CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Kosovo War - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"a5f907ae-d804-411e-a6fb-e2d31cab159c","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Kosovo_War","wgTitle":"Kosovo War","wgCurRevisionId":1259573761,"wgRevisionId":1259573761,"wgArticleId":16760,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list","CS1 German-language sources (de)","All articles with bare URLs for citations","Articles with bare URLs for citations from August 2024","Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from November 2011","CS1 Albanian-language sources (sq)","Webarchive template wayback links","CS1 Norwegian-language sources (no)","All accuracy disputes","Accuracy disputes from February 2020","Articles with short description", "Short description is different from Wikidata","Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism","Use British English from November 2014","Use dmy dates from June 2021","Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images","Articles containing Albanian-language text","Articles containing Serbian-language text","All articles with unsourced statements","Articles with unsourced statements from February 2023","Articles with unsourced statements from January 2024","Articles with unsourced statements from December 2023","All articles lacking reliable references","Articles lacking reliable references from September 2019","All articles with vague or ambiguous time","Vague or ambiguous time from February 2017","Articles with unsourced statements from April 2014","All articles with self-published sources","Articles with self-published sources from February 2020","Articles with unsourced statements from April 2013","Commons category link is on Wikidata","Kosovo War","1998 in Kosovo", "1999 in Kosovo","Albania–Serbia relations","Albania–United Kingdom relations","Albania–United States relations","Albania–Yugoslavia relations","Conflicts in 1998","Conflicts in 1999","Ethnic cleansing in Europe","Military history of Kosovo","Kosovo–Serbia relations","Kosovo–United Kingdom relations","Kosovo–United States relations","Presidency of Bill Clinton","Wars involving NATO","Wars involving Serbia","Wars involving Kosovo","Modern history of Kosovo"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Kosovo_War","wgRelevantArticleId":16760,"wgIsProbablyEditable":false,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":false,"wgRestrictionEdit":["autoconfirmed"],"wgRestrictionMove":["autoconfirmed"],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{ "pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":200000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q190029","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading", "ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","ext.scribunto.logs","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions", "wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.quicksurveys.init","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0b/Bllace_refugee_camp.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="823"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Bllace_refugee_camp.jpg/800px-Bllace_refugee_camp.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="548"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Bllace_refugee_camp.jpg/640px-Bllace_refugee_camp.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="439"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Kosovo War - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosovo_War"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosovo_War"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Kosovo_War rootpage-Kosovo_War skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Main menu </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z">Main page</a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia">Contents</a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events">Current events</a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x">Random article</a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works">About Wikipedia</a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia">Contact us</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia">Help</a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia">Learn to edit</a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors">Community portal</a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r">Recent changes</a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia">Upload file</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"> Search </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Appearance </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class="">Donate</a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Kosovo+War" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class="">Create account</a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Kosovo+War" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class="">Log in</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Personal tools </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en">Donate</a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Kosovo+War" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"> Create account</a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Kosovo+War" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"> Log in</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing">learn more</a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y">Contributions</a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n">Talk</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Background" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Background"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1 Background </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Background-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Background subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Background-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Kosovo_in_Tito's_Yugoslavia_(1945–1980)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kosovo_in_Tito's_Yugoslavia_(1945–1980)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.1 Kosovo in Tito's Yugoslavia (1945–1980) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kosovo_in_Tito's_Yugoslavia_(1945–1980)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-After_the_death_of_Tito_(1980–1989)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#After_the_death_of_Tito_(1980–1989)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 After the death of Tito (1980–1989) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-After_the_death_of_Tito_(1980–1989)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Constitutional_amendments_(1989–94)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Constitutional_amendments_(1989–94)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3 Constitutional amendments (1989–94) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Constitutional_amendments_(1989–94)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Eruption_of_war" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eruption_of_war"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Eruption of war </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Eruption_of_war-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Eruption of war subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Eruption_of_war-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-The_slide_to_war_(1995–1998)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_slide_to_war_(1995–1998)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 The slide to war (1995–1998) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_slide_to_war_(1995–1998)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-War_begins" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#War_begins"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 War begins </div> </a> <ul id="toc-War_begins-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Morale" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Morale"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2.1 Morale </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Morale-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-UN,_NATO,_and_OSCE_(1998–1999)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#UN,_NATO,_and_OSCE_(1998–1999)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 UN, NATO, and OSCE (1998–1999) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-UN,_NATO,_and_OSCE_(1998–1999)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Rambouillet_Conference_(January–March_1999)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Rambouillet_Conference_(January–March_1999)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 The Rambouillet Conference (January–March 1999) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Rambouillet_Conference_(January–March_1999)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-NATO_bombing_timeline" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#NATO_bombing_timeline"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 NATO bombing timeline </div> </a> <ul id="toc-NATO_bombing_timeline-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Yugoslav_army_withdrawal_and_the_entry_of_KFOR" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Yugoslav_army_withdrawal_and_the_entry_of_KFOR"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Yugoslav army withdrawal and the entry of KFOR </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Yugoslav_army_withdrawal_and_the_entry_of_KFOR-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reaction_to_the_war" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reaction_to_the_war"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Reaction to the war </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Reaction_to_the_war-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Reaction to the war subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Reaction_to_the_war-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Support_for_the_war" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Support_for_the_war"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Support for the war </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Support_for_the_war-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Criticism_of_the_case_for_war" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Criticism_of_the_case_for_war"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Criticism of the case for war </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Criticism_of_the_case_for_war-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Democratic_League_of_Kosovo_and_FARK" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Democratic_League_of_Kosovo_and_FARK"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Democratic League of Kosovo and FARK </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Democratic_League_of_Kosovo_and_FARK-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Casualties" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Casualties"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Casualties </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Casualties-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Casualties subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Casualties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Civilian_losses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Civilian_losses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Civilian losses </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Civilian_losses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Civilians_killed_by_NATO_airstrikes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Civilians_killed_by_NATO_airstrikes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1.1 Civilians killed by NATO airstrikes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Civilians_killed_by_NATO_airstrikes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Civilians_killed_by_Yugoslav_forces" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Civilians_killed_by_Yugoslav_forces"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1.2 Civilians killed by Yugoslav forces </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Civilians_killed_by_Yugoslav_forces-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Civilians_killed_by_KLA_forces" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Civilians_killed_by_KLA_forces"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1.3 Civilians killed by KLA forces </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Civilians_killed_by_KLA_forces-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-NATO_losses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#NATO_losses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 NATO losses </div> </a> <ul id="toc-NATO_losses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Yugoslav_military_losses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Yugoslav_military_losses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3 Yugoslav military losses </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Yugoslav_military_losses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-KLA_losses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#KLA_losses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.4 KLA losses </div> </a> <ul id="toc-KLA_losses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aftermath" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aftermath"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.5 Aftermath </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aftermath-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-War_crimes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#War_crimes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 War crimes </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-War_crimes-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle War crimes subsection </button> <ul id="toc-War_crimes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-By_the_Federal_Yugoslav_government" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#By_the_Federal_Yugoslav_government"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 By the Federal Yugoslav government </div> </a> <ul id="toc-By_the_Federal_Yugoslav_government-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-By_Kosovo_Albanian_forces" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#By_Kosovo_Albanian_forces"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2 By Kosovo Albanian forces </div> </a> <ul id="toc-By_Kosovo_Albanian_forces-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-By_NATO_forces" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#By_NATO_forces"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.3 By NATO forces </div> </a> <ul id="toc-By_NATO_forces-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-International_reaction_to_NATO_intervention" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#International_reaction_to_NATO_intervention"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 International reaction to NATO intervention </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-International_reaction_to_NATO_intervention-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle International reaction to NATO intervention subsection </button> <ul id="toc-International_reaction_to_NATO_intervention-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Africa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Africa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.1 Africa </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Africa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Asia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Asia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.2 Asia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Asia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Europe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Europe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.3 Europe </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Europe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Oceania" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Oceania"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.4 Oceania </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Oceania-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_Nations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_Nations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.5 United Nations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_Nations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Military_and_political_consequences" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Military_and_political_consequences"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Military and political consequences </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Military_and_political_consequences-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Military_decorations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Military_decorations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Military decorations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Military_decorations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Weaponry_and_vehicles_used" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Weaponry_and_vehicles_used"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 Weaponry and vehicles used </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Weaponry_and_vehicles_used-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 16 Sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 17 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 18 External links </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-External_links-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle External links subsection </button> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Reports" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reports"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 18.1 Reports </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reports-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Media" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Media"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 18.2 Media </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Media-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Maps" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Maps"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 18.3 Maps </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Maps-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Kosovo War</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 65 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-65" aria-hidden="true" > 65 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosovo-oorlog" title="Kosovo-oorlog – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Kosovo-oorlog" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%B1%D8%A8_%D9%83%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%81%D9%88" title="حرب كوسوفو – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="حرب كوسوفو" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerra_de_Kosovu" title="Guerra de Kosovu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Guerra de Kosovu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosovo_m%C3%BCharib%C9%99si" title="Kosovo müharibəsi – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Kosovo müharibəsi" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%88%D8%B2%D9%88%D9%88%D9%88_%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B4%DB%8C" title="کوزووو ساواشی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="کوزووو ساواشی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%9E%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Косаўская вайна – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Косаўская вайна" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Косовска война – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Косовска война" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosovski_rat" title="Kosovski rat – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Kosovski rat" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerra_de_Kosovo" title="Guerra de Kosovo – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Guerra de Kosovo" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A1lka_v_Kosovu" title="Válka v Kosovu – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Válka v Kosovu" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhyfel_Cosofo" title="Rhyfel Cosofo – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Rhyfel Cosofo" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosovokrigen" title="Kosovokrigen – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Kosovokrigen" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosovokrieg" title="Kosovokrieg – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Kosovokrieg" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosovo_s%C3%B5da" title="Kosovo sõda – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Kosovo sõda" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CF%8C%CE%BB%CE%B5%CE%BC%CE%BF%CF%82_%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85_%CE%9A%CE%BF%CF%83%CF%83%CF%85%CF%86%CE%BF%CF%80%CE%B5%CE%B4%CE%AF%CE%BF%CF%85" title="Πόλεμος του Κοσσυφοπεδίου – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Πόλεμος του Κοσσυφοπεδίου" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerra_de_Kosovo" title="Guerra de Kosovo – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Guerra de Kosovo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosova_Milito" title="Kosova Milito – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Kosova Milito" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosovoko_Gerra" title="Kosovoko Gerra – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Kosovoko Gerra" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%86%DA%AF_%DA%A9%D9%88%D8%B2%D9%88%D9%88" title="جنگ کوزوو – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="جنگ کوزوو" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerre_du_Kosovo" title="Guerre du Kosovo – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Guerre du Kosovo" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosovo-oarloch" title="Kosovo-oarloch – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Kosovo-oarloch" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cogadh_na_Cosaive" title="Cogadh na Cosaive – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Cogadh na Cosaive" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerra_de_Kosovo" title="Guerra de Kosovo – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Guerra de Kosovo" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%BD%94%EC%86%8C%EB%B3%B4_%EC%A0%84%EC%9F%81" title="코소보 전쟁 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="코소보 전쟁" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BF%D5%B8%D5%BD%D5%B8%D5%BE%D5%B8%D5%B5%D5%AB_%D5%BA%D5%A1%D5%BF%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%A6%D5%B4" title="Կոսովոյի պատերազմ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Կոսովոյի պատերազմ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rat_na_Kosovu" title="Rat na Kosovu – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Rat na Kosovu" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milito_di_Kosovo" title="Milito di Kosovo – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Milito di Kosovo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perang_Kosovo" title="Perang Kosovo – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Perang Kosovo" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kos%C3%B3v%C3%B3str%C3%AD%C3%B0i%C3%B0" title="Kosóvóstríðið – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Kosóvóstríðið" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerra_del_Kosovo" title="Guerra del Kosovo – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Guerra del Kosovo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%9C%D7%97%D7%9E%D7%AA_%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%A1%D7%95%D7%91%D7%95" title="מלחמת קוסובו – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מלחמת קוסובו" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perang_Kosovo" title="Perang Kosovo – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Perang Kosovo" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%99%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9D%E1%83%95%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98" title="კოსოვოს ომი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="კოსოვოს ომი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosovas_kr%C4%ABze" title="Kosovas krīze – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Kosovas krīze" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosovo_karas" title="Kosovo karas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Kosovo karas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosovo-krie%C3%ABg" title="Kosovo-krieëg – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Kosovo-krieëg" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koszov%C3%B3i_h%C3%A1bor%C3%BA" title="Koszovói háború – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Koszovói háború" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%98%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Косовска војна – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Косовска војна" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%B1%D8%A8_%D9%83%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%88%DA%A4%D9%88" title="حرب كوسوڤو – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="حرب كوسوڤو" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perang_Kosovo" title="Perang Kosovo – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Perang Kosovo" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosovo-oorlog" title="Kosovo-oorlog – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Kosovo-oorlog" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B3%E3%82%BD%E3%83%9C%E7%B4%9B%E4%BA%89" title="コソボ紛争 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="コソボ紛争" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosovokrigen" title="Kosovokrigen – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Kosovokrigen" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosovokrigen" title="Kosovokrigen – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Kosovokrigen" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF_%DA%A9%D9%88%D8%B2%D9%88%D9%88_%D8%AC%DA%AB%DA%93%D9%87_(%DB%B1%DB%B9%DB%B9%DB%B8)" title="د کوزوو جګړه (۱۹۹۸) – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="د کوزوو جګړه (۱۹۹۸)" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wojna_w_Kosowie" title="Wojna w Kosowie – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Wojna w Kosowie" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerra_do_Kosovo" title="Guerra do Kosovo – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Guerra do Kosovo" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C4%83zboiul_din_Kosovo" title="Războiul din Kosovo – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Războiul din Kosovo" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Косовская война – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Косовская война" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lufta_e_Kosov%C3%ABs" title="Lufta e Kosovës – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Lufta e Kosovës" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosovo_War" title="Kosovo War – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Kosovo War" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vojna_v_Kosove" title="Vojna v Kosove – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Vojna v Kosove" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%DB%95%DA%95%DB%8C_%DA%A9%DB%86%D8%B3%DB%86%DA%A4%DB%86" title="شەڕی کۆسۆڤۆ – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="شەڕی کۆسۆڤۆ" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D1%82_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%83_%D0%B8_%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%85%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B8" title="Рат на Косову и Метохији – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Рат на Косову и Метохији" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rat_na_Kosovu" title="Rat na Kosovu – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Rat na Kosovu" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosovon_sota" title="Kosovon sota – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kosovon sota" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosovokriget" title="Kosovokriget – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Kosovokriget" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B3%D1%8B%D1%88%D1%8B" title="Косово сугышы – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Косово сугышы" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%AD" title="สงครามคอซอวอ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="สงครามคอซอวอ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosova_Sava%C5%9F%C4%B1" title="Kosova Savaşı – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Kosova Savaşı" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Косовська війна – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Косовська війна" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chi%E1%BA%BFn_tranh_Kosovo" title="Chiến tranh Kosovo – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Chiến tranh Kosovo" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E7%B4%A2%E6%B2%83%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89" title="科索沃战争 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="科索沃战争" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E7%B4%A2%E6%B2%83%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD" title="科索沃戰爭 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="科索沃戰爭" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E7%B4%A2%E6%B2%83%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89" title="科索沃战争 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="科索沃战争" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q190029#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Kosovo_War" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c">Article</a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Kosovo_War" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t">Talk</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >English </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Kosovo_War">Read</a></li><li id="ca-viewsource" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosovo_War&action=edit" title="This page is protected.
You can view its source [e]" accesskey="e">View source</a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosovo_War&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h">View history</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >Tools </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Kosovo_War">Read</a></li><li id="ca-more-viewsource" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosovo_War&action=edit">View source</a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosovo_War&action=history">View history</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Kosovo_War" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j">What links here</a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Kosovo_War" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k">Related changes</a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u">Upload file</a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q">Special pages</a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosovo_War&oldid=1259573761" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page">Permanent link</a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosovo_War&action=info" title="More information about this page">Page information</a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Kosovo_War&id=1259573761&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page">Cite this page</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FKosovo_War">Get shortened URL</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FKosovo_War">Download QR code</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Kosovo_War&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file">Download as PDF</a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosovo_War&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p">Printable version</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Kosovo_War" hreflang="en">Wikimedia Commons</a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q190029" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g">Wikidata item</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-pp-default" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Protection_policy#semi" title="This article is semi-protected due to vandalism"><img alt="Page semi-protected" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/20px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/30px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">1998–1999 armed conflict in Kosovo</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Kosovo crisis" redirects here. For the crises in North Kosovo, see <a href="/wiki/North_Kosovo_crisis_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="North Kosovo crisis (disambiguation)">North Kosovo crisis</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r963460841">@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .desktop-float-right{box-sizing:border-box;float:right;clear:right}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.vevent .status>p:first-child{margin:0}</style><table class="infobox vevent" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th class="summary" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Kosovo War</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Part of the <a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Wars" title="Yugoslav Wars">Yugoslav Wars</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas200647-2">[1]</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;line-height:1.5em;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tnone center"><div class="multiimageinner" style="width:292px;max-width:292px;border:none"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:98px;max-width:98px"><div style="height:128px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Belgrade_NATO_bombardment_damage1.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Belgrade_NATO_bombardment_damage1.JPG/96px-Belgrade_NATO_bombardment_damage1.JPG" decoding="async" width="96" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Belgrade_NATO_bombardment_damage1.JPG/144px-Belgrade_NATO_bombardment_damage1.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Belgrade_NATO_bombardment_damage1.JPG/192px-Belgrade_NATO_bombardment_damage1.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1728" data-file-height="2304" /></a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:190px;max-width:190px"><div style="height:128px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Bllace_refugee_camp.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Bllace_refugee_camp.jpg/188px-Bllace_refugee_camp.jpg" decoding="async" width="188" height="129" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Bllace_refugee_camp.jpg/282px-Bllace_refugee_camp.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Bllace_refugee_camp.jpg/376px-Bllace_refugee_camp.jpg 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="617" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:145px;max-width:145px"><div style="height:98px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Kla_members.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Kla_members.jpg/143px-Kla_members.jpg" decoding="async" width="143" height="98" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Kla_members.jpg/215px-Kla_members.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Kla_members.jpg/286px-Kla_members.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2910" data-file-height="2000" /></a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:143px;max-width:143px"><div style="height:98px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Kosovo_010.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Kosovo_010.jpg/141px-Kosovo_010.jpg" decoding="async" width="141" height="99" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Kosovo_010.jpg/212px-Kosovo_010.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Kosovo_010.jpg/282px-Kosovo_010.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1468" data-file-height="1028" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:290px;max-width:290px"><div style="height:112px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Aviano_f-15_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Aviano_f-15_%28cropped%29.jpg/288px-Aviano_f-15_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="288" height="112" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Aviano_f-15_%28cropped%29.jpg/432px-Aviano_f-15_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Aviano_f-15_%28cropped%29.jpg/576px-Aviano_f-15_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2250" data-file-height="876" /></a></div></div></div></div></div> Clockwise from top left: Yugoslav general staff headquarters damaged by <a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a> air strikes; Kosovo Albanian refugee camp at Bllacë; <a href="/wiki/Kosovo_Force" title="Kosovo Force">Kosovo Force</a> soldiers near the Kosovo-Macedonia border; a <a href="/wiki/United_States_Air_Force" title="United States Air Force">USAF</a> <a href="/wiki/F-15E_Strike_Eagle" class="mw-redirect" title="F-15E Strike Eagle">F-15E</a> taking off from <a href="/wiki/Aviano_Air_Base" title="Aviano Air Base">Aviano Air Base</a>; Members of the <a href="/wiki/Kosovo_Liberation_Army" title="Kosovo Liberation Army">Kosovo Liberation Army</a> hand over their weapons to US Marines</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><table style="width:100%;margin:0;padding:0;border:0;display:inline-table"><tbody><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Date</th><td>28 February 1998 – 11 June 1999 (1 year, 3 months and 2 weeks)</td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Location</th><td><div class="location"><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_Province_of_Kosovo_and_Metohija" title="Autonomous Province of Kosovo and Metohija">Kosovo</a>, <a href="/wiki/FR_Yugoslavia" class="mw-redirect" title="FR Yugoslavia">FR Yugoslavia</a> with incursions into <a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a> (OSCE report)<a href="#cite_note-3">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-4">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-5">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-6">[5]</a></div></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Result</th><td class="status"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kumanovo_Agreement" title="Kumanovo Agreement">Kumanovo Agreement</a><a href="#cite_note-7">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-8">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-9">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-10">[9]</a></li></ul></div> <ul><li>Yugoslav forces and institutions pull out of Kosovo</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_1244" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 1244">United Nations Resolution 1244</a><a href="#cite_note-11">[10]</a></li> <li>Return of <a href="/wiki/Kosovo_Albanians" title="Kosovo Albanians">Albanian</a> refugees</li> <li>Flight or expulsion of over half of the <a href="/wiki/Kosovo_Serbs" title="Kosovo Serbs">Serb</a> and other non-Albanian civilians<a href="#cite_note-18">[b]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosovo_Liberation_Army" title="Kosovo Liberation Army">KLA</a> veterans join the <a href="/wiki/Liberation_Army_of_Pre%C5%A1evo,_Medve%C4%91a_and_Bujanovac" title="Liberation Army of Preševo, Medveđa and Bujanovac">UÇPMB</a>, starting the <a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_the_Pre%C5%A1evo_Valley" title="Insurgency in the Preševo Valley">Preševo insurgency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overthrow_of_Slobodan_Milo%C5%A1evi%C4%87" title="Overthrow of Slobodan Milošević">Bulldozer Revolution</a> in 2000</li> <li>Establishment of <a href="/wiki/Kosovo_Force" title="Kosovo Force">K-FOR</a></li> <li>Eventual declaration of Independence by <a href="/wiki/Kosovo" title="Kosovo">Kosovo</a> in 2008</li></ul></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Territorial changes</th><td> No <a href="/wiki/De_jure" title="De jure">de jure</a> changes to Yugoslav borders according to <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_1244" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 1244">Resolution 1244</a>, but <a href="/wiki/De_facto" title="De facto">de facto</a> and partial <a href="/wiki/De_jure" title="De jure">de jure</a> political and economic independence of <a href="/wiki/Autonomous_Province_of_Kosovo_and_Metohija" title="Autonomous Province of Kosovo and Metohija">Kosovo</a> from <a href="/wiki/Serbia_and_Montenegro" title="Serbia and Montenegro">FR Yugoslavia</a> due to being placed under <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Interim_Administration_Mission_in_Kosovo" title="United Nations Interim Administration Mission in Kosovo">UN administration</a></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Belligerents</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_the_Kosovo_Liberation_Army.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Kosovo_Liberation_Army.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_the_Kosovo_Liberation_Army.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Kosovo_Liberation_Army.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_the_Kosovo_Liberation_Army.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Kosovo_Liberation_Army.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="167" /> <a href="/wiki/Kosovo_Liberation_Army" title="Kosovo Liberation Army">Kosovo Liberation Army</a> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Kosova_%281991%E2%80%931999%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kosova_%281991%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Kosova_%281991%E2%80%931999%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Kosova_%281991%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Kosova_%281991%E2%80%931999%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Kosova_%281991%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Armed_Forces_of_the_Republic_of_Kosova" title="Armed Forces of the Republic of Kosova">FARK</a><a href="#cite_note-1">[a]</a></li></ul> <hr /> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Flag_of_NATO.svg/20px-Flag_of_NATO.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Flag_of_NATO.svg/31px-Flag_of_NATO.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Flag_of_NATO.svg/40px-Flag_of_NATO.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /> <a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style>(<a href="/wiki/NATO_bombing_of_Yugoslavia" title="NATO bombing of Yugoslavia">from 24 March 1999</a>)</td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_Serbia_and_Montenegro_%281992%E2%80%932006%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Serbia_and_Montenegro_%281992%E2%80%932006%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_Serbia_and_Montenegro_%281992%E2%80%932006%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Serbia_and_Montenegro_%281992%E2%80%932006%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_Serbia_and_Montenegro_%281992%E2%80%932006%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Serbia_and_Montenegro_%281992%E2%80%932006%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal Republic of Yugoslavia">FR Yugoslavia</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Commanders and leaders</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_the_Kosovo_Liberation_Army.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Kosovo_Liberation_Army.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_the_Kosovo_Liberation_Army.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Kosovo_Liberation_Army.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_the_Kosovo_Liberation_Army.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Kosovo_Liberation_Army.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="167" /> <a href="/wiki/Adem_Jashari" title="Adem Jashari">Adem Jashari</a> <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action">†</a></li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_the_Kosovo_Liberation_Army.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Kosovo_Liberation_Army.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_the_Kosovo_Liberation_Army.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Kosovo_Liberation_Army.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_the_Kosovo_Liberation_Army.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Kosovo_Liberation_Army.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="167" /> <a href="/wiki/Ham%C3%ABz_Jashari" title="Hamëz Jashari">Hamëz Jashari</a> <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action">†</a></li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_the_Kosovo_Liberation_Army.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Kosovo_Liberation_Army.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_the_Kosovo_Liberation_Army.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Kosovo_Liberation_Army.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_the_Kosovo_Liberation_Army.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Kosovo_Liberation_Army.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="167" /> <a href="/wiki/Sali_%C3%87ekaj" title="Sali Çekaj">Sali Çekaj</a> <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action">†</a></li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_the_Kosovo_Liberation_Army.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Kosovo_Liberation_Army.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_the_Kosovo_Liberation_Army.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Kosovo_Liberation_Army.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_the_Kosovo_Liberation_Army.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Kosovo_Liberation_Army.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="167" /> <a href="/wiki/Hashim_Tha%C3%A7i" title="Hashim Thaçi">Hashim Thaçi</a></li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_the_Kosovo_Liberation_Army.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Kosovo_Liberation_Army.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_the_Kosovo_Liberation_Army.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Kosovo_Liberation_Army.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_the_Kosovo_Liberation_Army.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Kosovo_Liberation_Army.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="167" /> <a href="/wiki/Sylejman_Selimi" title="Sylejman Selimi">Sylejman Selimi</a></li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_the_Kosovo_Liberation_Army.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Kosovo_Liberation_Army.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_the_Kosovo_Liberation_Army.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Kosovo_Liberation_Army.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_the_Kosovo_Liberation_Army.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Kosovo_Liberation_Army.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="167" /> <a href="/wiki/Ramush_Haradinaj" title="Ramush Haradinaj">Ramush Haradinaj</a></li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_the_Kosovo_Liberation_Army.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Kosovo_Liberation_Army.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_the_Kosovo_Liberation_Army.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Kosovo_Liberation_Army.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_the_Kosovo_Liberation_Army.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Kosovo_Liberation_Army.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="167" /> <a href="/wiki/Agim_%C3%87eku" title="Agim Çeku">Agim Çeku</a></li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_the_Kosovo_Liberation_Army.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Kosovo_Liberation_Army.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_the_Kosovo_Liberation_Army.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Kosovo_Liberation_Army.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_the_Kosovo_Liberation_Army.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Kosovo_Liberation_Army.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="167" /> <a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmet_Krasniqi" class="extiw" title="sq:Ahmet Krasniqi">Ahmet Krasniqi</a> <a href="/wiki/Assassination" title="Assassination">X</a></li></ul></div> <hr /> <a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO"><img alt="NATO" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Flag_of_NATO.svg/20px-Flag_of_NATO.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Flag_of_NATO.svg/31px-Flag_of_NATO.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Flag_of_NATO.svg/40px-Flag_of_NATO.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Wesley_Clark" title="Wesley Clark">Wesley Clark</a></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Serbia_and_Montenegro" title="Serbia and Montenegro"><img alt="Serbia and Montenegro" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_Serbia_and_Montenegro_%281992%E2%80%932006%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Serbia_and_Montenegro_%281992%E2%80%932006%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_Serbia_and_Montenegro_%281992%E2%80%932006%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Serbia_and_Montenegro_%281992%E2%80%932006%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_Serbia_and_Montenegro_%281992%E2%80%932006%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Serbia_and_Montenegro_%281992%E2%80%932006%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Slobodan_Milo%C5%A1evi%C4%87" title="Slobodan Milošević">Slobodan Milošević</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Serbia_and_Montenegro" title="Serbia and Montenegro"><img alt="Serbia and Montenegro" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_Serbia_and_Montenegro_%281992%E2%80%932006%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Serbia_and_Montenegro_%281992%E2%80%932006%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_Serbia_and_Montenegro_%281992%E2%80%932006%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Serbia_and_Montenegro_%281992%E2%80%932006%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_Serbia_and_Montenegro_%281992%E2%80%932006%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Serbia_and_Montenegro_%281992%E2%80%932006%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Dragoljub_Ojdani%C4%87" title="Dragoljub Ojdanić">Dragoljub Ojdanić</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Serbia_and_Montenegro" title="Serbia and Montenegro"><img alt="Serbia and Montenegro" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_Serbia_and_Montenegro_%281992%E2%80%932006%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Serbia_and_Montenegro_%281992%E2%80%932006%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_Serbia_and_Montenegro_%281992%E2%80%932006%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Serbia_and_Montenegro_%281992%E2%80%932006%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_Serbia_and_Montenegro_%281992%E2%80%932006%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Serbia_and_Montenegro_%281992%E2%80%932006%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Vlastimir_%C4%90or%C4%91evi%C4%87" title="Vlastimir Đorđević">Vlastimir Đorđević</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Serbia_and_Montenegro" title="Serbia and Montenegro"><img alt="Serbia and Montenegro" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_Serbia_and_Montenegro_%281992%E2%80%932006%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Serbia_and_Montenegro_%281992%E2%80%932006%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_Serbia_and_Montenegro_%281992%E2%80%932006%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Serbia_and_Montenegro_%281992%E2%80%932006%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_Serbia_and_Montenegro_%281992%E2%80%932006%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Serbia_and_Montenegro_%281992%E2%80%932006%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Sreten_Luki%C4%87" title="Sreten Lukić">Sreten Lukić</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Serbia_and_Montenegro" title="Serbia and Montenegro"><img alt="Serbia and Montenegro" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_Serbia_and_Montenegro_%281992%E2%80%932006%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Serbia_and_Montenegro_%281992%E2%80%932006%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_Serbia_and_Montenegro_%281992%E2%80%932006%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Serbia_and_Montenegro_%281992%E2%80%932006%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_Serbia_and_Montenegro_%281992%E2%80%932006%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Serbia_and_Montenegro_%281992%E2%80%932006%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Neboj%C5%A1a_Pavkovi%C4%87" title="Nebojša Pavković">Nebojša Pavković</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Serbia_and_Montenegro" title="Serbia and Montenegro"><img alt="Serbia and Montenegro" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_Serbia_and_Montenegro_%281992%E2%80%932006%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Serbia_and_Montenegro_%281992%E2%80%932006%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_Serbia_and_Montenegro_%281992%E2%80%932006%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Serbia_and_Montenegro_%281992%E2%80%932006%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_Serbia_and_Montenegro_%281992%E2%80%932006%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Serbia_and_Montenegro_%281992%E2%80%932006%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Lazarevi%C4%87" title="Vladimir Lazarević">Vladimir Lazarević</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Serbia_and_Montenegro" title="Serbia and Montenegro"><img alt="Serbia and Montenegro" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_Serbia_and_Montenegro_%281992%E2%80%932006%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Serbia_and_Montenegro_%281992%E2%80%932006%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_Serbia_and_Montenegro_%281992%E2%80%932006%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Serbia_and_Montenegro_%281992%E2%80%932006%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_Serbia_and_Montenegro_%281992%E2%80%932006%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Serbia_and_Montenegro_%281992%E2%80%932006%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Goran_Radosavljevi%C4%87" title="Goran Radosavljević">Goran Radosavljević</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Strength</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_the_Kosovo_Liberation_Army.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Kosovo_Liberation_Army.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_the_Kosovo_Liberation_Army.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Kosovo_Liberation_Army.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_the_Kosovo_Liberation_Army.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Kosovo_Liberation_Army.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="167" /> 15,000–20,000 insurgents<a href="#cite_note-19">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-20">[18]</a> <ul><li>Unknown number of foreign volunteers<a href="#cite_note-21">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-22">[20]</a></li></ul> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO"><img alt="NATO" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Flag_of_NATO.svg/20px-Flag_of_NATO.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Flag_of_NATO.svg/31px-Flag_of_NATO.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Flag_of_NATO.svg/40px-Flag_of_NATO.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 80 aircraft (<a href="/wiki/Operation_Eagle_Eye_(Kosovo)" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Eagle Eye (Kosovo)">Operation Eagle Eye</a>)<a href="#cite_note-23">[21]</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO"><img alt="NATO" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Flag_of_NATO.svg/20px-Flag_of_NATO.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Flag_of_NATO.svg/31px-Flag_of_NATO.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Flag_of_NATO.svg/40px-Flag_of_NATO.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a> 1,031 aircraft (<a href="/wiki/Operation_Allied_Force" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Allied Force">Operation Allied Force</a>)<a href="#cite_note-Kosovo_operation_allied_force_after-action_report-24">[22]</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO"><img alt="NATO" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Flag_of_NATO.svg/20px-Flag_of_NATO.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Flag_of_NATO.svg/31px-Flag_of_NATO.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Flag_of_NATO.svg/40px-Flag_of_NATO.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a> 30+ warships and submarines<a href="#cite_note-defense1-25">[23]</a></li></ul></div></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia" title="Federal Republic of Yugoslavia"><img alt="Federal Republic of Yugoslavia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_Serbia_and_Montenegro_%281992%E2%80%932006%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Serbia_and_Montenegro_%281992%E2%80%932006%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_Serbia_and_Montenegro_%281992%E2%80%932006%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Serbia_and_Montenegro_%281992%E2%80%932006%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_Serbia_and_Montenegro_%281992%E2%80%932006%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Serbia_and_Montenegro_%281992%E2%80%932006%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> 85,000–114,000 soldiers<a href="#cite_note-26">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-27">[25]</a> (including 40,000 in and around Kosovo)<a href="#cite_note-defense1-25">[23]</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia" title="Federal Republic of Yugoslavia"><img alt="Federal Republic of Yugoslavia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_Serbia_and_Montenegro_%281992%E2%80%932006%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Serbia_and_Montenegro_%281992%E2%80%932006%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_Serbia_and_Montenegro_%281992%E2%80%932006%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Serbia_and_Montenegro_%281992%E2%80%932006%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_Serbia_and_Montenegro_%281992%E2%80%932006%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Serbia_and_Montenegro_%281992%E2%80%932006%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> 20,000 policemen</li><li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia" title="Federal Republic of Yugoslavia"><img alt="Federal Republic of Yugoslavia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_Serbia_and_Montenegro_%281992%E2%80%932006%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Serbia_and_Montenegro_%281992%E2%80%932006%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_Serbia_and_Montenegro_%281992%E2%80%932006%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Serbia_and_Montenegro_%281992%E2%80%932006%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_Serbia_and_Montenegro_%281992%E2%80%932006%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Serbia_and_Montenegro_%281992%E2%80%932006%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> 100 SAM sites<a href="#cite_note-defense1-25">[23]</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia" title="Federal Republic of Yugoslavia"><img alt="Federal Republic of Yugoslavia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_Serbia_and_Montenegro_%281992%E2%80%932006%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Serbia_and_Montenegro_%281992%E2%80%932006%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_Serbia_and_Montenegro_%281992%E2%80%932006%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Serbia_and_Montenegro_%281992%E2%80%932006%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_Serbia_and_Montenegro_%281992%E2%80%932006%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Serbia_and_Montenegro_%281992%E2%80%932006%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> 1,400 artillery pieces (both ground & air defence)<a href="#cite_note-defense1-25">[23]</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia" title="Federal Republic of Yugoslavia"><img alt="Federal Republic of Yugoslavia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_Serbia_and_Montenegro_%281992%E2%80%932006%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Serbia_and_Montenegro_%281992%E2%80%932006%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_Serbia_and_Montenegro_%281992%E2%80%932006%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Serbia_and_Montenegro_%281992%E2%80%932006%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_Serbia_and_Montenegro_%281992%E2%80%932006%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Serbia_and_Montenegro_%281992%E2%80%932006%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> 240 aircraft<a href="#cite_note-defense1-25">[23]</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia" title="Federal Republic of Yugoslavia"><img alt="Federal Republic of Yugoslavia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_Serbia_and_Montenegro_%281992%E2%80%932006%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Serbia_and_Montenegro_%281992%E2%80%932006%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_Serbia_and_Montenegro_%281992%E2%80%932006%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Serbia_and_Montenegro_%281992%E2%80%932006%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_Serbia_and_Montenegro_%281992%E2%80%932006%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Serbia_and_Montenegro_%281992%E2%80%932006%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> 2,032 armoured vehicles & tanks<a href="#cite_note-defense1-25">[23]</a></li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Civil_flag_of_Serbia.svg/23px-Civil_flag_of_Serbia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Civil_flag_of_Serbia.svg/35px-Civil_flag_of_Serbia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Civil_flag_of_Serbia.svg/45px-Civil_flag_of_Serbia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> Unknown number of Serbian paramilitary units (<a href="/wiki/%C5%A0akali" class="mw-redirect" title="Šakali">Šakali</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scorpions_(paramilitary)" title="Scorpions (paramilitary)">Škorpioni</a>)</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_the_Russian_volunteers_in_Yugoslavia.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Russian_volunteers_in_Yugoslavia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_the_Russian_volunteers_in_Yugoslavia.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Russian_volunteers_in_Yugoslavia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_the_Russian_volunteers_in_Yugoslavia.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Russian_volunteers_in_Yugoslavia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="240" /><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_UNA-UNSO.svg/23px-Flag_of_UNA-UNSO.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_UNA-UNSO.svg/35px-Flag_of_UNA-UNSO.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_UNA-UNSO.svg/45px-Flag_of_UNA-UNSO.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="326" data-file-height="217" /> Unknown number of Russian and <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_National_Assembly_%E2%80%93_Ukrainian_People%27s_Self-Defence" title="Ukrainian National Assembly – Ukrainian People's Self-Defence">Ukrainian volunteers</a><a href="#cite_note-28">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-29">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-30">[28]</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Casualties and losses</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:Emblema_e_U%C3%87K-s%C3%AB.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Emblema_e_U%C3%87K-s%C3%AB.svg/20px-Emblema_e_U%C3%87K-s%C3%AB.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="23" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Emblema_e_U%C3%87K-s%C3%AB.svg/30px-Emblema_e_U%C3%87K-s%C3%AB.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Emblema_e_U%C3%87K-s%C3%AB.svg/40px-Emblema_e_U%C3%87K-s%C3%AB.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="251" data-file-height="284" /></a> 1,500–2,961 insurgents killed (KLA figures)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDaalderO'Hanlon2000151-31">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-32">[30]</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/File:Emblema_e_U%C3%87K-s%C3%AB.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Emblema_e_U%C3%87K-s%C3%AB.svg/20px-Emblema_e_U%C3%87K-s%C3%AB.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="23" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Emblema_e_U%C3%87K-s%C3%AB.svg/30px-Emblema_e_U%C3%87K-s%C3%AB.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Emblema_e_U%C3%87K-s%C3%AB.svg/40px-Emblema_e_U%C3%87K-s%C3%AB.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="251" data-file-height="284" /></a> 2,131 insurgents killed (<a href="/wiki/Humanitarian_Law_Center" title="Humanitarian Law Center">HLC</a> figures)<a href="#cite_note-presentation-33">[31]</a></li></ul></div> <hr /> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Flag_of_the_United_States_%28Pantone%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Flag_of_the_United_States_%28Pantone%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Flag_of_the_United_States_%28Pantone%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a> 2 killed (non-combat) and 3 captured<a href="#cite_note-34">[32]</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Flag_of_the_United_States_%28Pantone%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Flag_of_the_United_States_%28Pantone%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Flag_of_the_United_States_%28Pantone%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a> 2 aircraft shot down and 3 damaged<a href="#cite_note-35">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-36">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-ejection-history1-37">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-38">[36]</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Flag_of_the_United_States_%28Pantone%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Flag_of_the_United_States_%28Pantone%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Flag_of_the_United_States_%28Pantone%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a> Two <a href="/wiki/AH-64_Apache" class="mw-redirect" title="AH-64 Apache">AH-64 Apaches</a> and an <a href="/wiki/AV-8B_Harrier" class="mw-redirect" title="AV-8B Harrier">AV-8B Harrier</a> crashed (non-combat)<a href="#cite_note-39">[37]</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO"><img alt="NATO" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Flag_of_NATO.svg/20px-Flag_of_NATO.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Flag_of_NATO.svg/31px-Flag_of_NATO.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Flag_of_NATO.svg/40px-Flag_of_NATO.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a> 47 UAVs shot down<a href="#cite_note-40">[38]</a></li></ul></div></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>Caused by <a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a>:</li><li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia" title="Federal Republic of Yugoslavia"><img alt="Federal Republic of Yugoslavia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_Serbia_and_Montenegro_%281992%E2%80%932006%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Serbia_and_Montenegro_%281992%E2%80%932006%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_Serbia_and_Montenegro_%281992%E2%80%932006%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Serbia_and_Montenegro_%281992%E2%80%932006%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_Serbia_and_Montenegro_%281992%E2%80%932006%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Serbia_and_Montenegro_%281992%E2%80%932006%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> 1,008–1,200 killed<a href="#cite_note-46">[c]</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia" title="Federal Republic of Yugoslavia"><img alt="Federal Republic of Yugoslavia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_Serbia_and_Montenegro_%281992%E2%80%932006%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Serbia_and_Montenegro_%281992%E2%80%932006%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_Serbia_and_Montenegro_%281992%E2%80%932006%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Serbia_and_Montenegro_%281992%E2%80%932006%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_Serbia_and_Montenegro_%281992%E2%80%932006%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Serbia_and_Montenegro_%281992%E2%80%932006%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> 14 tanks,<a href="#cite_note-fourteen-47">[44]</a> 18 <a href="/wiki/Armoured_personnel_carrier" title="Armoured personnel carrier">APCs</a>, 20 artillery pieces<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacdonald200799-48">[45]</a> and 121 aircraft and helicopters destroyed<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBacevichCohen200122-49">[46]</a></li><li>Caused by KLA:</li><li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia" title="Federal Republic of Yugoslavia"><img alt="Federal Republic of Yugoslavia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_Serbia_and_Montenegro_%281992%E2%80%932006%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Serbia_and_Montenegro_%281992%E2%80%932006%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_Serbia_and_Montenegro_%281992%E2%80%932006%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Serbia_and_Montenegro_%281992%E2%80%932006%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_Serbia_and_Montenegro_%281992%E2%80%932006%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Serbia_and_Montenegro_%281992%E2%80%932006%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> 1,084 killed (HLC figures)<a href="#cite_note-presentation-33">[31]</a></li></ul></div> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_the_Russian_volunteers_in_Yugoslavia.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Russian_volunteers_in_Yugoslavia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_the_Russian_volunteers_in_Yugoslavia.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Russian_volunteers_in_Yugoslavia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_the_Russian_volunteers_in_Yugoslavia.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Russian_volunteers_in_Yugoslavia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="240" /> 4–20 Russian volunteers killed<a href="#cite_note-50">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-51">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-52">[49]</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;border-top:1px dotted #aaa;"> <a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania"><img alt="Albania" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Flag_of_Albania.svg/21px-Flag_of_Albania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Flag_of_Albania.svg/32px-Flag_of_Albania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Flag_of_Albania.svg/42px-Flag_of_Albania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="500" /></a> 8,676 to 9,269 <a href="/wiki/Kosovo_Albanians" title="Kosovo Albanians">Kosovar Albanian</a> civilians killed or missing<a href="#cite_note-presentation-33">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-53">[50]</a> <a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania"><img alt="Albania" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Flag_of_Albania.svg/21px-Flag_of_Albania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Flag_of_Albania.svg/32px-Flag_of_Albania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Flag_of_Albania.svg/42px-Flag_of_Albania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="500" /></a> 90% of Kosovar Albanians displaced during the war<a href="#cite_note-Facts_and_Figurues_-_War_in_Europe-54">[51]</a> (848,000–863,000 expelled from Kosovo<a href="#cite_note-55">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-56">[53]</a> <a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania"><img alt="Albania" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Flag_of_Albania.svg/21px-Flag_of_Albania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Flag_of_Albania.svg/32px-Flag_of_Albania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Flag_of_Albania.svg/42px-Flag_of_Albania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="500" /></a> 590,000 Kosovar Albanians displaced within Kosovo)<a href="#cite_note-Facts_and_Figurues_-_War_in_Europe-54">[51]</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_Serbia_and_Montenegro_%281992%E2%80%932006%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Serbia_and_Montenegro_%281992%E2%80%932006%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_Serbia_and_Montenegro_%281992%E2%80%932006%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Serbia_and_Montenegro_%281992%E2%80%932006%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_Serbia_and_Montenegro_%281992%E2%80%932006%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Serbia_and_Montenegro_%281992%E2%80%932006%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> 1,641 non-Albanian civilians killed or missing, including 1,196 ethnic Serbs, and 445 Romani and others<a href="#cite_note-presentation-33">[31]</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_Serbia_and_Montenegro_%281992%E2%80%932006%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Serbia_and_Montenegro_%281992%E2%80%932006%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_Serbia_and_Montenegro_%281992%E2%80%932006%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Serbia_and_Montenegro_%281992%E2%80%932006%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_Serbia_and_Montenegro_%281992%E2%80%932006%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Serbia_and_Montenegro_%281992%E2%80%932006%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" />/<a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania"><img alt="Albania" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Flag_of_Albania.svg/21px-Flag_of_Albania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Flag_of_Albania.svg/32px-Flag_of_Albania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Flag_of_Albania.svg/42px-Flag_of_Albania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="500" /></a> Civilian deaths caused by <a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a> bombing: 489–528 (per <a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch" title="Human Rights Watch">Human Rights Watch</a>)<a href="#cite_note-hrw.org-57">[54]</a> or 454 (per HLC),<a href="#cite_note-58">[55]</a> also includes <a href="/wiki/China" title="China"><img alt="China" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> 3 Chinese journalists <a href="/wiki/United_States_bombing_of_the_Chinese_embassy_in_Belgrade" title="United States bombing of the Chinese embassy in Belgrade">killed</a> 13,548 fighters and civilians of all ethnicities died in total<a href="#cite_note-presentation-33">[31]</a> Aftermath 113,128<a href="#cite_note-UNHCR2019-59">[56]</a> to 200,000+ <a href="/wiki/Kosovo_Serbs" title="Kosovo Serbs">Kosovo Serbs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Romani_people" title="Romani people">Romani</a>, and other non-Albanian civilians displaced<a href="#cite_note-hrw2004-60">[57]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Kosovo_War" style="margin:0;float:right;clear:right;width:25.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;margin-left:1em;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-vertical mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Kosovo_War" title="Template:Campaignbox Kosovo War"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_Kosovo_War" title="Template talk:Campaignbox Kosovo War"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Kosovo_War" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox Kosovo War"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Kosovo_War" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kosovo War</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">Prelude <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Attacks_on_Likoshan_and_%C3%87irez" class="mw-redirect" title="Attacks on Likoshan and Çirez">Attacks on Likoshan and Çirez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Prekaz" title="Attack on Prekaz">Prekaz</a></li></ul> Wartime events <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_1160" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 1160">UNSCR 1160</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_23,_1998_Albanian%E2%80%93Yugoslav_border_ambush" class="mw-redirect" title="April 23, 1998 Albanian–Yugoslav border ambush">Albanian–Yugoslav border ambush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lapu%C5%A1nik_prison_camp" title="Lapušnik prison camp">Lapušnik prison camp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bela%C4%87evac_Mine" title="Battle of Belaćevac Mine">Belaćevac Mine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KLA_Summer_offensive_(1998)" title="KLA Summer offensive (1998)">Summer offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ljubeni%C4%87_mass_graves" title="Ljubenić mass graves">Ljubenić mass graves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lo%C4%91a" title="Battle of Lođa">Lođa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_18,_1998_Albanian%E2%80%93Yugoslav_border_clashes" class="mw-redirect" title="July 18, 1998 Albanian–Yugoslav border clashes">1st Albanian–Yugoslav border</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kle%C4%8Dka_killings" title="Klečka killings">Klečka killings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Orahovac" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Orahovac">Orahovac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Junik" title="Battle of Junik">Junik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Radonji%C4%87_massacre" title="Lake Radonjić massacre">Lake Radonjić massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Glo%C4%91ane" title="Battle of Glođane">Glodjane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_1199" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 1199">UNSCR 1199</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gornje_Obrinje_massacre" title="Gornje Obrinje massacre">Gornje Obrinje massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_1203" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 1203">UNSCR 1203</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_1207" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 1207">UNSCR 1207</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Jezerc" title="Battle of Jezerc">Battle of Jezerc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_3,_1998_Albanian%E2%80%93Yugoslav_border_clash" class="mw-redirect" title="December 3, 1998 Albanian–Yugoslav border clash">2nd Albanian–Yugoslav border</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_14,_1998,_Albanian%E2%80%93Yugoslav_border_ambush" title="December 14, 1998, Albanian–Yugoslav border ambush">3rd Albanian–Yugoslav border</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panda_Bar_massacre" title="Panda Bar massacre">Panda Bar massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Podujevo" title="Battle of Podujevo">Podujevo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambush_near_Suva_Reka" title="Ambush near Suva Reka">Ambush near Suva Reka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ra%C4%8Dak_massacre" title="Račak massacre">Račak massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NATO_bombing_of_Yugoslavia" title="NATO bombing of Yugoslavia">Allied Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1999_F-117A_shootdown" title="1999 F-117A shootdown">F-117A shoot-down</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NATO_bombing_of_Novi_Sad" title="NATO bombing of Novi Sad">Novi Sad blitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bela_Crkva_massacre" title="Bela Crkva massacre">Bela Crkva massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krusha_massacres" title="Krusha massacres">Krusha massacres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suva_Reka_massacre" title="Suva Reka massacre">Suva Reka massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Izbica_massacre" title="Izbica massacre">Izbica massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drenica_massacres" title="Drenica massacres">Drenica massacres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pastasel_massacre" title="Pastasel massacre">Pastasel massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/13_April_1999_Albania%E2%80%93Yugoslav_border_incident" class="mw-redirect" title="13 April 1999 Albania–Yugoslav border incident">4th Albanian-Yugoslav border</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ko%C5%A1are" title="Battle of Košare">Battle of Košare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pa%C5%A1trik" title="Battle of Paštrik">Battle of Paštrik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grdelica_train_bombing" title="Grdelica train bombing">Grdelica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NATO_bombing_of_Albanian_refugees_near_Gjakova" title="NATO bombing of Albanian refugees near Gjakova">Gjakova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hajla_Pass" title="Battle of Hajla Pass">Hajla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meja_ambush" title="Meja ambush">Meja ambush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NATO_bombing_of_the_Radio_Television_of_Serbia_headquarters" title="NATO bombing of the Radio Television of Serbia headquarters">RTS headquarters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meja_massacre" title="Meja massacre">Meja massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Ministry_of_Defence_building" class="mw-redirect" title="Yugoslav Ministry of Defence building">Yugoslav Ministry of Defence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lu%C5%BEane_bus_bombing" title="Lužane bus bombing">Lužane bus bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varvarin_bridge_bombing" title="Varvarin bridge bombing">Varvarin bridge bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vushtrri_massacre" title="Vushtrri massacre">Vushtrri massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ni%C5%A1_cluster_bombing" title="Niš cluster bombing">Niš cluster bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_bombing_of_the_Chinese_embassy_in_Belgrade" title="United States bombing of the Chinese embassy in Belgrade">Chinese embassy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kori%C5%A1a_bombing" title="Koriša bombing">Koriša bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%86u%C5%A1ka_massacre" title="Ćuška massacre">Ćuška massacre</a></li></ul> Aftermath <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Incident_at_Pristina_airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Incident at Pristina airport">Pristina airport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prizren_incident_(1999)" title="Prizren incident (1999)">Prizren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zheg%C3%ABr_Incident_(1999)" class="mw-redirect" title="Zhegër Incident (1999)">Zhegër</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Staro_Gracko_massacre" title="Staro Gracko massacre">Staro Gracko massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gnjilane_killings" title="Gnjilane killings">Gnjilane killings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranilug_incident_(1999)" title="Ranilug incident (1999)">Ranilug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2000_unrest_in_Kosovo" title="2000 unrest in Kosovo">2000 unrest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Podujevo_bus_bombing" title="Podujevo bus bombing">Podujevo bus bombing</a></li></ul> Aspects <ul><li><a href="/wiki/War_crimes_in_the_Kosovo_War" title="War crimes in the Kosovo War">War crimes</a></li> <li>Mass graves: <a href="/wiki/Batajnica_mass_graves" title="Batajnica mass graves">Batajnica mass graves</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rudnica_mass_grave" title="Rudnica mass grave">Rudnica mass grave</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ugljare_mass_grave" title="Ugljare mass grave">Ugljare mass grave</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mali%C5%A1evo_mass_grave" title="Mališevo mass grave">Mališevo mass grave</a></li> <li>Destruction of heritage (<a href="/wiki/Destruction_of_Albanian_heritage_in_Kosovo" title="Destruction of Albanian heritage in Kosovo">Albanian</a> · <a href="/wiki/Destruction_of_Serbian_heritage_in_Kosovo" title="Destruction of Serbian heritage in Kosovo">Serbian</a>)</li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> The Kosovo War (<a href="/wiki/Albanian_language" title="Albanian language">Albanian</a>: Lufta e Kosovës; <a href="/wiki/Serbian_language" title="Serbian language">Serbian</a>: Косовски рат, Kosovski rat) was an armed conflict in <a href="/wiki/Kosovo" title="Kosovo">Kosovo</a> that lasted from 28 February 1998 until 11 June 1999.<a href="#cite_note-61">[58]</a><a href="#cite_note-62">[59]</a><a href="#cite_note-63">[60]</a> It was fought between the forces of the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal Republic of Yugoslavia">Federal Republic of Yugoslavia</a> (i.e. Serbia and Montenegro), which controlled Kosovo before the war, and the <a href="/wiki/Kosovo_Albanians" title="Kosovo Albanians">Kosovo Albanian</a> separatist militia known as the <a href="/wiki/Kosovo_Liberation_Army" title="Kosovo Liberation Army">Kosovo Liberation Army</a> (KLA). The conflict ended when the <a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">North Atlantic Treaty Organization</a> (NATO) <a href="/wiki/NATO_bombing_of_Yugoslavia" title="NATO bombing of Yugoslavia">intervened by beginning air strikes in March 1999</a> which resulted in Yugoslav forces withdrawing from Kosovo. The KLA was formed in the early 1990s to fight against the discrimination of <a href="/wiki/Kosovo_Albanians" title="Kosovo Albanians">ethnic Albanians</a> and the repression of political dissent by the Serbian authorities, which started after the suppression of <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Autonomous_Province_of_Kosovo" title="Socialist Autonomous Province of Kosovo">Kosovo's autonomy</a> and other discriminatory policies against Albanians by Serbian leader <a href="/wiki/Slobodan_Milo%C5%A1evi%C4%87" title="Slobodan Milošević">Slobodan Milošević</a> in 1989.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReveronMurer2006[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidOjvdsfiWwJcCpgPA67_67–68]-64">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-65">[62]</a> The KLA initiated its first campaign in 1995, after Kosovo's case was left out of the <a href="/wiki/Dayton_Agreement" title="Dayton Agreement">Dayton Agreement</a> and it had become clear that <a href="/wiki/Ibrahim_Rugova" title="Ibrahim Rugova">President Rugova's</a> strategy of peaceful resistance had failed to bring Kosovo onto the international agenda.