CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-disabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="it" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Bumiputra - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-disabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )itwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":[",\t."," \t,"],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""], "wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy","wgMonthNames":["","gennaio","febbraio","marzo","aprile","maggio","giugno","luglio","agosto","settembre","ottobre","novembre","dicembre"],"wgRequestId":"7124649e-1ea0-476d-9ae2-262286a6d1b3","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Bumiputra","wgTitle":"Bumiputra","wgCurRevisionId":140928061,"wgRevisionId":140928061,"wgArticleId":2095453,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Template Webarchive - collegamenti all'Internet Archive","Gruppi etnici in Malaysia","Discriminazione","Definizioni storiche di razza"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"it","wgPageContentLanguage":"it","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Bumiputra","wgRelevantArticleId":2095453,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive": false,"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"it","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"it"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":true,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":9000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q1004875","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.gadget.coloriDarkMode-default":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready", "site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","site","mediawiki.page.ready","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.MainPageWikiList","ext.gadget.stru-commonsupload","ext.gadget.HiddenCat","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.TitoloErrato","ext.gadget.NewSection","ext.gadget.RichiediRevisioneBozza","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging", "ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=it&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=it&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=it&modules=ext.gadget.coloriDarkMode-default&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=it&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.5"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Bumiputra - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//it.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bumiputra"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Modifica" href="/w/index.php?title=Bumiputra&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (it)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//it.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bumiputra"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.it"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Feed Atom di Wikipedia" href="/w/index.php?title=Speciale:UltimeModifiche&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Bumiputra rootpage-Bumiputra skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Vai al contenuto</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Sito"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Menu principale" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Menu principale</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Menu principale</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">sposta nella barra laterale</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">nascondi</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigazione </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Pagina_principale" title="Visita la pagina principale [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Pagina principale</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Speciale:UltimeModifiche" title="Elenco delle ultime modifiche del sito [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Ultime modifiche</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Speciale:PaginaCasuale" title="Mostra una pagina a caso [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Una voce a caso</span></a></li><li id="n-nearby-pages-title" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Speciale:NelleVicinanze"><span>Nelle vicinanze</span></a></li><li id="n-vetrina" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Vetrina"><span>Vetrina</span></a></li><li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Aiuto:Aiuto" title="Pagine di aiuto"><span>Aiuto</span></a></li><li id="n-Sportello-informazioni" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Aiuto:Sportello_informazioni"><span>Sportello informazioni</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-Comunità" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-Comunità" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Comunità </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portale:Comunit%C3%A0" title="Descrizione del progetto, cosa puoi fare, dove trovare le cose"><span>Portale Comunità</span></a></li><li id="n-villagepump" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Bar"><span>Bar</span></a></li><li id="n-wikipediano" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikipediano"><span>Il Wikipediano</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contatti"><span>Contatti</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Pagina_principale" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="L'enciclopedia libera" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-it.svg" width="120" height="13" style="width: 7.5em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Speciale:Ricerca" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Cerca in Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Ricerca</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Cerca