CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Botanical illustration - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"8edff94e-73a0-4b2f-9cba-25976107db6c","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Botanical_illustration","wgTitle":"Botanical illustration","wgCurRevisionId":1257634746,"wgRevisionId":1257634746,"wgArticleId":12538304,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Articles with short description","Short description matches Wikidata","Articles needing additional references from October 2021","All articles needing additional references","Articles containing Latin-language text","Commons category link from Wikidata","Webarchive template wayback links","Botanical art","Florae (publication)","Illustration","Botany","Scientific illustrators"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext", "wgRelevantPageName":"Botanical_illustration","wgRelevantArticleId":12538304,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgRedirectedFrom":"Botanical_artist","wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":80000,"wgInternalRedirectTargetUrl":"/wiki/Botanical_illustration","wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false, "wgWikibaseItemId":"Q3796486","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["mediawiki.action.view.redirect","ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","site","mediawiki.page.ready","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js", "ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.quicksurveys.init","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/af/Botanical_illustration_of_Lilium_superbum.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1748"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/af/Botanical_illustration_of_Lilium_superbum.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1165"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="932"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Botanical illustration - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botanical_illustration"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Botanical_illustration&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botanical_illustration"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Botanical_illustration rootpage-Botanical_illustration skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Botanical+illustration" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Botanical+illustration" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Botanical+illustration" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Botanical+illustration" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Up_to_the_15th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Up_to_the_15th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Up to the 15th century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Up_to_the_15th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sixteenth_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sixteenth_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Sixteenth century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sixteenth_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Seventeenth_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Seventeenth_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Seventeenth century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Seventeenth_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-18th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#18th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>18th century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-18th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-19th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#19th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>19th century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-19th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-20th_and_21st_centuries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#20th_and_21st_centuries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>20th and 21st centuries</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-20th_and_21st_centuries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_types_of_floral_representations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_types_of_floral_representations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Other types of floral representations</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Other_types_of_floral_representations-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Other types of floral representations subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Other_types_of_floral_representations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-two-dimensional_representations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#two-dimensional_representations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>two-dimensional representations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-two-dimensional_representations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-three-dimensional_representations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#three-dimensional_representations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>three-dimensional representations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-three-dimensional_representations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_botanical_illustrators" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_botanical_illustrators"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Notable botanical illustrators</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_botanical_illustrators-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Awards" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Awards"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Awards</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Awards-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Botanical illustration</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 11 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-11" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">11 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%8E%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%8F" title="Батанічная ілюстрацыя – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Батанічная ілюстрацыя" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B0_%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BB%D1%8E%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8" title="Ботаникалла иллюстраци – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Ботаникалла иллюстраци" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilustraci%C3%B3n_bot%C3%A1nica" title="Ilustración botánica – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Ilustración botánica" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illustration_botanique" title="Illustration botanique – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Illustration botanique" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilustraci%C3%B3n_cient%C3%ADfica" title="Ilustración científica – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Ilustración científica" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illustrazione_botanica" title="Illustrazione botanica – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Illustrazione botanica" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%99%D7%95%D7%A8_%D7%91%D7%95%D7%98%D7%A0%D7%99" title="איור בוטני – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="איור בוטני" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botanisk_illustrasjon" title="Botanisk illustrasjon – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Botanisk illustrasjon" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BB%D1%8E%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Ботаническая иллюстрация – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Ботаническая иллюстрация" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B8_%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%91%D2%B3%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%85%D1%82%D3%A3" title="Тасвири гиёҳшинохтӣ – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Тасвири гиёҳшинохтӣ" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%8E%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Ботанічна ілюстрація – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Ботанічна ілюстрація" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q3796486#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Botanical_illustration" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Botanical_illustration" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Botanical_illustration"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Botanical_illustration&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Botanical_illustration&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Botanical_illustration"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Botanical_illustration&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Botanical_illustration&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Botanical_illustration" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Botanical_illustration" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Botanical_illustration&oldid=1257634746" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Botanical_illustration&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Botanical_illustration&id=1257634746&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FBotanical_illustration"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FBotanical_illustration"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Botanical_illustration&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Botanical_illustration&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Botanical_illustrations" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q3796486" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Botanical_artist&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Botanical artist">Botanical artist</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Drawing or painted image of plants and their components</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Botanical_illustration_of_Lilium_superbum.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Botanical_illustration_of_Lilium_superbum.jpg/220px-Botanical_illustration_of_Lilium_superbum.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="320" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/af/Botanical_illustration_of_Lilium_superbum.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="263" data-file-height="383" /></a><figcaption>American Turk's cap Lily, <i><a href="/wiki/Lilium_superbum" title="Lilium superbum">Lilium superbum</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Georg_Dionysius_Ehret" title="Georg Dionysius Ehret">Georg Dionysius Ehret</a> (1708–70), About 1750–53, Watercolor and gouache on vellum V&A Museum no. D.589-1886<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Banksia_coccinea_(Illustrationes_Florae_Novae_Hollandiae_plate_3).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Banksia_coccinea_%28Illustrationes_Florae_Novae_Hollandiae_plate_3%29.jpg/220px-Banksia_coccinea_%28Illustrationes_Florae_Novae_Hollandiae_plate_3%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="345" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Banksia_coccinea_%28Illustrationes_Florae_Novae_Hollandiae_plate_3%29.jpg/330px-Banksia_coccinea_%28Illustrationes_Florae_Novae_Hollandiae_plate_3%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Banksia_coccinea_%28Illustrationes_Florae_Novae_Hollandiae_plate_3%29.jpg/440px-Banksia_coccinea_%28Illustrationes_Florae_Novae_Hollandiae_plate_3%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="940" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Banksia_coccinea" title="Banksia coccinea">Banksia coccinea</a></i> from <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Bauer" title="Ferdinand Bauer">Ferdinand Bauer</a>'s 1813 work <i><a href="/wiki/Illustrationes_Florae_Novae_Hollandiae" title="Illustrationes Florae Novae Hollandiae">Illustrationes Florae Novae Hollandiae</a></i></figcaption></figure> <p><b>Botanical illustration</b> is the art of depicting the form, color, and details of plant species. They are generally meant to be scientifically descriptive about subjects depicted and are often found printed alongside a botanical description in books, magazines, and other media. Some are sold as artworks.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Often composed by a <b>botanical illustrator</b> in consultation with a scientific author, their creation requires an understanding of <a href="/wiki/Plant_morphology" title="Plant morphology">plant morphology</a> and access to specimens and references. </p><p>Many illustrations are in <a href="/wiki/Watercolour" class="mw-redirect" title="Watercolour">watercolour</a>, but may also be in oils, ink,<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or pencil, or a combination of these and other media. The image may be life-size or not, though at times a <a href="/wiki/Scale_(ratio)" title="Scale (ratio)">scale</a> is shown, and may show the life cycle and/or habitat of the plant and its neighbors, the upper and reverse sides of leaves, and details of flowers, bud, seed and root system. </p><p>The fragility of dried or otherwise preserved specimens, and restrictions or impracticalities of transport, saw illustrations used as valuable visual references for taxonomists. In particular, minute plants or other botanical specimens only visible under a microscope were often identified through illustrations. To that end, botanical illustrations used to be generally accepted as <a href="/wiki/Biological_type" class="mw-redirect" title="Biological type">types</a> for attribution of a <a href="/wiki/Botanical_name" title="Botanical name">botanical name</a> to a <a href="/wiki/Taxon" title="Taxon">taxon</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, current guidelines state that on or after 1 January 2007, the type must be a specimen 'except where there are technical difficulties of specimen preservation or if it is impossible to preserve a specimen that would show the features attributed to the taxon by the author of the name.' (Arts 40.4 and 40.5 of the Shenzen Code, 2018).<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Botanical_illustration&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Botanical_illustration" title="Special:EditPage/Botanical illustration">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">October 2021</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ViennaDioscoridesPlant.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/ViennaDioscoridesPlant.jpg/220px-ViennaDioscoridesPlant.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="275" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/ViennaDioscoridesPlant.jpg/330px-ViennaDioscoridesPlant.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/ViennaDioscoridesPlant.jpg/440px-ViennaDioscoridesPlant.jpg 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="639" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Blackberry" title="Blackberry">Blackberry</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Vienna_Dioscurides" title="Vienna Dioscurides">Vienna Dioscurides</a></i>, early sixth century</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Albrecht_D%C3%BCrer,_Tuft_of_Cowslips,_1526,_NGA_74162.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="gouache painting of cowslips by Albrecht Dürer" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Albrecht_D%C3%BCrer%2C_Tuft_of_Cowslips%2C_1526%2C_NGA_74162.jpg/220px-Albrecht_D%C3%BCrer%2C_Tuft_of_Cowslips%2C_1526%2C_NGA_74162.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="254" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Albrecht_D%C3%BCrer%2C_Tuft_of_Cowslips%2C_1526%2C_NGA_74162.jpg/330px-Albrecht_D%C3%BCrer%2C_Tuft_of_Cowslips%2C_1526%2C_NGA_74162.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Albrecht_D%C3%BCrer%2C_Tuft_of_Cowslips%2C_1526%2C_NGA_74162.jpg/440px-Albrecht_D%C3%BCrer%2C_Tuft_of_Cowslips%2C_1526%2C_NGA_74162.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2463" data-file-height="2839" /></a><figcaption>Tuft of Cowslips (1526) by <a href="/wiki/Albrecht_D%C3%BCrer" title="Albrecht Dürer">Albrecht Dürer</a>, gouache on vellum, collection of the <a href="/wiki/National_Gallery_of_Art" title="National Gallery of Art">National Gallery of Art</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Electrotype-_Alois_Auer.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Electrotype-_Alois_Auer.jpg/220px-Electrotype-_Alois_Auer.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Electrotype-_Alois_Auer.jpg/330px-Electrotype-_Alois_Auer.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Electrotype-_Alois_Auer.jpg/440px-Electrotype-_Alois_Auer.jpg 2x" data-file-width="679" data-file-height="540" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Electrotyping" title="Electrotyping">Electrotype</a> - '<a href="/wiki/Nature_printing" title="Nature printing">nature printing</a>' by <a href="/wiki/Alois_Auer" title="Alois Auer">Alois Auer</a> (1853)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:British_19th_Century,_East_Indian_Lotus_(Nelumbo_nucifera),_late_19th_century,_NGA_52325.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A delicate illustration of a white lotus flower on cream paper with green foliage" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/British_19th_Century%2C_East_Indian_Lotus_%28Nelumbo_nucifera%29%2C_late_19th_century%2C_NGA_52325.jpg/220px-British_19th_Century%2C_East_Indian_Lotus_%28Nelumbo_nucifera%29%2C_late_19th_century%2C_NGA_52325.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="281" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/British_19th_Century%2C_East_Indian_Lotus_%28Nelumbo_nucifera%29%2C_late_19th_century%2C_NGA_52325.jpg/330px-British_19th_Century%2C_East_Indian_Lotus_%28Nelumbo_nucifera%29%2C_late_19th_century%2C_NGA_52325.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/British_19th_Century%2C_East_Indian_Lotus_%28Nelumbo_nucifera%29%2C_late_19th_century%2C_NGA_52325.jpg/440px-British_19th_Century%2C_East_Indian_Lotus_%28Nelumbo_nucifera%29%2C_late_19th_century%2C_NGA_52325.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3133" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption>East Indian Lotus (Nelumbo nucifera), Gouache on oriental paper, late 19th century, <a href="/wiki/National_Gallery_of_Art" title="National Gallery of Art">National Gallery of Art</a>, Washington, D.C.