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<!DOCTYPE html><html lang="en-GB" class="no-js core o-typography--loading-sans o-typography--loading-sans-bold o-typography--loading-display o-typography--loading-display-bold" data-o-component="o-typography" style="overflow-x:hidden;background-color:#fff1e5;color:#33302e"><head><meta charSet="utf-8"/><meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge"/><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1"/><title>Ukraine’s battle against Russia in maps and charts: latest updates</title><meta name="description" content="A visual guide to the war"/><link rel="canonical" href="https://www.ft.com/content/4351d5b0-0888-4b47-9368-6bc4dfbccbf5"/><meta name="robots" content="index,follow,max-snippet:200,max-image-preview:large"/><meta name="google-site-verification" content="4-t8sFaPvpO5FH_Gnw1dkM28CQepjzo8UjjAkdDflTw"/><script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"NewsArticle","headline":"Ukraine’s battle against Russia in maps and charts: latest 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Ltd.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","@context":"http://schema.org","url":"https://im.ft-static.com/m/img/masthead_main.jpg","width":435,"height":36},"url":"https://www.ft.com","sameAs":["https://www.twitter.com/FT","https://www.facebook.com/financialtimes","https://www.linkedin.com/company/financial-times","https://www.youtube.com/user/FinancialTimesVideos","https://www.instagram.com/financialtimes"]}},{"@type":"Person","@context":"http://schema.org","name":"Hirofumi Yamamoto","url":"https://www.ft.com/hirofumi-yamamoto","worksFor":{"@type":"Organization","@context":"http://schema.org","name":"Financial Times","legalName":"The Financial Times Ltd.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","@context":"http://schema.org","url":"https://im.ft-static.com/m/img/masthead_main.jpg","width":435,"height":36},"url":"https://www.ft.com","sameAs":["https://www.twitter.com/FT","https://www.facebook.com/financialtimes","https://www.linkedin.com/company/financial-times","https://www.youtube.com/user/FinancialTimesVideos","https://www.instagram.com/financialtimes"]}},{"@type":"Person","@context":"http://schema.org","name":"Sam Learner","url":"https://www.ft.com/sam-learner","worksFor":{"@type":"Organization","@context":"http://schema.org","name":"Financial Times","legalName":"The Financial Times Ltd.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","@context":"http://schema.org","url":"https://im.ft-static.com/m/img/masthead_main.jpg","width":435,"height":36},"url":"https://www.ft.com","sameAs":["https://www.twitter.com/FT","https://www.facebook.com/financialtimes","https://www.linkedin.com/company/financial-times","https://www.youtube.com/user/FinancialTimesVideos","https://www.instagram.com/financialtimes"]}}],"articleBody":"Russia’s full-scale invasion of Ukraine began on February 24 2022, with western officials initially estimating the capital Kyiv would fall quickly.\n\nBut 1,000 days later, Kyiv and most of Ukraine still stand despite Russian President Vladimir Putin’s goal of capturing the capital and forcing Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelenskyy’s government and army to surrender.\n\nUkraine has not fallen due to the grit of its people and unprecedented assistance from its western partners, but it has lost nearly 20 per cent of its territory and tens of thousands of citizens, including soldiers and civilians. And with Russia still on the march, the war is far from over.\n\nThis page is updated with the latest maps and charts showing military and humanitarian aspects of Russia’s war in Ukraine.\n\nVladimir Putin said on Thursday that Moscow had fired an experimental hypersonic missile at Ukraine in response to the US and UK allowing Kyiv to use advanced western weaponry at targets inside Russia.\n\nThe Russian president said an Oreshnik missile had been used to target a factory in Dnipro, which was formerly the Soviet Union’s top-secret rocket-building facility.\n\nHowever, a senior Ukrainian military official told the Financial Times that the missile was an RS-26 Rubezh, which has a range of up to 6,000km.\n\nUkraine struck Russia using US-made long-range Atacms missiles for the first time on Tuesday, according to people familiar with the matter.\n\nThe Russian ministry of defence confirmed an attack on its soil had taken place, claiming its air defence systems shot down five of six Atacms missiles over the Bryansk region.\n\nThe depot is north of the Kursk region, where Russia’s forces are trying to push out Ukrainian troops who occupy about 600 sq km of Russian territory.\n\nThe strikes came a day after US President Joe Biden authorised Ukraine to use Atacms missiles in Russia, in a major policy shift before president-elect Donald Trump takes office in January.\n\nUkraine was in desperate need of new weaponry as its frontline buckles and Russian forces make gains on the battlefield at a faster rate than at any point since 2022.\n\nUkraine seized parts of Russia’s Kursk region in a surprise incursion in August. But after making steady gains in the region, Ukrainian troops began to lose territory there in October. The incursion has come at the cost of territory in Ukraine’s eastern Donetsk region.