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</div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External 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Please do not remove this message until <a href="/wiki/Template:POV#When_to_remove" title="Template:POV">conditions to do so are met</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">March 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Organization founded by Werner Erhard in 1971</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1242257876">.mw-parser-output .ib-company .infobox-label{padding-right:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .ib-company .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-company .infobox-below{line-height:1.35em}.mw-parser-output .ib-company-logo img{background-color:#f8f9fa}.mw-parser-output .ib-company-locality,.mw-parser-output .ib-company-country{display:inline}</style><table class="infobox ib-company vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Erhard Seminars Training, Inc.</caption><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Company type</th><td class="infobox-data category">Privately-held corporation</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Founded</th><td class="infobox-data">October 1971</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Defunct</th><td class="infobox-data">1984 (dissolution)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Headquarters</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/wiki/San_Francisco" title="San Francisco">San Francisco</a>, <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a>, United States</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Key people</div></th><td class="infobox-data agent"><a href="/wiki/Werner_Erhard" title="Werner Erhard">Werner Erhard</a>, founder<sup id="cite_ref-bartley_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bartley-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Erhard Seminars Training, Inc.</b> (marketed as <b>est</b>, though often encountered as <b>EST</b> or <b>Est</b>) was an organization founded by <a href="/wiki/Werner_Erhard" title="Werner Erhard">Werner Erhard</a> in 1971 that offered a two-weekend (6-day, 60-hour) course known officially as "The est Standard Training". The purpose of the training was to use concepts loosely based on <a href="/wiki/Zen_Buddhism" class="mw-redirect" title="Zen Buddhism">Zen Buddhism</a> for <a href="/wiki/Self_improvement" class="mw-redirect" title="Self improvement">self improvement</a>. The seminar aimed to "transform one's ability to experience living so that the situations one had been trying to change or had been putting up with clear up just in the process of life itself".<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Est seminars operated from late 1971 to late 1984 and spawned a number of books from 1976 to 2011. Est has been featured in a number of films and television shows, including the critically acclaimed spy-series <i><a href="/wiki/The_Americans" title="The Americans">The Americans</a></i>, broadcast from 2013 to 2018. Est represented an outgrowth of the <a href="/wiki/Human_Potential_Movement" title="Human Potential Movement">Human Potential Movement</a><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of the 1960s through to the 1970s. </p><p>As est grew, so did criticisms.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Various critics accused est of <a href="/wiki/Brainwashing" title="Brainwashing">mind control</a><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or of forming an <a href="/wiki/Authoritarian" class="mw-redirect" title="Authoritarian">authoritarian</a> army;<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> some labeled it a <a href="/wiki/Cult" title="Cult">cult</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The last est training took place in December 1984 in San Francisco. The seminars gave way to a "gentler" course<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> offered by <a href="/wiki/Werner_Erhard_and_Associates" title="Werner Erhard and Associates">Werner Erhard and Associates</a> and dubbed "The Forum" (currently named <a href="/wiki/Landmark_Worldwide" title="Landmark Worldwide">Landmark Worldwide</a>), which began in January 1985.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Training">Training</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Erhard_Seminars_Training&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Training"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The est Standard Training program consisted of two weekend-long workshops with evening sessions on the intervening weekdays. Workshops generally involved about 200 participants and were initially led by Erhard and later by people trained by him. Ronald Heifetz, founder of the Center for Public Leadership at Harvard University, called est "an important experience in which two hundred people go through a powerful curriculum over two weekends and have a learning experience that seemed to change many of their lives."<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Trainers confronted participants one-on-one and challenged them to be themselves rather than to play a role that had been imposed on them by the past.<sup id="cite_ref-Moreno_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Moreno-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_D._Moreno" title="Jonathan D. Moreno">Jonathan D. Moreno</a> observed that "participants might have been surprised how both physically and emotionally challenging and how philosophical the training was."<sup id="cite_ref-Moreno_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Moreno-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He writes that the critical part of the training was freeing oneself from the past, which was accomplished by "experiencing" one's recurrent patterns and problems and choosing to change them. The word <i>experience</i> meant to bring into full awareness the repetition of old, burdensome behaviors. The seminar sought to enable participants to shift the state of mind around which their lives were organized, from attempts to get satisfaction or to survive, to actually being satisfied and experiencing themselves as whole and complete in the present moment.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Participants agreed to follow the ground rules, which included not wearing watches, not speaking until called upon, not talking to their neighbors, and not eating or leaving their seats to go to the bathroom except during breaks separated by many hours. Participants who were on medication were exempt from these rules, and had to sit in the back row so that they would not interfere with the other participants.<sup id="cite_ref-Cults_1999,_p.75_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cults_1999,_p.75-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These classroom agreements provided a rigorous setting whereby people's ordinary ways to escape confronting their experience of themselves were eliminated.<sup id="cite_ref-bartley2_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bartley2-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (November 2021)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Moreno describes the est training as a form of "<a href="/wiki/Socratic_questioning" title="Socratic questioning">Socratic interrogation</a>...relying on the power of the shared cathartic experience that <a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a> observed."