/yogi/chemistry/dictionary/E02.html#Electron_work_function">Electron Work Function</A>:</b> 4.98eV<li><b><A HREF="/yogi/chemistry/dictionary/E02.html#Electronegativity">Electronegativity</A>:</b> 1.57 (Pauling); 1.47 (Allrod Rochow)<li><b><A HREF="/yogi/chemistry/dictionary/H01.html#Heat_of_Fusion">Heat of Fusion</A>:</b> 12.2kJ/mol<li><b>Incompatibilities:</b><dl class="NoPadding"><dd>acids and strong bases, carbon tetrachloride, phos- phorous 3-chlorolithium, caustics, chlorinated hydrocarbons, oxidizers, molten lithium.</dl><li><b>Ionization Potential</b><ul><li><b><A HREF="/yogi/chemistry/dictionary/F01.html#First_Ionization_Potential">First</A>:</b> 9.322<li><b><A HREF="/yogi/chemistry/dictionary/S01.html#Second_Ionization_Potential">Second</A>:</b> 18.211<li><b><A HREF="/yogi/chemistry/dictionary/T02.html#Third_Ionization_Potential">Third</A>:</b> 153.893</ul><li><b><A HREF="/yogi/chemistry/dictionary/V01.html#-eV">Valence Electron Potential (-eV)</a>:</b> 82</ul><h3 id="Physical">Physical Properties of Beryllium</h3><ul><li><b><A HREF="/yogi/periodic/atom_anatomy.html#AtomicMass">Atomic Mass Average</a>:</b> 9.012182<li><b><A HREF="/yogi/chemistry/dictionary/B02.html#Boiling_Point">Boiling Point</A>:</b> 3243<A HREF="/yogi/chemistry/dictionary/K01.html#Kelvin">K</A> 2970°<A HREF="/yogi/chemistry/dictionary/C01.html#Centigrade">C</A> 5378°<A HREF="/yogi/chemistry/dictionary/F01.html#Fahrenheit">F</A><li><b><A HREF="/yogi/chemistry/dictionary/C01.html#Coefficient_expansion">Coefficient of lineal thermal expansion</A>/K<sup>-1</sup>:</b> 0.0000116E<sup>-6</sup><li><b><A HREF="/yogi/chemistry/dictionary/C01.html#Conduction">Conductivity</A></b><dl class="NoPadding"><dd><b>Electrical:</b> 0.313 10<sup>6</sup>/cm Ω<br><b>Thermal:</b> 2.01 W/cmK</dl><li><b><A HREF="/yogi/chemistry/dictionary/D01.html#Density">Density</A>:</b> 1.848g/cc @ 300K<li><b>Description:</b><dl class="NoPadding"><dd>Strong, hard, gray-white metal. Lightest rigid metal. Formerly called glucinium (Gl).</dl><li><b>Elastic Modulus:</b><ul><li><b>Bulk:</b> 110/GPa<li><b>Rigidity:</b> 156/GPa<li><b>Youngs:</b> 318/GPa</ul><li><b>Enthalpy of Atomization:</b> 326.4 kJ/mole @ 25°C<li><b>Enthalpy of Fusion:</b> 11.72 kJ/mole<li><b>Enthalpy of Vaporization:</b> 294.7 kJ/mole<li><b>Flammablity Class:</b> Non-combustible solid (except as dust)<li><b>Freezing Point:</b> <em>see melting point</em><li><b>Hardness Scale</b><ul><li><b>Brinell:</b> 600 MN m<sup>-2</sup><li><b>Mohs:</b> 5.5<li><b>Vickers:</b> 1670 MN m<sup>-2</sup></ul><li><b><A HREF="/yogi/chemistry/dictionary/H01.html#Heat_of_Vaporization">Heat of Vaporization</A>:</b> 292.4kJ/mol<li><b><A HREF="/yogi/chemistry/dictionary/M01.html#Melting_Point">Melting Point</A>:</b> 1551<A HREF="/yogi/chemistry/dictionary/K01.html#Kelvin">K</A> 1278°<A HREF="/yogi/chemistry/dictionary/C01.html#Centigrade">C</A> 2332°<A HREF="/yogi/chemistry/dictionary/F01.html#Fahrenheit">F</A><li><b>Molar Volume:</b> 4.88 cm<sup>3</sup>/mole<li><b>Physical State (at 20°C & 1atm):</b> Solid<li><b><A HREF="/yogi/chemistry/dictionary/S01.html#Specific_Heat">Specific Heat</a>:</b> 1.82J/gK<li><b><A HREF="/yogi/chemistry/dictionary/V01.html#Vapor_pressure">Vapor Pressure</A></b> 4.18kPa</ul><h3 id="Regulatory">Regulatory / Health</h3><ul><li><b><a href="/yogi/chemistry/dictionary/C01.html#CAS">CAS Number</a></b><ul><li>7440-41-7 metal</ul><li><b><A HREF="/yogi/chemistry/dictionary/U02.html#UN_Number">UN/NA ID</a> and <A HREF="/yogi/chemistry/dictionary/E02.html#ERG">ERG</A> Guide Number</b><ul><li>UN1567  / <a href="/yogi/hazmat/erg/gn/134.html">134</a> powder</ul><li><b><A HREF="/yogi/chemistry/dictionary/R01.html#RTECS">RTECS</A>:</b> DS1750000<li><b><A HREF="/yogi/chemistry/dictionary/N01.html#NFPA704">NFPA 704</A></b><ul><li><b>Health:</b> 4<li><b>Fire:</b> 1<li><b>Reactivity:</b> 1<li><b>Special Hazard:</b> </ul><li><b><A HREF="/yogi/chemistry/dictionary/O02.html#OSHA">OSHA</A> <A HREF="/yogi/chemistry/dictionary/P01.html#PEL">Permissible Exposure Limit</A> (PEL)</b><ul><li><A HREF="/yogi/chemistry/dictionary/T02.html#TWA">TWA</a>: 0.002 mg/m<sup>3</sup><li><A HREF="/yogi/chemistry/dictionary/C01.html#Ceiling">Ceiling</A>: 0.005 mg/m<sup>3</sup><li>Notes: Ceiling 0.025 mg/m<sup>3</sup> 30-min