<a href="#cite_note-Kubo2010-66">[63]</a> In June 1996, the group claimed responsibility for acts of <a href="/wiki/Sabotage" title="Sabotage">sabotage</a> targeting Kosovo police stations, during the <a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_Kosovo_(1995%E2%80%931998)" title="Insurgency in Kosovo (1995–1998)">Kosovo Insurgency</a>.<a href="#cite_note-67">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-68">[65]</a> In 1997, the organization acquired a large quantity of arms through <a href="/wiki/Weapons_smuggling" class="mw-redirect" title="Weapons smuggling">weapons smuggling</a> from <a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a>, following a <a href="/wiki/Albanian_Rebellion_of_1997" class="mw-redirect" title="Albanian Rebellion of 1997">rebellion</a> in which weapons were looted from the country's police and army posts. In early 1998, KLA attacks targeting Yugoslav authorities in Kosovo resulted in an increased presence of Serb paramilitaries and regular forces who subsequently began pursuing a campaign of retribution targeting KLA sympathisers and political opponents;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMinchevaGurr201327–28-69">[66]</a> this campaign killed 1,500 to 2,000 civilians and KLA combatants, and had displaced 370,000 Kosovar Albanians by March 1999.<a href="#cite_note-HRW-70">[67]</a><a href="#cite_note-Judah-71">[68]</a> On 20 March 1999, Yugoslav forces began a massive campaign of repression and expulsions of Kosovar Albanians following the withdrawal of the <a href="/wiki/Organization_for_Security_and_Co-operation_in_Europe" title="Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe">OSCE</a> <a href="/wiki/Kosovo_Verification_Mission" title="Kosovo Verification Mission">Kosovo Verification Mission</a> (KVM) and the failure of the proposed <a href="/wiki/Rambouillet_Agreement" title="Rambouillet Agreement">Rambouillet Agreement</a>.<a href="#cite_note-HRW-70">[67]</a><a href="#cite_note-72">[69]</a> In response to this, NATO intervened with an aerial bombing campaign that began on March 24, justifying it as a "humanitarian war".<a href="#cite_note-73">[70]</a> The war ended with the <a href="/wiki/Kumanovo_Agreement" title="Kumanovo Agreement">Kumanovo Agreement</a>, signed on 9 June 1999, with Yugoslav and Serb forces<a href="#cite_note-74">[71]</a> agreeing to withdraw from Kosovo to make way for an international presence. NATO forces entered Kosovo on June 12.<a href="#cite_note-chrono-75">[72]</a><a href="#cite_note-76">[73]</a> The NATO bombing campaign has remained controversial.<a href="#cite_note-77">[74]</a> It did not gain the approval of the <a href="/wiki/UN_Security_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="UN Security Council">UN Security Council</a> and it caused at least 488 Yugoslav civilian deaths,<a href="#cite_note-The_Civilian_Deaths-78">[75]</a> including substantial deaths of Kosovar <a href="/wiki/Refugee" title="Refugee">refugees</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Case_Studies_of_Civilian_Deaths-79">[76]</a><a href="#cite_note-Berkeley-80">[77]</a><a href="#cite_note-81">[78]</a> In 2001, a UN administered Supreme Court based in Kosovo found that there had been a systematic campaign of terror, including murders, rapes, arsons and severe maltreatments against the Albanian population, and that Yugoslav troops had tried to force them out of Kosovo, but not to eradicate them and therefore it was not <a href="/wiki/Genocide" title="Genocide">genocide</a>.<a href="#cite_note-82">[79]</a> After the war, a list was compiled which documented that over 13,500 people were killed or went missing during the two year conflict.<a href="#cite_note-83">[80]</a> The Yugoslav and Serb forces caused the displacement of between 1.2 million<a href="#cite_note-Krieger_p90-84">[81]</a> and 1.45 million Kosovo Albanians.<a href="#cite_note-OSCE_2003-85">[82]</a> After the war, around 200,000 Serbs, Romani, and other non-Albanians fled Kosovo and many of the remaining civilians were victims of abuse.<a href="#cite_note-Abrahams-86">[83]</a><a href="#cite_note-87">[84]</a><a href="#cite_note-88">[85]</a> The Kosovo Liberation Army disbanded soon after the end of the war, with some of its members going on to fight for the <a href="/wiki/Liberation_Army_of_Pre%C5%A1evo,_Medve%C4%91a_and_Bujanovac" title="Liberation Army of Preševo, Medveđa and Bujanovac">UÇPMB</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Pre%C5%A1evo_Valley" title="Preševo Valley">Preševo Valley</a><a href="#cite_note-Kosovo_one_year_on-89">[86]</a> and others joining the <a href="/wiki/National_Liberation_Army_(Albanians_of_Macedonia)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Liberation Army (Albanians of Macedonia)">National Liberation Army</a> (NLA) and <a href="/wiki/Albanian_National_Army" title="Albanian National Army">Albanian National Army</a> (ANA) during <a href="/wiki/2001_insurgency_in_Macedonia" title="2001 insurgency in Macedonia">the armed ethnic conflict in Macedonia</a>,<a href="#cite_note-90">[87]</a> while others went on to form the <a href="/wiki/Kosovo_Police" title="Kosovo Police">Kosovo Police</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-91">[88]</a> The <a href="/wiki/International_Criminal_Tribunal_for_the_former_Yugoslavia" title="International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia">International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia</a> (ICTY) convicted six Serb/Yugoslav officials and one Albanian commander for war crimes. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2></div> The modern Albanian-Serbian conflict has its roots in the <a href="/wiki/Expulsion_of_the_Albanians_1877%E2%80%931878" class="mw-redirect" title="Expulsion of the Albanians 1877–1878">expulsion of Albanians in 1877–1878</a> from areas that were incorporated into the <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Serbia" title="Principality of Serbia">Principality of Serbia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-92">[89]</a><a href="#cite_note-93">[90]</a> Muslim Albanians residing in the <a href="/wiki/Sanjak_of_Ni%C5%A1" title="Sanjak of Niš">Sanjak of Niš</a> were quickly expelled after Ottomans had lost control of the region. Modern estimates put the number of expelled Albanians to 50,000–130,000 Albanian refugees.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEElsie2010XXXII-94">[91]</a><a href="#cite_note-95">[92]</a><a href="#cite_note-96">[93]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalcolm1998228–229-97">[94]</a> As a result, some Albanian refugees who settled in Kosovo retaliated by attacking the local Serb population.<a href="#cite_note-98">[95]</a> From 1830 to 1876, there had also been a <a href="/wiki/Expulsion_of_the_Albanians,_1830%E2%80%931876" class="mw-redirect" title="Expulsion of the Albanians, 1830–1876">forced migration of up to 150,000 Albanians</a> from the Principality.<a href="#cite_note-99">[96]</a><a href="#cite_note-100">[97]</a><a href="#cite_note-101">[98]</a> The conflict became more intense at the end of the 19th century, and in 1901 there were <a href="/wiki/1901_massacres_of_Serbs" class="mw-redirect" title="1901 massacres of Serbs">massacres of Serbs</a> using weapons not handed back to the Ottomans following the <a href="/wiki/Greco-Turkish_War_(1897)" title="Greco-Turkish War (1897)">Greco-Turkish War of 1897</a>.<a href="#cite_note-102">[99]</a> Tensions between the Serbian and Albanian communities in Kosovo simmered throughout the 20th century and occasionally erupted into major violence, particularly during the <a href="/wiki/First_Balkan_War" title="First Balkan War">First Balkan War</a> (1912–1913), <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> (1914–1918), and <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> (1939–1945).<a href="#cite_note-Steiner-103">[100]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Albanian_revolt_of_1912" title="Albanian revolt of 1912">Albanian revolt of 1912</a> in Kosovo resulted in the Ottoman Empire agreeing to the creation of an <a href="/wiki/Albanian_Vilayet" title="Albanian Vilayet">Albanian quasi-state</a> but Ottoman forces were soon driven out by opportunistic Bulgarian, Serbian and Montenegrin troops.<a href="#cite_note-Vance_&_Paik-104">[101]</a> In the ensuing <a href="/wiki/Balkan_Wars" title="Balkan Wars">Balkan Wars</a>, at least 50,000 Albanians were <a href="/wiki/Massacres_of_Albanians_in_the_Balkan_Wars" title="Massacres of Albanians in the Balkan Wars">massacred</a> in the present-day territory of Kosovo by the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Serbian_Army" title="Royal Serbian Army">Serbian regular army</a> and irregular <a href="/wiki/Komitadji" title="Komitadji">Komitadjis</a> with the intention of manipulating population statistics before the borders of <a href="/wiki/Independent_Albania" title="Independent Albania">Albania</a> were recognized during the <a href="/wiki/London_Conference_of_1912%E2%80%931913" title="London Conference of 1912–1913">London Conference of 1912–1913</a>, after the latter proposed the drawing of the borders of Albania based on ethnic statistics.<a href="#cite_note-:FoLBelgrade2000-105">[102]</a><a href="#cite_note-106">[103]</a> After World War I Kosovo was incorporated into the Serb-dominated <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Yugoslavia" title="Kingdom of Yugoslavia">Kingdom of Yugoslavia</a> despite the Albanian community's demands for union with Albania.<a href="#cite_note-Steiner-103">[100]</a> Albanian rebels started the <a href="/wiki/Drenica-Dukagjin_Uprisings" class="mw-redirect" title="Drenica-Dukagjin Uprisings">Drenica-Dukagjin Uprisings</a>, which ended with the rebellion being crushed after the fall of the government of <a href="/wiki/Fan_Noli" title="Fan Noli">Fan Noli</a> in Albania in December 1924 and the subsequent withdrawal of support for the <a href="/wiki/Committee_for_the_National_Defence_of_Kosovo" title="Committee for the National Defence of Kosovo">Committee for the National Defence of Kosovo</a> by <a href="/wiki/Zog_I_of_Albania" class="mw-redirect" title="Zog I of Albania">President Zog</a>. Between 1918 and 1939, Yugoslavia expelled hundreds of thousands of Albanians and promoted the settlement of <a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_colonisation_of_Kosovo" class="mw-redirect" title="Yugoslav colonisation of Kosovo">mostly Serb colonists</a> in the region, while Albanian language schools were prohibited.<a href="#cite_note-Ramet198-107">[104]</a> After the <a href="/wiki/Axis_invasion_of_Yugoslavia" class="mw-redirect" title="Axis invasion of Yugoslavia">Axis invasion of Yugoslavia</a> in 1941, most of Kosovo was assigned to Italian-controlled Albania, with the rest being controlled by Germany and Bulgaria. During the occupation, Albanian collaborators persecuted Serb and Montenegrin settlers,<a href="#cite_note-108">[105]</a> with thousands killed and between 70,000 and 100,000 <a href="/wiki/Kosovo_during_World_War_II" title="Kosovo during World War II">expelled from Kosovo</a> or sent to <a href="/wiki/Concentration_camps" class="mw-redirect" title="Concentration camps">concentration camps</a> in order to <a href="/wiki/Albanisation" title="Albanisation">Albanianize</a> the province.<a href="#cite_note-Ramet2006-109">[106]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalcolm1998312-110">[107]</a> The return of the expelled colonists was made next to impossible by a decree from Yugoslav leader <a href="/wiki/Josip_Broz_Tito" title="Josip Broz Tito">Josip Broz Tito</a>, followed by a new law in August 1945, which disallowed the return of colonists who had taken land from Albanian peasants.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalcolm1998317-318-111">[108]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kosovo_in_Tito's_Yugoslavia_(1945–1980)">Kosovo in Tito's Yugoslavia (1945–1980)</h3></div> The end of <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> saw Kosovo returning to Yugoslav control. The new <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia" title="Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia">socialist government</a> under <a href="/wiki/Josip_Broz_Tito" title="Josip Broz Tito">Josip Broz Tito</a> systematically suppressed <a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">nationalism</a> among the ethnic groups throughout Yugoslavia, and established six republics (<a href="/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Slovenia" title="Socialist Republic of Slovenia">Slovenia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Croatia" title="Socialist Republic of Croatia">Croatia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Serbia" title="Socialist Republic of Serbia">Serbia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Montenegro" title="Socialist Republic of Montenegro">Montenegro</a>, <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Macedonia" title="Socialist Republic of Macedonia">Macedonia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Socialist Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia-Herzegovina</a>) as constituent parts of the Yugoslav federation.<a href="#cite_note-112">[109]</a> Tito diluted the power of <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Serbia" title="Socialist Republic of Serbia">Serbia</a> – the largest and most populous republic – by establishing autonomous governments in the Serbian province of <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Autonomous_Province_of_Vojvodina" title="Socialist Autonomous Province of Vojvodina">Vojvodina</a> in the north and <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Autonomous_Province_of_Kosovo" title="Socialist Autonomous Province of Kosovo">Kosovo</a> in the south.<a href="#cite_note-113">[110]</a> Until 1963, the region was named the Autonomous Region of Kosovo and Metohija and in 1968 it was renamed to the <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Autonomous_Province_of_Kosovo" title="Socialist Autonomous Province of Kosovo">Socialist Autonomous Province of Kosovo</a>.<a href="#cite_note-114">[111]</a> The period of 1948–1963 in Kosovo was characterized by a brutal crackdown against Albanian nationalists by <a href="/wiki/Aleksandar_Rankovi%C4%87" title="Aleksandar Ranković">Aleksandar Ranković</a> and his <a href="/wiki/UDBA" class="mw-redirect" title="UDBA">secret police</a> (the UDBA).<a href="#cite_note-Ingrao_&_Emmert-115">[112]</a> In 1955, a state of emergency was declared in order to quell unrest that had purportedly been instigated by terror groups from Albania.<a href="#cite_note-Tombs_&_Smith-116">[113]</a> Following Ranković's ouster in 1966, Tito and his League of Communists Party granted more powers to republics and attempted to improve the political, social and economic situation in Kosovo.<a href="#cite_note-Tombs_&_Smith-116">[113]</a> In November 1968, large-scale demonstrations took place in Kosovo which were quelled by Yugoslav forces, precipitated by Albanian demands for separate republics in Kosovo and Macedonia.<a href="#cite_note-Tombs_&_Smith-116">[113]</a> Albanian students and intellectuals pushed for an Albanian-language university and greater representative powers for Albanians in both the Serbian and Yugoslav state bodies.<a href="#cite_note-Ingrao_&_Emmert-115">[112]</a> The <a href="/wiki/University_of_Pristina_(1969%E2%80%931999)" title="University of Pristina (1969–1999)">University of Pristina</a> was established as an independent institution in 1970, ending a long period when the institution had been run as an outpost of <a href="/wiki/University_of_Belgrade" title="University of Belgrade">University of Belgrade</a>. The lack of Albanian-language educational materials in Yugoslavia hampered Albanian education in Kosovo, so an agreement was struck with <a href="/wiki/Socialist_People%27s_Republic_of_Albania" class="mw-redirect" title="Socialist People's Republic of Albania">Albania</a> itself to supply textbooks. In 1969 the <a href="/wiki/Serbian_Orthodox_Church" title="Serbian Orthodox Church">Serbian Orthodox Church</a> ordered its clergy to compile data on the ongoing problems of <a href="/wiki/Serbs_of_Kosovo" class="mw-redirect" title="Serbs of Kosovo">Serbs in Kosovo</a>, seeking to pressure the government in Belgrade to do more to protect the interests of Serbs there.<a href="#cite_note-117">[114]</a> In 1974 Kosovo's political status improved further when a new <a href="/wiki/1974_Yugoslav_Constitution" title="1974 Yugoslav Constitution">Yugoslav constitution</a> granted an expanded set of political rights. Along with <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Autonomous_Province_of_Vojvodina" title="Socialist Autonomous Province of Vojvodina">Vojvodina</a>, Kosovo was <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Autonomous_Province_of_Kosovo" title="Socialist Autonomous Province of Kosovo">declared a province</a> and gained many of the powers of a fully-fledged republic: a seat on the <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Yugoslavia" title="Presidency of Yugoslavia">federal presidency</a> and its own assembly, police force and national bank.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJudah200238-118">[115]</a><a href="#cite_note-119">[116]</a> While trying to balance the interests of Albanians and Serbs, this effectively stratified both communities and prompted Serb fears of Kosovo seceding from Yugoslavia.<a href="#cite_note-Ingrao_&_Emmert-115">[112]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bellamy-120">[117]</a> Student demonstrations continued throughout the 1970s, resulting in the imprisonment of many members of the Albanian National Liberation Movement, including <a href="/wiki/Adem_Dema%C3%A7i" title="Adem Demaçi">Adem Demaçi</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Tombs_&_Smith-116">[113]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bellamy-120">[117]</a> The political and administrative changes that began in 1968 resulted in Kosovo Albanians securing complete control over the province's political, social and cultural issues as well as growing ties between Kosovo and Albania. However, by 1980, economic impoverishment would become the catalyst for further unrest.<a href="#cite_note-121">[118]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="After_the_death_of_Tito_(1980–1989)">After the death of Tito (1980–1989)</h3></div> Provincial power was still exercised by the <a href="/wiki/League_of_Communists_of_Kosovo" title="League of Communists of Kosovo">League of Communists of Kosovo</a>, but now devolved mainly to ethnic Albanian communists. Tito's death on 4 May 1980 ushered in a long period of political instability, worsened by growing economic crisis and nationalist unrest. The first major outbreak occurred in Kosovo's main city, <a href="/wiki/Pristina" title="Pristina">Pristina</a>, when a protest of University of Pristina students over long queues in their university canteen rapidly escalated and in late March and early April 1981 spread throughout Kosovo, causing mass demonstrations in several towns, the <a href="/wiki/1981_protests_in_Kosovo" title="1981 protests in Kosovo">1981 protests in Kosovo</a>. The disturbances were quelled by the <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Yugoslavia" title="Presidency of Yugoslavia">Presidency of Yugoslavia</a> proclaiming a <a href="/wiki/State_of_emergency" title="State of emergency">state of emergency</a>, sending in riot police and the army, which resulted in numerous casualties. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2_April_1981_memorial,_Pristina.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/2_April_1981_memorial%2C_Pristina.JPG/220px-2_April_1981_memorial%2C_Pristina.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/2_April_1981_memorial%2C_Pristina.JPG/330px-2_April_1981_memorial%2C_Pristina.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/2_April_1981_memorial%2C_Pristina.JPG/440px-2_April_1981_memorial%2C_Pristina.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>Memorial plaque in <a href="/wiki/Pristina" title="Pristina">Pristina</a>, dedicated to two protesters who were killed in the <a href="/wiki/1981_protests_in_Kosovo" title="1981 protests in Kosovo">1981 protests</a>, demanding more autonomy for Kosovo</figcaption></figure> In 1981 it was reported that some 4,000 Serbs moved from Kosovo to central Serbia after the Kosovo Albanian riots in March that resulted in several Serb deaths and the desecration of Serbian Orthodox architecture and graveyards.<a href="#cite_note-122">[119]</a> Serbia reacted with a plan to reduce the power of Albanians in the province and a propaganda campaign that claimed Serbs were being pushed out of the province primarily by the growing Albanian population, rather than the bad state of the economy.<a href="#cite_note-Ramet2010-123">[120]</a> 33 nationalist formations were dismantled by <a href="/wiki/Militia_(Yugoslavia)" title="Militia (Yugoslavia)">Yugoslav police</a>, who sentenced some 280 people (800 fined, 100 under investigation) and seized arms caches and propaganda material.<a href="#cite_note-124">[121]</a> Albanian leaders of Kosovo maintained that Serbs were leaving mainly because of the poor economy. The worsening state of Kosovo's economy made the province a poor choice for Serbs seeking work. Albanians, as well as Serbs, tended to favor their compatriots when hiring new employees, but the number of jobs was too few for the population. Kosovo was the poorest entity of Yugoslavia: the average per capita income was $795, compared with the national average of $2,635. Due to its comparative poverty it received substantial amounts of Yugoslav development money, leading to quarrels amongst the republics regarding its quantity and utilization.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJudah200246-125">[122]</a> In February 1982 a group of priests from Serbia proper petitioned their bishops to ask "why the Serbian Church is silent" and why it did not campaign against "the destruction, arson and sacrilege of the holy shrines of Kosovo".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJudah200243-126">[123]</a> In 1985, two Albanian farmers were falsely accused for the <a href="/wiki/%C4%90or%C4%91e_Martinovi%C4%87_incident" title="Đorđe Martinović incident">Đorđe Martinović incident</a>, which turned into a <a href="/wiki/Cause_c%C3%A9l%C3%A8bre" title="Cause célèbre">cause célèbre</a> in <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Serbia" title="Politics of Serbia">Serbian politics</a> and fueled hatred towards Albanians. In 1987, Aziz Kelmendi, an ethnic-Albanian recruit in the <a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_People%27s_Army" title="Yugoslav People's Army">Yugoslav Army</a> (JNA) killed four fellow soldiers in a <a href="/wiki/Para%C4%87in_massacre" title="Paraćin massacre">mass shooting</a> in JNA barracks, with only one of them being an ethnic Serb.<a href="#cite_note-NYDB-127">[124]</a> Serbian media blamed Albanian nationalism for the event and in response, Yugoslavia sent 400 federal police officers to Kosovo.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeier1999400-128">[125]</a> It was against this tense background that the <a href="/wiki/Serbian_Academy_of_Sciences_and_Arts" title="Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts">Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts</a> (SANU) conducted a survey of Serbs who had left Kosovo in 1985 and 1986, which concluded that a considerable number had left under pressure from Albanians.<a href="#cite_note-129">[126]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Economy_Yugoslavia_1975.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Economy_Yugoslavia_1975.png/220px-Economy_Yugoslavia_1975.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="193" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Economy_Yugoslavia_1975.png/330px-Economy_Yugoslavia_1975.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Economy_Yugoslavia_1975.png/440px-Economy_Yugoslavia_1975.png 2x" data-file-width="941" data-file-height="824" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/SAP_Kosovo" class="mw-redirect" title="SAP Kosovo">SAP Kosovo</a> was the poorest entity of <a href="/wiki/SFR_Yugoslavia" class="mw-redirect" title="SFR Yugoslavia">SFR Yugoslavia</a>. The deteriorating economic situation became a catalyst for increased inter-ethnic tensions in the 1980s.</figcaption></figure> The so-called <a href="/wiki/SANU_Memorandum" title="SANU Memorandum">SANU Memorandum</a>, leaked in September 1986, was a draft document that focused on the political difficulties facing Serbs in Yugoslavia, pointing to Tito's deliberate hobbling of Serbia's power and the difficulties faced by Serbs outside <a href="/wiki/Serbia_proper" class="mw-redirect" title="Serbia proper">Serbia proper</a>. It paid special attention to Kosovo, arguing that the Kosovo Serbs were being subjected to "physical, political, legal and cultural genocide" in an "open and total war" that had been ongoing since the spring of 1981. It claimed that Kosovo's status in 1986 was a worse historical defeat for the Serbs than any event since liberation from the Ottomans in 1804, thus ranking it above such catastrophes as the World war occupations. The Memorandum's authors claimed that 200,000 Serbs had moved out of the province over the previous 20 years and warned that there would soon be none left "unless things changed radically." The remedy, according to the Memorandum, was for "genuine security and unambiguous equality for all peoples living in Kosovo and Metohija [to be] established" and "objective and permanent conditions for the return of the expelled [Serbian] nation [to be] created." It concluded that "Serbia must not be passive and wait and see what the others will say, as it has done so often in the past." The SANU Memorandum provoked split reactions: Albanians saw it as a call for Serbian supremacy at the local level, claiming the Serb emigrants had left Kosovo for economic reasons, while the Slovenes and Croats saw a threat in the call for a more assertive Serbia. Serbs were divided: many welcomed it, while the Communist old guard strongly attacked its message. One of those who denounced it was <a href="/wiki/League_of_Communists_of_Serbia" title="League of Communists of Serbia">Serbian Communist Party</a> official <a href="/wiki/Slobodan_Milo%C5%A1evi%C4%87" title="Slobodan Milošević">Slobodan Milošević</a>.<a href="#cite_note-130">[127]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Slobodan_Milo%C5%A1evi%C4%87_i_Ivan_Stamboli%C4%87,_1986.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Slobodan_Milo%C5%A1evi%C4%87_i_Ivan_Stamboli%C4%87%2C_1986.jpg/220px-Slobodan_Milo%C5%A1evi%C4%87_i_Ivan_Stamboli%C4%87%2C_1986.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="121" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Slobodan_Milo%C5%A1evi%C4%87_i_Ivan_Stamboli%C4%87%2C_1986.jpg/330px-Slobodan_Milo%C5%A1evi%C4%87_i_Ivan_Stamboli%C4%87%2C_1986.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Slobodan_Milo%C5%A1evi%C4%87_i_Ivan_Stamboli%C4%87%2C_1986.jpg/440px-Slobodan_Milo%C5%A1evi%C4%87_i_Ivan_Stamboli%C4%87%2C_1986.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1516" data-file-height="837" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Slobodan_Milo%C5%A1evi%C4%87" title="Slobodan Milošević">Slobodan Milošević</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ivan_Stamboli%C4%87" title="Ivan Stambolić">Ivan Stambolić</a>'s 1987 visit to Kosovo marked the beginning of Milošević's rise to the <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Presidency_of_SR_Serbia" class="mw-redirect" title="President of the Presidency of SR Serbia">Presidency</a>, after he made the remarks "No one will beat you again," to a crowd of Serb protesters.</figcaption></figure> In April 1987, Serbian President <a href="/wiki/Ivan_Stamboli%C4%87" title="Ivan Stambolić">Ivan Stambolić</a> and <a href="/wiki/Slobodan_Milo%C5%A1evi%C4%87" title="Slobodan Milošević">Slobodan Milošević</a> visited Kosovo with the intention of reducing tensions in the region. A Serb nationalist crowd had gathered near the hall where Milošević was supposed to deliver his speech in <a href="/wiki/Kosovo_Polje" title="Kosovo Polje">Kosovo Polje</a>. The crowd tried to break through the police cordon that was providing security for the gathering, and after clashing with the police, they chanted that Albanian policemen were beating them. Informed of the situation, Milošević walked out of the building and addressed the protesters, telling them "No one will beat you again".<a href="#cite_note-131">[128]</a> He further called upon the crowd to resist the Albanian pressure to leave Kosovo. This speech marked the beginning of Milošević's use of nationalism to gain power, and he was appointed <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Presidency_of_SR_Serbia" class="mw-redirect" title="President of the Presidency of SR Serbia">President of the Presidency of Serbia</a> in May 1989.<a href="#cite_note-Sell1999-132">[129]</a> In November 1988 Kosovo's head of the provincial committee was arrested. In March 1989 Milošević announced an "<a href="/wiki/Anti-bureaucratic_revolution" title="Anti-bureaucratic revolution">anti-bureaucratic revolution</a>" in Kosovo and Vojvodina, curtailing their autonomy as well as imposing a curfew and a state of emergency in Kosovo due to violent demonstrations, resulting in 24 deaths (including two policemen). Milošević and his government claimed that the constitutional changes were necessary to protect Kosovo's remaining Serbs against harassment from the Albanian majority.<a href="#cite_note-Youth_Initiative_for_Human_Rights-133">[130]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Constitutional_amendments_(1989–94)">Constitutional amendments (1989–94)</h3></div> On 17 November 1988 <a href="/wiki/Kaqusha_Jashari" title="Kaqusha Jashari">Kaqusha Jashari</a> and <a href="/wiki/Azem_Vllasi" title="Azem Vllasi">Azem Vllasi</a> were forced to resign from the leadership of the <a href="/wiki/League_of_Communists_of_Kosovo" title="League of Communists of Kosovo">League of Communists of Kosovo</a> (LCK).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlipSluiter2001[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidkwR88-rsWaoCpgPA12_12]-134">[131]</a><a href="#cite_note-135">[132]</a><a href="#cite_note-Branka1993p208-136">[133]</a> In early 1989 the <a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(Serbia)" title="National Assembly (Serbia)">Serbian Assembly</a> proposed amendments to the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Serbia" title="Constitution of Serbia">Constitution of Serbia</a> that would remove the word "Socialist" from the Serbian Republic's title, establish multi-party elections, remove the independence of institutions of the autonomous provinces such as Kosovo and rename Kosovo as the <a href="/wiki/Autonomous_Province_of_Kosovo_and_Metohija" title="Autonomous Province of Kosovo and Metohija">Autonomous Province of Kosovo and Metohija</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlipSluiter200112–13-137">[134]</a><a href="#cite_note-Europa2001p347-138">[135]</a> In February Kosovar Albanians demonstrated in large numbers against the proposal, emboldened by striking miners.<a href="#cite_note-Branka1993p208-136">[133]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlipSluiter200113-139">[136]</a> Serbs in Belgrade protested against the Kosovo Albanian's separatism.<a href="#cite_note-Bethlehem1997pliii-140">[137]</a> On 3 March 1989 the <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_the_Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia" class="mw-redirect" title="Presidency of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia">Presidency of Yugoslavia</a> imposed special measures assigning responsibility for public security to the federal government.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlipSluiter200113-139">[136]</a> On 23 March the Assembly of Kosovo voted to accept the proposed amendments although most Albanian delegates abstained.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlipSluiter200113-139">[136]</a> In early 1990 Kosovar Albanians held mass demonstrations against the special measures, which were lifted on 18 April 1990 and responsibility for public security was again assigned to Serbia.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlipSluiter200113-139">[136]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBethlehemWeller1997xxii-141">[138]</a> On 26 June 1990 Serbian authorities barred access to the building of the Kosovo Assembly, citing special circumstances.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBethlehemWeller1997xxii-141">[138]</a> On 2 July 1990, 114 ethnic Albanian delegates of the 180-member Kosovo Assembly gathered in front of the closed building and declared Kosovo an <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Kosova" title="Republic of Kosova">independent republic within Yugoslavia</a>. On 5 July the Serbian Assembly dissolved the Kosovo Assembly.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBethlehemWeller1997xxii-141">[138]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlipSluiter200113-139">[136]</a> Serbia also dissolved the provincial executive council and assumed full and direct control of the province.<a href="#cite_note-Ramet2006p360-142">[139]</a> Serbia took over management of Kosovo's principal Albanian-language media, halting Albanian-language broadcasts.<a href="#cite_note-Ramet2006p360-142">[139]</a> On 4 September 1990 Kosovar Albanians observed a 24-hour general strike, virtually shutting down the province.<a href="#cite_note-Ramet2006p360-142">[139]</a> On 5 August 1991, the Serbian Assembly suspended the main Albanian-language daily newspaper, Rilindja,<a href="#cite_note-Ramet2006p360-142">[139]</a><a href="#cite_note-143">[140]</a> declaring its journalism unconstitutional.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKrieger200126-144">[141]</a> On 7 September 1990 the Constitution of Kosovo was promulgated by Albanian members of the disbanded Assembly of Kosovo.<a href="#cite_note-Trifunovska1994p237-145">[142]</a> Milošević responded by ordering the arrest of the deputies that participated in the meeting.<a href="#cite_note-Ramet2006p360-142">[139]</a> The new controversial Serbian Constitution was promulgated on 28 September 1990.<a href="#cite_note-Europa2001p347-138">[135]</a> In September 1991, Kosovar Albanians held an unofficial referendum in which they voted overwhelmingly for independence.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlipSluiter200113-139">[136]</a> On 24 May 1992 Kosovar Albanians held unofficial elections for an assembly and president of the Republic of Kosovo and elected <a href="/wiki/Ibrahim_Rugova" title="Ibrahim Rugova">Ibrahim Rugova</a> as president.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlipSluiter200113-139">[136]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Parliament_of_the_Republic_of_Kosovo_3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Parliament_of_the_Republic_of_Kosovo_3.jpg/220px-Parliament_of_the_Republic_of_Kosovo_3.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Parliament_of_the_Republic_of_Kosovo_3.jpg/330px-Parliament_of_the_Republic_of_Kosovo_3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Parliament_of_the_Republic_of_Kosovo_3.jpg/440px-Parliament_of_the_Republic_of_Kosovo_3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3872" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>114 delegates of the <a href="/wiki/SAP_Kosovo" class="mw-redirect" title="SAP Kosovo">SAP Kosovo</a> Assembly gathered in front of the closed <a href="/wiki/Assembly_of_the_Republic_of_Kosovo" title="Assembly of the Republic of Kosovo">Assembly building</a> on July 2, 1990, and declared <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Kosova" title="Republic of Kosova">Kosovo</a> an independent Republic within Yugoslavia.</figcaption></figure> During this time, the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Kosova" title="Republic of Kosova">Republic of Kosova</a> started to establish parallel institutions, which were not recognized by Serbia. The presence of Serbian security structures in Kosovo increased considerably and Kosovo was put into constant curfews. Hundreds of thousands of ethnic Albanians were fired from government and state-run institutions. By 1990 most Albanian schools were closed and the Serbian government required Albanian teachers to sign loyalty oaths in order to remain employed, effectively asking them to recognize Serbia, and not <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Kosova" title="Republic of Kosova">Republic of Kosova</a> as their country, which the vast majority refused to sign. By 1991 all Albanian schoolteachers and academic staff had been dismissed and a parallel education system was established by the government of the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Kosova" title="Republic of Kosova">Republic of Kosova</a>, using donated private homes as classrooms. 350,000 Albanians emigrated out of the region due to economic and social pressures over the next seven years, and the Milosevic regime encouraged Serb settlement to the region.<a href="#cite_note-hrwrefworld-146">[143]</a> <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Special_Rapporteur" class="mw-redirect" title="United Nations Special Rapporteur">United Nations Special Rapporteur</a> <a href="/wiki/Tadeusz_Mazowiecki" title="Tadeusz Mazowiecki">Tadeusz Mazowiecki</a> reported on 26 February 1993 that the police had intensified their repression of the Albanian population since 1990, including depriving them of their basic rights, destroying their education system, and conducting large numbers of political dismissals of civil servants.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKrieger200126-144">[141]</a> Milosevic ordered the abolishment of the Academy of Sciences in Kosovo, Albanian street names were changed to Serbian ones, Serbs were allowed to enter the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Pristina_(1969%E2%80%931999)" title="University of Pristina (1969–1999)">University of Pristina</a> and therefore received preferential treatment, and Albanians were fired from their posts or lost their homes to Serbs (130,000 between 1990-1995).<a href="#cite_note-147">[144]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Eruption_of_war">Eruption of war</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_slide_to_war_(1995–1998)">The slide to war (1995–1998)</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_Kosovo_(1995%E2%80%931998)" title="Insurgency in Kosovo (1995–1998)">Insurgency in Kosovo (1995–1998)</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="width: 16em;"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of a series on the</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kosovo War</a></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#def;"> Before March 1999</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kosovo_Liberation_Army" title="Kosovo Liberation Army">Kosovo Liberation Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bela%C4%87evac_Mine" title="Battle of Belaćevac Mine">Battle of Belaćevac Mine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lo%C4%91a" title="Battle of Lođa">Battle of Lođa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Glo%C4%91ane" title="Battle of Glođane">Battle of Glođane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Junik" title="Battle of Junik">Battle of Junik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Prekaz" title="Attack on Prekaz">Attack on Prekaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lapu%C5%A1nik_prison_camp" title="Lapušnik prison camp">Lapušnik prison camp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gornje_Obrinje_massacre" title="Gornje Obrinje massacre">Gornje Obrinje massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ra%C4%8Dak_massacre" title="Račak massacre">Račak massacre</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#def;"> <a href="/wiki/NATO_bombing_of_Yugoslavia" title="NATO bombing of Yugoslavia">NATO intervention</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Krusha_massacres" title="Krusha massacres">Krusha massacres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bela_Crkva_massacre" title="Bela Crkva massacre">Bela Crkva massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civilian_casualties_during_Operation_Allied_Force" title="Civilian casualties during Operation Allied Force">Civilian casualties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Izbica_massacre" title="Izbica massacre">Izbica massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Podujevo_massacre" title="Podujevo massacre">Podujevo massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suva_Reka_massacre" title="Suva Reka massacre">Suva Reka massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pastasel_massacre" title="Pastasel massacre">Pastasel massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%86u%C5%A1ka_massacre" title="Ćuška massacre">Ćuška massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ko%C5%A1are" title="Battle of Košare">Battle of Košare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pa%C5%A1trik" title="Battle of Paštrik">Battle of Paštrik</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#def;"> Other articles</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Legitimacy_of_the_NATO_bombing_of_Yugoslavia" title="Legitimacy of the NATO bombing of Yugoslavia">Legitimacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_crimes_in_the_Kosovo_War" title="War crimes in the Kosovo War">War crimes in the Kosovo War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosovo_Specialist_Chambers" title="Kosovo Specialist Chambers">Kosovo Specialist Chambers</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Kosovo_War" class="extiw" title="commons:Kosovo War">Images</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Kosovo_War" title="Template:Kosovo War"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Kosovo_War" title="Template talk:Kosovo War"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Kosovo_War" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Kosovo War"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> According to an Amnesty International report in 1998, due to dismissals from the Yugoslav government it was estimated that by 1998 unemployment rate in the Kosovar Albanian population was higher than 70%.<a href="#cite_note-The_Kosovo_Tragedy_page_116-148">[145]</a> The economic apartheid imposed by Belgrade was aimed at impoverishing an already poor Kosovo Albanian population.<a href="#cite_note-The_Kosovo_Tragedy_page_116-148">[145]</a> In 1996, 16,000 Serb refugees from Bosnia and Croatia were settled in Kosovo by the Milosevic government, sometimes against their will.<a href="#cite_note-149">[146]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ibrahim_Rugova" title="Ibrahim Rugova">Ibrahim Rugova</a>, first <a href="/wiki/Ibrahim_Rugova" title="Ibrahim Rugova">President of the Republic of Kosovo</a> pursued a policy of passive resistance which succeeded in maintaining peace in Kosovo during the <a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Yugoslav wars">earlier wars</a> in <a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia">Slovenia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia</a> during the early 1990s. As evidenced by the emergence of the <a href="/wiki/Kosovo_Liberation_Army" title="Kosovo Liberation Army">Kosovo Liberation Army</a> (KLA), this came at the cost of increasing frustration among Kosovo's Albanian population. In the mid-1990s, Rugova pleaded for a <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_peacekeeping" title="United Nations peacekeeping">United Nations peacekeeping force</a> for Kosovo. Continuing repression<a href="#cite_note-Perritt2010-150">[147]</a> convinced many Albanians that only armed resistance would change the situation. On 22 April 1996, four attacks on Serbian security personnel were carried out almost simultaneously in different parts of Kosovo. The KLA, a hitherto-unknown organisation, subsequently claimed responsibility.<a href="#cite_note-RadanPavkovic2013-151">[148]</a> The nature of the KLA was at first mysterious. It initially seemed that their only goals were to stop repression from Yugoslav authorities.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReveronMurer2006[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidOjvdsfiWwJcCpgPT104_68–69]-152">[149]</a> KLA goals also included the establishment of a <a href="/wiki/Greater_Albania" title="Greater Albania">Greater Albania</a>, a state stretching into surrounding <a href="/wiki/North_Macedonia" title="North Macedonia">Macedonia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Montenegro" title="Montenegro">Montenegro</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pre%C5%A1evo_Valley" title="Preševo Valley">southern Serbia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-DavidL-153">[150]</a><a href="#cite_note-ICG-154">[151]</a> In July 1998, in an interview for <a href="/wiki/Der_Spiegel" title="Der Spiegel">Der Spiegel</a>, KLA spokesman <a href="/wiki/Jakup_Krasniqi" title="Jakup Krasniqi">Jakup Krasniqi</a> publicly announced that the KLA's goal was the unification of all Albanian-inhabited lands.<a href="#cite_note-ICG-154">[151]</a> <a href="/wiki/Sulejman_Selimi" class="mw-redirect" title="Sulejman Selimi">Sulejman Selimi</a>, a General Commander of KLA in 1998–1999, said:<a href="#cite_note-DavidL-153">[150]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">There is de facto Albanian nation. The tragedy is that European powers after <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> decided to divide that nation between several Balkan states. We are now fighting to unify the nation, to liberate all Albanians, including those in Macedonia, Montenegro, and other parts of Serbia. We are not just a liberation army for Kosovo.</blockquote> While Rugova promised to uphold the minority rights of Serbs in Kosovo, the KLA was much less tolerant. Selimi stated that "Serbs who have blood on their hands would have to leave Kosovo".<a href="#cite_note-DavidL-153">[150]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kosovo-metohija-koreni-duse002.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Kosovo-metohija-koreni-duse002.jpg/220px-Kosovo-metohija-koreni-duse002.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Kosovo-metohija-koreni-duse002.jpg/330px-Kosovo-metohija-koreni-duse002.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Kosovo-metohija-koreni-duse002.jpg/440px-Kosovo-metohija-koreni-duse002.jpg 2x" data-file-width="650" data-file-height="464" /></a><figcaption>Serbian victims during <a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_Kosovo_(1995%E2%80%931998)" title="Insurgency in Kosovo (1995–1998)">insurgency</a></figcaption></figure> The crisis escalated in December 1997 at the <a href="/wiki/Peace_Implementation_Council" title="Peace Implementation Council">Peace Implementation Council</a> meeting in <a href="/wiki/Bonn" title="Bonn">Bonn</a>, where the international community (as defined in the <a href="/wiki/Dayton_Agreement" title="Dayton Agreement">Dayton Agreement</a>) agreed to give the <a href="/wiki/High_Representative_for_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="High Representative for Bosnia and Herzegovina">High Representative in Bosnia and Herzegovina</a> sweeping powers, including the right to dismiss elected leaders. At the same time, Western diplomats insisted that Kosovo be discussed and that Yugoslavia be responsive to Albanian demands there. The delegation from Yugoslavia stormed out of the meetings in protest.<a href="#cite_note-155">[152]</a> This was followed by the return of the <a href="/wiki/Contact_Group_(Balkans)" title="Contact Group (Balkans)">Contact Group</a> that oversaw the last phases of the Bosnian conflict and declarations from European powers demanding that Yugoslavia solve the problem in Kosovo. The KLA received financial and material support from the Kosovo Albanian diaspora.<a href="#cite_note-interpol-156">[153]</a><a href="#cite_note-Kubo2010-66">[63]</a> In early 1997, <a href="/wiki/1997_Albanian_civil_unrest" title="1997 Albanian civil unrest">Albania collapsed into chaos</a> following the fall of President <a href="/wiki/Sali_Berisha" title="Sali Berisha">Sali Berisha</a>. <a href="/wiki/Albanian_Armed_Forces" title="Albanian Armed Forces">Albanian Armed Forces</a> stockpiles were looted with impunity by criminal gangs, with much of the hardware ending up in western Kosovo and boosting the growing KLA arsenal. <a href="/wiki/Bujar_Bukoshi" title="Bujar Bukoshi">Bujar Bukoshi</a>, shadow prime minister in exile (in <a href="/wiki/Z%C3%BCrich" class="mw-redirect" title="Zürich">Zürich</a>, Switzerland), created a group called FARK (<a href="/wiki/Armed_Forces_of_the_Republic_of_Kosova" title="Armed Forces of the Republic of Kosova">Armed Forces of the Republic of Kosova</a>). FARK and the KLA were initially rivals, but later FARK merged into the KLA. The Yugoslav government considered the KLA to be "terrorists" and "<a href="/wiki/Insurgents" class="mw-redirect" title="Insurgents">insurgents</a>" who indiscriminately attacked police and civilians, while most Albanians saw the KLA as "<a href="/wiki/Resistance_movement" title="Resistance movement">freedom fighters</a>". On 23 February 1998, the United States Special Envoy to the Balkans, Robert Gelbard, stated in <a href="/wiki/Pristina" title="Pristina">Pristina</a> that "the KLA was without any question a terrorist group."<a href="#cite_note-Crawford2001-157">[154]</a><a href="#cite_note-bbc_june_1998-158">[155]</a> He later told the <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_Committee_on_Foreign_Affairs" title="United States House Committee on Foreign Affairs">House Committee on International Relations</a> that "while the KLA had committed 'terrorist acts,' it had 'not been classified legally by the U.S. Government as a terrorist organization.'"<a href="#cite_note-senate-159">[156]</a> However, his 23 February statements have been seen as an unwitting "green light" to the Serbian crackdown that followed less than a week later.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJudah2002138-160">[157]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="War_begins">War begins</h3></div> KLA attacks intensified, centering on the <a href="/wiki/Drenica" title="Drenica">Drenica</a> valley area with the compound of <a href="/wiki/Adem_Jashari" title="Adem Jashari">Adem Jashari</a> being a focal point. Days after Robert Gelbard described the KLA as a terrorist group, Serbian police responded to the KLA attacks in the <a href="/wiki/Liko%C5%A1ane" class="mw-redirect" title="Likošane">Likošane</a> area, and pursued some of the KLA to Čirez, resulting in the deaths of 16 Albanian fighters and 26 civilians in the <a href="/wiki/Attacks_on_Likoshane_and_%C3%87irez" title="Attacks on Likoshane and Çirez">attacks on Likoshane and Çirez</a>.<a href="#cite_note-161">[158]</a> and four Serbian policemen.<a href="#cite_note-162">[159]</a> The KLA's goal was to merge its Drenica stronghold with their stronghold in Albania proper, and this would shape the first few months of the fighting.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Donji_Prekaz_Kosova_(3939095807).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Donji_Prekaz_Kosova_%283939095807%29.jpg/220px-Donji_Prekaz_Kosova_%283939095807%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Donji_Prekaz_Kosova_%283939095807%29.jpg/330px-Donji_Prekaz_Kosova_%283939095807%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Donji_Prekaz_Kosova_%283939095807%29.jpg/440px-Donji_Prekaz_Kosova_%283939095807%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960" /></a><figcaption>The Jashari family compound in Prekaz, where KLA leader <a href="/wiki/Adem_Jashari" title="Adem Jashari">Adem Jashari</a> and 60 other people, mainly civilians, were murdered in the <a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Prekaz" title="Attack on Prekaz">attack on Prekaz</a></figcaption></figure> Serb police then began to pursue <a href="/wiki/Adem_Jashari" title="Adem Jashari">Adem Jashari</a> and his followers in the village of Donje Prekaze. On 5 March 1998, a <a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Prekaz" title="Attack on Prekaz">massive firefight</a> at the Jashari compound led to the massacre of 60 Albanians, of which eighteen were women and ten were under the age of sixteen.<a href="#cite_note-163">[160]</a> The event provoked massive condemnation from western capitals. <a href="/wiki/Madeleine_Albright" title="Madeleine Albright">Madeleine Albright</a> said that "this crisis is not an internal affair of the FRY".<a href="#cite_note-164">[161]</a> On 24 March, Yugoslav forces surrounded the village of Glodjane and <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Glo%C4%91ane" title="Battle of Glođane">attacked a rebel compound there</a>.<a href="#cite_note-165">[162]</a> Despite superior firepower, the Yugoslav forces failed to destroy the KLA unit, which had been their objective. Although there were deaths and severe injuries on the Albanian side, the insurgency in <a href="/w/index.php?title=Glodjane&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Glodjane (page does not exist)">Glodjane</a> was far from stamped out. The village was in fact to become one of the strongest centres of resistance in the upcoming war. A new Yugoslav government was formed at this time, led by the <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party_of_Serbia" title="Socialist Party of Serbia">Socialist Party of Serbia</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Serbian_Radical_Party" title="Serbian Radical Party">Serbian Radical Party</a>. Ultra-nationalist Radical Party chairman <a href="/wiki/Vojislav_%C5%A0e%C5%A1elj" title="Vojislav Šešelj">Vojislav Šešelj</a> became a deputy prime minister. This increased the dissatisfaction with the country's position among Western diplomats and spokespersons. In early April, Serbia arranged for <a href="/wiki/1998_Serbian_foreign_mediation_in_Kosovo_referendum" title="1998 Serbian foreign mediation in Kosovo referendum">a referendum</a> on the issue of foreign interference in Kosovo. Serbian voters decisively rejected foreign interference in the crisis.<a href="#cite_note-166">[163]</a> Meanwhile, the KLA claimed much of the area in and around <a href="/wiki/De%C3%A7an" title="Deçan">Deçan</a> and ran a territory based in the village of Glodjane, encompassing its surroundings. On 31 May 1998, the Yugoslav army and the Serb Ministry of the Interior police began an operation to clear the border of the KLA. NATO's response to this offensive was mid-June's Operation Determined Falcon, a NATO show of force over the Yugoslav borders.<a href="#cite_note-167">[164]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kompleksi_memorial_n%C3%AB_Gllogjan.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Kompleksi_memorial_n%C3%AB_Gllogjan.png/220px-Kompleksi_memorial_n%C3%AB_Gllogjan.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Kompleksi_memorial_n%C3%AB_Gllogjan.png/330px-Kompleksi_memorial_n%C3%AB_Gllogjan.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Kompleksi_memorial_n%C3%AB_Gllogjan.png/440px-Kompleksi_memorial_n%C3%AB_Gllogjan.png 2x" data-file-width="3334" data-file-height="2500" /></a><figcaption>Memorial complex in Gllogjan, where the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Glo%C4%91ane" title="Battle of Glođane">Battle of Glođane</a> took place</figcaption></figure> During this time, Yugoslav President Milošević reached an arrangement with <a href="/wiki/Boris_Yeltsin" title="Boris Yeltsin">Boris Yeltsin</a> of <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> to stop offensive operations and prepare for talks with the Albanians, who refused to talk to the Serbian side throughout the crisis, but would talk with the Yugoslav government. In fact, the only meeting between Milošević and <a href="/wiki/Ibrahim_Rugova" title="Ibrahim Rugova">Ibrahim Rugova</a> happened on 15 May in Belgrade, two days after the special presidential envoy <a href="/wiki/Richard_Holbrooke" title="Richard Holbrooke">Richard Holbrooke</a> announced that it would take place. Holbrooke threatened Milošević that if he did not obey, "what's left of your country will implode".<a href="#cite_note-168">[165]</a> A month later, Holbrooke visited the border areas affected by the fighting in early June, where he was famously photographed with the KLA. The publication of these images sent a signal to the KLA, its supporters and sympathisers, and to observers in general, that the US was decisively backing the KLA and the Albanian population in Kosovo. The Yeltsin agreement required Milošević to allow international representatives to set up a mission in Kosovo to monitor the situation there. The <a href="/wiki/Kosovo_Diplomatic_Observer_Mission" title="Kosovo Diplomatic Observer Mission">Kosovo Diplomatic Observer Mission</a> (KDOM) began operations in early July 1998. The US government welcomed this part of the agreement, but denounced the initiative's call for a mutual cease fire. Rather, the US demanded that the Serbian-Yugoslavian side should cease fire "without linkage ... to a cessation in terrorist activities". [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] All through June and into mid-July, the KLA maintained its advance. The KLA surrounded <a href="/wiki/Peja" title="Peja">Peja</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gjakova" title="Gjakova">Gjakova</a>, and set up an interim capital in the town of <a href="/wiki/Malisheva" title="Malisheva">Malisheva</a> (north of <a href="/wiki/Rahovec" title="Rahovec">Rahovec</a>). KLA troops infiltrated <a href="/wiki/Suva_Reka" title="Suva Reka">Suva Reka</a> and the northwest of Pristina. They moved on to capture the <a href="/wiki/Bela%C4%87evac_coal_mine" title="Belaćevac coal mine">Belaćevac coal pits</a> in late June, threatening energy supplies in the region. In July, KLA activity was reported south of <a href="/wiki/Prizren" title="Prizren">Prizren</a>. Their tactics as usual focused mainly on <a href="/wiki/Guerrilla_warfare" title="Guerrilla warfare">guerrilla</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mountain_warfare" title="Mountain warfare">mountain warfare</a>, and harassing and ambushing Yugoslav forces and Serb police patrols. The tide turned in mid-July when the KLA <a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Orahovac" title="Attack on Orahovac">captured Rahovec</a>. On 17 July 1998, two nearby villages, Retimlije and Opteruša, were also captured, while less systematic events took place in the larger Serb-populated village of Velika Hoča. The Orthodox monastery of Zočište three miles (4.8 km) was looted and torched.<a href="#cite_note-169">[166]</a> This led to a series of Serb and Yugoslav offensives which would continue into the beginning of August. A new set of KLA attacks in mid-August triggered Yugoslavian operations in south-central Kosovo, south of the Pristina-Peja road. In early September, Yugoslav forces began <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_V%C3%ABrrin" title="Battle of Vërrin">an offensive</a> around <a href="/wiki/Prizren" title="Prizren">Prizren</a> but, despite their advantage in firepower, were unable to capture the KLA stronghold there. In western Kosovo, around Peja, another offensive caused condemnation as international officials expressed fear that a large column of displaced people would be attacked. In early mid-September, for the first time, KLA activity was reported in northern Kosovo around <a href="/wiki/Podujevo" class="mw-redirect" title="Podujevo">Podujevo</a>. Finally, in late September, a Yugoslav determined effort was made to clear the KLA out of the northern and central parts of Kosovo and out of the Drenica valley. During this time many threats were made from Western capitals but these were tempered somewhat by the elections in Bosnia, as they did not want Serbian Democrats and Radicals to win. Following the elections, the threats intensified once again. On 28 September, <a href="/wiki/Gornje_Obrinje_massacre" title="Gornje Obrinje massacre">the mutilated corpses of a family</a> were discovered by KDOM outside the village of Gornje Obrinje. The bloody image of a child's doll and streams of displaced persons rallied the international community to action.<a href="#cite_note-170">[167]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Morale">Morale</h4></div> Morale was a serious problem for Serb forces; intelligence surveys found that many soldiers disagreed with their comrades' actions. One tank commander reported, "for the entire time I was in Kosovo, I never saw an enemy soldier and my unit was never once involved in firing at enemy targets. The tanks which cost $2.5 million each were used to slaughter Albanian children... I am ashamed".<a href="#cite_note-171">[168]</a> When retreating from Kosovo after NATO intervention, Yugoslav units appeared combat effective with high morale and displaying large holdings of undamaged equipment.<a href="#cite_note-172">[169]</a> Weeks before the end of hostilities, David Fromkin noted that "it seemed possible that NATO unity might crack before Yugoslav morale did."<a href="#cite_note-173">[170]</a> The announcement by President Clinton that the US would not deploy ground troops gave a tremendous boost to Serbian morale.<a href="#cite_note-174">[171]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="UN,_NATO,_and_OSCE_(1998–1999)">UN, NATO, and OSCE (1998–1999)</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:President_Bill_Clinton_talks_on_the_telephone_regarding_Kosovo_in_the_Oval_Office_Dining_Room.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/President_Bill_Clinton_talks_on_the_telephone_regarding_Kosovo_in_the_Oval_Office_Dining_Room.jpg/220px-President_Bill_Clinton_talks_on_the_telephone_regarding_Kosovo_in_the_Oval_Office_Dining_Room.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="326" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/President_Bill_Clinton_talks_on_the_telephone_regarding_Kosovo_in_the_Oval_Office_Dining_Room.jpg/330px-President_Bill_Clinton_talks_on_the_telephone_regarding_Kosovo_in_the_Oval_Office_Dining_Room.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/President_Bill_Clinton_talks_on_the_telephone_regarding_Kosovo_in_the_Oval_Office_Dining_Room.jpg/440px-President_Bill_Clinton_talks_on_the_telephone_regarding_Kosovo_in_the_Oval_Office_Dining_Room.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2432" data-file-height="3600" /></a><figcaption>Clinton talks on the phone about the Kosovo War</figcaption></figure> On 9 June 1998, US President Bill Clinton declared a "national emergency" (<a href="/wiki/State_of_emergency" title="State of emergency">state of emergency</a>) due to the "unusual and extraordinary threat to the national security and <a href="/wiki/Foreign_policy_of_the_United_States" title="Foreign policy of the United States">foreign policy of the United States</a>" imposed by Yugoslavia and Serbia over the Kosovo War.<a href="#cite_note-175">[172]</a> On 23 September 1998, acting under <a href="/wiki/Chapter_VII_of_the_United_Nations_Charter" title="Chapter VII of the United Nations Charter">Chapter VII of the United Nations Charter</a>, the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council" title="United Nations Security Council">UN Security Council</a> adopted <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_1199" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 1199">Resolution 1199</a>. This expressed 'grave concern' at reports reaching the Secretary General that over 230,000 people had been displaced from their homes by 'the excessive and indiscriminate use of force by Serbian security forces and the Yugoslav Army',<a href="#cite_note-176">[173]</a> demanding that all parties in Kosovo and the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia cease hostilities and maintain a ceasefire. On 24 September the <a href="/wiki/North_Atlantic_Council" title="North Atlantic Council">North Atlantic Council</a> (NAC) of NATO issued an "activation warning" taking NATO to an increased level of military preparedness for both a limited air option and a phased air campaign in Kosovo.<a href="#cite_note-177">[174]</a> The other major issue for those who saw no option but to resort to the use of force was the estimated 250,000 displaced Albanians, 30,000 of whom were out in the woods, without warm clothing or shelter, with winter fast approaching. Meanwhile, the US Ambassador to the Republic of Macedonia, <a href="/wiki/Christopher_R._Hill" title="Christopher R. Hill">Christopher Hill</a>, was leading <a href="/wiki/Shuttle_diplomacy" title="Shuttle diplomacy">shuttle diplomacy</a> between an Albanian delegation, led by Rugova, and the Yugoslav and Serbian authorities. These meetings were shaping the peace plan to be discussed during a period of planned NATO occupation of Kosovo. During a period of two weeks, threats intensified, culminating in NATO's Activation Order being given. NATO was ready to begin airstrikes, and Richard Holbrooke went to Belgrade in the hope of reaching an agreement with Milošević. Officially, the international community demanded an end to fighting. It specifically demanded that Yugoslavia end its offensives against the KLA whilst attempting to convince the KLA to drop its bid for independence. Attempts were made to persuade Milošević to permit NATO peacekeeping troops to enter Kosovo. This, they argued, would allow for the Christopher Hill peace process to proceed and yield a peace agreement. On 13 October 1998, the <a href="/wiki/North_Atlantic_Council" title="North Atlantic Council">North Atlantic Council</a> issued activation orders for the execution of both limited <a href="/wiki/Air_strike" class="mw-redirect" title="Air strike">air strikes</a> and a phased <a href="/wiki/Aerial_warfare" title="Aerial warfare">air campaign</a> in Yugoslavia which would begin in approximately 96 hours.<a href="#cite_note-178">[175]</a> On 15 October the NATO <a href="/wiki/Kosovo_Verification_Mission" title="Kosovo Verification Mission">Kosovo Verification Mission</a> (KVM) Agreement for a ceasefire was signed, and the deadline for withdrawal was extended to 27 October.<a href="#cite_note-nato_oaf-179">[176]</a> Difficulties implementing the agreement were reported, as clashes continued between government troops and the guerrillas.<a href="#cite_note-180">[177]</a> The Serbian withdrawal commenced on or around 25 October 1998, and <a href="/wiki/Operation_Eagle_Eye_(Kosovo)" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Eagle Eye (Kosovo)">Operation Eagle Eye</a> commenced on 30 October.<a href="#cite_note-nato_oaf-179">[176]</a> The KVM was a large contingent of unarmed <a href="/wiki/Organization_for_Security_and_Co-operation_in_Europe" title="Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe">Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe</a> (OSCE) peace monitors (officially known as verifiers) that moved into Kosovo. Their inadequacy was evident from the start. They were nicknamed the "clockwork oranges" in reference to their brightly coloured vehicles. Fighting resumed in December 1998 after both sides broke the ceasefire,<a href="#cite_note-Maisonneuve-181">[178]</a> and this surge in violence culminated in the killing of Zvonko Bojanić, the Serb mayor of the town of <a href="/wiki/Kosovo_Polje" title="Kosovo Polje">Kosovo Polje</a>. Yugoslav authorities responded by launching a crackdown against KLA militants.<a href="#cite_note-182">[179]</a> The January to March 1999 phase of the war brought increasing insecurity in urban areas, including bombings and murders. Such attacks took place during the Rambouillet talks in February and as the Kosovo Verification Agreement unraveled in March. Killings on the roads continued and increased. There were military confrontations in, among other places, the <a href="/wiki/Vushtrri" title="Vushtrri">Vushtrri</a> area in February and the heretofore unaffected <a href="/wiki/Ka%C3%A7anik" title="Kaçanik">Kaçanik</a> area in early March. On 15 January 1999 the <a href="/wiki/Ra%C4%8Dak_massacre" title="Račak massacre">Račak massacre</a> occurred when 45 Kosovan Albanians were killed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJudah2002193-183">[180]</a> The bodies had been discovered by OSCE monitors, including Head of Mission <a href="/wiki/William_Walker_(diplomat)" class="mw-redirect" title="William Walker (diplomat)">William Walker</a>, and foreign news correspondents.<a href="#cite_note-184">[181]</a><a href="#cite_note-ustrans-185">[182]</a> Yugoslavia denied a massacre took place.<a href="#cite_note-ustrans-185">[182]</a> The Račak massacre was the culmination of the conflict between the KLA and Yugoslav forces that had continued throughout the winter of 1998–1999. The incident was immediately condemned as a massacre by the <a href="/wiki/Western_countries" class="mw-redirect" title="Western countries">Western countries</a> and the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council" title="United Nations Security Council">United Nations Security Council</a>, and later became the basis of one of the charges of war crimes leveled against Milošević and his top officials. This massacre was the turning point of the war. <a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a> decided that the conflict could only be settled by introducing a military peacekeeping force under the auspices of NATO, to forcibly restrain the two sides. Pristina, the capital of Kosovo, had been subjected to heavy firefights and segregation according to OSCE reports.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-186">[183]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Rambouillet_Conference_(January–March_1999)">The Rambouillet Conference (January–March 1999)</h3></div> On 30 January 1999, NATO issued a statement announcing that the <a href="/wiki/North_Atlantic_Council" title="North Atlantic Council">North Atlantic Council</a> had agreed that "the NATO Secretary General may authorise air strikes against targets on FRY territory" to "[compel] compliance with the demands of the international community and [to achieve] a political settlement".<a href="#cite_note-NAC-187">[184]</a> While this was most obviously a threat to the Milošević government, it also included a coded threat to the Albanians: any decision would depend on the "position and actions of the Kosovo Albanian leadership and all Kosovo Albanian armed elements in and around Kosovo."<a href="#cite_note-NAC-187">[184]</a> Also on 30 January 1999, the Contact Group issued a set of "non-negotiable principles" which made up a package known as "Status Quo Plus" – effectively the restoration of Kosovo's pre-1990 autonomy within Serbia, plus the introduction of democracy and supervision by international organisations. It also called for a peace conference to be held in February 1999 at the <a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Rambouillet" title="Château de Rambouillet">Château de Rambouillet</a>, outside Paris.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The <a href="/wiki/Rambouillet_Agreement" title="Rambouillet Agreement">Rambouillet talks</a> began on 6 February 1999, with <a href="/wiki/Secretary_General_of_NATO" title="Secretary General of NATO">NATO Secretary General</a> <a href="/wiki/Javier_Solana" title="Javier Solana">Javier Solana</a> negotiating with both sides. They were intended to conclude by 19 February. The FR Yugoslavian delegation was led by then president of Serbia <a href="/wiki/Milan_Milutinovi%C4%87" title="Milan Milutinović">Milan Milutinović</a>, while Milošević himself remained in Belgrade. This was in contrast to the 1995 <a href="/wiki/Dayton_Agreement" title="Dayton Agreement">Dayton conference</a> that ended the war in Bosnia, where Milošević negotiated in person.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The absence of Milošević was interpreted as a sign that the real decisions were being made back in Belgrade, a move that aroused criticism in Yugoslavia as well as abroad; Kosovo's Serbian Orthodox bishop <a href="/w/index.php?title=Artemije&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Artemije (page does not exist)">Artemije</a> traveled all the way to Rambouillet to protest that the delegation was wholly unrepresentative. At this time, speculation about an indictment of Milošević for war crimes was rife, so his absence may have been motivated by fear of arrest.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:72nd_Special_Brigade_equipment_1999,_Belgrade_Military_Museum_.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/72nd_Special_Brigade_equipment_1999%2C_Belgrade_Military_Museum_.jpg/170px-72nd_Special_Brigade_equipment_1999%2C_Belgrade_Military_Museum_.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/72nd_Special_Brigade_equipment_1999%2C_Belgrade_Military_Museum_.jpg/255px-72nd_Special_Brigade_equipment_1999%2C_Belgrade_Military_Museum_.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/72nd_Special_Brigade_equipment_1999%2C_Belgrade_Military_Museum_.jpg/340px-72nd_Special_Brigade_equipment_1999%2C_Belgrade_Military_Museum_.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2736" data-file-height="3648" /></a><figcaption>Equipment of 72nd Special Brigade <a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Army_(FRY)" class="mw-redirect" title="Yugoslav Army (FRY)">Yugoslav Army</a> in the 1999 Kosovo War</figcaption></figure> The first phase of negotiations was successful. In particular, a statement was issued by the Contact Group co-chairmen on 23 February 1999 that the negotiations "have led to a consensus on substantial autonomy for Kosovo, including on mechanisms for free and fair elections to democratic institutions, for the governance of Kosovo, for the protection of human rights and the rights of members of national communities; and for the establishment of a fair judicial system". They went on to say that "a political framework is now in place", leaving the further work of finalising "the implementation Chapters of the Agreement, including the modalities of the invited international civilian and military presence in Kosovo".<a href="#cite_note-188">[185]</a> While the Serbs agreed to an autonomous government, free elections, and the release of all political prisoners, the West also insisted on the presence of NATO troops.<a href="#cite_note-189">[186]</a> While the accords did not fully satisfy the Albanians, they were much too radical for the Yugoslavs, who responded by substituting a drastically revised text that even Russia (ally of FR Yugoslavia) found unacceptable. It sought to reopen the painstakingly negotiated political status of Kosovo and deleted all of the proposed implementation measures. Among many other changes in the proposed new version, it eliminated the entire chapter on humanitarian assistance and reconstruction, removed virtually all international oversight and dropped any mention of invoking "the will of the people [of Kosovo]" in determining the final status of the province.<a href="#cite_note-190">[187]</a> On 18 March 1999, the Albanian, US, and British delegations signed what became known as the <a href="/wiki/Rambouillet_Agreement" title="Rambouillet Agreement">Rambouillet Accords</a>, while the Yugoslav and Russian delegations refused. The accords called for NATO administration of Kosovo as an autonomous province within Yugoslavia, a force of 30,000 NATO troops to maintain order in Kosovo; an unhindered right of passage for NATO troops on Yugoslav territory, including Kosovo; and immunity for NATO and its agents to Yugoslav law. They would have also permitted a continuing Yugoslav army presence of 1,500 troops for border monitoring, backed by up to 1,000 troops to perform command and support functions, as well as a small number of border police, 2,500 ordinary MUP for public security purposes (although these were expected to draw down and to be transformed), and 3,000 local police.<a href="#cite_note-191">[188]</a> Although the Yugoslav Government cited military provisions of Appendix B of the Rambouillet provisions as the reason for its objections, claiming that it was an unacceptable violation of Yugoslavia's sovereignty, these provisions were essentially the same as had been applied to Bosnia for the <a href="/wiki/SFOR" class="mw-redirect" title="SFOR">SFOR</a> (Stabilisation Force) mission there after the Dayton Agreement in 1995. The two sides did not discuss the issue in detail because of their disagreements on more fundamental problems.<a href="#cite_note-192">[189]</a> In particular, the Serb side rejected the idea of any NATO troop presence in Kosovo to replace their security forces, preferring unarmed UN observers. Milošević himself had refused to discuss the annex after informing NATO that it was unacceptable, even after he was asked to propose amendments to the provisions which would have made them acceptable.<a href="#cite_note-193">[190]</a> After the failure at Rambouillet and the alternative Yugoslav proposal, international monitors from the OSCE withdrew on 22 March, to ensure their safety ahead of the anticipated NATO bombing campaign.<a href="#cite_note-Caraccilo2011p44-194">[191]</a> On 23 March, the Serbian assembly accepted the principle of autonomy for Kosovo, as well as the non-military aspects of the agreement, but rejected a NATO troop presence.<a href="#cite_note-Caraccilo2011p44-194">[191]</a><a href="#cite_note-195">[192]</a> In a 2009 judgement regarding six former Serb leaders charged with war crimes in Kosovo, the <a href="/wiki/International_Criminal_Tribunal_for_the_former_Yugoslavia" title="International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia">ICTY</a> noted that the causes of the breakdown in the negotiations at Rambouillet were complex and stated that "international negotiators did not take an entirely even-handed approach to the respective positions of the parties and tended to favour the Kosovo Albanians." It further recorded that, according to a witness, on 14 April 1999, at a meeting initiated by the White House with representatives of the <a href="/wiki/Serbian_Americans" title="Serbian Americans">Serbian-American</a> community, President <a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a> had stated that "the provision for allowing a referendum for the Albanians in Kosovo went too far and that, if he were in the shoes of Milošević, he probably would not have signed the draft [Rambouillet] agreement either."<a href="#cite_note-196">[193]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="NATO_bombing_timeline">NATO bombing timeline</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/NATO_bombing_of_Yugoslavia" title="NATO bombing of Yugoslavia">NATO bombing of Yugoslavia</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224211176">.mw-parser-output .quotebox{background-color:#F9F9F9;border:1px solid #aaa;box-sizing:border-box;padding:10px;font-size:88%;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft{margin:.5em 1.4em .8em 0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright{margin:.5em 0 .8em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.centered{overflow:hidden;position:relative;margin:.5em auto .8em auto}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft span,.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright span{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox>blockquote{margin:0;padding:0;border-left:0;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-title{text-align:center;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote>:first-child{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:before{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" “ ";vertical-align:-45%;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:after{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" ” ";line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .left-aligned{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .right-aligned{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .center-aligned{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quote-title,.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quotebox-quote{display:block}.mw-parser-output .quotebox cite{display:block;font-style:normal}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .quotebox{width:100%!important;margin:0 0 .8em!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:22em; ; font-size: 85%; padding:1.5em"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> We are not going to war, but we are called upon to implement a peaceful solution in Kosovo, including by military means! </blockquote> <cite class="left-aligned" style="">— German Chancellor <a href="/wiki/Gerhard_Schr%C3%B6der" title="Gerhard Schröder">Gerhard Schröder</a>'s announcement to the German people on 24 March 1999.<a href="#cite_note-197">[194]</a></cite> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:F-117_Allied_Force.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/F-117_Allied_Force.jpg/220px-F-117_Allied_Force.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/F-117_Allied_Force.jpg/330px-F-117_Allied_Force.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/F-117_Allied_Force.jpg/440px-F-117_Allied_Force.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="479" /></a><figcaption>A US <a href="/wiki/Lockheed_F-117_Nighthawk" title="Lockheed F-117 Nighthawk">F-117 Nighthawk</a> taxis to the runway before taking off from <a href="/wiki/Aviano_Air_Base" title="Aviano Air Base">Aviano Air Base</a>, Italy, on 24 March 1999</figcaption></figure> On 23 March 1999 at 21:30 UTC, <a href="/wiki/Richard_Holbrooke" title="Richard Holbrooke">Richard Holbrooke</a> returned to Brussels and announced that peace talks had failed and formally handed the matter to NATO for military action.<a href="#cite_note-bbc23mar99-198">[195]</a><a href="#cite_note-199">[196]</a> Hours before the announcement, Yugoslavia announced on national television it had declared a state of emergency, citing an imminent threat of war and began a huge mobilisation of troops and resources.<a href="#cite_note-bbc23mar99-198">[195]</a><a href="#cite_note-wp99mar24-200">[197]</a> On 23 March 1999 at 22:17 UTC, the <a href="/wiki/Secretary_General_of_NATO" title="Secretary General of NATO">Secretary General of NATO</a>, <a href="/wiki/Javier_Solana" title="Javier Solana">Javier Solana</a>, announced he had directed the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Allied_Commander_Europe" title="Supreme Allied Commander Europe">Supreme Allied Commander Europe</a> (SACEUR), US Army General <a href="/wiki/Wesley_Clark" title="Wesley Clark">Wesley Clark</a>, to "initiate air operations in the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia."<a href="#cite_note-wp99mar24-200">[197]</a><a href="#cite_note-201">[198]</a> On 24 March at 19:00 UTC, NATO started its bombing campaign against Yugoslavia.<a href="#cite_note-202">[199]</a><a href="#cite_note-203">[200]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tomahawk-launch.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Tomahawk-launch.jpg/170px-Tomahawk-launch.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="213" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Tomahawk-launch.jpg/255px-Tomahawk-launch.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Tomahawk-launch.jpg/340px-Tomahawk-launch.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1676" data-file-height="2100" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Tomahawk_(missile_family)" title="Tomahawk (missile family)">Tomahawk cruise missile</a> launches from the aft missile deck of <a href="/wiki/USS_Gonzalez_(DDG-66)" class="mw-redirect" title="USS Gonzalez (DDG-66)">USS Gonzalez</a> on 31 March 1999</figcaption></figure> The NATO bombing campaign lasted from 24 March to 11 June 1999, involving up to 1,000 aircraft operating mainly from bases in <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a> and aircraft carriers stationed in the <a href="/wiki/Adriatic" class="mw-redirect" title="Adriatic">Adriatic</a>. <a href="/wiki/Tomahawk_(missile_family)" title="Tomahawk (missile family)">Tomahawk</a> <a href="/wiki/Cruise_missile" title="Cruise missile">cruise missiles</a> were also extensively used, fired from aircraft, ships, and submarines. With the exception of Greece, all NATO members were involved to some degree. Over the ten weeks of the conflict, NATO aircraft flew over 38,000 combat missions. For the <a href="/wiki/German_Air_Force" title="German Air Force">German Air Force</a> (Luftwaffe), it was the second time it had participated in a conflict since World War II, after the <a href="/wiki/Bosnian_War" title="Bosnian War">Bosnian War</a>. The proclaimed goal of the NATO operation was summed up by its spokesman as "<a href="/wiki/Serbs" title="Serbs">Serbs</a> out, peacekeepers in, refugees back". That is, Yugoslav troops would have to leave Kosovo and be replaced by international peacekeepers to ensure that the Albanian refugees could return to their homes. The campaign was initially designed to destroy Yugoslav air defences and high-value military targets. It did not go very well at first, with bad weather hindering many sorties early on. NATO had seriously underestimated Milošević's will to resist: few in Brussels thought that the campaign would last more than a few days, and although the initial bombardment was not insignificant, it did not match the intensity of the bombing of Baghdad in 1991. NATO military operations switched increasingly to attacking Yugoslav units on the ground, hitting targets as small as individual tanks and artillery pieces, as well as continuing with the strategic bombardment. This activity was heavily constrained by politics, as each target needed to be approved by all nineteen member states. <a href="/wiki/Montenegro" title="Montenegro">Montenegro</a> was bombed on several occasions, but NATO eventually desisted to prop up the precarious position of its anti-Milošević leader, <a href="/wiki/Milo_%C4%90ukanovi%C4%87" title="Milo Đukanović">Milo Đukanović</a>. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sremska_mitrovica_all_force.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Sremska_mitrovica_all_force.jpg/220px-Sremska_mitrovica_all_force.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Sremska_mitrovica_all_force.jpg/330px-Sremska_mitrovica_all_force.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Sremska_mitrovica_all_force.jpg/440px-Sremska_mitrovica_all_force.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1171" data-file-height="922" /></a><figcaption>Post-strike damage assessment of the <a href="/wiki/Sremska_Mitrovica" title="Sremska Mitrovica">Sremska Mitrovica</a> ordnance storage depot, Serbia</figcaption></figure> At the start of May, a NATO aircraft attacked an Albanian refugee <a href="/wiki/Convoy" title="Convoy">convoy</a>, believing it was a Yugoslav military convoy, killing around fifty people. NATO admitted its mistake five days later, and the Yugoslavs accused NATO of deliberately attacking the refugees.<a href="#cite_note-204">[201]</a> A later report conducted by the <a href="/wiki/International_Criminal_Tribunal_for_the_former_Yugoslavia" title="International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia">International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia</a> (ICTY) opined that "civilians were not deliberately attacked in this incident", and that "neither the aircrew nor their commanders displayed the degree of recklessness in failing to take precautionary measures which would sustain criminal charges."