<sup id="cite_ref-Moreno_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Moreno-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Erhard challenged participants to be themselves instead of playing a role that had been imposed on them<sup id="cite_ref-Moreno_12-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Moreno-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and aimed to press people beyond their point of view, into a perspective from which they could observe their own positionality.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As <a href="/wiki/Robert_Kiyosaki" title="Robert Kiyosaki">Robert Kiyosaki</a> writes, "During the training, it became glaringly clear that most of our personal problems begin with our not keeping our agreements, not being true to our words, saying one thing and doing another. That first full day on the simple class agreements was painfully enlightening. It became obvious that much of human misery is a function of broken agreements – not keeping your word, or someone else not keeping theirs."<sup id="cite_ref-kiyosaki_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kiyosaki-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sessions lasted from 9:00 a.m. to midnight, or to the early hours of the morning, with one meal-break.<sup id="cite_ref-Sun_Times_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sun_Times-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Participants had to hand over wristwatches and were not allowed to take notes, or to speak unless called upon, in which case they waited for a microphone to be brought to them.<sup id="cite_ref-Lewis2001_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lewis2001-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (September 2019)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The second day of the workshop featured the "danger process".<sup id="cite_ref-Lewis2001_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lewis2001-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 384">: 384 </span></sup> As a way of observing and confronting their own perspective and point of view,<sup id="cite_ref-bartley_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bartley-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> groups of participants were brought onto the stage and confronted. They were asked to "imagine that they were afraid of everyone else and then that everyone else was afraid of them"<sup id="cite_ref-Lewis2001_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lewis2001-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 384">: 384 </span></sup> and to re-examine their reflex patterns of living that kept their lives from working.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was followed by interactions on the third and fourth days, covering topics such as reality and the nature of the mind, looking at the possibility that "what is, is and what ain't, ain't," and that "true enlightenment is knowing you are a machine"<sup id="cite_ref-Lewis2001_19-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lewis2001-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 384">: 384 </span></sup> and culminating in a realization that people do not need to be stuck with their automatic ways of being but can instead be free to choose their ways of being in how they live their lives.<sup id="cite_ref-bartley_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bartley-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Participants were told they were perfect the way they were and were asked to indicate by a show of hands if they "had gotten it".<sup id="cite_ref-Lewis2001_19-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lewis2001-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (September 2019)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eliezer_Sobel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eliezer Sobel (page does not exist)">Eliezer Sobel</a> said in his article "This is It: est, 20 Years Later":<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><blockquote><p>I considered the training to be a brilliantly conceived Zen <a href="/wiki/Koan" title="Koan">koan</a>, effectively tricking the mind into seeing itself, and in thus seeing, to be simultaneously aware of who was doing the seeing, a transcendent level of consciousness, a place spacious and undefined, distinct from the tired old story that our minds continuously tell us about who we are, and with which we ordinarily identify. </p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Participants'_reported_results"><span id="Participants.27_reported_results"></span>Participants' reported results</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Erhard_Seminars_Training&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Participants' reported results"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Many participants reported experiencing powerful results through their participation in the est training, characterised by Eliezer Sobel as perceived "dramatic transformations in their relationships with their families, with their work and personal <a href="/wiki/Goal" title="Goal">vision</a>, or most important, with the recognition <a href="/wiki/Self-awareness" title="Self-awareness">who they truly were</a> in the core of their beings".<sup id="cite_ref-Moreno_12-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Moreno-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="Quotation needed from source to verify. (February 2021)">need quotation to verify</span></a></i>]</sup> One study of "a large sample of est alumni who had completed the training at least 3 months before revealed that "the large majority felt the experience had been positive (88%), and considered themselves better off for having taken the training (80%)".<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Erhard_Seminars_Training&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Werner Erhard reported having a personal transformation, and created the est training to allow others to have the same experience.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first <i>est</i> course was held at a <a href="/wiki/Jack_Tar_Hotels" title="Jack Tar Hotels">Jack Tar Hotel</a> in <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco" title="San Francisco">San Francisco</a>, California, in October 1971.<sup id="cite_ref-sf_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sf-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Within a year, trainings were being held in <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a> and other major cities in the United States followed soon after. They were carried out by Werner Erhard, who had recently resigned from <a href="/wiki/Mind_Dynamics" title="Mind Dynamics">Mind Dynamics</a>. </p><p>Beginning in July 1974 the est training was delivered at the U.S. Penitentiary at <a href="/wiki/Lompoc,_California" title="Lompoc, California">Lompoc</a>, California, with the approval of the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Bureau_of_Prisons" title="Federal Bureau of Prisons">Federal Bureau of Prisons</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-archive.org_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-archive.org-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Initial est training in Lompoc involved participation of 12–15 federal prisoners and outside community members within the walls of the maximum security prison and was personally conducted by Werner Erhard. </p><p>By 1979, est had expanded to Europe and other parts of the world. In 1980 the first est training in Israel was offered in Tel Aviv.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The est training presented several concepts to these new attendees, most notably the concept of <a href="/wiki/Spiritual_transformation" title="Spiritual transformation">spiritual transformation</a> and taking responsibility for one's life. The actual teaching, called "the technology of transformation," emphasizes the value of integrity.