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Review the information below for assistance if you do not believe that you have done anything wrong.<div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div><div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div> <p>This block affects editing on all Wikimedia wikis. </p><p>The IP address or range 8.222.128.0/17 has been globally <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Blocking_policy" title="Wikipedia:Blocking policy">blocked</a> by <a href="/wiki/User:Jon_Kolbert" title="User:Jon Kolbert">‪Jon Kolbert‬</a> for the following reason(s): </p> <div style="padding:10px; background:var(--background-color-base, white); color:inherit; border:1px #666 solid;"> <p><a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/NOP" class="extiw" title="m:Special:MyLanguage/NOP">Open proxy/Webhost</a>: See the <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/WM:OP/H" class="extiw" title="m:WM:OP/H">help page</a> if you are affected </p> </div> <p>This block will expire on 15:12, 27 August 2028. Your current IP address is 8.222.208.146. </p> <div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div><div style="font-size: 16px;"> <p>Even while globally blocked, you will <i>usually</i> still be able to edit pages on <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/" class="extiw" title="m:">Meta-Wiki</a>. </p> </div> <div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div><div style="font-size: 16px;"> <p>If you believe you were blocked by mistake, you can find additional information and instructions in the <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/No_open_proxies" class="extiw" title="m:Special:MyLanguage/No open proxies">No open proxies</a> global policy. Otherwise, to discuss the block please <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Steward_requests/Global" class="extiw" title="m:Steward requests/Global">post a request for review on Meta-Wiki</a>. You could also send an email to the <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Stewards" class="extiw" title="m:Special:MyLanguage/Stewards">stewards</a> <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/VRT" class="extiw" title="m:Special:MyLanguage/VRT">VRT</a> queue at <kbd>stewards@wikimedia.org</kbd> including all above details. </p> </div> <p>Other useful links: <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Global_blocks" class="extiw" title="m:Global blocks">Global blocks</a> · <a href="/wiki/Help:I_have_been_blocked" title="Help:I have been blocked">Help:I have been blocked</a> </p> </div></li></ul><hr /> <div id="viewsourcetext">You can view and copy the source of this page:</div><textarea readonly="" accesskey="," id="wpTextbox1" cols="80" rows="25" style="" class="mw-editfont-monospace" lang="en" dir="ltr" name="wpTextbox1">{{Short description|Type of domestic violence}}{{No newcomer task}}{{Multiple issues| {{More medical citations needed|date=September 2018}} {{Lead rewrite|date=March 2023}} {{Tone|date=September 2018}} }} '''Child-to-parent violence (CPV)''', also recognized as [[abuse]] of parents by their children, constitutes a manifestation of [[domestic violence]] characterized by the infliction of maltreatment upon parents. This mistreatment commonly manifests in verbal or physical forms. The repercussions of enduring abuse from one's offspring can be substantial, exerting influence on the physical and mental [[well-being]] of parents, both in the immediate and prolonged periods. CPV can manifest in diverse forms, encompassing physical, verbal, psychological, emotional, and financial dimensions.<ref name="Cottrell">{{cite book|publisher=Health Canada|first=Barbara|url=http://www.phac-aspc.gc.ca/ncfv-cnivf/pdfs/Abuse_E.pdf|last=Cottrell|isbn=0-662-29529-3|date=2001|title=Parent Abuse: The Abuse of Parents by Their Teenage Children|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120227113055/http://www.phac-aspc.gc.ca/ncfv-cnivf/pdfs/Abuse_E.pdf |archive-date=2012-02-27 }}</ref>{{rp|3–6}} The occurrence of parental abuse by [[Adolescence|adolescents]] spans a variable age range, with adolescents defined as individuals aged between 12 and 24 years. ==Multiple causes of abusive behavior== Many people consider parental abuse to be the result of certain parenting practices, [[neglect]], or the [[Child abuse|child suffering abuse themselves]], but other adolescent abusers have had "normal" upbringings and have not suffered from such situations. Children may be subjected to [[violence]] on TV, in movies and in music, and that violence may come to be considered "normal".<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Osofsky|first=Joy D.