\n\nRussia has mobilised a force of about 50,000 soldiers, including 10,000 from North Korea, in a fresh attempt to push the Ukrainians out of Kursk, according to Zelenskyy and Ukrainian and western intelligence officials.\n\nLosing Kursk would deprive Zelenskyy of a valuable bargaining chip in any upcoming talks with Russia.\n\nThe Kremlin’s invasion has become a war of attrition, with both sides grinding it out from labyrinth trenches and a frontline stretching more than 1,000km, from southern Kherson region to Kharkiv in the north-east.\n\nMilitary officials, soldiers and analysts say the next few months will be a critical phase in the war, as Ukraine attempts to stabilise its defences and strengthen its eastern position in case it is forced by Trump into negotiations with Putin.\n\nUkraine is hoping to slow Russia’s offensive and seize the initiative by the time Trump takes office, as senior officials believe proving they are “fighters” and “winners” will help convince the president-elect to stand by them.\n\nBut Ukrainian officials admit that they are struggling to hold back the larger and better equipped Russian army amid manpower shortages and have plans to draft additional troops, though efforts to attract recruits are being hampered by military service being open-ended.\n\nPutin has said he would only be interested in negotiations if Kyiv accepts all his demands, including stretching the Russian occupation to the entirety of four Ukrainian regions.\n\nWith momentum in Moscow’s favour and the Ukrainians in retreat, the Kremlin has few reasons to sit for peace talks now.\n\nSince August, Russia has captured more than 1,200 sq km in Ukraine, according to Deep State, a Ukrainian war tracking group close to the defence ministry — double the territory Kyiv’s troops currently hold in the Kursk region.\n\nRussia launched about 120 missile and 90 drones at Ukraine on Sunday, in one of the largest air attacks of the war, targeting power facilities across the country that caused severe damage and led to the first emergency blackouts since summer.\n\nUkrainian air defences — including anti-aircraft missiles, mobile fire units, electronic warfare groups and western-supplied F-16 jets — took down more than 140 of them, said Zelenskyy. But several parts of the country were still left without power as emergency teams worked to restore services.\n\nDrones have played a key role in the war, with both Russia and Ukraine utilising unmanned aerial vehicles as part of their military strategies.\n\nUkraine has used drones to strike Russian soil this year, including hitting a Moscow suburb, with the aim of disrupting the Kremlin’s war effort and bringing the conflict home to ordinary Russians.\n\nIn 2023, Ukrainian used drones to attack military facilities, munitions factories and energy infrastructure in Russia and are estimated to have sunk one-fifth of Russia’s Black Sea fleet.\n\nRussian minefields and fortifications coupled with constant drone surveillance and artillery strikes proved insurmountable during the much-anticipated Ukrainian counteroffensive of summer 2023.\n\nThe number of Ukrainians fleeing the war has made it one of the largest refugee crises in modern history.\n\nA Financial Times investigation found that Ukrainian children who were abducted and taken to Russia in the early months of the Kremlin’s 2022 invasion have been put up for adoption by authorities, in one confirmed case under a false Russian identity.\n\nThe war has also led to thousands of cultural, medical and educational facilities across Ukraine being damaged or destroyed.\n\nOn February 24 2022, the world awoke to news that Russian missiles had struck targets across Ukraine and used tanks to blast through the border.\n\nThe invasion came after months of rare public warnings from western intelligence agencies. It would soon escalate into the largest conflict in Europe since the second world war.\n\nUkrainians call the past 10 years “the great war” because of Russia’s first military invasion of their country in February 2014, when troops without insignia began their takeover of the Crimean Peninsula. Months later, they would spill into the Donbas region, fomenting a war under the guise of a separatist uprising.\n\nThe Russian attempt to take Ukraine’s capital was thwarted by a combination of factors, including geography, the attackers’ blundering and modern arms, as well as Ukraine’s speedy, grassroots effort to mobilise and its ingenuity with smartphones and pieces of foam mat.\n\nPutin hailed his first major victory after the early days of the full-scale invasion of Ukraine in May 2023, after his forces captured Bakhmut following a gruelling nine-month battle that reduced the city to ruins.\n\nMany of the estimated to 30,000 men killed were convicts recruited by the Wagner Group, led by Yevgeny Prigozhin, who a month later staged a mutiny against Moscow and then died in a plane crash in August 2023.\n\nAdditional cartography by Hirofumi Yamamoto\n\nDevelopment by Martin Stabe, Alan Smith, Emma Lewis, Joanna S Kao, Sam Learner and Ændra Rininsland","wordCount":1229,"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","@context":"http://schema.org","name":"Financial Times","legalName":"The Financial Times Ltd.