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class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">System file (DOS BIOS) in PC DOS and DR-DOS</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:IBM_PC_DOS_1.0_screenshot.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/IBM_PC_DOS_1.0_screenshot.png/300px-IBM_PC_DOS_1.0_screenshot.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/IBM_PC_DOS_1.0_screenshot.png/450px-IBM_PC_DOS_1.0_screenshot.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/IBM_PC_DOS_1.0_screenshot.png/600px-IBM_PC_DOS_1.0_screenshot.png 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="400" /></a><figcaption><code>IBMBIO.COM</code> (at the top of the listing of <a href="/wiki/COM_file" title="COM file">COM files</a>) in <a href="/wiki/IBM_PC_DOS" title="IBM PC DOS">IBM PC DOS</a> 1.0.</figcaption></figure> <p><b>IBMBIO.COM</b> is a <a href="/wiki/System_file" title="System file">system file</a> in many <a href="/wiki/DOS" title="DOS">DOS</a> operating systems. It contains the system initialization code and all built-in device drivers. It also loads the DOS kernel (<a href="/wiki/IBMDOS.COM" title="IBMDOS.COM">IBMDOS.COM</a>) and optional pre-loadable system components (like for <a href="/wiki/Disk_compression" title="Disk compression">disk compression</a> or security),<sup id="cite_ref-Schulman_1994_Undocumented-DOS_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schulman_1994_Undocumented-DOS-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Paul_1997_OD-A3_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Paul_1997_OD-A3-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> displays boot menus, processes configuration files (like <a href="/wiki/CONFIG.SYS" title="CONFIG.SYS">CONFIG.SYS</a>) and launches the shell (like <a href="/wiki/COMMAND.COM" title="COMMAND.COM">COMMAND.COM</a>). </p><p>The file is part of <a href="/wiki/IBM" title="IBM">IBM</a>'s <a href="/wiki/PC_DOS" class="mw-redirect" title="PC DOS">PC DOS</a> (all versions) as well as of <a href="/wiki/DR_DOS_5.0" class="mw-redirect" title="DR DOS 5.0">DR DOS 5.0</a> and higher (with the exception of <a href="/wiki/DR-DOS_7.06" class="mw-redirect" title="DR-DOS 7.06">DR-DOS 7.06</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-Paul_1997_OD-A3_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Paul_1997_OD-A3-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Paul_2017_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Paul_2017-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It serves the same purpose as the file <a href="/wiki/IO.SYS" title="IO.SYS">IO.SYS</a> in <a href="/wiki/MS-DOS" title="MS-DOS">MS-DOS</a>, or DRBIOS.SYS in <a href="/wiki/DR_DOS_3.31" class="mw-redirect" title="DR DOS 3.31">DR DOS 3.31</a> to <a href="/wiki/DR_DOS_3.41" class="mw-redirect" title="DR DOS 3.41">3.41</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Paul_1997_OD-A3_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Paul_1997_OD-A3-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Paul_2017_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Paul_2017-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (For compatibility purposes with some DOS applications the IBMBIO.COM file name was briefly also used by the IBM version of <a href="/wiki/OS/2_1.0" class="mw-redirect" title="OS/2 1.0">OS/2 1.0</a>, where it resembled the <a href="/wiki/OS2BIO.COM" class="mw-redirect" title="OS2BIO.COM">OS2BIO.COM</a> file as used by <a href="/wiki/Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a>.) </p><p>The file is located in the <a href="/wiki/Root_directory" title="Root directory">root directory</a> of the bootable <a href="/wiki/File_Allocation_Table" title="File Allocation Table">FAT</a>-formatted drive/partition (typically C:\) and typically has the <i>system</i>, <i>hidden</i>, and (since DOS 2.0 also the) <i>read-only</i> <a href="/wiki/File_attribute" title="File attribute">file attributes</a> set.<sup id="cite_ref-Duncan_1988_MS-DOS_Encyclopedia_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Duncan_1988_MS-DOS_Encyclopedia-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Paul_1997_NWDOSTIP_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Paul_1997_NWDOSTIP-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Paul_2001_NWDOSTIP_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Paul_2001_NWDOSTIP-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Paul_1997_OD-A3_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Paul_1997_OD-A3-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Paul_2017_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Paul_2017-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Under DR-DOS the file may be optionally <a href="/wiki/FAT_file_password" class="mw-redirect" title="FAT file password">password-protected</a> as well.<sup id="cite_ref-Paul_2017_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Paul_2017-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NB_DR-DOS_Password_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NB_DR-DOS_Password-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>nb 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Under PC DOS, the <i>system</i> attribute is set in order to mark the file as non-movable, a restriction technically not necessary under DR-DOS.<sup id="cite_ref-Rosch_1991_SYS_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rosch_1991_SYS-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Paul_1997_NWDOSTIP_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Paul_1997_NWDOSTIP-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Paul_2001_NWDOSTIP_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Paul_2001_NWDOSTIP-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Paul_2002_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Paul_2002-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Paul_2017_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Paul_2017-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As IBMBIO.COM is a binary image containing executable code rather than a true <a href="/wiki/COM_file" title="COM file">COM</a>-style program, the <i>hidden</i> attribute is set to keep the file from being accidentally invoked at the command prompt, which would lead to a crash.<sup id="cite_ref-Paul_1997_NWDOSTIP_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Paul_1997_NWDOSTIP-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is no longer necessary for <a href="/wiki/DR-DOS_7.02" class="mw-redirect" title="DR-DOS 7.02">DR-DOS 7.02</a> and higher, because under these systems the file is a <a href="/wiki/Fat_binary" title="Fat binary">fat binary</a> also containing a tiny COM-style stub just displaying some version info and exiting gracefully when not being loaded by a <a href="/wiki/Boot_sector" title="Boot sector">boot sector</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Paul_1997_OD-A3_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Paul_1997_OD-A3-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Paul_1997_NWDOSTIP_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Paul_1997_NWDOSTIP-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Caldera_1998_NEW703_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Caldera_1998_NEW703-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/IBM_PC_compatible" title="IBM PC compatible">PC</a> <a href="/wiki/Bootup" class="mw-redirect" title="Bootup">bootup</a> sequence, the first sector of the boot volume contains a <a href="/wiki/Boot_loader" class="mw-redirect" title="Boot loader">boot loader</a> called the <a href="/wiki/Volume_boot_record" title="Volume boot record">volume boot record</a> (VBR) and is loaded into memory and executed. </p><p>If this is a VBR of PC DOS before 3.3 it would load both system files into memory by itself.<sup id="cite_ref-Duncan_1988_MS-DOS_Encyclopedia_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Duncan_1988_MS-DOS_Encyclopedia-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Chappell_1994_DOS-Internals_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chappell_1994_DOS-Internals-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As the PC DOS VBR cannot mount the FAT file system, the system files have to be stored in the first directory entries on the disk and be located at fixed physical positions on the disk stored in consecutive sectors, conditions of which the <a href="/wiki/SYS_(DOS_command)" class="mw-redirect" title="SYS (DOS command)">SYS</a> utility must take care of.<sup id="cite_ref-Duncan_1988_MS-DOS_Encyclopedia_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Duncan_1988_MS-DOS_Encyclopedia-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Chappell_1994_DOS-Internals_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chappell_1994_DOS-Internals-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>If the loaded boot sector is a <a href="/wiki/PC_DOS_3.3" class="mw-redirect" title="PC DOS 3.3">PC DOS 3.3</a> (or newer) VBR, the requirements are slightly relaxed. The system files still have to be stored in the first two root directory entries on the disk, but the VBR will use only the first entry to load the first three sectors of IBMBIO.COM into memory and transfer control to it.