max peak</ul><li><b>OSHA PEL Vacated 1989</b><ul><li><A HREF="/yogi/chemistry/dictionary/T02.html#TWA">TWA</a>: 0.002 mg/m<sup>3</sup><li><A HREF="/yogi/chemistry/dictionary/C01.html#Ceiling">Ceiling</A>: 0.005 mg/m<sup>3</sup><li>Notes: Ceiling 0.025 mg/m3 30-min max peak</ul><li><b><A HREF="/yogi/chemistry/dictionary/N01.html#NIOSH">NIOSH</A> <A HREF="/yogi/chemistry/dictionary/R01.html#REL">Recommended Exposure Limit</A> (REL)</b><ul><li><li>Notes: Not to exceed 0.0005 mg/m<sup>3</sup><li><A HREF="/yoig/chemistry/dictionary/I02.html#IDLH">IDLH</A>: 4 mg/m<sup>3</sup> (Potential NIOSH carcinogen)</ul><li><b>Routes of Exposure:</b> Inhalation; Skin and/or eye contact<li><b>Target Organs:</b> Eyes, skin, respiratory system<li><b>Levels In Humans:</b><br>Note: this data represents naturally occuring levels of elements in the typical human, it DOES NOT represent recommended daily allowances.<ul><li><b>Blood</b>/mg dm<sup>-3</sup>: <1E<sup>-5</sup><li><b>Bone</b>/<abbr title="Parts per million">p.p.m</abbr>: 0.003<li><b>Liver</b>/<abbr title="Parts per million">p.p.m</abbr>: 0.0016<li><b>Muscle</b>/<abbr title="Parts per million">p.p.m</abbr>: 0.00075<li><b>Daily Dietary Intake:</b> 0.01 mg<li><b>Total Mass In Avg. 70kg human:</b> 0.036 mg</ul></ul><h3 id="Who">Who / Where / When / How</h3><ul><li><b>Discoverer:</b> Nicholas Louis Vauquelin<li><b>Discovery Location:</b> Paris France<li><b>Discovery Year:</b> 1797<li><b>Name Origin:</b><dl class="NoPadding"><dd> From the mineral beryl.</dl><li><b>Abundance of Beryllium:</b><ul><li><b>Earth's Crust</b>/p.p.m.: 2.6<li><b>Seawater</b>/p.p.m.: <ul><li>Atlantic Suface: 8.8E-08<li>Atlantic Deep: 1.75E-07<li>Pacific Surface: 3.5E-08<li>Pacific Deep: 2.2E-07</ul><li><b>Atmosphere</b>/p.p.m.: N/A<li><b>Sun</b> (Relative to H=1E<sup>12</sup>): 14</ul><li><b>Sources of Beryllium:</b><dl class="NoPadding"><dd>Found mostly in minerals like beryl [AlBe<sub>3</sub>(Si<sub>6</sub>O<sub>18</sub>)] and chrysoberyl (Al<sub>2</sub>BeO<sub>4</sub>). Total world production per year is around 364 tons. Main mining areas are Brazil,USA, Madagascar, Germany, Czech Republic, Russia and India. Total world reserves estimated to be around 400,000 tons.</dl><li><b>Uses of Beryllium:</b><dl class="NoPadding"><dd>Its ability to absorb large amounts of heat makes it useful in spacecraft, missiles, aircraft, etc. Emeralds are beryl crystals with chromium traces giving them their green color. Also used in light weight metal alloys, X-ray tube windows, watch springs and sparkless tools.</dl><li><b>Additional Notes:</b><dl class="NoPadding"><dd>Beryllium was first discovered by Vauquelin in 1797, however, it was not issolated until 1828 in Berlin Germany and A.A.B bussy in Paris France. Beryllium comes from Greek beryllos, beryl. It has also been called Glucinium or Glucinum from the Greek word glykys which means "sweet." Beryllum is found in beryl, chrysoberyl and phenacite. Aquamarine and emeralds are precious forms of beryl (3BeO.Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>.6SiO<sub>2</sub>). It has a high melting point for a light metal and is more elastic than steel. It is used in computer parts, gyroscopes and for construction. Beryllium and its salts are toxic and should be handled with great care. Do not taste it to confirm that it is sweet. Beryllium is a potential occupational carcinogen (lung cancer).</dl></ul><script type="text/javascript">document.writeln(printSocial());</script><h3>Beryllium Menu</h3><ul class="Arrow"><li><b class="AC">Beryllium Page One</b><ul class="Arrow"><li class="AU"><a href="Be.html#Overview">Overview of Beryllium</a><li class="AU"><a href="Be.html#Names">Beryllium's Name in Other Languages</a><li class="AU"><a href="Be.html#Atomic">Atomic Structure of Beryllium</a><li class="AU"><a href="Be.html#Chemical">Chemical Properties of Beryllium</a><li class="AU"><a href="Be.html#Physical">Physical Properties of Beryllium</a><li class="AU"><a href="Be.html#Regulatory">Regulatory / Health</a><li class="AU"><a href="Be.html#Who">Who/When/Where/How</a></ul><li><b class="AR"><a href="Be-pg2.html">Beryllium Page Two</a></b><ul class="Arrow"><li class="AR"><a href="Be-pg2.html#Nuclides">Nuclides / Isotopes</a><li class="AR"><a href="Be-pg2.html#parents">Potential Parent Nuclides</a></ul><li><b class="AR"><a href="Be-compounds.html">Beryllium Page Three</a></b><ul class="Arrow"><li class="AR"><a href="Be-compounds.html#Compounds">Common Chemical Compounds of Beryllium</a></ul></ul><h3>References</h3><p>A list of reference sources used to compile the data provided on our periodic table of elements can be found on the main <a href="/yogi/periodic/#Bibliography">periodic table</a> page.