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As est grew, so did criticism. It was accused of mind control and labeled a cult by some critics who said that it exploited its followers by recruiting and offering numerous "graduate seminars."<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1983 in the United States, a participant named Jack Slee collapsed during a portion of the seminar known as "the danger process" and died at the hospital to which he had been transported.<sup id="cite_ref-Slee_v_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Slee_v-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A court subsequently found that the est training was not the cause of death.<sup id="cite_ref-Slee_v_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Slee_v-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A jury later ruled that Erhard and his company had been negligent, but did not give Slee's estate a monetary award.<sup id="cite_ref-Lewis2001_19-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lewis2001-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (September 2019)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>According to a 1991 report by the <i><a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times" title="Los Angeles Times">Los Angeles Times</a></i>, est had been the target of a smear campaign by the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Scientology" title="Church of Scientology">Church of Scientology</a>. This campaign had spanned several years, with examples being found in documents <a href="/wiki/Operation_Snow_White" title="Operation Snow White">seized by the FBI</a> in 1977. This smear campaign involved hiring personal investigators to spy on Erhard, recruiting Scientologists to covertly enroll in and disrupt est courses, and compiling information from disgruntled former est participants which could be used to discredit est. Scientology founder <a href="/wiki/L._Ron_Hubbard" title="L. Ron Hubbard">L. Ron Hubbard</a> (who died in 1986) believed that Erhard had copied Scientology. Erhard disputed this, saying that est was essentially different despite some similarities.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In their 1992 book <i>Perspectives on the New Age</i> <a href="/wiki/James_R._Lewis_(scholar)" title="James R. Lewis (scholar)">James R. Lewis</a> and <a href="/wiki/J._Gordon_Melton" title="J. Gordon Melton">J. Gordon Melton</a> said that similarities between est and Mind Dynamics were "striking", as both used "authoritarian trainers who enforce numerous rules," require applause after participants "share" in front of the group, and de-emphasize <a href="/wiki/Reason" title="Reason">reason</a> in favor of "feeling and action." The authors also described graduates of est as "fiercely loyal," and said that it recruited heavily, reducing marketing expenses to virtually zero.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The last est training was held in December 1984 in San Francisco. </p><p>It was replaced by a gentler course called "The Forum," which began in January 1985. "est, Inc." evolved into "est, an Educational Corporation," and eventually into <a href="/wiki/Werner_Erhard_and_Associates" title="Werner Erhard and Associates">Werner Erhard and Associates</a>. In 1991 the business was sold to the employees who formed a new company called Landmark Education with Erhard's brother, Harry Rosenberg, becoming the CEO.<sup id="cite_ref-lauramcclure_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lauramcclure-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Landmark Education was structured as a for-profit, employee-owned company; since 2013, it operates as <a href="/wiki/Landmark_Worldwide" title="Landmark Worldwide">Landmark Worldwide</a> with a consulting division called Vanto Group.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_influences">Early influences</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Erhard_Seminars_Training&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Early influences"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Werner_Erhard#Influences" title="Werner Erhard">Werner Erhard § Influences</a></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/W._W._Bartley_III" title="W. W. Bartley III">W. W. Bartley III</a>'s biography of Werner Erhard, <i>Werner Erhard: The Transformation of a Man, the Founding of est</i> (1978), Erhard describes his explorations of <a href="/wiki/Zen" title="Zen">Zen</a> Buddhism. Bartley quotes Erhard as acknowledging Zen as the essential contribution that "created the space [for est]".<sup id="cite_ref-bartley3_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bartley3-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Bartley details Erhard's connections with Zen beginning with his extensive studies with <a href="/wiki/Alan_Watts" title="Alan Watts">Alan Watts</a> in the mid-1960s.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bartley quotes Erhard as acknowledging: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Of all the disciplines that I studied, practiced, learned, Zen was the essential one. It was not so much an influence on me, rather it created space. It allowed those things that were there to be there. It gave some form to my experience. And it built up in me the critical mass from which was kindled the experience that produced est.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Other influences included <a href="/wiki/Dale_Carnegie" title="Dale Carnegie">Dale Carnegie</a>, <a href="/wiki/Subud" title="Subud">Subud</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scientology" title="Scientology">Scientology</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mind_Dynamics" title="Mind Dynamics">Mind Dynamics</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Timeline">Timeline</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Erhard_Seminars_Training&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Timeline"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>1971 – Erhard Seminars Training Inc, first est Training held in San Francisco, California</li> <li>1973 – The Foundation for the Realization of Man – incorporated as a non-profit foundation in California (subsequently the name of the foundation was changed to the est Foundation in 1976, and in 1981 to the Werner Erhard Foundation)</li> <li>1975 – est, an educational corporation.</li> <li>1977 – The first est training outside of the United States, in London.