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<span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Vakgebieden</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vakgebieden-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Oceaanverzuring" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Oceaanverzuring"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Oceaanverzuring</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Oceaanverzuring-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Zeestromen" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Zeestromen"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Zeestromen</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Zeestromen-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Zie_ook" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Zie_ook"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Zie ook</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Zie_ook-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Inhoud" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Inhoudsopgave omschakelen" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Inhoudsopgave omschakelen</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Oceanografie</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Ga naar een artikel in een andere taal. Beschikbaar in 99 talen" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-99" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">99 talen</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oseanografie" title="Oseanografie – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Oseanografie" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%8A%D8%B7%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="علم المحيطات – Arabisch" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="علم المحيطات" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%88%D8%AD%D9%8A%D8%B7%D9%88%D9%84%D9%88%D8%AC%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="موحيطولوجيا – Marokkaans Arabisch" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="موحيطولوجيا" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Marokkaans Arabisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="علم البحار – Egyptisch Arabisch" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="علم البحار" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptisch Arabisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oceanograf%C3%ADa" title="Oceanografía – Asturisch" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Oceanografía" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Океанография – Bulgaars" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Океанография" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgaars" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9E%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="समुंद्र बिज्ञान – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="समुंद्र बिज्ञान" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9E%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8" title="সমুদ্রবিজ্ঞান – Bengaals" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="সমুদ্রবিজ্ঞান" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bengaals" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okeanografija" title="Okeanografija – Bosnisch" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Okeanografija" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oceanografia" title="Oceanografia – Catalaans" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Oceanografia" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C4%81i-i%C3%B2ng-h%C5%8Fk" title="Hāi-iòng-hŏk – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Hāi-iòng-hŏk" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oceanografia" title="Oceanografia – Corsicaans" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Oceanografia" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsicaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Corsu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oce%C3%A1nografie" title="Oceánografie – Tsjechisch" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Oceánografie" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Tsjechisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eigioneg" title="Eigioneg – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Eigioneg" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oceanografi" title="Oceanografi – Deens" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Oceanografi" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Deens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ozeanographie" title="Ozeanographie – Duits" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Ozeanographie" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="Duits" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okyanus%C5%9F%C4%B1nasiye" title="Okyanusşınasiye – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Okyanusşınasiye" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A9%CE%BA%CE%B5%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%BF%CE%B3%CF%81%CE%B1%CF%86%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Ωκεανογραφία – Grieks" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ωκεανογραφία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Grieks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oceanography" title="Oceanography – Engels" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Oceanography" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="Engels" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oceanografio" title="Oceanografio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Oceanografio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oceanograf%C3%ADa" title="Oceanografía – Spaans" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Oceanografía" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okeanograafia" title="Okeanograafia – Estisch" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Okeanograafia" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ozeanografia" title="Ozeanografia – Baskisch" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Ozeanografia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Baskisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%82%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B3%E2%80%8C%D9%86%DA%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="اقیانوس‌نگاری – Perzisch" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="اقیانوس‌نگاری" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Perzisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meritiede" title="Meritiede – Fins" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Meritiede" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Fins" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Havfr%C3%B8%C3%B0i" title="Havfrøði – Faeröers" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Havfrøði" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faeröers" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oc%C3%A9anographie" title="Océanographie – Frans" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Océanographie" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="Frans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oseanografy" title="Oseanografy – Fries" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Oseanografy" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Fries" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aig%C3%A9aneola%C3%ADocht" title="Aigéaneolaíocht – Iers" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Aigéaneolaíocht" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Iers" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los%C3%A9anografi" title="Loséanografi – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Loséanografi" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuan-e%C3%B2las" title="Cuan-eòlas – Schots-Gaelisch" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Cuan-eòlas" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Schots-Gaelisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oceanograf%C3%ADa" title="Oceanografía – Galicisch" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Oceanografía" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galicisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%95%D7%A7%D7%99%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%92%D7%A8%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%94" title="אוקיינוגרפיה – Hebreeuws" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אוקיינוגרפיה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebreeuws" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9E%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="समुद्र विज्ञान – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="समुद्र विज्ञान" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oceanografija" title="Oceanografija – Kroatisch" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Oceanografija" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Kroatisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oceanogr%C3%A1fia" title="Oceanográfia – Hongaars" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Oceanográfia" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hongaars" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%95%D5%BE%D5%AF%D5%AB%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%B8%D5%BD%D5%A1%D5%A3%D5%AB%D5%BF%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Օվկիանոսագիտություն – Armeens" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Օվկիանոսագիտություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armeens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oceanographia" title="Oceanographia – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Oceanographia" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oseanografi" title="Oseanografi – Indonesisch" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Oseanografi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haffr%C3%A6%C3%B0i" title="Haffræði – IJslands" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Haffræði" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="IJslands" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oceanografia" title="Oceanografia – Italiaans" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Oceanografia" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italiaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B5%B7%E6%B4%8B%E5%AD%A6" title="海洋学 – Japans" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="海洋学" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uoshanagrafi" title="Uoshanagrafi – Jamaicaans Creools" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Uoshanagrafi" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaicaans Creools" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/xasyske" title="xasyske – Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="xasyske" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="Lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>La .lojban.</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Os%C3%A9anografi" title="Oséanografi – Javaans" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Oséanografi" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9D%E1%83%99%E1%83%94%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D%E1%83%92%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="ოკეანოლოგია – Georgisch" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ოკეანოლოგია" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%9F%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%82%E1%9E%9A%E1%9E%9C%E1%9E%B7%E1%9E%91%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%99%E1%9E%B6" title="សាគរវិទ្យា – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="សាគរវិទ្យា" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%AE%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%A6%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%B6%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0" title="ಸಮುದ್ರಶಾಸ್ತ್ರ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಸಮುದ್ರಶಾಸ್ತ್ರ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%95%B4%EC%96%91%ED%95%99" title="해양학 – Koreaans" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="해양학" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Koreaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Океанография – Kirgizisch" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Океанография" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kirgizisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oceanographia" title="Oceanographia – Latijn" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Oceanographia" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latijn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oseanografiya" title="Oseanografiya – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Oseanografiya" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladino</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zie%C3%ABk%C3%B3nde" title="Zieëkónde – Limburgs" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Zieëkónde" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgs" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okeanografija" title="Okeanografija – Litouws" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Okeanografija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Litouws" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ltg mw-list-item"><a href="https://ltg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jiureiba" title="Jiureiba – Letgaals" lang="ltg" hreflang="ltg" data-title="Jiureiba" data-language-autonym="Latgaļu" data-language-local-name="Letgaals" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latgaļu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okeanogr%C4%81fija" title="Okeanogrāfija – Lets" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Okeanogrāfija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Lets" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oseanografi" title="Oseanografi – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Oseanografi" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Океанографија – Macedonisch" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Океанографија" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%A6%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%B6%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%82" title="സമുദ്രശാസ്ത്രം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="സമുദ്രശാസ്ത്രം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0" title="समुद्रशास्त्र – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="समुद्रशास्त्र" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oseanografi" title="Oseanografi – Maleis" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Oseanografi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Maleis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%A1%E1%80%8F%E1%80%B9%E1%80%8F%E1%80%9D%E1%80%AB%E1%80%97%E1%80%B1%E1%80%92" title="အဏ္ဏဝါဗေဒ – Birmaans" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="အဏ္ဏဝါဗေဒ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Birmaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9E%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="समुद्र विज्ञान – Nepalees" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="समुद्र विज्ञान" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepalees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oseanografi" title="Oseanografi – Noors - Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Oseanografi" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Noors - Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oseanografi" title="Oseanografi – Noors - Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Oseanografi" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Noors - Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oceanografia" title="Oceanografia – Occitaans" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Oceanografia" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oceanografia" title="Oceanografia – Pools" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Oceanografia" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Pools" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%85%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1_%D9%BE%D9%88%D9%87%D9%86%D9%87" title="سمندر پوهنه – Pasjtoe" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="سمندر پوهنه" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pasjtoe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oceanografia" title="Oceanografia – Portugees" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Oceanografia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portugees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oceanografie" title="Oceanografie – Roemeens" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Oceanografie" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Roemeens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Океанография – Russisch" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Океанография" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oceanugraf%C3%ACa" title="Oceanugrafìa – Siciliaans" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Oceanugrafìa" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Siciliaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%88%D9%86%DA%8A%D9%8A_%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%86%D8%B3" title="سامونڊي سائنس – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="سامونڊي سائنس" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oceanografija" title="Oceanografija – Servo-Kroatisch" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Oceanografija" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Servo-Kroatisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%9C%E0%B6%BB_%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%80" title="සාගර විද්‍යාව – Singalees" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="සාගර විද්‍යාව" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Singalees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oceanography" title="Oceanography – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Oceanography" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oce%C3%A1nografia" title="Oceánografia – Slowaaks" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Oceánografia" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slowaaks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oceanografija" title="Oceanografija – Sloveens" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Oceanografija" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Sloveens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oqeanografia" title="Oqeanografia – Albanees" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Oqeanografia" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Океанографија – Servisch" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Океанографија" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Servisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oceanografi" title="Oceanografi – Zweeds" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Oceanografi" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Zweeds" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elimu_ya_bahari" title="Elimu ya bahari – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Elimu ya bahari" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D" title="கடலியல் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="கடலியல்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D2%9B%D1%91%D0%BD%D1%83%D1%81%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D3%A3" title="Уқёнусшиносӣ – Tadzjieks" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Уқёнусшиносӣ" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tadzjieks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C" title="สมุทรศาสตร์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="สมุทรศาสตร์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oseanograpiya" title="Oseanograpiya – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Oseanograpiya" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okyanus_bilimi" title="Okyanus bilimi – Turks" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Okyanus bilimi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Океанографія – Oekraïens" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Океанографія" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Oekraïens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%88%D9%85_%D8%B3%D9%85%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1" title="علوم سمندر – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="علوم سمندر" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ummonshunoslik" title="Ummonshunoslik – Oezbeeks" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Ummonshunoslik" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Oezbeeks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%E1%BA%A3i_d%C6%B0%C6%A1ng_h%E1%BB%8Dc" title="Hải dương học – Vietnamees" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Hải dương học" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seanakaedav" title="Seanakaedav – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Seanakaedav" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oceanograpiya" title="Oceanograpiya – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Oceanograpiya" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B5%B7%E6%B4%8B%E5%AD%A6" title="海洋学 – Wuyu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="海洋学" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wuyu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%A7%D7%A2%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%90%D7%92%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%A2" title="אקעאנאגראפיע – Jiddisch" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="אקעאנאגראפיע" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Jiddisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B5%B7%E6%B4%8B%E5%AD%A6" title="海洋学 – Chinees" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" 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id="siteSub" class="noprint">Uit Wikipedia, de vrije encyclopedie</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="nl" dir="ltr"><table class="infobox" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1"> <tbody><tr> <th class="infobox-kop notheme" colspan="3"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r56498100">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><span class="nobold">Deel van een <a href="/wiki/Categorie:Aardwetenschappen" title="Categorie:Aardwetenschappen">serie</a> artikelen over</span><br /><big><big>Aardwetenschappen</big></big> </th></tr> <tr> <td class="ta-center" colspan="3"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Bestand:Turquoise_Swirls_in_the_Black_Sea.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Westelijk zicht op de Zwarte Zee"><img alt="Westelijk zicht op de Zwarte Zee" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Turquoise_Swirls_in_the_Black_Sea.jpg/264px-Turquoise_Swirls_in_the_Black_Sea.jpg" decoding="async" width="264" height="264" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Turquoise_Swirls_in_the_Black_Sea.jpg/396px-Turquoise_Swirls_in_the_Black_Sea.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Turquoise_Swirls_in_the_Black_Sea.jpg/528px-Turquoise_Swirls_in_the_Black_Sea.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7000" data-file-height="7000" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="ta-center" colspan="3"><small><i>Westelijk zicht op de <a href="/wiki/Zwarte_Zee" title="Zwarte Zee">Zwarte Zee</a></i></small> </td></tr> <tr> <th class="infobox-kop notheme" colspan="3">Vakgebieden </th></tr> <tr> <td class="ta-center" colspan="3"> <p><a href="/wiki/Aardatmosfeer" title="Aardatmosfeer">Atmosferische wetenschappen</a> · <a href="/wiki/Bodemkunde" title="Bodemkunde">Bodemkunde</a> · <a href="/wiki/Fysische_geografie" title="Fysische geografie">Fysische geografie</a> · <a href="/wiki/Geochemie" title="Geochemie">Geochemie</a> · <a href="/wiki/Geodesie" title="Geodesie">Geodesie</a> · <a href="/wiki/Geologie" title="Geologie">Geologie</a> · <a href="/wiki/Geofysica" title="Geofysica">Geofysica</a> · <a href="/wiki/Glaciologie" title="Glaciologie">Glaciologie</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <th class="infobox-kop notheme" colspan="3">Vaste Aarde </th></tr> <tr> <td class="ta-center" colspan="3"> <p><a href="/wiki/Aardbeving" title="Aardbeving">Aardbeving</a> · <a href="/wiki/Aardkern" title="Aardkern">Aardkern</a> · <a href="/wiki/Asthenosfeer" title="Asthenosfeer">Asthenosfeer</a> · <a href="/wiki/Gebergtevorming" title="Gebergtevorming">Gebergtevorming</a> · <a href="/wiki/Lithosfeer" title="Lithosfeer">Lithosfeer</a> · <a href="/wiki/Platentektoniek" title="Platentektoniek">Platentektoniek</a> · <a href="/wiki/Seismologie" title="Seismologie">Seismologie</a> · <a href="/wiki/Vulkanisme" title="Vulkanisme">Vulkanisme</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <th class="infobox-kop notheme" colspan="3">Aardatmosfeer </th></tr> <tr> <td class="ta-center" colspan="3"> <p><a href="/wiki/Aardmagnetisch_veld" title="Aardmagnetisch veld">Aardmagnetisch veld</a> · <a href="/wiki/Atmosfeerchemie" title="Atmosfeerchemie">Atmosfeerchemie</a> · <a href="/wiki/Atmosferische_circulatie" title="Atmosferische circulatie">Circulatie</a> · <a href="/wiki/Klimaat" title="Klimaat">Klimaat</a> · <a href="/wiki/Milieuwetenschappen" title="Milieuwetenschappen">Milieu</a> · <a href="/wiki/Ozonlaag" title="Ozonlaag">Ozonlaag</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <th class="infobox-kop notheme" colspan="3">Biosfeer en hydrosfeer </th></tr> <tr> <td class="ta-center" colspan="3"> <p><a href="/wiki/Biogeografie" title="Biogeografie">Biogeografie</a> · <a href="/wiki/Ecologie" title="Ecologie">Ecologie</a> · <a href="/wiki/Gletsjer" title="Gletsjer">Gletsjer</a> · <a href="/wiki/Hydrologie" title="Hydrologie">Hydrologie</a> · <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Oceanografie</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="infobox-kop center notheme" colspan="3"> <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"> <tbody><tr> <td style="vertical-align:middle;"><b>Portaal</b>  <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Bestand:Portal.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portaalicoon"><img alt="Portaalicoon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Portal.svg/22px-Portal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Portal.svg/33px-Portal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Portal.svg/44px-Portal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="36" data-file-height="32" /></a></span>   </td> <td class="ta-left"><b><a href="/wiki/Portaal:Aardwetenschappen" title="Portaal:Aardwetenschappen">Aardwetenschappen</a> </b> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <p><b>Oceanografie</b> of <b>zeekunde</b> is de <a href="/wiki/Aardwetenschappen" title="Aardwetenschappen">aardwetenschap</a> die de fysieke en biologische eigenschappen en verschijnselen van de <a href="/wiki/Oceaan" title="Oceaan">oceanen</a> bestudeert. Het is een wetenschapstak die een breed scala aan onderwerpen omvat, waaronder de dynamiek van mariene <a href="/wiki/Ecosysteem" title="Ecosysteem">ecosystemen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oceanische_circulatie" class="mw-redirect" title="Oceanische circulatie">oceaanstromingen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zeegang" title="Zeegang">golven</a> en geofysische <a href="/wiki/Vloeistofdynamica" class="mw-redirect" title="Vloeistofdynamica">vloeistofdynamica</a>, <a href="/wiki/Platentektoniek" title="Platentektoniek">platentektoniek</a> aan de zeebodem, en de chemische samenstelling en fysieke eigenschappen van de oceaan. Deze verschillende onderwerpen weerspiegelen meerdere disciplines die oceanografen combineren om begrip te krijgen van hoe de oceaan werkt en verandert. <a href="/wiki/Paleo-oceanografie" title="Paleo-oceanografie">Paleo-oceanografie</a> bestudeert de geschiedenis van de oceanen in het geologische verleden. Waar oceanografie meer beschrijvend zou moeten zijn en oceanologie meer verklarend, worden deze begrippen in Nederland door elkaar gebruikt, waarbij de eerste term bekender is in de wetenschap en de tweede meer in technische kringen. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Vakgebieden">Vakgebieden</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oceanografie&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Vakgebieden" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oceanografie&action=edit&section=1" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Vakgebieden"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>De oceanografie is onderverdeeld in vier subdisciplines: </p> <ul><li>Biologische oceanografie, ook wel <a href="/wiki/Mariene_biologie" title="Mariene biologie">mariene biologie</a>, bestudeert de interactie van levensvormen en levensverschijnselen met de oceaan. Daarbij gaat men uit van de fysische, chemische en geologische invalshoeken.</li> <li>Chemische oceanografie bestudeert de interactie van de <a href="/wiki/Chemische_elementen" class="mw-redirect" title="Chemische elementen">chemische elementen</a> die in de oceanen voorkomen.</li> <li>Geologische oceanografie bestudeert de geologie van de zeebodems, waarin wordt ingegaan op <a href="/wiki/Platentektoniek" title="Platentektoniek">platentektoniek</a>.</li> <li>Fysische oceanografie bestudeert uitsluitend de <a href="/wiki/Natuurkunde" title="Natuurkunde">natuurkundige</a> eigenschappen van de oceanen, zoals zeestromen, de rol van de oceanen voor het klimaat en <a href="/wiki/Klimaatverandering" title="Klimaatverandering">klimaatverandering</a>, de interactie met de <a href="/wiki/Aardatmosfeer" title="Aardatmosfeer">atmosfeer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zeespiegelstijging" title="Zeespiegelstijging">zeespiegelstijging</a>, <a href="/wiki/Getijde_(waterbeweging)" title="Getijde (waterbeweging)">getijden</a> en <a href="/wiki/Oppervlaktegolf_(vloeistofdynamica)" title="Oppervlaktegolf (vloeistofdynamica)">golven</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Oceaanverzuring">Oceaanverzuring</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oceanografie&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Oceaanverzuring" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oceanografie&action=edit&section=2" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Oceaanverzuring"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="hatnote" style="margin-bottom:0.5em; padding:0.5em 0 0.5em 1.6em; font-size:95%;" role="note"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/1rightarrow_blue.svg/15px-1rightarrow_blue.