CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/terms/" xmlns:doi="http://dx.doi.org/" lang="en" xml:lang="en" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Article" class="no-js"> <head prefix="og: http://ogp.me/ns#"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/resource/css/screen.css?79f248ebefa43b7800a14562e5049ab4"/>   <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Open+Sans:400,400i,600"> <link media="print" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="/resource/css/print.css"/> <script type="text/javascript"> var siteUrlPrefix = "/plosmedicine/"; </script> <script src="/resource/js/vendor/modernizr-v2.7.1.js" type="text/javascript"></script> <script src="/resource/js/vendor/detectizr.min.js" type="text/javascript"></script> <link rel="shortcut icon" href="/resource/img/favicon.ico" type="image/x-icon"/> <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8"/> <link rel="canonical" href="https://journals.plos.org/plosmedicine/article?id=10.1371/journal.pmed.1001779" /> <meta name="description" content="Cathie Sudlow and colleagues describe the UK Biobank, a large population-based prospective study, established to allow investigation of the genetic and non-genetic determinants of the diseases of middle and old age." /> <meta name="citation_abstract" content="Cathie Sudlow and colleagues describe the UK Biobank, a large population-based prospective study, established to allow investigation of the genetic and non-genetic determinants of the diseases of middle and old age."> <meta name="keywords" content="Questionnaires,Research ethics,Intelligence tests,Cohort studies,Global health,Magnetic resonance imaging,Prospective studies,Scientists" /> <meta name="citation_doi" content="10.1371/journal.pmed.1001779"/> <meta name="citation_author" content="Cathie Sudlow"/> <meta name="citation_author_institution" content="University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom"/> <meta name="citation_author_institution" content="UK Biobank, Stockport, United Kingdom"/> <meta name="citation_author" content="John Gallacher"/> <meta name="citation_author_institution" content="University of Cardiff, Cardiff, United Kingdom"/> <meta name="citation_author" content="Naomi Allen"/> <meta name="citation_author_institution" content="UK Biobank, Stockport, United Kingdom"/> <meta name="citation_author_institution" content="University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom"/> <meta name="citation_author" content="Valerie Beral"/> <meta name="citation_author_institution" content="University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom"/> <meta name="citation_author" content="Paul Burton"/> <meta name="citation_author_institution" content="University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom"/> <meta name="citation_author" content="John Danesh"/> <meta name="citation_author_institution" content="University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom"/> <meta name="citation_author" content="Paul Downey"/> <meta name="citation_author_institution" content="Imperial College, London, United Kingdom"/> <meta name="citation_author" content="Paul Elliott"/> <meta name="citation_author_institution" content="Imperial College, London, United Kingdom"/> <meta name="citation_author" content="Jane Green"/> <meta name="citation_author_institution" content="University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom"/> <meta name="citation_author" content="Martin Landray"/> <meta name="citation_author_institution" content="University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom"/> <meta name="citation_author" content="Bette Liu"/> <meta name="citation_author_institution" content="University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia"/> <meta name="citation_author" content="Paul Matthews"/> <meta name="citation_author_institution" content="Imperial College, London, United Kingdom"/> <meta name="citation_author" content="Giok Ong"/> <meta name="citation_author_institution" content="University of Warwick, Warwick, United Kingdom"/> <meta name="citation_author" content="Jill Pell"/> <meta name="citation_author_institution" content="University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom"/> <meta name="citation_author" content="Alan Silman"/> <meta name="citation_author_institution" content="University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom"/> <meta name="citation_author" content="Alan Young"/> <meta name="citation_author_institution" content="University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom"/> <meta name="citation_author" content="Tim Sprosen"/> <meta name="citation_author_institution" content="University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom"/> <meta name="citation_author" content="Tim Peakman"/> <meta name="citation_author_institution" content="UK Biobank, Stockport, United