</li> <li>1977 – The Hunger Project was established</li> <li>1979 – The first est training in India</li> <li>1980 – The first est training in Israel<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1980 – The Breakthrough Foundation was established (Youth at Risk)</li> <li>1981 – First of ten annual physicist conferences sponsored by the est Foundation</li> <li>1981 – est became Werner Erhard and Associates</li> <li>1984 – The last training was held under the name of est<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Related_organizations">Related organizations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Erhard_Seminars_Training&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Related organizations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Hunger_Project" title="The Hunger Project">The Hunger Project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Werner_Erhard_and_Associates" title="Werner Erhard and Associates">Werner Erhard and Associates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landmark_Worldwide" title="Landmark Worldwide">Landmark Worldwide</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Erhard_Seminars_Training&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Semi-Tough" title="Semi-Tough">Semi-Tough</a></i>, a 1977 film which parodied the then-popular course</li> <li><a href="/wiki/EST_and_The_Forum_in_popular_culture" title="EST and The Forum in popular culture">EST and The Forum in popular culture</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Getting_It:_The_Psychology_of_est" title="Getting It: The Psychology of est">Getting It: The Psychology of est</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_Potential_Movement" title="Human Potential Movement">Human Potential Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Large-group_awareness_training" title="Large-group awareness training">Large-group awareness training</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_large-group_awareness_training_organizations" title="List of large-group awareness training organizations">List of large-group awareness training organizations</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Outrageous_Betrayal" title="Outrageous Betrayal">Outrageous Betrayal</a></i></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Erhard_Seminars_Training&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-bartley-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bartley_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bartley_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bartley_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Bartley, William Warren, Werner Erhard: the Transformation of a Man: the Founding of est. New York: Clarkson N. Potter, Inc. 1978. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-517-53502-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-517-53502-5">0-517-53502-5</a>, p.164.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFenwick1976" class="citation book cs1">Fenwick, Sheridan (1976). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QvXaAAAAMAAJ"><i>Getting it: The Psychology of Est</i></a>. Philadelphia: Lippincott. p. 44. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780397011704" title="Special:BookSources/9780397011704"><bdi>9780397011704</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 January</span> 2021</span>. <q>[...] printed on the first mailing I received after sending in my deposit: 'The purpose of the est training is to transform your ability to experience living so that the situations you have been trying to change or have been putting up with clear up just in the process of life itself.'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Getting+it%3A+The+Psychology+of+Est&rft.place=Philadelphia&rft.pages=44&rft.pub=Lippincott&rft.date=1976&rft.isbn=9780397011704&rft.aulast=Fenwick&rft.aufirst=Sheridan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQvXaAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErhard+Seminars+Training" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> Compare: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRushkoff2011" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Douglas_Rushkoff" title="Douglas Rushkoff">Rushkoff, Douglas</a> (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Z7gsYCkbv24C"><i>Life Inc: How the World Became a Corporation and How to Take it Back</i></a>. Random House. p. 140. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781446467787" title="Special:BookSources/9781446467787"><bdi>9781446467787</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-02-05</span></span>. <q><span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'The purpose of the EST training,' we were told when I took it as a college student in the early '80s, 'is to transform your ability to experience living so that the situations you have been trying to change or have been putting up with clear up just in the process of life itself.'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Life+Inc%3A+How+the+World+Became+a+Corporation+and+How+to+Take+it+Back&rft.pages=140&rft.pub=Random+House&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9781446467787&rft.aulast=Rushkoff&rft.aufirst=Douglas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZ7gsYCkbv24C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErhard+Seminars+Training" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreilRudy1981" class="citation book cs1">Greil, Arthur L.; Rudy, David R. (1981). "On the Margins of the Sacred". In <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Robbins_(sociologist)" title="Thomas Robbins (sociologist)">Robbins, Thomas</a>; <a href="/wiki/Dick_Anthony" title="Dick Anthony">Anthony, Dick</a> (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qSEuDwAAQBAJ"><i>In Gods We Trust: New Patterns of Religious Pluralism in America</i></a> (2 ed.). Abingdon: Routledge (published 2017). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781351513067" title="Special:BookSources/9781351513067"><bdi>9781351513067</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 January</span> 2021</span>. <q>Organizations generally associated with the human potential movement, such as <a href="/wiki/Silva_Method" title="Silva Method">Silva Mind Control</a>, est, <a href="/wiki/Lifespring" title="Lifespring">Lifespring</a>, Transformational Technologies, etc., are easily conceptualized as quasi-religions. Although it is now defunct and its founder, Werner Erhard, has moved on to other projects, such as <a href="/wiki/Werner_Erhard_and_Associates" title="Werner Erhard and Associates">the Forum</a> and Transformational Technologies, est remains one of the best known of the human potential groups. [...] Like other organizations within the human potential movement, est understands 'itself to be communicating epistemological, psychological, and psychosomatic facts about human existence [...]' [...].</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=On+the+Margins+of+the+Sacred&rft.btitle=In+Gods+We+Trust%3A+New+Patterns+of+Religious+Pluralism+in+America&rft.place=Abingdon&rft.edition=2&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=9781351513067&rft.aulast=Greil&rft.aufirst=Arthur+L.&rft.au=Rudy%2C+David+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqSEuDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErhard+Seminars+Training" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaldeman2015" class="citation news cs1">Haldeman, Peter (28 November 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2015/11/29/fashion/the-return-of-werner-erhard-father-of-self-help.html">"The Return of Werner Erhard, Father of Self-Help"</a>. Fashion. <i>The New York Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 August</span> 2020</span>. <q>The criticism intensified as EST grew.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=The+Return+of+Werner+Erhard%2C+Father+of+Self-Help&rft.date=2015-11-28&rft.aulast=Haldeman&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2015%2F11%2F29%2Ffashion%2Fthe-return-of-werner-erhard-father-of-self-help.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErhard+Seminars+Training" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaldeman2015" class="citation news cs1">Haldeman, Peter (28 November 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2015/11/29/fashion/the-return-of-werner-erhard-father-of-self-help.html">"The Return of Werner Erhard, Father of Self-Help"</a>. Fashion. <i>The New York Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 August</span> 2020</span>. <q>The criticism intensified as EST grew. It was labeled a cult that practiced mind control (verbal abuse, sleep deprivation), a racket that exploited its followers (heavy recruiting, endless "graduate seminars").