in Wikipedia" aria-label="Cerca in Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Cerca in Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Speciale:Ricerca"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Ricerca</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Strumenti personali"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Aspetto"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Modifica la dimensione, la larghezza e il colore del testo" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Aspetto" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Aspetto</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_it.wikipedia.org&uselang=it" class=""><span>Fai una donazione</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Speciale:CreaUtenza&returnto=Bumiputra" title="Si consiglia di registrarsi e di effettuare l'accesso, anche se non è obbligatorio" class=""><span>registrati</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Speciale:Entra&returnto=Bumiputra" title="Si consiglia di effettuare l'accesso, anche se non è obbligatorio [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>entra</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Altre opzioni" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Strumenti personali" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Strumenti personali</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="Menu utente" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_it.wikipedia.org&uselang=it"><span>Fai una donazione</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Speciale:CreaUtenza&returnto=Bumiputra" title="Si consiglia di registrarsi e di effettuare l'accesso, anche se non è obbligatorio"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>registrati</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Speciale:Entra&returnto=Bumiputra" title="Si consiglia di effettuare l'accesso, anche se non è obbligatorio [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>entra</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pagine per utenti anonimi <a href="/wiki/Aiuto:Benvenuto" aria-label="Ulteriori informazioni sulla contribuzione"><span>ulteriori informazioni</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Speciale:MieiContributi" title="Un elenco delle modifiche fatte da questo indirizzo IP [y]" accesskey="y"><span>contributi</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Speciale:MieDiscussioni" title="Discussioni sulle modifiche fatte da questo indirizzo IP [n]" accesskey="n"><span>discussioni</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Sito"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Indice" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Indice</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">sposta nella barra laterale</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">nascondi</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Inizio</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Definizione" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Definizione"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Definizione</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Definizione-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Condizione_dei_bumiputra" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Condizione_dei_bumiputra"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Condizione dei bumiputra</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Condizione_dei_bumiputra-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Note" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Note"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Note</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Note-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Indice" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Mostra/Nascondi l'indice" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Mostra/Nascondi l'indice</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Bumiputra</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Vai a una voce in un'altra lingua. Disponibile in 26 lingue" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-26" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">26 lingue</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%81%D9%88%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%A7" title="بوميفوترا - arabo" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="بوميفوترا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bumiputra_(Malayziya)" title="Bumiputra (Malayziya) - azerbaigiano" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Bumiputra (Malayziya)" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="azerbaigiano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bumiputra" title="Bumiputra - tedesco" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Bumiputra" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="tedesco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dtp mw-list-item"><a href="https://dtp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bumiputera" title="Bumiputera - dusun centrale" lang="dtp" hreflang="dtp" data-title="Bumiputera" data-language-autonym="Kadazandusun" data-language-local-name="dusun centrale" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kadazandusun</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bumiputera_(Malaysia)" title="Bumiputera (Malaysia) - inglese" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Bumiputera (Malaysia)" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="inglese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bumiputra" title="Bumiputra - spagnolo" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Bumiputra" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="spagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%85%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%D9%BE%D9%88%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%A7_(%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B2%DB%8C)" title="بومی‌پوترا (مالزی) - persiano" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="بومی‌پوترا (مالزی)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persiano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bumiputra" title="Bumiputra - finlandese" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Bumiputra" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finlandese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bumiputera" title="Bumiputera - francese" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Bumiputera" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="francese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0" title="भूमिपुत्र - hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="भूमिपुत्र" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bumiputera_(Malaysia)" title="Bumiputera (Malaysia) - indonesiano" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Bumiputera (Malaysia)" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonesiano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%96%E3%83%9F%E3%83%97%E3%83%88%E3%83%A9%E6%94%BF%E7%AD%96" title="ブミプトラ政策 - giapponese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ブミプトラ政策" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="giapponese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B6%80%EB%AF%B8%ED%91%B8%ED%8A%B8%EB%9D%BC" title="부미푸트라 - coreano" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="부미푸트라" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="coreano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bumiputera" title="Bumiputera - malese" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Bumiputera" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bumiputera" title="Bumiputera - polacco" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Bumiputera" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="polacco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bumiputera" title="Bumiputera - portoghese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Bumiputera" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portoghese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BF%D1%83%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Бумипутра - russo" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Бумипутра" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="russo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bumiputra" title="Bumiputra - svedese" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Bumiputra" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="svedese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BE_(%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BE)" title="பூமிபுத்திரா (மலேசியா) - tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பூமிபுத்திரா (மலேசியா)" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A3" title="ภูมิบุตร - thailandese" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ภูมิบุตร" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="thailandese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bumiputra" title="Bumiputra - turco" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Bumiputra" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%83%D0%BC%D1%96%D0%BF%D1%83%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Буміпутра - ucraino" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Буміпутра" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ucraino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%85%DB%8C_%D9%BE%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%A7_(%D9%85%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%8C%D8%B4%DB%8C%D8%A7)" title="بومی پترا (ملائیشیا) - urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="بومی پترا (ملائیشیا)" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bumiputera_(Malaysia)" title="Bumiputera (Malaysia) - vietnamita" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Bumiputera (Malaysia)" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnamita" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%A6%AC%E4%BE%86%E8%A5%BF%E4%BA%9E%E5%9C%9F%E8%91%97" title="馬來西亞土著 - cinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="馬來西亞土著" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="cinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%A6%AC%E4%BE%86%E8%A5%BF%E4%BA%9E%E5%9C%9F%E8%91%97" title="馬來西亞土著 - cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="馬來西亞土著" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1004875#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Modifica collegamenti interlinguistici" class="wbc-editpage">Modifica collegamenti</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespace"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Bumiputra" title="Vedi la voce [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Voce</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Discussione:Bumiputra" rel="discussion" title="Vedi le discussioni relative a questa pagina [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Discussione</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Cambia versione linguistica" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">italiano</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Visite"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Bumiputra"><span>Leggi</span></a></li><li id="ca-ve-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bumiputra&veaction=edit" title="Modifica questa pagina [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Modifica</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="collapsible vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bumiputra&action=edit" title="Modifica il wikitesto di questa pagina [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Modifica wikitesto</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bumiputra&action=history" title="Versioni