Kingdom"/> <meta name="citation_author" content="Rory Collins"/> <meta name="citation_author_institution" content="UK Biobank, Stockport, United Kingdom"/> <meta name="citation_author_institution" content="University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom"/> <meta name="citation_title" content="UK Biobank: An Open Access Resource for Identifying the Causes of a Wide Range of Complex Diseases of Middle and Old Age"/> <meta itemprop="name" content="UK Biobank: An Open Access Resource for Identifying the Causes of a Wide Range of Complex Diseases of Middle and Old Age"/> <meta name="citation_journal_title" content="PLOS Medicine"/> <meta name="citation_journal_abbrev" content="PLOS Medicine"/> <meta name="citation_date" content="Mar 31, 2015"/> <meta name="citation_firstpage" content="e1001779"/> <meta name="citation_issue" content="3"/> <meta name="citation_volume" content="12"/> <meta name="citation_issn" content="1549-1676"/> <meta name="citation_publisher" content="Public Library of Science"/> <meta name="citation_pdf_url" content="https://journals.plos.org/plosmedicine/article/file?id=10.1371/journal.pmed.1001779&type=printable"> <meta name="citation_article_type" content="Health in Action"> <meta name="dc.identifier" content="10.1371/journal.pmed.1001779" /> <meta name="twitter:card" content="summary" /> <meta name="twitter:site" content="plosmedicine"/> <meta name="twitter:title" content="UK Biobank: An Open Access Resource for Identifying the Causes of a Wide Range of Complex Diseases of Middle and Old Age" /> <meta property="twitter:description" content="Cathie Sudlow and colleagues describe the UK Biobank, a large population-based prospective study, established to allow investigation of the genetic and non-genetic determinants of the diseases of middle and old age." /> <meta property="twitter:image" content="https://journals.plos.org/plosmedicine/article/figure/image?id=10.1371/journal.pmed.1001779.t003&size=inline" /> <meta property="og:type" content="article" /> <meta property="og:url" content="https://journals.plos.org/plosmedicine/article?id=10.1371/journal.pmed.1001779"/> <meta property="og:title" content="UK Biobank: An Open Access Resource for Identifying the Causes of a Wide Range of Complex Diseases of Middle and Old Age"/> <meta property="og:description" content="Cathie Sudlow and colleagues describe the UK Biobank, a large population-based prospective study, established to allow investigation of the genetic and non-genetic determinants of the diseases of middle and old age."/> <meta property="og:image" content="https://journals.plos.org/plosmedicine/article/figure/image?id=10.1371/journal.pmed.1001779.t003&size=inline"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_title=Epidemiological methods for studying genes and environmental factors in complex diseases;citation_author=D Clayton;citation_author=PM McKeigue;citation_journal_title=Lancet;citation_volume=358;citation_number=358;citation_first_page=1356;citation_last_page=1360;citation_publication_date=2001;"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_title=Merging and emerging cohorts: not worth the wait;citation_author=WC Willett;citation_author=WJ Blot;citation_author=GA Colditz;citation_author=AR Folsom;citation_author=BE Henderson;citation_author=MJ Stampfer;citation_journal_title=Nature;citation_volume=445;citation_number=445;citation_first_page=257;citation_last_page=258;citation_publication_date=2007;"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_title=Merging and emerging cohorts: necessary but not sufficient;citation_author=FS Collins;citation_author=TA Manolio;citation_journal_title=Nature;citation_volume=445;citation_number=445;citation_first_page=259;citation_publication_date=2007;"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_title=The causes of cancer: quantitative estimates of avoidable risks of cancer in the United States today;citation_author=R Doll;citation_author=R Peto;citation_journal_title=Journal of the National Cancer Institute;citation_volume=66;citation_number=66;citation_first_page=1191;citation_last_page=1308;citation_publication_date=1981;"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_title=UK Biobank: from concept to reality;citation_author=W Ollier;citation_author=T Sprosen;citation_author=T Peakman;citation_journal_title=Pharmacogenomics;citation_volume=6;citation_number=6;citation_first_page=639;citation_last_page=646;citation_publication_date=2005;"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="UK Biobank (2006). Protocol for a large-scale prospective epidemiological resource. www.ukbiobank.ac.uk/resources/ ."