<sup id="cite_ref-Chappell_1994_DOS-Internals_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chappell_1994_DOS-Internals-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NB_PC_DOS_Contiguous_files_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NB_PC_DOS_Contiguous_files-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>nb 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This part of IBMBIO.COM then contains a somewhat larger boot loader which: </p> <ol><li>Loads the rest of itself into memory. Before <a href="/wiki/PC_DOS_5.0" class="mw-redirect" title="PC DOS 5.0">PC DOS 5.0</a> the system files still had to be stored at fixed physical positions on the disk and stored in consecutive sectors. With PC DOS 5.0 (and higher) this requirement was reduced down to the first three sectors of IBMBIO.COM only.<sup id="cite_ref-Chappell_1994_DOS-Internals_11-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chappell_1994_DOS-Internals-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NB_PC_DOS_Contiguous_files_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NB_PC_DOS_Contiguous_files-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>nb 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Loads the DOS kernel. The kernel is stored in <a href="/wiki/IBMDOS.COM" title="IBMDOS.COM">IBMDOS.COM</a>.</li> <li>Initializes each default <a href="/wiki/Device_driver" title="Device driver">device driver</a> in turn (<a href="/wiki/System_console" class="mw-redirect" title="System console">console</a>, disk, <a href="/wiki/Serial_port" title="Serial port">serial port</a>, et cetera). At this point, the default devices are available.</li> <li>Calls the DOS kernel's initialization routine.</li></ol> <p>Under <a href="/wiki/DR_DOS_5.0" class="mw-redirect" title="DR DOS 5.0">DR DOS 5.0</a> and higher, the first step is skipped, since a DR-DOS VBR is capable of mounting the FAT file system, locate the IBMBIO.COM (or DRBIOS.SYS) file anywhere in the root directory and load it into memory by itself.<sup id="cite_ref-Rosch_1991_SYS_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rosch_1991_SYS-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Paul_1997_OD-A3_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Paul_1997_OD-A3-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Paul_1997_NWDOSTIP_5-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Paul_1997_NWDOSTIP-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Paul_2001_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Paul_2001-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Paul_2002_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Paul_2002-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Paul_2017_3-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Paul_2017-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NB_DR-DOS_File-size_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NB_DR-DOS_File-size-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>nb 3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NB_DR-DOS_707_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NB_DR-DOS_707-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>nb 4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The filename of the IBMBIO.COM file to be loaded by the boot sector is stored in the boot sector rather than necessarily in the first root directory entry, likewise the filename of the IBMDOS.COM file to be loaded by IBMBIO.COM is stored in IBMBIO.COM itself rather than necessarily in the second directory entry on the disk.<sup id="cite_ref-Novell_1993_LOADER_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Novell_1993_LOADER-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Paul_1997_OD-A3_2-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Paul_1997_OD-A3-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Paul_1997_NWDOSTIP_5-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Paul_1997_NWDOSTIP-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Paul_2017_3-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Paul_2017-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also, similar to the IBMBIO.COM loader in the VBR, the IBMDOS.COM loader in IBMBIO.COM is capable of rudimentarily mounting the filesystem as well, therefore it is not necessary for the system files to be stored in the first two directory entries, to reside at fixed physical positions or be stored in consecutive sectors. Consequently, it is also no longer necessary to set the <i>system</i> attribute.<sup id="cite_ref-Rosch_1991_SYS_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rosch_1991_SYS-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Paul_1997_NWDOSTIP_5-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Paul_1997_NWDOSTIP-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Paul_2001_NWDOSTIP_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Paul_2001_NWDOSTIP-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Paul_2002_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Paul_2002-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Paul_2017_3-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Paul_2017-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Instead, the system files can be simply copied to the disk (without SYS), given a DR-DOS boot sector already resides on the disk.<sup id="cite_ref-Paul_1997_NWDOSTIP_5-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Paul_1997_NWDOSTIP-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Paul_2001_NWDOSTIP_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Paul_2001_NWDOSTIP-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Paul_1997_OD-A3_2-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Paul_1997_OD-A3-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Paul_2002_9-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Paul_2002-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Paul_2017_3-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Paul_2017-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Microsoft sometimes calls this component the I/O system,<sup id="cite_ref-Duncan_1988_MS-DOS_Encyclopedia_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Duncan_1988_MS-DOS_Encyclopedia-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Paterson_1994_Origins_DOS_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Paterson_1994_Origins_DOS-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Paterson_2007_Design-DOS_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Paterson_2007_Design-DOS-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but it is generally known as DOS BIOS (the DOS-related part of the <a href="/wiki/Basic_Input/Output_System" class="mw-redirect" title="Basic Input/Output System">Basic Input/Output System</a>). The term BIOS was originally coined by <a href="/wiki/Gary_Kildall" title="Gary Kildall">Gary Kildall</a> in 1975 for <a href="/wiki/BIOS_(CP/M)" class="mw-redirect" title="BIOS (CP/M)">CP/M</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Kildall_1975_BIOS_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kildall_1975_BIOS-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Kildall_1980_CPM_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kildall_1980_CPM-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Shustek_2016_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shustek_2016-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Kildall_1993_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kildall_1993-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Fischer_2001_Ewing_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fischer_2001_Ewing-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Fraley_2007_Killian_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fraley_2007_Killian-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but is also used to describe a similar component or layer in other operating systems by Digital Research, IBM, Microsoft and many others. </p><p>In a more generic sense, some vendors refer to this portion as the RAM BIOS of operating systems such as <a href="/wiki/DOS" title="DOS">DOS</a> or <a href="/wiki/CP/M" title="CP/M">CP/M</a> in order to contrast it with the built-in ROM BIOS of a machine.<sup id="cite_ref-ACT_1984_Apricot-Portable_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ACT_1984_Apricot-Portable-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=IBMBIO.COM&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_DOS_system_files" title="List of DOS system files">List of DOS system files</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hardware_abstraction_layer" class="mw-redirect" title="Hardware abstraction layer">Hardware abstraction layer</a> (HAL)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/RPLOADER" class="mw-redirect" title="RPLOADER">RPLOADER</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=IBMBIO.COM&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-NB_DR-DOS_Password-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NB_DR-DOS_Password_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In addition to the <i>read-only</i> attribute being set, the system files can be optionally <a href="/wiki/FAT_file_password" class="mw-redirect" title="FAT file password">password-protected</a> under <a href="/wiki/DR-DOS" title="DR-DOS">DR-DOS</a> using the PASSWORD command or the <code>/R[:password]</code> option available in some versions of the <a href="/wiki/SYS_(DOS_command)" class="mw-redirect" title="SYS (DOS command)">SYS</a> command.