precedenti di questa pagina [h]" accesskey="h"><span>Cronologia</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Strumenti pagine"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Strumenti" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Strumenti</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Strumenti</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">sposta nella barra laterale</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">nascondi</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="Altre opzioni" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Azioni </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Bumiputra"><span>Leggi</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-ve-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bumiputra&veaction=edit" title="Modifica questa pagina [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Modifica</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="collapsible vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bumiputra&action=edit" title="Modifica il wikitesto di questa pagina [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Modifica wikitesto</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bumiputra&action=history"><span>Cronologia</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Generale </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Speciale:PuntanoQui/Bumiputra" title="Elenco di tutte le pagine che sono collegate a questa [j]" accesskey="j"><span>Puntano qui</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Speciale:ModificheCorrelate/Bumiputra" rel="nofollow" title="Elenco delle ultime modifiche alle pagine collegate a questa [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Modifiche correlate</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Speciale:PagineSpeciali" title="Elenco di tutte le pagine speciali [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Pagine speciali</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bumiputra&oldid=140928061" title="Collegamento permanente a questa versione di questa pagina"><span>Link permanente</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bumiputra&action=info" title="Ulteriori informazioni su questa pagina"><span>Informazioni pagina</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Speciale:Cita&page=Bumiputra&id=140928061&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Informazioni su come citare questa pagina"><span>Cita questa voce</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Speciale:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fit.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FBumiputra"><span>Ottieni URL breve</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Speciale:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fit.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FBumiputra"><span>Scarica codice QR</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Stampa/esporta </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-create_a_book" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Speciale:Libro&bookcmd=book_creator&referer=Bumiputra"><span>Crea un libro</span></a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Speciale:DownloadAsPdf&page=Bumiputra&action=show-download-screen"><span>Scarica come PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bumiputra&printable=yes" title="Versione stampabile di questa pagina [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Versione stampabile</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In altri progetti </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1004875" title="Collegamento all'elemento connesso dell'archivio dati [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Elemento Wikidata</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Strumenti pagine"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Aspetto"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Aspetto</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">sposta nella barra laterale</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">nascondi</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Da Wikipedia, l'enciclopedia libera.</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="it" dir="ltr"><p><b>Bumiputra</b> o <b>Bumiputera</b> è una parola <a href="/wiki/Lingua_malay" class="mw-redirect" title="Lingua malay">malay</a> ampiamente usata in <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a> in riferimento ai gruppi etnici <a href="/wiki/Malay_(popolo)" class="mw-redirect" title="Malay (popolo)">malay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Giavanesi" title="Giavanesi">giavanesi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bugis" title="Bugis">bugis</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Minang&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Minang (la pagina non esiste)">minang</a> e a volte altre ad etnie indigene come gli <a href="/wiki/Orang_Asli" title="Orang Asli">Orang Asli</a> nella Malesia peninsulare e popolazioni tribali di <a href="/wiki/Sabah" title="Sabah">Sabah</a> e <a href="/wiki/Sarawak" title="Sarawak">Sarawak</a>. Il termine proviene dal <a href="/wiki/Sanscrito" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanscrito">sanscrito</a> <i>Bhumiputra</i>, che può essere tradotto letteralmente come "figlio della terra" (bhumi = terra, putra = figlio). Politiche economiche a favore dei bumiputra (che comprendono l'<a href="/wiki/Affirmative_action" class="mw-redirect" title="Affirmative action">affirmative action</a> nell'istruzione pubblica) sono state attuate negli <a href="/wiki/Anni_1970" title="Anni 1970">anni 1970</a> con lo scopo dichiarato di alleviare le tensioni interetniche seguite all'incidente del 13 maggio <a href="/wiki/1969" title="1969">1969</a>. Queste politiche sono riuscite a creare una significativa classe media urbana malay, ma sono state meno efficaci nel combattere la