|date=1999|title=The Impact of Violence on Children|journal=The Future of Children|volume=9|issue=3|pages=33–49|doi=10.2307/1602780|jstor=1602780|pmid=10777999|issn=1054-8289}}</ref> The breakdown of the family unit, poor or nonexistent relationships with an absent parent, as well as debt, unemployment, and parental [[Substance abuse|drug]]/[[alcohol abuse]] may all be contributing factors to abuse. Some other reasons for CPV according to several experts include:<ref name="Cottrell"/><ref name="Bobic">{{cite web|last=Bobic|first=N.|title=Adolescent Violence Towards Parents|url=http://www.adfvc.unsw.edu.au/pdf%20files/adolescent_violence.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120321035705/http://www.adfvc.unsw.edu.au/PDF%20files/adolescent_violence.pdf|archive-date=21 March 2012|access-date=|publisher=Australian Domestic and Family Violence Clearinghouse|date=2004}}</ref> *Aggressive behavioral tendencies *Frustration or inability to deal with problems *Unable or unwilling to learn how to manage behavior *Witnessing other abuses at home *Lack of respect for a parent because of perceived weakness * Lack of consequences for bad behavior *Being abused themselves *[[Gang culture]] *Not being able to properly care for a disabled or mentally ill parent(s) *Revenge or punishment *[[Mental illness]] *[[Corporal punishment]] ==History== Parental abuse is a relatively new term. In 1979, Harbin and Madden<ref>{{cite journal|last=Harbin|first=H.T.|author2=Madden, D.J.|title=Battered Parents: A New Syndrome|journal=American Journal of Psychiatry|year=1979|volume=136|issue=10|pages=1288–1291|doi=10.1176/ajp.136.10.1288|pmid=484724|url=https://polipapers.upv.es/index.php/reinad/article/view/7325 }}</ref> released a study using the term "parent battery" but [[juvenile delinquency]], which is a major factor, has been studied since the late 19th century.<ref name="Robinson">{{cite journal|last1=Robinson|first1=P.W.|title=Parent abuse on the rise: A historical review|url=http://aabss.org/Perspectives2004/AABSS_58-67.pdf|access-date=2 June 2012|last2=Davidson|first2=L.J.|last3=Drebot|first3=M.E.|date=2004|journal=American Association of Behavioral Social Science|pages=58–67}}{{dead link|date=November 2023}}</ref> Even though some studies have been done in the United States, [[Australia]], Canada, and other countries, the lack of reporting of adolescent abuse towards parents makes it difficult to accurately determine the extent of it. Many studies have to rely on self-reporting by adolescents.<ref name='Patterson'>{{cite journal|last1=Paterson|first1=R.|first2=H.|last2=Luntz|first3=A.|last3=Perlesz|first4=S.|last4=Cotton|title=Adolescent Violence Towards Parents: Maintaining Family Connections When The Going Gets Tough|url=http://www.anzjft.com/pages/articles/404.pdf|access-date=26 May 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120419190040/http://www.anzjft.com/pages/articles/404.pdf|archive-date=19 April 2012|url-status=dead|volume=23|number=2|date=2002|pages=90–100|journal=Australian and New Zealand Journal of Family Therapy |doi=10.1002/j.1467-8438.2002.tb00493.x}}</ref><ref name=Agnew>{{cite journal|last=Agnew|first=R.|author2=Huguley, S.|title=Adolescent violence towards parents|journal=Journal of Marriage and Family|year=1989|volume=51|issue=3|pages=699–771|doi=10.2307/352169|jstor=352169}}</ref> In 2004, Robinson,<ref name='Robinson'/> of Brigham Young University, published: ''Parent Abuse on the Rise: A Historical Review'' in the American Association of Behavioral Social Science Online Journal, reporting the results of the 1988 study performed by Evans and Warren-Sohlberg.<ref name='Evans'>{{cite journal|last=Evans|first=D.|author2=Warren-Sohlberg, L.|title=A pattern analysis of adolescent abusive behaviour towards parents|journal=Journal of Adolescent Research|year=1989|volume=3|issue=2|pages=210–216|doi=10.1177/074355488832007|s2cid=145634430}}</ref> The results reported that 57% of parental abuse was physical; using a weapon was at 17%; throwing items was at 5% and verbal abuse was at 22%. With 82% of the abuse being against mothers (five times greater than against fathers), and 11% of the abusers were under the age of 10 years. The highest rate of abuse happens within families with a single mother. Mothers are usually the primary caregivers; they spend more time with their children than fathers and have closer emotional connections to them. It can also be due to the size and strength of the abuser. Parental abuse can occur in any family and it is not necessarily associated with [[ethnic background]], [[socio-economic class]], or [[sexual orientation]]. Numerous studies concluded that gender does not play a role in the total number of perpetrators; however, males are more likely to inflict physical abuse and females are more likely to inflict emotional abuse.