<a href="#cite_note-ICTYReport-205">[202]</a> On 7 May, <a href="/wiki/NATO_Bombing_of_the_Chinese_embassy_in_Belgrade" class="mw-redirect" title="NATO Bombing of the Chinese embassy in Belgrade">NATO bombs hit the Chinese Embassy in Belgrade</a>, killing three Chinese journalists and outraging Chinese public opinion. The United States and NATO later apologised for the bombing, saying that it occurred because of an outdated map provided by the <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">CIA</a>, although this was challenged by a joint report from <a href="/wiki/The_Observer" title="The Observer">The Observer</a> (UK) and <a href="/wiki/Politiken" title="Politiken">Politiken</a> (<a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a>) newspapers,<a href="#cite_note-206">[203]</a> which claimed that NATO intentionally bombed the embassy because it was being used as a relay station for Yugoslav army radio signals. The report by the newspaper contradicts findings in the same report by the <a href="/wiki/International_Criminal_Tribunal_for_the_former_Yugoslavia" title="International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia">ICTY</a> which stated that the root of the failures in target location "appears to stem from the land navigation techniques employed by an intelligence officer."<a href="#cite_note-207">[204]</a> In another incident at the <a href="/wiki/Dubrava_Prison_Massacre" class="mw-redirect" title="Dubrava Prison Massacre">Dubrava prison</a> in Kosovo in May 1999, the Yugoslav government attributed as many as 95 civilian deaths to NATO bombing of the facility after NATO cited Serbian and Yugoslav military activity in the area;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbrahams2001244-208">[205]</a> a <a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch" title="Human Rights Watch">Human Rights Watch</a> report later concluded that at least nineteen ethnic Albanian prisoners had been killed by the bombing, but that an uncertain number – probably more than 70 – were killed by Serbian Government forces in the days immediately following the bombing.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbrahams2001244-208">[205]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE_%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B5_%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5_%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%88%D0%BA%D1%83_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%84%D1%83_%D1%83_%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BC_%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%83.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE_%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B5_%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5_%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%88%D0%BA%D1%83_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%84%D1%83_%D1%83_%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BC_%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%83.jpeg/220px-%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE_%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B5_%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5_%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%88%D0%BA%D1%83_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%84%D1%83_%D1%83_%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BC_%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%83.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="129" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE_%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B5_%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5_%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%88%D0%BA%D1%83_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%84%D1%83_%D1%83_%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BC_%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%83.jpeg/330px-%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE_%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B5_%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5_%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%88%D0%BA%D1%83_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%84%D1%83_%D1%83_%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BC_%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%83.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE_%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B5_%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5_%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%88%D0%BA%D1%83_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%84%D1%83_%D1%83_%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BC_%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%83.jpeg/440px-%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE_%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B5_%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5_%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%88%D0%BA%D1%83_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%84%D1%83_%D1%83_%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BC_%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%83.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="352" /></a><figcaption>Smoke in <a href="/wiki/Novi_Sad" title="Novi Sad">Novi Sad</a> after NATO bombardment</figcaption></figure> By the start of April, the conflict appeared little closer to a resolution, and NATO countries began to seriously consider conducting ground operations in Kosovo. British prime minister <a href="/wiki/Tony_Blair" title="Tony Blair">Tony Blair</a> was a strong advocate of ground forces and pressured the United States to agree; his strong stance caused some alarm in Washington as US forces would be making the largest contribution to any offensive.<a href="#cite_note-Marr,_Andrew_page_550-209">[206]</a> US President Bill Clinton was extremely reluctant to commit US forces for a ground offensive. Instead, Clinton authorised a <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">CIA</a> operation to look into methods to destabilise the Yugoslav government without training KLA troops.<a href="#cite_note-210">[207]</a> At the same time, <a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finnish</a> and <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russian</a> diplomatic negotiators continued to try to persuade Milošević to back down. Tony Blair would order 50,000 British soldiers to be made ready for a ground offensive: most of the available <a href="/wiki/British_Army" title="British Army">British Army</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Marr,_Andrew_page_550-209">[206]</a> Milošević finally recognised that Russia would not intervene to defend Yugoslavia despite Moscow's strong anti-NATO rhetoric. He thus accepted the conditions offered by a Finnish–Russian mediation team and agreed to a military presence within Kosovo headed by the UN, but incorporating NATO troops. The Norwegian special forces <a href="/wiki/H%C3%A6rens_Jegerkommando" title="Hærens Jegerkommando">Hærens Jegerkommando</a> and <a href="/wiki/Forsvarets_Spesialkommando" title="Forsvarets Spesialkommando">Forsvarets Spesialkommando</a> cooperated with the KLA in gathering intelligence information. Preparing for an invasion on 12 June, <a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norwegian</a> special forces worked with the KLA on the Ramno mountain on the border between North Macedonia and Kosovo and acted as scouts to monitor events in Kosovo. Together with British special forces, Norwegian special forces were the first to cross over the border into Kosovo. According to Keith Graves with the television network Sky News, the Norwegians were in Kosovo two days prior to the entry of other forces and were among the first into Pristina.<a href="#cite_note-211">[208]</a> The Hærens Jegerkommando's and Forsvarets Spesialkommando's job was to clear the way between the contending parties and to make local deals to implement the peace deal between the Serbians and the Kosovo Albanians.<a href="#cite_note-212">[209]</a><a href="#cite_note-213">[210]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Yugoslav_army_withdrawal_and_the_entry_of_KFOR">Yugoslav army withdrawal and the entry of KFOR</h2></div> On 3 June 1999, Milošević accepted the terms of an international peace plan to end the fighting, with the national parliament adopting the proposal amid contentious debate with delegates coming close to fistfights at some points.<a href="#cite_note-214">[211]</a><a href="#cite_note-215">[212]</a> On 10 June, the <a href="/wiki/North_Atlantic_Council" title="North Atlantic Council">North Atlantic Council</a> ratified the agreement and suspended air operations.<a href="#cite_note-216">[213]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:990628-M-5696S-025_-_U.S._Marines_march_with_local_children_down_street_of_Zegra,_Kosovo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/990628-M-5696S-025_-_U.S._Marines_march_with_local_children_down_street_of_Zegra%2C_Kosovo.jpg/220px-990628-M-5696S-025_-_U.S._Marines_march_with_local_children_down_street_of_Zegra%2C_Kosovo.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/990628-M-5696S-025_-_U.S._Marines_march_with_local_children_down_street_of_Zegra%2C_Kosovo.jpg/330px-990628-M-5696S-025_-_U.S._Marines_march_with_local_children_down_street_of_Zegra%2C_Kosovo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/990628-M-5696S-025_-_U.S._Marines_march_with_local_children_down_street_of_Zegra%2C_Kosovo.jpg/440px-990628-M-5696S-025_-_U.S._Marines_march_with_local_children_down_street_of_Zegra%2C_Kosovo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2850" data-file-height="1960" /></a><figcaption>US Marines march with local Albanian children down the main street of Zegra on 28 June 1999</figcaption></figure> On 12 June, after Milošević accepted the conditions, the NATO-led <a href="/wiki/NATO_peacekeeping" class="mw-redirect" title="NATO peacekeeping">peacekeeping</a> <a href="/wiki/Kosovo_Force" title="Kosovo Force">Kosovo Force</a> (KFOR) of 30,000 soldiers began entering Kosovo.<a href="#cite_note-knoll05-217">[214]</a> KFOR had been preparing to conduct combat operations, but in the end, its mission was only peacekeeping. The force was based upon the <a href="/wiki/Allied_Rapid_Reaction_Corps" title="Allied Rapid Reaction Corps">Allied Rapid Reaction Corps</a> headquarters commanded by then Lieutenant General <a href="/wiki/Mike_Jackson_(British_Army_officer)" title="Mike Jackson (British Army officer)">Mike Jackson</a> of the <a href="/wiki/British_Army" title="British Army">British Army</a>. It consisted of British forces (a brigade built from 4th Armored and 5th Airborne Brigades), a <a href="/wiki/French_Army" title="French Army">French Army</a> Brigade, a <a href="/wiki/German_Army" title="German Army">German Army</a> brigade, which entered from the west, while other forces advanced from the south, and <a href="/wiki/Italian_Army" title="Italian Army">Italian Army</a> and <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army" title="United States Army">United States Army</a> brigades. The first NATO troops to enter Pristina on the 12th of June 1999 were <a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norwegian</a> special forces from <a href="/wiki/Forsvarets_Spesialkommando" title="Forsvarets Spesialkommando">Forsvarets Spesialkommando</a> (FSK) and soldiers from the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">British</a> <a href="/wiki/Special_Air_Service" title="Special Air Service">Special Air Service</a> 22 Regiment, although to NATO's diplomatic embarrassment Russian troops arrived at the airport first. Norwegian soldiers were the first to come into contact with Russian troops at the airport. FSK's mission was to level the negotiating field between the belligerent parties, and to fine-tune the detailed, local deals needed to implement the peace deal between the Serbians and the Kosovo Albanians.<a href="#cite_note-218">[215]</a><a href="#cite_note-219">[216]</a><a href="#cite_note-220">[217]</a><a href="#cite_note-221">[218]</a> The US contribution, known as the Initial Entry Force, was led by the <a href="/wiki/1st_Armored_Division_(United_States)" title="1st Armored Division (United States)">1st Armored Division</a>, commanded by Brigadier General Peterson, and was spearheaded by a platoon from the 2nd Battalion, <a href="/wiki/505th_Infantry_Regiment_(United_States)" title="505th Infantry Regiment (United States)">505th Parachute Infantry Regiment</a> attached to the British Forces. Other units included 1st and 2nd Battalions of the <a href="/wiki/10th_Special_Forces_Group_(United_States)" title="10th Special Forces Group (United States)">10th Special Forces Group (Airborne)</a> from <a href="/wiki/Stuttgart" title="Stuttgart">Stuttgart</a>, <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fort_Carson" title="Fort Carson">Fort Carson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Colorado" title="Colorado">Colorado</a>, TF 1–6 Infantry (1-6 infantry with C Co 1-35AR) from <a href="/wiki/Baumholder" title="Baumholder">Baumholder, Germany</a>, the 2nd Battalion, 505th Parachute Infantry Regiment from <a href="/wiki/Fort_Bragg" class="mw-redirect" title="Fort Bragg">Fort Bragg</a>, <a href="/wiki/North_Carolina" title="North Carolina">North Carolina</a>, the <a href="/wiki/26th_Marine_Expeditionary_Unit" title="26th Marine Expeditionary Unit">26th Marine Expeditionary Unit</a> from <a href="/wiki/Camp_Lejeune" class="mw-redirect" title="Camp Lejeune">Camp Lejeune</a>, <a href="/wiki/North_Carolina" title="North Carolina">North Carolina</a>, the <a href="/wiki/1st_Battalion,_26th_Infantry_Regiment" class="mw-redirect" title="1st Battalion, 26th Infantry Regiment">1st Battalion, 26th Infantry Regiment</a> from Schweinfurt, Germany, and <a href="/wiki/Echo_Troop_238th_Cavalry" class="mw-redirect" title="Echo Troop 238th Cavalry">Echo Troop</a>, <a href="/wiki/4th_Cavalry_Regiment_(United_States)" title="4th Cavalry Regiment (United States)">4th Cavalry Regiment</a>, also from Schweinfurt, Germany. Also attached to the US force was the <a href="/wiki/Greek_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek Army">Greek Army</a>'s 501st Mechanised Infantry Battalion. The initial US forces established their area of operation around the towns of <a href="/wiki/Uro%C5%A1evac" class="mw-redirect" title="Uroševac">Uroševac</a>, the future <a href="/wiki/Camp_Bondsteel" title="Camp Bondsteel">Camp Bondsteel</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Gjilan" title="Gjilan">Gnjilane</a>, at <a href="/wiki/Camp_Monteith" title="Camp Monteith">Camp Monteith</a>, and spent four months – the start of a stay which continues to date – establishing order in the southeast sector of Kosovo. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Defense.gov_News_Photo_990726-A-9985E-012.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Defense.gov_News_Photo_990726-A-9985E-012.jpg/220px-Defense.gov_News_Photo_990726-A-9985E-012.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Defense.gov_News_Photo_990726-A-9985E-012.jpg/330px-Defense.gov_News_Photo_990726-A-9985E-012.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Defense.gov_News_Photo_990726-A-9985E-012.jpg/440px-Defense.gov_News_Photo_990726-A-9985E-012.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1268" data-file-height="1012" /></a><figcaption>US soldiers escort a Serbian civilian from his home in Zitinje after finding an automatic weapon, 26 July 1999</figcaption></figure> During the initial incursion, the US soldiers were greeted by Albanians cheering and throwing flowers as US soldiers and KFOR rolled through their villages. Although no resistance was met, three US soldiers from the Initial Entry Force were killed in accidents.<a href="#cite_note-222">[219]</a> On 1 October 1999, approximately 150 paratroopers from Alpha Company, 1/508th Airborne Battalion Combat Team from <a href="/wiki/Vicenza" title="Vicenza">Vicenza</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a> parachuted into <a href="/wiki/Ferizaj" title="Ferizaj">Uroševac</a> as part of Operation Rapid Guardian. The purpose of the mission was primarily to warn Yugoslav President Slobodan Milošević of NATO resolve and of its rapid military capability. One US soldier, <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Rangers" title="United States Army Rangers">Army Ranger</a> Sgt. Jason Neil Pringle, was killed during operations after his parachute failed to deploy. The paratroopers of the 1/508th then joined paratroopers of the <a href="/wiki/82nd_Airborne_Division" title="82nd Airborne Division">82nd Airborne</a> and KFOR in patrolling various areas of Kosovo, without incident, through 3 October 1999. On 15 December 1999, Staff Sergeant Joseph Suponcic of 3rd Battalion/10th Special Forces Group (Airborne) was killed, when the <a href="/wiki/Humvee" title="Humvee">HMMWV</a> in which he was a passenger struck an <a href="/wiki/Anti-tank_mine" title="Anti-tank mine">anti-tank mine</a> planted by Albanians and meant for the Russian contingent with which SSG Suponcic's team was patrolling in <a href="/wiki/Kamenica,_Kosovo" title="Kamenica, Kosovo">Kosovska Kamenica</a>. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Defense.gov_News_Photo_000109-A-4385T-009.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Defense.gov_News_Photo_000109-A-4385T-009.jpg/220px-Defense.gov_News_Photo_000109-A-4385T-009.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Defense.gov_News_Photo_000109-A-4385T-009.jpg/330px-Defense.gov_News_Photo_000109-A-4385T-009.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Defense.gov_News_Photo_000109-A-4385T-009.jpg/440px-Defense.gov_News_Photo_000109-A-4385T-009.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1219" data-file-height="957" /></a><figcaption>US soldiers maintain crowd control as Albanian residents of <a href="/wiki/Vitina" class="mw-redirect" title="Vitina">Vitina</a> protest in the streets on 9 January 2000</figcaption></figure> Following the military campaign, the involvement of Russian peacekeepers proved to be tense and challenging to the NATO Kosovo force. The Russians expected to have an independent sector of Kosovo, only to be unhappily surprised with the prospect of operating under NATO command. Without prior communication or coordination with NATO, Russian peacekeeping forces entered Kosovo from <a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a> and occupied <a href="/wiki/Pristina_International_Airport_Adem_Jashari" class="mw-redirect" title="Pristina International Airport Adem Jashari">Pristina International Airport</a> ahead of the arrival of NATO forces. This resulted in <a href="/wiki/Incident_at_Pristina_airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Incident at Pristina airport">an incident</a> during which NATO Supreme Commander Wesley Clark's wish to forcibly block the runways with NATO vehicles, to prevent any Russian reinforcement, was refused by KFOR commander <a href="/wiki/General_Sir_Mike_Jackson" class="mw-redirect" title="General Sir Mike Jackson">General Mike Jackson</a>.<a href="#cite_note-jackson-223">[220]</a> In 2010, <a href="/wiki/James_Blunt" title="James Blunt">James Blunt</a> described in an interview how his unit was given the assignment of securing Pristina during the advance of the 30,000-strong peacekeeping force and how the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Ground_Forces" title="Russian Ground Forces">Russian Army</a> had moved in and taken control of the city's airport before his unit's arrival. Blunt shared a part in the difficult task of addressing the potentially violent international incident. According to Blunt's account there was a stand-off with the Russians, and NATO Supreme Commander Clark gave provisional orders to over-power them. Whilst these were questioned by Blunt, they were rejected by General Jackson, with the now famous line, "I'm not having my soldiers responsible for starting <a href="/wiki/World_War_III" title="World War III">World War III</a>."<a href="#cite_note-224">[221]</a> In June 2000, arms trading relations between Russia and Yugoslavia were exposed, which led to retaliation and bombings of Russian checkpoints and area police stations. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Outpost_Gunner&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Outpost Gunner (page does not exist)">Outpost Gunner</a> was established on a high point in the Preševo Valley by Echo Battery 1/161 Field Artillery in an attempt to monitor and assist with peacekeeping efforts in the Russian Sector. Operating under the support of ⅔ Field Artillery, 1st Armored Division, the Battery was able to successfully deploy and continuously operate a Firefinder Radar system, which allowed the NATO forces to keep a closer watch on activities in the Sector and the Preševo Valley. Eventually a deal was struck whereby Russian forces operated as a unit of KFOR but not under the NATO command structure.<a href="#cite_note-bbc-airport-225">[222]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reaction_to_the_war">Reaction to the war</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Defense.gov_News_Photo_990618-D-2987S-101.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Defense.gov_News_Photo_990618-D-2987S-101.jpg/220px-Defense.gov_News_Photo_990618-D-2987S-101.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Defense.gov_News_Photo_990618-D-2987S-101.jpg/330px-Defense.gov_News_Photo_990618-D-2987S-101.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Defense.gov_News_Photo_990618-D-2987S-101.jpg/440px-Defense.gov_News_Photo_990618-D-2987S-101.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2890" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption>Russian Minister of Defense Marshal <a href="/wiki/Igor_Sergeyev" title="Igor Sergeyev">Igor Sergeyev</a> (seated left) and Secretary of Defense <a href="/wiki/William_S._Cohen" class="mw-redirect" title="William S. Cohen">William S. Cohen</a> (seated center) sign the agreed principles which are the basis for Russian participation in the international peacekeeping force (<a href="/wiki/Kosovo_Force" title="Kosovo Force">KFOR</a>) in Kosovo at the Presidential Place in Helsinki, Finland, on June 18, 1999. Observing the signing are Russian Minister of Foreign Affairs <a href="/wiki/Igor_Ivanov" title="Igor Ivanov">Igor Ivanov</a> (3rd from right), Finnish President <a href="/wiki/Martti_Ahtisaari" title="Martti Ahtisaari">Martti Ahtisaari</a> (2nd from right) and Secretary of State <a href="/wiki/Madeleine_Albright" title="Madeleine Albright">Madeleine Albright</a> (right).</figcaption></figure> Because of the country's restrictive media laws, the Yugoslav media carried little coverage of events in Kosovo, and the attitude of other countries to the humanitarian disaster that was occurring there. Thus, few members of the Yugoslav public expected NATO intervention, instead thinking that a diplomatic agreement would be reached.<a href="#cite_note-226">[223]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Support_for_the_war">Support for the war</h3></div> Support for the Kosovan War and, in particular, the <a href="/wiki/Legitimacy_of_NATO_bombing_of_Yugoslavia" class="mw-redirect" title="Legitimacy of NATO bombing of Yugoslavia">legitimacy of NATO's bombing campaign</a> came from a variety of sources. In a 2009 article, David Clark claimed "Every member of NATO, every EU country, and most of Yugoslavia's neighbours, supported military action."<a href="#cite_note-Guardian-227">[224]</a> Statements from the leaders of <a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">United States</a>, <a href="/wiki/V%C3%A1clav_Havel" title="Václav Havel">Czech Republic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tony_Blair" title="Tony Blair">United Kingdom</a>, respectively, described the war as one "upholding our values, protecting our interests, and advancing the cause of peace",<a href="#cite_note-228">[225]</a> "the first war for values"<a href="#cite_note-Guardian-227">[224]</a> and one "to avert what would otherwise be a humanitarian disaster in <a href="/wiki/Kosovo" title="Kosovo">Kosovo</a>."<a href="#cite_note-229">[226]</a> Others included the then UN Secretary General <a href="/wiki/Kofi_Annan" title="Kofi Annan">Kofi Annan</a> who was reported by some sources as acknowledging that the NATO action was legitimate<a href="#cite_note-CAForces-230">[227]</a> who emphasised that there were times when the use of force was legitimate in the pursuit of peace<a href="#cite_note-BBC-231">[228]</a> though Annan stressed that the "[UN Security] Council should have been involved in any decision to use force."<a href="#cite_note-BBC-231">[228]</a> The distinction between the legality and legitimacy of the intervention was further highlighted in two separate reports. One was conducted by the <a href="/wiki/Independent_International_Commission_on_Kosovo" title="Independent International Commission on Kosovo">Independent International Commission on Kosovo</a>, entitled The Kosovo Report,<a href="#cite_note-KosovoReport-232">[229]</a> which found that: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">[Yugoslav] forces were engaged in a well-planned campaign of terror and expulsion of the Kosovar Albanians. This campaign is most frequently described as one of "ethnic cleansing," intended to drive many, if not all, Kosovar Albanians from Kosovo, destroy the foundations of their society, and prevent them from returning.</blockquote> It concluded that "the NATO military intervention was illegal but legitimate",<a href="#cite_note-UMich-233">[230]</a> The second report was published by the NATO Office of Information and Press<a href="#cite_note-234">[231]</a> which reported that, "the human rights violations committed on a large scale in Kosovo provide an incontestable ground with reference to the humanitarian aspect of NATO's intervention."<a href="#cite_note-235">[232]</a> Some critics note that NATO did not have the backing of the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council" title="United Nations Security Council">United Nations Security Council</a> meant that its intervention had no legal basis, but according to some legal scholars, "there are nonetheless certain bases for that action that are not legal, but justified."<a href="#cite_note-CAForces-230">[227]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Eksodi_99_Kukes.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Eksodi_99_Kukes.JPG/220px-Eksodi_99_Kukes.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Eksodi_99_Kukes.JPG/330px-Eksodi_99_Kukes.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Eksodi_99_Kukes.JPG/440px-Eksodi_99_Kukes.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1791" data-file-height="1188" /></a><figcaption>Kosovo Albanian refugees in 1999</figcaption></figure> Aside from politicians and diplomats, commentators and intellectuals also supported the war. <a href="/wiki/Michael_Ignatieff" title="Michael Ignatieff">Michael Ignatieff</a> called NATOs intervention a "morally justifiable response to ethnic cleansing and the resulting flood of refugees, and not the cause of the flood of refugees"<a href="#cite_note-236">[233]</a> while <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Hitchens" title="Christopher Hitchens">Christopher Hitchens</a> said NATO intervened only, "when Serbian forces had resorted to mass deportation and full-dress ethnic 'cleansing.'"<a href="#cite_note-237">[234]</a> Writing in <a href="/wiki/The_Nation" title="The Nation">The Nation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Richard_A._Falk" title="Richard A. Falk">Richard A. Falk</a> wrote that, "the NATO campaign achieved the removal of Yugoslav military forces from Kosovo and, even more significant, the departure of the dreaded Serbian paramilitary units and police"<a href="#cite_note-238">[235]</a> while an article in <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a> wrote that for <a href="/wiki/Mary_Kaldor" title="Mary Kaldor">Mary Kaldor</a>, Kosovo represented a laboratory on her thinking for human security, humanitarian intervention and international peacekeeping, the latter two which she defined as, "a genuine belief in the equality of all human beings; and this entails a readiness to risk lives of peacekeeping troops to save the lives of others where this is necessary."<a href="#cite_note-239">[236]</a> Reports stated there had been no peace between Albanians and Serbs, citing the deaths of 1,500 Albanians and displacement of 270,000 prior to NATO intervention.<a href="#cite_note-Guardian-227">[224]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Criticism_of_the_case_for_war">Criticism of the case for war</h3></div> The NATO intervention has been seen as a political diversionary tactic, coming as it did on the heels of the <a href="/wiki/Monica_Lewinsky_scandal" class="mw-redirect" title="Monica Lewinsky scandal">Monica Lewinsky scandal</a>, pointing to the fact that coverage of the bombing directly replaced coverage of the scandal in US news cycles.<a href="#cite_note-Foerstel-240">[237]</a> <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Foerstel" title="Herbert Foerstel">Herbert Foerstel</a> points out that before the bombing, rather than there being an unusually bloody conflict, the KLA was not engaged in a widespread war against Yugoslav forces and the death toll among all concerned (including ethnic Albanians) skyrocketed following NATO intervention.<a href="#cite_note-Foerstel-240">[237]</a> In a post-war report released by the <a href="/wiki/Organization_for_Security_and_Co-operation_in_Europe" title="Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe">Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe</a>, the organization also noted "the pattern of the expulsions and the vast increase in lootings, killings, rape, kidnappings and pillage once the NATO air war began on March 24".<a href="#cite_note-241">[238]</a> <a href="/wiki/Noam_Chomsky" title="Noam Chomsky">Noam Chomsky</a> argues that the bombing was "not undertaken in “response” to ethnic cleansing and to “reverse” it, as leaders alleged", but rather that "with full awareness of the likely consequences, Clinton and Blair decided in favor of a war that led to a radical escalation of ethnic cleansing along with other deleterious effects."<a href="#cite_note-242">[239]</a> Chomsky also notes, similarly to Foerstel, that the number of casualties in the war before the bombing constituted a small number. He concludes that it is impossible to justify the bombing, as there "could be no reasonable expectation of massive ethnic cleansing and violence".<a href="#cite_note-243">[240]</a> According to Chomsky, the <a href="/wiki/Ra%C4%8Dak_massacre" title="Račak massacre">Račak massacre</a> that was considered a turning point for NATO amounted to 45 deaths, a very low number compared to the atrocities committed from both sides after the bombing. According to the <a href="/wiki/International_Herald_Tribune" title="International Herald Tribune">International Herald Tribune</a>, "U.S. intelligence reported … that the Kosovo rebels intended to draw NATO into its fight for independence by provoking Serbian forces into further atrocities."<a href="#cite_note-oconnell-244">[241]</a> U.S. President Clinton, his administration and NATO governments were accused of inflating the number of Kosovo Albanians killed by state forces.<a href="#cite_note-245">[242]</a> During the NATO bombing campaign, the then Secretary of Defense, <a href="/wiki/William_Cohen" title="William Cohen">William Cohen</a> claimed that 100,000 Kosovo Albanian men of military age were missing, possibly murdered.<a href="#cite_note-246">[243]</a> The conservative<a href="#cite_note-247">[244]</a> media watchdog group <a href="/wiki/Accuracy_in_Media" title="Accuracy in Media">Accuracy in Media</a> charged the alliance with distorting the situation in Kosovo and lying about the number of civilian deaths in order to justify U.S. involvement in the conflict.<a href="#cite_note-248">[245]</a> After the bombing of the Chinese embassy in Belgrade, Chinese President <a href="/wiki/Jiang_Zemin" title="Jiang Zemin">Jiang Zemin</a> said that the US was using its economic and military superiority to aggressively expand its influence and interfere in the internal affairs of other countries. Chinese leaders called the NATO campaign a dangerous precedent of naked aggression, a new form of colonialism, and an aggressive war groundless in morality or law. It was seen as part of a plot by the US to destroy Yugoslavia, expand eastward and control all of Europe.<a href="#cite_note-Frederking2007-249">[246]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Charter_of_the_United_Nations" title="Charter of the United Nations">United Nations Charter</a> does not allow military interventions in other sovereign countries with few exceptions which, in general, need to be decided upon by the United Nations Security Council; this legal enjoinment has proved controversial with many<a href="#cite_note-CAForces-230">[227]</a><a href="#cite_note-KosovoReport-232">[229]</a><a href="#cite_note-UMich-233">[230]</a> legal scholars who argue that though the Kosovo War was illegal, it was still legitimate. The issue was brought before the UN Security Council by Russia, in a draft resolution which, inter alia, would affirm "that such unilateral use of force constitutes a flagrant violation of the United Nations Charter". China, Namibia, and Russia voted for the resolution, the other members against, thus it failed to pass.<a href="#cite_note-250">[247]</a> The war inflicted many casualties. Already by March 1999, an estimated 1,500–2,000 civilians and combatants were dead.<a href="#cite_note-HRW1-251">[248]</a> However, estimates showed that prior to the bombing campaign on 24 March 1999, approximately 1,800 civilians had been killed in the Kosovo war, mostly Albanians but also Serbs and that there had been no evidence of genocide or ethnic cleansing.<a href="#cite_note-252">[249]</a> By November 1999, 2,108 victims had been exhumed from the province with a total approaching 3,000 expected, but it was unclear how many were civilians and combatants, while the number was also far from the 10,000 minimum civilian death figure cited by Western officials.<a href="#cite_note-253">[250]</a> Final estimates of the casualties are still unavailable for either side. Perhaps the most controversial deliberate attack of the war was that made against the headquarters of <a href="/wiki/Radio_Television_of_Serbia" title="Radio Television of Serbia">RTS</a>, Serbian public radio and television, on 23 April 1999, which killed at least fourteen people.<a href="#cite_note-New_York_Times-254">[251]</a> Privately, NATO European members were divided about the aims and necessity of the war.<a href="#cite_note-Norris9-255">[252]</a> Most European allies did not trust the motives of Kosovan Albanians and according to NATO General Wesley Clark, "There was a sense among some that NATO was fighting on the wrong side" in a war between Christians and Muslims.<a href="#cite_note-Norris9-255">[252]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Democratic_League_of_Kosovo_and_FARK">Democratic League of Kosovo and FARK</h2></div> The <a href="/wiki/Democratic_League_of_Kosovo" title="Democratic League of Kosovo">Democratic League of Kosovo</a> (DLK) led by <a href="/wiki/Ibrahim_Rugova" title="Ibrahim Rugova">Ibrahim Rugova</a> had been the leading political entity in Kosovo since its creation in 1989. Its parallel government in exile was led by <a href="/wiki/Bujar_Bukoshi" title="Bujar Bukoshi">Bujar Bukoshi</a>, and its Minister of Defence until 1998 was the former Yugoslav colonel Ahmet Krasniqi.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEElsie201044-256">[253]</a> DLK politicians opposed the armed conflict and were not ready to accept KLA as a political factor in the region and tried to persuade the population not to support it.<a href="#cite_note-Qosja1999-257">[254]</a> At one point Rugova even claimed that it was set up by Serbian intelligence as an excuse to invade,<a href="#cite_note-Leonard2006-258">[255]</a> or to discredit DLK itself.<a href="#cite_note-PhillipsBurns2012-259">[256]</a> Nevertheless, the support for KLA even within DLK membership and specifically in the diaspora grew, together with the dissatisfaction with and antagonism toward DLK.<a href="#cite_note-ArtCronin2003-260">[257]</a> KLA initial personnel were members or former members of the DLK.<a href="#cite_note-PhillipsBurns2012-259">[256]</a><a href="#cite_note-Karadjis2000-261">[258]</a> With the changes of the international stance towards KLA and its recognition as a factor in the conflict, DLK's position also shifted. The <a href="/wiki/Armed_Forces_of_the_Republic_of_Kosovo" class="mw-redirect" title="Armed Forces of the Republic of Kosovo">Armed Forces of the Republic of Kosovo</a>, known as FARK, were established in order to place DLK as a military factor in addition to a political one. A parallel paramilitary structure such as FARK was not received well by the KLA. On 21 September 1998 Ahmet Krasniqi was shot in <a href="/wiki/Tirana" title="Tirana">Tirana</a>.<a href="#cite_note-PettiferVickers2007-262">[259]</a> Those responsible were not found, although several theories emerged. The <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_of_Albania" title="Democratic Party of Albania">Democratic Party of Albania</a> and its leader <a href="/wiki/Sali_Berisha" title="Sali Berisha">Sali Berisha</a>, strong supporters of DLK and FARK, accused <a href="/wiki/SHIK" title="SHIK">SHIK</a> and the Albanian government, which was supporting the KLA,<a href="#cite_note-263">[260]</a> of being responsible.<a href="#cite_note-PettiferVickers2007-262">[259]</a> FARK was never a determining factor in the war and was not involved in any battles. It did not number more than few hundred men, and it did not show any commitment to fighting the Serbs, accepting a broader autonomy as a solution rather than independence.<a href="#cite_note-PettiferVickers2007-262">[259]</a> Some of the FARK officers were incorporated later under the KLA umbrella.<a href="#cite_note-264">[261]</a> Besides FARK, DLK would also politically and diplomatically oppose KLA and their methods. In a meeting with US President Clinton on 29 May 1999,<a href="#cite_note-Crawford2003-265">[262]</a> Rugova, accompanied by <a href="/wiki/Fehmi_Agani" title="Fehmi Agani">Fehmi Agani</a>, Bukoshi, and <a href="/wiki/Veton_Surroi" title="Veton Surroi">Veton Surroi</a>, accused KLA of being a left-wing ideology bearer, and some of its leaders as being "nostalgic to known communist figures, such as <a href="/wiki/Enver_Hoxha" title="Enver Hoxha">Enver Hoxha</a>",<a href="#cite_note-266">[263]</a> referring to the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Movement_of_Kosovo" title="People's Movement of Kosovo">People's Movement of Kosovo</a> (LPK) nucleus of KLA,<a href="#cite_note-267">[264]</a> an old underground rival with strong <a href="/wiki/Left-wing" class="mw-redirect" title="Left-wing">left-wing</a> orientation.<a href="#cite_note-268">[265]</a><a href="#cite_note-269">[266]</a> Rugova was present at the negotiations held in <a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Rambouillet" title="Château de Rambouillet">Rambouillet</a> and supported the <a href="/wiki/Rambouillet_Agreement" title="Rambouillet Agreement">Rambouillet Agreement</a> since the first round, but without any influence.<a href="#cite_note-Chang2013-270">[267]</a> Following the ethnic cleansing of the Albanian population, there was close to a total Albanian support for the NATO campaign, including the DLK side. Surprisingly, Ibrahim Rugova showed up in Belgrade as a guest of Milosevic. At a joint TV appearance on 1 April,<a href="#cite_note-Jeffries2003-271">[268]</a> ending in a Rugova-Milosevic handshake, Rugova asked for a peaceful solution and the bombings to stop.<a href="#cite_note-272">[269]</a><a href="#cite_note-Kola2003-273">[270]</a> In the same conference, Millosevic presented his proposal for Kosovo as part of a three-unit federal Yugoslavian state. Rugova's presence in Belgrade scattered another set of accusations from KLA and its supporters. Besides being 'passive' and 'too peaceful', Rugova and DLK were accused as 'traitors'.<a href="#cite_note-Radu-274">[271]</a> Following Rugova's passage to Italy on 5 May, Rugova claimed that he had been under duress and any "agreement" with Milosovic had no meaning.<a href="#cite_note-Jeffries2003-271">[268]</a> The general opinion expected the DLK structures and its leader to vanish from the political scene of Kosovo after the Yugoslav withdrawal. Rugova himself stayed out of Kosovo for several weeks, while the prime-minister Bukoshi and other leading membership returned. With only a fraction of Kosovo Albanians participating actively in the war, the support for DLK increased again as a way of opposing the arrogance of many KLA leaders who openly engaged in controlling the economical and political life within the vacuum created right before the deployment of the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Interim_Administration_Mission_in_Kosovo" title="United Nations Interim Administration Mission in Kosovo">United Nations Interim Administration Mission in Kosovo</a> (UNMIK).<a href="#cite_note-275">[272]</a> In the October 2000 local elections, DLK was confirmed as the leading political party.<a href="#cite_note-smith-276">[273]</a> The feud between KLA and DLK continued in the post-war Kosovo. Many political activists of DLK were assassinated and the perpetrators not found, including <a href="/wiki/Xhemajl_Mustafa" class="mw-redirect" title="Xhemajl Mustafa">Xhemajl Mustafa</a>, Rugova's most trusted aide.<a href="#cite_note-smith-276">[273]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Casualties">Casualties</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Civilian_losses">Civilian losses</h3></div> In June 2000, the <a href="/wiki/Red_Cross" class="mw-redirect" title="Red Cross">Red Cross</a> reported that 3,368 civilians (mainly Kosovar Albanians, but with several hundred Serbs, and Roma) were still missing, nearly one year after the conflict, most of whom it concluded had to be 'presumed dead'.<a href="#cite_note-BBC-missing-277">[274]</a> A study by researchers from the <a href="/wiki/Centers_for_Disease_Control_and_Prevention" title="Centers for Disease Control and Prevention">Centers for Disease Control and Prevention</a> in <a href="/wiki/Atlanta" title="Atlanta">Atlanta</a>, Georgia published in 2000 in medical journal <a href="/wiki/The_Lancet" title="The Lancet">the Lancet</a> estimated that "12,000 deaths in the total population" could be attributed to war.<a href="#cite_note-278">[275]</a> This number was achieved by surveying 1,197 households from February 1998 through June 1999. 67 out of the 105 deaths reported in the sample population were attributed to war-related <a href="/wiki/Physical_trauma" class="mw-redirect" title="Physical trauma">trauma</a>, which extrapolates to be 12,000 deaths if the same war-related mortality rate is applied to Kosovo's total population. The highest mortality rates were in men between 15 and 49 (5,421 victims of war) as well as for men over 50 (5,176 victims). For persons younger than 15, the estimates were 160 victims for males and 200 for females.<a href="#cite_note-279">[276]</a> For women between 15 and 49 the estimate is that there were 510 victims; older than 50 years the estimate is 541 victims. The authors stated that it was not "possible to differentiate completely between civilian and military casualties". In the 2008 joint study by the <a href="/wiki/Humanitarian_Law_Centre" class="mw-redirect" title="Humanitarian Law Centre">Humanitarian Law Centre</a> (an NGO from Serbia and Kosovo), The International Commission on Missing Persons, and the Missing Person Commission of Serbia made a name-by-name list of war and post-war victims. According to the updated 2015 Kosovo Memory Book, 13,535 people were killed or missing due to the Kosovo conflict, from 1 January 1998 up until December 2000. Of these, 10,812 were Albanians, 2,197 Serbs and 526 Roma, Bosniaks, Montenegrins and others. 10,317 civilians were killed or went missing, of whom 8,676 were Albanians, 1,196 Serbs and 445 Roma and others. The remaining 3,218 dead or missing were combatants, including 2,131 members of the KLA and FARK, 1,084 members of Serbian forces and 3 members of KFOR.<a href="#cite_note-presentation-33">[31]</a> As of 2019, the book had been updated to a total of 13,548.<a href="#cite_note-presentation-33">[31]</a> In August 2017, the <a href="/wiki/Office_of_the_United_Nations_High_Commissioner_for_Human_Rights" title="Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights">UN High Commissioner for Human Rights</a> reported that between 1998 and 1999, more than 6,000 people had gone missing in Kosovo, and that 1,658 remained missing, with neither the person nor the body having, at that time, been found.<a href="#cite_note-280">[277]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Civilians_killed_by_NATO_airstrikes">Civilians killed by NATO airstrikes</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Civilian_casualties_during_Operation_Allied_Force" title="Civilian casualties during Operation Allied Force">Civilian casualties during Operation Allied Force</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82.JPG/220px-%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82.JPG/330px-%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82.JPG/440px-%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3474" data-file-height="2388" /></a><figcaption>Railway bridge and monument to civilian victims of a NATO airstrike on a passenger train in 1999, in which 12 to 16 civilian passengers died</figcaption></figure> Yugoslavia claimed that NATO attacks caused between 1,200 and 5,700 civilian casualties. NATO's Secretary General, <a href="/wiki/George_Robertson,_Baron_Robertson_of_Port_Ellen" title="George Robertson, Baron Robertson of Port Ellen">Lord Robertson</a>, wrote after the war that "the actual toll in human lives will never be precisely known" but he then offered the figures found in a report by <a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch" title="Human Rights Watch">Human Rights Watch</a> as a reasonable estimate. This report counted between 488 and 527 civilian deaths (90 to 150 of them killed from cluster bomb use) in 90 separate incidents, the worst of which were the 87 Albanian refugees who perished at the hands of NATO bombs, near Koriša.<a href="#cite_note-281">[278]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Civilians_killed_by_Yugoslav_forces">Civilians killed by Yugoslav forces</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:RCMP_in_Kosovo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/RCMP_in_Kosovo.jpg/220px-RCMP_in_Kosovo.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/RCMP_in_Kosovo.jpg/330px-RCMP_in_Kosovo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/RCMP_in_Kosovo.jpg/440px-RCMP_in_Kosovo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2610" data-file-height="1960" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Royal_Canadian_Mounted_Police" title="Royal Canadian Mounted Police">Royal Canadian Mounted Police</a> (RCMP) officers investigate an alleged <a href="/wiki/Mass_grave" title="Mass grave">mass grave</a>, alongside US Marines</figcaption></figure> Various estimates of the number of killings attributed to Yugoslav forces have been announced through the years. An estimated 800,000 Kosovo Albanians fled and an estimated 7,000 to 9,000 were killed, according to <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>.<a href="#cite_note-282">[279]</a> The estimate of 10,000 deaths is used by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_State" title="United States Department of State">US Department of State</a>, which cited human rights abuses as its main justification for attacking Yugoslavia.<a href="#cite_note-283">[280]</a> Statistical experts working on behalf of the <a href="/wiki/International_Criminal_Tribunal_for_the_former_Yugoslavia" title="International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia">International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia</a> (ICTY) prosecution estimate that the total number of dead is about 10,000.<a href="#cite_note-284">[281]</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Eric_Fruits&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eric Fruits (page does not exist)">Eric Fruits</a>, a professor at <a href="/wiki/Portland_State_University" title="Portland State University">Portland State University</a>, argued that the experts' analyses were based on fundamentally flawed data and that none of its conclusions are supported by any valid statistical analysis or tests.<a href="#cite_note-285">[282]</a> In August 2000, the <a href="/wiki/ICTY" class="mw-redirect" title="ICTY">ICTY</a> announced that it had exhumed 2,788 bodies in Kosovo, but declined to say how many were thought to be victims of war crimes.<a href="#cite_note-286">[283]</a> KFOR sources told Agence France Presse that of the 2,150 bodies<a href="#cite_note-287">[284]</a> that had been discovered up until July 1999, about 850 were thought to be victims of war crimes. In an attempt to conceal the corpses of the victims, Yugoslav forces transported the bodies of murdered Albanians deep inside Serbia and buried them in mass graves.<a href="#cite_note-288">[285]</a> According to HLC, many of the bodies were taken to the Mačkatica Aluminium Complex near <a href="/wiki/Surdulica" title="Surdulica">Surdulica</a> and the Copper Mining And Smelting Complex in <a href="/wiki/Bor,_Serbia" title="Bor, Serbia">Bor</a>, where they were incinerated. There are reports that some bodies of Albanian victims were also burned in the Feronikli plant in <a href="/wiki/Glogovac" class="mw-redirect" title="Glogovac">Glogovac</a>.<a href="#cite_note-289">[286]</a><a href="#cite_note-290">[287]</a> Known mass graves: <ul><li>In 2001, 800 still unidentified bodies were found in pits on a police training ground just outside Belgrade and in eastern Serbia.</li> <li>At least 700 bodies were uncovered in a mass grave located within a special anti-terrorist police unit's compound in the Belgrade suburb of Batajnica.</li> <li>77 bodies were found in the eastern Serbian town of Petrovo Selo.</li> <li>50 bodies were uncovered near the western Serbian town of Peručac.<a href="#cite_note-291">[288]</a></li> <li>A mass grave believed to contain 250 bodies of Albanians killed in the war has been found under a car park in Rudnica near <a href="/wiki/Ra%C5%A1ka,_Serbia" title="Raška, Serbia">Raška</a>.<a href="#cite_note-292">[289]</a><a href="#cite_note-293">[290]</a></li> <li>At least 2 bodies, as well as part of the remains of a third body previously found in Rudnica have been found near a mine in the village of Kizevak in southern Serbia. The operation of recovering the bodies is still ongoing.<a href="#cite_note-294">[291]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Civilians_killed_by_KLA_forces">Civilians killed by KLA forces</h4></div> The KLA abducted and killed Serbian, Roma, and moderate Albanian civilians during and after the war.<a href="#cite_note-295">[292]</a> The exact number of civilians killed by the KLA is not known, though estimates conducted in the initial post-war months listed several hundreds<a href="#cite_note-296">[293]</a><a href="#cite_note-297">[294]</a> with the targeting of non-Albanians intensifying in the immediate aftermath of KFOR deployment.<a href="#cite_note-Abrahams-86">[83]</a> Although more than 2,500 non-Albanians are believed to have been killed in the period between 1 January 1998 and 31 December 2000,<a href="#cite_note-presentation-33">[31]</a> it is not known how many of them were killed by the KLA or affiliated groups.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS">better source needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="NATO_losses">NATO losses</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:F16_equipment_and_F117_fragments.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/F16_equipment_and_F117_fragments.jpg/170px-F16_equipment_and_F117_fragments.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/F16_equipment_and_F117_fragments.jpg/255px-F16_equipment_and_F117_fragments.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/F16_equipment_and_F117_fragments.jpg/340px-F16_equipment_and_F117_fragments.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2736" data-file-height="3648" /></a><figcaption>A downed <a href="/wiki/F-16_Fighting_Falcon" class="mw-redirect" title="F-16 Fighting Falcon">F-16C</a> pilot's flight equipment belonging to <a href="/wiki/Lt._Colonel" class="mw-redirect" title="Lt. Colonel">Lt. Colonel</a> <a href="/wiki/David_L._Goldfein" title="David L. Goldfein">David L. Goldfein</a> and part of the <a href="/wiki/F-117_Nighthawk" class="mw-redirect" title="F-117 Nighthawk">F-117A</a> <a href="/wiki/1999_F-117A_shoot-down" class="mw-redirect" title="1999 F-117A shoot-down">shot down</a> over Serbia in 1999 on display at a Belgrade museum.</figcaption></figure> Military casualties on the <a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a> side were light. According to official reports, the alliance suffered no fatalities as a direct result of combat operations. In the early hours of 5 May, a US military <a href="/wiki/AH-64_Apache" class="mw-redirect" title="AH-64 Apache">AH-64 Apache</a> helicopter crashed<a href="#cite_note-NATOlosses-298">[295]</a> approximately 45 miles (72 km), according to <a href="/wiki/CNN" title="CNN">CNN</a>,<a href="#cite_note-299">[296]</a> or 40 miles (64 km), according to the <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Apache-300">[297]</a> northeast of <a href="/wiki/Tirana" title="Tirana">Tirana</a>, Albania's capital, very close to the border between Kosovo and Albania.<a href="#cite_note-NATOlosses-298">[295]</a> The two US pilots of the helicopter, Army <a href="/wiki/Chief_Warrant_Officer" class="mw-redirect" title="Chief Warrant Officer">Chief Warrant Officers</a> David Gibbs and Kevin L. Reichert, died in that crash. They were the only NATO fatalities during the war, according to NATO official statements. There were other casualties after the war, mostly due to land mines. During the war, the alliance reported the loss of the first <a href="/wiki/USAF" class="mw-redirect" title="USAF">US</a> <a href="/wiki/Stealth_plane" class="mw-redirect" title="Stealth plane">stealth aeroplane</a> (an <a href="/wiki/F-117_Nighthawk" class="mw-redirect" title="F-117 Nighthawk">F-117 Nighthawk</a>) ever <a href="/wiki/1999_F-117A_shoot-down" class="mw-redirect" title="1999 F-117A shoot-down">shot down</a> by enemy fire.<a href="#cite_note-301">[298]</a> Furthermore, an <a href="/wiki/F-16" class="mw-redirect" title="F-16">F-16</a> fighter was lost near <a href="/wiki/%C5%A0abac" title="Šabac">Šabac</a> and 32 <a href="/wiki/Unmanned_aerial_vehicle" title="Unmanned aerial vehicle">unmanned aerial vehicles</a> (UAVs) from different nations were lost.<a href="#cite_note-302">[299]</a> The wreckages of downed UAVs were shown on <a href="/wiki/Television_in_Serbia" title="Television in Serbia">Serbian television</a> during the war. Some US sources claim a second F-117A was also heavily damaged, and although it made it back to its base, it never flew again.<a href="#cite_note-303">[300]</a><a href="#cite_note-304">[301]</a> <a href="/wiki/A-10_Thunderbolt" class="mw-redirect" title="A-10 Thunderbolt">A-10 Thunderbolts</a> have been reported as losses, with two shot down<a href="#cite_note-ejection-history1-37">[35]</a> and another two damaged.<a href="#cite_note-ejection-history1-37">[35]</a> Three US soldiers riding a <a href="/wiki/Humvee" title="Humvee">Humvee</a> in a routine patrol were captured by Yugoslav special forces across the Macedonian border.<a href="#cite_note-305">[302]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Yugoslav_military_losses">Yugoslav military losses</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Destroyed-t-55-tank-Kosovo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Destroyed-t-55-tank-Kosovo.jpg/220px-Destroyed-t-55-tank-Kosovo.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Destroyed-t-55-tank-Kosovo.jpg/330px-Destroyed-t-55-tank-Kosovo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Destroyed-t-55-tank-Kosovo.jpg/440px-Destroyed-t-55-tank-Kosovo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1008" data-file-height="608" /></a><figcaption>Destroyed tank near Prizren</figcaption></figure> At first, NATO claimed to have killed 10,000 Yugoslav troops, while Yugoslavia claimed only 500 had been killed; the NATO investigative teams later corrected it to a few hundred Yugoslav troops killed by air strikes.<a href="#cite_note-Pollack2003-306">[303]</a> In 2001, the Yugoslav authorities claimed 462 soldiers were killed and 299 wounded by NATO airstrikes.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKrieger2001[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid-OhPTJn8ZWoCpgPA323_323]-307">[304]</a> Later, in 2013, Serbia claimed that 1,008 Yugoslav soldiers and policemen had been killed by NATO bombing.<a href="#cite_note-mondo-41">[39]</a> In early June 1999, NATO claimed that 5,000 Yugoslav servicemen had been killed and 10,000 had been wounded during the NATO air campaign.<a href="#cite_note-Bideleux_&_Jeffries-43">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-Chambers-44">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-308">[305]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bideleux_&_Jeffries2-309">[306]</a><a href="#cite_note-Chambers2-310">[307]</a> NATO has since[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers">when?</a>] revised this estimate to 1,200 Yugoslav soldiers and policemen killed.<a href="#cite_note-Coopersmith_&_Launius-45">[43]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bosnia_mig29.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Bosnia_mig29.jpg/220px-Bosnia_mig29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Bosnia_mig29.jpg/330px-Bosnia_mig29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Bosnia_mig29.jpg/440px-Bosnia_mig29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1268" data-file-height="1012" /></a><figcaption>Wreckage of Yugoslav <a href="/wiki/MiG-29" class="mw-redirect" title="MiG-29">MiG-29</a> jet fighter shot down on 27 March 1999, outside the town of <a href="/wiki/Ugljevik" title="Ugljevik">Ugljevik</a>, Bosnia and Herzegovina</figcaption></figure> Of military equipment, NATO destroyed around 50 <a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Air_Force" title="Yugoslav Air Force">Yugoslav Air Force</a> aircraft including 6 <a href="/wiki/Mikoyan_MiG-29" title="Mikoyan MiG-29">MiG-29s</a> destroyed in <a href="/wiki/Air_combat_manoeuvring" title="Air combat manoeuvring">air-to-air combat</a>. A number of <a href="/wiki/Soko_G-4_Super_Galeb" title="Soko G-4 Super Galeb">G-4 Super Galebs</a> were destroyed in their hardened aircraft shelter by <a href="/wiki/Bunker_buster" title="Bunker buster">bunker-busting bombs</a> which started a fire which spread quickly because the shelter doors were not closed. At the end of war, NATO officially claimed that they had destroyed 93 Yugoslav tanks. Yugoslavia admitted a total of 3 destroyed tanks. The latter figure was verified by European inspectors when Yugoslavia rejoined the Dayton accords, by noting the difference between the number of tanks then and at the last inspection in 1995.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] NATO claimed that the Yugoslav army lost 93 tanks (<a href="/wiki/M-84" title="M-84">M-84</a>'s and <a href="/wiki/T-55" class="mw-redirect" title="T-55">T-55</a>'s), 132 APCs, and 52 artillery pieces.<a href="#cite_note-one-six-one.fifthinfantrydivision.com-311">[308]</a> <a href="/wiki/Newsweek" title="Newsweek">Newsweek</a>, the second-largest news weekly magazine in the U.S., gained access to a suppressed <a href="/wiki/United_States_Air_Force" title="United States Air Force">US Air Force</a> report that claimed the real numbers were "3 tanks, not 120; 18 armored personnel carriers, not 220; 20 artillery pieces, not 450".<a href="#cite_note-one-six-one.fifthinfantrydivision.com-311">[308]</a><a href="#cite_note-312">[309]</a> Another US Air Force report gives a figure of 14 tanks destroyed.<a href="#cite_note-fourteen-47">[44]</a> Most of the targets hit in Kosovo were decoys, such as tanks made out of plastic sheets with telegraph poles for gun barrels, or old World War II–era tanks which were not functional. Anti-aircraft defences were preserved by the simple expedient of not turning them on, preventing NATO aircraft from detecting them, but forcing them to keep above a ceiling of 15,000 feet (4,600 metres), making accurate bombing much more difficult. Towards the end of the war, it was claimed that carpet bombing by <a href="/wiki/B-52_Stratofortress" class="mw-redirect" title="B-52 Stratofortress">B-52</a> aircraft had caused huge casualties among Yugoslav troops stationed along the Kosovo–Albania border. Careful searching by NATO investigators found no evidence of any such large-scale casualties. The most significant loss for the <a href="/wiki/Armed_Forces_of_Serbia_and_Montenegro" title="Armed Forces of Serbia and Montenegro">Yugoslav Army</a> was the damaged and destroyed infrastructure. Almost all military air bases and airfields (<a href="/wiki/Batajnica_Air_Base" title="Batajnica Air Base">Batajnica</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kraljevo-La%C4%91evci_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Kraljevo-Lađevci Airport">Lađevci</a>, <a href="/wiki/Slatina_Air_Base" title="Slatina Air Base">Slatina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Golubovci_Air_Base" class="mw-redirect" title="Golubovci Air Base">Golubovci</a> and <a href="/wiki/%C4%90akovica_Airfield" class="mw-redirect" title="Đakovica Airfield">Đakovica</a>) and other military buildings and facilities were badly damaged or destroyed. Unlike the units and their equipment, military buildings could not be camouflaged. thus, defence industry and military technical overhaul facilities were also seriously damaged (<a href="/wiki/Utva" class="mw-redirect" title="Utva">Utva</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zastava_Arms" title="Zastava Arms">Zastava Arms</a> factory, Moma Stanojlović air force overhaul centre, technical overhaul centres in <a href="/wiki/%C4%8Ca%C4%8Dak" title="Čačak">Čačak</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kragujevac" title="Kragujevac">Kragujevac</a>). In an effort to weaken the Yugoslav Army, NATO targeted several important civilian facilities (the <a href="/wiki/Pan%C4%8Devo" title="Pančevo">Pančevo</a> oil refinery,<a href="#cite_note-313">[310]</a> <a href="/wiki/Novi_Sad" title="Novi Sad">Novi Sad</a> oil refinery, bridges, TV antennas, railroads, etc.) <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="KLA_losses">KLA losses</h3></div> Around 1,500 Kosovo Liberation Army soldiers were killed, according to KLA's own estimates.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDaalderO'Hanlon2000151-31">[29]</a> <a href="/wiki/Humanitarian_Law_Center" title="Humanitarian Law Center">HLC</a> registered 2,131 KLA and FARK insurgents killed in its comprehensive database.<a href="#cite_note-presentation-33">[31]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Aftermath">Aftermath</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Defense.gov_News_Photo_990521-F-5920L-006.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Defense.gov_News_Photo_990521-F-5920L-006.jpg/220px-Defense.gov_News_Photo_990521-F-5920L-006.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Defense.gov_News_Photo_990521-F-5920L-006.jpg/330px-Defense.gov_News_Photo_990521-F-5920L-006.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Defense.gov_News_Photo_990521-F-5920L-006.jpg/440px-Defense.gov_News_Photo_990521-F-5920L-006.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1268" data-file-height="1012" /></a><figcaption>Refugee camp in <a href="/wiki/Fier" title="Fier">Fier</a>, Albania</figcaption></figure> The Yugoslav and Serb forces caused the displacement of between 1.2 million<a href="#cite_note-Krieger_p90-84">[81]</a> to 1.45 million Kosovo Albanians.<a href="#cite_note-OSCE_2003-85">[82]</a> After the end of the war in June 1999, numerous Albanian <a href="/wiki/Refugees" class="mw-redirect" title="Refugees">refugees</a> started returning home from neighboring countries. By November 1999, according to the <a href="/wiki/UNHCR" class="mw-redirect" title="UNHCR">UN High Commissioner for Refugees</a>, 848,100 out of 1,108,913 had returned.<a href="#cite_note-314">[311]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Self-published_sources" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">self-published source?</a>] According to the 1991 Yugoslavia Census, of the nearly 2 million population of Kosovo in 1991, 194,190 were <a href="/wiki/Serbs" title="Serbs">Serbs</a>, 45,745 were <a href="/wiki/Romani_people" title="Romani people">Romani</a> and 20,356 were <a href="/wiki/Montenegrins" title="Montenegrins">Montenegrins</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Political_Parties_of_Eastern_Europe-315">[312]</a> According to the <a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch" title="Human Rights Watch">Human Rights Watch</a>, 200,000 Serbs and thousands of Roma fled from Kosovo during and after the war.<a href="#cite_note-hrw2004-60">[57]</a> Homes of minorities were burned and Orthodox churches and monasteries were destroyed.<a href="#cite_note-HRWReport-316">[313]</a> The Yugoslav <a href="/wiki/International_Red_Cross_and_Red_Crescent_Movement" title="International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement">Red Cross</a> had also registered 247,391 mostly Serbian refugees by 26 November.<a href="#cite_note-317">[314]</a> More than 164,000 Serbs left Kosovo during the seven weeks which followed Yugoslav and Serb forces' withdrawal from, and the NATO-led Kosovo Force (KFOR) entering Kosovo.<a href="#cite_note-318">[315]</a> Further inter-ethnic violence took place in <a href="/wiki/Unrest_in_Kosovo" class="mw-redirect" title="Unrest in Kosovo">2000</a>, and <a href="/wiki/2004_unrest_in_Kosovo" title="2004 unrest in Kosovo">2004</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="War_crimes">War crimes</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/War_crimes_in_the_Kosovo_War" title="War crimes in the Kosovo War">War crimes in the Kosovo War</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="By_the_Federal_Yugoslav_government">By the Federal Yugoslav government</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Serbian_war_crimes_in_the_Yugoslav_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Serbian war crimes in the Yugoslav Wars">Serbian war crimes in the Yugoslav Wars</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vlastimir_%C4%90or%C4%91evi%C4%87.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Vlastimir_%C4%90or%C4%91evi%C4%87.jpg/180px-Vlastimir_%C4%90or%C4%91evi%C4%87.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="243" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Vlastimir_%C4%90or%C4%91evi%C4%87.jpg/270px-Vlastimir_%C4%90or%C4%91evi%C4%87.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Vlastimir_%C4%90or%C4%91evi%C4%87.jpg/360px-Vlastimir_%C4%90or%C4%91evi%C4%87.jpg 2x" data-file-width="394" data-file-height="532" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Vlastimir_%C4%90or%C4%91evi%C4%87" title="Vlastimir Đorđević">Vlastimir Đorđević</a>, former Serb colonel general, at the ICTY</figcaption></figure> For the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Serbia" title="Government of Serbia">government of Serbia</a>, cooperation with the <a href="/wiki/International_Criminal_Tribunal_for_the_Former_Yugoslavia" class="mw-redirect" title="International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia">International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia</a> is "still regarded as a distressing obligation, the necessary price for joining the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a>".<a href="#cite_note-319">[316]</a> Religious objects were damaged or destroyed. Of the 498 mosques in Kosovo that were in active use, the <a href="/wiki/International_Criminal_Tribunal_for_the_former_Yugoslavia" title="International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia">International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia</a> (ICTY) documented that 225 mosques sustained damage or destruction by the Yugoslav Serb army.<a href="#cite_note-Mehmeti72-320">[317]</a> In all, eighteen months of the Yugoslav Serb counterinsurgency campaign between 1998 and 1999 within Kosovo resulted in 225 or a third out of a total of 600 mosques being damaged, vandalised, or destroyed.<a href="#cite_note-Herscher87-321">[318]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bevan85-322">[319]</a> During the war, Islamic architectural heritage posed for Yugoslav Serb paramilitary and military forces as Albanian patrimony, with destruction of non-Serbian architectural heritage being a methodical and planned component of <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_cleansing" title="Ethnic cleansing">ethnic cleansing</a> in Kosovo.<a href="#cite_note-Bevan85-322">[319]</a><a href="#cite_note-Herscher13-323">[320]</a> Widespread rape and sexual violence by the Serbian army, police and paramilitaries occurred during the conflict and the majority of victims were Kosovo Albanian women,<a href="#cite_note-Amnestysurvivors61315-324">[321]</a><a href="#cite_note-De_Lellio522-325">[322]</a> numbering an estimated 20,000.<a href="#cite_note-KadriuMorina-326">[323]</a> The crimes of rape by the Serb military, paramilitary and police amounted to crimes against humanity and a war crime of torture.<a href="#cite_note-Amnestysurvivors61315-324">[321]</a> On 27 April 1999, a <a href="/wiki/Meja_massacre" title="Meja massacre">mass execution</a> of at least 377 Kosovo Albanian civilians, of whom 36 were under 18 years old, was committed by Serbian police and <a href="/wiki/Military_of_Serbia_and_Montenegro" class="mw-redirect" title="Military of Serbia and Montenegro">Yugoslav Army</a> forces in the village of Meja near the town of <a href="/wiki/Gjakova" title="Gjakova">Gjakova</a>. It followed an operation which began after the killing of six Serbian policemen by the <a href="/wiki/Kosovo_Liberation_Army" title="Kosovo Liberation Army">Kosovo Liberation Army</a> (KLA). The victims were pulled from refugee convoys at a checkpoint in Meja and their families were ordered to proceed to <a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a>. Men and boys were separated and then executed by the road.<a href="#cite_note-Ball2002-327">[324]</a> It was one of the largest massacres in the Kosovo War.<a href="#cite_note-328">[325]</a> Yugoslav President Slobodan Milošević was charged by the UN's <a href="/wiki/International_Criminal_Tribunal_for_the_Former_Yugoslavia" class="mw-redirect" title="International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia">International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia</a> (ICTY) with <a href="/wiki/Crimes_against_humanity" title="Crimes against humanity">crimes against humanity</a> and war crimes. In 2001, then-President <a href="/wiki/Vojislav_Ko%C5%A1tunica" title="Vojislav Koštunica">Vojislav Koštunica</a> "fought tooth and nail" against attempts to put Milošević before an international court but was unable to prevent this happening after further atrocities were revealed.<a href="#cite_note-329">[326]</a> By 2014, the ICTY issued final verdicts against the indicted Yugoslav officials who were found guilty of <a href="/wiki/Deportation" title="Deportation">deportation</a>, other inhumane acts (<a href="/wiki/Forcible_transfer" class="mw-redirect" title="Forcible transfer">forcible transfer</a>), <a href="/wiki/Murder" title="Murder">murder</a> and <a href="/wiki/Persecutions" class="mw-redirect" title="Persecutions">persecutions</a> (<a href="/wiki/Crimes_against_humanity" title="Crimes against humanity">crimes against humanity</a>, Article 5), as well as murder (violations of the <a href="/wiki/Laws_or_customs_of_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Laws or customs of war">laws or customs of war</a>, Article 3): <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nikola_%C5%A0ainovi%C4%87" title="Nikola Šainović">Nikola Šainović</a>, former deputy prime minister of the FRY, sentenced to 18 years in prison.<a href="#cite_note-ICTY_CIS-330">[327]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dragoljub_Ojdani%C4%87" title="Dragoljub Ojdanić">Dragoljub Ojdanić</a>, former Chief of the General Staff of the Yugoslav Army, sentenced to 15 years in prison.<a href="#cite_note-ICTY_CIS-330">[327]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neboj%C5%A1a_Pavkovi%C4%87" title="Nebojša Pavković">Nebojša Pavković</a>, former Commander of the Third Army of the Yugoslav Army, sentenced to 22 years in prison.<a href="#cite_note-ICTY_CIS-330">[327]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Lazarevi%C4%87" title="Vladimir Lazarević">Vladimir Lazarević</a>, former Commander of the Priština Corps of the Yugoslav Army, sentenced to 14 years in prison.<a href="#cite_note-ICTY_CIS-330">[327]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sreten_Luki%C4%87" title="Sreten Lukić">Sreten Lukić</a>, former Head of the <a href="/wiki/Serbian_Ministry_of_Internal_Affairs" class="mw-redirect" title="Serbian Ministry of Internal Affairs">Serbian Ministry of Internal Affairs</a>, sentenced to 20 years in prison.<a href="#cite_note-ICTY_CIS-330">[327]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vlastimir_%C4%90or%C4%91evi%C4%87" title="Vlastimir Đorđević">Vlastimir Đorđević</a>, former Assistant Minister of the Serbian Ministry of Internal Affairs (MUP) and Chief of the Public Security Department (RJB) of the MUP, was sentenced to 18 years in prison.<a href="#cite_note-331">[328]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milan_Milutinovi%C4%87" title="Milan Milutinović">Milan Milutinović</a> was acquitted of all charges.<a href="#cite_note-ICTY_CIS-330">[327]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vlajko_Stojiljkovi%C4%87" title="Vlajko Stojiljković">Vlajko Stojiljković</a> committed suicide.</li> <li>Slobodan Milošević died before a verdict was reached.</li></ul> The ICTY found that: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">...FRY and Serbian forces use[d] violence and terror to force a significant number of Kosovo Albanians from their homes and across the borders, in order for the state authorities to maintain control over Kosovo ... This campaign was conducted by <a href="/wiki/Military_of_Serbia_and_Montenegro" class="mw-redirect" title="Military of Serbia and Montenegro">army</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Internal_Affairs_(Serbia)" title="Ministry of Internal Affairs (Serbia)">Interior Ministry</a> <a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Serbia" class="mw-redirect" title="Law enforcement in Serbia">police forces (MUP)</a> under the control of FRY and Serbian authorities, who were responsible for mass expulsions of Kosovo Albanian civilians from their homes, as well as incidents of killings, <a href="/wiki/Sexual_assault" title="Sexual assault">sexual assault</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Desecration" title="Desecration">intentional destruction</a> of <a href="/wiki/Mosque" title="Mosque">mosques</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Five_Senior_Serb_Officials_Convicted-332">[329]</a></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="By_Kosovo_Albanian_forces">By Kosovo Albanian forces</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Kosovo_Liberation_Army#Massacres" title="Kosovo Liberation Army">Kosovo Liberation Army § Massacres</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:224px;max-width:224px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Kosovo-metohija-koreni-duse046.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Kosovo-metohija-koreni-duse046.jpg/220px-Kosovo-metohija-koreni-duse046.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Kosovo-metohija-koreni-duse046.jpg/330px-Kosovo-metohija-koreni-duse046.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Kosovo-metohija-koreni-duse046.jpg/440px-Kosovo-metohija-koreni-duse046.jpg 2x" data-file-width="650" data-file-height="432" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Staro_Gracko_massacre" title="Staro Gracko massacre">Staro Gracko massacre</a> memorial</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Monument_to_Serbs_Killed_in_Kosovo_since_1990s_-_Mitrovica_(Serb_Side)_-_Kosovo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Monument_to_Serbs_Killed_in_Kosovo_since_1990s_-_Mitrovica_%28Serb_Side%29_-_Kosovo.jpg/220px-Monument_to_Serbs_Killed_in_Kosovo_since_1990s_-_Mitrovica_%28Serb_Side%29_-_Kosovo.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Monument_to_Serbs_Killed_in_Kosovo_since_1990s_-_Mitrovica_%28Serb_Side%29_-_Kosovo.jpg/330px-Monument_to_Serbs_Killed_in_Kosovo_since_1990s_-_Mitrovica_%28Serb_Side%29_-_Kosovo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Monument_to_Serbs_Killed_in_Kosovo_since_1990s_-_Mitrovica_%28Serb_Side%29_-_Kosovo.jpg/440px-Monument_to_Serbs_Killed_in_Kosovo_since_1990s_-_Mitrovica_%28Serb_Side%29_-_Kosovo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Monument to Serbian victims of Kosovo War in <a href="/wiki/Mitrovica,_Kosovo" title="Mitrovica, Kosovo">Mitrovica</a></div></div></div></div></div> The ICTY convicted <a href="/wiki/Kosovo_Liberation_Army" title="Kosovo Liberation Army">KLA</a> commander <a href="/wiki/Haradin_Bala" title="Haradin Bala">Haradin Bala</a> for murder, torture and cruel treatment in the <a href="/wiki/Lapu%C5%A1nik_prison_camp" title="Lapušnik prison camp">Lapušnik prison camp</a>, and sentencted him to 13 years’ imprisonment. <a href="/wiki/Fatmir_Limaj" title="Fatmir Limaj">Fatmir Limaj</a> and <a href="/wiki/Isak_Musliu" title="Isak Musliu">Isak Musliu</a> were acquitted.<a href="#cite_note-333">[330]</a> In 2008, <a href="/wiki/Carla_Del_Ponte" title="Carla Del Ponte">Carla Del Ponte</a> published a book in which she alleged that, after the end of the war in 1999, Kosovo Albanians were smuggling organs of between 100 and 300 Serbs and other minorities from the province to Albania.<a href="#cite_note-334">[331]</a> In March 2005, a UN tribunal indicted Kosovo Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Ramush_Haradinaj" title="Ramush Haradinaj">Ramush Haradinaj</a> for war crimes against the Serbs. On 8 March, he tendered his resignation. Haradinaj, an ethnic Albanian, was a former commander who led units of the Kosovo Liberation Army and was appointed prime minister after winning an election of 72 votes to three in the Kosovo's Parliament in December 2004. Haradinaj was acquitted on all counts along with fellow KLA veterans Idriz Balaj and Lahi Brahimaj. The Office of the Prosecutor appealed their acquittals, resulting in the ICTY ordering a partial retrial. On 29 November 2012 all three were acquitted for the second time on all charges.<a href="#cite_note-Haradinaj_cleared-335">[332]</a> The trials were rife with accusations of witness intimidation, as media outlets from several different countries wrote that as many as nineteen people who were supposed to be witnesses in the trial against Haradinaj were murdered (the ICTY disputed these reports).<a href="#cite_note-336">[333]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch" title="Human Rights Watch">Human Rights Watch</a> (HRW), "800 non-Albanian civilians were kidnapped and murdered from 1998 to 1999". After the war, "479 people have gone missing... most of them Serbs".<a href="#cite_note-337">[334]</a> HRW notes that "the intent behind many of the killings and abductions that have occurred in the province since June 1999 appears to be the expulsion of Kosovo's Serb and Roma population rather than a desire for revenge alone. In numerous cases, direct and systematic efforts were made to force Serbs and Roma to leave their homes."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbrahams2001455-338">[335]</a> Some 200,000 Serbs and Roma fled Kosovo following the withdrawal of Yugoslav forces.<a href="#cite_note-339">[336]</a> In April 2014, the <a href="/wiki/Assembly_of_Kosovo" class="mw-redirect" title="Assembly of Kosovo">Assembly of Kosovo</a> considered and approved the establishment of a <a href="/wiki/Kosovo_Relocated_Specialist_Judicial_Institution" class="mw-redirect" title="Kosovo Relocated Specialist Judicial Institution">special court</a> to try cases involving crimes and other serious abuses committed in 1999–2000 by members of the KLA.<a href="#cite_note-announcementNL-340">[337]</a> Reports of abuses and war crimes committed by the KLA during and after the conflict include massacres of civilians, prison camps, burning and looting of homes and destruction of medieval churches and monuments.<a href="#cite_note-hrw1-341">[338]</a> <a href="/wiki/Carla_Del_Ponte" title="Carla Del Ponte">Carla Del Ponte</a> said that the US for political reasons, did not want the <a href="/wiki/International_Criminal_Tribunal_for_the_former_Yugoslavia" title="International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia">ICTY</a> to scrutinise war crimes committed by the KLA. According to her, <a href="/wiki/Madeleine_Albright" title="Madeleine Albright">Madeleine Albright</a> who was the Secretary of State at the time told her to proceed slowly with the investigation of <a href="/wiki/Ramush_Haradinaj" title="Ramush Haradinaj">Ramush Haradinaj</a> to avoid unrest in Kosovo.<a href="#cite_note-342">[339]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="By_NATO_forces">By NATO forces</h3></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Memorial_in_Ta%C5%A1majdan_park_(DSC04689).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Memorial_in_Ta%C5%A1majdan_park_%28DSC04689%29.jpg/230px-Memorial_in_Ta%C5%A1majdan_park_%28DSC04689%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="230" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Memorial_in_Ta%C5%A1majdan_park_%28DSC04689%29.jpg/345px-Memorial_in_Ta%C5%A1majdan_park_%28DSC04689%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Memorial_in_Ta%C5%A1majdan_park_%28DSC04689%29.jpg/460px-Memorial_in_Ta%C5%A1majdan_park_%28DSC04689%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5835" data-file-height="3890" /></a><figcaption>A monument to the <a href="/wiki/Civilian_casualties_during_Operation_Allied_Force" title="Civilian casualties during Operation Allied Force">children killed</a> in the NATO bombing located in <a href="/wiki/Ta%C5%A1majdan_Park" title="Tašmajdan Park">Tašmajdan Park</a>, <a href="/wiki/Belgrade" title="Belgrade">Belgrade</a>, featuring a bronze sculpture of <a href="/wiki/Milica_Raki%C4%87" title="Milica Rakić">Milica Rakić</a></figcaption></figure> The Yugoslav government and a number of international pressure groups (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Amnesty_International" title="Amnesty International">Amnesty International</a>) claimed that NATO had carried out war crimes during the conflict, notably the bombing of the Serbian TV headquarters in Belgrade on 23 April 1999, where 16 people were killed and 16 more were injured. Sian Jones of Amnesty stated, "The bombing of the headquarters of Serbian state radio and television was a deliberate attack on a civilian object and as such constitutes a war crime".<a href="#cite_note-SDT23409-343">[340]</a> A report conducted by the <a href="/wiki/International_Criminal_Tribunal_for_the_former_Yugoslavia" title="International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia">ICTY</a> entitled Final Report to the Prosecutor by the Committee Established to Review the NATO Bombing Campaign Against the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia concluded that, "Insofar as the attack actually was aimed at disrupting the communications network, it was legally acceptable" and that, "NATO's targeting of the <a href="/wiki/Radio_Television_of_Serbia" title="Radio Television of Serbia">RTS</a> building for propaganda purposes was an incidental (albeit complementary) aim of its primary goal of disabling the Serbian military command and control system and to destroy the nerve system and apparatus that keeps Milosević in power."<a href="#cite_note-ICTYReport-205">[202]</a> In regards to civilian casualties, it further stated that though they were, "unfortunately high, they do not appear to be clearly disproportionate."<a href="#cite_note-ICTYReport-205">[202]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="International_reaction_to_NATO_intervention">International reaction to NATO intervention</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Africa">Africa</h3></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt"><img alt="Egypt" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/23px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/35px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/45px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> – <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a> supported NATO intervention in Kosovo and withdrew its ambassador from Belgrade.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDannreuther2001209-344">[341]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libyan_Arab_Jamahiriya" title="Libyan Arab Jamahiriya"><img alt="Libyan Arab Jamahiriya" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Flag_of_Libya_%281977%E2%80%932011%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Libya_%281977%E2%80%932011%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Flag_of_Libya_%281977%E2%80%932011%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Libya_%281977%E2%80%932011%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Flag_of_Libya_%281977%E2%80%932011%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Libya_%281977%E2%80%932011%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></a> – Libyan Jamahiriya leader, <a href="/wiki/Muammar_Gaddafi" title="Muammar Gaddafi">Muammar Gaddafi</a> opposed the campaign and called on world leaders to support Yugoslavia's 'legitimate right to defend its freedoms and territorial integrity against a possible aggression.'<a href="#cite_note-news.bbc.co.uk-345">[342]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Asia">Asia</h3></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cambodia" title="Cambodia"><img alt="Cambodia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_Cambodia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Cambodia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_Cambodia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Cambodia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_Cambodia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Cambodia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="640" /></a> – <a href="/wiki/Cambodia" title="Cambodia">Cambodia</a> was against the campaign.<a href="#cite_note-http-346">[343]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China" title="China"><img alt="China" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> – <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> deeply condemned the bombing, saying it was an act of aggression against the <a href="/wiki/Serbs" title="Serbs">Yugoslav people</a>, especially when NATO <a href="/wiki/U.S._bombing_of_the_Chinese_embassy_in_Belgrade" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. bombing of the Chinese embassy in Belgrade">bombed its embassy in Belgrade on 7 May 1999</a>, riots and mass demonstrations against the governments of the United States and Great Britain were reported against both the attack and the operation overall.<a href="#cite_note-347">[344]</a> <a href="/wiki/Jiang_Zemin" title="Jiang Zemin">Jiang Zemin</a>, the President of the country at the time, called 'once more' for an immediate halt to the airstrikes and demanded peaceful negotiations.<a href="#cite_note-news.bbc.co.uk-345">[342]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India" title="India"><img alt="India" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/23px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/35px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/45px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> – <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> condemned the bombing.<a href="#cite_note-http-346">[343]</a> The Indian foreign ministry also stated that it 'urged all military actions to be brought to a halt' and that '<a href="/wiki/Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal Republic of Yugoslavia">FR Yugoslavia</a> be enabled to resolve its internal issues internally.'