</p><h3 class="NoPrint">Related Resources</h3><ul class="Headlines NoPrint"><li class="HLI"><A HREF="/yogi/periodic/atom_anatomy.html">Anatomy of the Atom</a><br><span class="IndexTS">Answers many questions regarding the structure of atoms.</span><li class="HLI"><a href="/yogi/reference/molar.html">Molarity, Molality and Normality</a><br><span class="IndexTS">Introduces stoichiometry and explains the differences between molarity, molality and normality.</span><li class="HLI"><a href="/yogi/reference/molar.html">Molar Mass Calculations and Javascript Calculator</a><br><span class="IndexTS">Molar mass calculations are explained and there is a JavaScript calculator to aid calculations.</span><li class="HLI"><a href="/yogi/chemicals/">Chemical Database</a><br><span class="IndexTS">This database focuses on the most common chemical compounds used in the home and industry.</span></ul><h3>Citing this page</h3><p>If you need to cite this page, you can copy this text:</p><p id="idCitePage" class="CiteLink">Kenneth Barbalace. Periodic Table of Elements - Beryllium - Be. EnvironmentalChemistry.com. 1995 - 2024. Accessed on-line: 11/30/2024<br>https://EnvironmentalChemistry.com/yogi/periodic/Be.html<br>.<div class="NoPrint" id="providelink"><h3>Linking to this page</h3><p class="TextSmall">If you would like to link to this page from your website, blog, etc., copy and paste this link code (in red) and modify it to suit your needs:</p><p class="CiteLink"><a href="https://EnvironmentalChemistry.com/yogi/periodic/Be.html">echo Periodic Table of Elements: Beryllium - Be (EnvironmentalChemistry.com)</a>- Comprehensive information for the element Beryllium - Be is provided by this page including scores of properties, element names in many languages, most known nuclides and technical terms are linked to their definitions.<br>.</p><p class="TextSmall"><STRONG>NOTICE:</strong> While linking to articles is encouraged, <strong>OUR ARTICLES MAY NOT BE COPIED TO OR REPUBLISHED ON ANOTHER WEBSITE UNDER ANY CIRCUMSTANCES.</strong></p><p class="TextSmall"><strong>PLEASE, if you like an article we published simply link to it on our website do not republish it.</strong></p></div></div><DIV class="MM ColumnHeight NoPrint" id="Menu"><nav> <div id="SidebarLogin"><h2 id="H2Years">29 years on the web</h2><p id="PYears">Started 10-22-1995</p></div> <div style="margin: 0 auto 15px"> <form action="https://www.paypal.com/cgi-bin/webscr" method="post" target="_top"><input type="hidden" name="cmd" value="_s-xclick"><input type="hidden" name="hosted_button_id" value="CCBJP5DHB7DEA"><input type="image" src="https://www.paypalobjects.com/en_US/i/btn/btn_donateCC_LG.gif" name="submit" alt="PayPal - The safer, easier way to pay online!" style="background:none;border-width:0px"><img alt="" src="https://www.paypalobjects.com/en_US/i/scr/pixel.gif" style="height:1px;width:1px"></form> <h3 class="H3M">Please <a href="#share" title="Jump to social networking sharing widgets on this page." class="H3MA">Share</a> and/or <a href="#providelink" title="Suggested link code for this page." class="H3MA">Link To</a> This Page</h3><div class="Menu"><p>Please <a href="#share" title="Jump to social networking sharing widgets on this page.">share</a> and/or <a href="#providelink" title="Suggested link code for this page.">link</a> to this page if you find it useful or informative.</p></div><h3 class="H3M">Educators</h3><p><strong>We are a great educational resource!</strong> Use online or print pages out as classroom handouts. <A HREF="/yogi/about.html#Classroom">More info.</a></p><h3 class="H3M">Featured</h3><ul class="PMenu"><li><a href="/yogi/periodic/" title="Comprehensive data for each element of the periodic table including up to 40 properties, common chemical compounds. 