/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_title=Size matters: just how big is BIG?: Quantifying realistic sample size requirements for human genome epidemiology;citation_author=PR Burton;citation_author=AL Hansell;citation_author=I Fortier;citation_author=TA Manolio;citation_author=MJ Khoury;citation_journal_title=Int J Epidemiol;citation_volume=38;citation_number=38;citation_first_page=263;citation_last_page=273;citation_publication_date=2009;"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_title=What makes a good genetic association study?;citation_author=AT Hattersley;citation_author=MI McCarthy;citation_journal_title=Lancet;citation_volume=366;citation_number=366;citation_first_page=1315;citation_last_page=1323;citation_publication_date=2005;"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_title=What makes UK Biobank special?;citation_author=R Collins;citation_journal_title=Lancet;citation_volume=379;citation_number=379;citation_first_page=1173;citation_last_page=1174;citation_publication_date=2012;"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_title=The UK Biobank sample handling and storage protocol for the collection, processing and archiving of human blood and urine;citation_author=P Elliott;citation_author=TC Peakman;citation_journal_title=Int J Epidemiol;citation_volume=37;citation_number=37;citation_first_page=234;citation_last_page=244;citation_publication_date=2008;"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_title=Development and evaluation of the Oxford WebQ: a low cost web-based method for assessment of previous 24 hour dietary intake in large prospective studies;citation_author=B Liu;citation_author=H Young;citation_author=FL Crowe;citation_author=VS Benson;citation_author=EA Spencer;citation_journal_title=Public Health Nutrition;citation_volume=June;citation_first_page=1;citation_last_page=8;citation_publication_date=2011;"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_title=Underestimation of risk associations due to regression dilution in long-term follow-up of prospective studies;citation_author=R Clarke;citation_author=M Shipley;citation_author=S Lewington;citation_author=L Youngman;citation_author=R Collins;citation_journal_title=Am J Epidemiol;citation_volume=150;citation_number=150;citation_first_page=341;citation_last_page=353;citation_publication_date=1999;"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="University of Leicester. About the 1958 Birth Cohort Study. http://www2.le.ac.uk/projects/birthcohort/1958bc/about . Accessed 12 October 2014"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="Sax Institute. 45 and up study. https://www.saxinstitute.org.au/our-work/45-up-study/ . Accessed 12 October 2014"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_title=One in 30 people in the UK take part in cohort studies;citation_author=J Pell;citation_author=J Valentine;citation_author=H Inskip;citation_journal_title=Lancet;citation_volume=383;citation_number=383;citation_first_page=1015;citation_last_page=1016;citation_publication_date=2014;"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_title=Design and implementation of a high-throughput biological sample processing facility using modern manufacturing principles;citation_author=P Downey;citation_author=TC Peakman;citation_journal_title=Int J Epidemiol;citation_volume=37;citation_number=37;citation_issue=Suppl 1;citation_first_page=i46;citation_last_page=i50;citation_publication_date=2008;"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_title=Biorepositories—at the bleeding edge;citation_author=TA Manolio;citation_journal_title=Int J Epidemiol;citation_volume=37;citation_number=37;citation_first_page=231;citation_last_page=233;citation_publication_date=2008;"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_title=UK Biobank: a project in search of a protocol?;citation_author=V Barbour;citation_volume=361;citation_number=361;citation_first_page=1734;citation_last_page=1738;citation_publication_date=2003;"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="UK Biobank (2007). Ethics and Governance Framework. www.ukbiobank.ac.uk/resources/ . Accessed 12 October 2014."/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="UK Biobank (2011). Access Procedures: Application and review procedures for access to the UK Biobank Resource. www.ukbiobank.ac.uk/resources/ . Accessed 12 October 2014."/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_title=Enhancing the feasibility of large cohort studies;citation_author=TA Manolio;citation_author=R Collins;citation_journal_title=JAMA;citation_volume=304;citation_number=304;citation_first_page=2290;citation_last_page=2291;citation_publication_date=2010;"/>  <script type='text/javascript'> var googletag = googletag || {}; googletag.cmd = googletag.cmd || []; (function() { var gads = document.createElement('script'); gads.async = true; gads.type = 'text/javascript'; var useSSL = 'https:' == document.location.protocol; gads.src = (useSSL ? 