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Up_to_the_15th_century">Up to the 15th century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Botanical_illustration&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Up to the 15th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Early <a href="/wiki/Herbals" class="mw-redirect" title="Herbals">herbals</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pharmacopoeia" title="Pharmacopoeia">pharmacopoeia</a> of many cultures include illustrations of plants, as in <a href="/wiki/Ibn_al-Baytar" title="Ibn al-Baytar">Ibn al-Baytar</a>'s <i>Compendium on Simple Medicaments and Foods</i>. Botanical illustrations in such texts were often created to assist with identification of a species for some medicinal purpose. The earliest<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> surviving illustrated botanical work is the <a href="/wiki/Vienna_Dioscurides" title="Vienna Dioscurides">Vienna Dioscurides</a>. It is a copy of <a href="/wiki/Dioscorides" class="mw-redirect" title="Dioscorides">Dioscorides</a>'s <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/De_Materia_Medica" class="mw-redirect" title="De Materia Medica">De Materia Medica</a></i></span>, and was made in the year 512 for Juliana Anicia, daughter of the former Western Roman Emperor Olybrius.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The illustrations did not accurately describe the plants, which was potentially hazardous to medicinal preparations. </p><p>The oldest surviving manuscript of the 4th-century <i><a href="/wiki/Pseudo-Apuleius" title="Pseudo-Apuleius">Pseudo-Apuleius</a> Herbarius</i>, dates back to the 6th century.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It includes stylized plant illustrations and their medicinal uses. Among the first people in Europe to take an interest in plants were monks and nuns, and physicians. Medicinal herbs were grown in <a href="/wiki/Monastic_garden" title="Monastic garden">monastic gardens</a> and used for self-care and for tending to the sick in local communities. <a href="/wiki/Hildegard_von_Bingen" class="mw-redirect" title="Hildegard von Bingen">Hildegard von Bingen</a> even wrote about natural medicine and cures in <i>Causae et Curae</i> and <i>Physica</i>. <a href="/wiki/Matthaeus_Platearius" title="Matthaeus Platearius">Matthaeus Platearius</a>, a Salerno physician, is credited with the (12th century) "<a href="/wiki/Circa_Instans" class="mw-redirect" title="Circa Instans">Circa Instans</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circa_Instans" class="extiw" title="fr:Circa Instans">fr</a>]</span>" manuscript, expanded over time into the <a href="/wiki/Treatise_on_Herbs" title="Treatise on Herbs">Treatise on Herbs</a>, containing 500-900 entries depending on version. Later illustrated versions, called <i>Secreta Salernitana</i>, produced from the 14th century onwards<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> influenced later herbals, such as <i>Le Grant Herbier</i> (1498), and its translation, the <a href="/wiki/Grete_Herball" title="Grete Herball">Grete Herball</a> (1526 or earlier), the first illustrated herbal in English. The illustrations were in fact copies of a series of <a href="/wiki/Woodcuts" class="mw-redirect" title="Woodcuts">woodcuts</a> which first appeared in an earlier German herbal, and the same woodcut could be used to represent several plants. </p><p>Another notable medical and botanical manuscript is the "<a href="/wiki/Tacuinum_Sanitatis" title="Tacuinum Sanitatis">Tacuinum Sanitatis</a>", derived from the <i>Taqwīm aṣ Ṣiḥḥa</i> (or "Maintenance of Health"), an 11th-century Arabic medical text by <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Butlan" title="Ibn Butlan">Ibn Butlan</a>, a physician from Baghdad. The text was translated into Latin in the mid-13th century. It was profusely illustrated and widely circulated in Europe, especially in the 14th and 15th centuries. Four handsomely illustrated complete late 14th-century manuscripts of the Tacuinum, all produced in Lombardy, survive, including one in Paris.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Tacuinum was first printed in 1531. </p><p>There are many perfectly identifiable flowers in books like <i>The Book of Hours</i><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (two volumes) by the Master of Flowers (Maître-aux-fleurs, 15th century) or <a href="/wiki/Jean_Bourdichon" title="Jean Bourdichon">Jean Bourdichon</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Grandes_Heures_of_Anne_of_Brittany" title="Grandes Heures of Anne of Brittany">Grandes Heures of Anne of Brittany</a></i> (between 1503 and 1508), with 337 plants from the Queen's garden, captioned in Latin and French. These artists' objective was, though, purely artistic. </p><p>At the end of the 16th century, an illustrated manuscript such as the <i>Erbario Carrarese</i> (<a href="/wiki/British_Library" title="British Library">British Library</a>, London, Egerton Ms.2020<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>), revealed the increased importance attached to plant observation. It is an Italian translation (produced in Veneto between 1390 and 1404 for <a href="/wiki/Francesco_Novello_da_Carrara" title="Francesco Novello da Carrara">Francesco Novello da Carrara</a>) of a Latin translation of the <i>Carrara Herbarium</i>, a medical treatise likely written in Arabic by <a href="/wiki/Serapion_the_Younger" title="Serapion the Younger">Serapion the Younger</a> at the end of the 12th century, <i>The Book of Simple Medicaments</i>. </p><p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chronologie_de_la_botanique&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chronologie de la botanique (page does not exist)">Botany</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chronologie_de_la_botanique" class="extiw" title="fr:Chronologie de la botanique">fr</a>]</span> made great strides from the end of the 15th century onwards. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Andrea_Amadio&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Andrea Amadio (page does not exist)">Andrea Amadio</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrea_Amadio" class="extiw" title="it:Andrea Amadio">it</a>]</span>'s approach was scientific. Like Bourdichon, he was a miniature painter (who was born in Venice and died after 1450) but he illustrated a book written by a physician and scholar from Conegliano, Niccolò Roccabonella (1386–1459), the <i>Liber de Simplicibus</i> (known as the Codice Rinio,<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> after the name of its second owner, Benedetto Rinio), between 1415 and 1449. </p><p>Printed herbals appeared in 1475 ; in 1485 <i><a href="/wiki/Gart_der_Gesundheit" title="Gart der Gesundheit">Gart der Gesundheit</a></i>, by <a href="/wiki/Johannes_de_Cuba" title="Johannes de Cuba">Johannes de Cuba</a>, was published in <a href="/wiki/Mainz" title="Mainz">Mainz</a>: it is the first printed book on natural history. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sixteenth_century">Sixteenth century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Botanical_illustration&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Sixteenth century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the 15th and 16th centuries, botany developed as a scientific discipline distinct from <a href="/wiki/History_of_herbalism" title="History of herbalism">herbalism</a> and medicine, although it continued to contribute to both. Several factors contributed to the development and progress of botany during these centuries: the evolution from <a href="/wiki/Miniature_art" title="Miniature art">miniature</a> painting or <a href="/wiki/Woodblock_printing" title="Woodblock printing">woodblock printing</a> to more modern techniques; the invention (and improvements) of the <a href="/wiki/History_of_printing" title="History of printing">printing</a> press, which facilitated the widespread dissemination of botanical knowledge; the advent of paper for the preparation of herbariums; and the development of <a href="/wiki/Botanical_gardens" class="mw-redirect" title="Botanical gardens">botanical gardens</a>, which allowed for the cultivation, observation, and study of plants from diverse regions. These developments were closely tied to advancements in navigation and exploration, which led to <a href="/wiki/Botanical_expeditions" title="Botanical expeditions">botanical expeditions</a> that introduced numerous previously unknown species to Europe. As explorers and botanists traveled to new lands, they collected plants and expanded both the scope of botanical knowledge and the range of plants available. Together, these factors significantly increased the number of known plant species and facilitated the global exchange of local and regional botanical knowledge. During this period, Latin remained the universal language of science, ensuring that botanical discoveries could be shared and understood across national and linguistic boundaries. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Christian_Egenolff" title="Christian Egenolff">Christian Egenolff</a> attached great importance to the illustrations included in the books he published: <i>Herbarum, arborum, fruticum, frumentorum ac leguminem</i> (Frankfurt, 1546)<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> features 800 woodcuts of plants and animals. Some of the woodcuts used were engraved by <a href="/wiki/Sebald_Beham" title="Sebald Beham">Sebald Beham</a>, <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Steiner" title="Heinrich Steiner">Heinrich Steiner</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Heinrich_K%C3%B6bel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Heinrich Köbel (page does not exist)">Heinrich Köbel</a> while others were reproduced from <a href="/wiki/Otto_Brunfels" title="Otto Brunfels">Otto Brunfels</a> and engraver <a href="/wiki/Hans_Weiditz" title="Hans Weiditz">Hans Weiditz</a> 's <i>Herbarium vivae icones</i> (Botanical Sketch Book, with hand-coloured <a href="/wiki/Woodcuts" class="mw-redirect" title="Woodcuts">woodcuts</a>), which prompted <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Schott" title="Johannes Schott">Johannes Schott</a>, the printer, to take legal action against him.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From 1530 onwards (and thanks particularly to German <a href="/wiki/History_of_herbalism" title="History of herbalism">herbalists</a> appeared the first books illustrated with woodcuts based on direct observation of live plants, as opposed to relying on older, often incorrect depictions from ancient texts. Such works included those by <a href="/wiki/Otto_Brunfels" title="Otto Brunfels">Otto Brunfels</a>, illustrated by <a href="/wiki/Hans_Weiditz" title="Hans Weiditz">Hans Weiditz</a>: <i>Herbarum vivae eicones</i> ("Living Images of Plants", 1530–1536, in three parts) and <i>Contrafayt Kräuterbuch</i> (1532–1537, in two parts). </p><p>In 1533 the first chair of botany in Europe was established in Padua. <a href="/wiki/Luca_Ghini" title="Luca Ghini">Luca Ghini</a>, an Italian physician and botanist, founded the <a href="/wiki/Orto_botanico_di_Pisa" title="Orto botanico di Pisa">Orto botanico di Pisa</a> (Europe's first university botanical garden) in 1544 with the support of <a href="/wiki/Cosimo_I_de%27_Medici" title="Cosimo I de' Medici">Cosimo I de' Medici</a> and published his first herbarium that same year. He is credited with inventing the <a href="/wiki/Herbarium" title="Herbarium">herbarium</a> (known as "hortus siccus", dried garden), around 1520 or 1530. His compatriot <a href="/wiki/Ulisse_Aldrovandi" title="Ulisse Aldrovandi">Ulisse Aldrovandi</a> compiled one of the first <a href="/wiki/Flora_(publication)" title="Flora (publication)">floras</a> in the mid-16th century. <a href="/wiki/Jacopo_Ligozzi" title="Jacopo Ligozzi">Jacopo Ligozzi</a> worked for both Ghini and Aldovrandi. <a href="/wiki/Pietro_Andrea_Mattioli" title="Pietro Andrea Mattioli">Pietro Andrea Mattioli</a>'s botanical masterpiece was his <i>Commentarii in libros sex Pedacii Dioscoridis</i>, first published in Italian in 1544 with 500, and later 1,200 engravings. This work made a profound impression on the botanist <a href="/wiki/Gherardo_Cibo" title="Gherardo Cibo">Gherardo Cibo</a>, who then illustrated some of the plants featured in Mattioli's work (with roots, flowers and fruit) in close-up set against a backdrop of a real (often inhabited) landscape depicting their natural environment. Many of the illustrations also feature two little botanists collecting specimens of the plant illustrated. The work (Pietro Andrea Mattioli, <i>Discorsi, a herbal assembled and illustrated by Gherardo Cibo</i>), dated 1564–1584, is accessible for online viewing on the British Library website.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> See the Gherardo Cibo page on Wikipedia in Latin for two more illustrations). </p><p><a href="/wiki/Euricius_Cordus" title="Euricius Cordus">Euricius Cordus</a>, one of the founders of botany in Germany, wrote the <i>Botanologicon</i> (1534) and his son, Valerius Cordus (1515–1544), was the author of very important works such as the <i>Historia stirpium libri V</i> (1561), published after his death, in which 502 species are described. Like his father, he relied on systematic observation of many of the same plants described by <a href="/wiki/Pedanius_Dioscorides" title="Pedanius Dioscorides">Pedanius Dioscorides</a>. </p><p>The Swiss naturalist <a href="/wiki/Conrad_Gessner" title="Conrad Gessner">Conrad Gessner</a> devoted much of his life to the study of botany. He published two works in 1541 and 1542, but the remainder of his botanical writings were not published until the middle of the 18th century. The woodcuts that illustrated them were often reused, depicting plants with their roots, flowers and seeds. According to Christine Velut,<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "specialists agree in attributing the first illustrated plate of tulips to K. Gesner's <i>De Hortis Germaniae Liber</i>... published in 1561". </p><p><a href="/wiki/Hieronymus_Bock" title="Hieronymus Bock">Hieronymus Bock</a> developed his own system to classify 700 plants. Bock also seems to have observed the plants for himself, since he includes ecological and distributional observations. His <i>Kreuterbuch von Underscheidt, Würckung und Namen der Kreuter, so in teutschen Landen wachsen</i><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (1546), written in German, was illustrated by <a href="/wiki/David_Kandel" title="David Kandel">David Kandel</a>. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Discovery" title="Age of Discovery">Age of Discovery</a> and the introduction of as yet unknown plant species (and other wonders of nature) in Europe sparked a great interest in nature. This led to the accumulation of specimens (in <a href="/wiki/Cabinets_of_curiosities" class="mw-redirect" title="Cabinets of curiosities">cabinets of curiosities</a> and <a href="/wiki/Botanical_gardens" class="mw-redirect" title="Botanical gardens">botanical gardens</a>), their classification, the creation of catalogues, botanical works, and the emergence of scientific illustration. The passion for <a href="/wiki/Horticulture" title="Horticulture">horticulture</a> created a market for floral <a href="/wiki/Still_life" title="Still life">still lifes</a> (painted for aesthetic purposes) and for more scientific <a href="/wiki/Miniature_(illuminated_manuscript)" title="Miniature (illuminated manuscript)">miniatures</a>. </p><p>The <i><a href="/wiki/Libellus_de_Medicinalibus_Indorum_Herbis" title="Libellus de Medicinalibus Indorum Herbis">Libellus de Medicinalibus Indorum Herbis</a></i> is an Aztec manuscript describing the medicinal properties of various plants used by the Aztecs. It gives the <a href="/wiki/Nahuatl" title="Nahuatl">Nahuatl</a> names of the plants and includes an illustration. The <i><a href="/wiki/Florentine_Codex" title="Florentine Codex">Florentine Codex</a></i>, an encyclopaedia of the Aztec world dating from the mid 16th century, includes a Nahuatl text, a Spanish text and illustrations. Book 11 is a treatise on natural history. In the 1570s, <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Hern%C3%A1ndez_de_Toledo" title="Francisco Hernández de Toledo">Francisco Hernández de Toledo</a> embarked on the first scientific mission in the New World (and particularly <a href="/wiki/New_Spain" title="New Spain">New Spain</a>), a study of the region's medicinal plants and animals, and brought back thousands of illustrations for which he was assisted by local artists, "<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tlacuilo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tlacuilo (page does not exist)">tlacuilo</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/tlacuilo" class="extiw" title="fr:tlacuilo">fr</a>]</span>s".<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It was to the Levant that <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Belon" title="Pierre Belon">Pierre Belon</a> undertook extensive scientific travels to study fauna and botany. The work<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that he published in 1553 includes some illustrations. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Leonhart_Fuchs" title="Leonhart Fuchs">Leonhart Fuchs</a> published <i><a href="/wiki/De_historia_stirpium_commentarii_insignes" title="De historia stirpium commentarii insignes">De historia stirpium commentarii insignes</a></i> (1542), accompanied by illustrations at least as accurate as those by Hans Weiditz. The drawings are by <a href="/wiki/Albrecht_Meyer" title="Albrecht Meyer">Albrecht Meyer</a> and the engravings by Veit Rudolph Speckle. Fuchs included ornamental plants and plants brought back from the Americas, and had the whole plants, including roots, flowers and fruits, illustrated from life so that they could be identified. His work was reprinted many times and in several languages. The engravings were also widely reused. The book named the contributing artists and included their portraits. </p><p>One way of copying precisely was offered by the <a href="/wiki/Herbarium_vivum" title="Herbarium vivum">Herbarium vivum</a>: images were made by pressing ink-coated objects onto paper, leaving impressions; earlier methods used carbon black from soot. Impressions from dried plant materials could then be painted over in colour, pieces too bulky for pressing could be painted or drawn. <a href="/wiki/Hieronymus_Harder" title="Hieronymus Harder">Hieronymus Harder</a> started a <a href="/wiki/Herbarium_vivum" title="Herbarium vivum">Herbarium vivum</a> which reached 12 volumes, starting in 1562.