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We expect the renovations ...">70s House Eco Renovation </A></div><ul class="SM"><li>Redecorating<ul class="SM"><li><A HREF="/gogreen/ecorenovation/70shouse/paintingwalls.html" title="Bright walls require less light, Low VOC options, recycled painting supplies.">Painting Walls</A><li><A HREF="/gogreen/ecorenovation/70shouse/replacingcarpets.html" title="Soybean based padding, recycled PET carpets, low VOCs, reduced health concerns">Replacing Carpets</A><li><A HREF="/gogreen/ecorenovation/70shouse/lightfixtures.html" title="Better ambiance, energy efficient CFLs">Updating Light Fixtures</A></ul><li>Bathroom Renovation<ul class="SM"><li><A HREF="/gogreen/ecorenovation/70shouse/showerhead.html" title="An easy DIY project that will result in immediate savings.">Installing a low flow showerhead </A></ul><li>Switching to Renewable Energy<ul class="SM"><li><A HREF="/gogreen/ecorenovation/70shouse/buycleanelectricity.html" title="One of the easiest ways for us to reduce our carbon footprint by around 1.5 tons per year was to start buying our electricity from a clean power pr...">Buying local clean power electricity</A></ul><li>Kitchen Renovation - Coming in 2010 or 2011<li>Weatherization - Coming late 2009<ul class="SM"><li><A HREF="/gogreen/ecorenovation/70shouse/initialenergyaudit.html" title="This energy audit was conducted on our house to help us prioritize weatherization and energy efficiency projects.">Energy Audit</A><li><A HREF="/gogreen/ecorenovation/70shouse/revisedreturnoninvestment.html" title="These are updated return on investment calculations for the energy audit that was conducted on our house and reflect updated information.">Revised ROI Calculations</A></ul></ul></ul><h3 class="H3M">Environmental Issues</h3><ul class="PMenu"><li><div>Consumer Health & Food Safety Concerns</div><ul class="SM"><li><A HREF="/yogi/environmental/200701fluorideininfantdiets.html" title="Based on American Dental Association recommendations, many infants and small children may be getting too much fluoride in their diets, which may po...">ADA Recommendation for Fluoride in Infant Diets</A><li>Asbestos<ul class="SM"><li><A HREF="/yogi/environmental/asbestoshistory2004.html">Asbestos, a Brief History its Uses & Health Risks</A><li><A HREF="/yogi/environmental/asbestosproperties2004.html">Asbestos, its Chemical & Physical Properties</A><li><A HREF="/yogi/environmental/asbestoshealthhazards2004.html">Asbestos: A Manufacturing Health Hazard Dating to Prehistoric Times</A></ul><li>Dry-Cleaning Chemicals<ul class="SM"><li><A HREF="/yogi/environmental/200603percholorethylene.html" title="According to the EPA, we all may be exposed to perc because it is found in the air and drinking water nationwide.">Looking Good, Feeling Bad; or, What's the Problem with Perc?</A><li><A HREF="/yogi/environmental/200605drycleaning.html" title="The vast majority of America's dry cleaners use perc - are there viable alternatives? The three most prominent non-perc cleaning options are examin...">Are there Realistic Dry-Cleaning Alternatives to Perc?</A></ul><li><A HREF="/yogi/environmental/200603tefloncoverup.html" title="Court records and internal documents have shown that DuPont has been covering up the true dangers of Teflon for decades.">DuPont's Teflon Cover-up</A><li><A HREF="/yogi/environmental/200804childrenautismadhd.html" title="While the generally accepted causes of neurodevelopmental disorders like Autism and ADHD include genetic and environmental factors, a wide range of...">Neurodevelopmental Disorders in Children: Autism & ADHD</A><li><A HREF="/yogi/environmental/200601pcbsinfood.html" title="PCBs a notoriously hazardous group of chemicals have infiltrated our food chain.">PCBs in the food you love</A><li>Seafood Safety<ul class="SM"><li><A HREF="/yogi/environmental/200511mercuryvsomega-3fattyacids.html" title="In spite of the health benefits provided by omega-3 fatty acids found in fish oils, people are decreasing fish in their diets due to high levels of...">Mercury in Fish vs. the Benefits of Fish Oils</A><li><A HREF="/yogi/environmental/200605norwegiansalmon.html" title="The quality and safety of Norwegian farmed salmon came into question with a Russian ban, illegal nitrate use and evidence of a Norwegian cover up.">Norwegian Farmed Salmon Raises Global Concern</A></ul><li><A HREF="/yogi/hazmat/200606lawnchemicals.html" title="Each year consumers paint their lawns with various fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides. 