povertà diffusa fra le comunità rurali e hanno provocato una scia di risentimento nelle etnie escluse (come i <a href="/wiki/Cinesi" title="Cinesi">cinesi</a> e gli <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">indiani</a>). </p><p>In linea di massima i sino-malaysiani hanno in mano buona parte dell'economia malaysiana, gli indiani hanno un discreto peso nel mondo delle libere professioni, mentre i malay bumiputra controllano politica, amministrazione, burocrazia, polizia e forze armate. Il 90% dei bumiputra sono musulmani, fino agli anni '70 seguaci di un Islam locale e tradizionale, particolarmente tollerante e permeato di sincretismo con le religioni preesistenti e coesistenti (animismo, <a href="/wiki/Induismo" title="Induismo">induismo</a>, buddismo). Dalla fine degli anni Settanta, in coincidenza con una politica statale di esaltazione della religione, che ha portato una parte dell'élite politica bumiputra a scegliere di studiare la religione nei Paesi arabi, si è andata affermando un'interpretazione dell'Islam più rigorista e vicino alla quello Islam praticato nella <a href="/wiki/Penisola_arabica" title="Penisola arabica">penisola araba</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Definizione">Definizione</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bumiputra&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Modifica la sezione Definizione" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bumiputra&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: Definizione"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Il concetto di "bumiputra" in Malaysia fu coniato dal premier <a href="/wiki/Tunku_Abdul_Rahman" title="Tunku Abdul Rahman">Tunku Abdul Rahman</a> e affonda le sue radici nel riconoscimento della "speciale posizione" dei malay da parte della <a href="/wiki/Costituzione_della_Malaysia" class="mw-redirect" title="Costituzione della Malaysia">Costituzione della Malaysia</a>, enunciato in particolare nell'articolo 153. Tuttavia, la costituzione non ricorre alla parola "bumiputra", ma contiene le definizioni di "malay" e di "aborigeno" (articolo 160(2))<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, "nativi" di Sarawak (161A(6)(a))<sup id="cite_ref-FC_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FC-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> e "nativi" di Sabah (articolo 161A(6)(b))<sup id="cite_ref-FC_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FC-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Di conseguenza, vi sono diverse definizioni di "bumiputra" nei documenti pubblici. </p><p>Secondo il libro intitolato "<i>Buku Panduan Kemasukan ke Institusi Pengajian Tinggi Awam, Program Pengajian Lepasan SPM/Setaraf Sesi Akademik 2007/2008</i>" (Guida all'entrata nelle istituzioni d'istruzione superiore pubbliche per i diplomati con titolo equivalente a SPM per l'anno accademico 2007/2008), dallo <i>Student Entry Management</i> sotto il <i>Management Department of Higher Education Institution</i>, del Ministero per l'Istruzione Superiore malaysiano, i bumiputra sono definiti nel modo seguente a seconda della regione di origine del singolo studente: </p> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Malaysia_Peninsulare" title="Malaysia Peninsulare">Malaysia Peninsulare</a> <ul><li><i>"Se uno dei genitori è un Malese Musulmano o un Orang Asli come stabilito nell'Articolo 160 (2) della Costituzione Federale della Malaysia, il figlio è considerato un Bumiputra"</i></li></ul></li></ol> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Sabah" title="Sabah">Sabah</a> <ul><li><i>"Se il padre è un Malese Musulmano o un nativo indigeno di Sabah come stabilito nell'Articolo 160A (6)(a) della Costituzione Federale della Malaysia, il figlio è considerato un Bumiputra"</i></li></ul></li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Condizione_dei_bumiputra">Condizione dei bumiputra</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bumiputra&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Modifica la sezione Condizione dei bumiputra" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bumiputra&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section's source code: Condizione dei bumiputra"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>L'ex <a href="/wiki/Primo_ministro" title="Primo ministro">primo ministro</a> <a href="/wiki/Mahathir_Mohamad" title="Mahathir Mohamad">Mahathir Mohamad</a> ha stigmatizzato l'estremo affidamento con cui i bumiputra guardano ai loro privilegi: "<i>Abbiamo provato a dire loro che se uno dipende da sussidi, è molto debole. Ma sembra che non capiscano. Noi diciamo loro che uno che usa le stampelle, non sarà capace di alzarsi. Gettate via le stampelle, alzatevi in piedi perché ne avete la capacità. Ho detto queste cose a voi e come dottore conosco molto bene l'importanza delle stampelle ma in qualche modo preferiscono la via più facile. Se ricevo un AP </i>[permesso di importazione di un autoveicolo]<i> e lo vendo guadagnandoci sopra, va tutto bene, dicono loro.</i>" </p><p>Mahathir ha anche dichiarato nel <a href="/wiki/2004" title="2004">2004</a> che i laureati malay tendono ad avere bassi tassi di occupazione perché "i laureati cinesi scelgono le facoltà giuste per essere assunti. Invece i laureati malay, specialmente quelli della corrente malay, non parlano <a href="/wiki/Lingua_inglese" title="Lingua inglese">inglese</a> per niente. A prescindere dal valore del titolo di studio, un datore di lavoro vuole qualcuno con cui possa comunicare. Il datore di lavoro non è malay, è uno straniero. E se non può comunicare con un candidato, non lo assume". </p><p>Inoltre, gli studenti malay, che godono di borse di studio e di prestiti d'onore governativi, tendono a studiare discipline come la legge della <a href="/wiki/Shari%27a" title="Shari'a">Shari'a</a>, Storia dell'Islam e altre discipline religiose islamiche. Invece di scegliere di imparare l'inglese e studiare discipline che sono più utili (ingegneria, medicina, ecc.) molti si sono recati all'estero in paesi mediorientali per imparare l'<a href="/wiki/Lingua_araba" title="Lingua araba">arabo</a>. Nemmeno questo è stato d'aiuto agli studenti. Nel giugno del <a href="/wiki/2006" title="2006">2006</a>, un'inchiesta ha rivelato che un gruppo di 169 studenti dell'Università Al-Azhar del <a href="/wiki/Il_Cairo" title="Il Cairo">Cairo</a> era in difficoltà con l'arabo e come risultato solo 5 studenti riuscivano a completare il loro corso.