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Henrik_Bernard_Oldenland" title="Henrik Bernard Oldenland">Henrik Bernard Oldenland</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Cape_Colony" title="Cape Colony">Cape Colony</a> botanist assembled a Herbarium vivum of some 13 volumes at the end of the 17th c. Johann Hieronymus Kniphof's Herbarium Vivum of 1759 comprises some 1,200 botanical illustrations. In 1834 the astronomer John Herschel, faced with a similar problem of exact copying, used a camera lucida to copy the outlines of Cape Colony plants in pencil while his wife later painted the details. There are two illustrations on Wikipedia in Spanish. </p><p>The Flemish painter <a href="/wiki/Pieter_van_der_Borcht_the_Elder" title="Pieter van der Borcht the Elder">Pieter van der Borcht the Elder</a> was one of the first to work in the new medium of copperplate engraving and <a href="/wiki/Etching" title="Etching">etching</a> that came into use after 1564. Woodcuts (like wood engravings, much later) allowed in-text illustrations, unlike <a href="/w/index.php?title=Intaglio_processes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Intaglio processes (page does not exist)">intaglio processes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Van der Borcht began illustrating botanical works in 1565, when the Antwerp printer <a href="/wiki/Christophe_Plantin" title="Christophe Plantin">Christophe Plantin</a> commissioned plates from him for the herbarium of <a href="/wiki/Rembert_Dodoens" title="Rembert Dodoens">Rembert Dodoens</a>. Further commissions (more than 3000 watercolours in all, engraved by Arnold Nicolaï, then Gerard van Kampen and Cornelis Muller) followed for works by Dodoens, <a href="/wiki/Matthias_de_l%27Obel" title="Matthias de l'Obel">Matthias de l'Obel</a> and <a href="/wiki/Carolus_Clusius" title="Carolus Clusius">Carolus Clusius</a> (a pupil of <a href="/wiki/Guillaume_Rondelet" title="Guillaume Rondelet">Guillaume Rondelet</a>, like <a href="/wiki/Gaspard_Bauhin" title="Gaspard Bauhin">Gaspard Bauhin</a> as well as Rabelais. <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Richer_de_Belleval" title="Pierre Richer de Belleval">Pierre Richer de Belleval</a> was one of Rondelet's successors in Montpellier). </p><p>Dodoens' <i>Florum, coronariarum odoratarumque nonnullarum herbarum historia</i><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> published by Plantin (1568) offers a description of ornamental flowers with engravings showing the whole plant (from flower to root). One whole chapter is devoted to tulips. </p><p>In France, <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Dal%C3%A9champs" title="Jacques Daléchamps">Jacques Daléchamps</a>'s <i>Historia generalis plantarum</i> (1586) is a compilation of all the botanical knowledge of his time, lavishly illustrated with engravings.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Carolus_Clusius" title="Carolus Clusius">Carolus Clusius</a>, a French-speaking Flemish physician and botanist, created one of the first botanical gardens in Europe, the <a href="/wiki/Hortus_botanicus_Leiden" class="mw-redirect" title="Hortus botanicus Leiden">Hortus botanicus Leiden</a>, and can be considered the world's first mycologist and the founder of horticulture, particularly of the tulip (of which he obtained seeds from <a href="/wiki/Ogier_Ghiselin_de_Busbecq" title="Ogier Ghiselin de Busbecq">Ogier Ghiselin de Busbecq</a>). He was also the first to give truly scientific descriptions of plants. He translated the works of Dodoens. <i>Rariorum plantarum historia</i> (published by Plantin in 1601) is a compilation of works on botany published earlier and has a pioneering mycological study on mushrooms from Central Europe. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Joris_Hoefnagel" title="Joris Hoefnagel">Joris Hoefnagel</a> was a Flemish illuminator who belonged to the transitional period between medieval illumination and Renaissance still-life painting. He is known for his accurate representations of fruits, flowers and animals, which were taken as models by many other artists in the following centuries. Hoefnagel is also known to have painted birds (notably an illustration of the dodo) while working for the court of Emperor <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Rudolf II, Holy Roman Emperor">Rudolf II</a>, famous for his cabinet of curiosities. His <i>Amoris Monumentum Matri Charissimae</i> (1589) shows a floral arrangement that seems to have been perceived at the precise moment when <a href="/wiki/Butterflies_in_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Butterflies in art">butterflies</a>, caterpillars and snails appeared. The idea was often taken up again. His <i>Archetypa studiaque patris Georgii Hoefnagelii</i> (published by his son Jacob, in Frankfurt, in 1592) contains 48 engravings by Jacob (and perhaps <a href="/wiki/Theodor_de_Bry" title="Theodor de Bry">Theodor de Bry</a> or his son) based on studies that seem to have been made from life by Joris (who, according to <a href="/wiki/Filippo_Bonanni" title="Filippo Bonanni">Filippo Bonanni</a>, had used a microscope). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Seventeenth_century">Seventeenth century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Botanical_illustration&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Seventeenth century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Theodor_de_Bry" title="Theodor de Bry">Theodor de Bry</a>, draughtsman and engraver, published his <i>Florilegium novum</i><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in 1612, consisting of 116 plates representing, as the full title emphasises, flowers and plants, with their roots and bulbs, engraved from nature. It appears that at least some of the plates were borrowed from <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Vallet" title="Pierre Vallet">Pierre Vallet</a> (c. 1575–1657), engraver and embroiderer to Kings Henri IV and Louis XIII, who himself published two florilèges: <i>Le Jardin du roy tres chrestien Henri IV</i><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (1608) and <i>Le Jardin du roy tres chrestien Loys XIII</i><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (1623). Some of the plates are beautifully hand-colored. Both books were made for “those who wish to paint or illuminate, embroider or make tapestries".<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Johann_Theodor_de_Bry" title="Johann Theodor de Bry">Johann Theodor de Bry</a> greatly assisted his father. With the assistance of <a href="/wiki/Matth%C3%A4us_Merian_der_%C3%84ltere" class="mw-redirect" title="Matthäus Merian der Ältere">Matthäus Merian der Ältere</a> he later published <i>Florilegium renovatum et auctum</i>, also known as <i>Anthologia Magna</i> (1641), an expanded version with 177 engraved plates. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Emanuel_Sweert" title="Emanuel Sweert">Emanuel Sweerts</a>, a tulip collector, published another florilegium: <i>Florilegium by Emanuel Sweerts of Zevenbergen, living in Amsterdam [...] showing various flowers and other plants, in two parts, drawn from nature and rendered in four languages (Latin, German, French and Dutch)</i>. The first part is devoted to 67 bulb plants (32 varieties of tulips), and the second to 43 perennial plants. Each plate (all borrowed from de Bry's <i>Florilegium</i>) is numbered and refers to an index in which its name appears. The 1612 edition includes a preface in which the author gives the two addresses where tulips can be bought, in Frankfurt and Amsterdam : botanical illustration suddenly found a new outlet in the production of nursery catalogues. </p><p><i><a href="/wiki/Hortus_Eystettensis" title="Hortus Eystettensis">Hortus Eystettensis</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (1613) is a "cabinet book" and, more precisely, a florilegium: it contains engravings of the plants grown in the garden created by the botanist <a href="/wiki/Basilius_Besler" title="Basilius Besler">Basilius Besler</a> at the request of the <a href="/wiki/Johann_Konrad_von_Gemmingen" title="Johann Konrad von Gemmingen">Prince-Bishop of Eichstätt</a>. The 367 engravings, mostly by <a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Kilian" title="Wolfgang Kilian">Wolfgang Kilian</a>, were designed to be painted, if necessary. </p><p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crispin_de_Passe_l%27Ancien&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Crispin de Passe l'Ancien (page does not exist)">Crispijn van de Passe the Older</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crispin_de_Passe_l%27Ancien" class="extiw" title="fr:Crispin de Passe l'Ancien">fr</a>]</span> (1564–1637) and mostly (or only) his son <a href="/wiki/Crispijn_van_de_Passe_the_Younger" title="Crispijn van de Passe the Younger">Crispijn van de Passe the Younger</a> (1594/1595-1670) published their <i>Hortus Floridus</i><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in Utrecht from 1614 onwards. This is an engraved florilegium of more than a hundred unusual or rare plants, accurately depicted and classified according to their flowering season. The first plates show two views of a Dutch garden. </p><p>In 1616 was published <i>Jardin d'hyver</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or <i>Cabinet des fleurs, containing in 26 elegies the rarest and most signal flowers of the most beautiful flowerbeds. Illustrated with excellent figures representing the most beautiful flowers of domestic gardens in their natural state (in particular anemones and tulips)... By Jean Franeau</i>. The work included an initial index and engravings by Antoine Serrurier. The flowers most prized by ‘florists’ (garden lovers) are presented in the order of the seasons, starting with spring. (Herbaria were called "hortus hyemale or "hiemale" in Latin (‘winter garden’), or "hortus siccus" (‘dry garden’), and did not take on this name until the 18th century). </p><p>In 1631 the great era of "<a href="/wiki/Les_V%C3%A9lins_du_Roi" title="Les Vélins du Roi">Les Vélins du Roi</a>" began. </p><p>At the same time, the idea of the (private) <a href="/wiki/Pleasure_garden" title="Pleasure garden">pleasure garden</a>, which originated in Italy, was brought to France during the great period of <a href="/wiki/H%C3%B4tel_particulier" title="Hôtel particulier">Hôtel particulier</a> construction, mainly in Paris from the early 17th century onwards. These freestanding mansions were often built between an entrance court (on the street side) and a pleasure garden overlooking the private apartments. The <a href="/wiki/H%C3%B4tel_Lambert" title="Hôtel Lambert">Hôtel Lambert</a>, built in 1640, had a terraced garden. "<a href="/wiki/Lustschloss" title="Lustschloss">Follies</a>" (summer houses) such as the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Folie-Rambouillet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Folie-Rambouillet (page does not exist)">Folie-Rambouillet</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folie-Rambouillet" class="extiw" title="fr:Folie-Rambouillet">fr</a>]</span> (built from 1633 to 1635) had extensive ‘pleasure gardens’ to which <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Mollet" title="André Mollet">André Mollet</a> dedicated a book: <i>Le Jardin de plaisir, contenant plusieurs desseins de jardinage</i> (<i>The Pleasure Garden, containing several garden designs</i>), 1651.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>Pinax theatri botanici</i> (Illustrated Exposition of Plants, Basel, 1623) by Swiss botanist <a href="/wiki/Gaspard_Bauhin" title="Gaspard Bauhin">Gaspard Bauhin</a> stands as one of the highest expressions of Renaissance European herbals. It describes thousands of plants and classifies them in a manner that foreshadowed the <a href="/wiki/Binomial_nomenclature" title="Binomial nomenclature">binomial nomenclature</a> later developed by Linnaeus. Later editions were illustrated. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Johannes_Bodaeus_van_Stapel" title="Johannes Bodaeus van Stapel">Johannes Bodaeus van Stapel</a> helped revive and disseminate ancient botanical knowledge when he published <i><a href="/wiki/Historia_Plantarum_(Theophrastus)" title="Historia Plantarum (Theophrastus)">Theophrastus' Historia Plantarum</a></i> (c. 350 BC – c. 287 BC) in Amsterdam in 1644. It was not only a translation as he added his own commentary and annotations as well as detailed illustrations of plants. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Balthasar_Moncornet" title="Balthasar Moncornet">Balthasar Moncornet</a> published a number of works for ornamentalists, including <i>Livre nouveau de fleurs très util pour l'art d'orfèvrerie et autres</i> (a new book of flowers, very useful for the art of goldsmithing and others, Paris, 1645). </p><p>When in the 17th century, tulipomania swept through Holland, the commerce of tulips, along with the instability of their colors, provided additional incentive to have them painted. A book created in 1634 for <a href="/wiki/Nicolaes_Tulp" title="Nicolaes Tulp">Nicolaes Tulp</a> contains over a hundred pages of tulips (along with insects and <a href="/wiki/Mollusc_shell" title="Mollusc shell">Mollusc shells</a>) painted by <a href="/wiki/Jacob_Marrel" title="Jacob Marrel">Jacob Marrel</a>. <a href="/wiki/Tulip_mania" title="Tulip mania">Tulip mania</a> continued beyond the collapse of the market in 1637. In 1650 Jean Le Clerc (15..-163.), bookseller, publisher and engraver, published his <i>Livre de fleurs où sont représentées toutes sortes de tulippes</i> (Paris). Charles de La Chesnée-Monstereul followed suit with a book devoted entirely to tulips, <i>Le Floriste françois</i><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (Caen, 1654). And in 1678, he published a <i>Traité des tulipes</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Nicolas Guillaume de La Fleur (1608–1663),<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> an engraver, painter and draughtsman from Lorraine, is known to have engraved flower plates in Rome in 1638-39 (published by <a href="/wiki/Frederick_de_Wit" class="mw-redirect" title="Frederick de Wit">Frederick de Wit</a>, Amsterdam, 1650–1706), and to have worked in Paris c.1644. Painter <a href="/w/index.php?title=Claude_Boutet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Claude Boutet (page does not exist)">Claude Boutet</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude_Boutet" class="extiw" title="fr:Claude Boutet">fr</a>]</span> later recommended that those who wish to learn to paint flowers should copy his engravings: "Buy Nicolas-Guillaume la Fleur's <i>Fleurs</i>, which are sold at Mariette, ruë Saint-Jacques, at l'Espérance. They are very good." This suggests that there was a market for such books.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On his return to his estates in Idstein around 1646, <a href="/wiki/John,_Count_of_Nassau-Idstein" title="John, Count of Nassau-Idstein">John, Count of Nassau-Idstein</a> built up a large cabinet of curiosities, had a garden laid out for himself, and invited <a href="/wiki/Johann_Jakob_Walther_(artist)" title="Johann Jakob Walther (artist)">Johann Jakob Walther</a> to paint it: <i>Le florilège dit de Nassau-Idstein</i>, painted between 1654 and 1672, comprises 42 miniatures on vellum of flowers (familiar or exotic) and fruits, and views of the garden with beds in the shape of fruit. He was also the great-uncle of the painter <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fran%C3%A7ois_Walter_(peintre)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="François Walter (peintre) (page does not exist)">François Walter</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Walter_(peintre)" class="extiw" title="fr:François Walter (peintre)">fr</a>]</span>, author of a <i>Herbier du Bas-Rhin</i> (1795). </p><p>The growing need for European naturalists to exchange ideas and information led to the creation of the first scientific academies, such as the <a href="/wiki/Accademia_dei_Lincei" title="Accademia dei Lincei">Accademia dei Lincei</a> (Italy, 1603), the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Society" title="Royal Society">Royal Society</a> (1660), and the <a href="/wiki/French_Academy_of_Sciences" title="French Academy of Sciences">French Academy of Sciences</a> (1666). </p><p><a href="/wiki/Denis_Dodart" title="Denis Dodart">Denis Dodart</a> (1634–1707), who oversaw the studies of the French Academy of Sciences from 1670 to 1694, played a pivotal role in the publication of <i>Mémoires pour servir à l'histoire des plantes</i><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in 1676. This work proposed the creation of a comprehensive (and illustrated) catalogue of plant species. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Joachim_Jungius" title="Joachim Jungius">Joachim Jungius</a> was the first scientist to combine a philosophical mindset with precise observation of plants. For him, rigorous botanical terminology was essential, thus reducing the use of vague or arbitrary terminology in <a href="/wiki/Systematics" title="Systematics">systematics</a>. Jungius's <i>Doxoscopia</i> (1662) and <i>Isagoge phytoscopica</i> (Introduction to the study of plants, 1679) were published posthumously. His botanical theories were far ahead of their time and had little influence during his lifetime. It was <a href="/wiki/John_Ray" title="John Ray">John Ray</a> who brought them to light by applying them to his own botanical classification work, and, through Ray, <a href="/wiki/Carl_von_Linn%C3%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="Carl von Linné">Carl von Linné</a> eventually incorporated them into his own system. </p><p>Jacob Marrel's stepdaughter <a href="/wiki/Maria_Sibylla_Merian" title="Maria Sibylla Merian">Maria Sibylla Merian</a>, who published her first book in 1675, included insects in her floral pictures. <i>Metamorphosis insectorum Surinamensium</i> (1705) showed caterpillars and the plants to which they are attached. Her daughters <a href="/wiki/Rachel_Ruysch" title="Rachel Ruysch">Rachel Ruysch</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dorothea_Maria_Graff" title="Dorothea Maria Graff">Dorothea Maria Graff</a> were also flower painters. </p><p>The most important work on plant <a href="/wiki/Systematics" title="Systematics">systematics</a> in the 17th century was the <a href="/wiki/Historia_Plantarum_(Ray_book)" title="Historia Plantarum (Ray book)">Historia generalis plantarum</a> ('The General History of Plants', 1686) by John Ray (1627–1705), on which Linnaeus based his work and whom he proclaimed the 'founder' of systematics. </p><p>The botanist and draughtsman <a href="/wiki/Charles_Plumier" title="Charles Plumier">Charles Plumier</a>, who made four <a href="/wiki/Botanical_expeditions" title="Botanical expeditions">botanical expeditions</a> (the first one in 1689), brought back a (now lost) herbarium and many drawings: <i>Description des plantes de l'Amérique</i> was published after the second voyage (1693), and <i>Nova plantarum americanarum genera</i> (1703) after the third. These works include plates showing flowers and fruits at different stages of development. A few decades earlier, <i><a href="/wiki/Flora_Sinensis" title="Flora Sinensis">Flora Sinensis</a></i> (Vienna, 1656) had been published by a Jesuit missionary, <a href="/wiki/Micha%C5%82_Boym" title="Michał Boym">Michał Boym</a>. </p><p>At the end of the 17th century, the first manuals for amateur painters appeared: in 1679, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Claude_Boutet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Claude Boutet (page does not exist)">Claude Boutet</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude_Boutet" class="extiw" title="fr:Claude Boutet">fr</a>]</span> published <i>École de la mignature : Dans laquelle on peut facilement apprendre à peindre sans maître</i><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (Miniature art school: where you can easily learn to paint without a master’.). Chapters 88 and following are dedicated to the painting of flowers. The idea for the manual was taken up by a former pupil of <a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Robert" title="Nicolas Robert">Nicolas Robert</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Catherine_Perrot&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Catherine Perrot (page does not exist)">Catherine Perrot</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catherine_Perrot" class="extiw" title="fr:Catherine Perrot">fr</a>]</span>, received at the <a href="/wiki/Acad%C3%A9mie_royale_de_peinture_et_de_sculpture" title="Académie royale de peinture et de sculpture">Académie royale de peinture et de sculpture</a> (1682): <i>The Royal Lessons, or the Method of Painting Miniatures of Flowers and Birds, based on an Explanation of the Books on Flowers and Birds by the late <a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Robert" title="Nicolas Robert">Nicolas Robert</a>, Flower painter</i><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (1686), recommends (Preface and Chapter I) imitating Robert's works rather than those of one "Baptiste de la Fleur", presumably a nickname for rising star <a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Monnoyer" title="Jean-Baptiste Monnoyer">Jean-Baptiste Monnoyer</a> whose <i>Le Livre de toutes sortes de fleurs d'après nature</i> shows flowers with botanical accuracy and served decorative designers for decades. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Pitton_de_Tournefort" title="Joseph Pitton de Tournefort">Joseph Pitton de Tournefort</a> published his first work, <i>Éléments de botanique ou méthode pour connaître les plantes</i>, in 1694. In the preliminary notice, he noted that "the method followed is based on the structure of flowers and fruits. One cannot depart from it without getting into strange difficulties...". The book, illustrated with 451 excellent plates by Claude Aubriet, was an immediate success. Tournefort himself translated it into Latin as <i>Institutiones rei herbariae</i> as the use of Latin was still necessary to ensure a wide readership throughout Europe. He introduced a sophisticated hierarchy of classes, sections, genera and species, and was the first to systematically use a <a href="/wiki/Binomial_nomenclature" title="Binomial nomenclature">polynomial</a> nomenclature. </p><p>Towards the end of the 17th century, the <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_microscope_technology" title="Timeline of microscope technology">first microscopic</a> observations of plants were made and the study of <a href="/wiki/Plant_anatomy" title="Plant anatomy">plant anatomy</a> developed rapidly, which was to have a major influence on later classifications. Robert Hooke's <i><a href="/wiki/Micrographia" title="Micrographia">Micrographia</a></i>, (1667), contains a large number of observations made with the <a href="/wiki/Microscope" title="Microscope">microscope</a>. Modern <a href="/wiki/Plant_pathology" title="Plant pathology">plant pathology</a> started with Robert Hooke illustrating a fungal disease, rose rust (1665).<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Marcello_Malpighi" title="Marcello Malpighi">Marcello Malpighi</a> used the microscope to study the anatomy of all kinds of organisms; his work, <i>Anatomia Plantarum</i> (1675), contains studies of plant anatomy and systematic descriptions of the different parts of plants. <a href="/wiki/Nehemiah_Grew" title="Nehemiah Grew">Nehemiah Grew</a>'s <i>The Anatomy of Plants</i> (1682)<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> displays detailed anatomical diagrams and cross sections of flowers and other plant structures, including the first known microscopic description of pollen. </p><p>This makes it all the more curious to see that <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Munting" title="Abraham Munting">Abraham Munting</a>'s best known work, <i>Naauwkeurige Beschryving Der Aardgewassen</i> (Description of Terrestrial Plants, 1696), shows plants against a background of classic or pastoral landscapes. His <i>Phytographia curiosa</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 1702, also has inhabited landscapes in the background, reminiscent of the work of <a href="/wiki/Gherardo_Cibo" title="Gherardo Cibo">Gherardo Cibo</a> at the end of the 16th century. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="18th_century">18th century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Botanical_illustration&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: 18th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After the emergence of <a href="/wiki/Plant_anatomy" title="Plant anatomy">plant anatomy</a> in the 17th, the 18th century saw that of <a href="/wiki/Plant_physiology" title="Plant physiology">plant physiology</a>, which has since had a profound influence on the development of all areas of botany. <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Hales" title="Stephen Hales">Stephen Hales</a> is considered the father of plant physiology for his many experiments in <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Statique_des_v%C3%A9g%C3%A9taux&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Statique des végétaux (page does not exist)">Vegetable Staticks</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statique_des_v%C3%A9g%C3%A9taux" class="extiw" title="fr:Statique des végétaux">fr</a>]</span></i> (1727). </p><p>As for <a href="/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus" title="Carl Linnaeus">Carl Linnaeus</a>, he is widely recognized as the father of modern <a href="/wiki/Botanical_nomenclature" title="Botanical nomenclature">botanical nomenclature</a>. Linnaeus introduced several key innovations in <a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">taxinomy</a>. First, he applied binomial nomenclature, assigning each species a two-part Latin name, while also emphasizing detailed morphological characterization. This system allowed for clearer, more systematic classification. Additionally, he implemented a precise terminology for describing <a href="/wiki/Plant_morphology" title="Plant morphology">plant morphology</a>, especially floral and fruit structures. Building on Jungius's work, Linnaeus carefully defined terms that became standard in botanical descriptions. Through his major works—<i><a href="/wiki/Systema_Naturae" title="Systema Naturae">Systema Naturae</a></i> (1735) and "<a href="/wiki/Species_Plantarum" title="Species Plantarum">Species Plantarum</a>" (1753), —he revolutionized taxonomy, creating a framework still used today. In <i><a href="/wiki/Hortus_Cliffortianus" title="Hortus Cliffortianus">Hortus Cliffortianus</a></i> (1737), a collaboration between Linnaeus and the illustrator <a href="/wiki/Georg_Dionysius_Ehret" title="Georg Dionysius Ehret">Georg Dionysius Ehret</a>, he described 2536 genres et espèces de plantes. He organised their list according to the system he had established in the <i>Specis Plantarum</i> and in the <i>Systema Naturae</i>. To name the plants, he relied on his <i><a href="/wiki/Critica_Botanica" title="Critica Botanica">Critica Botanica</a></i>. Ehret used many "exploded details" showing intricate dissections<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As botanical nomenclature became more structured and taxonomic classifications were regularly documented in scientific publications, botanical illustrations remained essential to provide clear, detailed depictions of plants that helped botanists, horticulturists, and enthusiasts accurately identify various species. A growing number of amateur botanists, gardeners, and natural historians provided a market for floras and other botanical <a href="/wiki/List_of_florilegia_and_botanical_codices" title="List of florilegia and botanical codices">publications</a> and illustrations increased the appeal and accessibility of these to the general reader. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Johann_Wilhelm_Weinmann" title="Johann Wilhelm Weinmann">Johann Wilhelm Weinmann</a>, in his <i>Phytanthoza Iconographia</i> (1737–1745), collaborated with <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bartholom%C3%A4us_Seutter&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bartholomäus Seutter (page does not exist)">Bartholomäus Seutter</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bartholom%C3%A4us_Seutter" class="extiw" title="de:Bartholomäus Seutter">de</a>]</span>, <a href="/wiki/Johann_Elias_Ridinger" title="Johann Elias Ridinger">Johann Elias Ridinger</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Johann_Jakob_Haid" class="mw-redirect" title="Johann Jakob Haid">Johann Jakob Haid</a>. These artists produced over 1,000 hand-coloured <a href="/wiki/Mezzotint" title="Mezzotint">mezzotint</a> engravings of several thousand plants, including depictions of tulips, and what to Europeans were then exotic, newly discovered flora and fauna, such as the banana tree, making this book one of the most comprehensive and highly regarded color-plate florilegia of its time. Haid also worked on the <i>Plantae selectae</i> (1750) of <a href="/wiki/Christoph_Jakob_Trew" class="mw-redirect" title="Christoph Jakob Trew">Christoph Jakob Trew</a>, alongside Georg Dionysius Ehret (who also contributed to <a href="/wiki/Hans_Sloane" title="Hans Sloane">Hans Sloane</a>'s protégé <a href="/wiki/Mark_Catesby" title="Mark Catesby">Mark Catesby</a>'s <i>Natural History of Carolina, Florida and the Bahama Islands</i> (1729–1747) (also with coloured engravings). </p><p><a href="/wiki/John_Miller_(botanical_illustrator)" title="John Miller (botanical illustrator)">John Miller</a> published <i>Illustratio Systematis Sexualis Linnaei</i> (Illustration of the Sexual System of Linnaeus, 1770–1777) which helped popularize the work of Linnaeus to English readers. </p><p>In the mid-19th century, extensive horticultural studies emerged, including <a href="/wiki/Henri-Louis_Duhamel_du_Monceau" title="Henri-Louis Duhamel du Monceau">Henri-Louis Duhamel du Monceau</a>'s <i>Traité des arbres et arbustes qui se cultivent en France en pleine terre</i>, 1755, or <i>Traité des arbres fruitiers</i>, 1768. <a href="/wiki/Robert_Sweet_(botanist)" title="Robert Sweet (botanist)">Robert Sweet</a>, originally trained as a gardener, published a number of works on plants cultivated in British gardens and hothouses with plates mainly drawn by <a href="/wiki/Edwin_Dalton_Smith" title="Edwin Dalton Smith">Edwin Dalton Smith</a>, and <i>The Florist's Guide and Cultivator's Directory</i>, both aimed at plant enthusiasts and their gardeners. </p><p>An early <a href="/wiki/Pomology" title="Pomology">pomologist</a> like <a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_de_La_Quintinie" title="Jean-Baptiste de La Quintinie">Jean-Baptiste de La Quintinie</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Johann_Hermann_Knoop&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Johann Hermann Knoop (page does not exist)">Johann Hermann Knoop</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Hermann_Knoop" class="extiw" title="de:Johann Hermann Knoop">de</a>; <a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Hermann_Knoop" class="extiw" title="es:Johann Hermann Knoop">es</a>; <a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Hermann_Knoop" class="extiw" title="fr:Johann Hermann Knoop">fr</a>; <a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Hermann_Knoop" class="extiw" title="fy:Johann Hermann Knoop">fy</a>]</span> published <i>Pomology, or description of the best kinds of apples and pears</i> (1758) and said illustrations were indispensable to help avoid mistakes caused by the fact that the same fruit was (still) often known by different names. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Jan_Van_Huysum" class="mw-redirect" title="Jan Van Huysum">Jan Van Huysum</a>, known for his bouquets of flowers and particularly his tulips, contributed to <a href="/wiki/John_Hill_(botanist)" title="John Hill (botanist)">John Hill</a>'s <i>Eden, or, A Compleat Body of Gardening</i>, 1757, written with <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hale_(agriculturist)" title="Thomas Hale (agriculturist)">Thomas Hale</a>. Hill is mostly remembered for <i>The Vegetable System</i>, 1759–1775, a huge botanical work illustrated by 1,600 copper-plate engravings. </p><p>An early <a href="/wiki/Mycology" title="Mycology">mycologist</a> <a href="/wiki/Jacob_Christian_Sch%C3%A4ffer" title="Jacob Christian Schäffer">Jacob Christian Schäffer</a> published several richly illustrated volumes on mushrooms "depicted in their natural colors" (1759). <a href="/wiki/Michel_%C3%89tienne_Descourtilz" title="Michel Étienne Descourtilz">Michel Étienne Descourtilz</a>, <i>Des champignons comestibles, suspects et vénéneux...</i> (Edible, suspect and poisonous mushrooms... Accompanied by ten plates of drawings made from life, carefully coloured and representing two hundred species grouped together in the terrain that feeds them, 1827). </p><p><a href="/wiki/Nikolaus_Joseph_von_Jacquin" title="Nikolaus Joseph von Jacquin">Nikolaus Joseph von Jacquin</a>'s most influential publication may have been <i>Selectarum Stirpium Americanarum Historia</i> (1763), which detailed many plants from the Americas as he had been sent to the West Indies, Central America, Venezuela and New Granada (1755–1759). He also introduced many exotic species to Europe. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Pierre-Joseph_Buc%27hoz" title="Pierre-Joseph Buc'hoz">Pierre-Joseph Buc'hoz</a>, <i>Herbier colorié de l’Amérique</i> (Coloured herbarium of America, 1762) and more usefully, perhaps, <i>Lettres sur la méthode de s'enrichir promptement, et de conserver sa santé, par la culture des végétaux exotiques</i>, 1768.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There were other botanical expeditions, such as <a href="/wiki/James_Cook" title="James Cook">James Cook</a>'s first voyage around the world (1768–1771), during which <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Banks" title="Joseph Banks">Joseph Banks</a> and <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Solander" title="Daniel Solander">Daniel Solander</a> increased the known flora of the world by 25 percent (<i><a href="/wiki/Banks%27_Florilegium" title="Banks' Florilegium">Banks' Florilegium</a></i> was published much later). </p><p>The first volumes of <a href="/wiki/Charles_Louis_L%27H%C3%A9ritier_de_Brutelle" title="Charles Louis L'Héritier de Brutelle">Charles Louis L'Héritier de Brutelle</a>'s <i>Stirpes Novae</i> (New Plants) were published in Paris in 1784–85, with full-page illustrations of all newly discovered species. Beginning with the second volume, the plates were drawn by <a href="/wiki/Pierre-Joseph_Redout%C3%A9" title="Pierre-Joseph Redouté">Pierre-Joseph Redouté</a>, marking the beginning of his recognition as a talented botanical illustrator. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Jacob_Christoph_Le_Blon" title="Jacob Christoph Le Blon">Jacob Christoph Le Blon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Fabien_Gautier_d%27Agoty" title="Jacques Fabien Gautier d'Agoty">Jacques Fabien Gautier d'Agoty</a> invented a four-<a href="/wiki/Colour_printing" class="mw-redirect" title="Colour printing">colour printing</a> printing process in <i>Collection des plantes usuelles, curieuses et étrangères... et imprimées en couleur</i> (1767).<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Jean_Baptiste_Fran%C3%A7ois_Pierre_Bulliard" title="Jean Baptiste François Pierre Bulliard">Pierre Bulliard</a> developed a different and cheaper colour printing process. </p><p>Botanical illustration accompanied the development of <a href="/wiki/Agronomy" title="Agronomy">agronomy</a> (a term that appeared in the late 18th century) and the seed trade. <a href="/wiki/Johann_Simon_von_Kerner" title="Johann Simon von Kerner">Johann Simon von Kerner</a>, <i>Illustration of All <a href="/wiki/Economic_botany" title="Economic botany">Economic Plants</a></i> (<i>Abbildung aller oekonomischen Pflanzen</i>, Stuttgart 1786–96) is a notable example from this period. <a href="/wiki/Vegetable" title="Vegetable">Vegetables</a>, overlooked by illustrators after the vogue for herbals waned, resurfaced thanks to seed merchants like <a href="/wiki/Vilmorin" title="Vilmorin">Vilmorin</a>-Andrieux, who employed botanical artists (before 1783). </p><p>A new genre of books appeared, that of botanical <a href="/wiki/Monograph" title="Monograph">monographs</a> like Carl Wilhelm Ernst Putsche's <i>Versuch einer Monographie der Kartoffeln</i> (on potatoes, 1819) or like <a href="/wiki/Pierre-Joseph_Redout%C3%A9" title="Pierre-Joseph Redouté">Pierre-Joseph Redouté</a>'s <i>Geraniologia</i> (1787–1788),<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Les Liliacées</i> (1802–1816), for which Redouté practised colour-printed <a href="/wiki/Stipple_engraving" title="Stipple engraving">stipple engraving</a><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or <i>Les Roses</i> (1817–1824),<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or <a href="/wiki/John_Lindley" title="John Lindley">John Lindley</a>'s <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rosarum_Monographia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rosarum Monographia (page does not exist)">Rosarum Monographia</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosarum_Monographia" class="extiw" title="fr:Rosarum Monographia">fr</a>]</span>. </p><p>The first botanical magazines were published in the late 18th century : "Curtis's Botanical Magazine" (1787 to the present), launched by <a href="/wiki/William_Curtis" title="William Curtis">William Curtis</a>, is one of the most famous and long-running botanical magazines. It has employed many talented illustrators giving detailed views as well as exploded details and cross sections. <a href="/wiki/Sydenham_Edwards" title="Sydenham Edwards">Sydenham Edwards</a> worked for Curtis's magazine and then to <i><a href="/wiki/The_Botanical_Register" title="The Botanical Register">The Botanical Register</a></i>. With a wider audience and ever increasing publication material, specialized journals such as this one or the <i><a href="/wiki/Annales_de_chimie_et_de_physique" title="Annales de chimie et de physique">Annales de chimie et de physique</a></i> (Paris, 1789) reflect the growing division between scientific disciplines in the <a href="/wiki/Science_in_the_Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Science in the Age of Enlightenment">Enlightenment</a> era. The <a href="/wiki/Linnean_Society_of_London" title="Linnean Society of London">Linnean Society of London</a>, a learned society dedicated to the study and dissemination of information concerning natural history, evolution, and taxonomy, was founded in 1788. </p><p><a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Voorhelm_Schneevoogt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="George Voorhelm Schneevoogt (page does not exist)">George Voorhelm Schneevoogt</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Voorhelm_Schneevoogt" class="extiw" title="es:George Voorhelm Schneevoogt">es</a>]</span> (1775–1850)'s <i>Icones plantarum rariorum</i> (Illustrations of rare and beautiful flowers and plants, drawn, engraved and colored after nature, 1793) has hand-coloured illustrations by Hendrik Schwegman and text in Dutch, French and German. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Jean_Goulin" title="Jean Goulin">Jean Goulin</a> and Labeyrie led the team that created a dictionary of useful plants, trees and shrubs (1793–94).<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_Pierre_Ventenat" title="Étienne Pierre Ventenat">Étienne Pierre Ventenat</a> published <i>Description des plantes nouvelles et peu connues, cultivées dans le jardin de <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Philippe_Martin_Cels" title="Jacques Philippe Martin Cels">J.-M. Cels</a></i> (1799),<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a horticulturist, and <i>Jardin de la Malmaison</i> (1803)<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> both with illustrations by Redouté. The <a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Malmaison" title="Château de Malmaison">Château de Malmaison</a> housed a collection of rare plants. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="19th_century">19th century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Botanical_illustration&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: 19th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the 19th century a number of different methods of <a href="/wiki/Colour_printing" class="mw-redirect" title="Colour printing">colour printing</a> were developed in Europe, using including <a href="/wiki/Chromoxylography" title="Chromoxylography">chromoxylography</a>, which became the most successful of several methods of colour printing developed in the 19th century, and <a href="/wiki/Chromolithography" title="Chromolithography">chromolithography</a>. Other methods were developed by printers such as <a href="/wiki/Jacob_Christoph_Le_Blon" title="Jacob Christoph Le Blon">Jacob Christoph Le Blon</a>, <a href="/wiki/George_Baxter_(printer)" title="George Baxter (printer)">George Baxter</a> and <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Evans" title="Edmund Evans">Edmund Evans</a>, and mostly relied on using several woodblocks with different colours. Hand-colouring also remained important. From 1801, <a href="/wiki/William_Say_(engraver)" title="William Say (engraver)">William Say</a> worked on steel plates rather than the usual, less durable, copper plates used since the early 16th century. However, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jean-Michel_Papillon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jean-Michel Papillon (page does not exist)">Jean-Michel Papillon</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Michel_Papillon" class="extiw" title="fr:Jean-Michel Papillon">fr</a>]</span> revived the art of engraving,<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which reached a new peak with <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Bewick" title="Thomas Bewick">Thomas Bewick</a>, who engraved the woodblocks "across the grain", making them much more durable. <a href="/wiki/Robert_John_Thornton" title="Robert John Thornton">Robert John Thornton</a>, <i>A new family herbal</i>, 1810, was engraved by T. Bewick. Invented in 1796 <a href="/wiki/Lithography" title="Lithography">lithography</a> quickly became the standard. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Jan_Kops" title="Jan Kops">Jan Kops</a>' first issue of <i>Flora Batava</i> was published in Amsterdam in 1800 (last one 1934), with most of the illustrations in the first three volumes by <a href="/wiki/Georgius_Jacobus_Johannes_van_Os" title="Georgius Jacobus Johannes van Os">Georgius Jacobus Johannes van Os</a>), a flower and fruit painter for the <a href="/wiki/Manufacture_nationale_de_S%C3%A8vres" title="Manufacture nationale de Sèvres">Sèvres porcelain factory</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Charles_Alexandre_Lesueur" title="Charles Alexandre Lesueur">Charles Alexandre Lesueur</a> took part in the <a href="/wiki/Baudin_expedition_to_Australia" title="Baudin expedition to Australia">Baudin expedition to Australia</a> (1800–1803) as a draughtsman, and ended his life as curator of the <a href="/wiki/Natural_History_Museum_of_Le_Havre" title="Natural History Museum of Le Havre">Natural History Museum of Le Havre</a>. The painter <a href="/w/index.php?title=Michel_Garnier&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Michel Garnier (page does not exist)">Michel Garnier</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michel_Garnier" class="extiw" title="fr:Michel Garnier">fr</a>]</span> took part in the same expedition, which he left in 1801: he brought back numerous paintings of flowers and fruits from <a href="/wiki/Mauritius" title="Mauritius">Mauritius</a> and La <a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9union" title="Réunion">Réunion</a> which were later purchased and exhibited in the “Carporama” (a collection of wax models of exotic fruits from Mauritius, by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Louis_Marc_Antoine_Robillard_d%27Argentelle&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Louis Marc Antoine Robillard d'Argentelle (page does not exist)">Robillard d'Argentelle</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Marc_Antoine_Robillard_d%27Argentelle" class="extiw" title="fr:Louis Marc Antoine Robillard d'Argentelle">fr</a>]</span>) of the <a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_Natural_History,_France" title="National Museum of Natural History, France">Museum d'Histoire naturelle</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Antoine_Poiteau" title="Pierre Antoine Poiteau">Pierre Antoine Poiteau</a>, both a botanist and artist, was a student of <a href="/wiki/G%C3%A9rard_van_Spaendonck" class="mw-redirect" title="Gérard van Spaendonck">Gérard van Spaendonck</a> and a disciple of <a href="/wiki/Pierre-Joseph_Redout%C3%A9" title="Pierre-Joseph Redouté">Pierre-Joseph Redouté</a>. Early in his career, he focused on collecting specimens in the Caribbean. In 1794, <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Jean_Fran%C3%A7ois_Turpin" title="Pierre Jean François Turpin">Pierre Jean François Turpin</a> met botanist Poiteau in <a href="/wiki/Hispaniola" title="Hispaniola">Hispaniola</a>. Poiteau introduced Turpin to botany, and together, they studied and documented around 800 species from the Haitian flora. Between 1801 and 1820, Poiteau and Turpin created an extensive album of botanical drawings, featuring 147 original pieces. These illustrations depicted a vast array of European and exotic plants, often accompanied by detailed annotations on plant anatomy, including flowers, leaves, seeds, and fruits at various stages of development. While a few drawings were done in black ink or pencil, most were finely enhanced with watercolor. Many were published in <i>Flora Parisiensis</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> by Poiteau and Turpin (1808) and some by Turpin (and <a href="/wiki/Ernestine_Panckoucke" title="Ernestine Panckoucke">Ernestine Panckoucke</a>) in <i>Flore médicale</i><sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> by <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-Pierre_Chaumeton" title="François-Pierre Chaumeton">François-Pierre Chaumeton</a> (1814–1820). The most striking drawings were included in François-Richard de Tussac's’ <i>Flore des Antilles ou Histoire générale botanique, rurale et économique des végétaux indigènes des Antilles</i> (Paris, chez L'Auteur, 1808),<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> one of the earliest illustrated works on Caribbean flora. <i>Flore des Antilles</i> featured 50 engraved plates, some in color and some in black engraved after drawings by Redouté and others. Turpin also illustrated <a href="/wiki/Jean_Louis_Marie_Poiret" title="Jean Louis Marie Poiret">Jean Louis Marie Poiret</a>'s <i>Leçons de flore</i><sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (1819–1820). Tussac is also remembered for an ill-advised <i>Cri des colons</i> against l'abbé Grégoire's <i>De la littérature des Nègres</i> (1810).<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 1815, Poiteau had become the chief gardener of the royal nurseries at the Château de Versailles, later holding similar positions at the Château de Fontainebleau and the Muséum national d’histoire naturelle in Paris. He contributed to the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Revue_horticole&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Revue horticole (page does not exist)">Revue horticole</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revue_horticole" class="extiw" title="fr:Revue horticole">fr</a>]</span> (published 1829–1974). As for Turpin, he contributed to many botanical publications, including <i>Icones selectae plantarum</i> (1820–1840), and was elected a member of the Académie royale des sciences in 1833. He also collaborated with notable figures such as <a href="/wiki/Jules_Paul_Benjamin_Delessert" title="Jules Paul Benjamin Delessert">Delessert</a>, <a href="/wiki/Augustin_Pyramus_de_Candolle" title="Augustin Pyramus de Candolle">Pyrame de Candolle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alexander_von_Humboldt" title="Alexander von Humboldt">von Humboldt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aim%C3%A9_Bonpland" title="Aimé Bonpland">Bonpland</a> and others. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Bauer" title="Ferdinand Bauer">Ferdinand Bauer</a> illustrated <i><a href="/wiki/Flora_Graeca" title="Flora Graeca">Flora Graeca</a></i> (1806–1840) and <i><a href="/wiki/Illustrationes_florae_Novae_Hollandiae" class="mw-redirect" title="Illustrationes florae Novae Hollandiae">Illustrationes florae Novae Hollandiae</a></i> (1813 - "Nova Hollandia" was the name applied to Australia). </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Naturalist" class="mw-redirect" title="Naturalist">naturalist</a> <a href="/wiki/Antoine_Risso" title="Antoine Risso">Antoine Risso</a> published an essay on lemon trees (1813)<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that had <a href="/wiki/Acclimatization" title="Acclimatization">acclimatized</a> well on the <a href="/wiki/French_Riviera" title="French Riviera">French Riviera</a>, only a few decades after it started becoming a fashionable health resort for the British upper class. </p><p>In 1813, a Swiss botanist, <a href="/wiki/Augustin_Pyramus_de_Candolle" title="Augustin Pyramus de Candolle">Augustin Pyramus de Candolle</a>, published <a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9orie_%C3%89l%C3%A9mentaire_de_la_Botanique" title="Théorie Élémentaire de la Botanique">Théorie Élémentaire de la Botanique</a>, in which he placed emphasis on the study of <a href="/wiki/Evolution" title="Evolution">evolutionary</a> relationships in grouping plants together, rather than on shared morphological characteristics. He also contributed to phytogeography, agronomy and economic botany. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Johann_Matth%C3%A4us_Bechstein" title="Johann Matthäus Bechstein">Johann Matthäus Bechstein</a> and <a href="/wiki/Giorgio_Gallesio" title="Giorgio Gallesio">Giorgio Gallesio</a> both depicted plants alongside the animals that <a href="/wiki/Plant_pathology" title="Plant pathology">affect</a> them. Bechstein's <i>Naturgeschichte der schädlichen Waldinsecten</i> (1798–1800) focused on harmful forest insects, thus offering valuable insights for <a href="/wiki/Forestry" title="Forestry">forestry</a> and agricultural <a href="/wiki/Entomology" title="Entomology">entomology</a>. Gallesio's <i>Pomona Italiana</i> (1820) focused on fruit cultivation in Italy and the insects and animals that affect the trees' growth and health. </p><p>During the Victorian-era craze known as <a href="/wiki/Orchidelirium" title="Orchidelirium">orchidelirium</a>, more monographs were produced. <a href="/wiki/John_Lindley" title="John Lindley">John Lindley</a>, a pioneering <a href="/wiki/Orchidologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Orchidologist">orchidologist</a>, published <i>The Genera and Species of Orchidaceous Plants</i> (1830)<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <i>Sertum Orchidaceum</i><sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (1837-1841 - and, in collaboration with <a href="/wiki/William_Hutton_(1797%E2%80%931860)" title="William Hutton (1797–1860)">William Hutton</a>, a pioneering book on <a href="/wiki/Paleobotany" title="Paleobotany">paleobotany</a>, <i>The fossil flora of Great Britain; or, Figures and descriptions of the vegetable remains found in a fossil state in this country</i>. Famous orchid illustrators also include <a href="/wiki/John_Nugent_Fitch" title="John Nugent Fitch">John Nugent Fitch</a>, who contributed 528 plates to <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Moore_(botanist)" title="Thomas Moore (botanist)">Thomas Moore</a>'s <i>The Orchid Album</i> (1882–97). Fitch also contributed to <a href="/wiki/Curtis%27s_Botanical_Magazine" title="Curtis's Botanical Magazine">Curtis's Botanical Magazine</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Kew_Gardens" title="Kew Gardens">Kew Gardens</a> was founded in 1840, around the same time as Victorian British horticulturists also developed a passion for ferns, <a href="/wiki/Pteridomania" title="Pteridomania">pteridomania</a>, which led to the creation of a new botanical journal, <a href="/wiki/The_Phytologist" title="The Phytologist">The Phytologist</a> (1841) and more monographs like <i><a href="/wiki/The_Ferns_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="The Ferns of Great Britain and Ireland">The Ferns of Great Britain and Ireland</a></i> (1855), also by Thomas Moore, illustrated by <a href="/wiki/Henry_Bradbury" title="Henry Bradbury">Henry Bradbury</a>, who used <a href="/wiki/Alois_Auer" title="Alois Auer">Alois Auer</a>'s '<a href="/wiki/Nature_printing" title="Nature printing">nature printing</a>' process. <a href="/wiki/Constantin_von_Ettingshausen" title="Constantin von Ettingshausen">Constantin von Ettingshausen</a>'s <i>Physiotypia Plantarum Austriacarum</i> is a landmark nature-printed book, originally featuring 530 plates (Vienna, c. 1855), later expanded to 1,000 plates in a 1873 Prague edition. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Walter_Hood_Fitch" title="Walter Hood Fitch">Walter Hood Fitch</a>'s exceptional artistic skill, very long career (1834–88) and prolific output. He is best known for his collaboration with renowned botanists such as <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Dalton_Hooker" title="Joseph Dalton Hooker">Joseph Dalton Hooker</a>, a founder of <a href="/wiki/Phytogeography" title="Phytogeography">phytogeography</a> (Flora Antarctica, 1844–1859; The Rhododendrons of Sikkim-Himalaya, 1849–51). Fitch's illustrations also appeared in <i>Curtis's Botanical Magazine</i>. He was a pioneer in the use of <a href="/wiki/Chromolithography" title="Chromolithography">chromolithography</a> for botanical illustrations. </p><p>The agronomist <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ars%C3%A8ne_Thi%C3%A9baut_de_Berneaud&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arsène Thiébaut de Berneaud (page does not exist)">Arsène Thiébaut de Berneaud</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ars%C3%A8ne_Thi%C3%A9baut_de_Berneaud" class="extiw" title="fr:Arsène Thiébaut de Berneaud">fr</a>]</span>, in his <i>Traité élémentaire de botanique et de physiologie végétale</i>, Paris, 1837, offers advice to all those who cultivate plants, with a wealth of illustrations. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Anne_Pratt" title="Anne Pratt">Anne Pratt</a>, an autodidactic woman, rose to prominence when she published books (starting around 1840) she illustrated with chromolithographs. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Louis_van_Houtte" title="Louis van Houtte">Louis van Houtte</a> started the horticultural journal <i>Flore des serres et des Jardins de l'Europe</i> in 1845. Collaborators on the journal were <a href="/wiki/Charles_Antoine_Lemaire" title="Charles Antoine Lemaire">Charles Lemaire</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Michael_Joseph_Fran%C3%A7ois_Scheidweiler" title="Michael Joseph François Scheidweiler">Michael Scheidweiler</a>. </p><p>When <a href="/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Delacroix" title="Eugène Delacroix">Eugène Delacroix</a> painted flower pictures in 1848–49, he opposed his approach to that of botanical artists, regretting "the study of details, which [some painters] have carried to a very high point," and for his part decided to "subordinate details to the whole" and "try to make pieces of nature as they appear in gardens, only by bringing together in the same frame and in a somewhat probable way the greatest possible variety of flowers."<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Anna_Atkins" title="Anna Atkins">Anna Atkins</a> hand-printed several albums of botanical and textile specimens, especially <i>Photographs of British Algae: Cyanotype Impressions</i> (between 1843 and 1853),[9] "the first photographically printed and illustrated book".