<a href="#cite_note-news.bbc.co.uk-345">[342]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia"><img alt="Indonesia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> – <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a> was against the campaign.<a href="#cite_note-http-346">[343]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel"><img alt="Israel" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/21px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/32px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/41px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="800" /></a> – <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a> did not support the 1999 <a href="/wiki/NATO_bombing_of_Yugoslavia" title="NATO bombing of Yugoslavia">NATO bombing of Yugoslavia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-348">[345]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ariel_Sharon" title="Ariel Sharon">Ariel Sharon</a> criticised NATO's bombing as an act of "brutal interventionism".<a href="#cite_note-349">[346]</a> It was suggested that Sharon may have supported the Yugoslav position because of the Serbian population's history of saving Jews during the <a href="/wiki/Holocaust" class="mw-redirect" title="Holocaust">Holocaust</a>.<a href="#cite_note-350">[347]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan"><img alt="Jordan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Flag_of_Jordan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Jordan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Flag_of_Jordan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Jordan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Flag_of_Jordan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Jordan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> – <a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a> supported NATO intervention in Kosovo and withdrew its ambassador from Belgrade.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDannreuther2001209-344">[341]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan"><img alt="Japan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> – <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a>'s PM <a href="/wiki/Keiz%C5%8D_Obuchi" title="Keizō Obuchi">Keizō Obuchi</a> advocated the bombing, stating that Yugoslavia had an 'uncompromising attitude.'<a href="#cite_note-http-346">[343]</a> Japan's foreign minister <a href="/wiki/Masahiko_K%C5%8Dmura" title="Masahiko Kōmura">Masahiko Kōmura</a> said that, 'Japan understands NATO's use of force as measures that had to be taken to prevent humanitarian catastrophe.'<a href="#cite_note-news.bbc.co.uk-345">[342]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia"><img alt="Malaysia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> – <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a> supported the bombing, stating that it 'was necessary to prevent genocide in Kosovo.'<a href="#cite_note-http-346">[343]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan"><img alt="Pakistan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> – <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a>'s government was concerned about developing situations in Kosovo and called for <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_1244" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 1244">UN intervention</a>.<a href="#cite_note-http-346">[343]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates"><img alt="United Arab Emirates" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> – <a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a> supported NATO intervention in Kosovo.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDannreuther2001208–209-351">[348]</a> The UAE population gave financial aid, and set up and ran a refugee camp and built an airstrip for incoming relief supplies at Kukës in Northern Albania.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDannreuther2001208–209-351">[348]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam"><img alt="Vietnam" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Vietnam.svg/23px-Flag_of_Vietnam.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Vietnam.svg/35px-Flag_of_Vietnam.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Vietnam.svg/45px-Flag_of_Vietnam.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> – <a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a> was against the bombing campaign.<a href="#cite_note-http-346">[343]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Europe">Europe</h3></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania"><img alt="Albania" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Flag_of_Albania.svg/21px-Flag_of_Albania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Flag_of_Albania.svg/32px-Flag_of_Albania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Flag_of_Albania.svg/42px-Flag_of_Albania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="500" /></a> – Albania strongly supported the bombing campaign. This resulted in the breaking of diplomatic ties between Albania and the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, who accused the Albanian government of harbouring KLA insurgents and supplying them with weapons.<a href="#cite_note-352">[349]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey"><img alt="Turkey" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/35px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/45px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a> – <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>, a NATO member, supported and was involved in the bombing campaign though it expressed hesitation about a ground offensive.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDannreuther2001206–208-353">[350]</a> The Turkish government stressed that NATO's involvement was not about undermining Yugoslav territorial integrity, but about reversing the genocidal policies of the Milošević government.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDannreuther2001206–208-353">[350]</a> The Turkish population, as a result of historical, cultural, and religious ties to the Balkans felt a responsibility to assist Kosovo Albanians by supporting their government's position.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDannreuther2001206–208-353">[350]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece"><img alt="Greece" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/23px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/35px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/45px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></a> – Greece took no active part in the NATO campaign and 96% of the <a href="/wiki/Greeks" title="Greeks">Greek population</a> was opposed to the <a href="/wiki/Operation_Allied_Force" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Allied Force">NATO bombings</a>.<a href="#cite_note-354">[351]</a><a href="#cite_note-Norris9-255">[252]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/France" title="France"><img alt="France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> – In France, the bulk of the population supported the action but factions on the far left and far right opposed it.<a href="#cite_note-355">[352]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia" title="Federal Republic of Yugoslavia"><img alt="Federal Republic of Yugoslavia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_Serbia_and_Montenegro_%281992%E2%80%932006%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Serbia_and_Montenegro_%281992%E2%80%932006%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_Serbia_and_Montenegro_%281992%E2%80%932006%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Serbia_and_Montenegro_%281992%E2%80%932006%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_Serbia_and_Montenegro_%281992%E2%80%932006%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Serbia_and_Montenegro_%281992%E2%80%932006%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> – <a href="/wiki/Slobodan_Milo%C5%A1evi%C4%87" title="Slobodan Milošević">Slobodan Milošević</a>, the president of the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal Republic of Yugoslavia">Federal Republic of Yugoslavia</a> called the bombings, an 'unlawful act of terrorism' and the 'key to colonize Yugoslavia'. The <a href="/wiki/Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal Republic of Yugoslavia">Yugoslav population</a> also strongly opposed the bombing. Milošević stated that, 'the only correct decision that could have been made was the one to reject foreign troops on our territory.'<a href="#cite_note-356">[353]</a> The Yugoslavs who opposed Milošević also opposed the bombing, saying that it 'supports Milošević rather than attacking him.'<a href="#cite_note-357">[354]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany"><img alt="Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a> – Chancellor <a href="/wiki/Gerhard_Schroeder" class="mw-redirect" title="Gerhard Schroeder">Gerhard Schroeder</a> newly elected government supported the NATO campaign; German public opinion was not prepared for a prolonged campaign.<a href="#cite_note-Norris9-255">[252]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy"><img alt="Italy" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/35px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/45px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></a> – The bombing was met with mixed reactions in Italy. Following former prime minister <a href="/wiki/Romano_Prodi" title="Romano Prodi">Romano Prodi</a>'s decision to allow coalition forces to use Italian airbases and military infrastructures, <a href="/wiki/Massimo_D%27Alema" title="Massimo D'Alema">Massimo D'Alema</a>'s centre-left government authorised the country's participation in the air campaign.<a href="#cite_note-358">[355]</a> The bombing was also supported by <a href="/wiki/Silvio_Berlusconi" title="Silvio Berlusconi">Silvio Berlusconi</a> and the centre-right opposition.<a href="#cite_note-359">[356]</a> Domestic opposition to the NATO bombing campaign against Serbia was strong.<a href="#cite_note-Norris9-255">[252]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia"><img alt="Russia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> – Russia strongly condemned the campaign. <a href="/wiki/President_of_Russia" title="President of Russia">President</a> <a href="/wiki/Boris_Yeltsin" title="Boris Yeltsin">Boris Yeltsin</a> stated that, 'Russia is deeply upset by NATO's military action against sovereign Yugoslavia, which is nothing more than open aggression.'<a href="#cite_note-news.bbc.co.uk-345">[342]</a> They also condemned <a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a> at the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> saying that NATO air strikes on Serbia were 'an illegal action.'<a href="#cite_note-360">[357]</a> Some Russians volunteered to go to Kosovo, not only to fight the <a href="/wiki/Kosovo_Liberation_Army" title="Kosovo Liberation Army">KLA</a>, but also to oppose <a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a>.<a href="#cite_note-361">[358]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom"><img alt="United Kingdom" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> – As a contributor to the bombing, the United Kingdom strongly supported the bombing campaign, as did a majority of the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">British population</a>.<a href="#cite_note-362">[359]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland"><img alt="Poland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="800" /></a> – The Polish government sanctioned NATO's activities but Poland did not participate in the operation<a href="#cite_note-363">[360]</a> There were demonstrations in <a href="/wiki/Warsaw" title="Warsaw">Warsaw</a> against the bombing.<a href="#cite_note-364">[361]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria"><img alt="Bulgaria" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/46px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a> – Bulgaria allowed its airspace to be used by NATO aircraft for attacks.<a href="#cite_note-365">[362]</a> Despite <a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a>'s ambitions of joining both <a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a> and the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a>, the leftist opposition organised street protests in Sofia over the <a href="/wiki/NATO_bombing_of_Yugoslavia" title="NATO bombing of Yugoslavia">NATO bombing of Yugoslavia</a>, the public was reportedly deeply divided because of sympathy for their fellow Slavs and Christian Orthodox Serb neighbours but also a desire to join the European Union and NATO.<a href="#cite_note-366">[363]</a> Several NATO missiles and aircraft strayed off course into Bulgaria.<a href="#cite_note-367">[364]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Oceania">Oceania</h3></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia"><img alt="Australia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="640" /></a> – Australia supported the campaign. Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/John_Howard" title="John Howard">John Howard</a> stated that, "history has told us that if you sit by and do nothing, you pay a much greater price later on."<a href="#cite_note-368">[365]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_Nations">United Nations</h3></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations"><img alt="United Nations" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_the_United_Nations.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Nations.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_the_United_Nations.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Nations.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_the_United_Nations.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_United_Nations.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a> – The <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> had mixed reactions to the bombing, which was carried out without its authorisation.<a href="#cite_note-369">[366]</a> <a href="/wiki/Kofi_Annan" title="Kofi Annan">Kofi Annan</a>, the UN Secretary-General said, "In spite of all the efforts made by the international community, the Yugoslav authorities have persisted in their rejection of a political settlement … it is indeed tragic that diplomacy has failed, but there are times when the use of force is legitimate in the pursuit of peace"<a href="#cite_note-news.bbc.co.uk-345">[342]</a> adding that "the [UN Security] Council should be involved in any decision to resort to the use of force."<a href="#cite_note-370">[367]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Military_and_political_consequences">Military and political consequences</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Kosovo_status_process" class="mw-redirect" title="Kosovo status process">Kosovo status process</a> and <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_status_of_Kosovo" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitutional status of Kosovo">Constitutional status of Kosovo</a></div>The Kosovo War had a number of important consequences in terms of the military and political outcome. The status of Kosovo remains unresolved; international negotiations began in 2006 to determine Kosovo's level of autonomy as envisaged under <a href="/wiki/UN_Security_Council_Resolution_1244" class="mw-redirect" title="UN Security Council Resolution 1244">UN Security Council Resolution 1244</a>, but efforts failed. The province is administered by the United Nations despite its <a href="/wiki/2008_Kosovo_declaration_of_independence" title="2008 Kosovo declaration of independence">unilateral declaration of independence</a> on 17 February 2008. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Seized_uniform.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Seized_uniform.JPG/220px-Seized_uniform.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Seized_uniform.JPG/330px-Seized_uniform.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Seized_uniform.JPG/440px-Seized_uniform.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a><figcaption>Seized uniform and equipment of US soldiers 1999 in Kosovo War</figcaption></figure> The UN-backed talks, led by UN Special Envoy <a href="/wiki/Martti_Ahtisaari" title="Martti Ahtisaari">Martti Ahtisaari</a>, had begun in February 2006. Whilst progress was made on technical matters, both parties remained diametrically opposed on the question of status itself.<a href="#cite_note-371">[368]</a> In February 2007, Ahtisaari delivered a draft status settlement proposal to leaders in Belgrade and Pristina, the basis for a draft UN Security Council Resolution which proposes "supervised independence" for the province, which is in contrary to UN Security Council Resolution 1244. By July 2007, the draft resolution, which was backed by the United States, United Kingdom, and other European members of the <a href="/wiki/Security_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="Security Council">Security Council</a>, had been rewritten four times to try to accommodate Russian concerns that such a resolution would undermine the principle of state sovereignty.<a href="#cite_note-372">[369]</a> Russia, which holds a veto in the Security Council as one of <a href="/wiki/Permanent_members_of_the_United_Nations_Security_Council" title="Permanent members of the United Nations Security Council">five permanent members</a>, stated that it would not support any resolution which is not acceptable to both Belgrade and Priština.<a href="#cite_note-373">[370]</a> The campaign exposed significant weaknesses in the US arsenal, which were later addressed for the <a href="/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_(2001%E2%80%93present)" class="mw-redirect" title="War in Afghanistan (2001–present)">Afghanistan</a> and <a href="/wiki/2003_invasion_of_Iraq" title="2003 invasion of Iraq">Iraq</a> campaigns. <a href="/wiki/AH-64_Apache" class="mw-redirect" title="AH-64 Apache">Apache attack helicopters</a> and <a href="/wiki/AC-130_Spectre" class="mw-redirect" title="AC-130 Spectre">AC-130 Spectre</a> gunships were brought up to the front lines but were never used after two Apaches crashed during training in the Albanian mountains. Stocks of many precision missiles were reduced to critically low levels. For combat aircraft, continuous operations resulted in skipped maintenance schedules, and many aircraft were withdrawn from service awaiting spare parts and service.<a href="#cite_note-374">[371]</a> Also, many of the precision-guided weapons proved unable to cope with Balkan weather, as the clouds blocked the laser guidance beams. This was resolved by retrofitting bombs with <a href="/wiki/Global_Positioning_System" title="Global Positioning System">Global Positioning System</a> satellite guidance devices that are immune to bad weather. Although <a href="/wiki/Unmanned_aerial_vehicle" title="Unmanned aerial vehicle">pilotless surveillance aircraft</a> were extensively used, often attack aircraft could not be brought to the scene quickly enough to hit targets of opportunity. This led missiles being fitted to Predator drones in Afghanistan, reducing the "sensor to shooter" time to virtually zero. Kosovo also showed that some low-tech tactics could reduce the impact of a high-tech force such as NATO; the Milošević government cooperated with <a href="/wiki/Saddam_Hussein" title="Saddam Hussein">Saddam Hussein</a>'s Ba'athist regime in <a href="/wiki/Ba%27athist_Iraq" title="Ba'athist Iraq">Iraq</a>, passing on many of the lessons learned in the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_War" title="Gulf War">Gulf War</a>.<a href="#cite_note-375">[372]</a> The Yugoslav army had long expected to need to resist a much stronger enemy, either <a href="/wiki/Red_Army" title="Red Army">Soviet</a> or NATO, during the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a> and had developed tactics of deception and concealment in response. These would have been unlikely to have resisted a full-scale invasion for long, but were probably used to mislead overflying aircraft and satellites. Among the tactics used were: <ul><li>US <a href="/wiki/Stealth_aircraft" title="Stealth aircraft">stealth aeroplanes</a> were tracked with <a href="/wiki/Radar" title="Radar">radars</a> operating on long wavelengths. If stealth jets got wet or opened their bomb bay doors, they would become visible on the radar screens. The <a href="/wiki/1999_F-117A_shootdown" title="1999 F-117A shootdown">downing of an F-117 Nighthawk</a> by a missile was possibly spotted in this way.<a href="#cite_note-376">[373]</a></li> <li>Dummy targets such as fake bridges, airfields and decoy aeroplanes and tanks were used extensively. Tanks were made using old tires, plastic sheeting and logs, and sand cans and fuel set alight to mimic heat missions. Serbia claims they fooled NATO pilots into bombing hundreds of decoys, though General Clark's survey found that in Operation: Allied Force, NATO airmen hit just 25 decoys – an insignificant percentage of the 974 validated hits.<a href="#cite_note-fooled-377">[374]</a> <a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a> sources claim that this was due to operating procedures, which oblige troops, in this case aircraft, to engage any and all targets, however unlikely they may be. The targets needed only to look real to be shot at when detected. NATO claimed that the Yugoslav air force was devastated: "Official data show that the Yugoslav army in Kosovo lost 26 percent of its tanks, 34 percent of its APCs, and 47 percent of the artillery to the air campaign."<a href="#cite_note-fooled-377">[374]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Military_decorations">Military decorations</h2></div> As a result of the Kosovo War, the North Atlantic Treaty Organization created a second NATO medal, the <a href="/wiki/NATO_Medal" title="NATO Medal">NATO Medal</a> for Kosovo Service, an <a href="/wiki/International_military_decoration" class="mw-redirect" title="International military decoration">international military decoration</a>. Shortly thereafter, NATO created the Non-Article 5 Medal for Balkans service to combine both Yugoslavian and Kosovo operations into one service medal.<a href="#cite_note-378">[375]</a> Due to the involvement of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_armed_forces" class="mw-redirect" title="United States armed forces">United States armed forces</a>, a separate <a href="/wiki/Awards_and_decorations_of_the_United_States_military" class="mw-redirect" title="Awards and decorations of the United States military">US military decoration</a>, known as the <a href="/wiki/Kosovo_Campaign_Medal" title="Kosovo Campaign Medal">Kosovo Campaign Medal</a>, was established by President <a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a> in 2000. The <a href="/wiki/Kosovo_Campaign_Medal" title="Kosovo Campaign Medal">Kosovo Campaign Medal</a> (KCM) is a military award of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Armed_Forces" title="United States Armed Forces">United States Armed Forces</a> established by Executive Order 13154 of President Bill Clinton on 3 May 2000. The medal recognises military service performed in Kosovo from 24 March 1999 through 31 December 2013. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Weaponry_and_vehicles_used">Weaponry and vehicles used</h2></div> A variety of weapons were used by the Yugoslav security forces and the Kosovo Liberation Army, NATO only operated aircraft and naval units during the conflict. <dl><dt>Yugoslav security forces</dt></dl> The weapons used by Yugoslav government were mostly Yugoslav made, while almost all of their AA units were Soviet made. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 18em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/BOV_(APC)" class="mw-redirect" title="BOV (APC)">BOV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BVP_M-80" title="BVP M-80">BVP M-80</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/152_mm_towed_gun-howitzer_M1955_(D-20)" class="mw-redirect" title="152 mm towed gun-howitzer M1955 (D-20)">D-20</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/122_mm_howitzer_2A18_(D-30)" title="122 mm howitzer 2A18 (D-30)">D-30</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MiG-21" class="mw-redirect" title="MiG-21">MiG-21</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MiG-29" class="mw-redirect" title="MiG-29">MiG-29</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M79_Osa" title="M79 Osa">M79 Osa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M80_Zolja" title="M80 Zolja">M80 Zolja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M-84" title="M-84">M-84</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S-125_Neva/Pechora" title="S-125 Neva/Pechora">SA-3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2K12_Kub" title="2K12 Kub">SA-6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strela_2" class="mw-redirect" title="Strela 2">SA-7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/9K31_Strela-1" title="9K31 Strela-1">SA-9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/9K35_Strela-10" title="9K35 Strela-10">SA-13</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SA-16" class="mw-redirect" title="SA-16">SA-16</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soko_J-22_Orao" title="Soko J-22 Orao">Soko J-22 Orao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A%C3%A9rospatiale_Gazelle" title="Aérospatiale Gazelle">Soko Gazelle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T-54/55" class="mw-redirect" title="T-54/55">T-54/55</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zastava_M70" class="mw-redirect" title="Zastava M70">Zastava M70</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zastava_M72" title="Zastava M72">Zastava M72</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zastava_M76" title="Zastava M76">Zastava M76</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zastava_M84" title="Zastava M84">Zastava M84</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zastava_M90" title="Zastava M90">Zastava M90</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zastava_M91" title="Zastava M91">Zastava M91</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2S1_Gvozdika" title="2S1 Gvozdika">2S1 Gvozdika</a></li></ul> </div> <dl><dt>Kosovo Liberation Army</dt></dl> The weapons used by the <a href="/wiki/Kosovo_Liberation_Army" title="Kosovo Liberation Army">Kosovo Liberation Army</a> were mostly Soviet Kalashnikovs and Chinese derivatives of the AK-47 and some Western weaponry. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 18em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AKM" title="AKM">AKM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AK-47" title="AK-47">AK-47</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armsel_Striker" title="Armsel Striker">Armsel Striker</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]</li> <li><a href="/wiki/152_mm_howitzer_M1943_(D-1)" title="152 mm howitzer M1943 (D-1)">D-1 howitzer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RPK" title="RPK">RPK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SKS" title="SKS">SKS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Type_56_assault_rifle" title="Type 56 assault rifle">Type 56 assault rifle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Type_63_assault_rifle" title="Type 63 assault rifle">Type 63 assault rifle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zastava_M70" class="mw-redirect" title="Zastava M70">Zastava M70</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zastava_M76" title="Zastava M76">Zastava M76</a></li></ul> </div> <dl><dt>NATO</dt></dl> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 18em;"> Aircraft used by NATO were: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/A-10_Thunderbolt" class="mw-redirect" title="A-10 Thunderbolt">A-10 Thunderbolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AC-130_Spooky" class="mw-redirect" title="AC-130 Spooky">AC-130 Spooky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AH-64_Apache" class="mw-redirect" title="AH-64 Apache">AH-64 Apache</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AMX_International_AMX" title="AMX International AMX">AMX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AV-8B_Harrier" class="mw-redirect" title="AV-8B Harrier">AV-8B Harrier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B-1_Lancer" class="mw-redirect" title="B-1 Lancer">B-1 Lancer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B-2_Spirit" class="mw-redirect" title="B-2 Spirit">B-2 Spirit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B-52_Stratofortress" class="mw-redirect" title="B-52 Stratofortress">B-52 Stratofortress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E-3_Sentry" class="mw-redirect" title="E-3 Sentry">E-3 Sentry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E-8_JSTARS" class="mw-redirect" title="E-8 JSTARS">E-8 JSTARS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EA-6B_Prowler" class="mw-redirect" title="EA-6B Prowler">EA-6B Prowler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F-104_Starfighter" class="mw-redirect" title="F-104 Starfighter">F-104 Starfighter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F-117_Nighthawk" class="mw-redirect" title="F-117 Nighthawk">F-117 Nighthawk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F/A-18_Hornet" class="mw-redirect" title="F/A-18 Hornet">F/A-18 Hornet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F-14_Tomcat" class="mw-redirect" title="F-14 Tomcat">F-14 Tomcat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F-15_Eagle" class="mw-redirect" title="F-15 Eagle">F-15 Eagle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F-15_Strike_Eagle" class="mw-redirect" title="F-15 Strike Eagle">F-15 Strike Eagle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F-16_Fighting_Falcon" class="mw-redirect" title="F-16 Fighting Falcon">F-16 Fighting Falcon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F-4_Phantom" class="mw-redirect" title="F-4 Phantom">F-4 Phantom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harrier_jump_jet" title="Harrier jump jet">Harrier jump jet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lockheed_L-1011_TriStar" title="Lockheed L-1011 TriStar">L-1011 TriStar</a><a href="#cite_note-379">[376]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dassault_Mirage_2000" title="Dassault Mirage 2000">Mirage 2000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Atomics_MQ-1_Predator" title="General Atomics MQ-1 Predator">MQ-1 Predator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panavia_Tornado" title="Panavia Tornado">Panavia Tornado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panavia_Tornado_ADV" title="Panavia Tornado ADV">Panavia Tornado ADV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SEPECAT_Jaguar" title="SEPECAT Jaguar">SEPECAT Jaguar</a></li></ul> Guided missiles used were: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AIM-9_Sidewinder" title="AIM-9 Sidewinder">AIM-9 Sidewinder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ALARM" title="ALARM">ALARM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomahawk_(missile_family)" title="Tomahawk (missile family)">Tomahawk</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><a href="/wiki/File:EC1835_C_cut.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/EC1835_C_cut.jpg/24px-EC1835_C_cut.jpg" decoding="async" width="24" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/EC1835_C_cut.jpg/35px-EC1835_C_cut.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/EC1835_C_cut.jpg/47px-EC1835_C_cut.jpg 2x" data-file-width="506" data-file-height="600" /></a><a href="/wiki/Portal:1990s" title="Portal:1990s">1990s portal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albania%E2%80%93Yugoslav_border_incident" class="mw-redirect" title="Albania–Yugoslav border incident">Albania–Yugoslav border incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Destruction_of_Albanian_heritage_in_Kosovo" title="Destruction of Albanian heritage in Kosovo">Destruction of Albanian heritage in Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Destruction_of_Serbian_heritage_in_Kosovo" title="Destruction of Serbian heritage in Kosovo">Destruction of Serbian heritage in Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_the_Pre%C5%A1evo_Valley" title="Insurgency in the Preševo Valley">Insurgency in the Preševo Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Horseshoe" title="Operation Horseshoe">Operation Horseshoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Security_Service_(Serbia)" class="mw-redirect" title="State Security Service (Serbia)">State Security Service (Serbia)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004_unrest_in_Kosovo" title="2004 unrest in Kosovo">2004 unrest in Kosovo</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> From August 1998 as the Kosovo Liberation Army as 138th Brigade. </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> <a href="#cite_note-12">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-13">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-14">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-15">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-16">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-17">[16]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> Serbia claims that 1,008 Yugoslav soldiers and policemen were killed by NATO bombing.<a href="#cite_note-mondo-41">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-42">[40]</a> NATO initially claimed that 5,000 Yugoslav servicemen had been killed and 10,000 had been wounded during the NATO air campaign.<a href="#cite_note-Bideleux_&_Jeffries-43">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-Chambers-44">[42]</a> NATO has since revised this estimation to 1,200 Yugoslav soldiers and policemen killed.<a href="#cite_note-Coopersmith_&_Launius-45">[43]</a> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas200647-2"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomas200647_2-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFThomas2006">Thomas 2006</a>, p. 47. </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFDaniszewski1999" class="citation news cs1">Daniszewski, John (14 April 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1999-apr-14-mn-27375-story.html">"Yugoslav Troops Said to Cross Into Albania"</a>. Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 20 February 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=Yugoslav+Troops+Said+to+Cross+Into+Albania&rft.date=1999-04-14&rft.aulast=Daniszewski&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Farchives%2Fla-xpm-1999-apr-14-mn-27375-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKosovo+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDaly1999" class="citation news cs1">Daly, Emma (14 April 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/war-in-the-balkans-serbs-enter-albania-and-burn-village-1087030.html">"War In The Balkans: Serbs enter Albania and burn village"</a>. The Independent. London. Retrieved 20 February 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=War+In+The+Balkans%3A+Serbs+enter+Albania+and+burn+village&rft.date=1999-04-14&rft.aulast=Daly&rft.aufirst=Emma&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fwar-in-the-balkans-serbs-enter-albania-and-burn-village-1087030.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKosovo+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fas.org/irp/threat/terrorism/sup6.pdf">"Hostage-Taking and Kidnapping Terror in the COE"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Fort_Leavenworth" title="Fort Leavenworth">Fort Leavenworth</a>, Kansas: <a href="/wiki/US_Army_Training_and_Doctrine_Command" class="mw-redirect" title="US Army Training and Doctrine Command">US Army Training and Doctrine Command</a> TRADOC G2. 5 December 2008 [15 September 2008] – via <a href="/wiki/Federation_of_American_Scientists" title="Federation of American Scientists">Federation of American Scientists</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hostage-Taking+and+Kidnapping+Terror+in+the+COE&rft.place=Fort+Leavenworth%2C+Kansas&rft.pub=US+Army+Training+and+Doctrine+Command+TRADOC+G2&rft.date=2008-12-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffas.org%2Firp%2Fthreat%2Fterrorism%2Fsup6.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKosovo+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wrmea.com/1999-july-august/a-chronology-of-u.s.-middle-east-relations.html">"A Chronology of U.S.-Middle East Relations"</a>. WRMEA.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=WRMEA&rft.atitle=A+Chronology+of+U.S.-Middle+East+Relations&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wrmea.com%2F1999-july-august%2Fa-chronology-of-u.s.-middle-east-relations.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKosovo+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNoel2005" class="citation book cs1">Noel, Sid (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GtADbMDlxxsC&pg=PA109">From Power Sharing to Democracy: Post-Conflict Institutions in Ethnically Divided Societies</a>. McGill-Queen's University Press. p. 109. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-77357-310-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-77357-310-9"><bdi>978-0-77357-310-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+Power+Sharing+to+Democracy%3A+Post-Conflict+Institutions+in+Ethnically+Divided+Societies&rft.pages=109&rft.pub=McGill-Queen%27s+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-77357-310-9&rft.aulast=Noel&rft.aufirst=Sid&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGtADbMDlxxsC%26pg%3DPA109&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKosovo+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRametSimkusListhaug2015" class="citation book cs1">Ramet, Sabrina P.; Simkus, Albert; Listhaug, Ola, eds. (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8f0OEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA121">Civic and Uncivic Values in Kosovo: History, Politics, and Value Transformation</a>. Central European University Press. p. 121. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9-63386-074-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-9-63386-074-8"><bdi>978-9-63386-074-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Civic+and+Uncivic+Values+in+Kosovo%3A+History%2C+Politics%2C+and+Value+Transformation&rft.pages=121&rft.pub=Central+European+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-9-63386-074-8&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8f0OEAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA121&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKosovo+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> Stigler, Andrew L. "A clear victory for air power: NATO's empty threat to invade Kosovo." International Security 27.3 (2003): 124–157. </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/inatl/longterm/balkans/stories/belgrade061199.htm?noredirect=on">"Milosevic Claims Victory, Lauds Army"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Washington_Post" class="mw-redirect" title="Washington Post">Washington Post</a>. 11 June 1999.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Milosevic+Claims+Victory%2C+Lauds+Army&rft.date=1999-06-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fwp-srv%2Finatl%2Flongterm%2Fbalkans%2Fstories%2Fbelgrade061199.htm%3Fnoredirect%3Don&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKosovo+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReitmanRichterDahlburg1999" class="citation news cs1">Reitman, Valerie; Richter, Paul; Dahlburg, John-Thor (10 June 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/1999/06/10/MN82284.DTL">"Yugoslav, NATO Generals Sign Peace Agreement for Kosovo / Alliance will end air campaign when Serbian troops pull out"</a>. San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved 20 February 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=San+Francisco+Chronicle&rft.atitle=Yugoslav%2C+NATO+Generals+Sign+Peace+Agreement+for+Kosovo+%2F+Alliance+will+end+air+campaign+when+Serbian+troops+pull+out&rft.date=1999-06-10&rft.aulast=Reitman&rft.aufirst=Valerie&rft.au=Richter%2C+Paul&rft.au=Dahlburg%2C+John-Thor&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sfgate.com%2Fcgi-bin%2Farticle.cgi%3Ff%3D%2Fc%2Fa%2F1999%2F06%2F10%2FMN82284.DTL&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKosovo+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVladisavljević2012" class="citation book cs1">Vladisavljević, Nebojša (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wkQ3I6GyClEC&pg=PA29">"Kosovo and Two Dimensions of the Contemporary Serb-Albanian Conflict"</a>. In Hudson, Robert; Bowman, Glenn (eds.). After Yugoslavia: Identities and Politics Within the Successor States. Cham, Switzerland: <a href="/wiki/Palgrave_Macmillan" title="Palgrave Macmillan">Palgrave Macmillan</a>. pp. 29–30. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1057%2F9780230305137_3">10.1057/9780230305137_3</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0230201316" title="Special:BookSources/978-0230201316"><bdi>978-0230201316</bdi></a>. Retrieved 12 December 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Kosovo+and+Two+Dimensions+of+the+Contemporary+Serb-Albanian+Conflict&rft.btitle=After+Yugoslavia%3A+Identities+and+Politics+Within+the+Successor+States&rft.place=Cham%2C+Switzerland&rft.pages=29-30&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1057%2F9780230305137_3&rft.isbn=978-0230201316&rft.aulast=Vladisavljevi%C4%87&rft.aufirst=Neboj%C5%A1a&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwkQ3I6GyClEC%26pg%3DPA29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKosovo+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWills2009" class="citation book cs1">Wills, Siobhán (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QoqQ7kBrlSAC&pg=PA219">Protecting Civilians: The Obligations of Peacekeepers</a>. Oxford and New York: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. p. 219. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-953387-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-953387-9"><bdi>978-0-19-953387-9</bdi></a>. Retrieved 12 December 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Protecting+Civilians%3A+The+Obligations+of+Peacekeepers&rft.place=Oxford+and+New+York&rft.pages=219&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-19-953387-9&rft.aulast=Wills&rft.aufirst=Siobh%C3%A1n&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQoqQ7kBrlSAC%26pg%3DPA219&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKosovo+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hrw.org/reports/1999/kosov2/">"Abuses against Serbs and Roma in the new Kosovo"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch" title="Human Rights Watch">Human Rights Watch</a>. August 1999. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221113211702/http://www.hrw.org/reports/1999/kosov2/">Archived</a> from the original on 13 November 2022. Retrieved 12 December 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Abuses+against+Serbs+and+Roma+in+the+new+Kosovo&rft.pub=Human+Rights+Watch&rft.date=1999-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hrw.org%2Freports%2F1999%2Fkosov2%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKosovo+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hrw.org/reports/2004/kosovo0704/7.htm">"The Violence: Ethnic Albanian Attacks on Serbs and Roma"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch" title="Human Rights Watch">Human Rights Watch</a>. July 2004. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220712101508/https://www.hrw.org/reports/2004/kosovo0704/7.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 12 July 2022. Retrieved 12 December 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Violence%3A+Ethnic+Albanian+Attacks+on+Serbs+and+Roma&rft.pub=Human+Rights+Watch&rft.date=2004-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hrw.org%2Freports%2F2004%2Fkosovo0704%2F7.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKosovo+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unhcr.org/3ae6b80f2c.html">"Kosovo Crisis Update"</a>. <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_High_Commissioner_for_Refugees" title="United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees">UNHCR</a>. 4 August 1999. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220702170303/https://www.unhcr.org/3ae6b80f2c.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2 July 2022. Retrieved 12 December 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=UNHCR&rft.atitle=Kosovo+Crisis+Update&rft.date=1999-08-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.unhcr.org%2F3ae6b80f2c.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKosovo+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.osce.org/odihr/21342">"Forced Expulsion of Kosovo Roma, Ashkali and Egyptians from OSCE Participated state to Kosovo"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Organization_for_Security_and_Co-operation_in_Europe" title="Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe">OSCE</a>. 6 October 2006. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220528105950/https://www.osce.org/odihr/21342">Archived</a> from the original on 28 May 2022. Retrieved 12 December 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Forced+Expulsion+of+Kosovo+Roma%2C+Ashkali+and+Egyptians+from+OSCE+Participated+state+to+Kosovo&rft.pub=OSCE&rft.date=2006-10-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.osce.org%2Fodihr%2F21342&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKosovo+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKettle1999" class="citation news cs1">Kettle, Martin (29 May 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/1999/may/29/balkans3">"Strength of KLA 'has tripled'"</a>. The Guardian.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Strength+of+KLA+%27has+tripled%27&rft.date=1999-05-29&rft.aulast=Kettle&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F1999%2Fmay%2F29%2Fbalkans3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKosovo+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBartrop2016" class="citation book cs1">Bartrop, Paul R. (18 January 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bBjHEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA120">Bosnian Genocide: The Essential Reference Guide</a>. Bloomsbury Publishing USA. p. 120. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4408-3869-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4408-3869-9"><bdi>978-1-4408-3869-9</bdi></a>. <q>At the height of its operations, the KLA had some 20,000 armed troops.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bosnian+Genocide%3A+The+Essential+Reference+Guide&rft.pages=120&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing+USA&rft.date=2016-01-18&rft.isbn=978-1-4408-3869-9&rft.aulast=Bartrop&rft.aufirst=Paul+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbBjHEAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA120&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKosovo+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavison1999" class="citation news cs1">Davison, Phil (12 June 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/focus-kosovo-peace-deal-briton-in-kla-kills-24-serbs-1099942.html">"Focus: Kosovo Peace Deal - Briton in KLA 'kills 24 Serbs'"</a>. Independent. Retrieved 27 April 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Independent&rft.atitle=Focus%3A+Kosovo+Peace+Deal+-+Briton+in+KLA+%27kills+24+Serbs%27&rft.date=1999-06-12&rft.aulast=Davison&rft.aufirst=Phil&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fnews%2Ffocus-kosovo-peace-deal-briton-in-kla-kills-24-serbs-1099942.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKosovo+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://riskbulletins.globalinitiative.net/see-obs-014/04-balkans-fighters-are-taking-up-arms-in-ukraine.html">"Balkans fighters are taking up arms in Ukraine, with risks for organized crime"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Global_Initiative_Against_Transnational_Organized_Crime" title="Global Initiative Against Transnational Organized Crime">Global Initiative Against Transnational Organized Crime</a>. Retrieved 27 April 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Balkans+fighters+are+taking+up+arms+in+Ukraine%2C+with+risks+for+organized+crime&rft.pub=Global+Initiative+Against+Transnational+Organized+Crime&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Friskbulletins.globalinitiative.net%2Fsee-obs-014%2F04-balkans-fighters-are-taking-up-arms-in-ukraine.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKosovo+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREF12_mal_bewertet1999" class="citation web cs1">12 mal bewertet (24 March 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110903002336/http://www.60xdeutschland.de/die-bundeswehr-zieht-in-den-krieg/">"Die Bundeswehr zieht in den Krieg"</a>. 60xdeutschland.de. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.60xdeutschland.de/die-bundeswehr-zieht-in-den-krieg/">the original</a> on 3 September 2011. Retrieved 6 May 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=60xdeutschland.de&rft.atitle=Die+Bundeswehr+zieht+in+den+Krieg&rft.date=1999-03-24&rft.au=12+mal+bewertet&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.60xdeutschland.de%2Fdie-bundeswehr-zieht-in-den-krieg%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKosovo+War" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-Kosovo_operation_allied_force_after-action_report-24"><a href="#cite_ref-Kosovo_operation_allied_force_after-action_report_24-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161102034549/http://www.au.af.mil/au/awc/awcgate/kosovoaa/kaar02072000.pdf">"Report to Congress: Kosovo operation allied force after-action report"</a> (PDF). au.af.mil: 31–32. 30 January 2000. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.au.af.mil/au/awc/awcgate/kosovoaa/kaar02072000.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 2 November 2016. Retrieved 26 October 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=au.af.mil&rft.atitle=Report+to+Congress%3A+Kosovo+operation+allied+force+after-action+report&rft.pages=31-32&rft.date=2000-01-30&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.au.af.mil%2Fau%2Fawc%2Fawcgate%2Fkosovoaa%2Fkaar02072000.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKosovo+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-defense1-25">^ <a href="#cite_ref-defense1_25-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-defense1_25-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-defense1_25-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-defense1_25-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-defense1_25-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-defense1_25-5">f</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100228163643/http://www.defense.gov/specials/kosovo/">"NATO Operation Allied Force"</a>. Defense.gov. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.defense.gov/specials/kosovo/">the original</a> on 28 February 2010. Retrieved 28 February 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Defense.gov&rft.atitle=NATO+Operation+Allied+Force&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.defense.gov%2Fspecials%2Fkosovo%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKosovo+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2.php?url=https://archive.defense.gov/specials/kosovo/#federation=archive.wikiwix.com&tab=url">"NATO Operation Allied Force"</a>. archive.wikiwix.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.defense.gov/specials/kosovo/#federation=archive.wikiwix.com&tab=url">the original</a> on 15 June 2007. Retrieved 4 January 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=archive.wikiwix.com&rft.atitle=NATO+Operation+Allied+Force&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.defense.gov%2Fspecials%2Fkosovo%2F%23federation%3Darchive.wikiwix.com%26tab%3Durl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKosovo+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hrw.org/reports/2001/kosovo/undword-02.htm">"Under Orders: War Crimes in Kosovo - 3. Forces of the Conflict"</a>. hrw.org. Human Rights Watch.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=hrw.org&rft.atitle=Under+Orders%3A+War+Crimes+in+Kosovo+-+3.+Forces+of+the+Conflict&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hrw.org%2Freports%2F2001%2Fkosovo%2Fundword-02.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKosovo+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/348340.stm">"Fighting for a foreign land"</a>. BBC News. 20 May 1999. Retrieved 28 February 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Fighting+for+a+foreign+land&rft.date=1999-05-20&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Feurope%2F348340.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKosovo+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111226014819/http://russiajournal.com/node/487n">"Russian volunteer's account of Kosovo"</a>. The Russia Journal. 5 July 1999. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://russiajournal.com/node/487">the original</a> on 26 December 2011. Retrieved 28 February 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Russia+Journal&rft.atitle=Russian+volunteer%27s+account+of+Kosovo&rft.date=1999-07-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frussiajournal.com%2Fnode%2F487&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKosovo+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vYpXDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT22">Ukraine in the Crossfire</a>. SCB Distributors. 5 April 2017. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780997896541" title="Special:BookSources/9780997896541"><bdi>9780997896541</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ukraine+in+the+Crossfire&rft.pub=SCB+Distributors&rft.date=2017-04-05&rft.isbn=9780997896541&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvYpXDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT22&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKosovo+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDaalderO'Hanlon2000151-31">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDaalderO'Hanlon2000151_31-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDaalderO'Hanlon2000151_31-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFDaalderO'Hanlon2000">Daalder & O'Hanlon 2000</a>, p. 151. </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://klankosova.tv/kosova-ka-2961-deshmore/">"Kosova ka 2961 dëshmorë"</a>. Klan Kosova. 10 November 2017. Retrieved 11 August 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Kosova+ka+2961+d%C3%ABshmor%C3%AB&rft.date=2017-11-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fklankosova.tv%2Fkosova-ka-2961-deshmore%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKosovo+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-presentation-33">^ <a href="#cite_ref-presentation_33-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-presentation_33-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-presentation_33-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-presentation_33-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-presentation_33-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-presentation_33-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-presentation_33-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-presentation_33-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-presentation_33-8">i</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190111055051/http://www.kosovomemorybook.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/Expert_Evaluation_of_Kosovo_Memory_Book_Database_Prishtina_04_02_2015.pdf">"Kosovo Memory Book Database Presentation and Evaluation"</a> (PDF). Humanitarian Law Center. 4 February 2015. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kosovomemorybook.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/Expert_Evaluation_of_Kosovo_Memory_Book_Database_Prishtina_04_02_2015.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 11 January 2019. Retrieved 6 February 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Kosovo+Memory+Book+Database+Presentation+and+Evaluation&rft.pub=Humanitarian+Law+Center&rft.date=2015-02-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kosovomemorybook.org%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2015%2F02%2FExpert_Evaluation_of_Kosovo_Memory_Book_Database_Prishtina_04_02_2015.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKosovo+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/335709.stm">"Two die in Apache crash"</a>. BBC News. 5 May 1999. Retrieved 6 May 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Two+die+in+Apache+crash&rft.date=1999-05-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2F335709.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKosovo+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.strategypage.com/htmw/htada/articles/20051121.aspx">"How to Take Down an F-117"</a>. Strategypage.com. 21 November 2005. Retrieved 6 May 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Strategypage.com&rft.atitle=How+to+Take+Down+an+F-117&rft.date=2005-11-21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.strategypage.com%2Fhtmw%2Fhtada%2Farticles%2F20051121.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKosovo+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.f-16.net/news_article2167.html">"Holloman commander recalls being shot down in Serbia"</a>. F-16.net. 7 February 2007. Retrieved 6 May 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=F-16.net&rft.atitle=Holloman+commander+recalls+being+shot+down+in+Serbia&rft.date=2007-02-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.f-16.net%2Fnews_article2167.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKosovo+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ejection-history1-37">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ejection-history1_37-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ejection-history1_37-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ejection-history1_37-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120119090754/http://www.ejection-history.org.uk/Aircraft_by_Type/A-10_Thunderbolt_II.htm">"A-10 Thunderbolt II"</a>. Ejection-history.org.uk. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ejection-history.org.uk/Aircraft_by_Type/A-10_Thunderbolt_II.htm">the original</a> on 19 January 2012. Retrieved 20 February 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A-10+Thunderbolt+II&rft.pub=Ejection-history.org.uk&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ejection-history.org.uk%2FAircraft_by_Type%2FA-10_Thunderbolt_II.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKosovo+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=AT&p_theme=at&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=0EADA4695E8E4162&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D&s_trackval=GooglePM#profF-117">"F-117 damage said attributed to full moon"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Atlanta_Journal-Constitution" title="The Atlanta Journal-Constitution">The Atlanta Journal-Constitution</a>. 6 May 1999. p. A14. Retrieved 20 February 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Atlanta+Journal-Constitution&rft.atitle=F-117+damage+said+attributed+to+full+moon&rft.pages=A14&rft.date=1999-05-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnl.newsbank.com%2Fnl-search%2Fwe%2FArchives%3Fp_product%3DAT%26p_theme%3Dat%26p_action%3Dsearch%26p_maxdocs%3D200%26p_topdoc%3D1%26p_text_direct-0%3D0EADA4695E8E4162%26p_field_direct-0%3Ddocument_id%26p_perpage%3D10%26p_sort%3DYMD_date%3AD%26s_trackval%3DGooglePM%23profF-117&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKosovo+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/333596.stm">"Nato loses two planes"</a>. BBC News. 2 May 1999. Retrieved 6 May 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Nato+loses+two+planes&rft.date=1999-05-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Feurope%2F333596.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKosovo+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKislyakov2007" class="citation news cs1">Kislyakov, Andrei (9 October 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.radardaily.com/reports/Unmanned_Aerial_Vehicles_Increase_In_Numbers_999.html">"Unmanned Aerial Vehicles Increase In Numbers"</a>. Radardaily.com. RIA Novosti. Retrieved 28 February 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Unmanned+Aerial+Vehicles+Increase+In+Numbers&rft.date=2007-10-09&rft.aulast=Kislyakov&rft.aufirst=Andrei&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.radardaily.com%2Freports%2FUnmanned_Aerial_Vehicles_Increase_In_Numbers_999.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKosovo+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-mondo-41">^ <a href="#cite_ref-mondo_41-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-mondo_41-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160806174328/http://mondo.rs/a278816/Info/Srbija/NATO-nam-ubio-1.008-vojnika-i-policajaca.html">"NATO nam ubio 1.008 vojnika i policajaca"</a>. Mondo. 11 February 2013. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mondo.rs/a278816/Info/Srbija/NATO-nam-ubio-1.008-vojnika-i-policajaca.html">the original</a> on 6 August 2016. Retrieved 11 February 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=NATO+nam+ubio+1.008+vojnika+i+policajaca&rft.pub=Mondo&rft.date=2013-02-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmondo.rs%2Fa278816%2FInfo%2FSrbija%2FNATO-nam-ubio-1.008-vojnika-i-policajaca.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKosovo+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rts.rs/page/stories/sr/story/9/politika/1264384/stradalo-1008-vojnika-i-policajaca.html">"Stradalo 1.008 vojnika i policajaca"</a>. www.rts.rs. RTS, Radio televizija Srbije, Radio Television of Serbia.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.rts.rs&rft.atitle=Stradalo+1.008+vojnika+i+policajaca&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rts.rs%2Fpage%2Fstories%2Fsr%2Fstory%2F9%2Fpolitika%2F1264384%2Fstradalo-1008-vojnika-i-policajaca.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKosovo+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bideleux_&_Jeffries-43">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bideleux_&_Jeffries_43-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bideleux_&_Jeffries_43-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBideleuxJeffries2006" class="citation book cs1">Bideleux, Robert; Jeffries, Ian (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/balkanspostcommu0000bide/page/558">The Balkans: A Post-Communist History</a>. Routledge. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/balkanspostcommu0000bide/page/558">558</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-203-96911-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-203-96911-3"><bdi>978-0-203-96911-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Balkans%3A+A+Post-Communist+History&rft.pages=558&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-203-96911-3&rft.aulast=Bideleux&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft.au=Jeffries%2C+Ian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbalkanspostcommu0000bide%2Fpage%2F558&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKosovo+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Chambers-44">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Chambers_44-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Chambers_44-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChambers_II1999" class="citation book cs1">Chambers II, John Whiteclay (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/oxfordcompaniont00cham/page/375">The Oxford Companion to American Military History</a>. Oxford University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/oxfordcompaniont00cham/page/375">375</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-507198-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-507198-6"><bdi>978-0-19-507198-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Companion+to+American+Military+History&rft.pages=375&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-19-507198-6&rft.aulast=Chambers+II&rft.aufirst=John+Whiteclay&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Foxfordcompaniont00cham%2Fpage%2F375&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKosovo+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Coopersmith_&_Launius-45">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Coopersmith_&_Launius_45-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Coopersmith_&_Launius_45-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoopersmithLaunius2003" class="citation book cs1">Coopersmith, Jonathan; Launius, Roger D. (2003). Taking Off: A Century of Manned Flight. American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics. p. 54. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56347-610-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56347-610-5"><bdi>978-1-56347-610-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Taking+Off%3A+A+Century+of+Manned+Flight&rft.pages=54&rft.pub=American+Institute+of+Aeronautics+and+Astronautics&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-56347-610-5&rft.aulast=Coopersmith&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rft.au=Launius%2C+Roger+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKosovo+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-fourteen-47">^ <a href="#cite_ref-fourteen_47-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-fourteen_47-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCockburn2011" class="citation news cs1">Cockburn, Andrew (3 April 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latimes.com/opinion/la-xpm-2011-apr-03-la-oe-cockburn-libya-20110403-story.html">"The limits of air power"</a>. Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 3 March 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=The+limits+of+air+power&rft.date=2011-04-03&rft.aulast=Cockburn&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Fopinion%2Fla-xpm-2011-apr-03-la-oe-cockburn-libya-20110403-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKosovo+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacdonald200799-48"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacdonald200799_48-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMacdonald2007">Macdonald 2007</a>, p. 99. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBacevichCohen200122-49"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBacevichCohen200122_49-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBacevichCohen2001">Bacevich & Cohen 2001</a>, p. 22. </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.berliner-zeitung.de/ein-berliner-ein-dresdener-und-ein-daene-erzaehlen-wie-sie-als-freiwillige-zu-den-albanischen-rebellen-der-uck-kamen-aus-dem-schuetzenverein-ins-kosovo-li.68562">"Ein Berliner, ein Dresdener und ein Däne erzählen, wie sie als Freiwillige zu den albanischen Rebellen der UCK kamen: Aus dem Schützenverein ins Kosovo"</a>. Berliner Zeitung (in German). 11 July 1999. Retrieved 3 April 2024. <q>Am Nachmittag des 6. April stößt seine Einheit in einem Wäldchen nahe Pristina auf eine Gruppe von Kämpfern des berüchtigten Serbenführers Arkan. Erst nach einem langen, heftigen Schußwechsel ziehen sich Arkans Soldaten zurück. Sie haben zwanzig Männer verloren. Sascha sagt, die Gefallenen seien Russen gewesen. Auch einer der UCK-Soldaten stirbt in diesem Kampf. (German) On the afternoon of April 6, his unit encountered a group of fighters belonging to the notorious Serb leader Arkan in a forest near Pristina. Only after a long, fierce exchange of fire do Arkan's soldiers retreat. They lost twenty men. Sascha says the fallen were Russians. One of the KLA soldiers also dies in this fight. (English)</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Berliner+Zeitung&rft.atitle=Ein+Berliner%2C+ein+Dresdener+und+ein+D%C3%A4ne+erz%C3%A4hlen%2C+wie+sie+als+Freiwillige+zu+den+albanischen+Rebellen+der+UCK+kamen%3A+Aus+dem+Sch%C3%BCtzenverein+ins+Kosovo&rft.date=1999-07-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.berliner-zeitung.de%2Fein-berliner-ein-dresdener-und-ein-daene-erzaehlen-wie-sie-als-freiwillige-zu-den-albanischen-rebellen-der-uck-kamen-aus-dem-schuetzenverein-ins-kosovo-li.68562&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKosovo+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://srbin.info/drustvo/otkrivamo-ko-je-ubijeni-rusi-dobrovoljac-ciji-snimak-ubistva-su-objavili-albancivideo/">https://srbin.info/drustvo/otkrivamo-ko-je-ubijeni-rusi-dobrovoljac-ciji-snimak-ubistva-su-objavili-albancivideo/</a> [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Bare_URLs" title="Wikipedia:Bare URLs">bare URL</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hlc-rdc.org/db/kkp_en/index.html">"List of killed, missing and disappeared 1998-2000"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=List+of+killed%2C+missing+and+disappeared+1998-2000&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hlc-rdc.org%2Fdb%2Fkkp_en%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKosovo+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClodfelter2008" class="citation book cs1">Clodfelter, Micheal (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/warfarearmedconf0000clod/page/n9/mode/2up">Warfare and armed conflicts : A statistical encyclopedia of casualty and other figures, 1494-2007</a>. McFarland, Incorporated, Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-3319-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-3319-3"><bdi>978-0-7864-3319-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Warfare+and+armed+conflicts+%3A+A+statistical+encyclopedia+of+casualty+and+other+figures%2C+1494-2007&rft.pub=McFarland%2C+Incorporated%2C+Publishers&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-7864-3319-3&rft.aulast=Clodfelter&rft.aufirst=Micheal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwarfarearmedconf0000clod%2Fpage%2Fn9%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKosovo+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Facts_and_Figurues_-_War_in_Europe-54">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Facts_and_Figurues_-_War_in_Europe_54-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Facts_and_Figurues_-_War_in_Europe_54-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/kosovo/etc/facts.html">"Facts and Figurues – War in Europe"</a>. www.pbs.org. Retrieved 27 January 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.pbs.org&rft.atitle=Facts+and+Figurues+%E2%80%93+War+in+Europe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbs.org%2Fwgbh%2Fpages%2Ffrontline%2Fshows%2Fkosovo%2Fetc%2Ffacts.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKosovo+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJudah1997" class="citation book cs1">Judah, Tim (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KxQaCAAAQBAJ&q=848%2C000">The Serbs: History, Myth and the Destruction of Yugoslavia</a> (2009, 3rd ed.). <a href="/wiki/New_Haven,_Connecticut" title="New Haven, Connecticut">New Haven, Connecticut</a>: <a href="/wiki/Yale_University_Press" title="Yale University Press">Yale University Press</a>. p. 150. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-15826-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-15826-7"><bdi>978-0-300-15826-7</bdi></a>. Retrieved 3 January 2021 – via <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>. <q>the Serbian police began clearing ... people [who] were marched down to the station and deported... the UNCHR registered 848,000 people who had either been forcibly expelled or had fled</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Serbs%3A+History%2C+Myth+and+the+Destruction+of+Yugoslavia&rft.place=New+Haven%2C+Connecticut&rft.pages=150&rft.edition=2009%2C+3rd&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-300-15826-7&rft.aulast=Judah&rft.aufirst=Tim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKxQaCAAAQBAJ%26q%3D848%252C000&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKosovo+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Kosovo/Kosova: As Seen. pp. Part III, Chap 14.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kosovo%2FKosova%3A+As+Seen&rft.pages=Part+III%2C+Chap+14&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKosovo+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-hrw.org-57"><a href="#cite_ref-hrw.org_57-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090419162307/http://www.hrw.org/legacy/reports/2000/nato/Natbm200-01.htm">"Civilian Deaths in the NATO Air Campaign – The Crisis In Kosovo"</a>. HRW. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hrw.org/legacy/reports/2000/nato/Natbm200-01.htm">the original</a> on 19 April 2009. Retrieved 20 January 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=HRW&rft.atitle=Civilian+Deaths+in+the+NATO+Air+Campaign+%E2%80%93+The+Crisis+In+Kosovo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hrw.org%2Flegacy%2Freports%2F2000%2Fnato%2FNatbm200-01.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKosovo+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hlc-rdc.org/?p=34890&lang=de">"754 Victims of NATO Bombing – Fond za humanitarno pravo/Humanitarian Law Center/Fondi për të Drejtën Humanitare | Fond za humanitarno pravo/Humanitarian Law Center/Fondi për të Drejtën Humanitare"</a>. www.hlc-rdc.org.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.hlc-rdc.org&rft.atitle=754+Victims+of+NATO+Bombing+%E2%80%93+Fond+za+humanitarno+pravo%2FHumanitarian+Law+Center%2FFondi+p%C3%ABr+t%C3%AB+Drejt%C3%ABn+Humanitare+%26%23124%3B+Fond+za+humanitarno+pravo%2FHumanitarian+Law+Center%2FFondi+p%C3%ABr+t%C3%AB+Drejt%C3%ABn+Humanitare&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hlc-rdc.org%2F%3Fp%3D34890%26lang%3Dde&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKosovo+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-UNHCR2019-59"><a href="#cite_ref-UNHCR2019_59-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unhcr.org/see/wp-content/uploads/sites/57/2019/05/Fact-sheet-Kosovo-9-May-2019.pdf">"UNHCR - Kosovo Fact Sheet 2019"</a> (PDF). UNHCR.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=UNHCR+-+Kosovo+Fact+Sheet+2019&rft.pub=UNHCR&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.unhcr.org%2Fsee%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2Fsites%2F57%2F2019%2F05%2FFact-sheet-Kosovo-9-May-2019.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKosovo+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-hrw2004-60">^ <a href="#cite_ref-hrw2004_60-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-hrw2004_60-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070929145203/http://hrw.org/english/docs/2004/03/18/serbia8129.htm">"Kosovo/Serbia: Protect Minorities from Ethnic Violence"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch" title="Human Rights Watch">Human Rights Watch</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hrw.org/english/docs/2004/03/18/serbia8129.htm">the original</a> on 29 September 2007. Retrieved 10 August 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Kosovo%2FSerbia%3A+Protect+Minorities+from+Ethnic+Violence&rft.pub=Human+Rights+Watch&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhrw.org%2Fenglish%2Fdocs%2F2004%2F03%2F18%2Fserbia8129.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKosovo+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoyle2014" class="citation book cs1">Boyle, Michael J. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PC4_AwAAQBAJ&pg=PA175">Violence After War: Explaining Instability in Post-Conflict States</a>. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 175. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1421412573" title="Special:BookSources/978-1421412573"><bdi>978-1421412573</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Violence+After+War%3A+Explaining+Instability+in+Post-Conflict+States&rft.place=Baltimore&rft.pages=175&rft.pub=Johns+Hopkins+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1421412573&rft.aulast=Boyle&rft.aufirst=Michael+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPC4_AwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA175&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKosovo+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIndependent_International_Commission_on_Kosovo2000" class="citation book cs1">Independent International Commission on Kosovo (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/6D26FF88119644CFC1256989005CD392-thekosovoreport.pdf">The Kosovo Report</a> (PDF). Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 2. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0199243099" title="Special:BookSources/978-0199243099"><bdi>978-0199243099</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Kosovo+Report&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=2&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0199243099&rft.au=Independent+International+Commission+on+Kosovo&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Freliefweb.int%2Fsites%2Freliefweb.int%2Ffiles%2Fresources%2F6D26FF88119644CFC1256989005CD392-thekosovoreport.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKosovo+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFQuackenbush2015" class="citation book cs1">Quackenbush, Stephen L. (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=l9c5DQAAQBAJ&pg=PA202">International Conflict: Logic and Evidence</a>. Los Angeles: Sage. p. 202. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1452240985" title="Special:BookSources/978-1452240985"><bdi>978-1452240985</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=International+Conflict%3A+Logic+and+Evidence&rft.place=Los+Angeles&rft.pages=202&rft.pub=Sage&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1452240985&rft.aulast=Quackenbush&rft.aufirst=Stephen+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dl9c5DQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA202&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKosovo+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEReveronMurer2006[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidOjvdsfiWwJcCpgPA67_67–68]-64"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReveronMurer2006[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidOjvdsfiWwJcCpgPA67_67–68]_64-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFReveronMurer2006">Reveron & Murer 2006</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OjvdsfiWwJcC&pg=PA67">67–68</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> Weymouth, Tony. The Kosovo Crisis: The Last American War in Europe?. United Kingdom: Reuters, 2001. </li> <li id="cite_note-Kubo2010-66">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kubo2010_66-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kubo2010_66-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKubo2010" class="citation journal cs1">Kubo, Keiichi (9 August 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/09668136.2010.497022">"Why Kosovar Albanians Took Up Arms against the Serbian Regime: The Genesis and Expansion of the UÇK in Kosovo"</a>. Europe-Asia Studies. 62 (7): 1135–1152. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F09668136.2010.497022">10.1080/09668136.2010.497022</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0966-8136">0966-8136</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154405255">154405255</a>. Retrieved 7 September 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Europe-Asia+Studies&rft.atitle=Why+Kosovar+Albanians+Took+Up+Arms+against+the+Serbian+Regime%3A+The+Genesis+and+Expansion+of+the+U%C3%87K+in+Kosovo&rft.volume=62&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=1135-1152&rft.date=2010-08-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A154405255%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0966-8136&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F09668136.2010.497022&rft.aulast=Kubo&rft.aufirst=Keiichi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tandfonline.com%2Fdoi%2Ffull%2F10.1080%2F09668136.2010.497022&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKosovo+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hrw.org/reports/2001/kosovo/undword-01.htm">"Under Orders: War Crimes in Kosovo – 2. Background"</a>. www.hrw.org. Retrieved 7 August 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.hrw.org&rft.atitle=Under+Orders%3A+War+Crimes+in+Kosovo+%E2%80%93+2.+Background&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hrw.org%2Freports%2F2001%2Fkosovo%2Fundword-01.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKosovo+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUnited_Nations_High_Commissioner_for_Refugees" class="citation web cs1">United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.refworld.org/docid/469f38f51e.html">"Chronology for Kosovo Albanians in Yugoslavia"</a>. Refworld. Retrieved 7 August 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Refworld&rft.atitle=Chronology+for+Kosovo+Albanians+in+Yugoslavia&rft.au=United+Nations+High+Commissioner+for+Refugees&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.refworld.org%2Fdocid%2F469f38f51e.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKosovo+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMinchevaGurr201327–28-69"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMinchevaGurr201327–28_69-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMinchevaGurr2013">Mincheva & Gurr 2013</a>, pp. 27–28. </li> <li id="cite_note-HRW-70">^ <a href="#cite_ref-HRW_70-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-HRW_70-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hrw.org/reports/2001/kosovo/undword-03.htm">"Under Orders: War Crimes in Kosovo (March–June 1999)"</a>. Human Rights Watch. 12 June 1999. Retrieved 25 February 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Under+Orders%3A+War+Crimes+in+Kosovo+%28March%E2%80%93June+1999%29&rft.pub=Human+Rights+Watch&rft.date=1999-06-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hrw.org%2Freports%2F2001%2Fkosovo%2Fundword-03.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKosovo+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Judah-71"><a href="#cite_ref-Judah_71-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJudah2009" class="citation book cs1">Judah (2009). The Serbs. Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-15826-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-15826-7"><bdi>978-0-300-15826-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Serbs&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-300-15826-7&rft.au=Judah&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKosovo+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://chomsky.info/200005__/">"A Review of NATO's War over Kosovo"</a>. chomsky.info.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=chomsky.info&rft.atitle=A+Review+of+NATO%27s+War+over+Kosovo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fchomsky.info%2F200005__%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKosovo+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/packages/html/world/20071209_KOSOVO_FEATURE/">"Endgame in Kosovo"</a>. The New York Times. 9 December 2007. Retrieved 6 May 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Endgame+in+Kosovo&rft.date=2007-12-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2Fpackages%2Fhtml%2Fworld%2F20071209_KOSOVO_FEATURE%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKosovo+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/363314.stm">"BBC News | Europe | K-For: The task ahead"</a>. BBC News.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=BBC+News+%26%23124%3B+Europe+%26%23124%3B+K-For%3A+The+task+ahead&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Feurope%2F363314.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKosovo+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-chrono-75"><a href="#cite_ref-chrono_75-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hrw.org/campaigns/kosovo98/timeline.shtml">"Kosovo war chronology"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch" title="Human Rights Watch">Human Rights Watch</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Kosovo+war+chronology&rft.pub=Human+Rights+Watch&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hrw.org%2Fcampaigns%2Fkosovo98%2Ftimeline.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKosovo+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.economist.com/blogs/easternapproaches/2012/11/balkan-wars">"The Balkan wars: Reshaping the map of south-eastern Europe"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Economist" title="The Economist">The Economist</a>. 9 November 2012. Retrieved 26 February 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economist&rft.atitle=The+Balkan+wars%3A+Reshaping+the+map+of+south-eastern+Europe&rft.date=2012-11-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.economist.com%2Fblogs%2Feasternapproaches%2F2012%2F11%2Fbalkan-wars&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKosovo+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaines2009" class="citation journal cs1">Haines, Steven (May 2009). "The Influence of Operation Allied Force on the Development of the jus ad bellum". International Affairs. 85 (3). Oxford, England: Oxford University Press: 477–490. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1468-2346.2009.00809.x">10.1111/j.1468-2346.2009.00809.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1468-2346">1468-2346</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/27695026">27695026</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Affairs&rft.atitle=The+Influence+of+Operation+Allied+Force+on+the+Development+of+the+jus+ad+bellum&rft.volume=85&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=477-490&rft.date=2009-05&rft.issn=1468-2346&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F27695026%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1468-2346.2009.00809.x&rft.aulast=Haines&rft.aufirst=Steven&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKosovo+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_Civilian_Deaths-78"><a href="#cite_ref-The_Civilian_Deaths_78-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hrw.org/reports/2000/nato/Natbm200.htm#P88_14845">"The Civilian Deaths"</a>. Civilian deaths in the NATO air campaign. Human Rights Watch. February 2000. Retrieved 3 May 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Civilian+deaths+in+the+NATO+air+campaign&rft.atitle=The+Civilian+Deaths&rft.date=2000-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hrw.org%2Freports%2F2000%2Fnato%2FNatbm200.htm%23P88_14845&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKosovo+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Case_Studies_of_Civilian_Deaths-79"><a href="#cite_ref-Case_Studies_of_Civilian_Deaths_79-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141022190610/http://www.hrw.org/reports/2000/nato/Natbm200-01.htm#P295_79629">"Case Studies of Civilian Deaths"</a>. Civilian deaths in the NATO air campaign. Human Rights Watch. February 2000. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hrw.org/reports/2000/nato/Natbm200-01.htm#P295_79629">the original</a> on 22 October 2014. Retrieved 3 May 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Civilian+deaths+in+the+NATO+air+campaign&rft.atitle=Case+Studies+of+Civilian+Deaths&rft.date=2000-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hrw.org%2Freports%2F2000%2Fnato%2FNatbm200-01.htm%23P295_79629&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKosovo+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Berkeley-80"><a href="#cite_ref-Berkeley_80-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMassa2006" class="citation journal cs1">Massa, Anne-Sophie (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150903234701/http://scholarship.law.berkeley.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1316&context=bjil">"NATO's Intervention in Kosovo and the Decision of the Prosecutor of the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia Not to Investigate"</a>. Berkeley Journal of International Law. 24 (2). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://scholarship.law.berkeley.