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> L'allora primo ministro Datuk Seri Abdullah Ahmad Badawi ha fortemente criticato la tendenza degli studenti malay a scegliere "facoltà leggere" che sono inutili per il <a href="/wiki/Mercato_del_lavoro" title="Mercato del lavoro">mercato del lavoro</a>. </p><p>L'allora ministro dell'università (2006), Mustapa Mohamad, ha dichiarato<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> che auspica che le università pubbliche assumano più docenti non-bumiputra per "combattere per istituzioni competitive a livello mondiale", il che lascia presagire una mossa per ridurre la discriminazione razziale nell'università. Comunque, nel 2007, i sino-malaysiani dominavano nelle professioni di commercialista, architetto ed ingegnere, mentre gli indo-malesi prevalevano nelle professioni di veterinario, medico, dentista e avvocato, con una rappresentatività proporzionalmente maggiore ai bumiputra rispetto all'incidenza dell'etnia sul totale della popolazione.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Il settore manifatturiero è esentato dal rispetto delle norme del "Foreign Investment Committee" (FIC). Sono state abolite in tutti i sottosettori la quota del 30% assegnata ai bumiputera e altre restrizioni.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Lo stato di <a href="/wiki/Penang" title="Penang">Penang</a> ha annunciato che non favorirà più i bumiputra nell'impiego nella pubblica amministrazione, a seguito delle elezioni del 2008 in cui la coalizione <i>Barisan Nasional</i> (Fronte Nazionale) è stata sconfitta dall'opposizione del <i>Patakan Rakyat</i> (Alleanza Popolare). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Note">Note</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bumiputra&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Modifica la sezione Note" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bumiputra&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section's source code: Note"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text">(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="inglese">EN</abbr></span>) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.helplinelaw.com/law/constitution/malaysia/malaysia12.php">Part XII: General and Miscellaneous, Constitution of Malaysia (Articles 152 - 160)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230920062543/http://www.helplinelaw.com/law/constitution/malaysia/malaysia12.php">Archiviato</a> il 20 settembre 2023 in <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a>., <i>helplinelaw.com</i>. Ultimo accesso 30 maggio 2007.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FC-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b>^</b> <sup><i><a href="#cite_ref-FC_2-0">a</a></i></sup> <sup><i><a href="#cite_ref-FC_2-1">b</a></i></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="inglese">EN</abbr></span>) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.helplinelaw.com/law/constitution/malaysia/malaysia12a.php">Part XIIA: Additional Protections for States of Sabah and Sarawak, Constitution of Malaysia (Articles 161 - 161h)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090211154633/http://www.helplinelaw.com/law/constitution/malaysia/malaysia12a.php">Archiviato</a> l'11 febbraio 2009 in <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a>., <i>helplinelaw</i>. Ultimo accesso 30 maggio 2007.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text">(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="inglese">EN</abbr></span>) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bernama.com/bernama/v3/news.php?id=201761&vo=93">Only Five Students Complete Course</a>. Bernama. 5 giugno 2006.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text">(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="inglese">EN</abbr></span>) <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file=/2006/8/30/nation/15280966&sec=nation">[1]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071023222954/http://thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file=%2F2006%2F8%2F30%2Fnation%2F15280966&sec=nation">Archiviato</a> il 23 ottobre 2007 in <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text">(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="inglese">EN</abbr></span>) <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.indianmalaysian.com/economy.htm">[2]</a><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=Cjb9Qhbbv9sC&pg=PA193&lpg=PA193&dq=bumiputra+accountants&source=web&ots=jJE06d68dT&sig=hwuMfFprb4XFVk_IQRXbl47JOIs#PPA194,M1">[3]</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text">(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="inglese">EN</abbr></span>) <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.apec.org.au/amfta-Mansurpaper.pdf">[4]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121030162537/http://www.apec.org.au/amfta-Mansurpaper.pdf">Archiviato</a> il 30 ottobre 2012 in <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a>.