</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=The+Return+of+Werner+Erhard%2C+Father+of+Self-Help&rft.date=2015-11-28&rft.aulast=Haldeman&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2015%2F11%2F29%2Ffashion%2Fthe-return-of-werner-erhard-father-of-self-help.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErhard+Seminars+Training" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTipton1982" class="citation book cs1">Tipton, Steven M. (1982). "EST and Ethics: Rule-egoism in Middle Class Culture". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gAyvCwAAQBAJ"><i>Getting Saved from the Sixties: Moral Meaning in Conversion and Cultural Change</i></a>. Eugene, Oregon: Wipf and Stock Publishers (published 2014). p. 215. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781625646996" title="Special:BookSources/9781625646996"><bdi>9781625646996</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 November</span> 2020</span>. <q>Accused by critics of being an authoritarian army, the <i>est</i> organization is, in fact, a boot camp for bureaucracy. Hierarchical, tightly rule-governed, and meritocratic, it trains its young volunteers and staff to answer phones, write memos, keep records, promote and stage public events, and deal smoothly with clients.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=EST+and+Ethics%3A+Rule-egoism+in+Middle+Class+Culture&rft.btitle=Getting+Saved+from+the+Sixties%3A+Moral+Meaning+in+Conversion+and+Cultural+Change&rft.place=Eugene%2C+Oregon&rft.pages=215&rft.pub=Wipf+and+Stock+Publishers&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=9781625646996&rft.aulast=Tipton&rft.aufirst=Steven+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgAyvCwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErhard+Seminars+Training" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLewis2014" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/James_R._Lewis_(scholar)" title="James R. Lewis (scholar)">Lewis, James R.</a> (11 September 2014). "Erhard Seminars Training (est)/The Forum". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JWJ_BAAAQBAJ"><i>Cults: A Reference and Guide</i></a>. Approaches to New Religions (3 ed.). London: Routledge (published 2014). p. 129. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781317545132" title="Special:BookSources/9781317545132"><bdi>9781317545132</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 August</span> 2020</span>. <q>While not a church or religion, est is included here because it has often been accused of being a cult.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Erhard+Seminars+Training+%28est%29%2FThe+Forum&rft.btitle=Cults%3A+A+Reference+and+Guide&rft.place=London&rft.series=Approaches+to+New+Religions&rft.pages=129&rft.edition=3&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2014-09-11&rft.isbn=9781317545132&rft.aulast=Lewis&rft.aufirst=James+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJWJ_BAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErhard+Seminars+Training" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhippman2016" class="citation book cs1">Whippman, Ruth (10 March 2016). "Personal Journey? Its Not All About You". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=y_XlCgAAQBAJ"><i>The Pursuit of Happiness: Why are we driving ourselves crazy and how can we stop?</i></a>. London: Hutchinson (published 2016). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781473519602" title="Special:BookSources/9781473519602"><bdi>9781473519602</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 August</span> 2020</span>. <q>The Landmark Forum is the direct successor to the notorious 1970s programme est [...]. In the 1980s, Erhard reinvented his course in a gentler, more corporate incarnation as The Forum, which later became the Landmark Forum.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Personal+Journey%3F+Its+Not+All+About+You&rft.btitle=The+Pursuit+of+Happiness%3A+Why+are+we+driving+ourselves+crazy+and+how+can+we+stop%3F&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Hutchinson&rft.date=2016-03-10&rft.isbn=9781473519602&rft.aulast=Whippman&rft.aufirst=Ruth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dy_XlCgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErhard+Seminars+Training" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKyle1993" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Richard_G._Kyle" title="Richard G. Kyle">Kyle, Richard G.</a> (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WYbXAAAAMAAJ"><i>The Religious Fringe: A History of Alternative Religions in America</i></a>. InterVarsity Press. p. 319. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780830817665" title="Special:BookSources/9780830817665"><bdi>9780830817665</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 August</span> 2020</span>. <q>In 1985, Erhard changed the name of est to 'the Forum.' The Forum is not substantially different from est . Ruth Tucker says that the changes made by Erhard are largely cosmetic, for the philosophy of the Forum is essentially that of est.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Religious+Fringe%3A+A+History+of+Alternative+Religions+in+America&rft.pages=319&rft.pub=InterVarsity+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=9780830817665&rft.aulast=Kyle&rft.aufirst=Richard+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWYbXAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErhard+Seminars+Training" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Leadership Can Be Taught: A Bold Approach for a Complex World</i>, by Sharon Daloz Parks, published 2005 by Harvard Business School Press; pp. 157– 158</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Moreno-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Moreno_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Moreno_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Moreno_12-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Moreno_12-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Moreno_12-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJonathan_D2014" class="citation book cs1">Jonathan D, Moreno (October 2014). <i>Impromptu Man: J.L. Moreno and the Origins of Psychodrama, Encounter Culture, and the Social Network</i>. Bellevue Literary Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Impromptu+Man%3A+J.L.+Moreno+and+the+Origins+of+Psychodrama%2C+Encounter+Culture%2C+and+the+Social+Network&rft.pub=Bellevue+Literary+Press&rft.date=2014-10&rft.aulast=Jonathan+D&rft.aufirst=Moreno&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErhard+Seminars+Training" class="Z3988"></span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-934137-84-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-934137-84-0">978-1-934137-84-0</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Werner Erhard: The Transformation of a Man, the Founding of est</i>, by William Warren Bartley, III; New York: Clarkson N. Potter, Inc. 1978. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-517-53502-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-517-53502-5">0-517-53502-5</a>, p. 199.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cults_1999,_p.75-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Cults_1999,_p.75_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Cults: Faith, Healing, and Coercion</i>, by Marc Galanter; New York: Oxford University Press, 2nd ed., 1999, p. 75</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bartley2-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-bartley2_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBartley1988" class="citation book cs1">Bartley, William Warren III (December 12, 1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/wernererhard00will"><i>Werner Erhard: The Transformation of a Man, The Founding of est</i></a>. Clarkson Potter. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-517-53502-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-517-53502-5"><bdi>0-517-53502-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Werner+Erhard%3A+The+Transformation+of+a+Man%2C+The+Founding+of+est&rft.pub=Clarkson+Potter&rft.date=1988-12-12&rft.isbn=0-517-53502-5&rft.aulast=Bartley&rft.aufirst=William+Warren+III&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwernererhard00will&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErhard+Seminars+Training" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBartley1988" class="citation book cs1">Bartley, William Warren III (December 12, 1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/wernererhard00will"><i>Werner Erhard: The Transformation of a Man, The Founding of est</i></a>. Clarkson Potter. p. 233. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-517-53502-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-517-53502-5"><bdi>0-517-53502-5</bdi></a>. <q>The training provides a format in which siege is mounted on the Mind. It is intended to identify and bring under examination presuppositions and entrenched positionality. It aims to press one beyond one's point of view, at least momentarily, into a perspective from which one observes one's own positionality.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Werner+Erhard%3A+The+Transformation+of+a+Man%2C+The+Founding+of+est&rft.pages=233&rft.pub=Clarkson+Potter&rft.date=1988-12-12&rft.isbn=0-517-53502-5&rft.aulast=Bartley&rft.aufirst=William+Warren+III&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwernererhard00will&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErhard+Seminars+Training" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-kiyosaki-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-kiyosaki_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKiyosakiKiyosaki2009" class="citation book cs1">Kiyosaki, Robert; Kiyosaki, Emi (January 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/richbrotherrichs00kiyo"><i>Rich Brother Rich Sister</i></a>. Vanguard Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59315-493-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59315-493-6"><bdi>978-1-59315-493-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rich+Brother+Rich+Sister&rft.pub=Vanguard+Press&rft.date=2009-01&rft.isbn=978-1-59315-493-6&rft.aulast=Kiyosaki&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft.au=Kiyosaki%2C+Emi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Frichbrotherrichs00kiyo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErhard+Seminars+Training" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sun_Times-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Sun_Times_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRuys" class="citation news cs1">Ruys, Chris. "Can you unchain your mind through est or TM?". No. January 23, 1977. Sun Times (Chicago).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Can+you+unchain+your+mind+through+est+or+TM%3F&rft.issue=January+23%2C+1977&rft.aulast=Ruys&rft.aufirst=Chris&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErhard+Seminars+Training" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lewis2001-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lewis2001_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lewis2001_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lewis2001_19-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lewis2001_19-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lewis2001_19-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lewis2001_19-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKay_Holzinger2001" class="citation book cs1">Kay Holzinger (2001). "Erhard Seminars Training (est) and The Forum". In <a href="/wiki/James_R._Lewis_(scholar)" title="James R. Lewis (scholar)">James R. Lewis</a> (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9781573928427"><i>Odd gods: new religions & the cult controversy</i></a>. Prometheus Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57392-842-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57392-842-7"><bdi>978-1-57392-842-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Erhard+Seminars+Training+%28est%29+and+The+Forum&rft.btitle=Odd+gods%3A+new+religions+%26+the+cult+controversy&rft.pub=Prometheus+Books&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-1-57392-842-7&rft.au=Kay+Holzinger&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fisbn_9781573928427&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErhard+Seminars+Training" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcGurk1977" class="citation journal cs1">McGurk, William S. (1977). "Was ist est?". <i>Contemporary Psychology</i>. <b>22</b> (6): 459–460. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1037%2F016030">10.1037/016030</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Contemporary+Psychology&rft.atitle=Was+ist+est%3F&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=459-460&rft.date=1977&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1037%2F016030&rft.aulast=McGurk&rft.aufirst=William+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErhard+Seminars+Training" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSobel1998" class="citation journal cs1">Sobel, Eliezer (1998). "This is It: est, 20 Years Later". <i>Quest Magazine</i> (Summer).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Quest+Magazine&rft.atitle=This+is+It%3A+est%2C+20+Years+Later&rft.issue=Summer&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=Sobel&rft.aufirst=Eliezer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErhard+Seminars+Training" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGalanter1990" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Marc_Galanter_(psychiatrist)" title="Marc Galanter (psychiatrist)">Galanter, Marc</a> (1990). "Altered Consciousness". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dKlkYgGo2cEC"><i>Cults: Faith, Healing, and Coercion</i></a> (2 ed.). New York: Oxford University Press (published 1999). p. 75. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780198028765" title="Special:BookSources/9780198028765"><bdi>9780198028765</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 February</span> 2021</span>. <q>The whole thing ["getting it"] is treated as a joke, discomforting the new converts. [...] Nonetheless, one study of a large sample of est alumni who had completed the training at least three months before revealed that the large majority felt the experience had been positive (88%), and considered themselves better off for having taken the training (80%).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Altered+Consciousness&rft.btitle=Cults%3A+Faith%2C+Healing%2C+and+Coercion&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=75&rft.edition=2&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=9780198028765&rft.aulast=Galanter&rft.aufirst=Marc&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdKlkYgGo2cEC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErhard+Seminars+Training" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bartley, William Warren, Werner Erhard: the transformation of a man: the founding of est. New York: Clarkson N. Potter, Inc. 1978. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-517-53502-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-517-53502-5">0-517-53502-5</a>, p. 165.