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","@context":"http://schema.org","url":"https://im.ft-static.com/m/img/masthead_main.jpg","width":435,"height":36},"url":"https://www.ft.com","sameAs":["https://www.twitter.com/FT","https://www.facebook.com/financialtimes","https://www.linkedin.com/company/financial-times","https://www.youtube.com/user/FinancialTimesVideos","https://www.instagram.com/financialtimes"]}}</script><script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"BreadcrumbList","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"name":"Emerging markets","item":"https://www.ft.com/emerging-markets"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"name":"Europe","item":"https://www.ft.com/europe"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":3,"name":"Russia","item":"https://www.ft.com/russia"}]}</script><script 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class="article-info__time-byline"><p class="article-info__byline"><a class="n-content-tag--author" href="/steven-bernard" data-trackable="author">Steven Bernard</a> in London and <a class="n-content-tag--author" href="/christopher-miller" data-trackable="author">Christopher Miller</a> in Kyiv</p> <time data-o-component="o-date" class="article-info__timestamp o-date" dateTime="2024-11-21T23:36:30.293Z">November 21 2024</time></div><a id="o-comments-count" data-o-component="o-comments" data-o-comments-article-id="4351d5b0-0888-4b47-9368-6bc4dfbccbf5" data-o-comments-count="true" data-o-comments-article-url="https://www.ft.com/content/4351d5b0-0888-4b47-9368-6bc4dfbccbf5" data-o-comments-title="Ukraine’s battle against Russia in maps and charts: latest updates" class="article-comment-count" title="Jump to comments section" href="#comments-anchor"><span class="o-normalise-visually-hidden">Jump to comments section</span></a><button class="article-print" data-component="print-button" data-trackable="print" title="Print this page"><span class="o-normalise-visually-hidden">Print this page</span></button></div><div class="article__content-sign-up"><div class="article__content-sign-up-topic-title">Stay informed with free updates</div><p class="article__content-sign-up-topic-description"><span>Simply sign up to the War in Ukraine myFT Digest -- delivered directly to your inbox.</span></p><iframe class="article__content-sign-up-iframe close" scrolling="no" id="signUpIframe" data-prev-url="/register/in-article-sign-up?ft-content-uuid=4351d5b0-0888-4b47-9368-6bc4dfbccbf5&concept-id=8b9c78a1-2a6d-4e2f-9293-49f399f4f6ce"></iframe></div><article id="article-body" class="n-content-body js-article__content-body" data-attribute="article-content-body" data-component="article-content-body"><p>Russia’s full-scale invasion of Ukraine began on February 24 2022, with western officials initially estimating the capital Kyiv would fall quickly.</p><p>But 1,000 days later, Kyiv and most of Ukraine still stand despite Russian President Vladimir Putin’s goal of capturing the capital and forcing Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelenskyy’s government and army to surrender.</p><p>Ukraine has not fallen due to the grit of its people and unprecedented assistance from its western partners, but it has lost nearly 20 per cent of its territory and tens of thousands of citizens, including soldiers and civilians. And with Russia still on the march, the war is far from over.</p><p>This page is updated with the latest maps and charts showing military and humanitarian aspects of Russia’s war in Ukraine.</p><h2 class="n-content-heading-2">Latest situation</h2><p>Vladimir Putin said on Thursday that Moscow had <a href="https://www.ft.com/content/34ac518b-e696-4a19-b91a-d9f273083f3d" data-trackable="link">fired an experimental hypersonic missile</a> at Ukraine in response to the US and UK allowing Kyiv to use advanced western weaponry at targets inside Russia.</p><p>The Russian president said an Oreshnik missile had been used to target a factory in Dnipro, which was formerly the Soviet Union’s top-secret rocket-building facility.</p><p>However, a senior Ukrainian military official told the Financial Times that the missile was an RS-26 Rubezh, which has a range of up to 6,000km.</p><div class="n-content-layout" data-component="flourish" data-component-id="20409473" data-component-type="flourish-in-article"><figure class="n-content-picture n-content-layout__container"><a href="#20409473"><picture data-asset-type="flourish" data-flourish-id="20409473" data-flourish-type="visualisation"><div id="20409473" class="cp-message o-message o-message--inform o-message--notice" data-o-component="o-message"><div class="o-message__container"><div class="o-message__content"><p class="o-message__content-main">Some content could not load. Check your internet connection or browser settings.</p></div></div></div><img src="https://www.ft.com/__origami/service/image/v2/images/raw/https%3A%2F%2Fpublic.flourish.studio%2Fvisualisation%2F20409473%2Fthumbnail%3FcacheBuster%3D962447?source=cp-content-pipeline&fit=scale-down&quality=highest&width=980&dpr=1" alt=""/></picture></a></figure></div><p>Ukraine struck Russia using US-made long-range Atacms missiles <a href="https://www.ft.com/content/3f4654ec-4dbd-45d1-9d51-869993c717d0" data-trackable="link">for the first time</a> on Tuesday, according to people familiar with the matter.