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/1rightarrow_blue.svg/23px-1rightarrow_blue.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/1rightarrow_blue.svg/30px-1rightarrow_blue.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="480" /></span></span> <i>Zie <a href="/wiki/Oceaanverzuring" title="Oceaanverzuring">Oceaanverzuring</a> voor het hoofdartikel over dit onderwerp.</i></div> <p>Oceanografen hebben vastgesteld dat de <a href="/wiki/PH" title="PH">pH</a>-waarde van de oceaan afneemt als gevolg van menselijke activiteit.<sup id="cite_ref-cald03_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cald03-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Het <a href="/wiki/Koolstofdioxide" title="Koolstofdioxide">koolstofdioxidegehalte</a> in de atmosfeer is gestaag toegenomen. Zeewater is licht <a href="/wiki/Basisch" class="mw-redirect" title="Basisch">basisch</a> en had voor de <a href="/wiki/Industrialisatie" title="Industrialisatie">industrialisatie</a> van 1800 een pH van circa 8,2. Ongeveer 30 tot 40% van deze koolstofdioxide wordt geabsorbeerd door de oceanen waarbij <a href="/wiki/Diwaterstofcarbonaat" title="Diwaterstofcarbonaat">koolzuur</a> wordt gevormd en de pH (nu lager dan 8,1)<sup id="cite_ref-EPA_Ocean_Acidity_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EPA_Ocean_Acidity-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> afneemt en de oceaan dus verzuurt.<sup id="cite_ref-Feely04_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Feely04-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Zeebe2008_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zeebe2008-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Het huidige tempo van de veranderende zuurgraad van de oceanen is ongekend in de geologische geschiedenis van de aarde, waardoor het onduidelijk is hoe mariene ecosystemen zich hier in de toekomst aan zullen aanpassen.<sup id="cite_ref-Hönisch2012_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hönisch2012-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Van bijzonder belang is de combinatie van verzuring met de verwachte hogere temperaturen en <a href="/wiki/Hypoxie_(water)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hypoxie (water)">lagere zuurstofniveaus</a> in de oceaan.<sup id="cite_ref-Gruber2011_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gruber2011-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Zeestromen">Zeestromen</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oceanografie&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Zeestromen" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oceanografie&action=edit&section=3" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Zeestromen"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="hatnote" style="margin-bottom:0.5em; padding:0.5em 0 0.5em 1.6em; font-size:95%;" role="note"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/1rightarrow_blue.svg/15px-1rightarrow_blue.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/1rightarrow_blue.svg/23px-1rightarrow_blue.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/1rightarrow_blue.svg/30px-1rightarrow_blue.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="480" /></span></span> <i>Zie <a href="/wiki/Zeestroom" title="Zeestroom">Zeestroom</a> voor het hoofdartikel over dit onderwerp.</i></div> <p>Sinds de eerste expedities van de oceanografie was het van groot belang om kennis te hebben van zeestromen. De <a href="/wiki/Getijde_(waterbeweging)" title="Getijde (waterbeweging)">getijden</a>, het <a href="/wiki/Coriolis-effect" class="mw-redirect" title="Coriolis-effect">Coriolis-effect</a>, veranderingen in richting en sterkte van <a href="/wiki/Wind_(meteorologie)" title="Wind (meteorologie)">wind</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zoutgehalte" class="mw-redirect" title="Zoutgehalte">zoutgehalte</a> en <a href="/wiki/Temperatuur" title="Temperatuur">temperatuur</a> zijn de belangrijkste factoren die de zeestromen bepalen. De <a href="/wiki/Thermohaliene_circulatie" title="Thermohaliene circulatie">thermohaliene circulatie</a> (THC) verbindt 4 van de 5 oceanen op aarde en is in de eerste plaats afhankelijk van de <a href="/wiki/Dichtheid_(natuurkunde)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dichtheid (natuurkunde)">dichtheid</a> van het zeewater. Zeestromen als de <a href="/wiki/Noord-Atlantische_Drift" class="mw-redirect" title="Noord-Atlantische Drift">Noord-Atlantische Drift</a> zijn oppervlaktestromen die door de wind worden aangedreven. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Zie_ook">Zie ook</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oceanografie&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Zie ook" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oceanografie&action=edit&section=4" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Zie ook"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Argo_(boei)" title="Argo (boei)">Argo (boei)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrologie" title="Hydrologie">Hydrologie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klimatologie" title="Klimatologie">Klimatologie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zeeniveau" title="Zeeniveau">Zeeniveau</a></li></ul> <div class="toccolours appendix" role="presentation" style="font-size:90%; margin:1em 0 -0.5em; clear:both;"> <div></div> <dl><dt>Referenties</dt></dl> <div class="reflist" style="-moz-column-width:30em; -webkit-column-width:30em; column-width:30em; list-style-type: decimal;"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-cald03-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-cald03_1-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" id="CITEREF2003"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r67679320">.mw-parser-output .taalaanduiding{font-family:sans-serif;font-size:85%;cursor:help;color:var(--color-subtle,#555)}.mw-parser-output .taalaanduiding span{border-bottom:1px dotted var(--color-subtle,#555)}</style><span class="taalaanduiding" title="Taal: Engels">(<span>en</span>) </span><span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Caldeira K, Wickett ME.