<sup><a href="#CITEREFPaul2017">[a]</a></sup> The boot loader would simply ignore a set file password while loading the file, but once the system has been booted, the system files could not be accessed without knowing the password, thereby providing an additional level of protection from accidental attempts to delete or modify the system files. (This file password feature is independent of volume or boot passwords also provided by DR-DOS in certain configurations.)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NB_PC_DOS_Contiguous_files-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NB_PC_DOS_Contiguous_files_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NB_PC_DOS_Contiguous_files_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">The <a href="/wiki/PC_DOS_5.0" class="mw-redirect" title="PC DOS 5.0">PC DOS 5.0</a> manual incorrectly states that the system files no longer need to be contiguous. However, for the boot process to work the system files still need to occupy the first two directory entries and the first three sectors of IBMBIO.COM still need to be stored contiguously.<sup><a href="#CITEREFChappell1994">[b]</a></sup> <a href="/wiki/SYS_(DOS_command)" class="mw-redirect" title="SYS (DOS command)">SYS</a> continues to take care of these requirements.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NB_DR-DOS_File-size-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NB_DR-DOS_File-size_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">There is one exception to the rule that <a href="/wiki/DR-DOS" title="DR-DOS">DR-DOS</a> <a href="/wiki/Volume_boot_record" title="Volume boot record">VBRs</a> will load the whole IBMBIO.COM file into memory: If the IBMBIO.COM file is larger than 29 KB, trying to load the whole file into memory would result in the boot loader to <a href="#Paul-1997-OD-A3">overwrite</a> the <a href="/wiki/Call_stack" title="Call stack">stack</a> and <a href="/wiki/Relocation_(computing)" title="Relocation (computing)">relocated</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Disk_Parameter_Table&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Disk Parameter Table (page does not exist)">Disk Parameter Table</a> (DPT/FDPB). Therefore, a <a href="/wiki/DR-DOS_7.07" class="mw-redirect" title="DR-DOS 7.07">DR-DOS 7.07</a> VBR would only load the first 29 KB of the file into memory, relying on another loader embedded into the first part of IBMBIO.COM to check for this condition and load the remainder of the file into memory by itself if necessary. This does not cause compatibility problems, as due to internal compression<sup><a href="#Paul-1997-OD-A3">[c]</a></sup><sup><a href="#CITEREFCaldera1998">[d]</a></sup> the IBMBIO.COM's size never exceeded this limit in previous versions without this loader. Combined with a dual entry structure this also allows the system to be loaded by a <a href="/wiki/PC_DOS" class="mw-redirect" title="PC DOS">PC DOS</a> VBR, which would load only the first three sectors of the file into memory.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NB_DR-DOS_707-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NB_DR-DOS_707_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The extended functionality of the DR-DOS <a href="/wiki/Volume_boot_record" title="Volume boot record">volume boot record</a> to mount <a href="/wiki/FAT12" class="mw-redirect" title="FAT12">FAT12</a> and <a href="/wiki/FAT16" class="mw-redirect" title="FAT16">FAT16</a> file systems via <a href="/wiki/Cylinder-head-sector" title="Cylinder-head-sector">CHS</a>, search for the boot file IBMBIO.COM and load it into memory as a whole, even if not stored at a fixed location and in consecutive sectors,<sup><a href="#CITEREFRosch1991">[e]</a></sup><sup><a href="#Paul-1997-OD-A3">[f]</a></sup><sup><a href="#Paul-1997-NWDOSTIP">[g]</a></sup><sup><a href="#Paul-2001">[h]</a></sup><sup><a href="#Paul-2002">[i]</a></sup><sup><a href="#CITEREFPaul2017">[j]</a></sup> could still be included utilizing conventional <a href="/wiki/Code_optimization" class="mw-redirect" title="Code optimization">code optimization</a> techniques in <a href="/wiki/Assembly_language" title="Assembly language">assembly language</a> up to <a href="/wiki/DR-DOS_7.05" class="mw-redirect" title="DR-DOS 7.05">7.05</a>, even while maintaining the minimum requirements of a 32 KB memory system with only <a href="/wiki/8088" class="mw-redirect" title="8088">8088</a>/<a href="/wiki/8086" class="mw-redirect" title="8086">8086</a> processor and continuing to support larger sector sizes and the <code>SYS /DR:ext</code> multi-boot feature.<sup><a href="#Paul-1997-OD-A3">[f]</a></sup> For the further addition of alternative boot units, <a href="/wiki/Logical_block_addressing" title="Logical block addressing">LBA</a>, <a href="/wiki/FAT32" class="mw-redirect" title="FAT32">FAT32</a> and the optional facility to also boot <a href="/wiki/PC_DOS" class="mw-redirect" title="PC DOS">PC DOS</a>/<a href="/wiki/MS-DOS" title="MS-DOS">MS-DOS</a> in addition to DR-DOS, the <a href="/wiki/DR-DOS_7.07" class="mw-redirect" title="DR-DOS 7.07">7.07</a> sectors had to resort to <a href="/wiki/Self-modifying_code" title="Self-modifying code">self-modifying code</a>, <a href="/wiki/Opcode" title="Opcode">opcode</a>-level programming in <a href="/wiki/Machine_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Machine language">machine language</a>, controlled utilization of (documented) <a href="/wiki/Side_effect_(computer_science)" title="Side effect (computer science)">side effects</a>, multi-level data/code <a href="/wiki/Instruction_overlapping" class="mw-redirect" title="Instruction overlapping">overlapping</a> and algorithmic <a href="/wiki/Fold_(function)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fold (function)">folding</a> techniques to still squeeze everything into the 423 bytes available for code in a single physical sector of 512 bytes, as it was a requirement for <a href="/wiki/Backward_compatibility" title="Backward compatibility">backward</a>- and cross-compatibility with other operating systems in <a href="/wiki/Multi_boot" class="mw-redirect" title="Multi boot">multi boot</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chain_load" class="mw-redirect" title="Chain load">chain load</a> scenarios.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=IBMBIO.COM&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Schulman_1994_Undocumented-DOS-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Schulman_1994_Undocumented-DOS_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFSchulmanBrownMaxeyMichels1994" class="citation book cs1">Schulman, Andrew; <a href="/wiki/Ralf_D._Brown" class="mw-redirect" title="Ralf D. Brown">Brown, Ralf D.</a>; Maxey, David; Michels, Raymond J.; Kyle, Jim (1994) [November 1993]. <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/undocumenteddosp00andr_0"><i>Undocumented DOS: A programmer's guide to reserved MS-DOS functions and data structures - expanded to include MS-DOS 6, Novell DOS and Windows 3.1</i></a></span> (2 ed.). Reading, Massachusetts: <a href="/wiki/Addison_Wesley" class="mw-redirect" title="Addison Wesley">Addison Wesley</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-201-63287-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-201-63287-X"><bdi>0-201-63287-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Undocumented+DOS%3A+A+programmer%27s+guide+to+reserved+MS-DOS+functions+and+data+structures+-+expanded+to+include+MS-DOS+6%2C+Novell+DOS+and+Windows+3.1&rft.place=Reading%2C+Massachusetts&rft.edition=2&rft.pub=Addison+Wesley&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=0-201-63287-X&rft.aulast=Schulman&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft.au=Brown%2C+Ralf+D.&rft.au=Maxey%2C+David&rft.au=Michels%2C+Raymond+J.&rft.au=Kyle%2C+Jim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fundocumenteddosp00andr_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIBMBIO.COM" class="Z3988"></span> (xviii+856+vi pages, 3.5"-floppy) Errata: <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190417215556/http://www.cs.cmu.edu/afs/cs/user/ralf/pub/books/UndocumentedDOS/errata.ud2">[1]</a><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190417212906/https://www.pcjs.org/pubs/pc/programming/Undocumented_DOS/#errata-2nd-edition">[2]</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Paul_1997_OD-A3-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Paul_1997_OD-A3_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Paul_1997_OD-A3_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Paul_1997_OD-A3_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Paul_1997_OD-A3_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Paul_1997_OD-A3_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Paul_1997_OD-A3_2-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Paul_1997_OD-A3_2-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Paul_1997_OD-A3_2-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="anchor" id="Paul-1997-OD-A3"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaul1997" class="citation web cs1">Paul, Matthias R. (1997-10-02) [1997-09-29]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20031004074600/http://www-student.informatik.uni-bonn.de/~frinke/ibmbioa3.zip">"Caldera OpenDOS 7.01/7.02 Update Alpha 3 IBMBIO.COM - README.TXT and BOOT.TXT - A short description of how OpenDOS is booted"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uni-bonn.de/~uzs180/download/ibmbioa3.zip">the original</a> on 2003-10-04<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-03-29</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Caldera+OpenDOS+7.01%2F7.02+Update+Alpha+3+IBMBIO.COM+-+README.TXT+and+BOOT.TXT+-+A+short+description+of+how+OpenDOS+is+booted&rft.date=1997-10-02&rft.aulast=Paul&rft.aufirst=Matthias+R.