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Who must ultimately pay the price for cleanup? Forensic ch...">PCBs in New York's Hudson River</A><li><A HREF="/yogi/environmental/mercurypollution2005.html" title="Outdated coal fired powerplants are contributing to increased mercury levels in lakes and streams.">Increased Mercury Levels Attributed to Industrial Activities</A><li><A HREF="/yogi/environmental/200512concordriverpollution.html" title="In Massachusetts, the Concord River, along with its tributaries, serve as an example of the implications that pollutants can have on our environment.">Environmental Pollution of the Concord River</A></ul><li><div>Waste & Recycling</div><ul class="SM"><li><A HREF="/yogi/environmental/household.html" title="There are a lot of dangerous chemicals in your home. Here are some things to do to make it safer.">Guide to Handling Household Chemicals</A><li><A HREF="/yogi/environmental/200604recycledpaper.html" title="Just like anything else, the recycled paper you buy may not always be what it seems.">How Well Do You Know Recycled Paper?</A><li><A HREF="/yogi/hazmat/articles/trash.html" title="Many municipal landfills have the situation well in hand; do you?">Protecting Wildlife from Trash</A><li><A HREF="/yogi/environmental/200702plasticrecycling.html" title="Where do recyclable plastics go? If a plastic makes it into the recycling loop, it will go through many processes before it emerges as a recycled p...">Plastics - From Recycling Bin to New Product</A><li><A HREF="/yogi/environmental/200705rohs.html" title="The European Union (EU) member states are taking action and holding manufacturers responsible for the hazardous materials in their products.">RoHS: Europe's Initiative to Control Technological Waste</A><li><A HREF="/yogi/environmental/medicalwaste.html" title="Gives insight as to how medical waste is disposed of in America.">Treatment of Biohazardous Waste</A><li><A HREF="/yogi/environmental/wastehistory.html" title="Do you want to be a Garbologist?">The History of Waste</A></ul></ul><h3 class="H3M">Chemistry</h3><ul class="PMenu"><li><div>Articles</div><ul class="SM"><li><A HREF="/yogi/periodic/atom_anatomy.html" title="Explains the structure of atoms and how this affects the way they interact with each other.">Anatomy of the Atom</A><li><A HREF="/yogi/chemistry/pcb.html" title="PCB, The Manmade Chemicals That Won't Go Away">The Chemistry of Polychlorinated Biphenyls</A><li><A HREF="/yogi/reference/molar.html" title="A tutorial on Molar mass calculations with examples and a molecular weight calculator to aid calculations.">Molar Mass Calculations and Molecular Weight Calculator</A><li><A HREF="/yogi/chemistry/MolarityMolalityNormality.html" title="Introduces stoichiometry and explains the differences between molarity, molality and normality.">Stoichiometry: Molarity, Molality and Normality</A><li><A HREF="/yogi/chemistry/200609fluorine.html" title="Fluoride's derivatives have many uses other than as a mouthwash.">What You Do and Don't Know About Fluorine</A></ul><li><div>Reference Resources</div><ul class="SM"><li><A HREF="/yogi/chemicals/" title="An indexed directory of common chemicals used in industry and household products.">Chemical Database</A><li><A HREF="/yogi/chemistry/dictionary/index.html" title="Defines many of the technical terms and acronyms used on this site as well as many other terms.">Chemistry Dictionary</A><li><A HREF="/yogi/periodic/" title="Comprehensive data for each element of the periodic table including up to 40 properties, common chemical compounds. Information also provided for 3...">Periodic Table of Elements</A><li><label for="PTOEDDD">Sort periodic table by: <select onchange="window.location='/yogi/periodic/'+this.options[this.selectedIndex].value+'.html'" id="PTOEDDD"><option SELECTED>select order<option value="atomicradius">Atomic Radius<option value="boilingpoint">Boiling Point<option value="covalentradius">Covalent Radius<option value="crosssection">Cross