'https:' : 'http:') + '//www.googletagservices.com/tag/js/gpt.js'; var node = document.getElementsByTagName('script')[0]; node.parentNode.insertBefore(gads, node); })(); </script>  <script id="doubleClickSetupScript" type='text/javascript'> googletag.cmd.push(function() { googletag.defineSlot('/75507958/PMED_728x90_ATF', [728, 90], 'div-gpt-ad-1458247671871-0').addService(googletag.pubads()); googletag.defineSlot('/75507958/PMED_160x600_BTF', [160, 600], 'div-gpt-ad-1458247671871-1').addService(googletag.pubads()); var personalizedAds = window.plosCookieConsent && window.plosCookieConsent.hasConsented('advertising'); googletag.pubads().setRequestNonPersonalizedAds(personalizedAds ? 0 : 1); googletag.pubads().enableSingleRequest(); googletag.enableServices(); }); </script> <script type="text/javascript"> var WombatConfig = WombatConfig || {}; WombatConfig.journalKey = "PLoSMedicine"; WombatConfig.journalName = "PLOS Medicine"; WombatConfig.figurePath = "/plosmedicine/article/figure/image"; WombatConfig.figShareInstitutionString = "plos"; WombatConfig.doiResolverPrefix = "https://dx.plos.org/"; </script> <script type="text/javascript"> var WombatConfig = WombatConfig || {}; WombatConfig.metrics = WombatConfig.metrics || {}; WombatConfig.metrics.referenceUrl = "http://lagotto.io/plos"; WombatConfig.metrics.googleScholarUrl = "https://scholar.google.com/scholar"; WombatConfig.metrics.googleScholarCitationUrl = WombatConfig.metrics.googleScholarUrl + "?hl=en&lr=&q="; WombatConfig.metrics.crossrefUrl = "https://www.crossref.org"; </script> <script defer="defer" src="/resource/js/defer.js?13928eb59791c3cc61cf"></script><script src="/resource/js/sync.js?13928eb59791c3cc61cf"></script> <script src="/resource/js/vendor/jquery.min.js" type="text/javascript"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://widgets.figshare.com/static/figshare.js"></script> <script src="/resource/js/vendor/fastclick/lib/fastclick.js" type="text/javascript"></script> <script src="/resource/js/vendor/foundation/foundation.js" type="text/javascript"></script> <script src="/resource/js/vendor/underscore-min.js" type="text/javascript"></script> <script src="/resource/js/vendor/underscore.string.min.js" type="text/javascript"></script> <script src="/resource/js/vendor/moment.js" type="text/javascript"></script> <script src="/resource/js/vendor/jquery-ui-effects.min.js" type="text/javascript"></script> <script src="/resource/js/vendor/foundation/foundation.tooltip.js" type="text/javascript"></script> <script src="/resource/js/vendor/foundation/foundation.dropdown.js" type="text/javascript"></script> <script src="/resource/js/vendor/foundation/foundation.tab.js" type="text/javascript"></script> <script src="/resource/js/vendor/foundation/foundation.reveal.js" type="text/javascript"></script> <script src="/resource/js/vendor/foundation/foundation.slider.js" type="text/javascript"></script> <script src="/resource/js/util/utils.js" type="text/javascript"></script> <script src="/resource/js/components/toggle.js" type="text/javascript"></script> <script src="/resource/js/components/truncate_elem.js" type="text/javascript"></script> <script src="/resource/js/components/tooltip_hover.js" type="text/javascript"></script> <script src="/resource/js/vendor/jquery.dotdotdot.js" type="text/javascript"></script>  <script> dataLayer = [{ 'mobileSite': 'false', 'desktopSite': 'true' }]; </script> <title>UK Biobank: An Open Access Resource for Identifying the Causes of a Wide Range of Complex Diseases of Middle and Old Age | PLOS Medicine</title> </head> <body class="article plosmedicine">  <noscript><iframe src="//www.googletagmanager.com/ns.html?id=GTM-TP26BH" height="0" width="0" style="display:none;visibility:hidden"></iframe></noscript> <script> (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start': new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0], j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src= '//www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f); })(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-TP26BH'); </script> <noscript><iframe src="//www.googletagmanager.com/ns.html?id=GTM-MQQMGF" height="0" width="0" style="display:none;visibility:hidden"></iframe></noscript> <script>(function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start': new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0], j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src= '//www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f); })(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-MQQMGF');</script>   <script type="text/javascript"> ;window.NREUM||(NREUM={});NREUM.init={distributed_tracing:{enabled:true},privacy:{cookies_enabled:true},ajax:{deny_list:["bam.nr-data.net"]}}; window.NREUM||(NREUM={}),__nr_require=function(t,e,n){function r(n){if(!e[n]){var o=e[n]={exports:{}};t[n][0].call(o.exports,function(e){var o=t[n][1][e];return r(o||e)},o,o.exports)}return e[n].exports}if("function"==typeof __nr_require)return __nr_require;for(var o=0;o<n.length;o++)r(n[o]);return r}({1:[function(t,e,n){function r(t){try{s.console&&console.log(t)}catch(e){}}var o,i=t("ee"),a=t(32),s={};try{o=localStorage.getItem("__nr_flags").split(","),console&&"function"==typeof console.log&&(s.console=!0,o.indexOf("dev")!