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.uni-bonn.de%2F~uzs180%2Fdownload%2Fibmbioa3.zip&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIBMBIO.COM" class="Z3988"></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181225154705/http://mirror.macintosharchive.org/max1zzz.co.uk/+Windows%20&%20DOS/DOS/System/Novell/Support/Bins/Op702src.zip">[3]</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Paul_2017-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Paul_2017_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Paul_2017_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Paul_2017_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Paul_2017_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Paul_2017_3-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Paul_2017_3-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Paul_2017_3-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Paul_2017_3-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Paul_2017_3-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaul2017" class="citation web cs1">Paul, Matthias R. (2017-08-14) [2017-08-07]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hpmuseum.org/forum/thread-8774-post-76925.html#pid76925">"The continuing saga of Windows 3.1 in enhanced mode on OmniBook 300"</a>. <i>MoHPC - the Museum of HP Calculators</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171006204718/http://hpmuseum.org/forum/thread-8774-post-76925.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2017-10-06<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-10-06</span></span>. <q>[…] the DR-DOS <a href="/wiki/FDISK_(DOS_command)" class="mw-redirect" title="FDISK (DOS command)">FDISK</a> does not only partition a disk, but can also format the freshly created volumes and initialize their boot sectors in one go, so there's no risk to accidentally mess up the wrong volume and no need for <a href="/wiki/FORMAT_(DOS_command)" class="mw-redirect" title="FORMAT (DOS command)">FORMAT</a> /S or <a href="/wiki/SYS_(DOS_command)" class="mw-redirect" title="SYS (DOS command)">SYS</a>. Afterwards, you could just copy over the remaining DR-DOS files, including the system files. It is important to know that, in contrast to MS-DOS/PC DOS, DR-DOS has "smart" boot sectors which will actually "mount" the file-system to search for and load the system files in the root directory instead of expecting them to be placed at a certain location. Physically, the system files can be located anywhere and also can be fragmented. […]</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=MoHPC+-+the+Museum+of+HP+Calculators&rft.atitle=The+continuing+saga+of+Windows+3.1+in+enhanced+mode+on+OmniBook+300&rft.date=2017-08-14&rft.aulast=Paul&rft.aufirst=Matthias+R.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhpmuseum.org%2Fforum%2Fthread-8774-post-76925.html%23pid76925&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIBMBIO.COM" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Duncan_1988_MS-DOS_Encyclopedia-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Duncan_1988_MS-DOS_Encyclopedia_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Duncan_1988_MS-DOS_Encyclopedia_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Duncan_1988_MS-DOS_Encyclopedia_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Duncan_1988_MS-DOS_Encyclopedia_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZbikowskiAllenBallmerBorman1988" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Mark_Zbikowski" title="Mark Zbikowski">Zbikowski, Mark</a>; <a href="/wiki/Paul_Allen" title="Paul Allen">Allen, Paul</a>; <a href="/wiki/Steve_Ballmer" title="Steve Ballmer">Ballmer, Steve</a>; Borman, Reuben; Borman, Rob; Butler, John; Carroll, Chuck; Chamberlain, Mark; Chell, David; Colee, Mike; Courtney, Mike; Dryfoos, Mike; Duncan, Rachel; Eckhardt, Kurt; Evans, Eric; Farmer, Rick; <a href="/wiki/Bill_Gates" title="Bill Gates">Gates, Bill</a>; Geary, Michael; Griffin, Bob; Hogarth, Doug; Johnson, James W.; Kermaani, Kaamel; King, Adrian; Koch, Reed; Landowski, James; Larson, Chris; Lennon, Thomas; Lipkie, Dan; <a href="/wiki/Marc_McDonald" title="Marc McDonald">McDonald, Marc</a>; McKinney, Bruce; Martin, Pascal; Mathers, Estelle; Matthews, Bob; Melin, David; Mergentime, Charles; Nevin, Randy; Newell, Dan; Newell, Tani; Norris, David; O'Leary, Mike; <a href="/wiki/Bob_O%27Rear" title="Bob O'Rear">O'Rear, Bob</a>; Olsson, Mike; Osterman, Larry; Ostling, Ridge; Pai, Sunil; <a href="/wiki/Tim_Paterson" title="Tim Paterson">Paterson, Tim</a>; Perez, Gary; Peters, Chris; <a href="/wiki/Charles_Petzold" title="Charles Petzold">Petzold, Charles</a>; Pollock, John; <a href="/wiki/Aaron_R._Reynolds" class="mw-redirect" title="Aaron R. Reynolds">Reynolds, Aaron</a>; Rubin, Darryl; Ryan, Ralph; Schulmeisters, Karl; Shah, Rajen; Shaw, Barry; Short, Anthony; Slivka, Ben; Smirl, Jon; Stillmaker, Betty; Stoddard, John; Tillman, Dennis; Whitten, Greg; Yount, Natalie; Zeck, Steve (1988). "Technical advisors". <i>The MS-DOS Encyclopedia: versions 1.0 through 3.2</i>. By Duncan, Ray; Bostwick, Steve; Burgoyne, Keith; Byers, Robert A.; Hogan, Thom; Kyle, Jim; <a href="/wiki/Gordon_Letwin" title="Gordon Letwin">Letwin, Gordon</a>; <a href="/wiki/Charles_Petzold" title="Charles Petzold">Petzold, Charles</a>; Rabinowitz, Chip; Tomlin, Jim; Wilton, Richard; Wolverton, Van; Wong, William; Woodcock, JoAnne (Completely reworked ed.). Redmond, Washington, USA: <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Press" title="Microsoft Press">Microsoft Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-55615-049-0" title="Special:BookSources/1-55615-049-0"><bdi>1-55615-049-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/87-21452">87-21452</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/16581341">16581341</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Technical+advisors&rft.btitle=The+MS-DOS+Encyclopedia%3A+versions+1.0+through+3.2&rft.place=Redmond%2C+Washington%2C+USA&rft.edition=Completely+reworked&rft.pub=Microsoft+Press&rft.date=1988&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F16581341&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F87-21452&rft.isbn=1-55615-049-0&rft.aulast=Zbikowski&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft.au=Allen%2C+Paul&rft.au=Ballmer%2C+Steve&rft.au=Borman%2C+Reuben&rft.au=Borman%2C+Rob&rft.au=Butler%2C+John&rft.au=Carroll%2C+Chuck&rft.au=Chamberlain%2C+Mark&rft.au=Chell%2C+David&rft.au=Colee%2C+Mike&rft.au=Courtney%2C+Mike&rft.au=Dryfoos%2C+Mike&rft.au=Duncan%2C+Rachel&rft.au=Eckhardt%2C+Kurt&rft.au=Evans%2C+Eric&rft.au=Farmer%2C+Rick&rft.au=Gates%2C+Bill&rft.au=Geary%2C+Michael&rft.au=Griffin%2C+Bob&rft.au=Hogarth%2C+Doug&rft.au=Johnson%2C+James+W.&rft.au=Kermaani%2C+Kaamel&rft.au=King%2C+Adrian&rft.au=Koch%2C+Reed&rft.au=Landowski%2C+James&rft.au=Larson%2C+Chris&rft.au=Lennon%2C+Thomas&rft.au=Lipkie%2C+Dan&rft.au=McDonald%2C+Marc&rft.au=McKinney%2C+Bruce&rft.au=Martin%2C+Pascal&rft.au=Mathers%2C+Estelle&rft.au=Matthews%2C+Bob&rft.au=Melin%2C+David&rft.au=Mergentime%2C+Charles&rft.au=Nevin%2C+Randy&rft.au=Newell%2C+Dan&rft.au=Newell%2C+Tani&rft.au=Norris%2C+David&rft.au=O%27Leary%2C+Mike&rft.au=O%27Rear%2C+Bob&rft.au=Olsson%2C+Mike&rft.au=Osterman%2C+Larry&rft.au=Ostling%2C+Ridge&rft.au=Pai%2C+Sunil&rft.au=Paterson%2C+Tim&rft.au=Perez%2C+Gary&rft.au=Peters%2C+Chris&rft.au=Petzold%2C+Charles&rft.au=Pollock%2C+John&rft.au=Reynolds%2C+Aaron&rft.au=Rubin%2C+Darryl&rft.au=Ryan%2C+Ralph&rft.au=Schulmeisters%2C+Karl&rft.au=Shah%2C+Rajen&rft.au=Shaw%2C+Barry&rft.au=Short%2C+Anthony&rft.au=Slivka%2C+Ben&rft.au=Smirl%2C+Jon&rft.au=Stillmaker%2C+Betty&rft.au=Stoddard%2C+John&rft.au=Tillman%2C+Dennis&rft.au=Whitten%2C+Greg&rft.au=Yount%2C+Natalie&rft.au=Zeck%2C+Steve&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIBMBIO.COM" class="Z3988"></span> (xix+1570 pages; 26 cm) (NB. This edition was published in 1988 after extensive rework of the withdrawn 1986 first edition by a different team of authors. <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.pcjs.org/pubs/pc/reference/microsoft/mspl13/msdos/encyclopedia/">[4]</a>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Paul_1997_NWDOSTIP-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Paul_1997_NWDOSTIP_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Paul_1997_NWDOSTIP_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Paul_1997_NWDOSTIP_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Paul_1997_NWDOSTIP_5-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Paul_1997_NWDOSTIP_5-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Paul_1997_NWDOSTIP_5-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Paul_1997_NWDOSTIP_5-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Paul_1997_NWDOSTIP_5-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="anchor" id="Paul-1997-NWDOSTIP"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaul1997" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Paul, Matthias R. (1997-07-30) [1994-05-01]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.antonis.de/dos/dos-tuts/mpdostip/html/nwdostip.htm"><i>NWDOS-TIPs — Tips & Tricks rund um Novell DOS 7, mit Blick auf undokumentierte Details, Bugs und Workarounds</i></a>. MPDOSTIP (in German) (3 ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161105172944/http://www.antonis.de/dos/dos-tuts/mpdostip/html/nwdostip.