Section<option value="crystal">Crystal Structure<option value="density">Density<option value="electrical">Electrical Conductivity<option value="electronegativity">Eletronegativity<option value="meltingpoint">Freezing Point<option value="vaporization">Heat of Vaporization<option value="ionicradius">Ionic Radius<option value="1stionization">Ionization Potential<option value="mass">Mass Average<option value="meltingpoint">Melting Point<option value="name">Name<option value="index">Periodic Table<option value="series">Series<option value="symbol">Symbol<option value="thermal">Thermal Conductivity<option value="year">Year of Discovery</select></label></ul></ul><h3 class="H3M">Hazardous Materials</h3><ul class="PMenu"><li><div>Household</div><ul class="SM"><li><A HREF="/yogi/environmental/household.html" title="There are a lot of dangerous chemicals in your home. Here are some things to do to make it safer.">Guide to Handling Household Chemicals</A><li><A HREF="/yogi/hazmat/200606lawnchemicals.html" title="Each year consumers paint their lawns with various fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides. These chemicals can be deadly if used incorrectly.">The Dangers of Lawn Chemicals at Home</A></ul><li><div>Industry</div><ul class="SM"><li><A HREF="/yogi/hazmat/erg/" title="An online version of the USDOT ERG which is for first responders during the initial phase of a HazMat incident.">Emergency Response Guidebook (ERG)</A><ul class="SM"><li>List materials by<ul class="SM"><li><A HREF="/yogi/hazmat/erg/">UN Number</A><li><A HREF="/yogi/hazmat/erg/ob/name.html">Material Name</A></ul></ul><li><A HREF="/yogi/hazmat/table/" title="USDOT hazardous materials table from 49CFR 172.101.">49CFR USDOT Hazardous Materials Table</A><li><A HREF="/yogi/hazmat/placards/" title="Images and definitions of hazardous materials placards required by the USDOT when transporting dangerous goods.">USDOT HazMat Placards</A><ul class="SM"><li><label for="PlacardDD" title="Select hazard class/division"><select onchange="window.location='/yogi/hazmat/placards/'+this.options[this.selectedIndex].value+'.html'" id="PlacardDD"><option SELECTED> Select Class/Div.<option value="class1">1 Explosives<option value="class2">2 Compressed Gas<option value="class3">3 Flammable Liquid<option value="class4">4 Flammable Solids<option value="class5">5 Oxidizers<option value="class6">6.1 Poisons<option value="class7">7 Radioactives<option value="class8">8 Corrosives<option value="class9">9 Miscellaneous<option value="etc">Related Markings</select></label></ul><li><A HREF="/yogi/hazmat/compliance/quiz.html" title="Test your knowledge of USDOT HazMat placarding regulations (49CFR).">Placarding Quiz</A><li><A HREF="/yogi/hazmat/placards/PlacardingCD.html" title="Contains clipart versions of hazmat placards. Includes USDOT hazmat transportation training modules as a free bonus.">USDOT HazMat Placards CD & training modules</A><li><A HREF="/yogi/hazmat/compliance/200601ExceptionsExemptionsVariances.html" title="All Leniencies are not created equally, what are the differences?">Exceptions, Exemptions and Variances</A><li><A HREF="/yogi/hazmat/compliance/HazMatTransportionPermitSystem.html" title="Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration's hazardous materials transportation permitting system.">FMCSA HazMat Transportion Permit System</A></ul></ul><div style="margin:2px"><img src="https://envirochem.us/images/ptmap.png" alt="Image map of the periodic table of elements" usemap="#ptmap" style="width:156px;height:127px;"><map name="ptmap"><area shape="poly" coords="15,24,145,24,145,34,105,34,105,56,23,56,23,34,15,34" href="index.html" alt="Click here for main periodic table or move mouse to desired element." title="Click here for main periodic table or move mouse to desired element."