</p><p>The Russian ministry of defence confirmed an attack on its soil had taken place, claiming its air defence systems shot down five of six Atacms missiles over the Bryansk region.</p><p>The depot is north of the Kursk region, where Russia’s forces are trying to push out Ukrainian troops who occupy about 600 sq km of Russian territory. </p><p>The strikes came a day after US President Joe Biden <a href="https://www.ft.com/content/cc565d8e-e5c2-4b04-9b61-b05fb8edcb49" data-trackable="link">authorised</a> Ukraine to use Atacms missiles in Russia, in a major policy shift before president-elect Donald Trump takes office in January.</p><p>Ukraine was in desperate need of new weaponry <a href="https://www.ft.com/content/adbef9e8-43a5-4da6-b9fd-a193bd5cb10c" data-trackable="link">as its frontline buckles</a> and Russian forces make gains on the battlefield at a faster rate than at any point since 2022.</p><div class="n-content-layout" data-component="flourish" data-component-id="20370208" data-component-type="flourish-in-article"><figure class="n-content-picture n-content-layout__container"><a href="#20370208"><picture data-asset-type="flourish" data-flourish-id="20370208" data-flourish-type="visualisation"><div id="20370208" class="cp-message o-message o-message--inform o-message--notice" data-o-component="o-message"><div class="o-message__container"><div class="o-message__content"><p class="o-message__content-main">Some content could not load. Check your internet connection or browser settings.</p></div></div></div><img src="https://www.ft.com/__origami/service/image/v2/images/raw/https%3A%2F%2Fpublic.flourish.studio%2Fvisualisation%2F20370208%2Fthumbnail%3FcacheBuster%3D962447?source=cp-content-pipeline&fit=scale-down&quality=highest&width=1020&dpr=1" alt=""/></picture></a></figure></div><h3 class="n-content-heading-3">Kursk incursion</h3><p>Ukraine seized parts of Russia’s Kursk region in a <a href="https://ig.ft.com/ukraine-incursion/" data-trackable="link">surprise incursion</a> in August. But after making steady gains in the region, Ukrainian troops began to lose territory there in October. The incursion has <a href="https://www.ft.com/content/e63ce931-d3a1-4b4a-8540-e578d87873e5" data-trackable="link">come at the cost of territory</a> in Ukraine’s eastern Donetsk region.</p><p>Russia has mobilised a force of about 50,000 soldiers, including 10,000 <a href="https://www.ft.com/content/840398d0-fe98-4bc0-ad61-72e862578ced" data-trackable="link">from North Korea</a>, in a fresh attempt to push the Ukrainians out of Kursk, according to Zelenskyy and Ukrainian and western intelligence officials. </p><p>Losing Kursk would deprive Zelenskyy of a valuable bargaining chip in any upcoming talks with Russia.</p><div class="n-content-layout" data-component="flourish" data-component-id="2618884" data-component-type="flourish-in-article"><figure class="n-content-picture n-content-layout__container"><a href="#2618884"><picture data-asset-type="flourish" data-flourish-id="2618884" data-flourish-type="story"><div id="2618884" class="cp-message o-message o-message--inform o-message--notice" data-o-component="o-message"><div class="o-message__container"><div class="o-message__content"><p class="o-message__content-main">Some content could not load. Check your internet connection or browser settings.</p></div></div></div><img src="https://www.ft.com/__origami/service/image/v2/images/raw/https%3A%2F%2Fpublic.flourish.studio%2Fstory%2F2618884%2Fthumbnail%3FcacheBuster%3D962447?source=cp-content-pipeline&fit=scale-down&quality=highest&width=1020&dpr=1" alt=""/></picture></a></figure></div><h3 class="n-content-heading-3">The eastern frontline</h3><p>The Kremlin’s invasion has become a war of attrition, with both sides grinding it out from labyrinth trenches and a frontline stretching more than 1,000km, from southern Kherson region to Kharkiv in the north-east.</p><p>Military officials, soldiers and analysts say the next few months will be a critical phase in the war, as Ukraine attempts to stabilise its defences and strengthen its eastern position in case it is forced by Trump into negotiations with Putin.</p><div class="n-content-layout" data-component="flourish" data-component-id="20415655" data-component-type="flourish-in-article"><figure class="n-content-picture n-content-layout__container"><a href="#20415655"><picture data-asset-type="flourish" data-flourish-id="20415655" data-flourish-type="visualisation"><div id="20415655" class="cp-message o-message o-message--inform o-message--notice" data-o-component="o-message"><div class="o-message__container"><div class="o-message__content"><p class="o-message__content-main">Some content could not load. Check your internet connection or browser settings.</p></div></div></div><img src="https://www.ft.com/__origami/service/image/v2/images/raw/https%3A%2F%2Fpublic.flourish.studio%2Fvisualisation%2F20415655%2Fthumbnail%3FcacheBuster%3D962447?source=cp-content-pipeline&fit=scale-down&quality=highest&width=1020&dpr=1" alt=""/></picture></a></figure></div><p>Ukraine is hoping to slow Russia’s offensive and seize the initiative by the time Trump takes office, as senior officials believe proving they are “fighters” and “winners” will help convince the president-elect to stand by them.