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 2016-11-05<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-01-11</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=NWDOS-TIPs+%26mdash%3B+Tips+%26+Tricks+rund+um+Novell+DOS+7%2C+mit+Blick+auf+undokumentierte+Details%2C+Bugs+und+Workarounds&rft.series=MPDOSTIP&rft.edition=3&rft.date=1997-07-30&rft.aulast=Paul&rft.aufirst=Matthias+R.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.antonis.de%2Fdos%2Fdos-tuts%2Fmpdostip%2Fhtml%2Fnwdostip.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIBMBIO.COM" class="Z3988"></span> (NB. <code>NWDOSTIP.TXT</code> is a comprehensive work on <a href="/wiki/Novell_DOS_7" class="mw-redirect" title="Novell DOS 7">Novell DOS 7</a> and <a href="/wiki/OpenDOS_7.01" class="mw-redirect" title="OpenDOS 7.01">OpenDOS 7.01</a>, including the description of many undocumented features and internals. It is part of the author's yet larger <code>MPDOSTIP.ZIP</code> collection maintained up to 2001 and distributed on many sites at the time. The provided link points to a HTML-converted older version of the file.) <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190601152204/https://www.sac.sk/download/text/mpdostip.zip">[5]</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Paul_2001_NWDOSTIP-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Paul_2001_NWDOSTIP_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Paul_2001_NWDOSTIP_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Paul_2001_NWDOSTIP_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Paul_2001_NWDOSTIP_6-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaul2001" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Paul, Matthias R. (2001-04-09). <i>NWDOS-TIPs — Tips & Tricks rund um Novell DOS 7, mit Blick auf undokumentierte Details, Bugs und Workarounds</i>. MPDOSTIP (in German) (3 ed.).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=NWDOS-TIPs+%26mdash%3B+Tips+%26+Tricks+rund+um+Novell+DOS+7%2C+mit+Blick+auf+undokumentierte+Details%2C+Bugs+und+Workarounds&rft.series=MPDOSTIP&rft.edition=3&rft.date=2001-04-09&rft.aulast=Paul&rft.aufirst=Matthias+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIBMBIO.COM" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rosch_1991_SYS-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Rosch_1991_SYS_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rosch_1991_SYS_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rosch_1991_SYS_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRosch1991" class="citation magazine cs1">Rosch, Winn L. (1991-02-12). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YxFTezF9-sMC&pg=PT250">"DR DOS 5.0 - The better operating system?"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/PC_Magazine" class="mw-redirect" title="PC Magazine">PC Magazine</a></i>. Vol. 10, no. 3. pp. <span class="nowrap">241–</span>246, 257, 264, 266. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20190725223320/https://books.google.nl/books?id=YxFTezF9-sMC&pg=PT250&lpg=PT250&redir_esc=y%23v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 2019-07-25<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-07-26</span></span>. <q>[…] <a href="/wiki/SYS_(DOS_command)" class="mw-redirect" title="SYS (DOS command)">SYS</a> has been improved under <a href="/wiki/DR_DOS_5.0" class="mw-redirect" title="DR DOS 5.0">DR DOS 5.0</a> so you don't have to worry about leaving the first cluster free on a disk that you want to make bootable. The DR DOS system files can be located anywhere on the disk, so any disk with enough free space can be set to boot your system. […]</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PC+Magazine&rft.atitle=DR+DOS+5.0+-+The+better+operating+system%3F&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E241-%3C%2Fspan%3E246%2C+257%2C+264%2C+266&rft.date=1991-02-12&rft.aulast=Rosch&rft.aufirst=Winn+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYxFTezF9-sMC%26pg%3DPT250&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIBMBIO.COM" class="Z3988"></span> (NB. The source attributes this to the <a href="/wiki/SYS_(DOS_command)" class="mw-redirect" title="SYS (DOS command)">SYS</a> utility while in fact this is a feature of the advanced bootstrap loader in the boot sector. SYS just plants this sector onto the disk.)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Paul_2002-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Paul_2002_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Paul_2002_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Paul_2002_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Paul_2002_9-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="anchor" id="Paul-2002"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaul2002" class="citation web cs1">Paul, Matthias R. (2002-02-20). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.delorie.com/opendos//archives/browse.cgi?p=opendos/2002/02/20/16:17:57">"Can't copy"</a>. <i>opendos@delorie</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171006211007/http://www.delorie.com/opendos//archives/browse.cgi?p=opendos%2F2002%2F02%2F20%2F16%3A17%3A57">Archived</a> from the original on 2017-10-06<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-10-06</span></span>. <q>[…] The <a href="/wiki/DR-DOS" title="DR-DOS">DR-DOS</a> boot sector loads the whole IBMBIO.COM file into memory before it executes it. It does not care at all about the <a href="/wiki/IBMDOS.COM" title="IBMDOS.COM">IBMDOS.COM</a> file, which is loaded by IBMBIO.COM. […] The DR-DOS boot sector […] will find the […] kernel files as long as they are logically stored in the root directory. Their physical location on the disk, and if they are fragmented or not, is don't care for the DR-DOS boot sector. Hence, you can just copy the kernel files to the disk (even with a simple <a href="/wiki/COPY_(DOS_command)" class="mw-redirect" title="COPY (DOS command)">COPY</a>), and as soon as the boot sector is a DR-DOS sector, it will find and load them. Of course, it is difficult to put all this into just 512 bytes, the size of a single sector, but this is a major convenience improvement if you have to set up a DR-DOS system, and it is also the key for the DR-DOS multi-OS <a href="/wiki/LOADER.COM" class="mw-redirect" title="LOADER.COM">LOADER</a> utility to work. The <a href="/wiki/MS-DOS" title="MS-DOS">MS-DOS</a> kernel files must reside on specific locations, but the DR-DOS files can be anywhere, so you don't have to physically swap them around each time you boot the other OS. Also, it allows to upgrade a DR-DOS system simply by copying the kernel files over the old ones, no need for <a href="/wiki/SYS_(DOS_command)" class="mw-redirect" title="SYS (DOS command)">SYS</a>, no difficult setup procedures as required for MS-DOS/PC DOS. You can even have multiple DR-DOS kernel files under different file names stored on the same drive, and LOADER will switch between them according to the file names listed in the <a href="/wiki/BOOT.LST" class="mw-redirect" title="BOOT.LST">BOOT.LST</a> file. […]</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=opendos%40delorie&rft.atitle=Can%27t+copy&rft.date=2002-02-20&rft.aulast=Paul&rft.aufirst=Matthias+R.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.delorie.com%2Fopendos%2F%2Farchives%2Fbrowse.cgi%3Fp%3Dopendos%2F2002%2F02%2F20%2F16%3A17%3A57&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIBMBIO.COM" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Caldera_1998_NEW703-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Caldera_1998_NEW703_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCaldera1998" class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190408142232/http://www.lookas.net/ftp/incoming/darbui/Justas/DRDOS/WHATSNEW.TXT"><i>DR-DOS 7.03 WHATSNEW.TXT - Changes from DR-DOS 7.02 to DR-DOS 7.03</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Caldera,_Inc." class="mw-redirect" title="Caldera, Inc.">Caldera, Inc.</a> 1998-12-24. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lookas.net/ftp/incoming/darbui/Justas/DRDOS/WHATSNEW.TXT">the original</a> on 2019-04-08<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-04-08</span></span>. <q>[…] Added a stub which displays the build info if COUNTRY.SYS was erroneously considered being an device driver (DEVICE=COUNTRY.SYS). Also displays the same info if started as .COM program. […] Added a second compression method to further decrease the size of IBMBIO.COM. […]</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=DR-DOS+7.03+WHATSNEW.TXT+-+Changes+from+DR-DOS+7.02+to+DR-DOS+7.03&rft.pub=Caldera%2C+Inc.