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1316&context=bjil">the original</a> on 3 September 2015. Retrieved 3 May 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Berkeley+Journal+of+International+Law&rft.atitle=NATO%27s+Intervention+in+Kosovo+and+the+Decision+of+the+Prosecutor+of+the+International+Criminal+Tribunal+for+the+Former+Yugoslavia+Not+to+Investigate&rft.volume=24&rft.issue=2&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Massa&rft.aufirst=Anne-Sophie&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fscholarship.law.berkeley.edu%2Fcgi%2Fviewcontent.cgi%3Farticle%3D1316%26context%3Dbjil&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKosovo+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210414030029/https://apnews.com/article/9532e62d78904daa9c97983a37f40751">"NATO: We Mistakenly Bombed Refugees"</a>. AP News. 15 April 1999. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apnews.com/9532e62d78904daa9c97983a37f40751">the original</a> on 14 April 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=AP+News&rft.atitle=NATO%3A+We+Mistakenly+Bombed+Refugees&rft.date=1999-04-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapnews.com%2F9532e62d78904daa9c97983a37f40751&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKosovo+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/1530781.stm">"Kosovo assault 'was not genocide'"</a>. BBC. 7 September 2011. Retrieved 19 May 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Kosovo+assault+%27was+not+genocide%27&rft.date=2011-09-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Feurope%2F1530781.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKosovo+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://balkaninsight.com/2014/12/10/kosovo-war-victims-list-published/">"List of Kosovo War Victims Published"</a>. 10 December 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=List+of+Kosovo+War+Victims+Published&rft.date=2014-12-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbalkaninsight.com%2F2014%2F12%2F10%2Fkosovo-war-victims-list-published%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKosovo+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Krieger_p90-84">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Krieger_p90_84-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Krieger_p90_84-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFKrieger2001">Krieger 2001</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-OhPTJn8ZWoC&pg=PA90">90</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-OSCE_2003-85">^ <a href="#cite_ref-OSCE_2003_85-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-OSCE_2003_85-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.osce.org/odihr/17772">"Kosovo / Kosova: As Seen, As Told"</a>. <a href="/wiki/OSCE" class="mw-redirect" title="OSCE">OSCE</a>. 5 November 1999. p. 13. Retrieved 27 June 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Kosovo+%2F+Kosova%3A+As+Seen%2C+As+Told&rft.pages=13&rft.pub=OSCE&rft.date=1999-11-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.osce.org%2Fodihr%2F17772&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKosovo+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Abrahams-86">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Abrahams_86-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Abrahams_86-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFAbrahams2001">Abrahams 2001</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1n8DrZg2rb8C&pg=PA454">454–456</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.b92.net/eng/news/society.php?yyyy=2011&mm=06&dd=20&nav_id=75016">"Serbia home to highest number of refugees and IDPs in Europe"</a>. <a href="/wiki/B92" title="B92">B92</a>. 20 June 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Serbia+home+to+highest+number+of+refugees+and+IDPs+in+Europe&rft.pub=B92&rft.date=2010-06-20&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.b92.net%2Feng%2Fnews%2Fsociety.php%3Fyyyy%3D2011%26mm%3D06%26dd%3D20%26nav_id%3D75016&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKosovo+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.osce.org/serbia/24323?download=true">"Serbia: Europe's largest proctracted refugee situation"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Organization_for_Security_and_Co-operation_in_Europe" title="Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe">OSCE</a>. 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Serbia%3A+Europe%27s+largest+proctracted+refugee+situation&rft.pub=OSCE&rft.date=2008&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.osce.org%2Fserbia%2F24323%3Fdownload%3Dtrue&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKosovo+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kosovo_one_year_on-89"><a href="#cite_ref-Kosovo_one_year_on_89-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/676196.stm">"Kosovo one year on"</a>. BBC. 16 March 2000. Retrieved 4 April 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC&rft.atitle=Kosovo+one+year+on&rft.date=2000-03-16&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Feurope%2F676196.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKosovo+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHuggler2001" class="citation news cs1">Huggler, Justin (12 March 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141029043407/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/kla-veterans-linked-to-latest--bout-of-violence-in-macedonia-686995.html">"KLA veterans linked to latest bout of violence in Macedonia"</a>. The Independent. London. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/kla-veterans-linked-to-latest--bout-of-violence-in-macedonia-686995.html">the original</a> on 29 October 2014. Retrieved 4 April 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=KLA+veterans+linked+to+latest+bout+of+violence+in+Macedonia&rft.date=2001-03-12&rft.aulast=Huggler&rft.aufirst=Justin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld%2Feurope%2Fkla-veterans-linked-to-latest--bout-of-violence-in-macedonia-686995.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKosovo+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-91"><a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_91-0">^</a> Kosovo Liberation Army: the inside story of an insurgency, by Henry H. Perritt [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrantz2009" class="citation journal cs1">Frantz, Eva Anne (2009). "Violence and its Impact on Loyalty and Identity Formation in Late Ottoman Kosovo: Muslims and Christians in a Period of Reform and Transformation". Journal of Muslim Minority Affairs. 29 (4): 460–461. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F13602000903411366">10.1080/13602000903411366</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143499467">143499467</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Muslim+Minority+Affairs&rft.atitle=Violence+and+its+Impact+on+Loyalty+and+Identity+Formation+in+Late+Ottoman+Kosovo%3A+Muslims+and+Christians+in+a+Period+of+Reform+and+Transformation&rft.volume=29&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=460-461&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F13602000903411366&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A143499467%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Frantz&rft.aufirst=Eva+Anne&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKosovo+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMüller2009" class="citation journal cs1">Müller, Dietmar (2009). "Orientalism and Nation: Jews and Muslims as Alterity in Southeastern Europe in the Age of Nation-States, 1878–1941". East Central Europe. 36 (1): 70. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F187633009x411485">10.1163/187633009x411485</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=East+Central+Europe&rft.atitle=Orientalism+and+Nation%3A+Jews+and+Muslims+as+Alterity+in+Southeastern+Europe+in+the+Age+of+Nation-States%2C+1878%E2%80%931941&rft.volume=36&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=70&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F187633009x411485&rft.aulast=M%C3%BCller&rft.aufirst=Dietmar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKosovo+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEElsie2010XXXII-94"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEElsie2010XXXII_94-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFElsie2010">Elsie 2010</a>, p. XXXII. </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPllana1985" class="citation journal cs1">Pllana, Emin (1985). "Les raisons de la manière de l'exode des refugies albanais du territoire du sandjak de Nish a Kosove (1878–1878) The reasons for the manner of the exodus of Albanian refugees from the territory of the Sanjak of Nish to Kosovo (1878–1878)". Studia Albanica. 1: 189–190.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Studia+Albanica&rft.atitle=Les+raisons+de+la+mani%C3%A8re+de+l%27exode+des+refugies+albanais+du+territoire+du+sandjak+de+Nish+a+Kosove+%281878%E2%80%931878%29+The+reasons+for+the+manner+of+the+exodus+of+Albanian+refugees+from+the+territory+of+the+Sanjak+of+Nish+to+Kosovo+%281878%E2%80%931878%29&rft.volume=1&rft.pages=189-190&rft.date=1985&rft.aulast=Pllana&rft.aufirst=Emin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKosovo+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRizaj1981" class="citation journal cs1">Rizaj, Skënder (1981). "Nënte Dokumente angleze mbi Lidhjen Shqiptare të Prizrenit (1878–1880) [Nine English documents about the League of Prizren (1878–1880)". Gjurmine Albanologjike (Seria e Shkencave Historike). 10: 198.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Gjurmine+Albanologjike+%28Seria+e+Shkencave+Historike%29&rft.atitle=N%C3%ABnte+Dokumente+angleze+mbi+Lidhjen+Shqiptare+t%C3%AB+Prizrenit+%281878%E2%80%931880%29+%5BNine+English+documents+about+the+League+of+Prizren+%281878%E2%80%931880%29&rft.volume=10&rft.pages=198&rft.date=1981&rft.aulast=Rizaj&rft.aufirst=Sk%C3%ABnder&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKosovo+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalcolm1998228–229-97"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMalcolm1998228–229_97-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMalcolm1998">Malcolm 1998</a>, pp. 228–229. </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStefanović2005" class="citation journal cs1">Stefanović, Djordje (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0265691405054219">"Seeing the Albanians through Serbian eyes: The Inventors of the Tradition of Intolerance and their Critics, 1804–1939"</a>. European History Quarterly. 35 (3): 469–470. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0265691405054219">10.1177/0265691405054219</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2440%2F124622">2440/124622</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144497487">144497487</a>. <q>In 1878, following a series of Christian uprisings against the Ottoman Empire, the Russo-Turkish War, and the Berlin Congress, Serbia gained complete independence, as well as new territories in the Toplica and Kosanica regions adjacent to Kosovo. These two regions had a sizable Albanian population which the Serbian government decided to deport.. The 'cleansing' of Toplica and Kosanica would have long-term negative effects on Serbian-Albanian relations. The Albanians expelled from these regions moved over the new border to Kosovo, where the Ottoman authorities forced the Serb population out of the border region and settled the refugees there.. A number of Albanian refugees from Toplica region, radicalized by their experience, engaged in retaliatory violence against the Serbian minority in Kosovo...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=European+History+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Seeing+the+Albanians+through+Serbian+eyes%3A+The+Inventors+of+the+Tradition+of+Intolerance+and+their+Critics%2C+1804%E2%80%931939&rft.volume=35&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=469-470&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F2440%2F124622&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144497487%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F0265691405054219&rft.aulast=Stefanovi%C4%87&rft.aufirst=Djordje&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjournals.sagepub.com%2Fdoi%2F10.1177%2F0265691405054219&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKosovo+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrestovci1983" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Brestovci, Sadulla (1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6nQKAQAAIAAJ">Marrëdhëniet shqiptare--serbo-malazeze (1830-1878)</a> (in Albanian).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Marr%C3%ABdh%C3%ABniet+shqiptare--serbo-malazeze+%281830-1878%29&rft.date=1983&rft.aulast=Brestovci&rft.aufirst=Sadulla&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6nQKAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKosovo+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Rama" class="citation book cs1">Rama, Shinasi (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oJaDDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA72">Nation Failure, Ethnic Elites, and Balance of Power: The International Administration of Kosova</a>. Springer. pp. 72–73. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3030051921" title="Special:BookSources/978-3030051921"><bdi>978-3030051921</bdi></a>. Retrieved 27 March 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nation+Failure%2C+Ethnic+Elites%2C+and+Balance+of+Power%3A+The+International+Administration+of+Kosova&rft.pages=72-73&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-3030051921&rft.aulast=Rama&rft.aufirst=Shinasi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DoJaDDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA72&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKosovo+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlpion2021" class="citation book cs1">Alpion, Gëzim (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sylOEAAAQBAJ">Mother Teresa: The Saint and Her Nation</a>. Bloomsbury. p. 18. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9389812466" title="Special:BookSources/978-9389812466"><bdi>978-9389812466</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mother+Teresa%3A+The+Saint+and+Her+Nation&rft.pages=18&rft.pub=Bloomsbury&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=978-9389812466&rft.aulast=Alpion&rft.aufirst=G%C3%ABzim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsylOEAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKosovo+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSkendi2015" class="citation book cs1">Skendi, Stavro (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8QPWCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA293">The Albanian National Awakening</a>. Princeton University Press. p. 293. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4008-4776-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4008-4776-1"><bdi>978-1-4008-4776-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Albanian+National+Awakening&rft.pages=293&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-4008-4776-1&rft.aulast=Skendi&rft.aufirst=Stavro&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8QPWCgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA293&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKosovo+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Steiner-103">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Steiner_103-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Steiner_103-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSteiner2005" class="citation book cs1">Steiner, Zara (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/86068902">The lights that failed : European international history, 1919–1933</a>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-151881-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-151881-2"><bdi>978-0-19-151881-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/86068902">86068902</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+lights+that+failed+%3A+European+international+history%2C+1919%E2%80%931933&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F86068902&rft.isbn=978-0-19-151881-2&rft.aulast=Steiner&rft.aufirst=Zara&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F86068902&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKosovo+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Vance_&_Paik-104"><a href="#cite_ref-Vance_&_Paik_104-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVancePaik2006" class="citation book cs1">Vance, Charles; Paik, Yongsun (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9gGKtLTQlUcC&dq=albanian+state+1912&pg=PA449">Managing a Global Workforce: Challenges and Opportunities in International Human Resource Management</a>. M.E. Sharpe. pp. 448–449. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0765620163" title="Special:BookSources/978-0765620163"><bdi>978-0765620163</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Managing+a+Global+Workforce%3A+Challenges+and+Opportunities+in+International+Human+Resource+Management&rft.pages=448-449&rft.pub=M.E.+Sharpe&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0765620163&rft.aulast=Vance&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft.au=Paik%2C+Yongsun&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9gGKtLTQlUcC%26dq%3Dalbanian%2Bstate%2B1912%26pg%3DPA449&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKosovo+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:FoLBelgrade2000-105"><a href="#cite_ref-:FoLBelgrade2000_105-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cEEmAQAAIAAJ&q=freundlich">Aggression Against Yugoslavia Correspondence</a>. Faculty of Law, University of Belgrade. 2000. p. 42. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-86-80763-91-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-86-80763-91-0"><bdi>978-86-80763-91-0</bdi></a>. Retrieved 29 April 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Aggression+Against+Yugoslavia+Correspondence&rft.pages=42&rft.pub=Faculty+of+Law%2C+University+of+Belgrade&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-86-80763-91-0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcEEmAQAAIAAJ%26q%3Dfreundlich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKosovo+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFElsieDestani2018" class="citation book cs1">Elsie, Robert; Destani, Bejtullah (2018). Elsie, Robert; Destani, Bejtullah (eds.). Kosovo: A Documentary History from the Balkan Wars to World War II. New York: I.B.Tauris & Co. Ltd. p. 134. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78831-176-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78831-176-2"><bdi>978-1-78831-176-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kosovo%3A+A+Documentary+History+from+the+Balkan+Wars+to+World+War+II&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=134&rft.pub=I.B.Tauris+%26+Co.+Ltd&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1-78831-176-2&rft.aulast=Elsie&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft.au=Destani%2C+Bejtullah&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKosovo+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ramet198-107"><a href="#cite_ref-Ramet198_107-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRamet1995" class="citation book cs1">Ramet, Sabrina P. (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/socialcurrentsin01rame">Social currents in Eastern Europe: The sources and consequences of the great transformation</a>. Duke University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/socialcurrentsin01rame/page/n217">198</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0822315483" title="Special:BookSources/978-0822315483"><bdi>978-0822315483</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Social+currents+in+Eastern+Europe%3A+The+sources+and+consequences+of+the+great+transformation&rft.pages=198&rft.pub=Duke+University+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0822315483&rft.aulast=Ramet&rft.aufirst=Sabrina+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsocialcurrentsin01rame&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKosovo+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBieberDaskalovski2004" class="citation book cs1">Bieber, Florian; Daskalovski, Zidas (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6OiQAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA58">Understanding the War in Kosovo</a>. Routledge. p. 58. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-13576-155-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-13576-155-4"><bdi>978-1-13576-155-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Understanding+the+War+in+Kosovo&rft.pages=58&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-13576-155-4&rft.aulast=Bieber&rft.aufirst=Florian&rft.au=Daskalovski%2C+Zidas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6OiQAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA58&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKosovo+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ramet2006-109"><a href="#cite_ref-Ramet2006_109-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRamet2006" class="citation book cs1">Ramet, Sabrina P. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FTw3lEqi2-oC&pg=PA114">The Three Yugoslavias: State-building and Legitimation, 1918–2005</a>. Indiana University Press. pp. 114, 141. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-25334-656-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-25334-656-8"><bdi>978-0-25334-656-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Three+Yugoslavias%3A+State-building+and+Legitimation%2C+1918%E2%80%932005&rft.pages=114%2C+141&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-25334-656-8&rft.aulast=Ramet&rft.aufirst=Sabrina+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFTw3lEqi2-oC%26pg%3DPA114&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKosovo+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalcolm1998312-110"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMalcolm1998312_110-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMalcolm1998">Malcolm 1998</a>, p. 312. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalcolm1998317-318-111"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMalcolm1998317-318_111-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMalcolm1998">Malcolm 1998</a>, p. 317-318. </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchrader2003" class="citation book cs1">Schrader, Charles R. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OTQs4zif-qYC&pg=PA11">The Muslim-Croat Civil War in Bosnia: A Military History, 1992–1994</a>. Texas A&M University Press. p. 11. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60344-719-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-60344-719-5"><bdi>978-1-60344-719-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Muslim-Croat+Civil+War+in+Bosnia%3A+A+Military+History%2C+1992%E2%80%931994&rft.pages=11&rft.pub=Texas+A%26M+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-60344-719-5&rft.aulast=Schrader&rft.aufirst=Charles+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOTQs4zif-qYC%26pg%3DPA11&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKosovo+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTucker2016" class="citation book cs1">Tucker, Spencer C. (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=R3nEDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA506">The Roots and Consequences of 20th-Century Warfare: Conflicts that Shaped the Modern World</a>. ABC-CLIO. p. 506. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61069-802-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61069-802-3"><bdi>978-1-61069-802-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Roots+and+Consequences+of+20th-Century+Warfare%3A+Conflicts+that+Shaped+the+Modern+World&rft.pages=506&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-61069-802-3&rft.aulast=Tucker&rft.aufirst=Spencer+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DR3nEDAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA506&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKosovo+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBădescuBaillieMazzucchelli2021" class="citation book cs1">Bădescu, Gruia; Baillie, Britt; Mazzucchelli, Francesco, eds. (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kSc9EAAAQBAJ&pg=PA249">Transforming Heritage in the Former Yugoslavia: Synchronous Pasts</a>. Springer. p. 249. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-03076-401-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-03076-401-2"><bdi>978-3-03076-401-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Transforming+Heritage+in+the+Former+Yugoslavia%3A+Synchronous+Pasts&rft.pages=249&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=978-3-03076-401-2&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkSc9EAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA249&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKosovo+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ingrao_&_Emmert-115">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ingrao_&_Emmert_115-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ingrao_&_Emmert_115-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ingrao_&_Emmert_115-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIngraoEmmert2013" class="citation book cs1">Ingrao, Charles W.; Emmert, Thomas Allan, eds. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IDMhDgCJCe0C&pg=PA55">Confronting the Yugoslav Controversies: A Scholars' Initiative</a>. Purdue University Press. pp. 55–56. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55753-617-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55753-617-4"><bdi>978-1-55753-617-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Confronting+the+Yugoslav+Controversies%3A+A+Scholars%27+Initiative&rft.pages=55-56&rft.pub=Purdue+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-55753-617-4&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIDMhDgCJCe0C%26pg%3DPA55&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKosovo+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tombs_&_Smith-116">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Tombs_&_Smith_116-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tombs_&_Smith_116-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tombs_&_Smith_116-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tombs_&_Smith_116-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTombsSmith2017" class="citation book cs1">Tombs, Isabelle; Smith, Richard, eds. (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OkYlDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA144">The Polish Crisis and Relations with Eastern Europe, 1979–1982: Documents on British Policy Overseas, Series III, Volume X</a>. Taylor & Francis. p. 144. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-35176-912-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-35176-912-9"><bdi>978-1-35176-912-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Polish+Crisis+and+Relations+with+Eastern+Europe%2C+1979%E2%80%931982%3A+Documents+on+British+Policy+Overseas%2C+Series+III%2C+Volume+X&rft.pages=144&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1-35176-912-9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOkYlDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA144&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKosovo+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/event/Kosovo-conflict">"Kosovo conflict | Summary & Facts"</a>. Encyclopedia Britannica. 8 June 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclopedia+Britannica&rft.atitle=Kosovo+conflict+%26%23124%3B+Summary+%26+Facts&rft.date=2023-06-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fevent%2FKosovo-conflict&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKosovo+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJudah200238-118"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJudah200238_118-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJudah2002">Judah 2002</a>, p. 38. </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://constitutionnet.org/country/constitutional-history-kosovo">"Constitutional history of Kosovo"</a>. ConstitutionNet. Retrieved 7 August 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ConstitutionNet&rft.atitle=Constitutional+history+of+Kosovo&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fconstitutionnet.org%2Fcountry%2Fconstitutional-history-kosovo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKosovo+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bellamy-120">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bellamy_120-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bellamy_120-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBellamy2002" class="citation book cs1">Bellamy, Alex J. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=avxZCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA4">Kosovo and International Society</a>. Springer. pp. 4–7. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-23059-760-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-23059-760-0"><bdi>978-0-23059-760-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kosovo+and+International+Society&rft.pages=4-7&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-23059-760-0&rft.aulast=Bellamy&rft.aufirst=Alex+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DavxZCwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKosovo+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGuzina2004" class="citation book cs1">Guzina, Dejan (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6OiQAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA31">"Kosovo or Kosova – Could It Be Both? The Case of Interlocking Serbian and Albanian Nationalisms"</a>. In Bieber, Florian; Daskalovski, Zidas (eds.). Understanding the War in Kosovo. Routledge. pp. 31–33. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-13576-155-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-13576-155-4"><bdi>978-1-13576-155-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Kosovo+or+Kosova+%26ndash%3B%26%2332%3BCould+It+Be+Both%3F+The+Case+of+Interlocking+Serbian+and+Albanian+Nationalisms&rft.btitle=Understanding+the+War+in+Kosovo&rft.pages=31-33&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-13576-155-4&rft.aulast=Guzina&rft.aufirst=Dejan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6OiQAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA31&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKosovo+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a> The Associated Press – 17 October 1981 "Minorities Leaving Yugoslav Province Dominated by Albanians" </li> <li id="cite_note-Ramet2010-123"><a href="#cite_ref-Ramet2010_123-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRamet2010" class="citation book cs1">Ramet, Sabrina P. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oFXdiS25N78C&pg=PA361">Central and Southeast European Politics Since 1989</a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 361. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-71616-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-71616-1"><bdi>978-0-521-71616-1</bdi></a>. Retrieved 9 March 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Central+and+Southeast+European+Politics+Since+1989&rft.pages=361&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-521-71616-1&rft.aulast=Ramet&rft.aufirst=Sabrina+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DoFXdiS25N78C%26pg%3DPA361&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKosovo+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a> Financial Times (London) 5 February 1982 – "Police fail to crush resistance in Kosovo" </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJudah200246-125"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJudah200246_125-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJudah2002">Judah 2002</a>, p. 46. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJudah200243-126"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJudah200243_126-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJudah2002">Judah 2002</a>, p. 43. </li> <li id="cite_note-NYDB-127"><a href="#cite_ref-NYDB_127-0">^</a> <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>, 1 November 1987, Late City Final Edition (p. 14) "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1987/11/01/world/in-yugoslavia-rising-ethnic-strife-brings-fears-of-worse-civil-conflict.html">In Yugoslavia, Rising Ethnic Strife Brings Fears of Worse Civil Conflict</a> By David Binder </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeier1999400-128"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeier1999400_128-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMeier1999">Meier 1999</a>, p. 400. </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRuza_PetrovicMarina_Blagojevic2000" class="citation web cs1">Ruza Petrovic; <a href="/wiki/Marina_Blagojevic" class="mw-redirect" title="Marina Blagojevic">Marina Blagojevic</a> (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20010523033457/http://www.snd-us.com/history/Petrovic-Blagojevic/index.htm">"The Migration of Serbs and Montenegrins from Kosovo and Metohija"</a>. Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.snd-us.com/history/Petrovic-Blagojevic/index.htm">the original</a> on 23 May 2001.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Migration+of+Serbs+and+Montenegrins+from+Kosovo+and+Metohija&rft.pub=Serbian+Academy+of+Sciences+and+Arts&rft.date=2000&rft.au=Ruza+Petrovic&rft.au=Marina+Blagojevic&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.snd-us.com%2Fhistory%2FPetrovic-Blagojevic%2Findex.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKosovo+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://internationalviewpoint.org/spip.php?article1093">"Dossier – On Slobodan Milosevic – International Viewpoint – online socialist magazine"</a>. internationalviewpoint.org. Retrieved 25 November 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=internationalviewpoint.org&rft.atitle=Dossier+%E2%80%93+On+Slobodan+Milosevic+%E2%80%93+International+Viewpoint+%E2%80%93+online+socialist+magazine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Finternationalviewpoint.org%2Fspip.php%3Farticle1093&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKosovo+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJović2009" class="citation book cs1">Jović, Dejan (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Po03enYpbqsC&pg=PA258">Yugoslavia: A State that Withered Away</a>. Purdue University Press. p. 258. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781557534958" title="Special:BookSources/9781557534958"><bdi>9781557534958</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Yugoslavia%3A+A+State+that+Withered+Away&rft.pages=258&rft.pub=Purdue+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9781557534958&rft.aulast=Jovi%C4%87&rft.aufirst=Dejan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPo03enYpbqsC%26pg%3DPA258&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKosovo+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sell1999-132"><a href="#cite_ref-Sell1999_132-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSell1999" class="citation journal cs1">Sell, Louis (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jstor.org/stable/40259921">"The (Un) Making of Milosevic"</a>. The Wilson Quarterly. 23 (3): 22–29. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/40259921">40259921</a>. Retrieved 8 September 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Wilson+Quarterly&rft.atitle=The+%28Un%29+Making+of+Milosevic&rft.volume=23&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=22-29&rft.date=1999&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F40259921%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Sell&rft.aufirst=Louis&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F40259921&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKosovo+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Youth_Initiative_for_Human_Rights-133"><a href="#cite_ref-Youth_Initiative_for_Human_Rights_133-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.yihr.rs/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/Chronology-of-Kosovo1-1.pdf">A Guide to International Dialogue : Chronology of Kosovo 1974–2017</a> (PDF). Youth Initiative for Human Rights. 2017. p. 5. Retrieved 13 September 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Guide+to+International+Dialogue+%3A+Chronology+of+Kosovo+1974%E2%80%932017&rft.pages=5&rft.pub=Youth+Initiative+for+Human+Rights&rft.date=2017&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.yihr.rs%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2017%2F10%2FChronology-of-Kosovo1-1.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKosovo+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlipSluiter2001[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidkwR88-rsWaoCpgPA12_12]-134"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKlipSluiter2001[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidkwR88-rsWaoCpgPA12_12]_134-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKlipSluiter2001">Klip & Sluiter 2001</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kwR88-rsWaoC&pg=PA12">12</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBenson2001" class="citation book cs1">Benson, Leslie (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/yugoslaviaconcis0000bens_i0i2">Yugoslavia: A Concise History</a>. Palgrave Macmillan. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/yugoslaviaconcis0000bens_i0i2/page/149">149</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-333-79241-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-333-79241-4"><bdi>978-0-333-79241-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Yugoslavia%3A+A+Concise+History&rft.pages=149&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-333-79241-4&rft.aulast=Benson&rft.aufirst=Leslie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fyugoslaviaconcis0000bens_i0i2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKosovo+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Branka1993p208-136">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Branka1993p208_136-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Branka1993p208_136-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMagaš1993" class="citation book cs1">Magaš, Branka (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=d5np99Vgc0YC&pg=PA208">The Destruction of Yugoslavia: Tracking the Break-Up 1980–92</a>. Verso. p. 208. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-86091-593-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-86091-593-5"><bdi>978-0-86091-593-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Destruction+of+Yugoslavia%3A+Tracking+the+Break-Up+1980%E2%80%9392&rft.pages=208&rft.pub=Verso&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-86091-593-5&rft.aulast=Maga%C5%A1&rft.aufirst=Branka&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dd5np99Vgc0YC%26pg%3DPA208&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKosovo+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlipSluiter200112–13-137"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKlipSluiter200112–13_137-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKlipSluiter2001">Klip & Sluiter 2001</a>, pp. 12–13. </li> <li id="cite_note-Europa2001p347-138">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Europa2001p347_138-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Europa2001p347_138-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEuropa2001" class="citation book cs1">Europa Publications Limited (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vv_j--ahNJwC&pg=PA347">A Political Chronology of Europe</a>. Political Chronologies of the World. Vol. 1. Psychology Press. p. 347. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85743-113-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85743-113-1"><bdi>978-1-85743-113-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Political+Chronology+of+Europe&rft.series=Political+Chronologies+of+the+World&rft.pages=347&rft.pub=Psychology+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-1-85743-113-1&rft.au=Europa+Publications+Limited&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dvv_j--ahNJwC%26pg%3DPA347&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKosovo+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlipSluiter200113-139">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKlipSluiter200113_139-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKlipSluiter200113_139-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKlipSluiter200113_139-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKlipSluiter200113_139-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKlipSluiter200113_139-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKlipSluiter200113_139-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKlipSluiter200113_139-6">g</a> <a href="#CITEREFKlipSluiter2001">Klip & Sluiter 2001</a>, p. 13. </li> <li id="cite_note-Bethlehem1997pliii-140"><a href="#cite_ref-Bethlehem1997pliii_140-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBethlehemWeller1997" class="citation book cs1">Bethlehem, Daniel L.; Weller, Marc (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7SczBzxA6-IC">The 'Yugoslav' Crisis in International Law</a>. Cambridge International Documents Series. Vol. 5. Cambridge University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7SczBzxA6-IC&pg=PR20">xx</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-46304-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-46304-1"><bdi>978-0-521-46304-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+%27Yugoslav%27+Crisis+in+International+Law&rft.series=Cambridge+International+Documents+Series&rft.pages=xx&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-521-46304-1&rft.aulast=Bethlehem&rft.aufirst=Daniel+L.&rft.au=Weller%2C+Marc&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7SczBzxA6-IC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKosovo+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBethlehemWeller1997xxii-141">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBethlehemWeller1997xxii_141-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBethlehemWeller1997xxii_141-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBethlehemWeller1997xxii_141-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFBethlehemWeller1997">Bethlehem & Weller 1997</a>, p. xxii. </li> <li id="cite_note-Ramet2006p360-142">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ramet2006p360_142-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ramet2006p360_142-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ramet2006p360_142-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ramet2006p360_142-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ramet2006p360_142-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRamet2006" class="citation book cs1">Ramet, Sabrina P. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FTw3lEqi2-oC&pg=PA360">The Three Yugoslavias: State-Building and Legitimation, 1918–2005</a>. Indiana University Press. pp. 350–360. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-253-34656-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-253-34656-8"><bdi>978-0-253-34656-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Three+Yugoslavias%3A+State-Building+and+Legitimation%2C+1918%E2%80%932005&rft.pages=350-360&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-253-34656-8&rft.aulast=Ramet&rft.aufirst=Sabrina+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFTw3lEqi2-oC%26pg%3DPA360&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKosovo+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArticle_19_(Organization)American_Library_Association1991" class="citation book cs1">Article 19 (Organization); American Library Association (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/informationfreed0000unse/page/346">Information Freedom and Censorship: World Report 1991</a>. Article 19 International Centre on Censorship. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/informationfreed0000unse/page/346">346</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8389-2156-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8389-2156-2"><bdi>978-0-8389-2156-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Information+Freedom+and+Censorship%3A+World+Report+1991&rft.series=Article+19+International+Centre+on+Censorship&rft.pages=346&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-8389-2156-2&rft.au=Article+19+%28Organization%29&rft.au=American+Library+Association&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Finformationfreed0000unse%2Fpage%2F346&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKosovo+War" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKrieger200126-144">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKrieger200126_144-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKrieger200126_144-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFKrieger2001">Krieger 2001</a>, p. 26. </li> <li id="cite_note-Trifunovska1994p237-145"><a href="#cite_ref-Trifunovska1994p237_145-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrifunovska1994" class="citation book cs1">Trifunovska, Snežana (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PvjLRzgyKKkC&pg=PA237">Yugoslavia Through Documents: From its creation to its dissolution</a>. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. p. 237. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7923-2670-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7923-2670-0"><bdi>978-0-7923-2670-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Yugoslavia+Through+Documents%3A+From+its+creation+to+its+dissolution&rft.pages=237&rft.pub=Martinus+Nijhoff+Publishers&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-7923-2670-0&rft.aulast=Trifunovska&rft.aufirst=Sne%C5%BEana&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPvjLRzgyKKkC%26pg%3DPA237&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKosovo+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-hrwrefworld-146"><a href="#cite_ref-hrwrefworld_146-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.refworld.org/pdfid/3c2b204a0.pdf">"Under Orders: War Crimes in Kosovo"</a> (PDF). refworld.org. Human Rights Watch. pp. 24–25.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=refworld.org&rft.atitle=Under+Orders%3A+War+Crimes+in+Kosovo&rft.pages=24-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.refworld.org%2Fpdfid%2F3c2b204a0.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKosovo+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-147"><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a> Weymouth, Tony. The Kosovo Crisis: The Last American War in Europe?. United Kingdom: Reuters, 2001, p. 23 </li> <li id="cite_note-The_Kosovo_Tragedy_page_116-148">^ <a href="#cite_ref-The_Kosovo_Tragedy_page_116_148-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-The_Kosovo_Tragedy_page_116_148-1">b</a> The Kosovo Tragedy: The Human Rights Dimensions, p. 116 </li> <li id="cite_note-149"><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.refworld.org/pdfid/3c2b204a0.pdf">War crimes in Kosovo </a> p. 25 </li> <li id="cite_note-Perritt2010-150"><a href="#cite_ref-Perritt2010_150-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHenry_H._Perritt2010" class="citation book cs1">Henry H. Perritt (2010). Kosovo Liberation Army: The Inside Story of an Insurgency. University of Illinois Press. p. 62.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kosovo+Liberation+Army%3A+The+Inside+Story+of+an+Insurgency&rft.pages=62&rft.pub=University+of+Illinois+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.au=Henry+H.+Perritt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKosovo+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-RadanPavkovic2013-151"><a href="#cite_ref-RadanPavkovic2013_151-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFProfessor_Peter_RadanDr_Aleksandar_Pavkovic2013" class="citation book cs1">Professor Peter Radan; Dr Aleksandar Pavkovic (28 April 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=k-ahAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA178">The Ashgate Research Companion to Secession</a>. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. pp. 178–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4094-7652-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4094-7652-8"><bdi>978-1-4094-7652-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ashgate+Research+Companion+to+Secession&rft.pages=178-&rft.pub=Ashgate+Publishing%2C+Ltd.&rft.date=2013-04-28&rft.isbn=978-1-4094-7652-8&rft.au=Professor+Peter+Radan&rft.au=Dr+Aleksandar+Pavkovic&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dk-ahAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA178&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKosovo+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEReveronMurer2006[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidOjvdsfiWwJcCpgPT104_68–69]-152"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReveronMurer2006[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidOjvdsfiWwJcCpgPT104_68–69]_152-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFReveronMurer2006">Reveron & Murer 2006</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OjvdsfiWwJcC&pg=PT104">68–69</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-DavidL-153">^ <a href="#cite_ref-DavidL_153-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-DavidL_153-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-DavidL_153-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=X5sa90AEvi0C&q=greater%20albania%20kla&pg=PR7">Liberating Kosovo: Coercive Diplomacy and U. S. Intervention</a>. <a href="/wiki/Belfer_Center_for_Science_and_International_Affairs" title="Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs">Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs</a>. 2012. p. 69. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0262305129" title="Special:BookSources/978-0262305129"><bdi>978-0262305129</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Liberating+Kosovo%3A+Coercive+Diplomacy+and+U.+S.+Intervention&rft.pages=69&rft.pub=Belfer+Center+for+Science+and+International+Affairs&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0262305129&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DX5sa90AEvi0C%26q%3Dgreater%2520albania%2520kla%26pg%3DPR7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKosovo+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ICG-154">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ICG_154-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ICG_154-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www1.essex.ac.uk/armedcon/story_id/000201.pdf">"Pan-Albanianism: How big a threat to Balkan stability?"</a> (PDF). International Crisis Group: Europe Report (Report No 153): 6. 25 February 2004. Retrieved 4 December 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Crisis+Group%3A+Europe+Report&rft.atitle=Pan-Albanianism%3A+How+big+a+threat+to+Balkan+stability%3F&rft.issue=Report+No+153&rft.pages=6&rft.date=2004-02-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww1.essex.ac.uk%2Farmedcon%2Fstory_id%2F000201.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKosovo+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-155"><a href="#cite_ref-155">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCowell1999" class="citation news cs1">Cowell, Alan (12 August 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1997/12/11/world/serbs-pull-out-of-talks-on-bosnia-to-protest-warning-on-kosovo.html">"Serbs Pull Out of Talks on Bosnia to Protest Warning on Kosovo"</a>. The New York Times. Retrieved 31 May 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Serbs+Pull+Out+of+Talks+on+Bosnia+to+Protest+Warning+on+Kosovo&rft.date=1999-08-12&rft.aulast=Cowell&rft.aufirst=Alan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1997%2F12%2F11%2Fworld%2Fserbs-pull-out-of-talks-on-bosnia-to-protest-warning-on-kosovo.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKosovo+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-interpol-156"><a href="#cite_ref-interpol_156-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFwritten_Testimony_of_Ralf_Mutschke_Assistant_Director,_Criminal_Intelligence_Directorate_International_Criminal_Police_Organization_–_Interpol_General_Secretariat_before_a_hearing_of_the_Committee_on_the_Judiciary_Subcommittee_on_Crime2000" class="citation web cs1">written Testimony of Ralf Mutschke Assistant Director, Criminal Intelligence Directorate International Criminal Police Organization – Interpol General Secretariat before a hearing of the Committee on the Judiciary Subcommittee on Crime (13 December 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050226123208/http://judiciary.house.gov/legacy/muts1213.htm">"The Threat Posed by the Convergence of Organized Crime, Drugs Trafficking and Terrorism"</a>. United States House Judiciary Committee. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://judiciary.house.gov/Legacy/muts1213.htm">the original</a> on 26 February 2005. Retrieved 31 May 2008. <q>In 1998, the U.S. State Department listed the KLA as a terrorist organization</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Threat+Posed+by+the+Convergence+of+Organized+Crime%2C+Drugs+Trafficking+and+Terrorism&rft.pub=United+States+House+Judiciary+Committee&rft.date=2000-12-13&rft.au=written+Testimony+of+Ralf+Mutschke+Assistant+Director%2C+Criminal+Intelligence+Directorate+International+Criminal+Police+Organization+%E2%80%93+Interpol+General+Secretariat+before+a+hearing+of+the+Committee+on+the+Judiciary+Subcommittee+on+Crime&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjudiciary.house.gov%2FLegacy%2Fmuts1213.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKosovo+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Crawford2001-157"><a href="#cite_ref-Crawford2001_157-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrawford2001" class="citation journal cs1">Crawford, Timothy W. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/798219">"Pivotal Deterrence and the Kosovo War: Why the Holbrooke Agreement Failed"</a>. Political Science Quarterly. 116 (4): 499–523. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F798219">10.2307/798219</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/798219">798219</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Political+Science+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Pivotal+Deterrence+and+the+Kosovo+War%3A+Why+the+Holbrooke+Agreement+Failed&rft.volume=116&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=499-523&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F798219&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F798219%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Crawford&rft.aufirst=Timothy+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F798219&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKosovo+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-bbc_june_1998-158"><a href="#cite_ref-bbc_june_1998_158-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSebak1998" class="citation news cs1">Sebak, Nened (28 June 1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/121818.stm">"The KLA – terrorists or freedom fighters?"</a>. BBC.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+KLA+%E2%80%93+terrorists+or+freedom+fighters%3F&rft.date=1998-06-28&rft.aulast=Sebak&rft.aufirst=Nened&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fworld%2Feurope%2F121818.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKosovo+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-senate-159"><a href="#cite_ref-senate_159-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20000816165402/https://www.senate.gov/~rpc/releases/1999/fr033199.htm">"The Kosovo Liberation Army: Does Clinton Policy Support Group with Terror, Drug Ties?"</a>. <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">United States Senate</a>, Republican Policy Committee. 31 March 1999. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.senate.gov/~rpc/releases/1999/fr033199.htm">the original</a> on 16 August 2000. Retrieved 31 May 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Kosovo+Liberation+Army%3A+Does+Clinton+Policy+Support+Group+with+Terror%2C+Drug+Ties%3F&rft.pub=United+States+Senate%2C+Republican+Policy+Committee&rft.date=1999-03-31&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.senate.gov%2F~rpc%2Freleases%2F1999%2Ffr033199.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKosovo+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJudah2002138-160"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJudah2002138_160-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJudah2002">Judah 2002</a>, p. 138. </li> <li id="cite_note-161"><a href="#cite_ref-161">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bmlv.gv.at/pdf_pool/publikationen/01_kse1_02_tck.pdf">"Stefan Troebst: The Kosovo Conflict, 1998. (Serbian Raid against Drenica, February to March)"</a> (PDF).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Stefan+Troebst%3A+The+Kosovo+Conflict%2C+1998.+%28Serbian+Raid+against+Drenica%2C+February+to+March%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bmlv.gv.at%2Fpdf_pool%2Fpublikationen%2F01_kse1_02_tck.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKosovo+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-162"><a href="#cite_ref-162">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20030731142318/http://www.fco.gov.uk/Files/kfile/koschron.pdf">"Kosovo Chronology: From 1997 to the end of the conflict"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/British_Parliament" class="mw-redirect" title="British Parliament">British Parliament</a>. June 1999. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fco.gov.uk/Files/kfile/koschron.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 31 July 2003.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Kosovo+Chronology%3A+From+1997+to+the+end+of+the+conflict&rft.pub=British+Parliament&rft.date=1999-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fco.gov.uk%2FFiles%2Fkfile%2Fkoschron.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKosovo+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-163"><a href="#cite_ref-163">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hrw.org/campaigns/kosovo98/timeline.shtml">"Kosovo War Crimes Chronology"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch" title="Human Rights Watch">Human Rights Watch</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Kosovo+War+Crimes+Chronology&rft.pub=Human+Rights+Watch&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhrw.org%2Fcampaigns%2Fkosovo98%2Ftimeline.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKosovo+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-164"><a href="#cite_ref-164">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://1997-2001.state.gov/statements/1998/980309.html">"Secretary of State Madeleine K. Albright, Statement at the Contact Group Ministerial on Kosovo"</a>. U.S. Department of State. 9 March 1998.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Secretary+of+State+Madeleine+K.+Albright%2C+Statement+at+the+Contact+Group+Ministerial+on+Kosovo&rft.pub=U.S.+Department+of+State&rft.date=1998-03-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2F1997-2001.state.gov%2Fstatements%2F1998%2F980309.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKosovo+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-165"><a href="#cite_ref-165">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSullivan2005" class="citation web cs1">Sullivan, Stacy (11 March 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iwpr.net/?p=tri&s=f&o=235663&apc_state=henitri2005">"Ramush Haradinaj"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Institute_for_War_and_Peace_Reporting" title="Institute for War and Peace Reporting">IWPR</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ramush+Haradinaj&rft.pub=IWPR&rft.date=2005-03-11&rft.aulast=Sullivan&rft.aufirst=Stacy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iwpr.net%2F%3Fp%3Dtri%26s%3Df%26o%3D235663%26apc_state%3Dhenitri2005&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKosovo+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-166"><a href="#cite_ref-166">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sudd.ch/event.php?lang=en&id=rs011998">Serbien (Jugoslawien), 23. April 1998 : Internationale Beobachter für Kosovo</a> Direct Democracy </li> <li id="cite_note-167"><a href="#cite_ref-167">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nato.int/docu/pr/1998/p98-080e.htm">"Statement by NATO Secretary General, Dr. Javier Solana, on Exercise "Determined Falcon""</a>. NATO. 13 June 1998. Retrieved 16 September 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Statement+by+NATO+Secretary+General%2C+Dr.+Javier+Solana%2C+on+Exercise+%22Determined+Falcon%22&rft.pub=NATO&rft.date=1998-06-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nato.int%2Fdocu%2Fpr%2F1998%2Fp98-080e.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKosovo+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-168"><a href="#cite_ref-168">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWaller1998" class="citation news cs1">Waller, Douglas (6 July 1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://edition.cnn.com/ALLPOLITICS/1998/06/29/time/holbrooke.html">"Mission Impossible"</a>. CNN. Time. Retrieved 10 December 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CNN&rft.atitle=Mission+Impossible&rft.date=1998-07-06&rft.aulast=Waller&rft.aufirst=Douglas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fedition.cnn.com%2FALLPOLITICS%2F1998%2F06%2F29%2Ftime%2Fholbrooke.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKosovo+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-169"><a href="#cite_ref-169">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120322232519/https://www.cssproject.org/media/uploads/kfor_research_paper.pdf">"The Developing Role of NATO and KFOR's Contribution to Peacebuilding in Kosovo"</a> (PDF). CSSProject. p. 12. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cssproject.org/media/uploads/kfor_research_paper.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 22 March 2012. Retrieved 22 August 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Developing+Role+of+NATO+and+KFOR%27s+Contribution+to+Peacebuilding+in+Kosovo&rft.pages=12&rft.pub=CSSProject&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cssproject.org%2Fmedia%2Fuploads%2Fkfor_research_paper.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKosovo+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-170"><a href="#cite_ref-170">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDan_Landis,_Rosita_D._Albert2012" class="citation book cs1">Dan Landis, Rosita D. Albert, ed. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5EFihegRpmkC&pg=PA356">Handbook of Ethnic Conflict: International Perspectives</a>. Springer Science and Business Media. p. 356. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4614-0448-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4614-0448-4"><bdi>978-1-4614-0448-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+Ethnic+Conflict%3A+International+Perspectives&rft.pages=356&rft.pub=Springer+Science+and+Business+Media&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-4614-0448-4&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5EFihegRpmkC%26pg%3DPA356&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKosovo+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-171"><a href="#cite_ref-171">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJudah2000" class="citation book cs1">Judah, Tim (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=B4YbP0fPcMYC&pg=PA332">The Serbs: History, Myth, and the Destruction of Yugoslavia</a>. Yale University Press. p. 332. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0300085075" title="Special:BookSources/978-0300085075"><bdi>978-0300085075</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Serbs%3A+History%2C+Myth%2C+and+the+Destruction+of+Yugoslavia&rft.pages=332&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0300085075&rft.aulast=Judah&rft.aufirst=Tim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DB4YbP0fPcMYC%26pg%3DPA332&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKosovo+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-172"><a href="#cite_ref-172">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNardulliPerryPirnieGordon" class="citation book cs1">Nardulli; Perry; Pirnie; Gordon; McGinn. Disjointed War: Military Operations in Kosovo, 1999. p. 54.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Disjointed+War%3A+Military+Operations+in+Kosovo%2C+1999&rft.pages=54&rft.au=Nardulli&rft.au=Perry&rft.au=Pirnie&rft.au=Gordon&rft.au=McGinn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKosovo+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-173"><a href="#cite_ref-173">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XR61G7jU09kC&pg=PA364">The Strategic Triangle</a> by Helga Haftendorn, p. 364 </li> <li id="cite_note-174"><a href="#cite_ref-174">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0tEFBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA275">The Balkans Since the Second World</a> by R. J. Crampton, p. 275 </li> <li id="cite_note-175"><a href="#cite_ref-175">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Executive_order" title="Executive order">Executive Order</a> <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Executive_Order_13088" class="extiw" title="s:Executive Order 13088">13088</a> of 9 June 1998. Blocking Property of the Governments of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (Serbia and Montenegro), the Republic of Serbia, and the Republic of Montenegro, and Prohibiting New Investment in the Republic of Serbia in Response to the Situation in Kosovo. 63 <a href="/wiki/Federal_Register" title="Federal Register">FR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.federalregister.gov/citation/63-FR-32109">32109</a> (12 June 1998). "I, WILLIAM J. CLINTON, President of the United States of America, find that the actions and policies of the Governments of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (Serbia and Montenegro) and the Republic of Serbia with respect to Kosovo, by promoting ethnic conflict and human suffering, threaten to destabilise countries of the region and to disrupt progress in Bosnia and Herzegovina in implementing the Dayton peace agreement, and therefore constitute an unusual and extraordinary threat to the national security and foreign policy of the United States, and hereby declare a national emergency to deal with that threat." </li> <li id="cite_note-176"><a href="#cite_ref-176">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121219093335/http://www.un.org/ga/search/view_doc.asp?symbol=S%2FRES%2F1199%281998%29">"United Nations Official Document"</a>. www.un.org. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.un.org/ga/search/view_doc.asp?symbol=S/RES/1199(1998)">the original</a> on 19 December 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.un.org&rft.atitle=United+Nations+Official+Document&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.un.org%2Fga%2Fsearch%2Fview_doc.asp%3Fsymbol%3DS%2FRES%2F1199%281998%29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKosovo+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-177"><a href="#cite_ref-177">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation pressrelease cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nato.int/docu/pr/1998/p980924e.htm">"Statement by the Secretary General following the ACTWARN decision"</a> (Press release). NATO. 24 September 1998.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Statement+by+the+Secretary+General+following+the+ACTWARN+decision&rft.pub=NATO&rft.date=1998-09-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nato.int%2Fdocu%2Fpr%2F1998%2Fp980924e.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKosovo+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-178"><a href="#cite_ref-178">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation pressrelease cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nato.int/docu/speech/1998/s981013a.htm">"Statement to the Press by the Secretary General Following Decision on the ACTORD"</a> (Press release). NATO. 13 October 1998.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Statement+to+the+Press+by+the+Secretary+General+Following+Decision+on+the+ACTORD&rft.pub=NATO&rft.date=1998-10-13&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nato.int%2Fdocu%2Fspeech%2F1998%2Fs981013a.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKosovo+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-nato_oaf-179">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nato_oaf_179-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-nato_oaf_179-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110927191114/http://www.afsouth.nato.int/archives/operations/detforce/force.htm">"Operation Allied Force"</a>. NATO. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.afsouth.nato.int/archives/operations/detforce/force.htm">the original</a> on 27 September 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Operation+Allied+Force&rft.pub=NATO&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.afsouth.nato.int%2Farchives%2Foperations%2Fdetforce%2Fforce.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKosovo+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-180"><a href="#cite_ref-180">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWatson1998" class="citation web cs1">Watson, Paul (20 October 1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130614020605/http://articles.sun-sentinel.com/1998-10-20/news/9810190342_1_kosovo-liberation-army-serbian-forces-serbian-officials">"Serb Troops Digging In To Battle Kosovo Rebels"</a>. Sun Sentinel. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://articles.sun-sentinel.com/1998-10-20/news/9810190342_1_kosovo-liberation-army-serbian-forces-serbian-officials">the original</a> on 14 June 2013. Retrieved 8 November 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Sun+Sentinel&rft.atitle=Serb+Troops+Digging+In+To+Battle+Kosovo+Rebels&rft.date=1998-10-20&rft.aulast=Watson&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farticles.sun-sentinel.com%2F1998-10-20%2Fnews%2F9810190342_1_kosovo-liberation-army-serbian-forces-serbian-officials&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKosovo+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Maisonneuve-181"><a href="#cite_ref-Maisonneuve_181-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrigadier-General_Maisonneuve" class="citation web cs1">Brigadier-General Maisonneuve. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130511235900/http://www.journal.forces.gc.ca/vo1/no1/doc/49-54-eng.pdf">"The OSCE Kosovo Verification Mission"</a> (PDF). Canadian Military Journal. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.journal.forces.gc.ca/vo1/no1/doc/49-54-eng.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 11 May 2013. Retrieved 2 July 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Canadian+Military+Journal&rft.atitle=The+OSCE+Kosovo+Verification+Mission&rft.au=Brigadier-General+Maisonneuve&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.journal.forces.gc.ca%2Fvo1%2Fno1%2Fdoc%2F49-54-eng.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKosovo+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-182"><a href="#cite_ref-182">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1998/12/19/world/serbian-mayor-slain-in-kosovo-new-sweep-on-rebels-ordered.html">"Serbian Mayor Slain in Kosovo; New Sweep on Rebels Ordered"</a>. The New York Times. 19 December 1998. Retrieved 3 March 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Serbian+Mayor+Slain+in+Kosovo%3B+New+Sweep+on+Rebels+Ordered&rft.date=1998-12-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1998%2F12%2F19%2Fworld%2Fserbian-mayor-slain-in-kosovo-new-sweep-on-rebels-ordered.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKosovo+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJudah2002193-183"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJudah2002193_183-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJudah2002">Judah 2002</a>, p. 193. </li> <li id="cite_note-184"><a href="#cite_ref-184">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSilverman2002" class="citation news cs1">Silverman, Jon (14 February 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/1812847.stm">"Racak massacre haunts Milosevic trial"</a>. BBC News.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Racak+massacre+haunts+Milosevic+trial&rft.date=2002-02-14&rft.aulast=Silverman&rft.aufirst=Jon&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Feurope%2F1812847.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKosovo+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ustrans-185">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ustrans_185-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ustrans_185-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081206154406/http://www.usembassy-israel.org.il/publish/press/security/archive/1999/january/ds1127.htm">Transcript: Amb. Walker Press Conference After Massacre in Kosovo</a>, Embassy of the United States Tel Aviv, Israel, 26 January 1999, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.usembassy-israel.org.il/publish/press/security/archive/1999/january/ds1127.htm">the original</a> on 6 December 2008</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Transcript%3A+Amb.+Walker+Press+Conference+After+Massacre+in+Kosovo&rft.pub=Embassy+of+the+United+States+Tel+Aviv%2C+Israel&rft.date=1999-01-26&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.usembassy-israel.org.il%2Fpublish%2Fpress%2Fsecurity%2Farchive%2F1999%2Fjanuary%2Fds1127.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKosovo+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceB-186"><a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceB_186-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/271316.stm">"Pristina waits for war"</a>. BBC News. 3 February 1999. Retrieved 8 November 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Pristina+waits+for+war&rft.date=1999-02-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Feurope%2F271316.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKosovo+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-NAC-187">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NAC_187-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NAC_187-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation pressrelease cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nato.int/docu/pr/1999/p99-012e.htm">"Statement by the North Atlantic Council on Kosovo"</a> (Press release). NATO. 30 January 1999.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Statement+by+the+North+Atlantic+Council+on+Kosovo&rft.pub=NATO&rft.date=1999-01-30&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nato.int%2Fdocu%2Fpr%2F1999%2Fp99-012e.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKosovo+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-188"><a href="#cite_ref-188">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070926234216/http://www.ohr.int/other-doc/contact-g/default.asp?content_id=3560">"Contact Group Statement – Rambouillet, 23 February 1999"</a>. Office of the High Representative. 23 February 1999. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ohr.int/other-doc/contact-g/default.asp?content_id=3560">the original</a> on 26 September 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Contact+Group+Statement+%E2%80%93+Rambouillet%2C+23+February+1999&rft.pub=Office+of+the+High+Representative&rft.date=1999-02-23&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ohr.int%2Fother-doc%2Fcontact-g%2Fdefault.asp%3Fcontent_id%3D3560&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKosovo+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-189"><a href="#cite_ref-189">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDescamps2019" class="citation web cs1">Descamps, Philippe (March 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mondediplo.com/2019/03/17kosovo-dossier">"Kosovo's open wounds, twenty years on"</a>. Le Monde Diplomatique. Retrieved 6 January 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Le+Monde+Diplomatique&rft.atitle=Kosovo%27s+open+wounds%2C+twenty+years+on&rft.date=2019-03&rft.aulast=Descamps&rft.aufirst=Philippe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmondediplo.com%2F2019%2F03%2F17kosovo-dossier&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKosovo+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-190"><a href="#cite_ref-190">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.icj-cij.org/public/files/case-related/141/15640.pdf">"International Court of Justice"</a> (PDF). www.icj-cij.org. 17 April 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.icj-cij.org&rft.atitle=International+Court+of+Justice&rft.date=2009-04-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.icj-cij.org%2Fpublic%2Ffiles%2Fcase-related%2F141%2F15640.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKosovo+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-191"><a href="#cite_ref-191">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCharles2012" class="citation book cs1">Charles, Ingrao (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://docs.lib.purdue.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?filename=10&article=1027&context=purduepress_ebooks&type=additional">Confronting the Yugoslav Controversies: A Scholars' Initiative</a> (2nd ed.). Indiana: Purdue University Press. p. 330. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61249-228-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61249-228-5"><bdi>978-1-61249-228-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Confronting+the+Yugoslav+Controversies%3A+A+Scholars%27+Initiative&rft.place=Indiana&rft.pages=330&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Purdue+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-61249-228-5&rft.aulast=Charles&rft.aufirst=Ingrao&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdocs.lib.purdue.edu%2Fcgi%2Fviewcontent.cgi%3Ffilename%3D10%26article%3D1027%26context%3Dpurduepress_ebooks%26type%3Dadditional&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKosovo+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-192"><a href="#cite_ref-192">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm199900/cmselect/cmfaff/28/2809.htm#a21">U.K. Parliamentary report</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171019033104/https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm199900/cmselect/cmfaff/28/2809.htm#a21">Archived</a> 19 October 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> The Kosovo Crises After May 1997 </li> <li id="cite_note-193"><a href="#cite_ref-193">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIngrao2012" class="citation book cs1">Ingrao, Charles (2012). Confronting the Yugoslav Controversies: A Scholars' Initiative. Indiana: Purdue University Press. pp. 332–333. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61249-228-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61249-228-5"><bdi>978-1-61249-228-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Confronting+the+Yugoslav+Controversies%3A+A+Scholars%27+Initiative&rft.place=Indiana&rft.pages=332-333&rft.pub=Purdue+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-61249-228-5&rft.aulast=Ingrao&rft.aufirst=Charles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKosovo+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Caraccilo2011p44-194">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Caraccilo2011p44_194-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Caraccilo2011p44_194-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCaraccilo2011" class="citation book cs1">Caraccilo, Dominic J. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FDA8dQyaQ9MC&pg=PA44">Beyond Guns and Steel: A War Termination Strategy</a>. <a href="/wiki/ABC-CLIO" class="mw-redirect" title="ABC-CLIO">ABC-CLIO</a>. p. 44. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-39149-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-39149-1"><bdi>978-0-313-39149-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Beyond+Guns+and+Steel%3A+A+War+Termination+Strategy&rft.pages=44&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-313-39149-1&rft.aulast=Caraccilo&rft.aufirst=Dominic+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFDA8dQyaQ9MC%26pg%3DPA44&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKosovo+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-195"><a href="#cite_ref-195">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20000411180110/http://www.serbia-info.com/news/1999-03/24/10030.html">"Conclusions of Serbian parliament"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Serbia" title="Government of Serbia">Government of Serbia</a>. 24 March 1999. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.serbia-info.com/news/1999-03/24/10030.html">the original</a> on 11 April 2000.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Conclusions+of+Serbian+parliament&rft.pub=Government+of+Serbia&rft.date=1999-03-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.serbia-info.com%2Fnews%2F1999-03%2F24%2F10030.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKosovo+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-196"><a href="#cite_ref-196">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.icty.org/x/cases/milutinovic/tjug/en/jud090226-e1of4.pdf">"Šainović et al. (IT-05-87) Judgement: Volume 1"</a> (PDF). ICTY.org. International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia. 26 February 2009. pp. 170–171.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ICTY.org&rft.atitle=%C5%A0ainovi%C4%87+et+al.+%28IT-05-87%29+Judgement%3A+Volume+1&rft.pages=170-171&rft.date=2009-02-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.icty.org%2Fx%2Fcases%2Fmilutinovic%2Ftjug%2Fen%2Fjud090226-e1of4.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKosovo+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-197"><a href="#cite_ref-197">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jpost.com/international/article-713624">"Kosovo-Serbia: The background to the sirens in the Balkans - explainer"</a>. The Jerusalem Post | Jpost.com. Retrieved 25 November 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Jerusalem+Post+%26%23124%3B+Jpost.com&rft.atitle=Kosovo-Serbia%3A+The+background+to+the+sirens+in+the+Balkans+-+explainer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jpost.com%2Finternational%2Farticle-713624&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKosovo+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-bbc23mar99-198">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bbc23mar99_198-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-bbc23mar99_198-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/301900.stm">"Nato poised to strike"</a>. BBC News. 23 March 1999.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Nato+poised+to+strike&rft.date=1999-03-23&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Feurope%2F301900.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKosovo+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-199"><a href="#cite_ref-199">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120111150207/http://www.usembassy-israel.org.il/publish/press/state/archive/1999/march/sd4324.htm">"Transcript: Holbrooke statement at NATO headquarters March 23"</a>. Usembassy-israel.org.il. 23 March 1999. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.usembassy-israel.org.il/publish/press/state/archive/1999/march/sd4324.htm">the original</a> on 11 January 2012. Retrieved 6 May 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Transcript%3A+Holbrooke+statement+at+NATO+headquarters+March+23&rft.pub=Usembassy-israel.org.il&rft.date=1999-03-23&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.usembassy-israel.org.il%2Fpublish%2Fpress%2Fstate%2Farchive%2F1999%2Fmarch%2Fsd4324.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKosovo+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-wp99mar24-200">^ <a href="#cite_ref-wp99mar24_200-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-wp99mar24_200-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGellman1999" class="citation news cs1">Gellman, Barton (24 March 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sfgate.com/news/article/NATO-Mobilizes-for-Attack-Yugoslavia-declares-2940276.php">"NATO Mobilizes for Attack / Yugoslavia declares state of emergency"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Washington_Post" class="mw-redirect" title="Washington Post">Washington Post</a>. San Francisco Chronicle.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Washington+Post&rft.atitle=NATO+Mobilizes+for+Attack+%2F+Yugoslavia+declares+state+of+emergency&rft.date=1999-03-24&rft.aulast=Gellman&rft.aufirst=Barton&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sfgate.com%2Fnews%2Farticle%2FNATO-Mobilizes-for-Attack-Yugoslavia-declares-2940276.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKosovo+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-201"><a href="#cite_ref-201">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation pressrelease cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nato.int/docu/pr/1999/p99-040e.htm">"Press Statement by Dr. Javier Solana, Secretary General of NATO"</a> (Press release). NATO. 23 March 1999.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Press+Statement+by+Dr.+Javier+Solana%2C+Secretary+General+of+NATO&rft.pub=NATO&rft.date=1999-03-23&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nato.int%2Fdocu%2Fpr%2F1999%2Fp99-040e.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKosovo+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-202"><a href="#cite_ref-202">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIndependent_International_Commission_on_Kosovo2000" class="citation book cs1">Independent International Commission on Kosovo (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=m3uS1o4IFXEC&pg=PA85">The Kosovo Report: Conflict, International Response, Lessons Learned</a>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-924309-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-924309-9"><bdi>978-0-19-924309-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Kosovo+Report%3A+Conflict%2C+International+Response%2C+Lessons+Learned&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-19-924309-9&rft.au=Independent+International+Commission+on+Kosovo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dm3uS1o4IFXEC%26pg%3DPA85&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKosovo+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-203"><a href="#cite_ref-203">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation pressrelease cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nato.int/docu/pr/1999/p99-041e.htm">"Press Statement by Dr. Javier Solana, NATO Secretary General following the Commencement of Air Operations"</a> (Press release). NATO. 24 March 1999.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Press+Statement+by+Dr.+Javier+Solana%2C+NATO+Secretary+General+following+the+Commencement+of+Air+Operations&rft.pub=NATO&rft.date=1999-03-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nato.int%2Fdocu%2Fpr%2F1999%2Fp99-041e.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKosovo+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-204"><a href="#cite_ref-204">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apnews.com/article/9532e62d78904daa9c97983a37f40751">"NATO: We Mistakenly Bombed Refugees"</a>. AP NEWS. Retrieved 25 November 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=AP+NEWS&rft.atitle=NATO%3A+We+Mistakenly+Bombed+Refugees&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapnews.com%2Farticle%2F9532e62d78904daa9c97983a37f40751&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKosovo+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ICTYReport-205">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ICTYReport_205-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ICTYReport_205-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ICTYReport_205-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.icty.org/sid/10052#IVB4">"Final Report to the Prosecutor by the Committee Established to Review the NATO Bombing Campaign Against the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia"</a>. UNICTY.