<ref name='Cottrell'/><ref name="Agnew"/><ref>{{cite web|title=World report on violence and health|url=https://www.who.int/violence_injury_prevention/violence/world_report/en/summary_en.pdf|work=Summary|publisher=World Health Organization (2002)|access-date=13 Jun 2012|archive-date=5 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190305201126/https://www.who.int/violence_injury_prevention/violence/world_report/en/summary_en.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> Studies from the United States estimate that violence among adolescents peaks at 15–17 years old.<ref name='Evans'/><ref>{{cite book|last=Straus, M., Gelles, R., & Steinmetz S.|title=Behind closed doors: violence in the American family|year=1988|publisher=Anchor Books|location=New York}}{{pn|date=November 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Wilson|first=J.|chapter=Physical abuse of parents by adolescent children|editor-last=Busby|editor-first=D.M.|title=The impact of violence on the family: treatment approaches for therapists and other professionals|year=1996|publisher=Allyn & Bacon|location=Massachusetts|pages=101–103}}</ref> However, a Canadian study done by Barbara Cottrell in 2001 suggests the ages are 12–14 years old.<ref name='Cottrell'/> Parental abuse does not happen just inside the home but can in public places, further adding to the humiliation of the parents. Abuse is not only a domestic affair but can be [[criminal]] as well. Most teenagers experience a transition in which they try to go from being [[dependency need|dependent]] to independent, but there are some dynamics of parental control that may alter it. There will always be times of resistance toward parental authority. According to the Canadian National Clearinghouse on Family Violence, the abuse generally begins with verbal abuse, but even then, some females can be very physically abusive towards a child who is smaller and more vulnerable than they are, and to cover their abuse, they often lie to the other parent about actual events that led to "severe punishment." The child, adolescent or parent may show no remorse or guilt and feel justified in the behavior, but many times when the child is the one who is being abused, they are very remorseful for being forced to defend themselves, especially when they are not the aggressor.<ref name="Robinson"/> Parents can examine the behavior of their children to determine whether or not it is abusive. Some teenagers can become aggressive as a result of parental abuse, dysfunction, or psychological problems, while some children may have trouble dealing with their emotions. However, children who are abused are not always afforded protection from their abusive parents.<ref name='Cottrell'/> ==Intervention== [[Non Violent Resistance (psychological intervention)|Non-violent resistance (NVR)]] is an approach designed to overcome a child’s aggressive, controlling, and [[Self-destructive behavior|self-destructive behaviors]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Toole-Anstey|first1=Chye|last2=Keevers|first2=Lynne|last3=Townsend|first3=Michelle L|date=2023|title=A Systematic Review of Child to Parent Violence Interventions|url=http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/15248380211053618|journal=Trauma, Violence, & Abuse|language=en|volume=24|issue=2|pages=1157–1171|doi=10.1177/15248380211053618|pmid=34866496 |s2cid=244944508 |issn=1524-8380}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Weinblatt|first1=Uri|last2=Omer|first2=Haim|date=2008|title=Nonviolent Resistance: A Treatment for Parents of Children with Acute Behavior Problems|url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1752-0606.2008.00054.x|journal=Journal of Marital and Family Therapy|language=en|volume=34|issue=1|pages=75–92|doi=10.1111/j.1752-0606.2008.00054.x|pmid=18199182 |issn=0194-472X}}</ref> In NVR, parents replace talking with action, not engaging with aggressive or harmful behaviors.