><area coords="7,24,14,34" href="H.html" alt="1 H" title="1 Hydrogen"><area coords="146,24,153,34" href="He.html" alt="2 He" title="2 Helium"><area coords="7,35,14,45" href="Li.html" alt="3 Li" title="3 Lithium"><area coords="15,35,22,45" href="Be.html" alt="4 Be" title="4 Beryllium"><area coords="106,35,113,45" href="B.html" alt="5 B" title="5 Boron"><area coords="114,35,121,45" href="C.html" alt="6 C" title="6 Carbon"><area coords="122,35,129,45" href="N.html" alt="7 N" title="7 Nitrogen"><area coords="130,35,137,45" href="O.html" alt="8 O" title="8 Oxygen"><area coords="138,35,145,45" href="F.html" alt="9 F" title="9 Fluorine"><area coords="146,35,153,45" href="Ne.html" alt="10 Ne" title="10 Neon"><area coords="7,46,13,56" href="Na.html" alt="11 Na" title="11 Sodium"><area coords="15,46,22,56" href="Mg.html" alt="12 Mg" title="12 Magnesium"><area coords="106,46,113,56" href="Al.html" alt="13 Al" title="13 Aluminum"><area coords="114,46,121,56" href="Si.html" alt="14 Si" title="14 Silicon"><area coords="122,46,129,56" href="P.html" alt="15 P" title="15 Phosphorus"><area coords="130,46,137,56" href="S.html" alt="16 S" title="16 Sulfur"><area coords="138,46,145,56" href="Cl.html" alt="17 Cl" title="17 Chlorine"><area coords="146,46,153,56" href="Ar.html" alt="18 Ar" title="18 Argon"><area coords="7,57,13,67" href="K.html" alt="19 K" title="19 Potassium"><area coords="15,57,22,67" href="Ca.html" alt="20 Ca" title="20 Calcium"><area coords="23,57,29,67" href="Sc.html" alt="21 Sc" title="21 Scandium"><area coords="34,57,41,67" href="Ti.html" alt="22 Ti" title="22 Titanium"><area coords="42,57,49,67" href="V.html" alt="23 V" title="23 Vandium"><area coords="50,57,57,67" href="Cr.html" alt="24 Cr" title="24 Chromium"><area coords="58,57,65,67" href="Mn.html" alt="25 Mn" title="25 Manganese"><area coords="66,57,73,67" href="Fe.html" alt="26 Fe" title="26 Iron"><area coords="74,57,81,67" href="Co.html" alt="27 Co" title="27 Cobalt"><area coords="82,57,89,67" href="Ni.html" alt="28 Ni" title="28 Nickel"><area coords="90,57,97,67" href="Cu.html" alt="29 Cu" title="29 Copper"><area coords="98,57,105,67" href="Zn.html" alt="30 Zn" title="30 Zinc"><area coords="106,57,113,67" href="Ga.html" alt="31 Ga" title="31 Gallium"><area coords="114,57,121,67" href="Ge.html" alt="32 Ge" title="32 Germanium"><area coords="122,57,129,67" href="As.html" alt="33 As" title="33 Arsenic"><area coords="130,57,137,67" href="Se.html" alt="34 Se" title="34 Selenium"><area coords="138,57,145,67" href="Br.html" alt="35 Br" title="35 Bromine"><area coords="146,57,153,67" href="Kr.html" alt="36 Kr" title="36 Krypton"><area coords="7,68,13,78" href="Rb.html" alt="37 Rb" title="37 Rubidium"><area coords="15,68,22,78" href="Sr.html" alt="38 Sr" title="38 Strontium"><area coords="23,68,30,78" href="Y.html" alt="39 Y" title="39 Yttrium"><area coords="34,68,41,78" href="Zr.html" alt="40 Zr" title="40 Zirconium"><area coords="42,68,49,78" href="Nb.html" alt="41 Nb" title="41 Niobium"><area coords="50,68,57,78" href="Mo.html" alt="42 Mo" title="42 Molybdenum"><area coords="58,68,65,78" href="Tc.html" alt="43 Tc" title="43 Technetium"><area coords="66,68,73,78" href="Ru.html" alt="44 Ru" title="44 Ruthenium"><area coords="74,68,81,78" href="Rh.html" alt="45 Rh" title="45 Rhodium"><area coords="82,68,89,78" href="Pd.html" alt="46 Pd" title="46 Palladium"><area coords="90,68,97,78" href="Ag.html" alt="47 Ag" title="47 Silver"><area coords="98,68,105,78" href="Cd.html" alt="48 Cd" title="48 Cadmium"><area coords="106,68,113,78" href="In.html" alt="49 In" title="49 Indium"><area coords="114,68,121,78" href="Sn.html" alt="50 Sn" title="50 Tin"><area coords="122,68,129,78" href="Sb.html" alt="51 Sb" title="51 Atimony"><area coords="130,68,137,78" href="Te.html" alt="52 Te" title="52 Tellurium"><area coords="138,68,145,78" href="I.html" alt="53 I" title="53 Iodine"><area coords="146,68,153,78" href="Xe.html" alt="54 Xe" title="54 Xenon"><area coords="7,79,13,89" href="Cs.html" alt="55 Cs" title="55 Cesium"><area coords="15,79,22,89" href="Ba.html" alt="56 Ba" title="56 Barium"><area coords="23,79,30,89" href="La.html" alt="57 La" title="57 Lathanum"><area coords="34,79,41,89" href="Hf.html" alt="72 Hf" title="72 Hafnium"><area coords="42,79,49,89" href="Ta.html" alt="73 Ta" title="73 Tantalum"><area coords="50,79,57,89" href="W.html" alt="74 W" title="74 Tungsten"><area coords="58,79,65,89" href="Re.html" alt="75 Re" title="75 Rhenium"><area coords="66,79,73,89" href="Os.html" alt="76 Os" title="76 Osmium"><area coords="74,79,81,89" href="Ir.html" alt="77 Ir" title="77 Iridium"><area coords="82,79,89,89" href="Pt.html" alt="78 Pt" title="78 Platinum"><area coords="90,79,97,89" href="Au.html" alt="79 