==-1&&(s.dev=!0),o.indexOf("nr_dev")!==-1&&(s.nrDev=!0))}catch(c){}s.nrDev&&i.on("internal-error",function(t){r(t.stack)}),s.dev&&i.on("fn-err",function(t,e,n){r(n.stack)}),s.dev&&(r("NR AGENT IN DEVELOPMENT MODE"),r("flags: "+a(s,function(t,e){return t}).join(", ")))},{}],2:[function(t,e,n){function r(t,e,n,r,s){try{l?l-=1:o(s||new UncaughtException(t,e,n),!0)}catch(f){try{i("ierr",[f,c.now(),!0])}catch(d){}}return"function"==typeof u&&u.apply(this,a(arguments))}function UncaughtException(t,e,n){this.message=t||"Uncaught error with no additional information",this.sourceURL=e,this.line=n}function o(t,e){var n=e?null:c.now();i("err",[t,n])}var i=t("handle"),a=t(33),s=t("ee"),c=t("loader"),f=t("gos"),u=window.onerror,d=!1,p="nr@seenError";if(!c.disabled){var l=0;c.features.err=!0,t(1),window.onerror=r;try{throw new Error}catch(h){"stack"in h&&(t(14),t(13),"addEventListener"in window&&t(7),c.xhrWrappable&&t(15),d=!0)}s.on("fn-start",function(t,e,n){d&&(l+=1)}),s.on("fn-err",function(t,e,n){d&&!n[p]&&(f(n,p,function(){return!0}),this.thrown=!0,o(n))}),s.on("fn-end",function(){d&&!this.thrown&&l>0&&(l-=1)}),s.on("internal-error",function(t){i("ierr",[t,c.now(),!0])})}},{}],3:[function(t,e,n){var r=t("loader");r.disabled||(r.features.ins=!0)},{}],4:[function(t,e,n){function r(){U++,L=g.hash,this[u]=y.now()}function o(){U--,g.hash!==L&&i(0,!0);var t=y.now();this[h]=~~this[h]+t-this[u],this[d]=t}function i(t,e){E.emit("newURL",[""+g,e])}function a(t,e){t.on(e,function(){this[e]=y.now()})}var s="-start",c="-end",f="-body",u="fn"+s,d="fn"+c,p="cb"+s,l="cb"+c,h="jsTime",m="fetch",v="addEventListener",w=window,g=w.location,y=t("loader");if(w[v]&&y.xhrWrappable&&!y.disabled){var x=t(11),b=t(12),E=t(9),R=t(7),O=t(14),T=t(8),P=t(15),S=t(10),M=t("ee"),N=M.get("tracer"),C=t(23);t(17),y.features.spa=!0;var L,U=0;M.on(u,r),b.on(p,r),S.on(p,r),M.on(d,o),b.on(l,o),S.on(l,o),M.buffer([u,d,"xhr-resolved"]),R.buffer([u]),O.buffer(["setTimeout"+c,"clearTimeout"+s,u]),P.buffer([u,"new-xhr","send-xhr"+s]),T.buffer([m+s,m+"-done",m+f+s,m+f+c]),E.buffer(["newURL"]),x.buffer([u]),b.buffer(["propagate",p,l,"executor-err","resolve"+s]),N.buffer([u,"no-"+u]),S.buffer(["new-jsonp","cb-start","jsonp-error","jsonp-end"]),a(T,m+s),a(T,m+"-done"),a(S,"new-jsonp"),a(S,"jsonp-end"),a(S,"cb-start"),E.on("pushState-end",i),E.on("replaceState-end",i),w[v]("hashchange",i,C(!0)),w[v]("load",i,C(!0)),w[v]("popstate",function(){i(0,U>1)},C(!0))}},{}],5:[function(t,e,n){function r(){var t=new PerformanceObserver(function(t,e){var n=t.getEntries();s(v,[n])});try{t.observe({entryTypes:["resource"]})}catch(e){}}function o(t){if(s(v,[window.performance.getEntriesByType(w)]),window.performance["c"+p])try{window.performance[h](m,o,!1)}catch(t){}else try{window.performance[h]("webkit"+m,o,!1)}catch(t){}}function i(t){}if(window.performance&&window.performance.timing&&window.performance.getEntriesByType){var a=t("ee"),s=t("handle"),c=t(14),f=t(13),u=t(6),d=t(23),p="learResourceTimings",l="addEventListener",h="removeEventListener",m="resourcetimingbufferfull",v="bstResource",w="resource",g="-start",y="-end",x="fn"+g,b="fn"+y,E="bstTimer",R="pushState",O=t("loader");if(!O.disabled){O.features.stn=!0,t(9),"addEventListener"in window&&t(7);var T=NREUM.o.EV;a.on(x,function(t,e){var n=t[0];n instanceof T&&(this.bstStart=O.now())}),a.on(b,function(t,e){var n=t[0];n instanceof T&&s("bst",[n,e,this.bstStart,O.now()])}),c.on(x,function(t,e,n){this.bstStart=O.now(),this.bstType=n}),c.on(b,function(t,e){s(E,[e,this.bstStart,O.now(),this.bstType])}),f.on(x,function(){this.bstStart=O.now()}),f.on(b,function(t,e){s(E,[e,this.bstStart,O.now(),"requestAnimationFrame"])}),a.on(R+g,function(t){this.time=O.now(),this.startPath=location.pathname+location.hash}),a.on(R+y,function(t){s("bstHist",[location.pathname+location.hash,this.startPath,this.time])}),u()?(s(v,[window.performance.getEntriesByType("resource")]),r()):l in window.performance&&(window.performance["c"+p]?window.performance[l](m,o,d(!1)):window.performance[l]("webkit"+m,o,d(!1))),document[l]("scroll",i,d(!1)),document[l]("keypress",i,d(!1)),document[l]("click",i,d(!1))}}},{}],6:[function(t,e,n){e.exports=function(){return"PerformanceObserver"in window&&"function"==typeof window.PerformanceObserver}},{}],7:[function(t,e,n){function r(t){for(var e=t;e&&!e.hasOwnProperty(u);)e=Object.getPrototypeOf(e);e&&o(e)}function o(t){s.inPlace(t,[u,d],"-",i)}function i(t,e){return t[1]}var a=t("ee").get("events"),s=t("wrap-function")(a,!0),c=t("gos"),f=XMLHttpRequest,u="addEventListener",d="removeEventListener";e.exports=a,"getPrototypeOf"in Object?