</p><p>But Ukrainian officials admit that they are struggling to hold back the larger and better equipped Russian army amid <a href="https://www.ft.com/content/b9396112-585a-4f7e-9628-13d500c99d93" data-trackable="link">manpower shortages</a> and have plans to draft additional troops, though efforts to attract recruits are being hampered by military service being open-ended.</p><figure class="n-content-image n-content-image--full" data-component="image-set"><picture><source media="(min-width: 700px)" srcSet="https://www.ft.com/__origami/service/image/v2/images/raw/ftcms%3A1dd98423-2223-4d7c-b769-e27d36baf6be?source=next-article&fit=scale-down&quality=highest&width=700&dpr=1 1x,https://www.ft.com/__origami/service/image/v2/images/raw/ftcms%3A1dd98423-2223-4d7c-b769-e27d36baf6be?source=next-article&fit=scale-down&quality=highest&width=700&dpr=2 2x" width="1458" height="1479"/><source media="(max-width: 490px)" srcSet="https://www.ft.com/__origami/service/image/v2/images/raw/ftcms%3A01043b0b-70e1-4d0d-aff4-1ff5139fcb6f?source=next-article&fit=scale-down&quality=highest&width=490&dpr=1 1x" width="625" height="1813"/><img src="https://www.ft.com/__origami/service/image/v2/images/raw/https%3A%2F%2Fd6c748xw2pzm8.cloudfront.net%2Fprod%2Fd325f1a0-a5ce-11ef-af38-35b34dfb3ae5-standard.png?source=next-article&fit=scale-down&quality=highest&width=700&dpr=1" alt="Infantry shortages are one of Ukraine’s biggest challenges. Graphic showing a breakdown of the 11.1mn men in Ukraine and how many are available to mobilise" data-image-type="graphic" width="1458" height="1479" loading="lazy"/></picture></figure><p>Putin has said he would only be interested in negotiations if Kyiv accepts all his demands, including stretching the Russian occupation to the entirety of four Ukrainian regions. </p><p>With momentum in Moscow’s favour and the Ukrainians in retreat, the Kremlin has few reasons to sit for peace talks now.</p><p>Since August, Russia has captured more than 1,200 sq km in Ukraine, according to Deep State, a Ukrainian war tracking group close to the defence ministry — double the territory Kyiv’s troops currently hold in the Kursk region.</p><div class="n-content-layout__container--in-line" data-component="clip-set"><div data-cp-clip-layout="in-line" data-cp-clip-poster="" data-cp-clip-autoplay="true" data-cp-clip-no-audio="false" data-cp-clip-no-description="false" data-cp-clip-caption="Territory gained by Russian troops in eastern Ukraine in 2024" data-cp-clip-no-info-box="false" data-cp-clip-no-caption="false" data-cp-clip-closed-caption="false" data-cp-clip-loop="true" class="cp-clip" data-trackable="next-article-cp-clip" data-o-component="cp-clip" data-cp-clip-id="579b8661-7d85-4ea7-b38d-7d05a2c05264" data-cp-clip-system-title="eastern-front.mp4"><div data-o-component="o-expander" class="o-expander o-expander__info-box" data-o-expander-shrink-to="hidden" data-trackable="clip-info-box" data-o-expander-collapsed-toggle-text="<span class='o-expander__visually-hidden'>Show video info</span>" data-o-expander-expanded-toggle-text="<span class='o-expander__visually-hidden'>Hide video info</span>"><button data-trackable="toggle-open-close" class="o-expander__toggle o-expander__toggle-empty"><span class="o-expander__visually-hidden">Show video info</span></button><div class="o-expander__content video-info"></div></div><div class="cp-clip__video-container"><video class="cp-clip__video" controls="" controlsList="nodownload noremoteplayback noplaybackrate" disablepictureinpicture="" disableremoteplayback="" playsinline="" muted="" loop="" poster="" preload="auto" id="clip-579b8661-7d85-4ea7-b38d-7d05a2c05264" style="aspect-ratio:1080/1080;width:100%"><source id="video-source-0-579b8661-7d85-4ea7-b38d-7d05a2c05264" data-cp-component="cp-clip__video-source" src="https://next-media-api.ft.com/clips/optimised-media-files/17319447138720/1920x1920.mp4" type="video/mp4"/></video></div><div class="cp-clip__video-meta-info" data-cp-clip-video-meta-info="true"><div data-o-component="o-expander" class="o-expander o-expander__description-box" data-o-expander-shrink-to="hidden" data-trackable="description-box" data-o-expander-collapsed-toggle-text="<span class='o-expander__visually-hidden'>Show video description</span>" data-o-expander-expanded-toggle-text="<span class='o-expander__visually-hidden'>Hide video description</span>"><button data-trackable="toggle-open-close" class="o-expander__toggle"><span class="o-expander__visually-hidden">Show video description</span></button><div class="o-expander__content"><div class="video-description"><h4 class="video-description__title">Video description</h4><p class="video-description__text">Animation showing territory gained by Russian troops in eastern Ukraine since January 2024</p></div></div></div><div data-cp-clip-caption="true" class="cp-clip__caption">Territory gained by Russian troops in eastern Ukraine in 2024 <span class="cp-clip__credit">© FT • Sources: AEI's Critical Threats Project; Institute for the Study of War </span></div></div></div></div><h3 class="n-content-heading-3">Attacks on infrastructure</h3><p>Russia launched about 120 missile and 90 drones at Ukraine on Sunday, in <a href="https://www.ft.com/content/22d28566-79db-4aef-8cbd-493db231f19c" data-trackable="link">one of the largest air attacks</a> of the war, targeting power facilities across the country that caused severe damage and led to the first emergency blackouts since summer.