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="noprint" style="width:100%; padding: 3px 0; display: flex; flex-wrap: wrap; row-gap: 4px; column-gap: 8px; box-sizing: border-box;"><div style="flex-basis: calc( 100% / 2 - 8px / 2 );"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r140555418">.mw-parser-output .itwiki-template-occhiello{width:100%;line-height:25px;border:1px solid #CCF;background-color:#F0EEFF;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .itwiki-template-occhiello-progetto{background-color:#FAFAFA}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .itwiki-template-occhiello{background-color:#202122;border-color:#54595D}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .itwiki-template-occhiello-progetto{background-color:#282929}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .itwiki-template-occhiello{background-color:#202122;border-color:#54595D}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .itwiki-template-occhiello-progetto{background-color:#282929}}</style><div class="itwiki-template-occhiello"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kuser.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Antropologia"><img alt=" " src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Kuser.png/25px-Kuser.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Kuser.png/38px-Kuser.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Kuser.png/50px-Kuser.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Portale:Antropologia" title="Portale:Antropologia">Portale Antropologia</a></b></div></div><div style="flex-basis: calc( 100% / 2 - 8px / 2 );"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r140555418"><div class="itwiki-template-occhiello"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:People.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Sociologia"><img alt=" " src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/People.svg/25px-People.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/People.svg/38px-People.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/People.svg/50px-People.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /></a></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Portale:Sociologia" title="Portale:Sociologia">Portale Sociologia</a></b></div></div></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Estratto da "<a dir="ltr" href="https://it.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bumiputra&oldid=140928061">https://it.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bumiputra&oldid=140928061</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Categoria:Categorie" title="Categoria:Categorie">Categorie</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Categoria:Gruppi_etnici_in_Malaysia" title="Categoria:Gruppi etnici in Malaysia">Gruppi etnici in Malaysia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categoria:Discriminazione" title="Categoria:Discriminazione">Discriminazione</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categoria:Definizioni_storiche_di_razza" title="Categoria:Definizioni storiche di razza">Definizioni storiche di razza</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Categoria nascosta: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Categoria:Template_Webarchive_-_collegamenti_all%27Internet_Archive" title="Categoria:Template Webarchive - collegamenti all'Internet Archive">Template Webarchive - collegamenti all'Internet Archive</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> Questa pagina è stata modificata per l'ultima volta il 2 set 2024 alle 08:29.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Il testo è disponibile secondo la <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.it">licenza Creative Commons Attribuzione-Condividi allo stesso modo</a>; possono applicarsi condizioni ulteriori. Vedi le <a class="external text" href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use/it">condizioni d'uso</a> per i dettagli.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy/it">Informativa sulla privacy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Sala_stampa/Wikipedia">Informazioni su Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Avvertenze_generali">Avvertenze</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Codice di condotta</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Sviluppatori</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/it.wikipedia.org">Statistiche</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Dichiarazione sui cookie</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//it.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bumiputra&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Versione mobile</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-78f4c97c5d-zpzzv","wgBackendResponseTime":149,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.084","walltime":"0.107","ppvisitednodes":{"value":1947,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":4047,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":152,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":9,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":2,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":0,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":6271,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":0,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 78.927 1 -total"," 46.54% 36.736 1 Template:Portale"," 33.30% 26.284 6 Template:En"," 30.66% 24.196 1 Template:Lingue"," 23.04% 18.184 2 Template:Icona_argomento"," 14.71% 11.609 4 Template:Webarchive"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.041","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":1519994,"limit":52428800}},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.eqiad.main-75f86cb67d-fpmvw","timestamp":"20241118161401","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Bumiputra","url":"https:\/\/it.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bumiputra","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q1004875","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q1004875","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributori ai progetti Wikimedia"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2008-11-28T11:06:49Z","dateModified":"2024-09-02T07:29:57Z"}</script> </body> </html>