(r(document),r(window),r(f.prototype)):f.prototype.hasOwnProperty(u)&&(o(window),o(f.prototype)),a.on(u+"-start",function(t,e){var n=t[1];if(null!==n&&("function"==typeof n||"object"==typeof n)){var r=c(n,"nr@wrapped",function(){function t(){if("function"==typeof n.handleEvent)return n.handleEvent.apply(n,arguments)}var e={object:t,"function":n}[typeof n];return e?s(e,"fn-",null,e.name||"anonymous"):n});this.wrapped=t[1]=r}}),a.on(d+"-start",function(t){t[1]=this.wrapped||t[1]})},{}],8:[function(t,e,n){function r(t,e,n){var r=t[e];"function"==typeof r&&(t[e]=function(){var t=i(arguments),e={};o.emit(n+"before-start",[t],e);var a;e[m]&&e[m].dt&&(a=e[m].dt);var s=r.apply(this,t);return o.emit(n+"start",[t,a],s),s.then(function(t){return o.emit(n+"end",[null,t],s),t},function(t){throw o.emit(n+"end",[t],s),t})})}var o=t("ee").get("fetch"),i=t(33),a=t(32);e.exports=o;var s=window,c="fetch-",f=c+"body-",u=["arrayBuffer","blob","json","text","formData"],d=s.Request,p=s.Response,l=s.fetch,h="prototype",m="nr@context";d&&p&&l&&(a(u,function(t,e){r(d[h],e,f),r(p[h],e,f)}),r(s,"fetch",c),o.on(c+"end",function(t,e){var n=this;if(e){var r=e.headers.get("content-length");null!==r&&(n.rxSize=r),o.emit(c+"done",[null,e],n)}else o.emit(c+"done",[t],n)}))},{}],9:[function(t,e,n){var r=t("ee").get("history"),o=t("wrap-function")(r);e.exports=r;var i=window.history&&window.history.constructor&&window.history.constructor.prototype,a=window.history;i&&i.pushState&&i.replaceState&&(a=i),o.inPlace(a,["pushState","replaceState"],"-")},{}],10:[function(t,e,n){function r(t){function e(){f.emit("jsonp-end",[],l),t.removeEventListener("load",e,c(!1)),t.removeEventListener("error",n,c(!1))}function n(){f.emit("jsonp-error",[],l),f.emit("jsonp-end",[],l),t.removeEventListener("load",e,c(!1)),t.removeEventListener("error",n,c(!1))}var r=t&&"string"==typeof t.nodeName&&"script"===t.nodeName.toLowerCase();if(r){var o="function"==typeof t.addEventListener;if(o){var a=i(t.src);if(a){var d=s(a),p="function"==typeof d.parent[d.key];if(p){var l={};u.inPlace(d.parent,[d.key],"cb-",l),t.addEventListener("load",e,c(!1)),t.addEventListener("error",n,c(!1)),f.emit("new-jsonp",[t.src],l)}}}}}function o(){return"addEventListener"in window}function i(t){var e=t.match(d);return e?e[1]:null}function a(t,e){var n=t.match(l),r=n[1],o=n[3];return o?a(o,e[r]):e[r]}function s(t){var e=t.match(p);return e&&e.length>=3?{key:e[2],parent:a(e[1],window)}:{key:t,parent:window}}var c=t(23),f=t("ee").get("jsonp"),u=t("wrap-function")(f);if(e.exports=f,o()){var d=/[?&](?:callback|cb)=([^&#]+)/,p=/(.*)\.([^.]+)/,l=/^(\w+)(\.|$)(.*)$/,h=["appendChild","insertBefore","replaceChild"];Node&&Node.prototype&&Node.prototype.appendChild?u.inPlace(Node.prototype,h,"dom-"):(u.inPlace(HTMLElement.prototype,h,"dom-"),u.inPlace(HTMLHeadElement.prototype,h,"dom-"),u.inPlace(HTMLBodyElement.prototype,h,"dom-")),f.on("dom-start",function(t){r(t[0])})}},{}],11:[function(t,e,n){var r=t("ee").get("mutation"),o=t("wrap-function")(r),i=NREUM.o.MO;e.exports=r,i&&(window.MutationObserver=function(t){return this instanceof i?new i(o(t,"fn-")):i.apply(this,arguments)},MutationObserver.prototype=i.prototype)},{}],12:[function(t,e,n){function r(t){var e=i.context(),n=s(t,"executor-",e,null,!1),r=new f(n);return i.context(r).getCtx=function(){return e},r}var o=t("wrap-function"),i=t("ee").get("promise"),a=t("ee").getOrSetContext,s=o(i),c=t(32),f=NREUM.o.PR;e.exports=i,f&&(window.Promise=r,["all","race"].forEach(function(t){var e=f[t];f[t]=function(n){function r(t){return function(){i.emit("propagate",[null,!o],a,!1,!1),o=o||!t}}var o=!1;c(n,function(e,n){Promise.resolve(n).then(r("all"===t),r(!1))});var a=e.apply(f,arguments),s=f.resolve(a);return s}}),["resolve","reject"].forEach(function(t){var e=f[t];f[t]=function(t){var n=e.apply(f,arguments);return t!==n&&i.emit("propagate",[t,!0],n,!1,!1),n}}),f.prototype["catch"]=function(t){return this.then(null,t)},f.prototype=Object.create(f.prototype,{constructor:{value:r}}),c(Object.getOwnPropertyNames(f),function(t,e){try{r[e]=f[e]}catch(n){}}),o.wrapInPlace(f.prototype,"then",function(t){return function(){var e=this,n=o.argsToArray.apply(this,arguments),r=a(e);r.promise=e,n[0]=s(n[0],"cb-",r,null,!1),n[1]=s(n[1],"cb-",r,null,!1);var c=t.apply(this,n);return r.nextPromise=c,i.emit("propagate",[e,!0],c,!1,!1),c}}),i.on("executor-start",function(t){t[0]=s(t[0],"resolve-",this,null,!1),t[1]=s(t[1],"resolve-",this,null,!1)}),i.on("executor-err",function(t,e,n){t[1](n)}),i.on("cb-end",function(t,e,n){i.emit("propagate",[n,!0],this.nextPromise,!1,!1)}),i.on("propagate",function(t,e,n){this.getCtx&&!e||(this.getCtx=function(){if(t instanceof Promise)var e=i.context(t);return e&&e.getCtx?e.getCtx():this})}),r.toString=function(){return""+f})},{}],13:[function(t,e,n){var r=t("ee").get("raf"),o=t("wrap-function")(r),i="equestAnimationFrame";e.exports=r,o.inPlace(window,["r"+i,"mozR"+i,"webkitR"+i,"msR"+i],"raf-"),r.on("raf-start",function(t){t[0]=o(t[0],"fn-")})},{}],14:[function(t,e,n){function