</p><p>Ukrainian air defences — including anti-aircraft missiles, mobile fire units, electronic warfare groups and western-supplied F-16 jets — took down more than 140 of them, said Zelenskyy. But several parts of the country were still left without power as emergency teams worked to restore services.</p><div class="n-content-layout" data-component="flourish" data-component-id="20317266" data-component-type="flourish-in-article"><figure class="n-content-picture n-content-layout__container"><a href="#20317266"><picture data-asset-type="flourish" data-flourish-id="20317266" data-flourish-type="visualisation"><div id="20317266" class="cp-message o-message o-message--inform o-message--notice" data-o-component="o-message"><div class="o-message__container"><div class="o-message__content"><p class="o-message__content-main">Some content could not load. Check your internet connection or browser settings.</p></div></div></div><img src="https://www.ft.com/__origami/service/image/v2/images/raw/https%3A%2F%2Fpublic.flourish.studio%2Fvisualisation%2F20317266%2Fthumbnail%3FcacheBuster%3D962447?source=cp-content-pipeline&fit=scale-down&quality=highest&width=1020&dpr=1" alt=""/></picture></a></figure></div><p>Drones have played a key role in the war, with both Russia and Ukraine utilising unmanned aerial vehicles as part of their military strategies.</p><p>Ukraine has used drones to strike Russian soil this year, including <a href="https://www.ft.com/content/e5e1bbbc-ab23-4cfa-83e2-6564e4e6fcc0" data-trackable="link">hitting a Moscow suburb</a>, with the aim of disrupting the Kremlin’s war effort and bringing the conflict home to ordinary Russians.</p><p>In 2023, Ukrainian used drones to attack military facilities, munitions factories and energy infrastructure in Russia and are estimated to have sunk one-fifth of Russia’s Black Sea fleet. </p><p>Russian minefields and fortifications coupled with constant drone surveillance and artillery strikes proved insurmountable during the much-anticipated Ukrainian counteroffensive of <a href="https://www.ft.com/content/39656a7f-fcf8-4ceb-b162-041863dc7a55" data-trackable="link">summer 2023</a>. </p><div class="n-content-layout" data-component="flourish" data-component-id="20280795" data-component-type="flourish-in-article"><figure class="n-content-picture n-content-layout__container"><a href="#20280795"><picture data-asset-type="flourish" data-flourish-id="20280795" data-flourish-type="visualisation"><div id="20280795" class="cp-message o-message o-message--inform o-message--notice" data-o-component="o-message"><div class="o-message__container"><div class="o-message__content"><p class="o-message__content-main">Some content could not load. Check your internet connection or browser settings.</p></div></div></div><img src="https://www.ft.com/__origami/service/image/v2/images/raw/https%3A%2F%2Fpublic.flourish.studio%2Fvisualisation%2F20280795%2Fthumbnail%3FcacheBuster%3D962447?source=cp-content-pipeline&fit=scale-down&quality=highest&width=1020&dpr=1" alt=""/></picture></a></figure></div><h3 class="n-content-heading-3">Civilian and cultural impact</h3><p>The number of Ukrainians fleeing the war has made it one of the largest refugee crises in modern history.</p><div class="n-content-layout" data-component="flourish" data-component-id="20279193" data-component-type="flourish-in-article"><figure class="n-content-picture n-content-layout__container"><a href="#20279193"><picture data-asset-type="flourish" data-flourish-id="20279193" data-flourish-type="visualisation"><div id="20279193" class="cp-message o-message o-message--inform o-message--notice" data-o-component="o-message"><div class="o-message__container"><div class="o-message__content"><p class="o-message__content-main">Some content could not load. Check your internet connection or browser settings.</p></div></div></div><img src="https://www.ft.com/__origami/service/image/v2/images/raw/https%3A%2F%2Fpublic.flourish.studio%2Fvisualisation%2F20279193%2Fthumbnail%3FcacheBuster%3D962447?source=cp-content-pipeline&fit=scale-down&quality=highest&width=1020&dpr=1" alt=""/></picture></a></figure></div><p>A Financial Times <a href="https://www.ft.com/content/2d0013d2-a407-449f-b1e2-3d14fe65188f" data-trackable="link">investigation</a> found that Ukrainian children who were abducted and taken to Russia in the early months of the Kremlin’s 2022 invasion have been put up for adoption by authorities, in one confirmed case under a false Russian identity.</p><div class="n-content-layout" data-component="flourish" data-component-id="20298130" data-component-type="flourish-in-article"><figure class="n-content-picture n-content-layout__container"><a href="#20298130"><picture data-asset-type="flourish" data-flourish-id="20298130" data-flourish-type="visualisation"><div id="20298130" class="cp-message o-message o-message--inform o-message--notice" data-o-component="o-message"><div class="o-message__container"><div class="o-message__content"><p class="o-message__content-main">Some content could not load. Check your internet connection or browser settings.