</span> (2003). <cite><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pangea.stanford.edu/research/Oceans/GES205/Caldeira_Science_Anthropogenic%20Carbon%20and%20ocean%20pH.pdf">Anthropogenic carbon and ocean pH</a></cite>. <i><a href="/wiki/Nature_(journal)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nature (journal)">Nature</a></i> <b>425</b> (6956): 365–365. <a href="/wiki/PubMed" title="PubMed">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14508477">14508477</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">DOI</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038/425365a">10.1038/425365a</a>. </span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EPA_Ocean_Acidity-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-EPA_Ocean_Acidity_2-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" id="CITEREF2013"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r67679320"><span class="taalaanduiding" title="Taal: Engels">(<span>en</span>) </span><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.epa.gov/climatechange/science/indicators/oceans/acidity.html">Ocean Acidity</a>. <a href="/wiki/Environmental_Protection_Agency" title="Environmental Protection Agency">EPA</a> (<span class="mw-formatted-date" title="2013-09-13">13 september 2013</span>). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130812171918/http://www.epa.gov/climatechange/science/indicators/oceans/acidity.html">Gearchiveerd</a> op <span class="mw-formatted-date" title="2013-08-12">12 augustus 2013</span>. Geraadpleegd op <span class="mw-formatted-date" title="2013-11-01">1 november 2013</span>. </span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Feely04-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Feely04_3-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" id="CITEREF2004"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r67679320"><span class="taalaanduiding" title="Taal: Engels">(<span>en</span>) </span><span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Feely RA <i>et al</i>.</span> (July 2004). <cite><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sciencemag.org/content/305/5682/362.abstract">Impact of Anthropogenic CO<sub>2</sub> on the CaCO<sub>3</sub> System in the Oceans</a></cite>. <i>Science</i> <b>305</b> (5682): 362–366. <a href="/wiki/PubMed" title="PubMed">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15256664">15256664</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">DOI</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1097329">10.1126/science.1097329</a>. </span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Zeebe2008-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Zeebe2008_4-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" id="CITEREF2008"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r67679320"><span class="taalaanduiding" title="Taal: Engels">(<span>en</span>) </span><span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Zeebe RE, Zachos JC. Caldeira K. Tyrrell T.</span> (4 July 2008). <cite>OCEANS: Carbon Emissions and Acidification</cite>. <i>Science</i> <b>321</b> (5885): 51–52. <a href="/wiki/PubMed" title="PubMed">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18599765">18599765</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">DOI</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1159124">10.1126/science.1159124</a>. </span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hönisch2012-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Hönisch2012_5-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" id="CITEREF2012"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r67679320"><span class="taalaanduiding" title="Taal: Engels">(<span>en</span>) </span><span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Hönisch B, Ridgwell A, Schmidt DN <i>et al</i>.</span> (2012). <cite>The Geological Record of Ocean Acidification</cite>. <i>Science</i> <b>335</b> (6072): 1058–1063. <a href="/wiki/PubMed" title="PubMed">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22383840">22383840</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">DOI</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1208277">10.1126/science.1208277</a>. </span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gruber2011-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Gruber2011_6-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" id="CITEREF2011"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r67679320"><span class="taalaanduiding" title="Taal: Engels">(<span>en</span>) </span><span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Gruber N.</span> (<span class="mw-formatted-date" title="2011-04-18">18 april 2011</span>). <cite>Warming up, turning sour, losing breath: ocean biogeochemistry under global change</cite>. <i>Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences</i> <b>369</b> (1943): 1980–96. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">DOI</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2011.0003">10.1098/rsta.2011.0003</a>. </span></span> </li> </ol></div> <dl><dt>Externe links</dt></dl> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nioz.nl/">Nederlands Instituut voor Onderzoek aan de Zee (NIOZ)</a></li></ul> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r67837862">.mw-parser-output .navigatie{position:relative;clear:both;overflow:auto;margin:1em auto -0.5em;padding:2px;background-color:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);text-align:center;font-size:87%}.mw-parser-output .navigatie-bewerken{margin-left:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .navigatie-bewerken 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