r(t,e,n){t[0]=a(t[0],"fn-",null,n)}function o(t,e,n){this.method=n,this.timerDuration=isNaN(t[1])?0:+t[1],t[0]=a(t[0],"fn-",this,n)}var i=t("ee").get("timer"),a=t("wrap-function")(i),s="setTimeout",c="setInterval",f="clearTimeout",u="-start",d="-";e.exports=i,a.inPlace(window,[s,"setImmediate"],s+d),a.inPlace(window,[c],c+d),a.inPlace(window,[f,"clearImmediate"],f+d),i.on(c+u,r),i.on(s+u,o)},{}],15:[function(t,e,n){function r(t,e){d.inPlace(e,["onreadystatechange"],"fn-",s)}function o(){var t=this,e=u.context(t);t.readyState>3&&!e.resolved&&(e.resolved=!0,u.emit("xhr-resolved",[],t)),d.inPlace(t,y,"fn-",s)}function i(t){x.push(t),m&&(E?E.then(a):w?w(a):(R=-R,O.data=R))}function a(){for(var t=0;t<x.length;t++)r([],x[t]);x.length&&(x=[])}function s(t,e){return e}function c(t,e){for(var n in t)e[n]=t[n];return e}t(7);var f=t("ee"),u=f.get("xhr"),d=t("wrap-function")(u),p=t(23),l=NREUM.o,h=l.XHR,m=l.MO,v=l.PR,w=l.SI,g="readystatechange",y=["onload","onerror","onabort","onloadstart","onloadend","onprogress","ontimeout"],x=[];e.exports=u;var b=window.XMLHttpRequest=function(t){var e=new h(t);try{u.emit("new-xhr",[e],e),e.addEventListener(g,o,p(!1))}catch(n){try{u.emit("internal-error",[n])}catch(r){}}return e};if(c(h,b),b.prototype=h.prototype,d.inPlace(b.prototype,["open","send"],"-xhr-",s),u.on("send-xhr-start",function(t,e){r(t,e),i(e)}),u.on("open-xhr-start",r),m){var E=v&&v.resolve();if(!w&&!v){var R=1,O=document.createTextNode(R);new m(a).observe(O,{characterData:!0})}}else f.on("fn-end",function(t){t[0]&&t[0].type===g||a()})},{}],16:[function(t,e,n){function r(t){if(!s(t))return null;var e=window.NREUM;if(!e.loader_config)return null;var n=(e.loader_config.accountID||"").toString()||null,r=(e.loader_config.agentID||"").toString()||null,f=(e.loader_config.trustKey||"").toString()||null;if(!n||!r)return null;var h=l.generateSpanId(),m=l.generateTraceId(),v=Date.now(),w={spanId:h,traceId:m,timestamp:v};return(t.sameOrigin||c(t)&&p())&&(w.traceContextParentHeader=o(h,m),w.traceContextStateHeader=i(h,v,n,r,f)),(t.sameOrigin&&!u()||!t.sameOrigin&&c(t)&&d())&&(w.newrelicHeader=a(h,m,v,n,r,f)),w}function o(t,e){return"00-"+e+"-"+t+"-01"}function i(t,e,n,r,o){var i=0,a="",s=1,c="",f="";return o+"@nr="+i+"-"+s+"-"+n+"-"+r+"-"+t+"-"+a+"-"+c+"-"+f+"-"+e}function a(t,e,n,r,o,i){var a="btoa"in window&&"function"==typeof window.btoa;if(!a)return null;var s={v:[0,1],d:{ty:"Browser",ac:r,ap:o,id:t,tr:e,ti:n}};return i&&r!==i&&(s.d.tk=i),btoa(JSON.stringify(s))}function s(t){return f()&&c(t)}function c(t){var e=!1,n={};if("init"in NREUM&&"distributed_tracing"in NREUM.init&&(n=NREUM.init.distributed_tracing),t.sameOrigin)e=!0;else if(n.allowed_origins instanceof Array)for(var r=0;r<n.allowed_origins.length;r++){var o=h(n.allowed_origins[r]);if(t.hostname===o.hostname&&t.protocol===o.protocol&&t.port===o.port){e=!0;break}}return e}function f(){return"init"in NREUM&&"distributed_tracing"in NREUM.init&&!!NREUM.init.distributed_tracing.enabled}function u(){return"init"in NREUM&&"distributed_tracing"in NREUM.init&&!!NREUM.init.distributed_tracing.exclude_newrelic_header}function d(){return"init"in NREUM&&"distributed_tracing"in NREUM.init&&NREUM.init.distributed_tracing.cors_use_newrelic_header!==!1}function p(){return"init"in NREUM&&"distributed_tracing"in NREUM.init&&!!NREUM.init.distributed_tracing.cors_use_tracecontext_headers}var l=t(29),h=t(18);e.exports={generateTracePayload:r,shouldGenerateTrace:s}},{}],17:[function(t,e,n){function r(t){var e=this.params,n=this.metrics;if(!this.ended){this.ended=!0;for(var r=0;r<p;r++)t.removeEventListener(d[r],this.listener,!1);e.aborted||(n.duration=a.now()-this.startTime,this.loadCaptureCalled||4!==t.readyState?null==e.status&&(e.status=0):i(this,t),n.cbTime=this.cbTime,s("xhr",[e,n,this.startTime,this.endTime,"xhr"],this))}}function o(t,e){var n=c(e),r=t.params;r.hostname=n.hostname,r.port=n.port,r.protocol=n.protocol,r.host=n.hostname+":"+n.port,r.pathname=n.pathname,t.parsedOrigin=n,t.sameOrigin=n.sameOrigin}function i(t,e){t.params.status=e.status;var n=v(e,t.lastSize);if(n&&(t.metrics.rxSize=n),t.sameOrigin){var r=e.getResponseHeader("X-NewRelic-App-Data");r&&(t.params.cat=r.split(", ").pop())}t.loadCaptureCalled=!0}var a=t("loader");if(a.xhrWrappable&&!a.disabled){var s=t("handle"),c=t(18),f=t(16).generateTracePayload,u=t("ee"),d=["load","error","abort","timeout"],p=d.length,l=t("id"),h=t(24),m=t(22),v=t(19),w=t(23),g=NREUM.o.REQ,y=window.XMLHttpRequest;a.features.xhr=!0,t(15),t(8),u.on("new-xhr",function(t){var e=this;e.totalCbs=0,e.called=0,e.cbTime=0,e.end=r,e.ended=!1,e.xhrGuids={},e.lastSize=null,e.loadCaptureCalled=!1,e.params=this.params||{},e.metrics=this.metrics||{},t.addEventListener("load",function(n){i(e,t)},w(!1)),h&&(h>34||h<10)||t.addEventListener("progress",function(t){e.lastSize=t.loaded},w(!1))}),u.on("open-xhr-start",function(t){this.params={method:t[0]},o(this,t[1]),this.metrics={}}),u.on("open-xhr-end",function(t,e){"loader_config"in