</p></div></div></div><img src="https://www.ft.com/__origami/service/image/v2/images/raw/https%3A%2F%2Fpublic.flourish.studio%2Fvisualisation%2F20298130%2Fthumbnail%3FcacheBuster%3D962447?source=cp-content-pipeline&fit=scale-down&quality=highest&width=1020&dpr=1" alt=""/></picture></a></figure></div><p>The war has also led to thousands of cultural, medical and educational facilities across Ukraine being damaged or destroyed.</p><div class="n-content-layout" data-layout-name="card" data-layout-width="full-width"><div class="n-content-layout__container"><h3 class="n-content-heading-3">Ukrainian sites destroyed or damaged by Russia</h3><figure class="n-content-image n-content-image--full" data-component="image-set"><picture><source media="(min-width: 700px)" srcSet="https://www.ft.com/__origami/service/image/v2/images/raw/ftcms%3Aca53f251-56e2-442b-b1f2-446a1d29b24b?source=next-article&fit=scale-down&quality=highest&width=700&dpr=1 1x,https://www.ft.com/__origami/service/image/v2/images/raw/ftcms%3Aca53f251-56e2-442b-b1f2-446a1d29b24b?source=next-article&fit=scale-down&quality=highest&width=700&dpr=2 2x" width="1800" height="917"/><img src="https://www.ft.com/__origami/service/image/v2/images/raw/https%3A%2F%2Fd1e00ek4ebabms.cloudfront.net%2Fproduction%2Fca53f251-56e2-442b-b1f2-446a1d29b24b.jpg?source=next-article&fit=scale-down&quality=highest&width=700&dpr=1" alt="" data-image-type="image" width="1800" height="917" loading="lazy"/></picture><figcaption class="n-content-picture__caption"><span>The Okhmatdyt children’s hospital in Kyiv was damaged by a Russian missile strike in July</span><span> © Image: Alexander Ermochenko / Data source: Ukrainian ministries of culture and health</span></figcaption></figure><div class="n-content-layout__slot"><h3 class="n-content-heading-3"><strong>1,062</strong></h3><p>Cultural heritage sites</p></div><div class="n-content-layout__slot"><h3 class="n-content-heading-3"><strong>1,861</strong></h3><p>Medical facilities</p></div><div class="n-content-layout__slot"><h3 class="n-content-heading-3"><strong>3,798</strong></h3><p>Educational facilities</p></div></div></div><h3 class="n-content-heading-3">Russia’s full-scale invasion of Ukraine</h3><p>On February 24 2022, the world awoke to news that Russian missiles had struck targets across Ukraine and used tanks to blast through the border.</p><p>The invasion came after months of rare public warnings from western intelligence agencies. It would soon escalate into the largest conflict in Europe since the second world war.</p><p>Ukrainians call the past 10 years “the great war” because of Russia’s first military invasion of their country in February 2014, when troops without insignia began their takeover of the Crimean Peninsula. Months later, they would spill into the Donbas region, fomenting a war under the guise of a separatist uprising. </p><div class="n-content-layout" data-component="flourish" data-component-id="2605558" data-component-type="flourish-in-article"><figure class="n-content-picture n-content-layout__container"><a href="#2605558"><picture data-asset-type="flourish" data-flourish-id="2605558" data-flourish-type="story"><div id="2605558" class="cp-message o-message o-message--inform o-message--notice" data-o-component="o-message"><div class="o-message__container"><div class="o-message__content"><p class="o-message__content-main">Some content could not load. Check your internet connection or browser settings.</p></div></div></div><img src="https://www.ft.com/__origami/service/image/v2/images/raw/https%3A%2F%2Fpublic.flourish.studio%2Fstory%2F2605558%2Fthumbnail%3FcacheBuster%3D962447?source=cp-content-pipeline&fit=scale-down&quality=highest&width=1020&dpr=1" alt=""/></picture></a></figure></div><h3 class="n-content-heading-3">March 2022: Russia fails to capture Kyiv </h3><p>The Russian attempt to take Ukraine’s capital was thwarted by a combination of factors, including geography, the attackers’ blundering and modern arms, as well as Ukraine’s speedy, grassroots effort to mobilise and its<a href="https://www.ft.com/content/e87fdc60-0d5e-4d39-93c6-7cfd22f770e8" data-trackable="link"> ingenuity with smartphones and pieces of foam mat</a>.</p><figure class="n-content-image n-content-image--full" data-component="image-set"><picture><source media="(min-width: 700px)" srcSet="https://www.ft.com/__origami/service/image/v2/images/raw/ftcms%3Aaa9f893d-4854-4ae0-8b9b-59aade088a82?source=next-article&fit=scale-down&quality=highest&width=700&dpr=1 1x,https://www.ft.com/__origami/service/image/v2/images/raw/ftcms%3Aaa9f893d-4854-4ae0-8b9b-59aade088a82?source=next-article&fit=scale-down&quality=highest&width=700&dpr=2 2x" width="1400" height="1134"/><source media="(max-width: 490px)" srcSet="https://www.ft.com/__origami/service/image/v2/images/raw/ftcms%3A17f46c45-4b5d-429a-b4ab-2b17a2408fdb?source=next-article&fit=scale-down&quality=highest&width=490&dpr=1 1x" width="600" height="1072"/><img src="https://www.ft.com/__origami/service/image/v2/images/raw/https%3A%2F%2Fd6c748xw2pzm8.cloudfront.net%2Fprod%2F966814e0-b8ce-11ec-9714-43cced61101d-standard.png?source=next-article&fit=scale-down&quality=highest&width=700&dpr=1" alt="Ukrainians reclaim territory around Kyiv as Russians withdraw. Map showing Ukrainian counter-offensives area around Kyiv" data-image-type="graphic" width="1400" height="1134" loading="lazy"/></picture></figure><h3 class="n-content-heading-3">May 2023: Battle for Bakhmut</h3><p>Putin hailed his first major victory after the early days of the full-scale invasion of Ukraine in May 2023, after his forces <a href="https://www.ft.com/content/5950d5d5-26b4-4b8b-a4c6-9dfbd62e9a99" data-trackable="link">captured Bakhmut</a> following a gruelling nine-month battle that reduced the city to ruins.