<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1856 <a href="/wiki/Iinuma_Yokusai" title="Iinuma Yokusai">Iinuma Yokusai</a> published the <i>Somoku-zusetsu</i>, the first botanical encyclopedia in Japan to use Linnaean taxonomy. <a href="/wiki/Iwasaki_Tsunemasa" title="Iwasaki Tsunemasa">Iwasaki Tsunemasa</a> had already started publishing Honzō Zufu (Iconographia Plantarum or Diagrams and Chronicles of Botany) a woodblock illustrated work (1828–1921). </p><p>In the 1870s, <a href="/wiki/Leopold_Kny" title="Leopold Kny">Leopold Kny</a> created a series of large, detailed botanical wall charts (Botanische Wandtafeln). These charts depicted various plant structures, including roots, flowers, and leaves, in great detail and at a large scale, making them useful for teaching botany in classrooms. Teachers could also use <a href="/wiki/Robert_and_Reinhold_Brendel" title="Robert and Reinhold Brendel">Robert and Reinhold Brendel</a>'s papier-mâché models (For more details, see Wikipedia in French: Modèles Brendel, or in German: Robert Brendel (Modellbauer)). <a href="/wiki/Deyrolle" title="Deyrolle">Deyrolle</a> also published wall charts (planches didactiques). </p><p>After several expeditions to South and Central America, <a href="/wiki/Jean_Jules_Linden" title="Jean Jules Linden">Jean Jules Linden</a> made a detailed study of orchid growth conditions in their natural habitat. His findings revolutionised the cultivation of orchids under European conditions. Upon his return to Belgium, he became a prominent commercial orchid grower. Linden published exceptional books on orchids and their cultivation, commissioning leading botanical illustrators to create a number of <a href="/wiki/Chromolithographs" class="mw-redirect" title="Chromolithographs">chromolithographs</a>. His <i>Iconographie des Orchidées</i> (17 volumes, 1885–1903) is monumental. </p><p>Many of the plates in the first series and all of the plates in the second series were executed by the noted botanical illustrator Walter Hood Fitch, called by Blunt & Stearn “the most outstanding botanical artist of his day in Europe”.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fitch was the preferred artist of eminent British botanist <a href="/wiki/William_Jackson_Hooker" title="William Jackson Hooker">William Jackson Hooker</a>, the first director of Kew Gardens. His publishing career lasted at least from 1851 to 1880. Fitch also illustrated <a href="/wiki/Henry_John_Elwes" title="Henry John Elwes">Henry John Elwes</a>'s <i>Monograph of the Genus Lilium</i> (1880), while his comprehensive <i>The Trees of Great Britain & Ireland</i> (1906–1913), with <a href="/wiki/Augustine_Henry" title="Augustine Henry">Augustine Henry</a>, seems to contain primarily <a href="/wiki/Photogravure" title="Photogravure">photogravures</a>, but their author is not specified. </p><p>Botanical illustration took a new direction with the rise of <a href="/wiki/Art_Nouveau" title="Art Nouveau">Art Nouveau</a>, which was popular between 1890 and 1910. Art Nouveau artists included <a href="/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Grasset" title="Eugène Grasset">Eugène Grasset</a>, whose publication <i>Plants and Their Application to Ornament</i><sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (1896) emphasized the importance of studying natural forms in art . His student, Maurice Pillard Verneuil, wrote <i>Etude de la plante : son application aux industries d'art</i> (1903), which featured real, detailed botanical plates. Another significant figure was Anton Seder, though he is best remembered for his more stylized designs. Particularly noteworthy were the artists of the <a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_de_Nancy" title="École de Nancy">École de Nancy</a>—including <a href="/wiki/Louis_Majorelle" title="Louis Majorelle">Louis Majorelle</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_Gall%C3%A9" title="Émile Gallé">Émile Gallé</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Daum_(studio)" title="Daum (studio)">Daum</a> glassworks—who drew inspiration from the natural flora of the Lorraine region. Despite their regional focus, these artists, like others in the Art Nouveau movement, often popularized exotic plant forms such as orchids. One of the most botanically inclined among them may have been <a href="/wiki/Henri_Berg%C3%A9" title="Henri Bergé">Henri Bergé</a>, a decorator for Daum, who produced many hand-painted botanical plates for the <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Encyclop%C3%A9die_florale&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Encyclopédie florale (page does not exist)">Encyclopédie florale</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A9die_florale" class="extiw" title="fr:Encyclopédie florale">fr</a>]</span></i> (1895–1930), now preserved at the <a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_de_l%27%C3%89cole_de_Nancy" title="Musée de l'École de Nancy">Musée de l'École de Nancy</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These plates served as a source of inspiration for Daum's artisans, who were trained to imitate and incorporate these natural forms into their work. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="20th_and_21st_centuries">20th and 21st centuries</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Botanical_illustration&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: 20th and 21st centuries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As the 19th century ended and photography gained popularity, <a href="/wiki/Photoengraving" title="Photoengraving">Photoengraving</a>, which used <a href="/wiki/Halftone" title="Halftone">halftone</a> technology instead of traditional illustration, became the primary aesthetic of the era. The first <a href="/wiki/Offset_printing" title="Offset printing">offset press</a> was introduced in 1907, revolutionizing image reproduction. </p><p>New botanical specialties emerged and developed: <a href="/wiki/Lichenology" title="Lichenology">Lichenology</a> (pioneered by <a href="/wiki/Erik_Acharius" title="Erik Acharius">Erik Acharius</a>), <a href="/wiki/Phycology" title="Phycology">Phycology</a> (William Henry Harvey), <a href="/wiki/Palaeobotany" class="mw-redirect" title="Palaeobotany">Palaeobotany</a> (Kaspar Maria von Sternberg), and <a href="/wiki/Ecology" title="Ecology">Ecology</a> (<a href="/wiki/Eugenius_Warming" title="Eugenius Warming">Eugenius Warming</a>), along with new fields like <a href="/wiki/Cytogenetics" title="Cytogenetics">Cytogenetics</a>. </p><p>Botanical illustrators are still actively working today. American botanists <a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_Lord_Britton" title="Nathaniel Lord Britton">Nathaniel Lord Britton</a> and <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Nelson_Rose" title="Joseph Nelson Rose">Joseph Nelson Rose</a>, with illustrator <a href="/wiki/Mary_Emily_Eaton" title="Mary Emily Eaton">Mary Emily Eaton</a>, published <a href="/wiki/The_Cactaceae" title="The Cactaceae">The Cactaceae</a> (1919–1923). The prolific <a href="/wiki/Matilda_Smith" title="Matilda Smith">Matilda Smith</a> was active until the early 1920s. <a href="/wiki/Batty_Langley" title="Batty Langley">Batty Langley</a>, <i>Pomona, or The Fruit-garden illustrated</i> (London, 1928). In 1972, the <a href="/wiki/Smithsonian_Institution" title="Smithsonian Institution">Smithsonian Institution</a> hired its first botanical illustrator, <a href="/wiki/Alice_Tangerini" title="Alice Tangerini">Alice Tangerini</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Tangerini3_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tangerini3-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 1980s, <a href="/wiki/Celia_Rosser" title="Celia Rosser">Celia Rosser</a> undertook to illustrate every <i>Banksia</i> species for the masterwork, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Banksias" title="The Banksias">The Banksias</a></i>. When another species was described after its publication, <i><a href="/wiki/Banksia_rosserae" title="Banksia rosserae">Banksia rosserae</a></i>, it was named to honour her mammoth accomplishment. </p><p>New developments include American hospital radiologist Dr. Dain L. Tasker (1872–1964) making X-ray pictures of flowers in the 1930s.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Electron_microscope" title="Electron microscope">electron microscope</a> (second half of the 20th century) made it possible to classify life into five or six kingdoms, three of which relate to botany (fungi, plants, <a href="/wiki/Chromista" title="Chromista">chromista</a>). <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Engler" title="Adolf Engler">Adolf Engler</a>'s plant classification system outlined in <i>Syllabus der Pflanzenfamilien</i> (1892) was later modified by the <a href="/wiki/Cronquist_system" title="Cronquist system">Cronquist system</a> (1968). </p><p>Today, illustrations reveal plant structures at microscopic and <a href="/wiki/Molecular_biology" title="Molecular biology">molecular</a> levels. </p><p>Field guides, floras, catalogues and magazines produced since the introduction of photography to print material have continued to include illustrations. A compromise of accuracy and idealized images from several specimens can be easily (re)produced by skilled artists. Illustrations are also at times just preferred for some print/digital audiences or text formats. </p><p>Organizations devoted to furthering botanical art are found in the US (<a href="/wiki/American_Society_of_Botanical_Artists" title="American Society of Botanical Artists">American Society of Botanical Artists</a>), UK (Society of Botanical Artists), Australia (Botanical Art Society of Australia), the Netherlands (<a href="/wiki/Dutch_Society_for_Botanical_Artists" title="Dutch Society for Botanical Artists">Dutch Society for Botanical Artists</a>) and South Africa (Botanical Artists Association of South Africa), among others. There is an increasing interest in the changes occurring in the natural world and in the central role plants play in maintaining healthy ecosystems. A sense of urgency has developed in documenting today's plant life for future generations. Original botanical illustrations rendered in traditional media (with which art conservators are more familiar) can and might serve as reference research materials for endangered species and <a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">climate change</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_types_of_floral_representations">Other types of floral representations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Botanical_illustration&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Other types of floral representations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="two-dimensional_representations">two-dimensional representations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Botanical_illustration&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: two-dimensional representations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>An exhibition at the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Palais" title="Grand Palais">Grand Palais</a> in 2017<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> displayed other types of botanical illustrations: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Papercutting" title="Papercutting">Papercutting</a> : (<a href="/wiki/Philipp_Otto_Runge" title="Philipp Otto Runge">Philipp Otto Runge</a>, 1777–1810). This discipline was also practised in Ottoman Turkey (17th-18th centuries), under the name of Kaat'ı (more or less similar to <a href="/wiki/Quilling" title="Quilling">quilling</a>).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collages" class="mw-redirect" title="Collages">Collages</a>: (watercolor-enhanced paper collages by <a href="/wiki/Mary_Delany" title="Mary Delany">Mary Delany</a>).</li> <li>Cut-out gouaches (Acanthus by <a href="/wiki/Henri_Matisse" title="Henri Matisse">Henri Matisse</a>), 1953.</li> <li>Wall-paper and textile designers like <a href="/wiki/Joseph-Laurent_Malaine" title="Joseph-Laurent Malaine">Joseph-Laurent Malaine</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Arthur_et_Robert" title="Arthur et Robert">Arthur et Robert</a> wallpaper factory, or William Morris, who paid close attention to botanical detail in his botanical patterns (Common hollyhock, 1862).</li> <li>Ceramics, such as those from Sèvres, often feature botanical motifs, finely observed from the 18th century onward.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1790, Frederick VI of Denmark ordered a dinner set made decorated with exact copies of the plates of <a href="/wiki/Flora_Danica" title="Flora Danica">Flora Danica</a>. Loren L. Zeller notes that <a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Pillement" title="Jean-Baptiste Pillement">Jean-Baptiste Pillement</a> also produced several collections containing exotic floral and botanical designs.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was at a time when many women loved accessories decorated with flowers (flower holders, fans, perfume dispensers such as perfume <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.parismuseescollections.paris.fr/fr/musee-cognacq-jay/oeuvres/pistolet-a-parfum#infos-principales%7Cguns">[13]</a>) and floral wall hangings, wallpaper, textiles and jewels were fashionable.</li> <li>Floral marquetry : Jan van Mekeren (Tiel 1658-1733 Amsterdam) is remembered for his cabinets covered with floral marquetry representing more than ten identifiable flowers.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cabinetmaker <a href="/wiki/Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois_Oeben" title="Jean-François Oeben">Jean-François Oeben</a> was renowned for his foral marquetry decorations. Martine Lefèvre<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> suggests that the foliage and flower decor on a table by Oeben<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> may have been inspired by Jacques Daniel Cottin's <a href="/wiki/Indiennes" class="mw-redirect" title="Indiennes">indiennes</a> as Cottin (who <a href="/wiki/Christophe-Philippe_Oberkampf" title="Christophe-Philippe Oberkampf">Christophe-Philippe Oberkampf</a> worked for before he founded his <a href="/wiki/Toile" title="Toile">toile</a> de Jouy manufacture) was his neighbour in the "cour des Princes" in the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Arsenal_de_Paris&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arsenal de Paris (page does not exist)">Arsenal de Paris</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arsenal_de_Paris" class="extiw" title="fr:Arsenal de Paris">fr</a>]</span>. She also writes that Cottin had "a silk sample decorated with twisted columns and small bouquets sent from Lyon in order to copy it”. The silk manufactures in Lyon employed skilled artists trained in the local "classe de fleur" (flower drawing school) or in Paris (<a href="/wiki/Gobelins_Manufactory" title="Gobelins Manufactory">Gobelins Manufactory</a>). The carved decor of <a href="/wiki/Louis_XV_furniture" title="Louis XV furniture">Louis XV furniture</a> featured garlands of flowers, fleurettes, palmettes, and foliage, as well as seashells. The <a href="/wiki/Rocaille" title="Rocaille">Rocaille</a>, during the reign of Louis XV, included the use of vegetal forms (vines, leaves, flowers) intertwined in complex designs.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="three-dimensional_representations">three-dimensional representations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Botanical_illustration&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: three-dimensional representations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wax_sculpture" title="Wax sculpture">wax sculpture</a> : <a href="/w/index.php?title=Louis_Marc_Antoine_Robillard_d%E2%80%99Argentelle&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Louis Marc Antoine Robillard d’Argentelle (page does not exist)">Louis Marc Antoine Robillard d’Argentelle</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Marc_Antoine_Robillard_d%E2%80%99Argentelle" class="extiw" title="fr:Louis Marc Antoine Robillard d’Argentelle">fr</a>]</span> (1777–1828) devoted 25 years of his life to creating the Museum's “Carporama”, a collection of 112 tropical wax fruits and plants made between 1803 and 1826. The collection was presented in the Museum's botanical galleries in 1829. Before him, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Andr%C3%A9-Pierre_Pinson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="André-Pierre Pinson (page does not exist)">André-Pierre Pinson</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andr%C3%A9-Pierre_Pinson" class="extiw" title="fr:André-Pierre Pinson">fr</a>]</span> (1746–1828) had made wax mushrooms inspired by engravings by <a href="/wiki/Jean_Baptiste_Fran%C3%A7ois_Pierre_Bulliard" title="Jean Baptiste François Pierre Bulliard">Pierre Bulliard</a> (1742–1793).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papier_m%C3%A2ch%C3%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="Papier mâché">Papier mâché</a> molded as in the botanical models designed for use in teaching by <a href="/wiki/Louis_Thomas_J%C3%A9r%C3%B4me_Auzoux" title="Louis Thomas Jérôme Auzoux">Louis Auzoux</a>, dating from the 1870s-1880s, now in the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mus%C3%A9e_national_de_l%27%C3%89ducation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Musée national de l'Éducation (page does not exist)">Musée national de l'Éducation</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_national_de_l%27%C3%89ducation" class="extiw" title="fr:Musée national de l'Éducation">fr</a>]</span>. Papier mâché and other materials were used for the <a href="/wiki/Robert_and_Reinhold_Brendel" title="Robert and Reinhold Brendel">Robert and Reinhold Brendel</a>'s <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mod%C3%A8les_Brendel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Modèles Brendel (page does not exist)">modèles Brendel</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/mod%C3%A8les_Brendel" class="extiw" title="fr:modèles Brendel">fr</a>]</span>.</li> <li>Glass : In 1886, glass artists <a href="/wiki/Leopold_and_Rudolf_Blaschka" title="Leopold and Rudolf Blaschka">Leopold and Rudolf Blaschka</a> were commissioned by the <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard</a> Botanical Museum to create a collection of <a href="/wiki/Glass_Flowers" title="Glass Flowers">Glass Flowers</a>.</li> <li>Flowers have inspired many jewellers. In the 19th century, at least, they relied on detailed botanical sketches. "The ... designs, made by [Octave] Loeulliard for <a href="/wiki/Boucheron" title="Boucheron">Boucheron</a>, were criticized for striving after the exact representation of natural forms at the expense of the actual function of the jewel,... a criticism which could equally well have been levelled at Carl Fabergé and the Art Nouveau jewellers who clearly tended to regard a p iece of jewellery as a work of art rather than as a fashionable accessory".<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other examples include jewels by <a href="/wiki/Mellerio_dits_Meller" title="Mellerio dits Meller">Mellerio dits Meller</a> (Set of jewels called <i>Fuchsias en pluie</i> - shower of Fuchsia flowers), circa 1830, presented at the Redouté exhibition at the <a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_de_la_Vie_romantique" title="Musée de la Vie romantique">Musée de la Vie romantique</a>).