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Final+Report+to+the+Prosecutor+by+the+Committee+Established+to+Review+the+NATO+Bombing+Campaign+Against+the+Federal+Republic+of+Yugoslavia&rft.pub=UNICTY&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.icty.org%2Fsid%2F10052%23IVB4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKosovo+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-206"><a href="#cite_ref-206">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSweeneyHolsoeVulliamy1999" class="citation news cs1">Sweeney, John; Holsoe, Jens; Vulliamy, Ed (17 October 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/Kosovo/Story/0,2763,203214,00.html">"Nato bombed Chinese deliberately"</a>. The Guardian. London.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Nato+bombed+Chinese+deliberately&rft.date=1999-10-17&rft.aulast=Sweeney&rft.aufirst=John&rft.au=Holsoe%2C+Jens&rft.au=Vulliamy%2C+Ed&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2FKosovo%2FStory%2F0%2C2763%2C203214%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKosovo+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-207"><a href="#cite_ref-207">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.icty.org/sid/10052#IVB4">"Final Report to the Prosecutor by the Committee Established to Review the NATO Bombing Campaign Against the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia"</a>. UNICTY. Para 82.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Final+Report+to+the+Prosecutor+by+the+Committee+Established+to+Review+the+NATO+Bombing+Campaign+Against+the+Federal+Republic+of+Yugoslavia&rft.pages=Para+82&rft.pub=UNICTY&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.icty.org%2Fsid%2F10052%23IVB4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKosovo+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbrahams2001244-208">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbrahams2001244_208-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbrahams2001244_208-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFAbrahams2001">Abrahams 2001</a>, p. 244. </li> <li id="cite_note-Marr,_Andrew_page_550-209">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Marr,_Andrew_page_550_209-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Marr,_Andrew_page_550_209-1">b</a> Marr, Andrew; A History of Modern Britain (2008 printing); page 550 </li> <li id="cite_note-210"><a href="#cite_ref-210">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRodgersRochelleChance1999" class="citation news cs1">Rodgers, Walter; Rochelle, Carl; Chance, Matthew (24 May 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cnn.com/WORLD/europe/9905/24/kosovo.01/">"CIA reportedly authorized to develop ways to 'destabilize' Yugoslavian government"</a>. CNN. Retrieved 22 July 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=CIA+reportedly+authorized+to+develop+ways+to+%27destabilize%27+Yugoslavian+government&rft.date=1999-05-24&rft.aulast=Rodgers&rft.aufirst=Walter&rft.au=Rochelle%2C+Carl&rft.au=Chance%2C+Matthew&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2FWORLD%2Feurope%2F9905%2F24%2Fkosovo.01%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKosovo+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-211"><a href="#cite_ref-211">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFÅserudNyquist1999" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Åserud, Lise; Nyquist, Gunnar (21 June 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vg.no/nyheter/utenriks/artikkel.php?artid=8665264">"UCK hjalp norsk spesialstyrke"</a>. NTB (in Norwegian). Retrieved 8 October 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NTB&rft.atitle=UCK+hjalp+norsk+spesialstyrke&rft.date=1999-06-21&rft.aulast=%C3%85serud&rft.aufirst=Lise&rft.au=Nyquist%2C+Gunnar&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.vg.no%2Fnyheter%2Futenriks%2Fartikkel.php%3Fartid%3D8665264&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKosovo+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-212"><a href="#cite_ref-212">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBerglund2002" class="citation web cs1">Berglund, Nina (8 January 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081206164320/http://www.aftenposten.no/english/local/article254448.ece?service=print">"Norway has forces in Afghanistan"</a>. Aftenposten English Web Desk. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aftenposten.no/english/local/article254448.ece?service=print">the original</a> on 6 December 2008. Retrieved 8 October 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Aftenposten+English+Web+Desk&rft.atitle=Norway+has+forces+in+Afghanistan&rft.date=2002-01-08&rft.aulast=Berglund&rft.aufirst=Nina&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aftenposten.no%2Fenglish%2Flocal%2Farticle254448.ece%3Fservice%3Dprint&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKosovo+War" class="Z3988"> (Mentions work in Kosovo / Pristina) </li> <li id="cite_note-213"><a href="#cite_ref-213">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBakkeli2007" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Bakkeli, Tom (2007). Norges Hemmelige Krigere / Norway's secret Warriors (in Norwegian). Kagge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-82-489-0722-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-82-489-0722-0"><bdi>978-82-489-0722-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Norges+Hemmelige+Krigere+%2F+Norway%27s+secret+Warriors&rft.pub=Kagge&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-82-489-0722-0&rft.aulast=Bakkeli&rft.aufirst=Tom&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKosovo+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-214"><a href="#cite_ref-214">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cnn.com/WORLD/europe/9906/03/kosovo.peace.04/">"Milosevic accepts peace plan, Finnish envoy says"</a>. CNN. 3 June 1999. Retrieved 7 May 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Milosevic+accepts+peace+plan%2C+Finnish+envoy+says&rft.date=1999-06-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2FWORLD%2Feurope%2F9906%2F03%2Fkosovo.peace.04%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKosovo+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-215"><a href="#cite_ref-215">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110605034712/http://nytimes.com/1999/06/04/opinion/the-kosovo-peace-plan.html">"The Kosovo Peace Plan"</a>. The New York Times. 4 June 1999. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nytimes.com/1999/06/04/opinion/the-kosovo-peace-plan.html">the original</a> on 5 June 2011. Retrieved 7 May 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=The+Kosovo+Peace+Plan&rft.date=1999-06-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnytimes.com%2F1999%2F06%2F04%2Fopinion%2Fthe-kosovo-peace-plan.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKosovo+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-216"><a href="#cite_ref-216">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation pressrelease cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nato.int/kosovo/press/p990610a.htm">"Press statement by NATO Secretary General"</a> (Press release). NATO. 10 June 1999.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Press+statement+by+NATO+Secretary+General&rft.pub=NATO&rft.date=1999-06-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nato.int%2Fkosovo%2Fpress%2Fp990610a.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKosovo+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-knoll05-217"><a href="#cite_ref-knoll05_217-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKnoll2005" class="citation journal cs1">Knoll, Bernhard (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fejil%2Fchi140">"From Benchmarking to Final Status? Kosovo and the Problem of an International Administration's Open-Ended Mandate"</a>. European Journal of International Law. 16 (4): 637–660. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fejil%2Fchi140">10.1093/ejil/chi140</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=European+Journal+of+International+Law&rft.atitle=From+Benchmarking+to+Final+Status%3F+Kosovo+and+the+Problem+of+an+International+Administration%27s+Open-Ended+Mandate&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=637-660&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fejil%2Fchi140&rft.aulast=Knoll&rft.aufirst=Bernhard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1093%252Fejil%252Fchi140&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKosovo+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-218"><a href="#cite_ref-218">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160307042943/http://www.norli.no/webapp/wcs/stores/servlet/productdisplay?catalogid=10051&categoryid=&errorviewname=productdisplayerrorview&langid=-101&parent_category_rn=&productid=1085065&storeid=10651&top_category=&urllangid=-101&urlrequesttype=base">"Krigere og diplomater | Norli"</a>. Norli.no. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.norli.no/webapp/wcs/stores/servlet/ProductDisplay?urlRequestType=Base&catalogId=10051&categoryId=&productId=1085065&errorViewName=ProductDisplayErrorView&urlLangId=-101&langId=-101&top_category=&parent_category_rn=&storeId=10651">the original</a> on 7 March 2016. Retrieved 5 December 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Norli.no&rft.atitle=Krigere+og+diplomater+%7C+Norli&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.norli.no%2Fwebapp%2Fwcs%2Fstores%2Fservlet%2FProductDisplay%3FurlRequestType%3DBase%26catalogId%3D10051%26categoryId%3D%26productId%3D1085065%26errorViewName%3DProductDisplayErrorView%26urlLangId%3D-101%26langId%3D-101%26top_category%3D%26parent_category_rn%3D%26storeId%3D10651&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKosovo+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-219"><a href="#cite_ref-219">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBakkeli2008" class="citation book cs1">Bakkeli, Tom (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140421051414/http://www.norli.no/webapp/wcs/stores/servlet/ProductDisplay?urlRequestType=Base&catalogId=10051&categoryId=&productId=286391&errorViewName=ProductDisplayErrorView&urlLangId=-101&langId=-101&top_category=&parent_category_rn=&storeId=10651">Norges hemmelige krigere</a> (book product). Kagge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-82-489-0839-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-82-489-0839-5"><bdi>978-82-489-0839-5</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.norli.no/webapp/wcs/stores/servlet/ProductDisplay?urlRequestType=Base&catalogId=10051&categoryId=&productId=286391&errorViewName=ProductDisplayErrorView&urlLangId=-101&langId=-101&top_category=&parent_category_rn=&storeId=10651">the original</a> on 21 April 2014. Retrieved 5 December 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Norges+hemmelige+krigere&rft.pub=Kagge&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-82-489-0839-5&rft.aulast=Bakkeli&rft.aufirst=Tom&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.norli.no%2Fwebapp%2Fwcs%2Fstores%2Fservlet%2FProductDisplay%3FurlRequestType%3DBase%26catalogId%3D10051%26categoryId%3D%26productId%3D286391%26errorViewName%3DProductDisplayErrorView%26urlLangId%3D-101%26langId%3D-101%26top_category%3D%26parent_category_rn%3D%26storeId%3D10651&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKosovo+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-220"><a href="#cite_ref-220">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vg.no/i/bKnG05">"Britisk og norske soldater i Pristina"</a>. www.vg.no. 12 June 1999.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.vg.no&rft.atitle=Britisk+og+norske+soldater+i+Pristina&rft.date=1999-06-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vg.no%2Fi%2FbKnG05&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKosovo+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-221"><a href="#cite_ref-221">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vg.no/i/L0AmRJ">"Norske elitesoldater skamroses"</a>. www.vg.no. 3 March 2000.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.vg.no&rft.atitle=Norske+elitesoldater+skamroses&rft.date=2000-03-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vg.no%2Fi%2FL0AmRJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKosovo+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-222"><a href="#cite_ref-222">^</a> Sergeant William Wright – B Company 9th Engineers (17 July 1999); Specialist Sherwood Brim – B Company 9th Engineers (17 July 1999); Private First Class Benjamin McGill – C Company 1st Battalion 26th Infantry (5 August 1995). </li> <li id="cite_note-jackson-223"><a href="#cite_ref-jackson_223-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMike2007" class="citation book cs1">Mike, Jackson (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/soldierautobiogr00jack/page/255">Soldier</a>. Transworld Publishers. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/soldierautobiogr00jack/page/255">255–275</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-593-05907-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-593-05907-4"><bdi>978-0-593-05907-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Soldier&rft.pages=255-275&rft.pub=Transworld+Publishers&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-593-05907-4&rft.aulast=Mike&rft.aufirst=Jackson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsoldierautobiogr00jack%2Fpage%2F255&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKosovo+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-224"><a href="#cite_ref-224">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1">"Singer James Blunt 'prevented World War III'". BBC. 14 November 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Singer+James+Blunt+%27prevented+World+War+III%27&rft.date=2010-11-14&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKosovo+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-bbc-airport-225"><a href="#cite_ref-bbc-airport_225-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/671495.stm">"Confrontation over Pristina airport"</a>. BBC. 9 March 2000. Retrieved 8 February 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Confrontation+over+Pristina+airport&rft.date=2000-03-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Feurope%2F671495.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKosovo+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-226"><a href="#cite_ref-226">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJudah2009" class="citation book cs1">Judah (2009). The Serbs. Yale University Press. p. 327. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-15826-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-15826-7"><bdi>978-0-300-15826-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Serbs&rft.pages=327&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-300-15826-7&rft.au=Judah&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKosovo+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Guardian-227">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Guardian_227-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Guardian_227-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Guardian_227-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClark2009" class="citation news cs1">Clark, David (16 April 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2009/apr/16/clark-kosovo-war-crimes">"Kosovo was a just war, not an imperialist dress rehearsal"</a>. The Guardian. London.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Kosovo+was+a+just+war%2C+not+an+imperialist+dress+rehearsal&rft.date=2009-04-16&rft.aulast=Clark&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fcommentisfree%2F2009%2Fapr%2F16%2Fclark-kosovo-war-crimes&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKosovo+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-228"><a href="#cite_ref-228">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClinton2016" class="citation web cs1">Clinton, Bill (21 November 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120924154814/http://millercenter.org/president/speeches/detail/3932">"Statement on Kosovo (24 March 1999)"</a>. Miller Center at the University of Virginia. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://millercenter.org/president/speeches/detail/3932">the original</a> on 24 September 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Statement+on+Kosovo+%2824+March+1999%29&rft.pub=Miller+Center+at+the+University+of+Virginia&rft.date=2016-11-21&rft.aulast=Clinton&rft.aufirst=Bill&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmillercenter.org%2Fpresident%2Fspeeches%2Fdetail%2F3932&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKosovo+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-229"><a href="#cite_ref-229">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlair1999" class="citation news cs1">Blair, Tony (23 March 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/1999/mar/23/balkans.tonyblair">"Blair: 'We must act – to save thousands of innocent men, women and children'"</a>. The Guardian. London.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Blair%3A+%27We+must+act+%E2%80%93+to+save+thousands+of+innocent+men%2C+women+and+children%27&rft.date=1999-03-23&rft.aulast=Blair&rft.aufirst=Tony&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F1999%2Fmar%2F23%2Fbalkans.tonyblair&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKosovo+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-CAForces-230">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CAForces_230-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CAForces_230-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CAForces_230-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLegault2000" class="citation journal cs1">Legault, Albert (Spring 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.journal.forces.gc.ca/vo1/no1/doc/63-66-eng.pdf">"NATO intervention in Kosovo: the legal context"</a> (PDF). Canadian Military Journal: 64.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Canadian+Military+Journal&rft.atitle=NATO+intervention+in+Kosovo%3A+the+legal+context&rft.ssn=spring&rft.pages=64&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Legault&rft.aufirst=Albert&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.journal.forces.gc.ca%2Fvo1%2Fno1%2Fdoc%2F63-66-eng.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKosovo+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-BBC-231">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BBC_231-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-BBC_231-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDevenport1999" class="citation news cs1">Devenport, Mark (13 April 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/special_report/1999/03/99/kosovo_strikes/318104.stm">"Kofi Annan's delicate balance"</a>. BBC.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Kofi+Annan%27s+delicate+balance&rft.date=1999-04-13&rft.aulast=Devenport&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fspecial_report%2F1999%2F03%2F99%2Fkosovo_strikes%2F318104.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKosovo+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-KosovoReport-232">^ <a href="#cite_ref-KosovoReport_232-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-KosovoReport_232-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140808211326/http://sitemaker.umich.edu/drwcasebook/files/the_kosovo_report_and_update.pdf">"The Kosovo Report"</a> (PDF). U Michigan. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sitemaker.umich.edu/drwcasebook/files/the_kosovo_report_and_update.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 8 August 2014. Retrieved 26 November 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Kosovo+Report&rft.pub=U+Michigan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsitemaker.umich.edu%2Fdrwcasebook%2Ffiles%2Fthe_kosovo_report_and_update.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKosovo+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-UMich-233">^ <a href="#cite_ref-UMich_233-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-UMich_233-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140808211326/http://sitemaker.umich.edu/drwcasebook/files/the_kosovo_report_and_update.pdf">"The Kosovo Report"</a> (PDF). U Michigan. pp. 2–3, 58–66. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sitemaker.umich.edu/drwcasebook/files/the_kosovo_report_and_update.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 8 August 2014. Retrieved 26 November 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Kosovo+Report&rft.pages=2-3%2C+58-66&rft.pub=U+Michigan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsitemaker.umich.edu%2Fdrwcasebook%2Ffiles%2Fthe_kosovo_report_and_update.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKosovo+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-234"><a href="#cite_ref-234">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKumbaro2001" class="citation web cs1">Kumbaro, Dajena (16 June 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nato.int/acad/fellow/99-01/kumbaro.pdf">"The Kosovo crisis in an international law perspective: self-determination, territorial integrity and the NATO intervention"</a> (PDF). NATO Office of Information and Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Kosovo+crisis+in+an+international+law+perspective%3A+self-determination%2C+territorial+integrity+and+the+NATO+intervention&rft.pub=NATO+Office+of+Information+and+Press&rft.date=2001-06-16&rft.aulast=Kumbaro&rft.aufirst=Dajena&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nato.int%2Facad%2Ffellow%2F99-01%2Fkumbaro.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKosovo+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-235"><a href="#cite_ref-235">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKumbaro2001" class="citation web cs1">Kumbaro, Dajena (16 June 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nato.int/acad/fellow/99-01/kumbaro.pdf">"The Kosovo crisis in an international law perspective: self-determination, territorial integrity and the NATO intervention"</a> (PDF). NATO Office of Information and Press. p. 63.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Kosovo+crisis+in+an+international+law+perspective%3A+self-determination%2C+territorial+integrity+and+the+NATO+intervention&rft.pages=63&rft.pub=NATO+Office+of+Information+and+Press&rft.date=2001-06-16&rft.aulast=Kumbaro&rft.aufirst=Dajena&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nato.int%2Facad%2Ffellow%2F99-01%2Fkumbaro.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKosovo+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-236"><a href="#cite_ref-236">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMellon2001" class="citation journal cs1">Mellon, James G. (Winter 2001). "Review Essays: Ethics, Diplomacy and Intervention in Kosovo". Journal of Conflict Studies. XXI (2).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Conflict+Studies&rft.atitle=Review+Essays%3A+Ethics%2C+Diplomacy+and+Intervention+in+Kosovo&rft.ssn=winter&rft.volume=XXI&rft.issue=2&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Mellon&rft.aufirst=James+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKosovo+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-237"><a href="#cite_ref-237">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHitchens2008" class="citation news cs1">Hitchens, Christopher (18 August 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.slate.com/articles/news_and_politics/fighting_words/2008/08/south_ossetia_isnt_kosovo.html">"South Ossetia Isn't Kosovo"</a>. Slate.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Slate&rft.atitle=South+Ossetia+Isn%27t+Kosovo&rft.date=2008-08-18&rft.aulast=Hitchens&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.slate.com%2Farticles%2Fnews_and_politics%2Ffighting_words%2F2008%2F08%2Fsouth_ossetia_isnt_kosovo.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKosovo+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-238"><a href="#cite_ref-238">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFalk2000" class="citation news cs1">Falk, Richard (22 March 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thenation.com/article/kosovo-revisited">"Kosovo Revisited"</a>. The Nation.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Nation&rft.atitle=Kosovo+Revisited&rft.date=2000-03-22&rft.aulast=Falk&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thenation.com%2Farticle%2Fkosovo-revisited&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKosovo+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-239"><a href="#cite_ref-239">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTran2008" class="citation news cs1">Tran, Mark (1 April 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2008/apr/01/mary.kaldor.interview">"The international community makes a terrible mess wherever it goes"</a>. The Guardian. London.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=The+international+community+makes+a+terrible+mess+wherever+it+goes&rft.date=2008-04-01&rft.aulast=Tran&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2008%2Fapr%2F01%2Fmary.kaldor.interview&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKosovo+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Foerstel-240">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Foerstel_240-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Foerstel_240-1">b</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/fromwatergatetom00foer/page/132">From Watergate to Monicagate: ten controversies in modern journalism and media</a> By Herbert N. Foerstel, pp. 131–135. </li> <li id="cite_note-241"><a href="#cite_ref-241">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBancroft2009" class="citation news cs1">Bancroft, Ian (24 March 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2009/mar/24/serbia-kosovo">"Serbia's anniversary is a timely reminder"</a>. The Guardian.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Serbia%27s+anniversary+is+a+timely+reminder&rft.date=2009-03-24&rft.aulast=Bancroft&rft.aufirst=Ian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fcommentisfree%2F2009%2Fmar%2F24%2Fserbia-kosovo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKosovo+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-242"><a href="#cite_ref-242">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChomsky1999" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Noam_Chomsky" title="Noam Chomsky">Chomsky, Noam</a> (1999). The New Military Humanism: Lessons from Kosovo. Monroe, ME: Common Courage Press. p. 16. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-56751-176-7" title="Special:BookSources/1-56751-176-7"><bdi>1-56751-176-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+New+Military+Humanism%3A+Lessons+from+Kosovo&rft.place=Monroe%2C+ME&rft.pages=16&rft.pub=Common+Courage+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=1-56751-176-7&rft.aulast=Chomsky&rft.aufirst=Noam&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKosovo+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-243"><a href="#cite_ref-243">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVasquez2002" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_A._Vasquez" class="mw-redirect" title="John A. Vasquez">Vasquez, John A.</a> (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/40110035">"The Kosovo War: Causes and Justification"</a>. The International History Review. 24 (1). Taylor & Francis, Ltd.: 103–112. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F07075332.2002.9640959">10.1080/07075332.2002.9640959</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/40110035">40110035</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+International+History+Review&rft.atitle=The+Kosovo+War%3A+Causes+and+Justification&rft.volume=24&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=103-112&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F07075332.2002.9640959&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F40110035%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Vasquez&rft.aufirst=John+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F40110035&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKosovo+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-oconnell-244"><a href="#cite_ref-oconnell_244-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'Connell2010" class="citation journal cs1">O'Connell, Mary Ellen (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/17502970903541671">"Responsibility to Peace: A Critique of R2P"</a>. Journal of Intervention and Statebuilding. 4 (1): 39–52. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F17502970903541671">10.1080/17502970903541671</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Intervention+and+Statebuilding&rft.atitle=Responsibility+to+Peace%3A+A+Critique+of+R2P&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=39-52&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F17502970903541671&rft.aulast=O%27Connell&rft.aufirst=Mary+Ellen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tandfonline.com%2Fdoi%2Fabs%2F10.1080%2F17502970903541671&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKosovo+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-245"><a href="#cite_ref-245">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchlafly1999" class="citation news cs1">Schlafly, Phyllis (19 October 1999). "Numbers Game in Kosovo". <a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Times" title="The Washington Times">The Washington Times</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Times&rft.atitle=Numbers+Game+in+Kosovo&rft.date=1999-10-19&rft.aulast=Schlafly&rft.aufirst=Phyllis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKosovo+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-246"><a href="#cite_ref-246">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSteele2000" class="citation news cs1">Steele, Jonathan (18 August 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2000/aug/18/balkans3">"Serb killings 'exaggerated' by west"</a>. The Guardian.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Serb+killings+%27exaggerated%27+by+west&rft.date=2000-08-18&rft.aulast=Steele&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2000%2Faug%2F18%2Fbalkans3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKosovo+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-247"><a href="#cite_ref-247">^</a> * "Follow-Up: Interview With Accuracy in Media Editor Cliff Kincaid", <a href="/wiki/The_O%27Reilly_Factor" title="The O'Reilly Factor">The O'Reilly Factor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fox_News_Channel" class="mw-redirect" title="Fox News Channel">Fox News Channel</a>, 8 February 2005. (Transcript available via <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lexisnexis.com">LexisNexis</a>) <ul><li>Stephen Miller, "Reed Irvine, 82, Founded Accuracy in Media", <a href="/wiki/New_York_Sun" class="mw-redirect" title="New York Sun">New York Sun</a>, 18 November 2004.</li> <li>Douglas Martin, "Murray Baron, 94, Labor Lawyer And Head of Accuracy in Media", The New York Times, 26 September 2002.</li> <li>"Defining Bias Downward", <a href="/wiki/Columbia_Journalism_Review" title="Columbia Journalism Review">Columbia Journalism Review</a>, January/February 2005.</li> <li>Steve Rendall. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fair.org/index.php?page=2053">The Fairness Doctrine</a> <a href="/wiki/Fairness_and_Accuracy_in_Reporting" class="mw-redirect" title="Fairness and Accuracy in Reporting">Fairness and Accuracy in Reporting</a> January/February 2005</li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-248"><a href="#cite_ref-248">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIrvineKincaid1999" class="citation web cs1">Irvine, Reed; Kincaid, Cliff (24 November 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220329010712/https://www.aim.org/media-monitor/deceit-and-lies-over-kosovo/">"Deceit And Lies Over Kosovo"</a>. aim.org. Accuracy in Media. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aim.org/media-monitor/deceit-and-lies-over-kosovo/">the original</a> on 29 March 2022. Retrieved 13 September 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=aim.org&rft.atitle=Deceit+And+Lies+Over+Kosovo&rft.date=1999-11-24&rft.aulast=Irvine&rft.aufirst=Reed&rft.au=Kincaid%2C+Cliff&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aim.org%2Fmedia-monitor%2Fdeceit-and-lies-over-kosovo%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKosovo+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Frederking2007-249"><a href="#cite_ref-Frederking2007_249-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrederking2007" class="citation book cs1">Frederking, Brian (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kzNFT_7HcR4C&pg=PA148">The United States and the Security Council: Collective Security Since the Cold War</a>. Routledge. p. 148. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-77076-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-77076-7"><bdi>978-0-415-77076-7</bdi></a>. Retrieved 17 February 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+United+States+and+the+Security+Council%3A+Collective+Security+Since+the+Cold+War&rft.pages=148&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-415-77076-7&rft.aulast=Frederking&rft.aufirst=Brian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkzNFT_7HcR4C%26pg%3DPA148&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKosovo+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-250"><a href="#cite_ref-250">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.un.org/News/Press/docs/1999/19990326.sc6659.html">"Security Council Rejects Demand for Cessation of Use of Force Against Federal Republic of Yugoslavia"</a>. United Nations. 26 March 1999.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Security+Council+Rejects+Demand+for+Cessation+of+Use+of+Force+Against+Federal+Republic+of+Yugoslavia&rft.pub=United+Nations&rft.date=1999-03-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.un.org%2FNews%2FPress%2Fdocs%2F1999%2F19990326.sc6659.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKosovo+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-HRW1-251"><a href="#cite_ref-HRW1_251-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hrw.org/reports/2001/kosovo/undword-03.htm">"Under Orders: War Crimes in Kosovo"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch" title="Human Rights Watch">Human Rights Watch</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Under+Orders%3A+War+Crimes+in+Kosovo&rft.pub=Human+Rights+Watch&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hrw.org%2Freports%2F2001%2Fkosovo%2Fundword-03.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKosovo+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-252"><a href="#cite_ref-252">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLayneSchwarz2000" class="citation news cs1">Layne, Christopher; Schwarz, Benjamin (26 March 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/WPcap/2000-03/26/081r-032600-idx.html">"Was It A Mistake?"</a>. The Washington Post.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Was+It+A+Mistake%3F&rft.date=2000-03-26&rft.aulast=Layne&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rft.au=Schwarz%2C+Benjamin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fwp-srv%2FWPcap%2F2000-03%2F26%2F081r-032600-idx.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKosovo+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-253"><a href="#cite_ref-253">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPearl1999" class="citation news cs1">Pearl, Daniel (11 November 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB942277175333820400">"U.N. Has Found 2,108 Bodies So Far in Kosovo Mass Graves"</a>. The Wall Street Journal.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Wall+Street+Journal&rft.atitle=U.N.+Has+Found+2%2C108+Bodies+So+Far+in+Kosovo+Mass+Graves&rft.date=1999-11-11&rft.aulast=Pearl&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wsj.com%2Farticles%2FSB942277175333820400&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKosovo+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-New_York_Times-254"><a href="#cite_ref-New_York_Times_254-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2000/06/08/world/rights-group-says-nato-bombing-in-yugoslavia-violated-law.html">"Rights Group Says NATO Bombing in Yugoslavia Violated Law"</a>. The New York Times. 8 June 2000. Retrieved 20 September 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Rights+Group+Says+NATO+Bombing+in+Yugoslavia+Violated+Law&rft.date=2000-06-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2000%2F06%2F08%2Fworld%2Frights-group-says-nato-bombing-in-yugoslavia-violated-law.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKosovo+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Norris9-255">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Norris9_255-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Norris9_255-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Norris9_255-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Norris9_255-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Norris9_255-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNorris2005" class="citation book cs1">Norris, John (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LFRq31tqR4sC&q=Greeks+shared">Collision Course: NATO, Russia, and Kosovo</a>. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 9. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0275987534" title="Special:BookSources/978-0275987534"><bdi>978-0275987534</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Collision+Course%3A+NATO%2C+Russia%2C+and+Kosovo&rft.pages=9&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0275987534&rft.aulast=Norris&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLFRq31tqR4sC%26q%3DGreeks%2Bshared&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKosovo+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEElsie201044-256"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEElsie201044_256-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFElsie2010">Elsie 2010</a>, p. 44. </li> <li id="cite_note-Qosja1999-257"><a href="#cite_ref-Qosja1999_257-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFQosja1999" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Rexhep_Qosja" title="Rexhep Qosja">Qosja, Rexhep</a> (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uWy5AAAAIAAJ">Paqja e përgjakshme: konferenca Ndërkombëtare për Kosovën, Rambuje 6–23. 2. 1999, Paris 14–19. 3. 1999</a>. Botimet Toena. p. 195. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-99927-1-217-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-99927-1-217-7"><bdi>978-99927-1-217-7</bdi></a>. <q>e në anën tjetër propaganda e tmerrshme e disa partive, sidomos e udhëheqjeve të tyre, krejt e organizuar prej udhëheqjes së LDK-së! Jo vetëm se nuk jepeshin para për luftë, por bëheshin përpjekje, të hapta e të fshehta, për rrënimin e Ushtrisë Çlirimtare të Kosovës.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Paqja+e+p%C3%ABrgjakshme%3A+konferenca+Nd%C3%ABrkomb%C3%ABtare+p%C3%ABr+Kosov%C3%ABn%2C+Rambuje+6%E2%80%9323.+2.+1999%2C+Paris+14%E2%80%9319.+3.+1999&rft.pages=195&rft.pub=Botimet+Toena&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-99927-1-217-7&rft.aulast=Qosja&rft.aufirst=Rexhep&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DuWy5AAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKosovo+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Leonard2006-258"><a href="#cite_ref-Leonard2006_258-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeonard2006" class="citation book cs1">Leonard, Thomas M. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=eq_Wma6nNfgC&pg=PA138">Encyclopedia of the Developing World</a>. Taylor & Francis. p. 138. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-97662-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-97662-6"><bdi>978-0-415-97662-6</bdi></a>. <q>...and at one point Rugova claimed that it was set up by Serbia as an excuse to invade.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+the+Developing+World&rft.pages=138&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-415-97662-6&rft.aulast=Leonard&rft.aufirst=Thomas+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Deq_Wma6nNfgC%26pg%3DPA138&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKosovo+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-PhillipsBurns2012-259">^ <a href="#cite_ref-PhillipsBurns2012_259-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-PhillipsBurns2012_259-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPhillipsBurns2012" class="citation book cs1">Phillips, David L.; Burns, Nicholas (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=X5sa90AEvi0C&pg=PA69">Liberating Kosovo: Coercive Diplomacy and U.S. Intervention</a>. MIT Press. p. 69. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-262-30512-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-262-30512-9"><bdi>978-0-262-30512-9</bdi></a>. <q>He insisted that the KLA was "a creation of the Serb security forces". He was convinced that "the whole thing was a hoax orchestrated by Serb police to discredit the LDK"... Initial KLA supporters were disgruntled members of the LDK...Jakup Krasniqi, the KLA spokesman explains: "Everyone originally supported the LDK. I was an LDK member.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Liberating+Kosovo%3A+Coercive+Diplomacy+and+U.S.+Intervention&rft.pages=69&rft.pub=MIT+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-262-30512-9&rft.aulast=Phillips&rft.aufirst=David+L.&rft.au=Burns%2C+Nicholas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DX5sa90AEvi0C%26pg%3DPA69&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKosovo+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ArtCronin2003-260"><a href="#cite_ref-ArtCronin2003_260-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArtCronin2003" class="citation book cs1">Art, Robert J.; Cronin, Patrick M. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=k0XhXp3EcM8C&pg=PA76">The United States and Coercive Diplomacy</a>. US Institute of Peace Press. pp. 76–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-929223-45-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-929223-45-9"><bdi>978-1-929223-45-9</bdi></a>. <q>By March 1998 "dissatisfaction" with and "antagonism" toward Rugova were evident in the actions of some prominent Kosovar Albanian political figures and in mass street demonstrations, leading one Albanian commentator for the local Helsinki Committee to conclude that "the bellogenrent option is gaining more followers, at the expense of the peaceful one.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+United+States+and+Coercive+Diplomacy&rft.pages=76-&rft.pub=US+Institute+of+Peace+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-929223-45-9&rft.aulast=Art&rft.aufirst=Robert+J.&rft.au=Cronin%2C+Patrick+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dk0XhXp3EcM8C%26pg%3DPA76&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKosovo+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Karadjis2000-261"><a href="#cite_ref-Karadjis2000_261-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKaradjis2000" class="citation book cs1">Karadjis, Mike (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fEpOL35TxD0C&pg=PA178">Bosnia, Kosova & the West</a>. Resistance Books. p. 178. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-876646-05-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-876646-05-9"><bdi>978-1-876646-05-9</bdi></a>. <q>...the fact that so much of Rugova's LDK and members of the non-violent movement, long admired for their "moderation", had joined KLA...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bosnia%2C+Kosova+%26+the+West&rft.pages=178&rft.pub=Resistance+Books&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-1-876646-05-9&rft.aulast=Karadjis&rft.aufirst=Mike&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfEpOL35TxD0C%26pg%3DPA178&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKosovo+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-PettiferVickers2007-262">^ <a href="#cite_ref-PettiferVickers2007_262-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-PettiferVickers2007_262-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-PettiferVickers2007_262-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPettiferVickers2007" class="citation book cs1">Pettifer, James; Vickers, Miranda (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yuh2NebIN3oC&pg=PA168">The Albanian Question: Reshaping the Balkans</a>. I.B. Tauris. pp. 166–168. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-86064-974-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-86064-974-5"><bdi>978-1-86064-974-5</bdi></a>. <q>Although never numbering more than a few hundred soldiers... In contrast, as far as the KLA were concerned, FARK had a dubious commitment to fighting the Serbs, and was content to settle for greater autonomy rather than full independence for Kosova... Berisha seems, unwisely, to have relied on support from FARK for manpower in his attempt to overthrow the government. ...In a further dramatic development on the same day, the chief commander of FARK, Ahmet Krasniqi, was shot and killed by two masked gunmen in Tirana...Although no person has been arrested so far for the killing of Krasniqi, the incident served to focus attention on the activities of Kosovars involved in the war in Kosova who were coordinating their activities increasingly from Tirana. ...there were numerous theories as to who killed Krasniqi. Democrats were insistent that the FARK commander, who was residing temporarily in Tirana, was assassinated by the Albanian intelligence service, the SHIK...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Albanian+Question%3A+Reshaping+the+Balkans&rft.pages=166-168&rft.pub=I.B.+Tauris&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-86064-974-5&rft.aulast=Pettifer&rft.aufirst=James&rft.au=Vickers%2C+Miranda&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dyuh2NebIN3oC%26pg%3DPA168&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKosovo+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-263"><a href="#cite_ref-263">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBieberDaskalovski2004" class="citation book cs1">Bieber, Florian; Daskalovski, Zidas (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6OiQAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA291">Understanding the War in Kosovo</a>. Routledge. pp. 291–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-135-76155-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-135-76155-4"><bdi>978-1-135-76155-4</bdi></a>. <q>As shown earlier, the relations between Rugova and the Socialist-led government had deteriorated due to the foreign policy pursued by the Socialists but also by the latter's support of Hashim Thaci, former political leader of KLA...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Understanding+the+War+in+Kosovo&rft.pages=291-&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-135-76155-4&rft.aulast=Bieber&rft.aufirst=Florian&rft.au=Daskalovski%2C+Zidas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6OiQAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA291&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKosovo+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-264"><a href="#cite_ref-264">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFErikssonKostić2013" class="citation book cs1">Eriksson, Mikael; Kostić, Roland (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EuVWELK7awsC&pg=PA43">Mediation and Liberal Peacebuilding: Peace from the Ashes of War?</a>. Routledge. pp. 43–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-136-18916-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-136-18916-6"><bdi>978-1-136-18916-6</bdi></a>. <q>However, as the KLA received eventually greater support, locally and internationally, parts of the FARK were incorporated under the KLA umbrella.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mediation+and+Liberal+Peacebuilding%3A+Peace+from+the+Ashes+of+War%3F&rft.pages=43-&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-136-18916-6&rft.aulast=Eriksson&rft.aufirst=Mikael&rft.au=Kosti%C4%87%2C+Roland&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEuVWELK7awsC%26pg%3DPA43&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKosovo+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Crawford2003-265"><a href="#cite_ref-Crawford2003_265-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrawford2003" class="citation book cs1">Crawford, Timothy W. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/pivotaldeterrenc00craw">Pivotal Deterrence: Third-party Statecraft and the Pursuit of Peace</a>. Cornell University Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/pivotaldeterrenc00craw/page/179">179</a>–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8014-4097-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8014-4097-7"><bdi>978-0-8014-4097-7</bdi></a>. <q>On 29 May Rugova met with Clinton in Washington...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pivotal+Deterrence%3A+Third-party+Statecraft+and+the+Pursuit+of+Peace&rft.pages=179-&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-8014-4097-7&rft.aulast=Crawford&rft.aufirst=Timothy+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpivotaldeterrenc00craw&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKosovo+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-266"><a href="#cite_ref-266">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoxhaj2016" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Goxhaj, Dilaver (23 January 2016), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160307183740/http://www.albanianamericanvision.com/archives/821">Jo shtatore ne Tirane atij qe nuk luftoi per clirimin e Kosoves</a> [Not a monument in Tirana for him who did not fight for Kosovo liberation] (in Albanian), AAV, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.albanianamericanvision.com/archives/821">the original</a> on 7 March 2016, retrieved 26 February 2016, <q>Dihet gjithashtu që Rugova shkoi deri tek Presidenti Bill Klinton, më 28 maj 1998, i shoqëruar prej Fehmi Aganit, Bujar Bukoshit dhe Veton Surroi, për t'i kundërvënë UÇK-së edhe Amerikën, duke i thënë: "Grupet e armatosura në Kosovë, përgjithësishtë kanë pikpamje të majta, pra janë nga ata që kanë patur ide të majta, drejtohen nga njerëz që edhe sot e kësaj dite kanë nostalgji për ish figura të njohura komuniste, si për shëmbëll për Enver Hoxhën"</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jo+shtatore+ne+Tirane+atij+qe+nuk+luftoi+per+clirimin+e+Kosoves&rft.pub=AAV&rft.date=2016-01-23&rft.aulast=Goxhaj&rft.aufirst=Dilaver&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.albanianamericanvision.com%2Farchives%2F821&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKosovo+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-267"><a href="#cite_ref-267">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLiebknecht1992" class="citation cs2">Liebknecht, Rosa (10 April 1992), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160303215144/http://www.kosovo.net/kla6a.html">Inside the KLA</a>, <a href="/wiki/International_Viewpoint" title="International Viewpoint">International Viewpoint</a>, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kosovo.net/kla6a.html">the original</a> on 3 March 2016, retrieved 26 February 2016, <q>In particular, it appears to have connections with the National Movement of Kosova, which was formed in 1982.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Inside+the+KLA&rft.pub=International+Viewpoint&rft.date=1992-04-10&rft.aulast=Liebknecht&rft.aufirst=Rosa&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kosovo.net%2Fkla6a.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKosovo+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-268"><a href="#cite_ref-268">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMinchevaGurr2013">Mincheva & Gurr 2013</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vFNwrdnzQq0C&pg=PA27">27</a>: "The political entity that helped fund the KLA was People's Movement of Kosovo (LPK), a rival underground movement to Ibrahim Rugova's LDK." </li> <li id="cite_note-269"><a href="#cite_ref-269">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLorimer1999" class="citation cs2">Lorimer, Doug (14 June 1999), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160229065047/http://www.dsp.org.au/node/117">NATO's Balkan War and the Kosova Liberation Struggle</a>, Democratic Socialist Perspective – The Activist – Volume 9, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dsp.org.au/node/117">the original</a> on 29 February 2016, retrieved 26 February 2016, <q>In an interview in April this year with a left-wing British magazine, Pleurat Sejdiiu, the diplomatic representative of the KLA in London, explained that the KLA had been formed in 1993 as the military wing of the Hoxhaite People's Movement of Kosova, the LPK. Sejdiiu, a member of the LPK since 1985, said that this decision had been made because of the LPK's frustration with the ineffectiveness of the passive civil disobedience line of the dominant Kosovar party, Ibrahim Rugova's Democratic League of Kosova, the LDK. Sejdiiu said: With the creation of the KLA, the LDK, especially Rugova, started accusing the KLA of being a bunch of people linked to the Serbian state security. Roguva was saying that Serbia had an interest in destabilising us all. That was pure demagoguery because Serbia had it in hand, they didn't need any destabilisation and they controlled everything. So we have actually to fight on two fronts. As well as the military campaign we had to fight politically against the LDK as the main force who has been opposed to any other methods than peaceful means, while all the time only sitting in their offices, having meetings and press conferences. They have even been against the student organisation having mass demonstrations. But oppression in Kosova went on all the time, growing day by day and the ranks of the KLA began to grow from those people who actually started with the idea that the only way to get our independence was armed struggle.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=NATO%27s+Balkan+War+and+the+Kosova+Liberation+Struggle&rft.pub=Democratic+Socialist+Perspective+%E2%80%93+The+Activist+%E2%80%93+Volume+9&rft.date=1999-06-14&rft.aulast=Lorimer&rft.aufirst=Doug&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dsp.org.au%2Fnode%2F117&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKosovo+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Chang2013-270"><a href="#cite_ref-Chang2013_270-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChih-Hann_Chang2013" class="citation book cs1">Chih-Hann Chang (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iuOhAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA136">Ethical Foreign Policy?: US Humanitarian Interventions</a>. Ashgate Publishing. pp. 136–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4094-8943-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4094-8943-6"><bdi>978-1-4094-8943-6</bdi></a>. <q>Thaci was the main opponent of signing the agreement, while Rugova had minimal influence at the talks...When both parties returned to Paris in mid-March, the Kosovar Albanian delegation signed the accord...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ethical+Foreign+Policy%3F%3A+US+Humanitarian+Interventions&rft.pages=136-&rft.pub=Ashgate+Publishing&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-4094-8943-6&rft.au=Chih-Hann+Chang&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DiuOhAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA136&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKosovo+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jeffries2003-271">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Jeffries2003_271-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jeffries2003_271-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJeffries2003" class="citation book cs1">Jeffries, Ian (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sl-BAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA474">The Former Yugoslavia at the Turn of the Twenty-First Century: A Guide to the Economies in Transition</a>. Routledge. pp. 474–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-134-46050-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-134-46050-2"><bdi>978-1-134-46050-2</bdi></a>. <q>Also on 1 April 1999, the Yugoslav state television showed a meeting between Milosevic and Rugova. On 5 May Ibrahim Rugova and his family flew to Rome... says he was acting under duress when he backed Slobodan Milošević's call for an end to NATO's strikes...Mr Rugova ... [said] that the agreement had no meaning...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Former+Yugoslavia+at+the+Turn+of+the+Twenty-First+Century%3A+A+Guide+to+the+Economies+in+Transition&rft.pages=474-&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-134-46050-2&rft.aulast=Jeffries&rft.aufirst=Ian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dsl-BAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA474&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKosovo+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-272"><a href="#cite_ref-272">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKrieger2001">Krieger 2001</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-OhPTJn8ZWoC&pg=PA485">485–</a>: "...the appeal for stopping the NATO strikes has come from Ibrahim Rugova, the acknowledged leader of the Kosovo Albanians." </li> <li id="cite_note-Kola2003-273"><a href="#cite_ref-Kola2003_273-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKola2003" class="citation book cs1">Kola, Paulin (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FGVpAAAAMAAJ">The search for Greater Albania</a>. Hurst & Co. p. 360. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1850656647" title="Special:BookSources/978-1850656647"><bdi>978-1850656647</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/52978026">52978026</a>. <q>To complicate matters further for NATO, Rugova's first pronouncements confirmed fears that the Albanian leader was sticking to a deal with Milosevic.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+search+for+Greater+Albania&rft.pages=360&rft.pub=Hurst+%26+Co.&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F52978026&rft.isbn=978-1850656647&rft.aulast=Kola&rft.aufirst=Paulin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFGVpAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKosovo+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Radu-274"><a href="#cite_ref-Radu_274-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRadu2005" class="citation book cs1">Radu, Michael (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rWp5F3T6a-8C&pg=PA123">Dilemmas of Democracy and Dictatorship: Place, Time and Ideology in Global Perspective</a>. Transaction Publishers. p. 123. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4128-2171-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4128-2171-1"><bdi>978-1-4128-2171-1</bdi></a>. <q>...although Rugova's recent meeting with Milosevic may well have been under duress, the KLA declared Rugova a "traitor"...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dilemmas+of+Democracy+and+Dictatorship%3A+Place%2C+Time+and+Ideology+in+Global+Perspective&rft.pages=123&rft.pub=Transaction+Publishers&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-4128-2171-1&rft.aulast=Radu&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrWp5F3T6a-8C%26pg%3DPA123&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKosovo+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-275"><a href="#cite_ref-275">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161130041813/https://d2071andvip0wj.cloudfront.net/120-kosovo-landmark-election-albanian.pdf">Kosova: Zgjedhje Historike</a> [Kosovo: Historic Elections] (PDF) (in Albanian), <a href="/wiki/International_Crisis_Group" title="International Crisis Group">International Crisis Group</a>, 21 November 2001, p. 9, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d2071andvip0wj.cloudfront.net/120-kosovo-landmark-election-albanian.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 30 November 2016, retrieved 29 November 2016, <q>Shumica menduan se partia dhe udhëheqësi i saj do të zhdukeshin politikisht pas fushatës së bombardimeve të NATO-s në 1999. Gjatë bombardimeve, Rugova u filmua në një takim me ish-presidentin jugosllav Sllobodan Millosheviç, dhe u akuzua nga disa si tepër paqësor. Pas bombardimeve UÇK-ja veproi me shpejtësi për të plotësuar boshllëkun e lënë nga ikja e forcave serbe, ndërsa Rugova edhe për disa javë qëndroi jashtë vendit. Megjithatë, vetëm një pakicë e shqiptarëve të Kosovës morën pjesë aktive në UÇK. Besnikëria ndaj LDK-së dhe Rugovës u rikthye ballë zmbrapsjes ndaj arrogancës së UÇK-së shfaqur në dëshirën për të kontrolluar ekonominë dhe politikën në kaosin para krijimit të UNMIK-ut. Pozicioni mbizotërues i LDK-së në zgjedhjet e tetorit 2000, e risolli atë si forcën mbizotëruese politike të Kosovës.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kosova%3A+Zgjedhje+Historike&rft.pages=9&rft.pub=International+Crisis+Group&rft.date=2001-11-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fd2071andvip0wj.cloudfront.net%2F120-kosovo-landmark-election-albanian.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKosovo+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-smith-276">^ <a href="#cite_ref-smith_276-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-smith_276-1">b</a> <a href="/wiki/R._Jeffrey_Smith" title="R. Jeffrey Smith">R. Jeffrey Smith</a>, "Outspoken Kosovo activist gunned down in stairwell". <a href="/wiki/Toronto_Star" title="Toronto Star">Toronto Star</a> via <a href="/wiki/Washington_Post" class="mw-redirect" title="Washington Post">Washington Post</a>, 24 November 2000: A18. </li> <li id="cite_note-BBC-missing-277"><a href="#cite_ref-BBC-missing_277-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/781310.stm">"3,000 missing in Kosovo"</a>. BBC. 7 June 2000.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=3%2C000+missing+in+Kosovo&rft.date=2000-06-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fworld%2Feurope%2F781310.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKosovo+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-278"><a href="#cite_ref-278">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20050416071947/http://pdf.thelancet.com/pdfdownload?uid=llan.355.9222.original_research.1004.1&x=x.pdf">"Casualties in Kosovo"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/The_Lancet" title="The Lancet">The Lancet</a>. 24 June 2000. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pdf.thelancet.com/pdfdownload?uid=llan.355.9222.original_research.1004.1&x=x.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 16 April 2005. Retrieved 29 October 2004.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Lancet&rft.atitle=Casualties+in+Kosovo&rft.date=2000-06-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpdf.thelancet.com%2Fpdfdownload%3Fuid%3Dllan.355.9222.original_research.1004.1%26x%3Dx.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKosovo+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-279"><a href="#cite_ref-279">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpiegelSalama2004" class="citation journal cs1">Spiegel, P. B.; Salama, P. (24 June 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10881894/">"War and mortality in Kosovo, 1998–99: an epidemiological testimony"</a>. Lancet. 355 (9222): 2204–2209. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0140-6736%2800%2902404-1">10.1016/S0140-6736(00)02404-1</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10881894">10881894</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:14632097">14632097</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Lancet&rft.atitle=War+and+mortality+in+Kosovo%2C+1998%E2%80%9399%3A+an+epidemiological+testimony&rft.volume=355&rft.issue=9222&rft.pages=2204-2209&rft.date=2004-06-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A14632097%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F10881894&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0140-6736%2800%2902404-1&rft.aulast=Spiegel&rft.aufirst=P.+B.&rft.au=Salama%2C+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2F10881894%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKosovo+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-280"><a href="#cite_ref-280">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ohchr.org/EN/NewsEvents/Pages/MissingPersonsInKosovo.aspx">"OHCHR | Missing persons receive renewed attention in Kosovo"</a>. www.ohchr.org.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.ohchr.org&rft.atitle=OHCHR+%26%23124%3B+Missing+persons+receive+renewed+attention+in+Kosovo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ohchr.org%2FEN%2FNewsEvents%2FPages%2FMissingPersonsInKosovo.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKosovo+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-281"><a href="#cite_ref-281">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nato.int/kosovo/repo2000/conduct.htm#TopOfPage">"Kosovo One Year On: Achievement and Challenge, by Lord Robertson of Port Ellen, Secretary General of NATO"</a>. <a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a>. March 2000.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Kosovo+One+Year+On%3A+Achievement+and+Challenge%2C+by+Lord+Robertson+of+Port+Ellen%2C+Secretary+General+of+NATO&rft.pub=NATO&rft.date=2000-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nato.int%2Fkosovo%2Frepo2000%2Fconduct.htm%23TopOfPage&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKosovo+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-282"><a href="#cite_ref-282">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSimons1969" class="citation news cs1">Simons, Marlise (31 December 1969). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2006/07/10/world/europe/10iht-serbia.2166700.html">"Tribunal focuses on Serbia's Kosovo war"</a>. The New York Times. Retrieved 2 January 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Tribunal+focuses+on+Serbia%27s+Kosovo+war&rft.date=1969-12-31&rft.aulast=Simons&rft.aufirst=Marlise&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2006%2F07%2F10%2Fworld%2Feurope%2F10iht-serbia.2166700.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKosovo+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-283"><a href="#cite_ref-283">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://1997-2001.state.gov/www/global/human_rights/kosovoii/homepage.html">"Ethnic Cleansing in Kosovo: An Accounting"</a>. <a href="/wiki/US_Department_of_State" class="mw-redirect" title="US Department of State">US Department of State</a>. Retrieved 26 November 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ethnic+Cleansing+in+Kosovo%3A+An+Accounting&rft.pub=US+Department+of+State&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2F1997-2001.state.gov%2Fwww%2Fglobal%2Fhuman_rights%2Fkosovoii%2Fhomepage.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKosovo+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-284"><a href="#cite_ref-284">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://shr.aaas.org/kosovo/icty_report.pdf">"Killings and Refugee Flow in Kosovo"</a> (PDF). 3 January 2002.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Killings+and+Refugee+Flow+in+Kosovo&rft.date=2002-01-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fshr.aaas.org%2Fkosovo%2Ficty_report.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKosovo+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-285"><a href="#cite_ref-285">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100615111726/http://pdx.academia.edu/documents/0035/5846/ICTY_Fruits_expert_report_final_080203.pdf">"Expert Report to the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia, Milutinovic et al., Case No. IT-05-87 PT"</a> (PDF). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pdx.academia.edu/documents/0035/5846/ICTY_Fruits_expert_report_final_080203.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 15 June 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Expert+Report+to+the+International+Criminal+Tribunal+for+the+former+Yugoslavia%2C+Milutinovic+et+al.%2C+Case+No.+IT-05-87+PT&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpdx.academia.edu%2Fdocuments%2F0035%2F5846%2FICTY_Fruits_expert_report_final_080203.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKosovo+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-286"><a href="#cite_ref-286">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSteele2000" class="citation news cs1">Steele, Jonathan (18 August 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/Archive/Article/0,4273,4052755,00.html">"Serb killings 'exaggerated' by west"</a>. The Guardian. London.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Serb+killings+%27exaggerated%27+by+west&rft.date=2000-08-18&rft.aulast=Steele&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2FArchive%2FArticle%2F0%2C4273%2C4052755%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKosovo+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-287"><a href="#cite_ref-287">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPristina1999" class="citation web cs1">Pristina, Chris Bird in (11 November 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/1999/nov/11/balkans.unitednations">"Graves put Kosovo death toll in doubt"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a>. Retrieved 25 November 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Graves+put+Kosovo+death+toll+in+doubt&rft.date=1999-11-11&rft.aulast=Pristina&rft.aufirst=Chris+Bird+in&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F1999%2Fnov%2F11%2Fbalkans.unitednations&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKosovo+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-288"><a href="#cite_ref-288">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStojanovic2019" class="citation news cs1">Stojanovic, Milica (5 June 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://balkaninsight.com/2019/06/05/vlastimir-djordjevic-serbian-official-involved-in-kosovo-crimes-cover-up/">"Vlastimir Djordjevic: Serbian Official Involved in Kosovo Crimes Cover-Up"</a>. Balkan Insight. Retrieved 10 April 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Balkan+Insight&rft.atitle=Vlastimir+Djordjevic%3A+Serbian+Official+Involved+in+Kosovo+Crimes+Cover-Up&rft.date=2019-06-05&rft.aulast=Stojanovic&rft.aufirst=Milica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbalkaninsight.com%2F2019%2F06%2F05%2Fvlastimir-djordjevic-serbian-official-involved-in-kosovo-crimes-cover-up%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKosovo+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-289"><a href="#cite_ref-289">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation report cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hlc-rdc.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/Dosije_OPERACIJA_SKRIVANJA_TELA._eng.pdf">Dossier: The cover-up of evidence of crimes during the war in Kosovo: The Concealment of Bodies Operation</a> (PDF) (Report). Humanitarian Law Center. 2017. pp. 53–56. Retrieved 10 April 2021. <q>Over the past 12 years, the witnesses and representatives of the civil sector have come forward with evidence that, in addition to being hidden in mass graves on the territory of Serbia, the bodies of murdered Albanians have been burned in several locations in Serbia and Kosovo.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Dossier%3A+The+cover-up+of+evidence+of+crimes+during+the+war+in+Kosovo%3A+The+Concealment+of+Bodies+Operation&rft.pages=53-56&rft.pub=Humanitarian+Law+Center&rft.date=2017&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hlc-rdc.org%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2017%2F01%2FDosije_OPERACIJA_SKRIVANJA_TELA._eng.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKosovo+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-290"><a href="#cite_ref-290">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hrw.org/reports/1999/glogovac/Glog997-02.htm">"The Town Of Glogovac"</a>. hrw.org. Retrieved 10 April 2021. <q>A notable feature of Glogovac was the nearby Ferrous Nickel plant, called "Feronikl." The large mine and industrial complex was frequently used by Serbian and Yugoslav forces as a base of operations throughout 1998 and 1999. There were multiple, but as yet unconfirmed, reports that Feronikl was also used as a detention facility for Albanians since March 1998. Likewise, unconfirmed reports speak of a crematorium in Feronikl where Albanians were allegedly deposed of once the NATO bombing began.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=hrw.org&rft.atitle=The+Town+Of+Glogovac&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hrw.org%2Freports%2F1999%2Fglogovac%2FGlog997-02.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKosovo+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-291"><a href="#cite_ref-291">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100911193706/http://english.aljazeera.net/news/europe/2010/05/201051082239918404.html">"Serbia uncovers 'Kosovo mass grave'"</a>. Al Jazeera English. 10 May 2010. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://english.aljazeera.net/news/europe/2010/05/201051082239918404.html">the original</a> on 11 September 2010. Retrieved 6 May 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Serbia+uncovers+%27Kosovo+mass+grave%27&rft.pub=Al+Jazeera+English&rft.date=2010-05-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fenglish.aljazeera.net%2Fnews%2Feurope%2F2010%2F05%2F201051082239918404.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKosovo+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-292"><a href="#cite_ref-292">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBorger2010" class="citation news cs1">Borger, Julian (10 May 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/may/10/kosovo-albanian-mass-grave-serbia">"Kosovo Albanian mass grave found under car park in Serbia"</a>. The Guardian. Retrieved 10 April 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Kosovo+Albanian+mass+grave+found+under+car+park+in+Serbia&rft.date=2010-05-10&rft.aulast=Borger&rft.aufirst=Julian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2010%2Fmay%2F10%2Fkosovo-albanian-mass-grave-serbia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKosovo+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-293"><a href="#cite_ref-293">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPerić2010" class="citation news cs1">Perić, Vesna (11 May 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/250-ethnic-albanians-found-in-mass-grave-1970559.html">"250 ethnic Albanians found in mass grave"</a>. The Independent. Retrieved 10 April 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=250+ethnic+Albanians+found+in+mass+grave&rft.date=2010-05-11&rft.aulast=Peri%C4%87&rft.aufirst=Vesna&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld%2Feurope%2F250-ethnic-albanians-found-in-mass-grave-1970559.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKosovo+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-294"><a href="#cite_ref-294">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStojanovic2021" class="citation news cs1">Stojanovic, Milica (6 April 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://balkaninsight.com/2021/04/06/two-kosovo-albanians-identified-from-wartime-mass-grave-in-serbia/">"Two Kosovo Albanians Identified from Wartime Mass Grave in Serbia"</a>. Balkan Insight. Retrieved 10 April 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Balkan+Insight&rft.atitle=Two+Kosovo+Albanians+Identified+from+Wartime+Mass+Grave+in+Serbia&rft.date=2021-04-06&rft.aulast=Stojanovic&rft.aufirst=Milica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbalkaninsight.com%2F2021%2F04%2F06%2Ftwo-kosovo-albanians-identified-from-wartime-mass-grave-in-serbia%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKosovo+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-295"><a href="#cite_ref-295">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFred2019" class="citation web cs1">Fred, Abrahams (13 June 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hrw.org/news/2019/06/13/justice-gap-kosovo-20-years">"Justice Gap For Kosovo 20 Years On"</a>. HumanRightsWatch.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=HumanRightsWatch&rft.atitle=Justice+Gap+For+Kosovo+20+Years+On&rft.date=2019-06-13&rft.aulast=Fred&rft.aufirst=Abrahams&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hrw.org%2Fnews%2F2019%2F06%2F13%2Fjustice-gap-kosovo-20-years&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKosovo+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-296"><a href="#cite_ref-296">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hrw.org/reports/1999/kosov2/">"Abuses Against Serbs And Roma In The New Kosovo"</a>. HumanRightsWatch. August 1999.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=HumanRightsWatch&rft.atitle=Abuses+Against+Serbs+And+Roma+In+The+New+Kosovo&rft.date=1999-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hrw.org%2Freports%2F1999%2Fkosov2%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKosovo+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-297"><a href="#cite_ref-297">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFisk1999" class="citation news cs1">Fisk, Robert (24 November 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/serbs-murdered-by-the-hundred-since-liberation-1128350.html">"Serbs murdered by the hundred since 'liberation'"</a>. The Independent.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=Serbs+murdered+by+the+hundred+since+%27liberation%27&rft.date=1999-11-24&rft.aulast=Fisk&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld%2Fserbs-murdered-by-the-hundred-since-liberation-1128350.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKosovo+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-NATOlosses-298">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NATOlosses_298-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NATOlosses_298-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20010223043114/http://www.aeronautics.ru/official/losthelicopters.htm">"Officially confirmed / documented NATO helicopter losses"</a>. 23 February 2001. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aeronautics.ru/official/losthelicopters.htm">the original</a> on 23 February 2001.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Officially+confirmed+%2F+documented+NATO+helicopter+losses&rft.date=2001-02-23&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aeronautics.ru%2Fofficial%2Flosthelicopters.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKosovo+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-299"><a href="#cite_ref-299">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080308163600/http://www.cnn.com/US/9905/05/apache.crash/">"U.S. helicopter crew killed in crash in Albania"</a>. CNN. 5 May 1999. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cnn.com/US/9905/05/apache.crash/">the original</a> on 8 March 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CNN&rft.atitle=U.S.+helicopter+crew+killed+in+crash+in+Albania&rft.date=1999-05-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2FUS%2F9905%2F05%2Fapache.crash%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKosovo+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Apache-300"><a href="#cite_ref-Apache_300-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/335709.stm">"Two die in Apache crash"</a>. BBC. 5 May 1999.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Two+die+in+Apache+crash&rft.date=1999-05-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fworld%2F335709.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKosovo+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-301"><a href="#cite_ref-301">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLambeth2006" class="citation web cs1">Lambeth, Benjamin S. (3 June 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061010133641/http://www.airpower.maxwell.af.mil/airchronicles/apj/apj02/sum02/lambeth.html">"Kosovo and the Continuing SEAD Challenge"</a>. Aerospace Power Journal. <a href="/wiki/United_States_Air_Force" title="United States Air Force">United States Air Force</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.airpower.maxwell.af.mil/airchronicles/apj/apj02/sum02/lambeth.html">the original</a> on 10 October 2006. Retrieved 30 October 2006. <q>On the fourth night of air operations, an apparent barrage of SA-3s downed an F-117 at approximately 2045 over hilly terrain near Budanovci, about 28 miles northwest of Belgrade- marking the first combat loss ever of a stealth aircraft.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Aerospace+Power+Journal&rft.atitle=Kosovo+and+the+Continuing+SEAD+Challenge&rft.date=2006-06-03&rft.aulast=Lambeth&rft.aufirst=Benjamin+S.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.airpower.maxwell.af.mil%2Fairchronicles%2Fapj%2Fapj02%2Fsum02%2Flambeth.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKosovo+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-302"><a href="#cite_ref-302">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210227001432/http://www.muzejrv.mod.gov.rs/">"3. паневропски конгрес војне медицине"</a>. www.muzejrv.mod.gov.rs. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.muzejrv.mod.gov.rs/">the original</a> on 27 February 2021. Retrieved 27 March 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.muzejrv.mod.gov.rs&rft.atitle=3.+%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8+%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81+%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%98%D0%BD%D0%B5+%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.muzejrv.mod.gov.rs%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKosovo+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-303"><a href="#cite_ref-303">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRiccioni2005" class="citation web cs1">Riccioni, Everest E. (8 March 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051016233746/http://www.pogo.org/m/dp/dp-fa22-Riccioni-03082005.pdf">"Description of our Failing Defense Acquisition System"</a> (PDF). Project on government oversight. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pogo.org/m/dp/dp-fa22-Riccioni-03082005.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 16 October 2005.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Project+on+government+oversight&rft.atitle=Description+of+our+Failing+Defense+Acquisition+System&rft.date=2005-03-08&rft.aulast=Riccioni&rft.aufirst=Everest+E.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pogo.org%2Fm%2Fdp%2Fdp-fa22-Riccioni-03082005.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKosovo+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-304"><a href="#cite_ref-304">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=AT&p_theme=at&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=0EADA4695E8E4162&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D&s_trackval=GooglePM#profF-117">"Damage said attributed to full moon."</a> Nl.newsbank.com, 6 May 1999 </li> <li id="cite_note-305"><a href="#cite_ref-305">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/inatl/daily/april99/soldiers040299.htm">'We're Trapped... We Can't Get Out'</a>. The Washington Post, 2 April 2014 </li> <li id="cite_note-Pollack2003-306"><a href="#cite_ref-Pollack2003_306-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPollack2003" class="citation book cs1">Pollack, Kenneth (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HCZfUV-U97kC&pg=PA304">The Threatening Storm: What Every American Needs to Know Before an Invasion in Iraq</a>. Random House Publishing Group. pp. 304–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58836-341-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58836-341-1"><bdi>978-1-58836-341-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Threatening+Storm%3A+What+Every+American+Needs+to+Know+Before+an+Invasion+in+Iraq&rft.pages=304-&rft.pub=Random+House+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-58836-341-1&rft.aulast=Pollack&rft.aufirst=Kenneth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHCZfUV-U97kC%26pg%3DPA304&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKosovo+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKrieger2001[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid-OhPTJn8ZWoCpgPA323_323]-307"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKrieger2001[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid-OhPTJn8ZWoCpgPA323_323]_307-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKrieger2001">Krieger 2001</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-OhPTJn8ZWoC&pg=PA323">323</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-308"><a href="#cite_ref-308">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/366981.stm">"Kosovo: The conflict by numbers"</a>. BBC. 11 June 1999. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150920215828/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/366981.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 20 September 2015. Retrieved 7 November 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Kosovo%3A+The+conflict+by+numbers&rft.date=1999-06-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Feurope%2F366981.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKosovo+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bideleux_&_Jeffries2-309"><a href="#cite_ref-Bideleux_&_Jeffries2_309-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBideleuxJeffries2006" class="citation book cs1">Bideleux, Robert; Jeffries, Ian (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/balkanspostcommu0000bide/page/558">The Balkans: A Post-Communist History</a>. Routledge. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/balkanspostcommu0000bide/page/558">558</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-203-96911-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-203-96911-3"><bdi>978-0-203-96911-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Balkans%3A+A+Post-Communist+History&rft.pages=558&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-203-96911-3&rft.aulast=Bideleux&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft.au=Jeffries%2C+Ian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbalkanspostcommu0000bide%2Fpage%2F558&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKosovo+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Chambers2-310"><a href="#cite_ref-Chambers2_310-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChambers_II1999" class="citation book cs1">Chambers II, John Whiteclay (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/oxfordcompaniont00cham/page/375">The Oxford Companion to American Military History</a>. Oxford University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/oxfordcompaniont00cham/page/375">375</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-507198-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-507198-6"><bdi>978-0-19-507198-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Companion+to+American+Military+History&rft.pages=375&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-19-507198-6&rft.aulast=Chambers+II&rft.aufirst=John+Whiteclay&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Foxfordcompaniont00cham%2Fpage%2F375&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKosovo+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-one-six-one.fifthinfantrydivision.com-311">^ <a href="#cite_ref-one-six-one.fifthinfantrydivision.com_311-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-one-six-one.fifthinfantrydivision.com_311-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://one-six-one.fifthinfantrydivision.com/airpwr.htm">"Kosovo Coverup"</a>. One-six-one.fifthinfantrydivision.com. 15 May 2000. Retrieved 6 May 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Kosovo+Coverup&rft.pub=One-six-one.fifthinfantrydivision.com&rft.date=2000-05-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fone-six-one.fifthinfantrydivision.com%2Fairpwr.