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Information on NVR for Parents|url=https://www.partnershipprojectsuk.com/non-violent-resistance-nvr/parents/|access-date=2023-10-26|website=PartnershipProjects UK|language=en-GB}}</ref> With the support of [[therapist]]s and other counselors, it is possible to identify mental health and other behavioral concerns throughout this process. It has four areas where parents are supported by therapists or other counselors:<ref name=":0"/> #[[De-escalation]] #Breaking taboos #Taking non-violent actions #Reconciliation gestures While intervention is an option, it may not always work. There are times when the child has a mental illness that does not allow them, adolescent or teenager, to understand what exactly is happening. Therefore, they act out their emotions the only way they know. This can present itself as violence, emotional abuse, destructive behavior, such as destroying personal property or self-harm. The United States currently protects abused children using Courts, [[Child Protective Services]] and other agencies. The US also has [[Adult Protective Services]] which is provided to abused, neglected, or exploited older adults and adults with significant disabilities. There are no agencies or programs that protect parents from abusive children, adolescents or teenagers other than giving up their parental rights to the state they live in.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=van Gink|first1=Kirsten|last2=van Domburgh|first2=Lieke|last3=Jansen|first3=Lucres|last4=Goddard|first4=Nick|last5=Ottenbros|first5=Ron|last6=van Der Stegen|first6=Ber|last7=Popma|first7=Arne|last8=Vermeiren|first8=Robert|date=2020-07-02|title=The Development and Implementation of Non-Violent Resistance in Child and Adolescent Residential Settings|journal=Residential Treatment for Children & Youth|language=en|volume=37|issue=3|pages=176–198|doi=10.1080/0886571X.2019.1590172|issn=0886-571X|doi-access=free|hdl=1887/3182549|hdl-access=free}}</ref> Lastly, the quality of family relationships directly influences child-to-parent violence, with power-assertive discipline playing a mediating role in this connection. It appears that the emotional aspect and overall quality of family relationships are pivotal factors in preventing violent behaviors.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Ibabe|first1=I.|last2=Bentler|first2=P. M.|date=2016-02-01|title=The Contribution of Family Relationships to Child-to-Parent Violence|url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s10896-015-9764-0|journal=Journal of Family Violence|language=en|volume=31|issue=2|pages=259–269|doi=10.1007/s10896-015-9764-0|s2cid=27914992 |issn=1573-2851}}</ref> ==See also== * [[Child abuse]] * [[Dysfunctional family]] * [[Elder abuse]] * [[Juvenile delinquency]] * [[Parental alienation]] * [[Runaway (dependent)]] * [[Sibling abuse]] * [[Teenage rebellion]] ==References== {{Reflist|2}} ==Further reading== *Retrieved 26 May 2012 from [https://web.archive.org/web/20120805043110/http://www.parentlink.act.gov.au/parenting_guides/teens/abuse_to_parents Parentlink - Abuse of parents] *Retrieved 26 May 2012 from [https://web.archive.org/web/20120617170544/http://www.cyh.com/HealthTopics/HealthTopicDetails.aspx?p=114 Parenting and Child Health - Health Topics -] *Retrieved 26 May 2012 from [http://www.angelsthatcare.org/silent_abuse.html angelsthatcare.org - This website is for sale! - Child abuse domestic violence Missing Children Resources and Information.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120606044348/http://www.angelsthatcare.org/silent_abuse.html|date=2012-06-06}} *Retrieved 5 June 2012 from [https://web.archive.org/web/20120606235602/http://ladyria.us/causes/parent_abuse.htm] *[https://www.theguardian.com/society/2013/nov/03/parents-fear-violent-teenagers-support Lack of support for parents who live in fear of their teenagers, study shows] *{{Cite journal|last=Jiménez Arroyo|first=S.|date=2017|trans-title=The child-to-parent violence and the measure of internment. Special mention to the "benefit release"|title=La violencia filio parental y la medida de internamiento. Especial referencia a la "prestación por excarcelación"|journal=Revista Sobre la Infancia y la Adolescencia|volume=13|issue=13 |pages=15–44|doi=10.4995/reinad.2017.7325|language=es|doi-access=free|hdl=10251/95585|hdl-access=free}} *{{Cite journal|last=Holt|first=A.|title=Researching Parent Abuse: A Critical Review of the Methods|journal=Social Policy and Society|volume=11|number=2|date=2012|pages=289–298|doi=10.1017/S1474746411000625|s2cid=89615145 |url=https://eprints.lancs.ac.uk/id/eprint/66367/1/S1474746411000625a.pdf }} {{Abuse}} {{Domestic violence}} {{Parenting}} [[Category:Abuse]] [[Category:Domestic violence]] [[Category:Parenting]] </textarea><div class="templatesUsed"><div class="mw-templatesUsedExplanation"><p><span id="templatesused">Pages transcluded onto the current version of this page<span class="posteditwindowhelplinks"> (<a href="/wiki/Help:Transclusion" title="Help:Transclusion">help</a>)</span>:</span> </p></div><ul> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Abuse" 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