Au" title="79 Gold"><area coords="98,79,105,89" href="Hg.html" alt="80 Hg" title="80 Mercury"><area coords="106,79,113,89" href="Tl.html" alt="81 Tl" title="81 Thallium"><area coords="114,79,121,89" href="Pb.html" alt="82 Pb" title="82 Lead"><area coords="122,79,129,89" href="Bi.html" alt="83 Bi" title="83 Bismuth"><area coords="130,79,137,89" href="Po.html" alt="84 Po" title="84 Polonium"><area coords="138,79,145,89" href="At.html" alt="85 At" title="85 Astatine"><area coords="146,79,153,89" href="Rn.html" alt="86 Rn" title="86 Radon"><area coords="7,90,13,100" href="Fr.html" alt="87 Fr" title="87 Francium"><area coords="15,90,22,100" href="Ra.html" alt="88 Ra" title="88 Radium"><area coords="23,90,30,100" href="Ac.html" alt="89 Ac" title="89 Actinium"><area coords="34,90,41,100" href="Rf.html" alt="104 Rf" title="104 Rutherfordium"><area coords="42,90,49,100" href="Db.html" alt="105 Db" title="105 Dubnium"><area coords="50,90,57,100" href="Sg.html" alt="106 Sg" title="106 Seaborgium"><area coords="58,90,65,100" href="Bh.html" alt="107 Bh" title="107 Bohrium"><area coords="66,90,73,100" href="Hs.html" alt="108 Hs" title="108 Hassium"><area coords="74,90,81,100" href="Mt.html" alt="109 Mt" title="109 Meitnerium"><area coords="82,90,89,100" href="Ds.html" alt="110 Ds" title="110 Darmstadtium"><area coords="90,90,107,100" href="Rg.html" alt="111 Rg" title="111 Roentgenium"><area coords="108,90,125,100" href="Cn.html" alt="112 Cn" title="112 Copernicium"><area coords="34,103,41,113" href="Ce.html" alt="58 Ce" title="58 Cerium"><area coords="42,103,49,113" href="Pr.html" alt="59 Pr" title="59 Praseodymium"><area coords="50,103,57,113" href="Nd.html" alt="60 Nd" title="60 Neodymium"><area coords="58,103,65,113" href="Pm.html" alt="61 Pm" title="61 Promethium"><area coords="66,103,73,113" href="Sm.html" alt="62 Sm" title="62 Samarium"><area coords="74,103,81,113" href="Eu.html" alt="63 Eu" title="63 Europium"><area coords="82,103,89,113" href="Gd.html" alt="64 Gd" title="64 Gadolinium"><area coords="90,103,97,113" href="Tb.html" alt="65 Tb" title="65 Terbium"><area coords="98,103,105,113" href="Dy.html" alt="66 Dy" title="66 Dysprosium"><area coords="106,103,113,113" href="Ho.html" alt="67 Ho" title="67 Holmium"><area coords="114,103,121,113" href="Er.html" alt="68 Er" title="68 Erbium"><area coords="122,103,129,113" href="Tm.html" alt="69 Tm" title="69 Thulium"><area coords="130,103,137,113" href="Yb.html" alt="70 Yb" title="70 Ytterbium"><area coords="138,103,145,113" href="Lu.html" alt="71 Lu" title="71 Lutetium"><area coords="34,114,41,124" href="Th.html" alt="90 Th" title="90 Thorium"><area coords="42,114,49,124" href="Pa.html" alt="91 Pa" title="91 Protactinum"><area coords="50,114,57,124" href="U.html" alt="92 U" title="92 Uranium"><area coords="58,114,65,124" href="Np.html" alt="93 Np" title="93 Neptunium"><area coords="66,114,73,124" href="Pu.html" alt="94 Pu" title="94 Plutonium"><area coords="74,114,81,124" href="Am.html" alt="95 Am" title="95 Americium"><area coords="82,114,89,124" href="Cm.html" alt="96 Cm" title="96 Curium"><area coords="90,114,97,124" href="Bk.html" alt="97 Bk" title="97 Berkelium"><area coords="98,114,105,124" href="Cf.html" alt="98 Cf" title="98 Californium"><area coords="106,114,113,124" href="Es.html" alt="99 Es" title="99 Einsteinium"><area coords="114,114,121,124" href="Fm.html" alt="100 Fm" title="100 Fermium"><area coords="122,114,129,124" href="Md.html" alt="101 Md" title="101 Mendelevium"><area coords="130,114,137,124" href="No.html" alt="102 No" title="102 Nobelium"><area coords="138,114,145,124" href="Lr.html" alt="103 Lr" title="103 Larencium"></map></div></nav></div></div><div class="VB ColumnHeight ScreenOnly"></div></div><nav><div class="BN"><ul class="BNUL"><li class="BNLI"><A href="/yogi/privacy.html" class="BNA">Privacy Statement</A><li class="BNLI"><A href="/terms.html" class="BNA">Terms of Service</A><li class="BNLI"><a href="/yogi/about.html" class="BNA">About Us</a><li class="BNLI"><a href="/" class="BNA">Site Directory</a><li class="BNLI"><A href="/contact.html" class="BNA">Contact Us</a><li class="BNLI"><A href="http://twitter.com/envirochem" class="BNA">Follow Us on 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