&rft.date=1998-12-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lookas.net%2Fftp%2Fincoming%2Fdarbui%2FJustas%2FDRDOS%2FWHATSNEW.TXT&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIBMBIO.COM" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Chappell_1994_DOS-Internals-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Chappell_1994_DOS-Internals_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Chappell_1994_DOS-Internals_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Chappell_1994_DOS-Internals_11-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Chappell_1994_DOS-Internals_11-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChappell1994" class="citation book cs1">Chappell, Geoff (January 1994). "Chapter 2: The System Footprint". In Schulman, Andrew; Pedersen, Amorette (eds.). <i>DOS Internals</i>. The Andrew Schulman Programming Series (1st printing, 1st ed.). <a href="/wiki/Addison_Wesley_Publishing_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="Addison Wesley Publishing Company">Addison Wesley Publishing Company</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-201-60835-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-201-60835-9"><bdi>978-0-201-60835-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+2%3A+The+System+Footprint&rft.btitle=DOS+Internals&rft.series=The+Andrew+Schulman+Programming+Series&rft.edition=1st+printing%2C+1st&rft.pub=Addison+Wesley+Publishing+Company&rft.date=1994-01&rft.isbn=978-0-201-60835-9&rft.aulast=Chappell&rft.aufirst=Geoff&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIBMBIO.COM" class="Z3988"></span> (xxvi+738+iv pages, 3.5"-floppy <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190421200111/https://gopher.tildeverse.org/gopher.viste.fr/9/programming/PC/DOS/DOS%2520Internals/DOS_Internals.zip">[6]</a><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200222111608/https://www.pcjs.org/pubs/pc/programming/DOS_Internals/">[7]</a>) Errata: <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200222111742/http://www.geoffchappell.com/notes/dos/internals/">[8]</a><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200222111853/https://gopher.tildeverse.org/gopher.viste.fr/1/programming/PC/DOS/DOS%2520Internals/crtdrvr">[9]</a><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200222111945/https://gopher.tildeverse.org/gopher.viste.fr/1/programming/PC/DOS/DOS%2520Internals/xmswatch">[10]</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Paul_2001-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Paul_2001_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="anchor" id="Paul-2001"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaul2001" class="citation web cs1">Paul, Matthias R. (2001-01-17). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.delorie.com/opendos/archives/browse.cgi?p=opendos/2001/01/17/02:29:47">"FAT32 in DR-DOS"</a>. <i>opendos@delorie</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171006205537/http://www.delorie.com/opendos/archives/browse.cgi?p=opendos%2F2001%2F01%2F17%2F02%3A29%3A47">Archived</a> from the original on 2017-10-06<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-10-06</span></span>. <q>[…] The DR-DOS boot sector […] searches for the IBMBIO.COM (DRBIOS.SYS) file and then loads the *whole* file into memory before it passes control to it. […]</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=opendos%40delorie&rft.atitle=FAT32+in+DR-DOS&rft.date=2001-01-17&rft.aulast=Paul&rft.aufirst=Matthias+R.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.delorie.com%2Fopendos%2Farchives%2Fbrowse.cgi%3Fp%3Dopendos%2F2001%2F01%2F17%2F02%3A29%3A47&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIBMBIO.COM" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Novell_1993_LOADER-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Novell_1993_LOADER_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPoarch1993" class="citation journal cs1">Poarch, Mad (April 1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120322220335/http://developer.novell.com/support/bullets/apr93.htm">"Booting Multiple Operating Systems with the DR Multiuser DOS LOADER Utility"</a>. <i>Developer Support Bullets</i>. <b>5</b> (4). <a href="/wiki/Novell" title="Novell">Novell</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://developer.novell.com/support/bullets/apr93.htm#articles">the original</a> on 2012-03-22<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-06-28</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Developer+Support+Bullets&rft.atitle=Booting+Multiple+Operating+Systems+with+the+DR+Multiuser+DOS+LOADER+Utility&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=4&rft.date=1993-04&rft.aulast=Poarch&rft.aufirst=Mad&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdeveloper.novell.com%2Fsupport%2Fbullets%2Fapr93.htm%23articles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIBMBIO.COM" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Paterson_1994_Origins_DOS-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Paterson_1994_Origins_DOS_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaterson1994" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Tim_Paterson" title="Tim Paterson">Paterson, Tim</a> (1994-10-03). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120531090452/http://www.ece.umd.edu/courses/enee759m.S2000/papers/paterson1994-kildall.pdf">"The Origins of DOS: DOS Creator Gives His View of Relationship Between CP/M, MS-DOS"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Microprocessor_Report" title="Microprocessor Report">Microprocessor Report</a></i>. <b>8</b> (13). <a href="/wiki/MicroDesign_Resources" class="mw-redirect" title="MicroDesign Resources">MicroDesign Resources</a> (MDR). <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0899-9341">0899-9341</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ece.umd.edu/courses/enee759m.S2000/papers/paterson1994-kildall.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2012-05-31.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Microprocessor+Report&rft.atitle=The+Origins+of+DOS%3A+DOS+Creator+Gives+His+View+of+Relationship+Between+CP%2FM%2C+MS-DOS&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=13&rft.date=1994-10-03&rft.issn=0899-9341&rft.aulast=Paterson&rft.aufirst=Tim&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ece.umd.edu%2Fcourses%2Fenee759m.S2000%2Fpapers%2Fpaterson1994-kildall.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIBMBIO.COM" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Paterson_2007_Design-DOS-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Paterson_2007_Design-DOS_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaterson2007" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Tim_Paterson" title="Tim Paterson">Paterson, Tim</a> (2007-09-30). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130120075653/http://dosmandrivel.blogspot.com/2007/09/design-of-dos.html">"Design of DOS"</a>. <i>DosMan Drivel</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dosmandrivel.blogspot.com/2007/09/design-of-dos.html">the original</a> on 2013-01-20<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-07-04</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=DosMan+Drivel&rft.atitle=Design+of+DOS&rft.date=2007-09-30&rft.aulast=Paterson&rft.aufirst=Tim&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdosmandrivel.blogspot.com%2F2007%2F09%2Fdesign-of-dos.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIBMBIO.COM" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kildall_1975_BIOS-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kildall_1975_BIOS_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKildall1975" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Gary_Arlen_Kildall" class="mw-redirect" title="Gary Arlen Kildall">Kildall, Gary Arlen</a> (June 1975). <i>CP/M 1.1 or 1.2 BIOS and BDOS for Lawrence Livermore Laboratories</i>. <q>An excerpt of the BDOS.PLM file header in the <a href="/wiki/PL/M" title="PL/M">PL/M</a> source code of <a href="/wiki/CP/M_1.1" class="mw-redirect" title="CP/M 1.1">CP/M 1.1</a> or <a href="/wiki/CP/M_1.2" class="mw-redirect" title="CP/M 1.2">CP/M 1.2</a> for <a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Livermore_Laboratories" class="mw-redirect" title="Lawrence Livermore Laboratories">Lawrence Livermore Laboratories</a> (LLL)</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=CP%2FM+1.1+or+1.2+BIOS+and+BDOS+for+Lawrence+Livermore+Laboratories&rft.date=1975-06&rft.aulast=Kildall&rft.aufirst=Gary+Arlen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIBMBIO.COM" class="Z3988"></span><pre>[…] /* C P / M B A S I C I / O S Y S T E M (B I O S) COPYRIGHT (C) GARY A. KILDALL JUNE, 1975 */ […] /* B A S I C D I S K O P E R A T I N G S Y S T E M (B D O S) COPYRIGHT (C) GARY A. KILDALL JUNE, 1975 */ […]</pre></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kildall_1980_CPM-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kildall_1980_CPM_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKildall1980" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Gary_Arlen_Kildall" class="mw-redirect" title="Gary Arlen Kildall">Kildall, Gary Arlen</a> (January 1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.retrotechnology.com/dri/CPM_history_kildall.txt">"The History of CP/M, The Evolution of an Industry: One Person's Viewpoint"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Dr._Dobb%27s_Journal_of_Computer_Calisthenics_%26_Orthodontia" class="mw-redirect" title="Dr. Dobb's Journal of Computer Calisthenics & Orthodontia">Dr. Dobb's Journal of Computer Calisthenics & Orthodontia</a></i>. <b>5</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">6–</span>7. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161124221907/http://www.retrotechnology.com/dri/CPM_history_kildall.txt">Archived</a> from the original on 2016-11-24<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-06-03</span></span>. <q>[…] The first commercial licensing of <a href="/wiki/CP/M" title="CP/M">CP/M</a> took place in 1975 with contracts between <a href="/wiki/Digital_Systems_(Seattle)" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital Systems (Seattle)">Digital Systems</a> and <a href="/wiki/Omron_of_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Omron of America">Omron of America</a> for use in their intelligent terminal, and with <a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Livermore_Laboratories" class="mw-redirect" title="Lawrence Livermore Laboratories">Lawrence Livermore Laboratories</a> where CP/M was used to monitor programs in the <a href="/wiki/Octopus_(network)" class="mw-redirect" title="Octopus (network)">Octopus network</a>. Little attention was paid to CP/M for about a year. In my spare time, I worked to improve overall facilities […] By this time, CP/M had been adapted for four different controllers. […] In 1976, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Glenn_Ewing&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Glenn Ewing (page does not exist)">Glenn Ewing</a> approached me with a problem: <a href="/wiki/IMSAI" class="mw-redirect" title="IMSAI">Imsai</a>, Incorporated, for whom Glenn consulted, had shipped a large number of disk subsystems with a promise that an operating system would follow. I was somewhat reluctant to adapt CP/M to yet another controller, and thus the notion of a separated Basic I/O System (BIOS) evolved. In principle, the hardware dependent portions of CP/M were concentrated in the BIOS, thus allowing Glenn, or anyone else, to adapt CP/M to the Imsai equipment. Imsai was subsequently licensed to distribute <a href="/wiki/CP/M_1.3" class="mw-redirect" title="CP/M 1.3">CP/M version 1.3</a>, which eventually evolved into an operating system called <a href="/wiki/IMDOS" title="IMDOS">IMDOS</a>. […]</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Dr.+Dobb%27s+Journal+of+Computer+Calisthenics+%26+Orthodontia&rft.atitle=The+History+of+CP%2FM%2C+The+Evolution+of+an+Industry%3A+One+Person%27s+Viewpoint&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E6-%3C%2Fspan%3E7&rft.date=1980-01&rft.aulast=Kildall&rft.aufirst=Gary+Arlen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.retrotechnology.com%2Fdri%2FCPM_history_kildall.txt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIBMBIO.COM" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Shustek_2016-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Shustek_2016_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShustek2016" class="citation web cs1">Shustek, Len (2016-08-02). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.computerhistory.org/atchm/in-his-own-words-gary-kildall/">"In His Own Words: Gary Kildall"</a>. <i>Remarkable People</i>. <a href="/wiki/Computer_History_Museum" title="Computer History Museum">Computer History Museum</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200324173535/https://computerhistory.org/blog/in-his-own-words-gary-kildall/?key=in-his-own-words-gary-kildall">Archived</a> from the original on 2020-03-24<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-02-24</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Remarkable+People&rft.atitle=In+His+Own+Words%3A+Gary+Kildall&rft.date=2016-08-02&rft.aulast=Shustek&rft.aufirst=Len&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.computerhistory.org%2Fatchm%2Fin-his-own-words-gary-kildall%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIBMBIO.COM" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kildall_1993-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kildall_1993_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKildall2016" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Gary_Arlen_Kildall" class="mw-redirect" title="Gary Arlen Kildall">Kildall, Gary Arlen</a> (2016-08-02) [1993]. <a href="/wiki/Scott_Kildall" title="Scott Kildall">Kildall, Scott</a>; Kildall, Kristin (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.computerhistory.org/atchm/computer-history-museum-license-agreement-for-the-kildall-manuscript/"><i>Computer Connections: People, Places, and Events in the Evolution of the Personal Computer Industry</i></a> (Manuscript, part 1). Kildall Family. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161117232745/http://s3data.computerhistory.org/kildall-p.1-78-publishable-lowres.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2016-11-17<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-11-17</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Computer+Connections%3A+People%2C+Places%2C+and+Events+in+the+Evolution+of+the+Personal+Computer+Industry&rft.pub=Kildall+Family&rft.date=2016-08-02&rft.aulast=Kildall&rft.aufirst=Gary+Arlen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.computerhistory.org%2Fatchm%2Fcomputer-history-museum-license-agreement-for-the-kildall-manuscript%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIBMBIO.COM" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fischer_2001_Ewing-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Fischer_2001_Ewing_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKillian2001" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Joe_Killian" class="mw-redirect" title="Joe Killian">Killian, A. Joseph "Joe"</a> (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.imsai.net/history/imsai_history/cp-m_history.htm">"Gary Kildall's CP/M: Some early CP/M history - 1976–1977"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Fischer_(IMSAI)" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas Fischer (IMSAI)">Thomas "Todd" Fischer</a>, <a href="/wiki/IMSAI" class="mw-redirect" title="IMSAI">IMSAI</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200324173547/https://www.imsai.net/history/imsai_history/cp-m_history.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 2020-03-24<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-06-03</span></span>. <q>[…] When <a href="/wiki/IMSAI" class="mw-redirect" title="IMSAI">we</a> failed to produce an operating system in a timely manner, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Glenn_Ewing&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Glenn Ewing (page does not exist)">Glenn</a> started talking with Gary about <a href="/wiki/CP/M" title="CP/M">CPM</a> […] It took several months of twisting Gary's arm to get Gary to port it to the 8080. The final success came when Glenn talked Gary into just separating the I/O from the rest of it, with Glenn promising to re-write the I/O module for the <a href="/wiki/IMSAI_8080" title="IMSAI 8080">IMSAI 8080</a> (which he did). So CPM on the <a href="/wiki/IMSAI" class="mw-redirect" title="IMSAI">IMSAI</a> was a joint effort between Glenn and Gary. […]</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Gary+Kildall%27s+CP%2FM%3A+Some+early+CP%2FM+history+-+1976%E2%80%931977&rft.pub=Thomas+%22Todd%22+Fischer%2C+IMSAI&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Killian&rft.aufirst=A.+Joseph+%22Joe%22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.imsai.net%2Fhistory%2Fimsai_history%2Fcp-m_history.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIBMBIO.COM" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fraley_2007_Killian-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Fraley_2007_Killian_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFraleySpicer2007" class="citation web cs1">Fraley, Bob; Spicer, Dag (2007-01-26). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140714175258/http://archive.computerhistory.org/resources/access/text/2012/10/102658016-05-01-acc.pdf">"Oral History of Joseph Killian, Interviewed by: Bob Fraley, Edited by: Dag Spicer, Recorded: 2007-01-26"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Mountain View, California: <a href="/wiki/Computer_History_Museum" title="Computer History Museum">Computer History Museum</a>. CHM Reference number: X3879.2007. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.computerhistory.org/resources/access/text/2012/10/102658016-05-01-acc.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2014-07-14<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-06-03</span></span>. <q><a href="/wiki/Joe_Killian" class="mw-redirect" title="Joe Killian">Killian</a>: "[…] <a href="/w/index.php?title=Glenn_Ewing&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Glenn Ewing (page does not exist)">Glenn</a> […] would be talking with <a href="/wiki/Gary_Kildall" title="Gary Kildall">Gary</a>, and he started twisting Gary's arm. He said, "Hey Gary, why can't we run this in this <a href="/wiki/IMSAI" class="mw-redirect" title="IMSAI">IMSAI</a>?" "The I/O's all different, won't run." But Glenn persists and finally makes a deal with Gary. He says, "Okay Gary, if you split out the I/O, I'll write the <a href="/wiki/BIOS" title="BIOS">BIOS</a>, basic I/O's system," and Glenn named it then. "We'll split it out separately. I'll write that part, as long as you can make a division in the program there." And he got Gary to do that and Glenn put those two pieces together and was running Gary's CP/M on an IMSAI. Glenn let us know that, and it wasn't too much later than <a href="/wiki/Bill_Millard" class="mw-redirect" title="Bill Millard">Bill</a> was down there making arrangements with Gary Kildall to license <a href="/wiki/CP/M" title="CP/M">CP/M</a>. […] Now that the BIOS is separated out, anybody could write a BIOS for their machine, if it was 8080-based, and run this, so he started selling that separately under the company <a href="/wiki/Digital_Research" title="Digital Research">Digital Research</a> that he formed and did quite well."