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKosovo+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-312"><a href="#cite_ref-312">^</a> "The Kosovo Cover-Up" by John Barry and Evan Thomas, Newsweek, 15 May 2000. </li> <li id="cite_note-313"><a href="#cite_ref-313">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20010125073100/http://www.davidbudbill.com/jme14.html">"NATO Bombs Leave Toxic Slough"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.davidbudbill.com/jme14.html">the original</a> on 25 January 2001.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=NATO+Bombs+Leave+Toxic+Slough&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.davidbudbill.com%2Fjme14.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKosovo+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-314"><a href="#cite_ref-314">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMark_B_Jardine2016" class="citation book cs1">Mark B Jardine (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xBgyDQAAQBAJ&q=kosovo+1%2C108%2C913&pg=PA8">The G and T Defense: George W Bush and Tony Blair: Heroes, Not Villains</a>. Lulu.com. p. 8. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1483458571" title="Special:BookSources/978-1483458571"><bdi>978-1483458571</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+G+and+T+Defense%3A+George+W+Bush+and+Tony+Blair%3A+Heroes%2C+Not+Villains&rft.pages=8&rft.pub=Lulu.com&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1483458571&rft.au=Mark+B+Jardine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxBgyDQAAQBAJ%26q%3Dkosovo%2B1%252C108%252C913%26pg%3DPA8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKosovo+War" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Self-published_sources" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">self-published source</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-Political_Parties_of_Eastern_Europe-315"><a href="#cite_ref-Political_Parties_of_Eastern_Europe_315-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBugajski2002" class="citation book cs1">Bugajski, Janusz (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9gGKtLTQlUcC&pg=PA479">Political Parties of Eastern Europe: A Guide to Politics in the Post-Communist Era</a>. New York: The Center for Strategic and International Studies. p. 479. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56324-676-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56324-676-0"><bdi>978-1-56324-676-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Political+Parties+of+Eastern+Europe%3A+A+Guide+to+Politics+in+the+Post-Communist+Era&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=479&rft.pub=The+Center+for+Strategic+and+International+Studies&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-1-56324-676-0&rft.aulast=Bugajski&rft.aufirst=Janusz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9gGKtLTQlUcC%26pg%3DPA479&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKosovo+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-HRWReport-316"><a href="#cite_ref-HRWReport_316-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation report cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/reports/Under_Orders_En_Combined.pdf">Under order</a> (PDF) (Report). Human Rights Watch. 2001. p. 454. Retrieved 23 November 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Under+order&rft.pages=454&rft.pub=Human+Rights+Watch&rft.date=2001&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hrw.org%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Freports%2FUnder_Orders_En_Combined.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKosovo+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-317"><a href="#cite_ref-317">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRefugees" class="citation web cs1">Refugees, United Nations High Commissioner for. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.refworld.org/docid/3c58099b4.html">"Refworld | Reversal of Fortune: Serbia's Refugee Crisis"</a>. Refworld. Retrieved 25 November 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Refworld&rft.atitle=Refworld+%7C+Reversal+of+Fortune%3A+Serbia%27s+Refugee+Crisis&rft.aulast=Refugees&rft.aufirst=United+Nations+High+Commissioner+for&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.refworld.org%2Fdocid%2F3c58099b4.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKosovo+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-318"><a href="#cite_ref-318">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hrw.org/en/reports/1999/08/01/abuses-against-serbs-and-roma-new-kosovo">Abuses against Serbs and Roma in the New Kosovo</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141129014620/http://www.hrw.org/en/reports/1999/08/01/abuses-against-serbs-and-roma-new-kosovo">Archived</a> 29 November 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Human rights watch </li> <li id="cite_note-319"><a href="#cite_ref-319">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.balkaninsight.com/en/article/uncomfortable-truths-war-crimes-in-the-balkans">"Uncomfortable Truths: War Crimes in the Balkans"</a>. Balkan Insight. 16 November 2011. Retrieved 1 April 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Balkan+Insight&rft.atitle=Uncomfortable+Truths%3A+War+Crimes+in+the+Balkans&rft.date=2011-11-16&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.balkaninsight.com%2Fen%2Farticle%2Funcomfortable-truths-war-crimes-in-the-balkans&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKosovo+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mehmeti72-320"><a href="#cite_ref-Mehmeti72_320-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMehmeti2015" class="citation book cs1">Mehmeti, Jeton (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4F9OCgAAQBAJ&q=Kosovo+war+mosques&pg=PA72">"Faith and Politics in Kosovo: The status of Religious Communities in a Secular Country"</a>. In Roy, Olivier; Elbasani, Arolda (eds.). The Revival of Islam in the Balkans: From Identity to Religiosity. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. p. 72. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1137517845" title="Special:BookSources/978-1137517845"><bdi>978-1137517845</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Faith+and+Politics+in+Kosovo%3A+The+status+of+Religious+Communities+in+a+Secular+Country&rft.btitle=The+Revival+of+Islam+in+the+Balkans%3A+From+Identity+to+Religiosity&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=72&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1137517845&rft.aulast=Mehmeti&rft.aufirst=Jeton&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4F9OCgAAQBAJ%26q%3DKosovo%2Bwar%2Bmosques%26pg%3DPA72&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKosovo+War" class="Z3988"> "Islamic heritage in general has received meagre legal attention although such heritage was severely damaged during the war. The International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY) documented that, of 498 mosques that were in active use, approximately 225 of them were damaged or destroyed by Serbian military during the years 1998–1999." </li> <li id="cite_note-Herscher87-321"><a href="#cite_ref-Herscher87_321-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHerscherRiedlmayer2000">Herscher & Riedlmayer 2000</a>, pp. 87. "The attack on Landovica's mosque was reprised throughout Kosovo during the eighteen months of the Serb counterinsurgency campaign. Approximately 225 of Kosovo's 600 mosques were vandalized, damaged, or destroyed during that campaign." </li> <li id="cite_note-Bevan85-322">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bevan85_322-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bevan85_322-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBevan2007" class="citation book cs1">Bevan, Robert (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Xuz6GngdaVsC&q=kosovo+war+museum+prizren&pg=PT122">The Destruction of Memory: Architecture at War</a>. Reaktion books. p. 85. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1861896384" title="Special:BookSources/978-1861896384"><bdi>978-1861896384</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Destruction+of+Memory%3A+Architecture+at+War&rft.pages=85&rft.pub=Reaktion+books&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1861896384&rft.aulast=Bevan&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXuz6GngdaVsC%26q%3Dkosovo%2Bwar%2Bmuseum%2Bprizren%26pg%3DPT122&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKosovo+War" class="Z3988"> "Although the priceless Serbian Orthodox heritage of Kosovo was damaged during the Kosovo conflict and after (and Serbia itself did indeed lose some buildings to NATO raids), it is the Muslim heritage, as in Bosnia, that was devastated by the war. A third of Kosovo's historic mosques were destroyed or damaged, as were 90 per cent of the traditional kulla (stone tower-houses), as part of the Serbian campaign of ethnic cleansing that followed the pattern set in Bosnia, and made worse by the efficiency lessons learned there. The destruction of Kosovo's non-Serb architectural heritage was a planned and methodical element of ethnic cleansing." </li> <li id="cite_note-Herscher13-323"><a href="#cite_ref-Herscher13_323-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHerscher2010" class="citation book cs1">Herscher, Andrew (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pnSvZzDS0RYC&q=Kosovo+je+Srbija">Violence taking place: The architecture of the Kosovo conflict</a>. Stanford: Stanford University Press. p. 13. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0804769358" title="Special:BookSources/978-0804769358"><bdi>978-0804769358</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Violence+taking+place%3A+The+architecture+of+the+Kosovo+conflict&rft.place=Stanford&rft.pages=13&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0804769358&rft.aulast=Herscher&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpnSvZzDS0RYC%26q%3DKosovo%2Bje%2BSrbija&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKosovo+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Amnestysurvivors61315-324">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Amnestysurvivors61315_324-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Amnestysurvivors61315_324-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190801024644/https://www.amnesty.org/download/Documents/EUR7075582017ENGLISH.PDF">"Wounds that burn our souls": Compensation for Kosovo's wartime rape survivors, but still no justice"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Amnesty_International" title="Amnesty International">Amnesty International</a>. 13 December 2017. pp. 6, 13, 15. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amnesty.org/download/Documents/EUR7075582017ENGLISH.PDF">the original</a> (PDF) on 1 August 2019. Retrieved 27 September 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Wounds+that+burn+our+souls%22%3A+Compensation+for+Kosovo%27s+wartime+rape+survivors%2C+but+still+no+justice&rft.pages=6%2C+13%2C+15&rft.pub=Amnesty+International&rft.date=2017-12-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amnesty.org%2Fdownload%2FDocuments%2FEUR7075582017ENGLISH.PDF&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKosovo+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-De_Lellio522-325"><a href="#cite_ref-De_Lellio522_325-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDe_LellioSchwandner-Sievers2006" class="citation journal cs1">De Lellio, Anna; Schwandner-Sievers, Stephanie (2006). "The Legendary Commander: the construction of an Albanian master-narrative in post-war Kosovo". Nations and Nationalism. 12 (3): 522. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1469-8129.2006.00252.x">10.1111/j.1469-8129.2006.00252.x</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nations+and+Nationalism&rft.atitle=The+Legendary+Commander%3A+the+construction+of+an+Albanian+master-narrative+in+post-war+Kosovo&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=522&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1469-8129.2006.00252.x&rft.aulast=De+Lellio&rft.aufirst=Anna&rft.au=Schwandner-Sievers%2C+Stephanie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKosovo+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-KadriuMorina-326"><a href="#cite_ref-KadriuMorina_326-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKadriuMorina2018" class="citation news cs1">Kadriu, Arber; Morina, Die (18 October 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.balkaninsight.com/en/article/pioneering-kosovo-rape-victim-relives-battle-for-justice-10-18-2018">"Pioneering Kosovo Rape Victim Relives Battle for Justice"</a>. Birn. Balkaninsight. Retrieved 27 September 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Pioneering+Kosovo+Rape+Victim+Relives+Battle+for+Justice&rft.date=2018-10-18&rft.aulast=Kadriu&rft.aufirst=Arber&rft.au=Morina%2C+Die&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.balkaninsight.com%2Fen%2Farticle%2Fpioneering-kosovo-rape-victim-relives-battle-for-justice-10-18-2018&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKosovo+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ball2002-327"><a href="#cite_ref-Ball2002_327-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBall2002" class="citation book cs1">Ball, Howard (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=keVtk-r73EYC&pg=PA197">War Crimes and Justice: A Reference Handbook</a>. ABC-CLIO. pp. 197–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1576078990" title="Special:BookSources/978-1576078990"><bdi>978-1576078990</bdi></a>. Retrieved 31 March 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=War+Crimes+and+Justice%3A+A+Reference+Handbook&rft.pages=197-&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-1576078990&rft.aulast=Ball&rft.aufirst=Howard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkeVtk-r73EYC%26pg%3DPA197&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKosovo+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-328"><a href="#cite_ref-328">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Jones" class="citation book cs1">Jones, Adam (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RnO_Z3y5elgC">Genocide: A Comprehensive Introduction</a>. Routledge. p. 330. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1134259809" title="Special:BookSources/978-1134259809"><bdi>978-1134259809</bdi></a>. Retrieved 30 March 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Genocide%3A+A+Comprehensive+Introduction&rft.pages=330&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1134259809&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Adam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRnO_Z3y5elgC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKosovo+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-329"><a href="#cite_ref-329">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJudah2009" class="citation book cs1">Judah, Tim (2009). The Serbs (3rd ed.). Yale University Press. p. 346. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-15826-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-15826-7"><bdi>978-0-300-15826-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Serbs&rft.pages=346&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-300-15826-7&rft.aulast=Judah&rft.aufirst=Tim&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKosovo+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ICTY_CIS-330">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ICTY_CIS_330-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ICTY_CIS_330-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ICTY_CIS_330-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ICTY_CIS_330-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ICTY_CIS_330-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ICTY_CIS_330-5">f</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.icty.org/x/cases/milutinovic/cis/en/cis_sainovic_al_en.pdf">"Šainović et al., Case Information Sheet"</a> (PDF). International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia. 2014. Retrieved 11 January 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%C5%A0ainovi%C4%87+et+al.%2C+Case+Information+Sheet&rft.pub=International+Criminal+Tribunal+for+the+Former+Yugoslavia&rft.date=2014&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.icty.org%2Fx%2Fcases%2Fmilutinovic%2Fcis%2Fen%2Fcis_sainovic_al_en.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKosovo+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-331"><a href="#cite_ref-331">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.icty.org/x/cases/djordjevic/cis/en/cis_djordjevic_en.pdf">"Vlastimir Đorđević – Case Information Sheet"</a> (PDF). International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia. Retrieved 11 January 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Vlastimir+%C4%90or%C4%91evi%C4%87+%E2%80%93+Case+Information+Sheet&rft.pub=International+Criminal+Tribunal+for+the+Former+Yugoslavia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.icty.org%2Fx%2Fcases%2Fdjordjevic%2Fcis%2Fen%2Fcis_djordjevic_en.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKosovo+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Five_Senior_Serb_Officials_Convicted-332"><a href="#cite_ref-Five_Senior_Serb_Officials_Convicted_332-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.icty.org/sid/10070">"Five Senior Serb Officials Convicted of Kosovo Crimes, One Acquitted"</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Criminal_Tribunal_for_the_former_Yugoslavia" title="International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia">International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia</a>. 26 February 2009. Retrieved 1 April 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Five+Senior+Serb+Officials+Convicted+of+Kosovo+Crimes%2C+One+Acquitted&rft.date=2009-02-26&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.icty.org%2Fsid%2F10070&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKosovo+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-333"><a href="#cite_ref-333">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.un.org/en/story/2007/09/233262">"UN tribunal upholds judgments in three cases against Kosovo fighters"</a>. UN News. 27 September 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=UN+News&rft.atitle=UN+tribunal+upholds+judgments+in+three+cases+against+Kosovo+fighters&rft.date=2007-09-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.un.org%2Fen%2Fstory%2F2007%2F09%2F233262&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKosovo+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-334"><a href="#cite_ref-334">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChampion2008" class="citation news cs1">Champion, Marc (14 April 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB120812796372611429?mod=googlenews_wsj">"Horrors Alleged in Kosovo"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal" title="The Wall Street Journal">The Wall Street Journal</a>. Retrieved 6 May 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Wall+Street+Journal&rft.atitle=Horrors+Alleged+in+Kosovo&rft.date=2008-04-14&rft.aulast=Champion&rft.aufirst=Marc&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wsj.com%2Farticles%2FSB120812796372611429%3Fmod%3Dgooglenews_wsj&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKosovo+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Haradinaj_cleared-335"><a href="#cite_ref-Haradinaj_cleared_335-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-20536318">"Kosovo ex-PM Ramush Haradinaj cleared of war crimes"</a>. BBC News. 29 November 2012. Retrieved 29 November 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Kosovo+ex-PM+Ramush+Haradinaj+cleared+of+war+crimes&rft.date=2012-11-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld-europe-20536318&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKosovo+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-336"><a href="#cite_ref-336">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130217173914/http://daily.tportal.hr/228890/ICTY-prosecution-denies-claims-of-murder-of-witnesses-in-Haradinaj-case.html">"ICTY prosecution denies claims of murder of witnesses in Haradinaj case"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://daily.tportal.hr/228890/ICTY-prosecution-denies-claims-of-murder-of-witnesses-in-Haradinaj-case.html">the original</a> on 17 February 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ICTY+prosecution+denies+claims+of+murder+of+witnesses+in+Haradinaj+case&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdaily.tportal.hr%2F228890%2FICTY-prosecution-denies-claims-of-murder-of-witnesses-in-Haradinaj-case.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKosovo+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-337"><a href="#cite_ref-337">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hrw.org/news/2010/12/15/kosovo/albania-investigate-alleged-kla-crimes">"Kosovo/Albania: Investigate Alleged KLA Crimes"</a>. Human Rights Watch. 15 December 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Human+Rights+Watch&rft.atitle=Kosovo%2FAlbania%3A+Investigate+Alleged+KLA+Crimes&rft.date=2010-12-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hrw.org%2Fnews%2F2010%2F12%2F15%2Fkosovo%2Falbania-investigate-alleged-kla-crimes&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKosovo+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbrahams2001455-338"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbrahams2001455_338-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAbrahams2001">Abrahams 2001</a>, p. 455. </li> <li id="cite_note-339"><a href="#cite_ref-339">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://assembly.coe.int/nw/xml/XRef/X2H-Xref-ViewHTML.asp?FileID=8776">"South-East Europe and Kosovo: Evaluation of the humanitarian situation in the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, particularly in Kosovo and Montenegro"</a>. assembly.coe.int. Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe. 18 September 1999.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=assembly.coe.int&rft.atitle=South-East+Europe+and+Kosovo%3A+Evaluation+of+the+humanitarian+situation+in+the+Federal+Republic+of+Yugoslavia%2C+particularly+in+Kosovo+and+Montenegro&rft.date=1999-09-18&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fassembly.coe.int%2Fnw%2Fxml%2FXRef%2FX2H-Xref-ViewHTML.asp%3FFileID%3D8776&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKosovo+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-announcementNL-340"><a href="#cite_ref-announcementNL_340-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.government.nl/latest/news/2016/01/15/kosovo-court-to-be-established-in-the-hague">"Kosovo court to be established in The Hague"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_Netherlands" class="mw-redirect" title="Government of the Netherlands">Government of the Netherlands</a>. 15 January 2016. Retrieved 16 January 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Government+of+the+Netherlands&rft.atitle=Kosovo+court+to+be+established+in+The+Hague&rft.date=2016-01-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.government.nl%2Flatest%2Fnews%2F2016%2F01%2F15%2Fkosovo-court-to-be-established-in-the-hague&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKosovo+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-hrw1-341"><a href="#cite_ref-hrw1_341-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hrw.org/reports/2001/kosovo/undword.htm">Under Orders: War Crimes in Kosovo. executive summary</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171013010444/https://www.hrw.org/reports/2001/kosovo/undword.htm">Archived</a> 13 October 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. hrw.org (2001) </li> <li id="cite_note-342"><a href="#cite_ref-342">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.spiegel.de/international/world/former-chief-prosecutor-carla-del-ponte-i-keep-telling-myself-that-justice-will-prevail-a-21b02282-89d5-4e7b-b32c-ab16bc1b778b">"I Keep Telling Myself that Justice Will Prevail"</a>. Spiegel. Retrieved 25 June 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=I+Keep+Telling+Myself+that+Justice+Will+Prevail&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.spiegel.de%2Finternational%2Fworld%2Fformer-chief-prosecutor-carla-del-ponte-i-keep-telling-myself-that-justice-will-prevail-a-21b02282-89d5-4e7b-b32c-ab16bc1b778b&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKosovo+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-SDT23409-343"><a href="#cite_ref-SDT23409_343-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStojanovic2009" class="citation news cs1">Stojanovic, Dusan (23 April 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sandiegouniontribune.com/sdut-eu-serbia-nato-bombing-042309-2009apr23-story.html">"Amnesty: NATO bombing of Serbian TV 'war crime'"</a>. San Diego Tribune. AP. Retrieved 28 May 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=San+Diego+Tribune&rft.atitle=Amnesty%3A+NATO+bombing+of+Serbian+TV+%27war+crime%27&rft.date=2009-04-23&rft.aulast=Stojanovic&rft.aufirst=Dusan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sandiegouniontribune.com%2Fsdut-eu-serbia-nato-bombing-042309-2009apr23-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKosovo+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDannreuther2001209-344">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDannreuther2001209_344-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDannreuther2001209_344-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFDannreuther2001">Dannreuther 2001</a>, p. 209. </li> <li id="cite_note-news.bbc.co.uk-345">^ <a href="#cite_ref-news.bbc.co.uk_345-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-news.bbc.co.uk_345-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-news.bbc.co.uk_345-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-news.bbc.co.uk_345-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-news.bbc.co.uk_345-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-news.bbc.co.uk_345-5">f</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/303446.stm">"Nato air strikes – the world reacts"</a>. BBC News. 25 March 1999.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Nato+air+strikes+%E2%80%93+the+world+reacts&rft.date=1999-03-25&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2F303446.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKosovo+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-http-346">^ <a href="#cite_ref-http_346-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-http_346-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-http_346-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-http_346-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-http_346-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-http_346-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-http_346-6">g</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/303671.stm">"Mixed Asian reaction to NATO strikes"</a>. BBC News. 25 March 1999.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Mixed+Asian+reaction+to+NATO+strikes&rft.date=1999-03-25&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Feurope%2F303671.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKosovo+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-347"><a href="#cite_ref-347">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/338599.stm">"Bombing fuels Chinese hostility"</a>. BBC News. 8 May 1999.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Bombing+fuels+Chinese+hostility&rft.date=1999-05-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Feurope%2F338599.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKosovo+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-348"><a href="#cite_ref-348">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1999-apr-09-mn-25714-story.html">Israeli's Kosovo Remarks Raise Ire</a> 09 April 1999, Tracy Wilkinson, LA Times </li> <li id="cite_note-349"><a href="#cite_ref-349">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/voices/commentators/fisk/ariel-sharon-by-robert-fisk-521809.html">Ariel Sharon... by Robert Fisk</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150926002449/http://www.independent.co.uk/voices/commentators/fisk/ariel-sharon-by-robert-fisk-521809.html">Archived</a> 26 September 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Friday 6 January 2006, The Independent </li> <li id="cite_note-350"><a href="#cite_ref-350">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.haaretz.com/opinion/.premium-1.585494">"Russia or Ukraine? For some Israelis, Holocaust memories are key"</a> Haaretz, by David Landau, Apr. 15, 2014 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDannreuther2001208–209-351">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDannreuther2001208–209_351-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDannreuther2001208–209_351-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFDannreuther2001">Dannreuther 2001</a>, pp. 208–209. </li> <li id="cite_note-352"><a href="#cite_ref-352">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a473513.pdf">"Kosovo: International Reactions to NATO Air Strikes"</a> (PDF). apps.dtic.mil. Congressional Research Service – The Library of Congress. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200802234114/https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a473513.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 2 August 2020. Retrieved 11 December 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=apps.dtic.mil&rft.atitle=Kosovo%3A+International+Reactions+to+NATO+Air+Strikes&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapps.dtic.mil%2Fdtic%2Ftr%2Ffulltext%2Fu2%2Fa473513.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKosovo+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDannreuther2001206–208-353">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDannreuther2001206–208_353-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDannreuther2001206–208_353-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDannreuther2001206–208_353-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFDannreuther2001">Dannreuther 2001</a>, pp. 206–208. </li> <li id="cite_note-354"><a href="#cite_ref-354">^</a> Takis Michas: "Unholy Alliance: Greece and Milošević's Serbia" p. 121 </li> <li id="cite_note-355"><a href="#cite_ref-355">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/327457.stm">"French pilots fly for Nato"</a>. BBC News. 24 April 1999. Retrieved 22 April 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=French+pilots+fly+for+Nato&rft.date=1999-04-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Feurope%2F327457.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKosovo+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-356"><a href="#cite_ref-356">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/world/monitoring/302775.stm">"Monitoring | Milosevic's statement: 'Defend the country'"</a>. BBC News. 24 March 1999. Retrieved 8 November 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Monitoring+%26%23124%3B+Milosevic%27s+statement%3A+%27Defend+the+country%27&rft.date=1999-03-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fworld%2Fmonitoring%2F302775.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKosovo+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-357"><a href="#cite_ref-357">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://afa.at/modelun/studyguidekosovo.pdf">"Historical MUN Session Topic: Kosovo Conflict January 2013 Study Guide"</a> (PDF). Vienna <a href="/wiki/Model_United_Nations" title="Model United Nations">Model United Nations</a> Club. January 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Vienna+Model+United+Nations+Club&rft.atitle=Historical+MUN+Session+Topic%3A+Kosovo+Conflict+January+2013+Study+Guide&rft.date=2013-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fafa.at%2Fmodelun%2Fstudyguidekosovo.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKosovo+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-358"><a href="#cite_ref-358">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140913015641/http://archiviostorico.corriere.it/2004/febbraio/25/guerra_del_Kosovo_Parisi_scelte_co_9_040225038.shtml">"La guerra del Kosovo, Parisi e le scelte di Prodi e D' Alema'"</a>. Corriere della Sera. 25 February 2004. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archiviostorico.corriere.it/2004/febbraio/25/guerra_del_Kosovo_Parisi_scelte_co_9_040225038.shtml">the original</a> on 13 September 2014. Retrieved 12 September 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Corriere+della+Sera&rft.atitle=La+guerra+del+Kosovo%2C+Parisi+e+le+scelte+di+Prodi+e+D%27+Alema%27&rft.date=2004-02-25&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchiviostorico.corriere.it%2F2004%2Ffebbraio%2F25%2Fguerra_del_Kosovo_Parisi_scelte_co_9_040225038.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKosovo+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-359"><a href="#cite_ref-359">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.corriere.it/Primo_Piano/Editoriali/2007/03_Marzo/28/errore_cavaliere_battista.shtml">"L'errore del Cavaliere'"</a>. Corriere della Sera. 28 March 2007. Retrieved 12 September 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Corriere+della+Sera&rft.atitle=L%27errore+del+Cavaliere%27&rft.date=2007-03-28&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.corriere.it%2FPrimo_Piano%2FEditoriali%2F2007%2F03_Marzo%2F28%2Ferrore_cavaliere_battista.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKosovo+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-360"><a href="#cite_ref-360">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/303127.stm">"Russia condemns Nato at UN"</a>. BBC News. 25 March 1999.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Russia+condemns+Nato+at+UN&rft.date=1999-03-25&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Feurope%2F303127.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKosovo+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-361"><a href="#cite_ref-361">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/348340.stm">"Fighting for a foreign land"</a>. BBC News. 20 May 1999.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Fighting+for+a+foreign+land&rft.date=1999-05-20&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Feurope%2F348340.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKosovo+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-362"><a href="#cite_ref-362">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/306010.stm">"Britons 'support Nato strikes'"</a>. BBC News. 28 March 1999. Retrieved 8 November 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Britons+%27support+Nato+strikes%27&rft.date=1999-03-28&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fuk_news%2F306010.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKosovo+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-363"><a href="#cite_ref-363">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180202130547/http://www.przegladprawoslawny.pl/articles.php?id_n=2012&id=9">"Bombardowanie Serbii – 10 lat później"</a>. przegladprawoslawny.pl. 2009. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.przegladprawoslawny.pl/articles.php?id_n=2012&id=9">the original</a> on 2 February 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bombardowanie+Serbii+%E2%80%93+10+lat+p%C3%B3%C5%BAniej&rft.pub=przegladprawoslawny.pl&rft.date=2009&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.przegladprawoslawny.pl%2Farticles.php%3Fid_n%3D2012%26id%3D9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKosovo+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-364"><a href="#cite_ref-364">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.archiwum.wyborcza.pl/Archiwum/1,0,715706,19990331RP-DGW,Przeciw_nalotom_NATO,.html">"Przeciw nalotom NATO"</a>. archiwum.wyborcza.pl. 1999.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Przeciw+nalotom+NATO&rft.pub=archiwum.wyborcza.pl&rft.date=1999&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.archiwum.wyborcza.pl%2FArchiwum%2F1%2C0%2C715706%2C19990331RP-DGW%2CPrzeciw_nalotom_NATO%2C.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKosovo+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-365"><a href="#cite_ref-365">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/kosovo/etc/cron.html">"A Kosovo chronology"</a>. PBS.org. 4 May 1999. Retrieved 5 March 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+Kosovo+chronology&rft.pub=PBS.org&rft.date=1999-05-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbs.org%2Fwgbh%2Fpages%2Ffrontline%2Fshows%2Fkosovo%2Fetc%2Fcron.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKosovo+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-366"><a href="#cite_ref-366">^</a> Steven Woehrel, Julie Kim, and Carl Ek, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.everycrsreport.com/files/20030425_RL30168_cb3fc596d8bdf0300e599d40025dfc6544f0e459.pdf">"NATO Applicant States" Congressional Research Service (2003) pp. 9–12</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-367"><a href="#cite_ref-367">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/331127.stm">"Sofia hit by Nato missile"</a>. BBC News. 29 April 1999. Retrieved 25 November 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Sofia+hit+by+Nato+missile&rft.date=1999-04-29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fworld%2Feurope%2F331127.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKosovo+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-368"><a href="#cite_ref-368">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/303446.stm">"Nato air strikes – the world reacts"</a>. BBC News. 25 March 1999. Retrieved 8 November 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Nato+air+strikes+%E2%80%93+the+world+reacts&rft.date=1999-03-25&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2F303446.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKosovo+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-369"><a href="#cite_ref-369">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSaunders2012" class="citation news cs1">Saunders, Doug (6 August 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/world/in-syria-is-bloody-history-repeating-itself/article4464412/">"In Syria, is bloody history repeating itself?"</a>. The Globe and Mail. Toronto. Retrieved 8 November 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Globe+and+Mail&rft.atitle=In+Syria%2C+is+bloody+history+repeating+itself%3F&rft.date=2012-08-06&rft.aulast=Saunders&rft.aufirst=Doug&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theglobeandmail.com%2Fnews%2Fworld%2Fin-syria-is-bloody-history-repeating-itself%2Farticle4464412%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKosovo+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-370"><a href="#cite_ref-370">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.un.org/press/en/1999/sgsm6938.doc.htm">"Secretary-General deeply regrets Yugoslav rejection of political settlement; says Security Council should be involved in any decision to use force"</a>. UN. Retrieved 5 April 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=UN&rft.atitle=Secretary-General+deeply+regrets+Yugoslav+rejection+of+political+settlement%3B+says+Security+Council+should+be+involved+in+any+decision+to+use+force&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.un.org%2Fpress%2Fen%2F1999%2Fsgsm6938.doc.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKosovo+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-371"><a href="#cite_ref-371">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/6034567.stm">"UN frustrated by Kosovo deadlock"</a>. BBC. 9 October 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=UN+frustrated+by+Kosovo+deadlock&rft.date=2006-10-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Feurope%2F6034567.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKosovo+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-372"><a href="#cite_ref-372">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.setimes.com/cocoon/setimes/xhtml/en_GB/newsbriefs/setimes/newsbriefs/2007/06/29/nb-07">"Russia reportedly rejects fourth draft resolution on Kosovo status"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Southeast_European_Times" title="Southeast European Times">Southeast European Times</a>. 29 June 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Southeast+European+Times&rft.atitle=Russia+reportedly+rejects+fourth+draft+resolution+on+Kosovo+status&rft.date=2007-06-29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.setimes.com%2Fcocoon%2Fsetimes%2Fxhtml%2Fen_GB%2Fnewsbriefs%2Fsetimes%2Fnewsbriefs%2F2007%2F06%2F29%2Fnb-07&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKosovo+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-373"><a href="#cite_ref-373">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.setimes.com/cocoon/setimes/xhtml/en_GB/newsbriefs/setimes/newsbriefs/2007/07/10/nb-02">"UN Security Council remains divided on Kosovo"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Southeast_European_Times" title="Southeast European Times">Southeast European Times</a>. 7 October 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Southeast+European+Times&rft.atitle=UN+Security+Council+remains+divided+on+Kosovo&rft.date=2007-10-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.setimes.com%2Fcocoon%2Fsetimes%2Fxhtml%2Fen_GB%2Fnewsbriefs%2Fsetimes%2Fnewsbriefs%2F2007%2F07%2F10%2Fnb-02&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKosovo+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-374"><a href="#cite_ref-374">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarnett2000" class="citation web cs1">Barnett, Antony (23 January 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20020105123907/http://www.aeronautics.ru/nws002/theobserver04.htm">"Hundreds of crippled jets put RAF in crisis"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aeronautics.ru/nws002/theobserver04.htm">the original</a> on 5 January 2002.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hundreds+of+crippled+jets+put+RAF+in+crisis&rft.date=2000-01-23&rft.aulast=Barnett&rft.aufirst=Antony&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aeronautics.ru%2Fnws002%2Ftheobserver04.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKosovo+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-375"><a href="#cite_ref-375">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20021122163917/http://www.globeandmail.com/servlet/ArticleNews/front/RTGAM/20021120/wless1120/Front/homeBN/breakingnews">"NATO attack on Yugoslavia gave Iraq good lessons"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Globe_and_Mail" title="The Globe and Mail">The Globe and Mail</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.globeandmail.com/servlet/ArticleNews/front/RTGAM/20021120/wless1120/Front/homeBN/breakingnews">the original</a> on 22 November 2002.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Globe+and+Mail&rft.atitle=NATO+attack+on+Yugoslavia+gave+Iraq+good+lessons&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.globeandmail.com%2Fservlet%2FArticleNews%2Ffront%2FRTGAM%2F20021120%2Fwless1120%2FFront%2FhomeBN%2Fbreakingnews&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKosovo+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-376"><a href="#cite_ref-376">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLambeth2006" class="citation web cs1">Lambeth, Benjamin S. (3 June 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110514135828/http://www.airpower.maxwell.af.mil/airchronicles/apj/apj02/sum02/lambeth.html">"Kosovo and the Continuing SEAD Challenge"</a>. Aerospace Power Journal. <a href="/wiki/United_States_Air_Force" title="United States Air Force">United States Air Force</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.airpower.maxwell.af.mil/airchronicles/apj/apj02/sum02/lambeth.html">the original</a> on 14 May 2011. Retrieved 28 May 2011. <q>Serb air defenders could have employed low-frequency radars for the best chance of getting a snap look at the aircraft. Former F-117 pilots and several industry experts acknowledged that the aircraft is detectable by such radars when viewed from the side or directly below.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Aerospace+Power+Journal&rft.atitle=Kosovo+and+the+Continuing+SEAD+Challenge&rft.date=2006-06-03&rft.aulast=Lambeth&rft.aufirst=Benjamin+S.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.airpower.maxwell.af.mil%2Fairchronicles%2Fapj%2Fapj02%2Fsum02%2Flambeth.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKosovo+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-fooled-377">^ <a href="#cite_ref-fooled_377-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-fooled_377-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrant2000" class="citation web cs1">Grant, Rebecca (June 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20030629000133/http://www.afa.org/magazine/June2000/0600kosovo.asp">"Nine Myths About Kosovo"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.afa.org/magazine/june2000/0600kosovo.asp">the original</a> on 29 June 2003.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Nine+Myths+About+Kosovo&rft.date=2000-06&rft.aulast=Grant&rft.aufirst=Rebecca&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.afa.org%2Fmagazine%2Fjune2000%2F0600kosovo.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKosovo+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-378"><a href="#cite_ref-378">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100302012133/http://www.defense.gov/releases/release.aspx?releaseid=2449">"News Release: Kosovo Campaign Medal Approved"</a>. Defense.gov. 19 May 2000. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.defense.gov/releases/release.aspx?releaseid=2449">the original</a> on 2 March 2010. Retrieved 6 May 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Defense.gov&rft.atitle=News+Release%3A+Kosovo+Campaign+Medal+Approved&rft.date=2000-05-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.defense.gov%2Freleases%2Frelease.aspx%3Freleaseid%3D2449&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKosovo+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-379"><a href="#cite_ref-379">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/special_report/1998/kosovo2/304015.stm#land">"Kosovo crisis – military hardware"</a>. BBC News. 25 March 1999.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Kosovo+crisis+%E2%80%93+military+hardware&rft.date=1999-03-25&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fspecial_report%2F1998%2Fkosovo2%2F304015.stm%23land&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKosovo+War" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbrahams2001" class="citation book cs1">Abrahams, Fred (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1n8DrZg2rb8C">Under Orders: War Crimes in Kosovo</a>. Human Rights Watch. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56432-264-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56432-264-7"><bdi>978-1-56432-264-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Under+Orders%3A+War+Crimes+in+Kosovo&rft.pub=Human+Rights+Watch&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-1-56432-264-7&rft.aulast=Abrahams&rft.aufirst=Fred&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1n8DrZg2rb8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKosovo+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBacevichCohen2001" class="citation book cs1">Bacevich, Andrew J.; Cohen, Elliot A. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/waroverkosovopol00bace">War Over Kosovo: Politics and Strategy in a Global Age</a>. Columbia University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0231500524" title="Special:BookSources/978-0231500524"><bdi>978-0231500524</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=War+Over+Kosovo%3A+Politics+and+Strategy+in+a+Global+Age&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0231500524&rft.aulast=Bacevich&rft.aufirst=Andrew+J.&rft.au=Cohen%2C+Elliot+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwaroverkosovopol00bace&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKosovo+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDaalderO'Hanlon2000" class="citation book cs1">Daalder, Ivo H.; O'Hanlon, Michel E. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DYh9Hltwp1cC">Winning Ugly: NATO's War to Save Kosovo</a>. Brookings Institution Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0815798422" title="Special:BookSources/978-0815798422"><bdi>978-0815798422</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Winning+Ugly%3A+NATO%27s+War+to+Save+Kosovo&rft.pub=Brookings+Institution+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0815798422&rft.aulast=Daalder&rft.aufirst=Ivo+H.&rft.au=O%27Hanlon%2C+Michel+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDYh9Hltwp1cC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKosovo+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDannreuther2001" class="citation book cs1">Dannreuther, Roland (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qeOEysQTpcoC&q=Kosovo+War+Turkey&pg=PA208">"Perceptions in the Middle East"</a>. In Buckley, Mary; Cummings, Sally (eds.). Kosovo: Perceptions of War and Its Aftermath. A&C Black. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0826456694" title="Special:BookSources/978-0826456694"><bdi>978-0826456694</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Perceptions+in+the+Middle+East&rft.btitle=Kosovo%3A+Perceptions+of+War+and+Its+Aftermath&rft.pub=A%26C+Black&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0826456694&rft.aulast=Dannreuther&rft.aufirst=Roland&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqeOEysQTpcoC%26q%3DKosovo%2BWar%2BTurkey%26pg%3DPA208&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKosovo+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFElsie2010" class="citation book cs1">Elsie, Robert (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Pg-aeA-nUeAC">Historical Dictionary of Kosovo</a>. Scarecrow Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-7483-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-7483-1"><bdi>978-0-8108-7483-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+Kosovo&rft.pub=Scarecrow+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-8108-7483-1&rft.aulast=Elsie&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPg-aeA-nUeAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKosovo+War" class="Z3988"></ref></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHerscherRiedlmayer2000" class="citation journal cs1">Herscher, Andrew; Riedlmayer, András (2000). "Monument and crime: The destruction of historic architecture in Kosovo". Grey Room. 1 (1): 108–122. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1162%2F152638100750173083">10.1162/152638100750173083</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1262553">1262553</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:57566872">57566872</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Grey+Room&rft.atitle=Monument+and+crime%3A+The+destruction+of+historic+architecture+in+Kosovo&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=108-122&rft.date=2000&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A57566872%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1262553%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1162%2F152638100750173083&rft.aulast=Herscher&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft.au=Riedlmayer%2C+Andr%C3%A1s&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKosovo+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJudah2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Tim_Judah" title="Tim Judah">Judah, Tim</a> (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sVf1na3FN_UC">Kosovo: War and Revenge</a>. New Haven and London: Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-30009-725-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-30009-725-2"><bdi>978-0-30009-725-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kosovo%3A+War+and+Revenge&rft.place=New+Haven+and+London&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-30009-725-2&rft.aulast=Judah&rft.aufirst=Tim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsVf1na3FN_UC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKosovo+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKrieger2001" class="citation book cs1">Krieger, Heike, ed. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-OhPTJn8ZWoC">The Kosovo Conflict and International Law: An Analytical Documentation 1974–1999</a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0521800716" title="Special:BookSources/978-0521800716"><bdi>978-0521800716</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Kosovo+Conflict+and+International+Law%3A+An+Analytical+Documentation+1974%E2%80%931999&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0521800716&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-OhPTJn8ZWoC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKosovo+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKlipSluiter2001" class="citation book cs1">Klip, André; Sluiter, Göran (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kwR88-rsWaoC">The International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia 1997–1999</a>. Annotated Leading Cases of International Criminal Tribunals. Vol. 3. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-5095-141-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-5095-141-8"><bdi>978-90-5095-141-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+International+Criminal+Tribunal+for+the+former+Yugoslavia+1997%E2%80%931999&rft.series=Annotated+Leading+Cases+of+International+Criminal+Tribunals&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-90-5095-141-8&rft.aulast=Klip&rft.aufirst=Andr%C3%A9&rft.au=Sluiter%2C+G%C3%B6ran&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkwR88-rsWaoC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKosovo+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMalcolm1998" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Noel_Malcolm" title="Noel Malcolm">Malcolm, Noel</a> (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/kosovo-a-short-history/page/52/mode/2up">Kosovo: A Short History</a>. <a href="/wiki/Macmillan_Publishers" title="Macmillan Publishers">Macmillan</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-333-66612-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-333-66612-8"><bdi>978-0-333-66612-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kosovo%3A+A+Short+History&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-333-66612-8&rft.aulast=Malcolm&rft.aufirst=Noel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fkosovo-a-short-history%2Fpage%2F52%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKosovo+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacdonald2007" class="citation book cs1">Macdonald, Scott (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JjxCIc247pYC">Propaganda and Information Warfare in the Twenty-First Century: Altered Images and Deception Operations</a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1135983512" title="Special:BookSources/978-1135983512"><bdi>978-1135983512</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Propaganda+and+Information+Warfare+in+the+Twenty-First+Century%3A+Altered+Images+and+Deception+Operations&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1135983512&rft.aulast=Macdonald&rft.aufirst=Scott&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJjxCIc247pYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKosovo+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeier1999" class="citation book cs1">Meier, Viktor (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lRCDR464ut0C">Yugoslavia: A History of Its Demise</a>. <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York</a>: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-18595-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-18595-5"><bdi>0-415-18595-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Yugoslavia%3A+A+History+of+Its+Demise&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0-415-18595-5&rft.aulast=Meier&rft.aufirst=Viktor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlRCDR464ut0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKosovo+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMinchevaGurr2013" class="citation book cs1">Mincheva, Lyubov Grigorova; Gurr, Ted Robert (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vFNwrdnzQq0C">Crime-Terror Alliances and the State: Ethnonationalist and Islamist Challenges to Regional Security</a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-50648-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-50648-9"><bdi>978-0-415-50648-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Crime-Terror+Alliances+and+the+State%3A+Ethnonationalist+and+Islamist+Challenges+to+Regional+Security&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-415-50648-9&rft.aulast=Mincheva&rft.aufirst=Lyubov+Grigorova&rft.au=Gurr%2C+Ted+Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvFNwrdnzQq0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKosovo+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReveronMurer2006" class="citation book cs1">Reveron, Derek S.; Murer, Jeffrey Stevenson (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OjvdsfiWwJcC">Flashpoints in the War on Terrorism</a>. Taylor & Francis. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-95491-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-95491-4"><bdi>978-0-415-95491-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Flashpoints+in+the+War+on+Terrorism&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-415-95491-4&rft.aulast=Reveron&rft.aufirst=Derek+S.&rft.au=Murer%2C+Jeffrey+Stevenson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOjvdsfiWwJcC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKosovo+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomas2006" class="citation book cs1">Thomas, Nigel (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=a7cOQ9Nch2AC">The Yugoslav Wars (2): Bosnia, Kosovo And Macedonia 1992–2001</a>. Osprey Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1841769646" title="Special:BookSources/978-1841769646"><bdi>978-1841769646</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Yugoslav+Wars+%282%29%3A+Bosnia%2C+Kosovo+And+Macedonia+1992%E2%80%932001&rft.pub=Osprey+Publishing&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1841769646&rft.aulast=Thomas&rft.aufirst=Nigel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Da7cOQ9Nch2AC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKosovo+War" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBajgora2014" class="citation book cs1">Bajgora, Sabri (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=24vVoAEACAAJ&q=Destruction+of+Islamic+Heritage+in+the++Kosovo+War,+1998-1999">Destruction of Islamic Heritage in the Kosovo War 1998–1999</a>. Pristina: Interfaith Kosovo, Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Kosovo. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9951595025" title="Special:BookSources/978-9951595025"><bdi>978-9951595025</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Destruction+of+Islamic+Heritage+in+the+Kosovo+War+1998%E2%80%931999&rft.place=Pristina&rft.pub=Interfaith+Kosovo%2C+Ministry+of+Foreign+Affairs+of+the+Republic+of+Kosovo&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-9951595025&rft.aulast=Bajgora&rft.aufirst=Sabri&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D24vVoAEACAAJ%26q%3DDestruction%2Bof%2BIslamic%2BHeritage%2Bin%2Bthe%2B%2BKosovo%2BWar%2C%2B1998-1999&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKosovo+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Buckley, William Joseph, ed. (2000) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4H9pAAAAMAAJ">Kosovo: Contending Voices on Balkan Interventions</a> Grand Rapids/Cambridge: Eerdmans.</li> <li>Ejdus, Filip. 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.palgrave.com/gp/book/9783030206666">Crisis and Ontological Insecurity: Serbia's Anxiety over Kosovo's Secession</a>. Palgrave.</li> <li>Freitag, Markus, Sara Kijewski, and Malvin Oppold. (2019) "War experiences, economic grievances, and political participation in postwar societies: An empirical analysis of Kosovo." Conflict management and peace science 36.4 (2019): 405–424.</li> <li>Hoxha, Abit, and Kenneth Andresen. (2021) "Violence, War, and Gender: Collective Memory and Politics of Remembrance in Kosovo." in Europeanisation and Memory Politics in the Western Balkans (Palgrave Macmillan, Cham, 2021) pp. 263–283.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Ignatieff" title="Michael Ignatieff">Ignatieff, Michael</a>. Virtual War: Kosovo and Beyond. ISBN 9780312278359.</li> <li>Kahn, Paul W. (2017) "War and sacrifice in Kosovo." in Philosophical Dimensions of Public Policy (Routledge, 2017) pp. 201–209. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ojs2.gmu.edu/PPPQ/article/viewFile/316/244">online</a></li> <li>Lambeth, Benjamin S. NATO's Air War for Kosovo: A Strategic and Operational Assessment (2001)</li> <li>McAllister, Jacqueline R. "The Extraordinary Gamble: How the Yugoslav Tribunal's Indictment of Slobodan Milosevic during the Kosovo War Affected Peace Efforts." Brown Journal of World Affairs 26 (2019): 201+.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Mann" class="citation book cs1">Mann, Michael (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cGHGPgj1_tIC">The Dark Side of Democracy: Explaining Ethnic Cleansing</a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0521538541" title="Special:BookSources/978-0521538541"><bdi>978-0521538541</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Dark+Side+of+Democracy%3A+Explaining+Ethnic+Cleansing&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0521538541&rft.aulast=Mann&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcGHGPgj1_tIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKosovo+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Neumann, Iver B. (2018) "Kosovo and the end of the legitimate warring state." in Mapping European security after Kosovo (Manchester University Press, 2018) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.manchesteropenhive.com/view/9781526137517/9781526137517.00009.xml">online</a>.</li> <li>Rasmussen, Mikkel Vedby. (2018) "‘War is never civilised’: Civilisation, civil society and the Kosovo war". (Manchester University Press, 2018) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.manchesteropenhive.com/view/9781526137517/9781526137517.00014.xml">online</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Kosovo_War" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Kosovo War">Kosovo War</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20010711140431/http://www.un.org/icty/indictment/english/mil-ai010629e.htm">Indictment of Milosevic</a> United Nations</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121215051137/http://repository.library.georgetown.edu/handle/10822/552554">Video on Kosovo War</a> from the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://repository.library.georgetown.edu/handle/10822/552494/browse?type=title">Dean Peter Krogh Foreign Affairs Digital Archives</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081207191558/http://jurist.law.pitt.edu/ramb.htm">Text of Rambouillet Treaty – "Interim Agreement for Peace and Self-Government In Kosovo, Rambouillet, France – 23 February 1999," including Appendix B</a> University of Pittsburgh Jurist</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171019033654/http://h-net.msu.edu/cgi-bin/logbrowse.pl?trx=vx&list=h-diplo&month=9905&week=b&msg=kpjsP0IkA283E2EWIFYvvA&user=&pw=">Beginning of discussion (14 May 1999 to 8 June 1999, specifically) of Appendix B of the Rambouillet Treaty on H-Diplo, the diplomatic history forum</a> <a href="/wiki/H-Net" title="H-Net">H-Net</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p007z15k">BBC-World Service Witness: Kosovo War</a> (10 years on interview with ex-Yugoslav soldier)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.heritage.sense-agency.com/">Targeting History and Memory</a>, SENSE – Transitional Justice Center</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Targeting+History+and+Memory&rft.pub=SENSE+%E2%80%93+Transitional+Justice+Center&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.heritage.sense-agency.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKosovo+War" class="Z3988"> (dedicated to the study, research, and documentation of the destruction and damage of historic heritage during the Balkan Wars of the 1990s. The website contains judicial documents from the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY)).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reports">Reports</h3></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hrw.org/reports/2001/kosovo/">Under Orders: War Crimes in Kosovo</a> <a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch" title="Human Rights Watch">Human Rights Watch</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051102025624/http://www.osce.org/documents/mik/1999/11/">OSCE Kosovo Verification Mission</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (archived 2 November 2005) <a href="/wiki/Organization_for_Security_and_Co-operation_in_Europe" title="Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe">Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nato.int/kosovo/all-frce.htm#pb">Operation Allied Force</a>, NATO</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hrw.org/reports98/kosovo/">Humanitarian law violations in Kosovo</a>, HRW (1998)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hrw.org/reports/1999/kosov2/">Abuses against Serbs and Roma in the new Kosovo</a>, HRW (1999)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://1997-2001.state.gov/www/regions/eur/rpt_990604_ksvo_ethnic.html">The Ethnic Cleansing of Kosovo</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_State" title="United States Department of State">United States Department of State</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://1997-2001.state.gov/www/global/human_rights/kosovoii/homepage.html">Ethnic Cleansing in Kosovo: An Accounting</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_State" title="United States Department of State">United States Department of State</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20050416071947/http://pdf.thelancet.com/pdfdownload?uid=llan.355.9222.original_research.1004.1&x=x.pdf">War and mortality in Kosovo, 1998 99: an epidemiological testimony</a> <a href="/wiki/The_Lancet" title="The Lancet">The Lancet</a> (PDF)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://trebinjedanas.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=2230&Itemid=47">Trebinje danas.com</a> K. Mitrovica: Više od 100 povrijeđenih Srba, UNMIK policajaca i Kfora</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Media">Media</h3></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/kosovo/">War in Europe</a> <a href="/wiki/PBS_Frontline" class="mw-redirect" title="PBS Frontline">PBS Frontline</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/english/static/kosovo_fact_files/default.stm">Kosovo fact files</a> <a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20000815075301/http://www.cnn.com/SPECIALS/1998/10/kosovo/">Focus on Kosovo</a> <a href="/wiki/CNN" title="CNN">CNN</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCHTK-2W11Vh1V4uwofOfR4w/search?query=kosovo">Kosovo War on AP Video Archive</a> <a href="/wiki/Associated_Press" title="Associated Press">Associated Press</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Maps">Maps</h3></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040111054136/http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/kosovo.html">Maps of Kosovo, Perry–Castañeda Library Map Collection</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Post–Cold_War_conflicts_in_Europe" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Post-Cold_War_European_conflicts" title="Template:Post-Cold War European conflicts"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Post-Cold_War_European_conflicts" title="Template talk:Post-Cold War European conflicts"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Post-Cold_War_European_conflicts" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Post-Cold War European conflicts"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Post–Cold_War_conflicts_in_Europe" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Post–<a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_conflicts_in_Europe" title="List of conflicts in Europe">conflicts in Europe</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Europe" title="Eastern Europe">Eastern Europe</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nagorno-Karabakh_conflict" title="Nagorno-Karabakh conflict">Nagorno-Karabakh conflict (1988–2024)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Nagorno-Karabakh_War" title="First Nagorno-Karabakh War">First War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Nagorno-Karabakh_conflict" title="2016 Nagorno-Karabakh conflict">2016 conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Nagorno-Karabakh_War" title="Second Nagorno-Karabakh War">Second War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gagauzia_conflict" title="Gagauzia conflict">Gagauzia conflict (1989–1995)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transnistria_conflict" title="Transnistria conflict">Transnistria conflict (1990–present)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transnistria_War" title="Transnistria War">Transnistria War (1990–1992)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_Civil_War" title="Georgian Civil War">Georgian Civil War (1991–1993)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Ossetia_war_(1991%E2%80%931992)" title="South Ossetia war (1991–1992)">South Ossetia War (1991–92)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Abkhazia_(1992%E2%80%931993)" title="War in Abkhazia (1992–1993)">War in Abkhazia (1992–1993)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Prigorodny_conflict" title="East Prigorodny conflict">East Prigorodny conflict (1992)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1993_Russian_constitutional_crisis" title="1993 Russian constitutional crisis">Russian constitutional crisis (1993)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Chechen_War" title="First Chechen War">First Chechen War (1994–1996)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Abkhazia_(1998)" title="War in Abkhazia (1998)">War in Abkhazia (1998)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Chechen_War" title="Second Chechen War">Second Chechen War (1999–2009)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2003_Tuzla_Island_conflict" title="2003 Tuzla Island conflict">Tuzla Island conflict (2003)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Georgian_War" title="Russo-Georgian War">Russo-Georgian War (2008)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euromaidan" title="Euromaidan">Maidan Uprising (2013)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolution_of_Dignity" title="Revolution of Dignity">Revolution of Dignity (2014)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Ukrainian_War" title="Russo-Ukrainian War">Russo-Ukrainian War (2014–present)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Annexation_of_Crimea_by_the_Russian_Federation" title="Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation">Russian annexation of Crimea (2014)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Donbas" title="War in Donbas">War in Donbas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Russian invasion of Ukraine">Russian invasion of Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wagner_Group_rebellion" title="Wagner Group rebellion">Wagner Group rebellion (2023)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenia%E2%80%93Azerbaijan_border_crisis" class="mw-redirect" title="Armenia–Azerbaijan border crisis">Armenia–Azerbaijan border crisis (2021–present)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Southern_Europe" title="Southern Europe">Southern Europe</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ten-Day_War" title="Ten-Day War">Slovenian War of Independence (1991)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_War_of_Independence" title="Croatian War of Independence">Croatian War of Independence (1991–1995)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnian_War" title="Bosnian War">Bosnian War (1992–1995)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Croat%E2%80%93Bosniak_War" title="Croat–Bosniak War">Croat–Bosniak War (1992–1994)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1997_Albanian_civil_unrest" title="1997 Albanian civil unrest">Albanian Civil War (1997)</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kosovo War (1998–1999)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_the_Pre%C5%A1evo_Valley" title="Insurgency in the Preševo Valley">Insurgency in the Preševo Valley (1999–2001)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2001_insurgency_in_Macedonia" title="2001 insurgency in Macedonia">Insurgency in Macedonia (2001)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_conflicts_in_territory_of_the_former_Soviet_Union" title="List of conflicts in territory of the former Soviet Union">List of Post-Soviet conflicts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ongoing_armed_conflicts" title="List of ongoing armed conflicts">List of ongoing armed conflicts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_proxy_wars" title="List of proxy wars">List of proxy wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frozen_conflict" title="Frozen conflict">List of frozen conflicts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_on_terror" title="War on terror">War on terror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_on_drugs" title="War on drugs">War on drugs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Kosovo_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Kosovo_topics" title="Template:Kosovo topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Kosovo_topics" title="Template talk:Kosovo topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Kosovo_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Kosovo topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Kosovo_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Kosovo" title="Kosovo">Kosovo</a> articles</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Kosovo" title="History of Kosovo">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Early history</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archaeology_of_Kosovo" title="Archaeology of Kosovo">Archaeology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neolithic_sites_in_Kosovo" title="Neolithic sites in Kosovo">Neolithic sites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copper,_Bronze_and_Iron_Age_sites_in_Kosovo" title="Copper, Bronze and Iron Age sites in Kosovo">Copper, Bronze and Iron Age sites</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dardani" title="Dardani">Dardani</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Dardania" title="Kingdom of Dardania">Kingdom of Dardania</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_heritage_in_Kosovo" title="Roman heritage in Kosovo">Roman period</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dardania_(Roman_province)" title="Dardania (Roman province)">Dardania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Praevalitana" title="Praevalitana">Praevalitana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Late_Antiquity_and_Medieval_sites_in_Kosovo" title="Late Antiquity and Medieval sites in Kosovo">Late Antiquity and Medieval sites</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Medieval_Kosovo" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Medieval Kosovo">Medieval period</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Serbia_(medieval)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Serbia (medieval)">Kingdom of Serbia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Serbian_Empire" title="Serbian Empire">Serbian Empire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Serbian_Despotate" title="Serbian Despotate">Serbian Despotate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kosovo" title="Battle of Kosovo">Battle of Kosovo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bal%C5%A1i%C4%87_noble_family" title="Balšić noble family">Balšić noble family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brankovi%C4%87_dynasty" title="Branković dynasty">Branković dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dukagjini_family" title="Dukagjini family">Dukagjini family</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Kosovo" title="Ottoman Kosovo">Ottoman period</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rumelia_Eyalet" title="Rumelia Eyalet">Rumelia Eyalet</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sanjak_of_Prizren" title="Sanjak of Prizren">Sanjak of Prizren</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sanjak_of_Dukagjin" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanjak of Dukagjin">Sanjak of Dukagjin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sanjak_of_Vi%C3%A7itrina" title="Sanjak of Viçitrina">Sanjak of Viçitrina</a>),</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosovo_Vilayet" class="mw-redirect" title="Kosovo Vilayet">Vilayet of Kosovo</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Modern history</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Balkan_War" title="First Balkan War">First Balkan War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Serbia" title="Kingdom of Serbia">Kingdom of Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Yugoslavia" title="Kingdom of Yugoslavia">Kingdom of Yugoslavia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_Kingdom_(1939%E2%80%931943)" class="mw-redirect" title="Albanian Kingdom (1939–1943)">Albanian Kingdom (1939–1943</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_Kingdom_(1943%E2%80%931944)" class="mw-redirect" title="Albanian Kingdom (1943–1944)">1943–1944)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Autonomous_Province_of_Kosovo" title="Socialist Autonomous Province of Kosovo">Socialist Autonomous Province (1946–90)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_Province_of_Kosovo_and_Metohija" title="Autonomous Province of Kosovo and Metohija">Autonomous Province of Kosovo and Metohija (1990–present)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Kosova" title="Republic of Kosova">Republic of Kosova (1990–1999)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_Kosovo_(1995%E2%80%931998)" title="Insurgency in Kosovo (1995–1998)">Insurgency in Kosovo (1995–98)</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kosovo War (1998–99)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Administered_Kosovo" title="United Nations Administered Kosovo">UN administration</a> (<a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Interim_Administration_Mission_in_Kosovo" title="United Nations Interim Administration Mission in Kosovo">UNMIK</a>) (1999–2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosovo" title="Kosovo">Kosovo (2008–present)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Kosovo" title="Geography of Kosovo">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Environment_of_Kosovo" class="mw-redirect" title="Environment of Kosovo">Environment</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biodiversity_of_Kosovo" title="Biodiversity of Kosovo">Biodiversity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_protected_areas_of_Kosovo" class="mw-redirect" title="List of protected areas of Kosovo">Protected areas</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Kosovo" title="Climate of Kosovo">Climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forests_of_Kosovo" title="Forests of Kosovo">Forests</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Landscapes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes_of_Kosovo" title="List of lakes of Kosovo">Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountains_in_Kosovo" title="List of mountains in Kosovo">Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Kosovo" title="List of rivers of Kosovo">Rivers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Regions of Kosovo</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ghegs" title="Ghegs">Gegëri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drenica" title="Drenica">Drenica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Has_(region)" title="Has (region)">Has</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Llap_(region)" title="Llap (region)">Llap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Llapusha" title="Llapusha">Llapusha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luma_(region)" title="Luma (region)">Luma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rugova_(region)" title="Rugova (region)">Rugova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metohija" title="Metohija">Dukagjini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosovo_Pomoravlje" title="Kosovo Pomoravlje">Anamorava</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Kosovo" title="Politics of Kosovo">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Accession_of_Kosovo_to_the_European_Union" title="Accession of Kosovo to the European Union">Accession to the EU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assembly_of_the_Republic_of_Kosovo" title="Assembly of the Republic of Kosovo">Assembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Kosovo" title="Constitution of Kosovo">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Kosovo" title="Administrative divisions of Kosovo">Districts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Kosovo" title="Elections in Kosovo">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Union_Rule_of_Law_Mission_in_Kosovo" title="European Union Rule of Law Mission in Kosovo">EU Rule of Law Mission (EULEX)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Kosovo" title="Foreign relations of Kosovo">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Kosovo" title="Government of Kosovo">Government</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Kosovo" title="Prime Minister of Kosovo">Prime Minister</a></li></ul></li> <li>Human rights <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Kosovo" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Kosovo">LGBT</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Steering_Group_for_Kosovo" title="International Steering Group for Kosovo">International Steering Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Kosovo" title="Judiciary of Kosovo">Judiciary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosovo_Force" title="Kosovo Force">Kosovo Force (KFOR)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosovo_Protection_Corps" title="Kosovo Protection Corps">Kosovo Protection Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_Kosovo" title="Law of Kosovo">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosovo_Security_Force" title="Kosovo Security Force">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipalities_of_Kosovo" title="Municipalities of Kosovo">Municipalities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosovo_Police" title="Kosovo Police">Police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Kosovo" title="List of political parties in Kosovo">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Kosovo" title="President of Kosovo">President</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provisional_Institutions_of_Self-Government" title="Provisional Institutions of Self-Government">Provisional institutions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Interim_Administration_Mission_in_Kosovo" title="United Nations Interim Administration Mission in Kosovo">UN Interim Administration Mission (UNMIK)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Political_status_of_Kosovo" title="Political status of Kosovo">Status</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2008_Kosovo_declaration_of_independence" title="2008 Kosovo declaration of independence">2008 declaration of independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standards_for_Kosovo" title="Standards for Kosovo">Standards for Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosovo_status_process" class="mw-redirect" title="Kosovo status process">Status process</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Partition_of_Kosovo" title="Partition of Kosovo">Partition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unification_of_Albania_and_Kosovo" title="Unification of Albania and Kosovo">Unification with Albania</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_1244" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 1244">UN Security Council Resolution 1244</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Court_of_Justice_advisory_opinion_on_Kosovo%27s_declaration_of_independence" class="mw-redirect" title="International Court of Justice advisory opinion on Kosovo's declaration of independence">ICJ opinion on Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgrade%E2%80%93Pristina_negotiations" title="Belgrade–Pristina negotiations">Belgrade–Pristina negotiations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brussels_Agreement_(2013)" title="Brussels Agreement (2013)">Brussels Agreement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Kosovo" title="Economy of Kosovo">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_banks_in_Kosovo" title="List of banks in Kosovo">Banks</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Bank_of_Kosovo" title="Central Bank of Kosovo">Central Bank</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosovo_and_the_euro" title="Kosovo and the euro">Euro (currency)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electrical_energy_in_Kosovo" title="Electrical energy in Kosovo">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_resources_of_Kosovo" title="Natural resources of Kosovo">Natural resources</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_and_communications_technology_in_Kosovo" title="Information and communications technology in Kosovo">Telecoms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Kosovo" title="Transport in Kosovo">Transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Kosovo" title="Tourism in Kosovo">Tourism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Kosovo" title="Category:Society of Kosovo">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_and_towns_in_Kosovo" title="List of cities and towns in Kosovo">Cities and towns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Kosovo" title="Crime in Kosovo">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Kosovo" title="Demographics of Kosovo">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Kosovo" title="Education in Kosovo">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emigration_from_Kosovo" title="Emigration from Kosovo">Emigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Kosovo" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic groups in Kosovo">Ethnic groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Kosovo" title="Healthcare in Kosovo">Healthcare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monuments_of_Kosovo" title="Monuments of Kosovo">Monuments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Kosovo" title="Religion in Kosovo">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Kosovo" title="Women in Kosovo">Women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Kosovo" title="Culture of Kosovo">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthem_of_the_Republic_of_Kosovo" title="Anthem of the Republic of Kosovo">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Kosovo" title="Architecture of Kosovo">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Kosovo" title="Cinema of Kosovo">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Kosovo" class="mw-redirect" title="Coat