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sf-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-sf_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1">"Hotel to hospital: Farewell to S.F. era". <i>San Francisco Chronicle</i>. October 31, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=San+Francisco+Chronicle&rft.atitle=Hotel+to+hospital%3A+Farewell+to+S.F.+era&rft.date=2009-10-31&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErhard+Seminars+Training" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWoodward1982" class="citation journal cs1">Woodward, Mark (1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131113104720/http://www.scribd.com/doc/38713955/Werner-Erhard-s-est-Training-in-the-Prisons">"The est Training in Prisons: A Basis for the Transformation of Corrections?"</a>. <i>Baltimore Law Journal</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scribd.com/doc/38713955/Werner-Erhard-s-est-Training-in-the-Prisons">the original</a> on November 13, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Baltimore+Law+Journal&rft.atitle=The+est+Training+in+Prisons%3A+A+Basis+for+the+Transformation+of+Corrections%3F&rft.date=1982&rft.aulast=Woodward&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.scribd.com%2Fdoc%2F38713955%2FWerner-Erhard-s-est-Training-in-the-Prisons&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErhard+Seminars+Training" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"est in Prison" by Earl Babbie, published in American Journal of Correction, Dec 1977</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-archive.org-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-archive.org_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRogin1978" class="citation web cs1">Rogin, Neal (7 June 1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/GettingitInPrison">"Getting 'It' in Prison – The First est Training at the Federal Correctional Institution at Lompoc, California in 1974"</a>. <i>Internet Archive</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Internet+Archive&rft.atitle=Getting+%27It%27+in+Prison+%E2%80%93+The+First+est+Training+at+the+Federal+Correctional+Institution+at+Lompoc%2C+California+in+1974&rft.date=1978-06-07&rft.aulast=Rogin&rft.aufirst=Neal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FGettingitInPrison&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErhard+Seminars+Training" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Despair and deliverance: private salvation in contemporary Israel by Benjamin Beit-Hallahmi page 121</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Herald Sun</i>; March 1, 2008; <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.news.com.au/heraldsun/story/0,21985,23298425-664,00.html">http://www.news.com.au/heraldsun/story/0,21985,23298425-664,00.html</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaldeman2015" class="citation news cs1">Haldeman, Peter (2015-11-28). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2015/11/29/fashion/the-return-of-werner-erhard-father-of-self-help.html">"The Return of Werner Erhard, Father of Self-help"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 6,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=The+Return+of+Werner+Erhard%2C+Father+of+Self-help&rft.date=2015-11-28&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Haldeman&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2015%2F11%2F29%2Ffashion%2Fthe-return-of-werner-erhard-father-of-self-help.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErhard+Seminars+Training" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Slee_v-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Slee_v_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Slee_v_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Ragland, Jr., Gerald F. (1984). <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Slee_v._Erhard,_Complaint_in_Trespass_For_Wrongful_Death_Demand_for_Jury_Trial_(1984)" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Slee v. Erhard, Complaint in Trespass For Wrongful Death Demand for Jury Trial (1984)">"Complaint in Trespass for Wrongful Death – Demand for Jury Trial"</a>. <i>Civil Action No. N 84 497 JAC</i> (<a href="/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_District_of_Connecticut" title="United States District Court for the District of Connecticut">United States District Court for the District of Connecticut</a>).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWelkos1991" class="citation news cs1">Welkos, Robert W. (December 29, 1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1991-12-29-mn-2102-story.html">"Founder of est Targeted in Campaign by Scientologists : Religion: Competition for customers is said to be the motive behind effort to discredit Werner Erhard"</a>. <i>Los Angeles Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 2,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=Founder+of+est+Targeted+in+Campaign+by+Scientologists+%3A+Religion%3A+Competition+for+customers+is+said+to+be+the+motive+behind+effort+to+discredit+Werner+Erhard.&rft.date=1991-12-29&rft.aulast=Welkos&rft.aufirst=Robert+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Farchives%2Fla-xpm-1991-12-29-mn-2102-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErhard+Seminars+Training" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeltonLewis1992" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/J._Gordon_Melton" title="J. Gordon Melton">Melton, J. Gordon</a>; <a href="/wiki/James_R._Lewis_(scholar)" title="James R. Lewis (scholar)">Lewis, James R.</a> (1992). <i>Perspectives on the New Age</i>. SUNY Press. pp. 129–132. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7914-1213-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-7914-1213-X"><bdi>0-7914-1213-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Perspectives+on+the+New+Age&rft.pages=129-132&rft.pub=SUNY+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=0-7914-1213-X&rft.aulast=Melton&rft.aufirst=J.+Gordon&rft.au=Lewis%2C+James+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErhard+Seminars+Training" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-lauramcclure-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-lauramcclure_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcClure2009" class="citation journal cs1">McClure, Laura (July–August 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101018174746/https://motherjones.com/media/2009/07/landmark-42-hours-500-65-breakdowns">"The Landmark Forum: 42 Hours, $500, 65 Breakdowns"</a>. <i>Mother Jones</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://motherjones.com/media/2009/07/landmark-42-hours-500-65-breakdowns">the original</a> on October 18, 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 13,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Mother+Jones&rft.atitle=The+Landmark+Forum%3A+42+Hours%2C+%24500%2C+65+Breakdowns&rft.date=2009-07%2F2009-08&rft.aulast=McClure&rft.aufirst=Laura&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmotherjones.com%2Fmedia%2F2009%2F07%2Flandmark-42-hours-500-65-breakdowns&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErhard+Seminars+Training" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBass1999" class="citation journal cs1">Bass, Alison (March 3, 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://boston.com/globe/search/stories/reprints/soultraining062199.htm">"Soul Training: A Retooled Version of the Controversial est Movement – Seekers of Many Stripes Set Out on a Path of Self-examination"</a>. <i>The Boston Globe</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 11,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Boston+Globe&rft.atitle=Soul+Training%3A+A+Retooled+Version+of+the+Controversial+est+Movement+%E2%80%93+Seekers+of+Many+Stripes+Set+Out+on+a+Path+of+Self-examination&rft.date=1999-03-03&rft.aulast=Bass&rft.aufirst=Alison&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fboston.com%2Fglobe%2Fsearch%2Fstories%2Freprints%2Fsoultraining062199.