<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Oral+History+of+Joseph+Killian%2C+Interviewed+by%3A+Bob+Fraley%2C+Edited+by%3A+Dag+Spicer%2C+Recorded%3A+2007-01-26&rft.place=Mountain+View%2C+California&rft.pub=Computer+History+Museum&rft.date=2007-01-26&rft.aulast=Fraley&rft.aufirst=Bob&rft.au=Spicer%2C+Dag&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.computerhistory.org%2Fresources%2Faccess%2Ftext%2F2012%2F10%2F102658016-05-01-acc.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIBMBIO.COM" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ACT_1984_Apricot-Portable-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ACT_1984_Apricot-Portable_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/hack42_Apricot_Portable_Technical_Reference_Manual_Sections"><i>Apricot Portable - Technical Reference Manual</i></a>. Vol. Section 3: Software. <a href="/wiki/ACT_(International)_Limited" class="mw-redirect" title="ACT (International) Limited">ACT (International) Limited</a>. 1984<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-01-13</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Apricot+Portable+-+Technical+Reference+Manual&rft.pub=ACT+%28International%29+Limited&rft.date=1984&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhack42_Apricot_Portable_Technical_Reference_Manual_Sections&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIBMBIO.COM" class="Z3988"></span> (228 pages)</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl 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talk:Disk operating systems"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Disk_operating_systems" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Disk operating systems"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Disk_operating_systems_(DOS)372" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Disk_operating_system" title="Disk operating system">Disk operating systems</a> (DOS)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">MS-DOS, IBM PC DOS,<br />compatible systems</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div id="*API_*Timeline_*Comparison_*Commands_*Games189"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/DOS_API" title="DOS API">API</a></li> <li><a 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title="Novell DOS">Novell DOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ROM-DOS" class="mw-redirect" title="ROM-DOS">ROM-DOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SISNE_plus" title="SISNE plus">SISNE plus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PTS-DOS" title="PTS-DOS">PTS-DOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FreeDOS" title="FreeDOS">FreeDOS</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other <a href="/wiki/X86" title="X86">x86</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_4680_OS" class="mw-redirect" title="IBM 4680 OS">4680 OS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4690_OS" class="mw-redirect" title="4690 OS">4690 OS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/86-DOS" title="86-DOS">86-DOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ADOS_(Russian_operating_system)" class="mw-redirect" title="ADOS (Russian operating system)">ADOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concurrent_CP/M-86" class="mw-redirect" title="Concurrent CP/M-86">Concurrent CP/M-86</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concurrent_DOS" class="mw-redirect" title="Concurrent DOS">Concurrent DOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CP/M-86" title="CP/M-86">CP/M-86</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CP/K" class="mw-redirect" title="CP/K">CP/K</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Datapac_System_Manager" class="mw-redirect" title="Datapac System Manager">Datapac System Manager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DOS_Plus" title="DOS Plus">DOS Plus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K8918-OS" class="mw-redirect" title="K8918-OS">K8918-OS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FlexOS" title="FlexOS">FlexOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MP/M-86" class="mw-redirect" title="MP/M-86">MP/M-86</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiuser_DOS" title="Multiuser DOS">Multiuser DOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NetWare_PalmDOS" class="mw-redirect" title="NetWare PalmDOS">NetWare PalmDOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novell_DOS" class="mw-redirect" title="Novell DOS">Novell DOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OpenDOS" class="mw-redirect" title="OpenDOS">OpenDOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PC-MOS/386" title="PC-MOS/386">PC-MOS/386</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/REAL/32" class="mw-redirect" title="REAL/32">REAL/32</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SB-86" class="mw-redirect" title="SB-86">SB-86</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SCP1700" class="mw-redirect" title="SCP1700">SCP1700</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Towns_OS" class="mw-redirect" title="Towns OS">Towns OS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TurboDOS" title="TurboDOS">TurboDOS</a></li> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other platforms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AmigaDOS" title="AmigaDOS">AmigaDOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AMSDOS" title="AMSDOS">AMSDOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ANDOS" title="ANDOS">ANDOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_DOS" title="Apple DOS">Apple DOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_ProDOS" title="Apple ProDOS">Apple ProDOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_SOS" title="Apple SOS">Apple SOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atari_DOS" title="Atari DOS">Atari DOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atari_TOS" title="Atari TOS">Atari TOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BW-DOS" class="mw-redirect" title="BW-DOS">BW-DOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commodore_DOS" title="Commodore DOS">Commodore DOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concurrent_DOS_68K" class="mw-redirect" title="Concurrent DOS 68K">Concurrent DOS 68K</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concurrent_DOS_V60" class="mw-redirect" title="Concurrent DOS V60">Concurrent DOS V60</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CP/M" title="CP/M">CP/M</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cromemco_DOS" title="Cromemco DOS">Cromemco DOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CSI-DOS" title="CSI-DOS">CSI-DOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DEC_BATCH-11/DOS-11" title="DEC BATCH-11/DOS-11">DEC BATCH-11/DOS-11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DIP_DOS" class="mw-redirect" title="DIP DOS">DIP DOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DOS/360" class="mw-redirect" title="DOS/360">DOS/360</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DOS_XL" title="DOS XL">DOS XL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edos" title="Edos">Edos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EOS_(8-bit_operating_system)" title="EOS (8-bit operating system)">EOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FLEX_(operating_system)" title="FLEX (operating system)">FLEX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GEMDOS" class="mw-redirect" title="GEMDOS">GEMDOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IDEDOS" title="IDEDOS">IDEDOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IMDOS" title="IMDOS">IMDOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IS-DOS" title="IS-DOS">iS-DOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISIS_(operating_system)" title="ISIS (operating system)">ISIS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myarc_Disk_Operating_System" title="Myarc Disk Operating System">MDOS</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=RCA_MicroDOS&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="RCA MicroDOS (page does not exist)">MicroDOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MP/M" title="MP/M">MP/M</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MSX-DOS" title="MSX-DOS">MSX-DOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MyDOS" class="mw-redirect" title="MyDOS">MyDOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NewDos/80" title="NewDos/80">NewDos/80</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OS/M" class="mw-redirect" title="OS/M">OS/M</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PTDOS" title="PTDOS">PTDOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RealDOS" class="mw-redirect" title="RealDOS">RealDOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SB-80" class="mw-redirect" title="SB-80">SB-80</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single_User_Control_Program" class="mw-redirect" title="Single User Control Program">SCP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinclair_QDOS" title="Sinclair QDOS">Sinclair QDOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_General_RDOS" title="Data General RDOS">RDOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SmartDOS" class="mw-redirect" title="SmartDOS">SmartDOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SpartaDOS" class="mw-redirect" title="SpartaDOS">SpartaDOS</a></li> <li><a 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