</p><p>Many of the estimated to 30,000 men killed were convicts recruited by the Wagner Group, led by Yevgeny Prigozhin, who a month later <a href="https://www.ft.com/content/34f3a349-a05f-4672-b059-6980ecc27adf" data-trackable="link">staged a mutiny</a> against Moscow and then died in a plane crash in August 2023.</p><div class="n-content-layout" data-component="flourish" data-component-id="1850472" data-component-type="flourish-in-article"><figure class="n-content-picture n-content-layout__container"><a href="#1850472"><picture data-asset-type="flourish" data-flourish-id="1850472" data-flourish-type="story"><div id="1850472" class="cp-message o-message o-message--inform o-message--notice" data-o-component="o-message"><div class="o-message__container"><div class="o-message__content"><p class="o-message__content-main">Some content could not load. Check your internet connection or browser settings.</p></div></div></div><img src="https://www.ft.com/__origami/service/image/v2/images/raw/https%3A%2F%2Fpublic.flourish.studio%2Fstory%2F1850472%2Fthumbnail%3FcacheBuster%3D962447?source=cp-content-pipeline&fit=scale-down&quality=highest&width=1020&dpr=1" alt=""/></picture></a></figure></div><div class="n-content-layout" data-layout-name="timeline" data-layout-width="full-width"><div class="n-content-layout__container"><h2 class="n-content-heading-2">Other key events in the war</h2><div class="n-content-layout__slot"><h5 class="n-content-heading-5"><strong>August 6 2024</strong></h5><p>Moscow claims <a href="https://www.ft.com/content/83ad1e07-19d6-4ae0-b10e-208926fec4eb" data-trackable="link">Ukraine has launched offensive</a> inside Russia</p></div><div class="n-content-layout__slot"><h5 class="n-content-heading-5"><strong>May 17 2024</strong></h5><p>Russia has <a href="https://www.ft.com/content/c16d42b9-159c-458c-afa4-5d99ef293d7e" data-trackable="link">advanced 10km towards Kharkiv</a>, says Ukraine</p></div><div class="n-content-layout__slot"><h5 class="n-content-heading-5"><strong>April 20 2024</strong></h5><p>US lawmakers <a href="https://www.ft.com/content/e42dd872-f550-47f0-b203-3420cf498fcf" data-trackable="link">approve aid to Ukraine</a> and Israel after months of delay</p></div><div class="n-content-layout__slot"><h5 class="n-content-heading-5"><strong>July 17 2023</strong></h5><p>Russia <a href="https://www.ft.com/content/c0c62c3c-54fa-49c7-9d5c-53deb91bf989" data-trackable="link">pulls out</a> of Black Sea grain deal</p></div><div class="n-content-layout__slot"><h5 class="n-content-heading-5"><strong>June 25 2023</strong></h5><p>‘Get out of our way’: how <a href="https://www.ft.com/content/2cbc1abf-f818-4c5c-aed8-3256a1d775a2" data-trackable="link">Prigozhin’s march on Moscow</a> failed</p></div><div class="n-content-layout__slot"><h5 class="n-content-heading-5"><strong>June 6 2023</strong></h5><p>Floods hit Ukraine after <a href="https://www.ft.com/content/10ba2659-3204-4fde-b407-6904a408c931" data-trackable="link">Kakhovka dam breached</a></p></div><div class="n-content-layout__slot"><h5 class="n-content-heading-5"><strong>May 21 2023</strong></h5><p>Putin claims <a href="https://www.ft.com/content/5950d5d5-26b4-4b8b-a4c6-9dfbd62e9a99" data-trackable="link">capture of Bakhmut</a> as Ukraine insists battle ‘not over’</p></div><div class="n-content-layout__slot"><h5 class="n-content-heading-5"><strong>May 5 2023</strong></h5><p>Military briefing: the <a href="https://www.ft.com/content/fca39a1d-d642-4799-bdee-12423149cc61" data-trackable="link">drone attack </a>on the Kremlin</p></div><div class="n-content-layout__slot"><h5 class="n-content-heading-5"><strong>November 11 2022</strong></h5><p>Ukrainian forces<a href="https://www.ft.com/content/b8666ec0-7415-4700-aa2d-8b67e84145f6" data-trackable="link"> retake Kherson</a> after Russia retreats</p></div><div class="n-content-layout__slot"><h5 class="n-content-heading-5"><strong>October 8 2022</strong></h5><p>Russia’s <a href="https://www.ft.com/content/d3db052a-2471-4c45-849d-21c58e58ffd9" data-trackable="link">bridge to Crimea severely damaged</a> by explosion</p></div><div class="n-content-layout__slot"><h5 class="n-content-heading-5"><strong>September 10 2022</strong></h5><p>Lightning <a href="https://www.ft.com/content/e6681e70-ea25-42b5-b590-b8675336bcd9" data-trackable="link">Ukraine offensive</a> pushes Russia back 70km in a week</p></div><div class="n-content-layout__slot"><h5 class="n-content-heading-5"><strong>April 15 2022</strong></h5><p>Russia says warship <a href="https://www.ft.com/content/9604cdb2-63cc-4da6-8968-059948955cf1" data-trackable="link">Moskva has sunk</a> in the Black Sea</p></div></div></div><p><em>Additional cartography by Hirofumi Yamamoto</em></p><p><em>Development by Martin Stabe, Alan Smith, Emma Lewis, Joanna S Kao, Sam Learner and Ændra 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