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErhard+Seminars+Training" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bartley3-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-bartley3_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bartley, William Warren, <i>Werner Erhard: the Transformation of a Man: the Founding of est</i>. New York: Clarkson N. Potter, Inc. 1978. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-517-53502-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-517-53502-5">0-517-53502-5</a>, p. 121, 146-7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bartley, William Warren, Werner Erhard: the transformation of a man: the founding of est. New York: Clarkson N. Potter, Inc. 1978. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-517-53502-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-517-53502-5">0-517-53502-5</a>, p. 118.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bartley, William Warren, Werner Erhard: the transformation of a man: the founding of est. New York: Clarkson N. Potter, Inc. 1978. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-517-53502-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-517-53502-5">0-517-53502-5</a>, p. 121.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bartley, William Warren; <i>Werner Erhard: The Transformation of a Man, The Founding of est</i>. New York: Clarkson N. Potter, Inc. 1978. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-517-53502-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-517-53502-5">0-517-53502-5</a>, pp. 144–148.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeit-Hallahmi1992" class="citation book cs1">Beit-Hallahmi, Benjamin (July 1, 1992). <i>Despair and Deliverance: Private Salvation in Contemporary Israel</i>. State University of New York Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Despair+and+Deliverance%3A+Private+Salvation+in+Contemporary+Israel&rft.pub=State+University+of+New+York+Press&rft.date=1992-07-01&rft.aulast=Beit-Hallahmi&rft.aufirst=Benjamin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErhard+Seminars+Training" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.erhardseminarstraining.com/?page_id=671">"» History of the est Training"</a>. <i>erhardseminarstraining.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=erhardseminarstraining.com&rft.atitle=%C2%BB+History+of+the+est+Training&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.erhardseminarstraining.com%2F%3Fpage_id%3D671&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErhard+Seminars+Training" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Erhard_Seminars_Training&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Bartley, III, William Warren: <i>Werner Erhard The Transformation of a Man: The Founding of est</i>, New York, New York, USA: Clarkson N. Potter, Inc (1978) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-517-53502-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-517-53502-5">0-517-53502-5</a>.</li> <li>Bry, Adelaide: <i>est: 60 Hours That Transform Your Life</i>, HarperCollins (1976) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-010562-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-06-010562-4">978-0-06-010562-4</a></li> <li>Fenwick, Sheridan: <i><a href="/wiki/Getting_It:_The_Psychology_of_est" title="Getting It: The Psychology of est">Getting It: The Psychology of est</a></i>, J. B. Lippincott Company. (1976) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-397-01170-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-397-01170-9">0-397-01170-9</a></li> <li>Hargrove, Robert: est: Making Life Work, Delacorte (1976) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-440-19556-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-440-19556-6">978-0-440-19556-6</a></li> <li>Kettle, James: <i>The est Experience</i>, Zebra Books (1976) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89083-168-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-89083-168-7">978-0-89083-168-7</a></li> <li>Marks, Pat R.: est: <i>The Movement and the Man</i>, Playboy Press (1976) ASIN B004BI5A3E</li> <li>Moreno, M.D., Ph.D., Jonathan D. <i>Impromptu Man: J. L. Moreno and the Origins of Psychodrama, Encounter Culture, and the Social Network.</i> Bellevue Literary Press (2014) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-934137-84-7" title="Special:BookSources/1-934137-84-7">1-934137-84-7</a></li> <li>Pressman, Steven: <i><a href="/wiki/Outrageous_Betrayal" title="Outrageous Betrayal">Outrageous Betrayal</a>: The Dark Journey of Werner Erhard from est to Exile</i></li> <li>Rhinehart, Luke: The Book of est, Holt, Rinehart and Winston (1976) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-557-30615-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-557-30615-2">978-0-557-30615-2</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Erhard_Seminars_Training&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output 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.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Werner_Erhard" style="padding:3px"><table 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title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Werner_Erhard" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Werner_Erhard" title="Werner Erhard">Werner Erhard</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0de31;;width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Erhard Seminars Training</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Hunger_Project" title="The Hunger Project">The Hunger Project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landmark_Worldwide" title="Landmark Worldwide">Landmark Worldwide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Werner_Erhard_and_Associates" title="Werner Erhard and Associates">Werner Erhard and Associates</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0de31;;width:1%">Books</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-style:italic;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Book_of_est" title="The Book of est">The Book of est</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Est:_Playing_the_Game" title="Est: Playing the Game">est: Playing the Game</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Getting_It:_The_Psychology_of_est" title="Getting It: The Psychology of est">Getting It: The Psychology of est</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outrageous_Betrayal" title="Outrageous Betrayal">Outrageous Betrayal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Werner_Erhard_(book)" title="Werner Erhard (book)">Werner Erhard: The Transformation of a Man, The Founding of est</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2" style="background:#f0de31;"><div> <ul><li><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:_Werner_Erhard" class="extiw" title="commons:Category: Werner Erhard">Wikimedia Commons</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Category:Werner_Erhard" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Category:Werner Erhard">Wikisource</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Werner_Erhard" class="extiw" title="wikiquote:Werner Erhard">Wikiquote</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q76847#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q76847#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q76847#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, 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