of arms of Kosovo">Coat of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_clothing_of_Kosovo" title="Traditional clothing of Kosovo">Costume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosovan_cuisine" class="mw-redirect" title="Kosovan cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Kosovo" title="Flag of Kosovo">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Kosovo" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Kosovo">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literature_of_Kosovo" title="Literature of Kosovo">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_Kosovo" title="Mass media in Kosovo">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Kosovo" title="Music of Kosovo">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Names_of_Kosovo" title="Names of Kosovo">Names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosovo_at_the_Olympics" title="Kosovo at the Olympics">Olympics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Kosovo" title="Public holidays in Kosovo">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_radio_stations_in_Kosovo" title="List of radio stations in Kosovo">Radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Kosovo" title="Sport in Kosovo">Sport</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Basketball_in_Kosovo" class="mw-redirect" title="Basketball in Kosovo">Basketball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Football_in_Kosovo" title="Football in Kosovo">Football</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judo_in_Kosovo" class="mw-redirect" title="Judo in Kosovo">Judo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_Kosovo" title="Television in Kosovo">Television</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Kosovo" title="Outline of Kosovo">Outline</a></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Kosovo" title="Category:Kosovo">Category</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Yugoslavia_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Yugoslavia_topics" title="Template:Yugoslavia topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Yugoslavia_topics" title="Template talk:Yugoslavia topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Yugoslavia_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Yugoslavia topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Yugoslavia_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Yugoslavia" title="Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a> articles</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Yugoslavia" title="Yugoslavia">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Yugoslavia" title="Timeline of Yugoslavia">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creation_of_Yugoslavia" title="Creation of Yugoslavia">Creation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Yugoslavia" title="Kingdom of Yugoslavia">Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/6_January_Dictatorship" title="6 January Dictatorship">6 January Dictatorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_regency" title="Yugoslav regency">Yugoslav regency</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_II_in_Yugoslavia" title="World War II in Yugoslavia">World War II</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Yugoslavia" title="Invasion of Yugoslavia">Invasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Partisans" title="Yugoslav Partisans">Partisans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chetniks" title="Chetniks">Chetniks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Usta%C5%A1e" title="Ustaše">Ustaše</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgrade_offensive" title="Belgrade offensive">Belgrade offensive</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia" title="Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia">SFR Yugoslavia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tito%E2%80%93Stalin_split" title="Tito–Stalin split">Tito–Stalin split</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Informbiro_period" title="Informbiro period">Informbiro period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balkan_Pact_(1953)" title="Balkan Pact (1953)">Balkan Pact</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal Republic of Yugoslavia">FR Yugoslavia</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kosovo War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overthrow_of_Slobodan_Milo%C5%A1evi%C4%87" title="Overthrow of Slobodan Milošević">Overthrow of Slobodan Milošević</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslavism" title="Yugoslavism">Yugoslavism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_irredentism" title="Yugoslav irredentism">Yugoslav irredentism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Committee" title="Yugoslav Committee">Yugoslav Committee</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugo-nostalgia" title="Yugo-nostalgia">Yugo-nostalgia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Breakup_of_Yugoslavia" title="Breakup of Yugoslavia">Breakup</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Breakup_of_Yugoslavia" title="Template:Breakup of Yugoslavia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Breakup_of_Yugoslavia" title="Template talk:Breakup of Yugoslavia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Breakup_of_Yugoslavia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Breakup of Yugoslavia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Breakup_of_Yugoslavia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Breakup_of_Yugoslavia" title="Breakup of Yugoslavia">Breakup of Yugoslavia</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Overview</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Breakup_of_Yugoslavia" title="Breakup of Yugoslavia">Breakup of Yugoslavia</a> (1991–1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_breakup_of_Yugoslavia" title="Timeline of the breakup of Yugoslavia">Timeline of the breakup of Yugoslavia</a> (1980–2008)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Background</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Josip_Broz_Tito" title="Josip Broz Tito">Josip Broz Tito</a> (until 1980)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brotherhood_and_unity" title="Brotherhood and unity">Brotherhood and unity</a> (until 1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/League_of_Communists_of_Yugoslavia" title="League of Communists of Yugoslavia">League of Communists of Yugoslavia</a> (until 1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_Spring" title="Croatian Spring">Croatian Spring</a> (1967–1971)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1981_protests_in_Kosovo" title="1981 protests in Kosovo">1981 protests in Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Declaration" title="Islamic Declaration">Islamic Declaration</a> (1983)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/SANU_Memorandum" title="SANU Memorandum">SANU Memorandum</a> (1986)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contributions_to_the_Slovene_National_Program" title="Contributions to the Slovene National Program">Contributions to the Slovene National Program</a> (1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovene_Spring" class="mw-redirect" title="Slovene Spring">Slovene Spring</a> (1987–1988)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agrokomerc_Affair" class="mw-redirect" title="Agrokomerc Affair">Agrokomerc Affair</a> (1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/8th_session_of_the_Central_Committee_of_the_League_of_Communists_of_Serbia" title="8th session of the Central Committee of the League of Communists of Serbia">8th session of the Central Committee of the League of Communists of Serbia</a> (1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/JBTZ_trial" title="JBTZ trial">JBTZ trial</a> (1988)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperinflation_in_the_Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia" class="mw-redirect" title="Hyperinflation in the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia">Hyperinflation in the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia</a> (1980s)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Events and actors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-bureaucratic_revolution" title="Anti-bureaucratic revolution">Anti-bureaucratic revolution</a> (1988–1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gazimestan_speech" title="Gazimestan speech">Gazimestan speech</a> (1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/14th_Congress_of_the_League_of_Communists_of_Yugoslavia" title="14th Congress of the League of Communists of Yugoslavia">14th Congress of the League of Communists of Yugoslavia</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independence_of_Croatia" title="Independence of Croatia">Independence of Croatia</a> (1989–1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Log_Revolution" title="Log Revolution">Log Revolution</a> (1990–1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milo%C5%A1evi%C4%87%E2%80%93Tu%C4%91man_Kara%C4%91or%C4%91evo_meeting" title="Milošević–Tuđman Karađorđevo meeting">Milošević–Tuđman Karađorđevo meeting</a> (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/RAM_Plan" title="RAM Plan">RAM Plan</a> (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brioni_Agreement" title="Brioni Agreement">Brioni Agreement</a> (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Role_of_the_media_in_the_breakup_of_Yugoslavia" class="mw-redirect" title="Role of the media in the breakup of Yugoslavia">Role of the media in the breakup of Yugoslavia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arbitration_Commission_of_the_Peace_Conference_on_Yugoslavia" title="Arbitration Commission of the Peace Conference on Yugoslavia">Arbitration Commission of the Peace Conference on Yugoslavia</a> (1991–1993)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible expanded navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Yugoslavian_independence_referendums" title="Template:Yugoslavian independence referendums"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Yugoslavian_independence_referendums" title="Template talk:Yugoslavian independence referendums"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Yugoslavian_independence_referendums" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Yugoslavian independence referendums"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia&#124;link=Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia_Independence_referendums_in_Yugoslavia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia" title="Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia"><img alt="Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281946-1992%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281946-1992%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281946-1992%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281946-1992%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281946-1992%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281946-1992%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></a> Independence referendums in Yugoslavia</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Republics and provinces</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1990_Slovenian_independence_referendum" title="1990 Slovenian independence referendum">Slovenia</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1991_Croatian_independence_referendum" title="1991 Croatian independence referendum">Croatia</a> (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1991_Macedonian_independence_referendum" title="1991 Macedonian independence referendum">Macedonia</a> (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1991_Kosovan_independence_referendum" title="1991 Kosovan independence referendum">Kosovo</a> (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1992_Bosnian_independence_referendum" title="1992 Bosnian independence referendum">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a> (1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1992_Montenegrin_sovereignty_referendum" title="1992 Montenegrin sovereignty referendum">Montenegro</a> (1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2006_Montenegrin_independence_referendum" title="2006 Montenegrin independence referendum">Montenegro</a> (2006)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Autonomy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1990_SAO_Krajina_autonomy_referendum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1990 SAO Krajina autonomy referendum (page does not exist)">SAO Krajina</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1991_Sand%C5%BEak_autonomy_referendum" title="1991 Sandžak autonomy referendum">Sandžak</a> (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1991_Bosnian_Serb_referendum" title="1991 Bosnian Serb referendum">Srpska</a> (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1992_Macedonian_Albanian_autonomy_referendum" class="mw-redirect" title="1992 Macedonian Albanian autonomy referendum">Ilirida</a> (1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1997_Eastern_Slavonia_integrity_referendum" title="1997 Eastern Slavonia integrity referendum">Eastern Slavonia</a> (1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004_Macedonian_autonomy_referendum" title="2004 Macedonian autonomy referendum">Macedonia</a> (2004)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Consequences</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Wars" title="Yugoslav Wars">Yugoslav Wars</a> (1991-2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_cleansing" title="Ethnic cleansing">Ethnic cleansing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_War_of_Independence" title="Croatian War of Independence">Croatian War of Independence</a> (1991–1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ten-Day_War" title="Ten-Day War">Ten-Day War</a> (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnian_War" title="Bosnian War">Bosnian War</a> (1992–1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal Republic of Yugoslavia">Federal Republic of Yugoslavia</a> (1992–)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graz_agreement" title="Graz agreement">Graz agreement</a> (1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanctions_against_the_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanctions against the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia">Sanctions against the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia</a> (1992–2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperinflation_in_the_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia" title="Hyperinflation in the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia">Hyperinflation in the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia</a> (1992–1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dayton_Agreement" title="Dayton Agreement">Dayton Agreement</a> (1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joint_Criminal_Enterprise" class="mw-redirect" title="Joint Criminal Enterprise">Joint Criminal Enterprise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agreement_on_Sub-Regional_Arms_Control" title="Agreement on Sub-Regional Arms Control">Agreement on Sub-Regional Arms Control</a> (1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Criminal_Tribunal_for_the_former_Yugoslavia" title="International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia">International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia</a> (1993–2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overthrow_of_Slobodan_Milo%C5%A1evi%C4%87" title="Overthrow of Slobodan Milošević">Overthrow of Slobodan Milošević</a> (2000)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nationalism</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Albania" title="Greater Albania">Greater Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Croatia" title="Greater Croatia">Greater Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Macedonia" title="United Macedonia">United Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Serbia" title="Greater Serbia">Greater Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Slovenia" title="United Slovenia">United Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Serbian_sentiment" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Serbian sentiment">Anti-Serbian sentiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamophobia" title="Islamophobia">Islamophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_nationalism" title="Albanian nationalism">Albanian nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosniak_nationalism" title="Bosniak nationalism">Bosniak nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_nationalism" title="Croatian nationalism">Croatian nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_nationalism" title="Macedonian nationalism">Macedonian nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montenegrin_nationalism" title="Montenegrin nationalism">Montenegrin nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_nationalism" title="Serbian nationalism">Serbian nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian%E2%80%93Montenegrin_unionism" title="Serbian–Montenegrin unionism">Serbian–Montenegrin unionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovenian_nationalism" title="Slovenian nationalism">Slovenian nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslavism" title="Yugoslavism">Yugoslavism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Breakup_of_Yugoslavia" title="Category:Breakup of Yugoslavia">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Yugoslavia" title="Yugoslavia">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Yugoslavia" title="Administrative divisions of Yugoslavia">Administrative divisions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Subdivisions_of_the_Kingdom_of_Yugoslavia" title="Subdivisions of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia">Kingdom</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Yugoslavia" title="Constitution of Yugoslavia">Constitution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vidovdan_Constitution" title="Vidovdan Constitution">1921</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1931_Yugoslav_Constitution" title="1931 Yugoslav Constitution">1931</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1946_Yugoslav_Constitution" title="1946 Yugoslav Constitution">1946</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1953_Yugoslav_constitutional_amendments" title="1953 Yugoslav constitutional amendments">1953</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1963_Yugoslav_Constitution" title="1963 Yugoslav Constitution">1963</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1974_Yugoslav_Constitution" title="1974 Yugoslav Constitution">1974</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Yugoslavia" title="Elections in Yugoslavia">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Executive_Council_(Yugoslavia)" title="Federal Executive Council (Yugoslavia)">Federal Executive Council</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Yugoslavia" title="Prime Minister of Yugoslavia">Prime Minister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deputy_Prime_Minister_of_Yugoslavia" title="Deputy Prime Minister of Yugoslavia">Deputy Prime Minister</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Yugoslavia" title="Foreign relations of Yugoslavia">Foreign relations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslavia_and_the_United_Nations" title="Yugoslavia and the United Nations">UN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslavia_and_the_Non-Aligned_Movement" title="Yugoslavia and the Non-Aligned Movement">NAM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslavia_and_the_Organisation_of_African_Unity" title="Yugoslavia and the Organisation of African Unity">OAU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslavia%E2%80%93European_Communities_relations" title="Yugoslavia–European Communities relations">EEC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_passport" title="Yugoslav passport">Passport</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cabinets_of_Yugoslavia" title="List of cabinets of Yugoslavia">Governments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_heads_of_state_of_Yugoslavia" title="List of heads of state of Yugoslavia">Heads of state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_deputy_heads_of_state_of_Yugoslavia" title="List of deputy heads of state of Yugoslavia">Deputy heads of state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Yugoslavia" title="Presidency of Yugoslavia">Presidency</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_members_of_the_Presidency_of_Yugoslavia" title="List of members of the Presidency of Yugoslavia">members</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_rights_in_Yugoslavia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Human rights in Yugoslavia (page does not exist)">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_history_in_Yugoslavia" title="LGBT history in Yugoslavia">LGBT</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Yugoslavia" class="mw-redirect" title="Parliament of Yugoslavia">Parliament</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Titoism" title="Titoism">Titoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%90ilasism" title="Đilasism">Đilasism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rankovi%C4%87ism" title="Rankovićism">Rankovićism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Yugoslavia" title="List of political parties in Yugoslavia">Political parties</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/League_of_Communists_of_Yugoslavia" title="League of Communists of Yugoslavia">League of Communists</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Security_Administration" class="mw-redirect" title="State Security Administration">Security</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/KOS_(Yugoslavia)" class="mw-redirect" title="KOS (Yugoslavia)">counterintelligence</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Army_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Yugoslav Army (disambiguation)">Military</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_Yugoslavia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Military history of Yugoslavia (page does not exist)">History</a></li> <li>Army <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Yugoslav_Army" title="Royal Yugoslav Army">1918–1945</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_People%27s_Army" title="Yugoslav People's Army">1945–1992</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Ground_Forces" title="Yugoslav Ground Forces">Ground</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li>Navy <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Yugoslav_Navy" title="Royal Yugoslav Navy">1918–1945</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Navy" title="Yugoslav Navy">1945–1992</a></li></ul></li> <li>Air Force <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Yugoslav_Air_Force" title="Royal Yugoslav Air Force">1918–1945</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Air_Force" title="Yugoslav Air Force">1945–1992</a></li></ul></li> <li>Ranks <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_ranks_of_the_Kingdom_of_Yugoslavia" title="Military ranks of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia">1918–1945</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_People%27s_Army_ranks" class="mw-redirect" title="Yugoslav People's Army ranks">1945–1992</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marshal_of_Yugoslavia" title="Marshal of Yugoslavia">Marshal</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territorial_Defense_(Yugoslavia)" title="Territorial Defense (Yugoslavia)">Territorial Defense</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia" title="Economy of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Agriculture_in_Yugoslavia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Agriculture in Yugoslavia (page does not exist)">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_computer_hardware_in_Yugoslavia" title="History of computer hardware in Yugoslavia">Computer systems</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_computer_systems_from_Yugoslavia" title="List of computer systems from Yugoslavia">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_dinar" title="Yugoslav dinar">Dinar (currency)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_in_Yugoslavia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Energy in Yugoslavia (page does not exist)">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Industry_of_Yugoslavia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Industry of Yugoslavia (page does not exist)">Industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_krone" title="Yugoslav krone">Krone (currency)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mining_industry_of_Yugoslavia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mining industry of Yugoslavia (page does not exist)">Mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Bank_of_Yugoslavia" title="National Bank of Yugoslavia">National Bank</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_of_national_banks_of_Serbia_and_Yugoslavia" title="List of governors of national banks of Serbia and Yugoslavia">governors</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postal_codes_in_Yugoslavia" title="Postal codes in Yugoslavia">Postal codes</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Services_in_Yugoslavia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Services in Yugoslavia (page does not exist)">Services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgrade_Stock_Exchange" title="Belgrade Stock Exchange">Stock Exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Telecommunications_in_Yugoslavia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Telecommunications in Yugoslavia (page does not exist)">Telecommunications</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/.yu" title=".yu">Internet domain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telephone_numbers_in_Yugoslavia" title="Telephone numbers in Yugoslavia">Telephone numbers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tourism_in_Yugoslavia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tourism in Yugoslavia (page does not exist)">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transport_in_Yugoslavia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Transport in Yugoslavia (page does not exist)">Transport</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Railways" title="Yugoslav Railways">Railways</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_of_the_Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia" title="List of companies of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia">List of companies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Yugoslavia" title="Category:Society of Yugoslavia">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Yugoslavia" class="mw-redirect" title="Demographics of Yugoslavia">Demographics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_the_Kingdom_of_Yugoslavia" title="Demographics of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia">Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_the_Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia" title="Demographics of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia">SFRY</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_Yugoslavia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Education in Yugoslavia (page does not exist)">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Yugoslavia" title="Ethnic groups in Yugoslavia">Ethnic groups</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Healthcare_in_Yugoslavia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Healthcare in Yugoslavia (page does not exist)">Healthcare</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Minorities_of_Yugoslavia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Minorities of Yugoslavia (page does not exist)">Minorities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Yugoslavia" title="Public holidays in Yugoslavia">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslavs" title="Yugoslavs">Yugoslavs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslavs_in_Serbia" title="Yugoslavs in Serbia">in Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Canadians" title="Yugoslav Canadians">in Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Americans" title="Yugoslav Americans">in the United States</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Yugoslavia" title="Languages of Yugoslavia">Languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_language" title="Macedonian language">Macedonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbo-Croatian" title="Serbo-Croatian">Serbo-Croatian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bosnian_language" title="Bosnian language">Bosnian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_language" title="Croatian language">Croatian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montenegrin_language" title="Montenegrin language">Montenegrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_language" title="Serbian language">Serbian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovene_language" title="Slovene language">Slovene (Slovenian)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Yugoslavia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Culture of Yugoslavia (page does not exist)">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_studies" title="Yugoslav studies">Yugoslav studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_Academy_of_Sciences_and_Arts" title="Croatian Academy of Sciences and Arts">Academy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Yugoslavia" title="Architecture of Yugoslavia">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_of_Yugoslavia" title="Art of Yugoslavia">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Yugoslavia" title="Cinema of Yugoslavia">Cinema</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Yugoslav_films" title="List of Yugoslav films">films</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Drama_Theatre" title="Yugoslav Drama Theatre">Drama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Yugoslavia" title="Encyclopedia of Yugoslavia">Encyclopedia of Yugoslavia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Folklore_of_Yugoslavia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Folklore of Yugoslavia (page does not exist)">Folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Yugoslavia" title="Music of Yugoslavia">Music</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Yugoslav_composers&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of Yugoslav composers (page does not exist)">composers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yugoslav_national_costume&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yugoslav national costume (page does not exist)">National costume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_philosophy" title="Yugoslav philosophy">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religion_in_Yugoslavia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Religion in Yugoslavia (page does not exist)">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Yugoslavia" title="Sport in Yugoslavia">Sport</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Football_in_Yugoslavia" title="Football in Yugoslavia">football</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Radio_Television" title="Yugoslav Radio Television">Yugoslav Radio Television</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Cuisine</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina_cuisine" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina cuisine">Bosnian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_cuisine" title="Croatian cuisine">Croatian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_wine" title="Croatian wine">wine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_cuisine" title="Macedonian cuisine">Macedonian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_wine" title="Macedonian wine">wine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montenegrin_cuisine" title="Montenegrin cuisine">Montenegrin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Montenegrin_wine" title="Montenegrin wine">wine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_cuisine" title="Serbian cuisine">Serbian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_wine" title="Serbian wine">wine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovenian_cuisine" title="Slovenian cuisine">Slovenian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slovenian_wine" title="Slovenian wine">wine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosovan_cuisine" class="mw-redirect" title="Kosovan cuisine">Kosovan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balkan_cuisine" title="Balkan cuisine">Balkan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_European_cuisine" title="Central European cuisine">Central European</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_cuisine" title="Mediterranean cuisine">Mediterranean</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Literature</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Literature_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Literature of Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_literature" title="Croatian literature">Croatian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literature_of_Kosovo" title="Literature of Kosovo">Kosovan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_literature" title="Macedonian literature">Macedonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literature_of_Montenegro" class="mw-redirect" title="Literature of Montenegro">Montenegrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_literature" title="Serbian literature">Serbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovene_literature" title="Slovene literature">Slovene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Yugoslav_poets" title="List of Yugoslav poets">Poets</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Symbols</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Anthem_of_the_Kingdom_of_Yugoslavia" title="National Anthem of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia">Anthem (1918–1945</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hey,_Slavs" title="Hey, Slavs">1945–1992)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emblem_of_Yugoslavia" title="Emblem of Yugoslavia">Emblem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Yugoslavia" title="Flag of Yugoslavia">Flag of Yugoslavia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Yugoslav_flags" title="List of Yugoslav flags">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brotherhood_and_unity" title="Brotherhood and unity">Motto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orders,_decorations,_and_medals_of_SFR_Yugoslavia" class="mw-redirect" title="Orders, decorations, and medals of SFR Yugoslavia">Orders, decorations, and medals of SFR Yugoslavia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Yugoslavia" title="Category:Yugoslavia">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Kosovo&#124;link=Kosovo_Kosovo–Serbia_relations_23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Serbia&#124;link=Serbia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Kosovo%E2%80%93Serbia_relations" title="Template:Kosovo–Serbia relations"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Kosovo%E2%80%93Serbia_relations" title="Template talk:Kosovo–Serbia relations"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Kosovo%E2%80%93Serbia_relations" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Kosovo–Serbia relations"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Kosovo&#124;link=Kosovo_Kosovo–Serbia_relations_23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Serbia&#124;link=Serbia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Kosovo" title="Kosovo"><img alt="Kosovo" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Kosovo.svg/21px-Flag_of_Kosovo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Kosovo.svg/32px-Flag_of_Kosovo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Kosovo.svg/42px-Flag_of_Kosovo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="840" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Kosovo%E2%80%93Serbia_relations" title="Kosovo–Serbia relations">Kosovo–Serbia relations</a> <a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia"><img alt="Serbia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_Serbia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Serbia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_Serbia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Serbia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_Serbia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Serbia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1350" data-file-height="900" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Diplomatic posts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liaison_Office_of_Kosovo,_Belgrade" title="Liaison Office of Kosovo, Belgrade">Liaison Office of Kosovo, Belgrade</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Diplomacy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belgrade%E2%80%93Pristina_negotiations" title="Belgrade–Pristina negotiations">Belgrade–Pristina negotiations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kosovo%E2%80%93Serbia_land_swap" title="Kosovo–Serbia land swap">Kosovo–Serbia land swap</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contact_Group_(Balkans)" title="Contact Group (Balkans)">Contact Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahtisaari_Plan" title="Ahtisaari Plan">Ahtisaari Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brussels_Agreement_(2013)" title="Brussels Agreement (2013)">Brussels Agreement (2013)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosovo_and_Serbia_economic_normalization_agreements" title="Kosovo and Serbia economic normalization agreements">Kosovo and Serbia economic normalization agreements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ohrid_Agreement_(2023)" title="Ohrid Agreement (2023)">Ohrid Agreement (2023)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Incidents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kosovo War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clark-Naumann_agreement" title="Clark-Naumann agreement">Clark-Naumann agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rambouillet_Agreement" title="Rambouillet Agreement">Rambouillet Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumanovo_Agreement" title="Kumanovo Agreement">Kumanovo Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_of_the_Bytyqi_brothers" title="Death of the Bytyqi brothers">Death of the Bytyqi brothers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_Kosovo_declaration_of_independence" title="2008 Kosovo declaration of independence">2008 Kosovo declaration of independence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2008_protests_against_Kosovo_declaration_of_independence" title="2008 protests against Kosovo declaration of independence">2008 protests against Kosovo declaration of independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_unrest_in_Kosovo" title="2008 unrest in Kosovo">2008 unrest in Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advisory_opinion_on_Kosovo%27s_declaration_of_independence" title="Advisory opinion on Kosovo's declaration of independence">Advisory opinion on Kosovo's declaration of independence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reactions_to_the_International_Court_of_Justice_advisory_opinion_on_Kosovo%27s_declaration_of_independence" title="Reactions to the International Court of Justice advisory opinion on Kosovo's declaration of independence">reactions</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2010_Mitrovica_attacks" title="2010 Mitrovica attacks">2010 Mitrovica attacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Kosovo_crisis_(2011%E2%80%932013)" title="North Kosovo crisis (2011–2013)">North Kosovo crisis (2011–2013)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgrade%E2%80%93Mitrovica_train_incident" title="Belgrade–Mitrovica train incident">Belgrade–Mitrovica train incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_North_Kosovo_crisis" title="2021 North Kosovo crisis">2021 North Kosovo crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Kosovo_crisis_(2022%E2%80%932024)" title="North Kosovo crisis (2022–2024)">North Kosovo crisis (2022–2024)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Banjska_attack" title="Banjska attack">Banjska attack</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Partition_of_Kosovo" title="Partition of Kosovo">Partition of Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_status_of_Kosovo" title="Political status of Kosovo">Political status of Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_enclaves_in_Kosovo" class="mw-redirect" title="Serbian enclaves in Kosovo">Serbian enclaves in Kosovo</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Kosovo_is_Serbia" title="Kosovo is Serbia">Kosovo is Serbia</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balkania_(proposed_state)" title="Balkania (proposed state)">Balkania (proposed state)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_Province_of_Kosovo_and_Metohija" title="Autonomous Province of Kosovo and Metohija">Autonomous Province of Kosovo and Metohija</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_for_Kosovo_and_Metohija" title="Ministry for Kosovo and Metohija">Ministry for Kosovo and Metohija</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_for_Kosovo_and_Metohija" title="Office for Kosovo and Metohija">Office for Kosovo and Metohija</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_Coordination_Directorate" class="mw-redirect" title="Serbian Coordination Directorate">Serbian Coordination Directorate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_North_Kosovo_referendum" title="2012 North Kosovo referendum">2012 North Kosovo referendum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unification_of_Albania_and_Kosovo" title="Unification of Albania and Kosovo">Unification of Albania and Kosovo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Bill_Clinton" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Bill_Clinton" title="Template:Bill Clinton"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Bill_Clinton" title="Template talk:Bill Clinton"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Bill_Clinton" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Bill Clinton"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Bill_Clinton" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="List of presidents of the United States">42nd</a> <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President of the United States</a> (1993–2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_of_Arkansas" title="List of governors of Arkansas">40th and 42nd Governor of Arkansas</a> (1979–1981, 1983–1992)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Bill_Clinton" title="Presidency of Bill Clinton">Presidency</a> (<a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Bill_Clinton_presidency" title="Timeline of the Bill Clinton presidency">timeline</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Presidential_transition_of_Bill_Clinton" title="Presidential transition of Bill Clinton">Transition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_inauguration_of_Bill_Clinton" title="First inauguration of Bill Clinton">1st inauguration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_inauguration_of_Bill_Clinton" title="Second inauguration of Bill Clinton">2nd inauguration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Bill_Clinton_presidency" title="Timeline of the Bill Clinton presidency">Timeline</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Bill_Clinton_presidency_(1993)" title="Timeline of the Bill Clinton presidency (1993)">1993</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Bill_Clinton_presidency_(1994)" title="Timeline of the Bill Clinton presidency (1994)">1994</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Bill_Clinton_presidency_(1995)" title="Timeline of the Bill Clinton presidency (1995)">1995</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Bill_Clinton_presidency_(1996)" title="Timeline of the Bill Clinton presidency (1996)">1996</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Bill_Clinton_presidency_(1997)" title="Timeline of the Bill Clinton presidency (1997)">1997</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Bill_Clinton_presidency_(1998)" title="Timeline of the Bill Clinton presidency (1998)">1998</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Bill_Clinton_presidency_(1999)" title="Timeline of the Bill Clinton presidency (1999)">1999</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Bill_Clinton_presidency_(2000%E2%80%932001)" title="Timeline of the Bill Clinton presidency (2000–2001)">2000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Bill_Clinton_presidency_(2000%E2%80%932001)#January_2001" title="Timeline of the Bill Clinton presidency (2000–2001)">January 2001</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_policy_of_the_Bill_Clinton_administration" title="Economic policy of the Bill Clinton administration">Economic policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AmeriCorps" title="AmeriCorps">AmeriCorps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clinton_health_care_plan_of_1993" title="Clinton health care plan of 1993">Health care plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_Free_Trade_Agreement" title="North American Free Trade Agreement">North American Free Trade Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balanced_Budget_Act_of_1997" title="Balanced Budget Act of 1997">Balanced Budget</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_policy_of_the_Bill_Clinton_administration" title="Foreign policy of the Bill Clinton administration">Foreign policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_international_presidential_trips_made_by_Bill_Clinton" title="List of international presidential trips made by Bill Clinton">International trips</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clinton_Doctrine" title="Clinton Doctrine">Clinton Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oslo_I_Accord" title="Oslo I Accord">Oslo I Accord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93Jordan_peace_treaty" title="Israel–Jordan peace treaty">Israel–Jordan peace treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dayton_Agreement" title="Dayton Agreement">Dayton Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2000_Camp_David_Summit" title="2000 Camp David Summit">2000 Camp David Summit</a></li> <li>Cruise missile strikes on Iraq <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1993_cruise_missile_strikes_on_Iraq" title="1993 cruise missile strikes on Iraq">1993</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1996_cruise_missile_strikes_on_Iraq" title="1996 cruise missile strikes on Iraq">1996</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Infinite_Reach" title="Operation Infinite Reach">Operation Infinite Reach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NATO_bombing_of_Yugoslavia" title="NATO bombing of Yugoslavia">Bombing of Yugoslavia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Iraq_(1998)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bombing of Iraq (1998)">Bombing of Iraq (1998)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Highway_System_(United_States)" title="National Highway System (United States)">National Highway System Designation Act of 1995</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transportation_Equity_Act_for_the_21st_Century" title="Transportation Equity Act for the 21st Century">Transportation Equity Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One_America_Initiative" title="One America Initiative">One America Initiative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riegle-Neal_Interstate_Banking_and_Branching_Efficiency_Act_of_1994" class="mw-redirect" title="Riegle-Neal Interstate Banking and Branching Efficiency Act of 1994">Riegle-Neal Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gramm%E2%80%93Leach%E2%80%93Bliley_Act" title="Gramm–Leach–Bliley Act">Gramm–Leach–Bliley Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lead-based_paint_in_the_United_States" title="Lead-based paint in the United States">Lead-Based Paint Disclosure Regulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safe_Drinking_Water_Act" title="Safe Drinking Water Act">Safe Drinking Water Act Amendments of 1996</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_Act_of_1996" title="Telecommunications Act of 1996">Telecommunications Act of 1996</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communications_Decency_Act" title="Communications Decency Act">Communications Decency Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_230" title="Section 230">Section 230</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nannygate" title="Nannygate">Nannygate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lincoln_Bedroom_for_contributors_controversy" title="Lincoln Bedroom for contributors controversy">Lincoln Bedroom for contributors controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commerce_Department_trade_mission_controversy" title="Commerce Department trade mission controversy">Commerce Department trade mission controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1996_United_States_campaign_finance_controversy" title="1996 United States campaign finance controversy">1996 United States campaign finance controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clinton%E2%80%93Lewinsky_scandal" title="Clinton–Lewinsky scandal">Clinton–Lewinsky scandal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Starr_Report" title="Starr Report">Starr Report</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impeachment_of_Bill_Clinton" title="Impeachment of Bill Clinton">Impeachment</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Efforts_to_impeach_Bill_Clinton" title="Efforts to impeach Bill Clinton">efforts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impeachment_inquiry_against_Bill_Clinton" class="mw-redirect" title="Impeachment inquiry against Bill Clinton">inquiry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impeachment_trial_of_Bill_Clinton" title="Impeachment trial of Bill Clinton">trial</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_House_Millennium_Council" title="White House Millennium Council">White House Millennium Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton_pardon_controversy" title="Bill Clinton pardon controversy">Pardons</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_pardoned_by_Bill_Clinton" title="List of people pardoned by Bill Clinton">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Bill_Clinton#Administration" title="Presidency of Bill Clinton">Cabinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_federal_judges_appointed_by_Bill_Clinton" title="List of federal judges appointed by Bill Clinton">Judicial appointments</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton_Supreme_Court_candidates" title="Bill Clinton Supreme Court candidates">Supreme Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton_judicial_appointment_controversies" title="Bill Clinton judicial appointment controversies">controversies</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:William_Jefferson_Clinton/Executive_orders" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Author:William Jefferson Clinton/Executive orders">Executive Orders</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:William_Jefferson_Clinton/Presidential_Proclamations" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Author:William Jefferson Clinton/Presidential Proclamations">Presidential Proclamations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidential_transition_of_George_W._Bush" title="Presidential transition of George W. Bush">Presidential transition of George W. Bush</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="8" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Bill_Clinton.jpg/100px-Bill_Clinton.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Bill_Clinton.jpg/150px-Bill_Clinton.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Bill_Clinton.jpg/200px-Bill_Clinton.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2299" data-file-height="3000" /> <a href="/wiki/File:Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg/100px-Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg/150px-Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg/200px-Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2424" data-file-height="2425" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Life and legacy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/President_William_Jefferson_Clinton_Birthplace_Home_National_Historic_Site" title="President William Jefferson Clinton Birthplace Home National Historic Site">Childhood home</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_life_and_career_of_Bill_Clinton" class="mw-redirect" title="Early life and career of Bill Clinton">Early life and career</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governorships_of_Bill_Clinton" title="Governorships of Bill Clinton">Governorships of Arkansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clinton_Presidential_Center" title="Clinton Presidential Center">Presidential Library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-presidency_of_Bill_Clinton" title="Post-presidency of Bill Clinton">Post-presidency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clinton_Foundation" title="Clinton Foundation">Clinton Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clinton_School_of_Public_Service" title="Clinton School of Public Service">Clinton School of Public Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clinton_Bush_Haiti_Fund" title="Clinton Bush Haiti Fund">Clinton Bush Haiti Fund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Constitution_Center#NCC_and_presidents" title="National Constitution Center">Chairman, National Constitution Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_honors_and_awards_received_by_Bill_Clinton" class="mw-redirect" title="List of honors and awards received by Bill Clinton">Honors and awards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_image_of_Bill_Clinton" title="Public image of Bill Clinton">Public image</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Troopergate_(Bill_Clinton)" title="Troopergate (Bill Clinton)">Troopergate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton_sexual_misconduct_allegations" class="mw-redirect" title="Bill Clinton sexual misconduct allegations">Sexual misconduct allegations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whitewater_controversy" title="Whitewater controversy">Whitewater controversy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Speeches</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/February_1993_Bill_Clinton_speech_to_a_joint_session_of_Congress" title="February 1993 Bill Clinton speech to a joint session of Congress">Joint session of Congress</a> (1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_1993_Bill_Clinton_speech_to_a_joint_session_of_Congress" title="September 1993 Bill Clinton speech to a joint session of Congress">Joint session of Congress (health care reform)</a> (1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_of_the_Union" title="State of the Union">State of the Union addresses</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1994_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1994 State of the Union Address">1994</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1995_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1995 State of the Union Address">1995</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1996_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1996 State of the Union Address">1996</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1997_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1997 State of the Union Address">1997</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1998_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1998 State of the Union Address">1998</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1999_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1999 State of the Union Address">1999</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2000_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="2000 State of the Union Address">2000</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Electoral_history_of_Bill_Clinton" title="Electoral history of Bill Clinton">Elections</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">U.S. House</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1974_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="1974 United States House of Representatives elections">1974</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Gubernatorial</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1978_Arkansas_gubernatorial_election" title="1978 Arkansas gubernatorial election">1978</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1980_Arkansas_gubernatorial_election" title="1980 Arkansas gubernatorial election">1980</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1982_Arkansas_gubernatorial_election" title="1982 Arkansas gubernatorial election">1982</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1984_Arkansas_gubernatorial_election" title="1984 Arkansas gubernatorial election">1984</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1986_Arkansas_gubernatorial_election" title="1986 Arkansas gubernatorial election">1986</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1990_Arkansas_gubernatorial_election" title="1990 Arkansas gubernatorial election">1990</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Presidential</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton_1992_presidential_campaign" title="Bill Clinton 1992 presidential campaign">1992 campaign</a> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Make_America_Great_Again" title="Make America Great Again">Make America Great Again</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1992_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1992 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1992_Democratic_Party_vice_presidential_candidate_selection" title="1992 Democratic Party vice presidential candidate selection">running mate selection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1992_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1992 Democratic National Convention">convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1992_United_States_presidential_debates" title="1992 United States presidential debates">debates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1992_United_States_presidential_election" title="1992 United States presidential election">election</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Don%27t_Stop_(Fleetwood_Mac_song)#Political_significance" title="Don't Stop (Fleetwood Mac song)">theme song</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton_1996_presidential_campaign" title="Bill Clinton 1996 presidential campaign">1996 campaign</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1996_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1996 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1996_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1996 Democratic National Convention">convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1996_United_States_presidential_debates" title="1996 United States presidential debates">debates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1996_United_States_presidential_election" title="1996 United States presidential election">election</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_Bill_Clinton" title="Bibliography of Bill Clinton">Books</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Between_Hope_and_History" title="Between Hope and History">Between Hope and History (1996)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/My_Life_(Clinton_autobiography)" title="My Life (Clinton autobiography)">My Life (2004)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giving:_How_Each_of_Us_Can_Change_the_World" title="Giving: How Each of Us Can Change the World">Giving: How Each of Us Can Change the World (2007)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Back_to_Work_(book)" title="Back to Work (book)">Back to Work (2011)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_President_Is_Missing_(novel)" title="The President Is Missing (novel)">The President Is Missing (2018)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_President%27s_Daughter_(novel)" title="The President's Daughter (novel)">The President's Daughter (2021)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Namesakes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Jefferson_Clinton_Federal_Building" title="William Jefferson Clinton Federal Building">William Jefferson Clinton Federal Building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton_Boulevard" title="Bill Clinton Boulevard">Bill Clinton Boulevard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clinton_National_Airport" title="Clinton National Airport">Clinton National Airport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Popular culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saturday_Night_Live_parodies_of_Bill_Clinton" title="Saturday Night Live parodies of Bill Clinton">Saturday Night Live parodies of Bill Clinton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_War_Room" title="The War Room">The War Room (1993 documentary)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Silence_of_the_Hams" title="The Silence of the Hams">The Silence of the Hams (1994 film)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primary_Colors_(film)" title="Primary Colors (film)">Primary Colors (1998 film)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Final_Days_(2000_film)" title="The Final Days (2000 film)">The Final Days (2000 short film)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Hunting_of_the_President" title="The Hunting of the President">The Hunting of the President (2004 film)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Special_Relationship_(film)" title="The Special Relationship (film)">The Special Relationship (2010 film)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clinton_(film)" title="Clinton (film)">Clinton (2012 film)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hillary_and_Clinton" title="Hillary and Clinton">Hillary and Clinton (2016 play)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impeachment:_American_Crime_Story" title="Impeachment: American Crime Story">Impeachment: American Crime Story (2021 miniseries)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_American_Presidency_with_Bill_Clinton_(TV_series)" title="The American Presidency with Bill Clinton (TV series)">The American Presidency with Bill Clinton (2022 documentary series)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Clinton_family" title="Clinton family">Family</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hillary_Clinton" title="Hillary Clinton">Hillary Rodham Clinton</a> (wife)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chelsea_Clinton" title="Chelsea Clinton">Chelsea Clinton</a> (daughter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Jefferson_Blythe_Jr." title="William Jefferson Blythe Jr.">William Jefferson Blythe Jr.</a> (father)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_Clinton_Kelley" title="Virginia Clinton Kelley">Virginia Clinton Kelley</a> (mother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Clinton_Sr." title="Roger Clinton Sr.">Roger Clinton Sr.</a> (first stepfather)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Clinton_Jr." title="Roger Clinton Jr.">Roger Clinton Jr.</a> (brother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeff_Dwire" title="Jeff Dwire">Jeff Dwire</a> (second stepfather)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socks_(cat)" title="Socks (cat)">Socks</a> (cat)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddy_(Bill_Clinton%27s_dog)" title="Buddy (Bill Clinton's dog)">Buddy</a> (dog)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whitehaven_(house)" title="Whitehaven (house)">Whitehaven</a> (residence)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">← George H. W. Bush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush →</a></li></ul> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Bill_Clinton" title="Category:Bill Clinton">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190029#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4547508-8">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh99000446">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb13507763z">France</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb13507763z">BnF data</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph254501&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX500258">Spain</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007559049105171">Israel</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kosovo_War&oldid=1259573761">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kosovo_War&oldid=1259573761</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Kosovo_War" title="Category:Kosovo War">Kosovo War</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1998_in_Kosovo" title="Category:1998 in Kosovo">1998 in Kosovo</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1999_in_Kosovo" title="Category:1999 in Kosovo">1999 in Kosovo</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Albania%E2%80%93Serbia_relations" title="Category:Albania–Serbia relations">Albania–Serbia relations</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Albania%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_relations" title="Category:Albania–United Kingdom relations">Albania–United Kingdom relations</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Albania%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Category:Albania–United States relations">Albania–United States relations</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Albania%E2%80%93Yugoslavia_relations" title="Category:Albania–Yugoslavia relations">Albania–Yugoslavia relations</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Conflicts_in_1998" title="Category:Conflicts in 1998">Conflicts in 1998</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Conflicts_in_1999" title="Category:Conflicts in 1999">Conflicts in 1999</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ethnic_cleansing_in_Europe" title="Category:Ethnic cleansing in Europe">Ethnic cleansing in Europe</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Military_history_of_Kosovo" title="Category:Military history of Kosovo">Military history of Kosovo</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Kosovo%E2%80%93Serbia_relations" title="Category:Kosovo–Serbia relations">Kosovo–Serbia relations</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Kosovo%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_relations" title="Category:Kosovo–United Kingdom relations">Kosovo–United Kingdom relations</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Kosovo%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Category:Kosovo–United States relations">Kosovo–United States relations</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Presidency_of_Bill_Clinton" title="Category:Presidency of Bill Clinton">Presidency of Bill Clinton</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wars_involving_NATO" title="Category:Wars involving NATO">Wars involving NATO</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wars_involving_Serbia" title="Category:Wars involving Serbia">Wars involving Serbia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wars_involving_Kosovo" title="Category:Wars involving Kosovo">Wars involving Kosovo</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Modern_history_of_Kosovo" title="Category:Modern history of Kosovo">Modern history of Kosovo</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list">CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_German-language_sources_(de)" title="Category:CS1 German-language sources (de)">CS1 German-language sources (de)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_bare_URLs_for_citations" title="Category:All articles with bare URLs for citations">All articles with bare URLs for citations</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_bare_URLs_for_citations_from_August_2024" title="Category:Articles with bare URLs for citations from August 2024">Articles with bare URLs for citations from August 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_November_2011" title="Category:Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from November 2011">Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from November 2011</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Albanian-language_sources_(sq)" title="Category:CS1 Albanian-language sources (sq)">CS1 Albanian-language sources (sq)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Norwegian-language_sources_(no)" title="Category:CS1 Norwegian-language sources (no)">CS1 Norwegian-language sources (no)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_accuracy_disputes" title="Category:All accuracy disputes">All accuracy disputes</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Accuracy_disputes_from_February_2020" title="Category:Accuracy disputes from February 2020">Accuracy disputes from February 2020</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_pages_semi-protected_against_vandalism" title="Category:Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism">Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_British_English_from_November_2014" title="Category:Use British English from November 2014">Use British English from November 2014</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_June_2021" title="Category:Use dmy dates from June 2021">Use dmy dates from June 2021</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_multiple_image_with_auto_scaled_images" title="Category:Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images">Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Albanian-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Albanian-language text">Articles containing Albanian-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Serbian-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Serbian-language text">Articles containing Serbian-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_February_2023" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from February 2023">Articles with unsourced statements from February 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_January_2024" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from January 2024">Articles with unsourced statements from January 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_December_2023" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from December 2023">Articles with unsourced statements from December 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_lacking_reliable_references" title="Category:All articles lacking reliable references">All articles lacking reliable references</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_lacking_reliable_references_from_September_2019" title="Category:Articles lacking reliable references from September 2019">Articles lacking reliable references from September 2019</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_vague_or_ambiguous_time" title="Category:All articles with vague or ambiguous time">All articles with vague or ambiguous time</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Vague_or_ambiguous_time_from_February_2017" title="Category:Vague or ambiguous time from February 2017">Vague or ambiguous time from February 2017</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_April_2014" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from April 2014">Articles with unsourced statements from April 2014</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_self-published_sources" title="Category:All articles with self-published sources">All articles with self-published sources</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_self-published_sources_from_February_2020" title="Category:Articles with self-published sources from February 2020">Articles with self-published sources from February 2020</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_April_2013" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from April 2013">Articles with unsourced statements from April 2013</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_is_on_Wikidata" title="Category:Commons category link is on Wikidata">Commons category link is on Wikidata</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 25 November 2024, at 22:08 (UTC).</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kosovo_War&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-669b4ddb54-vbv7l","wgBackendResponseTime":222,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"4.426","walltime":"4.877","ppvisitednodes":{"value":32870,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":972067,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":78770,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":22,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":69,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":1265093,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 4070.871 1 -total"," 48.56% 1976.707 2 Template:Reflist"," 13.81% 562.352 84 Template:Cite_news"," 13.60% 553.473 101 Template:Cite_book"," 11.50% 468.229 111 Template:Cite_web"," 10.73% 436.807 1 Template:Infobox_military_conflict"," 7.64% 310.854 44 Template:Sfn"," 5.78% 235.225 57 Template:Flagicon"," 3.50% 142.334 2 Template:Country_topics"," 3.18% 129.567 7 Template:Ubl"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"2.615","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":21625337,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"anchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREF12_mal_bewertet1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAbrahams2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAlpion2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFArtCronin2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFArticle_19_(Organization)American_Library_Association1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBacevichCohen2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBajgora2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBakkeli2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBakkeli2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBall2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBancroft2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBarnett2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBartrop2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBellamy2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBenson2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBerglund2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBethlehemWeller1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBevan2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBideleuxJeffries2006\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFBieberDaskalovski2004\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFBlair1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBorger2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBoyle2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrestovci1983\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrigadier-General_Maisonneuve\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBugajski2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBădescuBaillieMazzucchelli2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCaraccilo2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChambers_II1999\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFChampion2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCharles2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChih-Hann_Chang2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChomsky1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFClark2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFClinton2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFClodfelter2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCockburn2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCoopersmithLaunius2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCowell1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCrawford2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCrawford2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDaalderO\u0026#039;Hanlon2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDaly1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDan_Landis,_Rosita_D._Albert2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDaniszewski1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDannreuther2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDavison1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDe_LellioSchwandner-Sievers2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDescamps2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDevenport1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFElsie2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFElsieDestani2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFErikssonKostić2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEuropa2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFalk2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFisk1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFrantz2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFred2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFrederking2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGellman1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGoxhaj2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGrant2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGuzina2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHaines2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHenry_H._Perritt2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHerscher2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHerscherRiedlmayer2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHitchens2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHuggler2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIndependent_International_Commission_on_Kosovo2000\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFIngrao2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIngraoEmmert2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIrvineKincaid1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJeffries2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJović2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJudah1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJudah2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJudah2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJudah2009\"] = 3,\n [\"CITEREFKadriuMorina2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKaradjis2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKettle1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKislyakov2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKlipSluiter2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKnoll2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKola2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKrieger2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKubo2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKumbaro2001\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFLambeth2006\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFLayneSchwarz2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLegault2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLeonard2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLiebknecht1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLorimer1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMacdonald2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMagaš1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMalcolm1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMark_B_Jardine2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMassa2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMehmeti2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMeier1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMellon2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMike2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMinchevaGurr2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMüller2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNardulliPerryPirnieGordon\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNoel2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNorris2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFO\u0026#039;Connell2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPearl1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPerić2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPettiferVickers2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPhillipsBurns2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPllana1985\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPollack2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPristina1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFProfessor_Peter_RadanDr_Aleksandar_Pavkovic2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFQosja1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFQuackenbush2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRadu2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRamet1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRamet2006\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFRamet2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRametSimkusListhaug2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRefugees\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFReitmanRichterDahlburg1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFReveronMurer2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRiccioni2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRizaj1981\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRodgersRochelleChance1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRuza_PetrovicMarina_Blagojevic2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSaunders2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchlafly1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchrader2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSebak1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSell1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSilverman2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSimons1969\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSkendi2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSpiegelSalama2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSteele2000\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFStefanović2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSteiner2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStojanovic2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStojanovic2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStojanovic2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSullivan2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSweeneyHolsoeVulliamy1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThomas2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTombsSmith2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTran2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTrifunovska1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTucker2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUnited_Nations_High_Commissioner_for_Refugees\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVancePaik2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVasquez2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVladisavljević2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWaller1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWatson1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWills2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFwritten_Testimony_of_Ralf_Mutschke_Assistant_Director,_Criminal_Intelligence_Directorate_International_Criminal_Police_Organization_–_Interpol_General_Secretariat_before_a_hearing_of_the_Committee_on_the_Judiciary_Subcommittee_on_Crime2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFÅserudNyquist1999\"] = 1,\n [\"Jones\"] = 1,\n [\"Mann\"] = 1,\n [\"Rama\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"!\"] = 3,\n [\"' \\\"\"] = 1,\n [\"Age in years, months, weeks and days\"] = 1,\n [\"Army\"] = 1,\n [\"Assassinated\"] = 1,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Bare URL inline\"] = 1,\n [\"Better source needed\"] = 1,\n [\"Blockquote\"] = 3,\n [\"Campaignbox Kosovo War\"] = 1,\n [\"Circa\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation\"] = 6,\n [\"Citation needed\"] = 7,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 101,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 20,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 84,\n [\"Cite press release\"] = 6,\n [\"Cite report\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 111,\n [\"Commons category\"] = 1,\n [\"Convert\"] = 4,\n [\"Div col\"] = 3,\n [\"Div col end\"] = 3,\n [\"Efn\"] = 3,\n [\"Executive Order\"] = 1,\n [\"Flag\"] = 2,\n [\"Flagdeco\"] = 4,\n [\"Flagicon\"] = 55,\n [\"Flagicon image\"] = 13,\n [\"Harvid\"] = 1,\n [\"Harvnb\"] = 5,\n [\"Infobox military conflict\"] = 1,\n [\"KIA\"] = 3,\n [\"Kosovo War\"] = 1,\n [\"Kosovo topics\"] = 1,\n [\"Kosovo–Serbia relations\"] = 1,\n [\"Lang-sr-Cyrl-Latn\"] = 1,\n [\"Langx\"] = 1,\n [\"Main\"] = 7,\n [\"Multiple image\"] = 2,\n [\"Nobold\"] = 1,\n [\"Notelist\"] = 1,\n [\"Page needed\"] = 1,\n [\"Portal\"] = 1,\n [\"Post-Cold War European conflicts\"] = 1,\n [\"Pp-vandalism\"] = 1,\n [\"Presidency of Bill Clinton\"] = 1,\n [\"Quote box\"] = 1,\n [\"Redirect\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Self-published inline\"] = 1,\n [\"Self-published source\"] = 1,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 44,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Snd\"] = 7,\n [\"USFR\"] = 1,\n [\"Ubl\"] = 7,\n [\"Ublist\"] = 1,\n [\"Use British English\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 5,\n [\"When\"] = 1,\n [\"Yugoslavia topics\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["?","600","21.1"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","300","10.6"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::gsub","260","9.2"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","240","8.5"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::sub","220","7.7"],["\u003Cmw.lua:694\u003E","140","4.9"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::preprocess","100","3.5"],["recursiveClone \u003CmwInit.lua:45\u003E","100","3.5"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::plain","80","2.8"],["init \u003CModule:Citation/CS1/Date_validation\u003E","80","2.8"],["[others]","720","25.4"]]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-api-int.codfw.main-5f67bcf949-gb7tv","timestamp":"20241127075938","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Kosovo War","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kosovo_War","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q190029","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q190029","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2001-07-31T19:30:10Z","dateModified":"2024-11-25T22:08:53Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/0\/0b\/Bllace_refugee_camp.jpg","headline":"late 1990s armed conflict in Kosovo"}</script> </body> </html>