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_botanical_illustrators">Notable botanical illustrators</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Botanical_illustration&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Notable botanical illustrators"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Notable botanical illustrators include: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 22em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_Andrews_(botanical_artist)" title="James Andrews (botanical artist)">James Andrews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_French_Angas" title="George French Angas">George French Angas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Aubriet" title="Claude Aubriet">Claude Aubriet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alois_Auer" title="Alois Auer">Alois Auer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7oise_Basseporte" title="Françoise Basseporte">Françoise Basseporte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Bauer" title="Ferdinand Bauer">Ferdinand Bauer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Bauer" title="Franz Bauer">Franz Bauer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Foley_Benson" title="Mary Foley Benson">Mary Foley Benson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Blackwell_(illustrator)" title="Elizabeth Blackwell (illustrator)">Elizabeth Blackwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Bolus" title="Harry Bolus">Harry Bolus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priscilla_Susan_Bury" title="Priscilla Susan Bury">Priscilla Susan Bury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olivia_Marie_Braida-Chiusano" title="Olivia Marie Braida-Chiusano">Olivia Marie Braida-Chiusano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Catesby" title="Mark Catesby">Mark Catesby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lise_Cloquet" title="Lise Cloquet">Lise Cloquet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gillian_Condy" title="Gillian Condy">Gillian Condy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Camille_Marius_Croizat" class="mw-redirect" title="Léon Camille Marius Croizat">Léon Camille Marius Croizat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dioscorides" class="mw-redirect" title="Dioscorides">Dioscorides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catharina_Helena_D%C3%B6rrien" title="Catharina Helena Dörrien">Catharina Helena Dörrien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atanasio_Echeverria_y_Godoy" class="mw-redirect" title="Atanasio Echeverria y Godoy">Atanasio Echeverria y Godoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sydenham_Edwards" title="Sydenham Edwards">Sydenham Edwards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Dionysius_Ehret" title="Georg Dionysius Ehret">Georg Dionysius Ehret</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Henry_Emerton" title="James Henry Emerton">James Henry Emerton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Everard" title="Barbara Everard">Barbara Everard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Hood_Fitch" title="Walter Hood Fitch">Walter Hood Fitch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Jeppe" title="Barbara Jeppe">Barbara Jeppe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martha_King" title="Martha King">Martha King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_le_Moyne" class="mw-redirect" title="Jacques le Moyne">Jacques le Moyne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorothy_van_Dyke_Leake" title="Dorothy van Dyke Leake">Dorothy van Dyke Leake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cythna_Letty" title="Cythna Letty">Cythna Letty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Axel_Magnus_Lindman" title="Carl Axel Magnus Lindman">Carl Axel Magnus Lindman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Mee" title="Margaret Mee">Margaret Mee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Sibylla_Merian" title="Maria Sibylla Merian">Maria Sibylla Merian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippa_Nikulinsky" title="Philippa Nikulinsky">Philippa Nikulinsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marianne_North" title="Marianne North">Marianne North</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre-Joseph_Redout%C3%A9" title="Pierre-Joseph Redouté">Pierre-Joseph Redouté</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarah_Rhodes" title="Sarah Rhodes">Sarah Rhodes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lewis_Roberts_(naturalist)" title="Lewis Roberts (naturalist)">Lewis Roberts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celia_Rosser" title="Celia Rosser">Celia Rosser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ellis_Rowan" title="Ellis Rowan">Ellis Rowan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vera_Scarth-Johnson" title="Vera Scarth-Johnson">Vera Scarth-Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ellen_Isham_Schutt" title="Ellen Isham Schutt">Ellen Isham Schutt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorothea_Eliza_Smith" title="Dorothea Eliza Smith">Dorothea Eliza Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matilda_Smith" title="Matilda Smith">Matilda Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lilian_Snelling" title="Lilian Snelling">Lilian Snelling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerard_van_Spaendonck" title="Gerard van Spaendonck">Gerard van Spaendonck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Sowerby" title="James Sowerby">James Sowerby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sydney_Parkinson" title="Sydney Parkinson">Sydney Parkinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alice_Tangerini" title="Alice Tangerini">Alice Tangerini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frances_Elizabeth_Tripp" title="Frances Elizabeth Tripp">Frances Elizabeth Tripp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Twining" title="Elizabeth Twining">Elizabeth Twining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Jean_Fran%C3%A7ois_Turpin" title="Pierre Jean François Turpin">Pierre Jean François Turpin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ellaphie_Ward-Hilhorst" title="Ellaphie Ward-Hilhorst">Ellaphie Ward-Hilhorst</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Awards">Awards</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Botanical_illustration&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Awards"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Linnean_Society_of_London" title="Linnean Society of London">Linnean Society of London</a> awards the <a href="/wiki/Jill_Smythies_Award" title="Jill Smythies Award">Jill Smythies Award</a> for botanical illustration.<sup id="cite_ref-LinnSoc_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LinnSoc-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Botanical_illustration&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Florilegium" title="Florilegium">Florilegium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Still_life" title="Still life">Still life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_florilegia_and_botanical_codices" title="List of florilegia and botanical codices">List of florilegia and botanical codices</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_American_botanical_illustrators" title="List of American botanical illustrators">List of American botanical illustrators</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Australian_botanical_illustrators" title="List of Australian botanical illustrators">List of Australian botanical illustrators</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Irish_botanical_illustrators" title="List of Irish botanical illustrators">List of Irish botanical illustrators</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illustration" title="Illustration">Illustration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stuttgart_Database_of_Scientific_Illustrators" class="mw-redirect" title="Stuttgart Database of Scientific Illustrators">Stuttgart Database of Scientific Illustrators</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Botanical_illustration&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://collections.vam.ac.uk/item/O88258/watercolor-american-turks-cap-lily-lilium/">"American Turk's cap Lily"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Victoria_and_Albert_Museum" title="Victoria and Albert Museum">Victoria and Albert Museum</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-12-12</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=American+Turk%27s+cap+Lily&rft.pub=Victoria+and+Albert+Museum&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcollections.vam.ac.uk%2Fitem%2FO88258%2Fwatercolor-american-turks-cap-lily-lilium%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABotanical+illustration" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSydney_Living_Museums2016" class="citation cs2">Sydney Living Museums (2016-07-13), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cGxHTUgcYv0"><i>The art in the illustration</i></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211221/cGxHTUgcYv0">archived</a> from the original on 2021-12-21<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-07-29</span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+art+in+the+illustration&rft.date=2016-07-13&rft.au=Sydney+Living+Museums&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DcGxHTUgcYv0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABotanical+illustration" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchaap,_RobertTsukioka,_KōgyoRimer,_J._ThomasKerlen,_H.2010" class="citation cs2">Schaap, Robert; Tsukioka, Kōgyo; Rimer, J. Thomas; Kerlen, H. (2010), <i>The beauty of silence : Japanese Nō and nature prints by Tsukioka Kōgyo, 1869-1927</i>, Hotei Publishing, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-19385-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-19385-7"><bdi>978-90-04-19385-7</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+beauty+of+silence+%3A+Japanese+N%C5%8D+and+nature+prints+by+Tsukioka+K%C5%8Dgyo%2C+1869-1927&rft.pub=Hotei+Publishing&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-90-04-19385-7&rft.au=Schaap%2C+Robert&rft.au=Tsukioka%2C+K%C5%8Dgyo&rft.au=Rimer%2C+J.+Thomas&rft.au=Kerlen%2C+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABotanical+illustration" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Citation needed.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iapt-taxon.org/nomen/pages/main/art_40.html#Art40.4/">"International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants"</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Association_for_Plant_Taxonomy_(IAPT)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="International Association for Plant Taxonomy (IAPT) (page does not exist)">International Association for Plant Taxonomy (IAPT)</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-07-30</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=International+Code+of+Nomenclature+for+algae%2C+fungi%2C+and+plants&rft.pub=International+Association+for+Plant+Taxonomy+%28IAPT%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iapt-taxon.org%2Fnomen%2Fpages%2Fmain%2Fart_40.html%23Art40.4%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABotanical+illustration" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/List_of_florilegia_and_botanical_codices" title="List of florilegia and botanical codices">List of florilegia and botanical codices</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kew.org/kew-gardens/whats-in-the-gardens/shirley-sherwood-gallery-of-botanical-art">"Kew Gardens website"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Kew+Gardens+website&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.kew.org%2Fkew-gardens%2Fwhats-in-the-gardens%2Fshirley-sherwood-gallery-of-botanical-art&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABotanical+illustration" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Leiden, Ms. Voss Q. 9</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gundolf Keil: ‘Circa instans’. In: <i>Lexikon des Mittelalters</i>. Band 2. München 1983, Sp. 2094–2096.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b105072169/f1.item">Gallica</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b55008559f/f8.item">Gallica</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.bl.uk/manuscripts/FullDisplay.aspx?index=0&ref=Egerton_MS_2020">http://www.bl.uk/manuscripts/FullDisplay.aspx?index=0&ref=Egerton_MS_2020</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Biblioteca_Marciana" title="Biblioteca Marciana">Biblioteca Marciana</a>, cod. Marc. Lat. VI, 59 = 2548</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k1095056k/f1.item">Gallica</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.alsace-histoire.org/netdba/egenolff-christian/">"EGENOLFF Christian"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=EGENOLFF+Christian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.alsace-histoire.org%2Fnetdba%2Fegenolff-christian%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABotanical+illustration" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/20230415125752/http://www.bl.uk/manuscripts/Viewer.aspx?ref=add_ms_22332_fs001r">British Library </a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">'« L'opinion changée quant aux fleurs » ? les historiens et la « culture des fleurs »: un terrain par trop délaissé', in <i>Revue d’histoire moderne & contemporaine</i> 2000/4 (no 47-4), pages 815 à 827, <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.cairn.info/revue-d-histoire-moderne-et-contemporaine-2000-4-page-815.htm#re23no23">[1]</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dfg-viewer.de/show?tx_dlf%5Bdouble%5D=0&tx_dlf%5Bid%5D=https%3A%2F%2Fdigital.ub.uni-duesseldorf.de%2Foai%2F%3Fverb%3DGetRecord%26metadataPrefix%3Dmets%26identifier%3D1334510&tx_dlf%5Bpage%5D=1&cHash=99f3e46172b7dc8900c17e05b7a65b57">Universität Düsseldorf</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Samir Boumediene, <i>La colonisation du savoir - Une histoire des plantes médicinales du Nouveau Monde, 1492-1750</i>. Des Mondes A Faire, 2016</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">‘’Les Observations de plusieurs singularités et choses mémorable trouvées en Grèce, Asie, Judée, Égypte, Arabie et autres pays estrangers‘’, Paris, G. Corrozet, 1553</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://daten.digitale-sammlungen.de/0001/bsb00011834/images/index.html?id=00011834&groesser=&fip=193.174.98.30&no=&seite=26">1576 volume, Bayerische Staatsbibliothek</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.huntbotanical.org/admin/uploads/hibd-printmaking-cat.pdf">Huntbotanical</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biusante.parisdescartes.fr/histoire/medica/resultats/index.php?p=202&cote=pharma_res019124&do=page">Université Paris Cité</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dfg-viewer.de/show?tx_dlf%5Bdouble%5D=0&tx_dlf%5Bid%5D=http%3A%2F%2Fdigital.ub.uni-duesseldorf.de%2Foai%2F%3Fverb%3DGetRecord%26metadataPrefix%3Dmets%26identifier%3D5277707&tx_dlf%5Bpage%5D=694&cHash=080758609cedb6b1b3e1fe80d439d129">Düsseldork Universität</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Florilegium_novum">Wikimedia</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/robin-vallet-1608-le-jardin-bnfbtv-1b-8612033t">Internet Archive</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jardinduRoytres00Vall/page/n13/mode/2up">Internet Archive</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mehling, Lara (2021). 'Woven Catalog, Living Collection: West Asian Flora 'Radically' Displaced'. <i>University of Toronto Art Journals</i>. 9 (1): 35–57.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_Natural_History,_France" title="National Museum of Natural History, France">National Museum of Natural History, France</a> :<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://bibliotheques.mnhn.fr/medias/medias.aspx?INSTANCE=exploitation&PORTAL_ID=portal_model_instance__decouverte_herbier_besler_hortus_eystettensis_.xml#">[2]</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b10501726j/f7.item.r=Hortus%20Floridus">Gallica</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b86264418/f9.image">Gallica</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">It deals with trees (including fruit trees and <a href="/wiki/Orangery" title="Orangery">orangery</a> plants), the ‘kitchen garden’, the ‘flower’ garden and the ‘ornaments of the pleasure garden’ (general layout, grottoes, fountains, statues, perspectives). This is followed by a number of ‘drawings’ (garden plans, embroidery designs, etc.). The first orangery seems to have been built in Padua in 1645: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Wolf_Helmhardt_von_Hohberg&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wolf Helmhardt von Hohberg (page does not exist)">Wolf Helmhardt von Hohberg</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolf_Helmhardt_von_Hohberg" class="extiw" title="de:Wolf Helmhardt von Hohberg">de</a>]</span> (1612–1688) depicts one, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Georgica_curiosa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Georgica curiosa (page does not exist)">Georgica curiosa</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgica_curiosa" class="extiw" title="fr:Georgica curiosa">fr</a>]</span>, Nuremberg 1701); so does Jan van der Groen (<i>Den Nederlandsen Hovenier</i>, The Dutch Gardener, Amsterdam: Doornick, 1669). The word "orangery" is derived from the French "orangerie" which appeared in 1603 : <a href="/wiki/Olivier_de_Serres" title="Olivier de Serres">Olivier de Serres</a> used to call them "logis des orangers" (orange tree houses).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Le Floriste françois, traitant de l'origine des tulipes, de l'ordre qu'on doit observer pour les cultiver et les planter... avec un catalog des noms des tulipes</i> (The French florist, on the origin of tulips, the order in which they should be grown and planted... with a catalogue of the names of the tulips) published by Éléazar Mangeant (son of music publisher Jacques Mangeant)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Traité des tulipes, avec la manière de les bien cultiver, leurs noms, leurs couleurs et leur beauté</i> (Treatise on tulips, with how to grow them well, their names, colours and beauty) with Charles de Sercy (1623-1700? Parisian printer and bookseller).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/term/BIOG16930">British Museum</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>École de la mignature : Dans laquelle on peut aisément apprendre à peindre sans maître</i>, Lyon, Franc̜ois Du Chesne, 1679, p.87. Gallica: <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://books.google.fr/books?id=BbUUAAAAQAAJ&printsec=frontcover&hl=fr&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false">[3]</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k15123469?rk=21459;2">Gallica</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k6216045d?rk=21459;2">Gallica</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k1041775q?rk=21459;2">Gallica</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ainsworth, G.C. (1981). <i>Introduction to the History of Plant Pathology</i>. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-23032-2</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://preserver.beic.it/delivery/DeliveryManagerServlet?dps_pid=IE3097398">BEIC</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.e-rara.ch/zuz/content/zoom/15196482">E-rara</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biolib.de/linne/hortus/high/IMG_1393.html">Biolib</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">No details here, sorry.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k15235952">Gallica</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k15199951?rk=21459;2">Gallica</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b53243247k?rk=21459;2">Gallica</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k1510540w?rk=21459;2">Galica</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Dictionnaire des plantes usuelles, des arbres et arbustes, des animaux qui servent d'alimens, de médicamens ou d'amusement à l'homme, et les minéraux qui sont d'usage en médecine ; ouvrage mis à la portée de tout le monde ; orné d'environ huit-cents planches... Par une société de gens de lettres, naturalistes et médecins</i>, Paris 1793-94. Hortalia: <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://bibliotheque-numerique.hortalia.org/items/show/70">[4]</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b8490134p?rk=21459;2">Gallica</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k1043425d/f9.item">Gallica</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Traité historique et pratique de la gravure en bois</i>, Paris: P.-G. Simon, 1766</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bd6t5399018m?rk=257512;0">Gallica</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k1910971s?rk=64378;0">Gallica</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b55002817z?rk=85837;2">Gallica</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k9693445n?rk=42918;4">Gallica</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k84493h?rk=42918;4">Gallica</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Mémoire sur l'Histoire naturelle des Orangers, Bigaradiers, Limettiers, Cédratiers, Limoniers ou Citroniers cultivés dans le département des Alpes-Maritimes</i>. Paris. Annales du Muséum d'Histoire Naturelle. p. 169 à 212.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.botanicus.org/page/393248">Botanicus</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Sertum orchidaceum: a wreath of the most beautiful orchidaceous flowers</i>, Biodiversity Library: <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/5972#page/10/mode/1up">[5]</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Letter to Constant Dutilleux, February 6, 1849 [http: //www. correspondance-delacroix.fr/correspondances/bdd/correspondance/571]</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digitalcollections.nypl.org/collections/photographs-of-british-algae-cyanotype-impressions#/?tab=about">Digitalcollections</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Art of Botanical Illustration, p. 265</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://publicdomainreview.org/collection/plants-and-their-application-to-ornament-1896/">Public Domain Review</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Michel Frising, 'L’Encyclopédie florale d’Henri Bergé', <i>Art nouveau & écologie. Mélanges</i> pages 134-140, Bruxelles: Réseau art nouveau network, 2015</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tangerini3-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Tangerini3_66-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCorson2017" class="citation web cs1">Corson, Cheryl (March 9, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170714134625/http://www.capitalcommunitynews.com/content/botanical-illustrator-alice-tangerini">"Botanical Illustrator Alice Tangerini"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Hill_Rag" title="Hill Rag">Hill Rag</a></i>. Capital Community News Inc. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.capitalcommunitynews.com/content/botanical-illustrator-alice-tangerini">the original</a> on July 14, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 6,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Hill+Rag&rft.atitle=Botanical+Illustrator+Alice+Tangerini&rft.date=2017-03-09&rft.aulast=Corson&rft.aufirst=Cheryl&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.capitalcommunitynews.com%2Fcontent%2Fbotanical-illustrator-alice-tangerini&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABotanical+illustration" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bonnie Yochelson (foreword), <i>Dr. Dain L. Tasker</i>, Stinehour Editions & Howard Greenberg Gallery, New York, 2000. Some photos here: <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.stinehoureditions.com/books/dr-dain-l-tasker">[6]</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Laurent Le Bon (dir.), <i>Jardins</i>, 2017, RMN-GP, 352 p., 49 €. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9782711863631" title="Special:BookSources/9782711863631">9782711863631</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sevresciteceramique.fr/musee/expositions-en-ligne/exposition-virtuelle-un-jardin-de-papier-et-de-porcelaine/le-jardin-botanique.html">Sèvres – Cité de la céramique </a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Loren L. Zeller, 'The influence of Jean-Baptiste Pillement's art on ceramics', presented online on 6 August 2020: <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.transferwarecollectorsclub.org/sites/default/files/research-learning-pdfs/zeller_ecc_pillement_article_august2021.pdf">[7]</a> p.157</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Victoria & Albert Museum: W.5:1 to 14-1986. Rijksmuseum Amsterdam (inv. R.B.K. 1964-12). Metropolitan Museum New York (1995, 371a, b). Charlecote Park. Amerongen Castle.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Honorary Chief Curator at the <a href="/wiki/Biblioth%C3%A8que_de_l%27Arsenal" title="Bibliothèque de l'Arsenal">Bibliothèque de l'Arsenal</a>, 'La manufacture de Jacques Daniel Cottin à l'Arsenal'<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mus%C3%A9e_de_la_toile_de_Jouy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Musée de la toile de Jouy (page does not exist)">Musée de la toile de Jouy</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_de_la_toile_de_Jouy" class="extiw" title="fr:Musée de la toile de Jouy">fr</a>]</span>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.museedelatoiledejouy.fr/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/COLLOQUE-SCIENTIFIQUE-ET-HISTORIQUE-SSB.pdf">[8]</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_Cognacq-Jay" title="Musée Cognacq-Jay">Musée Cognacq-Jay</a>, Inv.¬COG J373, <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.museecognacqjay.paris.fr/collections/les-chefs-doeuvre/table-mecanique#">[9]</a>.. The Victoria and Albert Museum has a pair of Encoignures (1760-1765), with each cupboard door decorated with a with a floral marquetry showing two different bouquets of perfectly identifiable flowers. V&A: <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://collections.vam.ac.uk/item/O152816/pair-of-encoignures-oeben-jean-fran%C3%A7ois/">[10]</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Owen Hopkins, <i>Les styles en architecture</i>. Dunod, (2014). ISBN 978-2-10-070689-1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Victorianweb: <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://victorianweb.org/art/design/jewelry/gere/9.html">[11]</a> and Gallica: <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k6374068p/f97.item.r=Loeulliard">[12]</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-LinnSoc-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-LinnSoc_76-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.linnean.org/the-society/medals-awards-prizes-grants">"Linnean Society Medals, Awards, Prizes and Grants"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 October</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Linnean+Society+Medals%2C+Awards%2C+Prizes+and+Grants&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.linnean.org%2Fthe-society%2Fmedals-awards-prizes-grants&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABotanical+illustration" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Botanical_illustration&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>De Bray, Lys (2001). <i>The Art of Botanical Illustration: A history of classic illustrators and their achievements</i>. Quantum Publishing, London. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-86160-425-4" title="Special:BookSources/1-86160-425-4">1-86160-425-4</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilfrid_Jasper_Walter_Blunt" title="Wilfrid Jasper Walter Blunt">Blunt, Wilfrid</a> and <a href="/wiki/Stearn,_William_T." class="mw-redirect" title="Stearn, William T.">Stearn, William T.</a> (1994). <i>The Art of Botanical Illustration</i>. Antique Collector's Club, London. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85149-177-5" title="Special:BookSources/1-85149-177-5">1-85149-177-5</a>.</li> <li>Morris, Colleen; Louisa Murray: (2016). <i>The Florilegium: the Royal Botanic Gardens Sydney celebrating 200 years: plants of the three gardens of the Royal Botanic Gardens and Domain Trust</i>, The Florilegium Society at the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Botanic_Gardens,_Sydney" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Botanic Gardens, Sydney">Royal Botanic Gardens, Sydney</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-099-447790-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-099-447790-3">978-099-447790-3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sherwood,_Shirley" class="mw-redirect" title="Sherwood, Shirley">Sherwood, Shirley</a> (2001). <i>A Passion for Plants: Contemporary Botanical Masterworks</i>. Cassell and Co, London. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-304-35828-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-304-35828-2">0-304-35828-2</a>.</li> <li>Sherwood, Shirley and <a href="/wiki/Martyn_Rix" title="Martyn Rix">Rix, Martyn</a> (2008). <i>Treasures of Botanical Art</i>. <a href="/wiki/Royal_Botanic_Gardens,_Kew" title="Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew">Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84246-221-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84246-221-8">978-1-84246-221-8</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.anbg.gov.au/bot-biog/index.html">"Index"</a>. <i>Australian Plant Collectors and Illustrators 1780s-1980s</i>. Australian National Herbarium<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-10-02</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Australian+Plant+Collectors+and+Illustrators+1780s-1980s&rft.atitle=Index&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.anbg.gov.au%2Fbot-biog%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABotanical+illustration" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lib.udel.edu/ud/spec/exhibits/hort/women.htm">"Women Illustrators"</a>. <i>The Art of Botanical Illustration</i>. University of Delaware Library<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-10-02</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Art+of+Botanical+Illustration&rft.atitle=Women+Illustrators&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lib.udel.edu%2Fud%2Fspec%2Fexhibits%2Fhort%2Fwomen.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABotanical+illustration" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080509054707/http://huntbot.andrew.cmu.edu/HIBD/Default.shtml#top#top">"Home page"</a>. <i>Hunt Institute for Botanical Documentation</i>. Carnegie Mellon University. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://huntbot.andrew.cmu.edu/HIBD/Default.shtml#top">the original</a> on 2008-05-09<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-10-02</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Hunt+Institute+for+Botanical+Documentation&rft.atitle=Home+page&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhuntbot.andrew.cmu.edu%2FHIBD%2FDefault.shtml%23top&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABotanical+illustration" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLack2021" class="citation book cs1">Lack, H. Walter (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9eAizgEACAAJ"><i>A Garden Eden: Masterpieces of Botanical Illustration</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Taschen" title="Taschen">Taschen</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-8365-7739-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-8365-7739-7"><bdi>978-3-8365-7739-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Garden+Eden%3A+Masterpieces+of+Botanical+Illustration&rft.pub=Taschen&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=978-3-8365-7739-7&rft.aulast=Lack&rft.aufirst=H.+Walter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9eAizgEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABotanical+illustration" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Botanical_illustration&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Botanical_illustrations" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Botanical illustrations">Botanical illustrations</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.asba-art.org">American Society of Botanical Artists</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cool.conservation-us.org/coolaic/sg/bpg/annual/v18/bp18-14.html">Art Serving Science: Solutions for the Preservation and Access of a Collection of Botanical Art and Illustration</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.botanicalartsocietyaustralia.com">Botanical Art Society of Australia</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikis.nbi.ac.uk/InnerWorlds/index.php/John_Innes_Centre_Historical_Collection_of_Botanical_Drawings#.UThxaRyePAk">Botanical Drawings of carnivorous plants from the John Innes Centre Historical Collection</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180403234556/https://wikis.nbi.ac.uk/InnerWorlds/index.php/John_Innes_Centre_Historical_Collection_of_Botanical_Drawings#.UThxaRyePAk">Archived</a> 2018-04-03 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.plantillustrations.org">Plantillustrations.org: searchable database of historic illustrations</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://botany.si.edu/botart/">Botany.si.edu: online Smithsonian catalogue</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rjb.csic.es/icones/mutis/paginas/index_en.php">Flora of New Granada (Colombia) Drawings online, from the Royal Botanical Expedition led by Jose Celestino Mutis </a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nps.gov/plants/cw/watercolor/index.htm">Traveling Artist Wildflowers Project</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lib.udel.edu/ud/spec/exhibits/hort/">University of Delaware: 'The Art of Botanical Illustration' exhibit</a></li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Botanical_illustration&oldid=1257634746">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Botanical_illustration&oldid=1257634746</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Botanical_art" title="Category:Botanical art">Botanical art</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Florae_(publication)" title="Category:Florae (publication)">Florae (publication)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Illustration" title="Category:Illustration">Illustration</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Botany" title="Category:Botany">Botany</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Scientific_illustrators" title="Category:Scientific illustrators">Scientific illustrators</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description matches Wikidata">Short description matches Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_needing_additional_references_from_October_2021" title="Category:Articles needing additional references from October 2021">Articles needing additional references from October 2021</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_needing_additional_references" title="Category:All articles needing additional references">All articles needing additional references</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Latin-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Latin-language text">Articles containing Latin-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Commons category link from Wikidata">Commons category link from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 15 November 2024, at 23:17<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Botanical_illustration&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-6d67bf974d-bbn2b","wgBackendResponseTime":162,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.549","walltime":"0.780","ppvisitednodes":{"value":7034,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":51260,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":4363,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":16,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":31,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":85522,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 621.568 1 -total"," 28.13% 174.862 1 Template:Reflist"," 18.40% 114.387 29 Template:Interlanguage_link"," 15.94% 99.074 1 Template:Lang"," 15.55% 96.673 1 Template:Short_description"," 15.41% 95.796 9 Template:Cite_web"," 9.16% 56.920 39 Template:Main_other"," 7.64% 47.478 1 Template:SDcat"," 7.19% 44.715 1 Template:More_citations_needed_section"," 6.97% 43.343 1 Template:Commons_category"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.253","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":15168684,"limit":52428800}},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-6df7948d6c-7bmzb","timestamp":"20241127203638","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Botanical illustration","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Botanical_illustration","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q3796486","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q3796486","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2007-07-31T00:14:42Z","dateModified":"2024-11-15T23:17:03Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/a\/af\/Botanical_illustration_of_Lilium_superbum.jpg","headline":"drawing or painted image of plants and their components"}</script> </body> </html>