NREUM&&"xpid"in NREUM.loader_config&&this.sameOrigin&&e.setRequestHeader("X-NewRelic-ID",NREUM.loader_config.xpid);var n=f(this.parsedOrigin);if(n){var r=!1;n.newrelicHeader&&(e.setRequestHeader("newrelic",n.newrelicHeader),r=!0),n.traceContextParentHeader&&(e.setRequestHeader("traceparent",n.traceContextParentHeader),n.traceContextStateHeader&&e.setRequestHeader("tracestate",n.traceContextStateHeader),r=!0),r&&(this.dt=n)}}),u.on("send-xhr-start",function(t,e){var n=this.metrics,r=t[0],o=this;if(n&&r){var i=m(r);i&&(n.txSize=i)}this.startTime=a.now(),this.listener=function(t){try{"abort"!==t.type||o.loadCaptureCalled||(o.params.aborted=!0),("load"!==t.type||o.called===o.totalCbs&&(o.onloadCalled||"function"!=typeof e.onload))&&o.end(e)}catch(n){try{u.emit("internal-error",[n])}catch(r){}}};for(var s=0;s<p;s++)e.addEventListener(d[s],this.listener,w(!1))}),u.on("xhr-cb-time",function(t,e,n){this.cbTime+=t,e?this.onloadCalled=!0:this.called+=1,this.called!==this.totalCbs||!this.onloadCalled&&"function"==typeof n.onload||this.end(n)}),u.on("xhr-load-added",function(t,e){var n=""+l(t)+!!e;this.xhrGuids&&!this.xhrGuids[n]&&(this.xhrGuids[n]=!0,this.totalCbs+=1)}),u.on("xhr-load-removed",function(t,e){var n=""+l(t)+!!e;this.xhrGuids&&this.xhrGuids[n]&&(delete this.xhrGuids[n],this.totalCbs-=1)}),u.on("xhr-resolved",function(){this.endTime=a.now()}),u.on("addEventListener-end",function(t,e){e instanceof y&&"load"===t[0]&&u.emit("xhr-load-added",[t[1],t[2]],e)}),u.on("removeEventListener-end",function(t,e){e instanceof y&&"load"===t[0]&&u.emit("xhr-load-removed",[t[1],t[2]],e)}),u.on("fn-start",function(t,e,n){e instanceof y&&("onload"===n&&(this.onload=!0),("load"===(t[0]&&t[0].type)||this.onload)&&(this.xhrCbStart=a.now()))}),u.on("fn-end",function(t,e){this.xhrCbStart&&u.emit("xhr-cb-time",[a.now()-this.xhrCbStart,this.onload,e],e)}),u.on("fetch-before-start",function(t){function e(t,e){var n=!1;return e.newrelicHeader&&(t.set("newrelic",e.newrelicHeader),n=!0),e.traceContextParentHeader&&(t.set("traceparent",e.traceContextParentHeader),e.traceContextStateHeader&&t.set("tracestate",e.traceContextStateHeader),n=!0),n}var n,r=t[1]||{};"string"==typeof t[0]?n=t[0]:t[0]&&t[0].url?n=t[0].url:window.URL&&t[0]&&t[0]instanceof URL&&(n=t[0].href),n&&(this.parsedOrigin=c(n),this.sameOrigin=this.parsedOrigin.sameOrigin);var o=f(this.parsedOrigin);if(o&&(o.newrelicHeader||o.traceContextParentHeader))if("string"==typeof t[0]||window.URL&&t[0]&&t[0]instanceof URL){var i={};for(var a in r)i[a]=r[a];i.headers=new Headers(r.headers||{}),e(i.headers,o)&&(this.dt=o),t.length>1?t[1]=i:t.push(i)}else t[0]&&t[0].headers&&e(t[0].headers,o)&&(this.dt=o)}),u.on("fetch-start",function(t,e){this.params={},this.metrics={},this.startTime=a.now(),this.dt=e,t.length>=1&&(this.target=t[0]),t.length>=2&&(this.opts=t[1]);var n,r=this.opts||{},i=this.target;"string"==typeof i?n=i:"object"==typeof i&&i instanceof g?n=i.url:window.URL&&"object"==typeof i&&i instanceof URL&&(n=i.href),o(this,n);var s=(""+(i&&i instanceof g&&i.method||r.method||"GET")).toUpperCase();this.params.method=s,this.txSize=m(r.body)||0}),u.on("fetch-done",function(t,e){this.endTime=a.now(),this.params||(this.params={}),this.params.status=e?e.status:0;var n;"string"==typeof this.rxSize&&this.rxSize.length>0&&(n=+this.rxSize);var r={txSize:this.txSize,rxSize:n,duration:a.now()-this.startTime};s("xhr",[this.params,r,this.startTime,this.endTime,"fetch"],this)})}},{}],18:[function(t,e,n){var r={};e.exports=function(t){if(t in r)return r[t];var e=document.createElement("a"),n=window.location,o={};e.href=t,o.port=e.port;var i=e.href.split("://");!o.port&&i[1]&&(o.port=i[1].split("/")[0].split("@").pop().split(":")[1]),o.port&&"0"!==o.port||(o.port="https"===i[0]?"443":"80"),o.hostname=e.hostname||n.hostname,o.pathname=e.pathname,o.protocol=i[0],"/"!==o.pathname.charAt(0)&&(o.pathname="/"+o.pathname);var a=!e.protocol||":"===e.protocol||e.protocol===n.protocol,s=e.hostname===document.domain&&e.port===n.port;return o.sameOrigin=a&&(!e.hostname||s),"/"===o.pathname&&(r[t]=o),o}},{}],19:[function(t,e,n){function r(t,e){var n=t.responseType;return"json"===n&&null!==e?e:"arraybuffer"===n||"blob"===n||"json"===n?o(t.response):"text"===n||""===n||void 0===n?o(t.responseText):void 0}var o=t(22);e.exports=r},{}],20:[function(t,e,n){function r(){}function o(t,e,n,r){return function(){return u.recordSupportability("API/"+e+"/called"),i(t+e,[f.now()].concat(s(arguments)),n?null:this,r),n?void 0:this}}var i=t("handle"),a=t(32),s=t(33),c=t("ee").get("tracer"),f=t("loader"),u=t(25),d=NREUM;"undefined"==typeof window.newrelic&&(newrelic=d);var p=["setPageViewName","setCustomAttribute","setErrorHandler","finished","addToTrace","inlineHit","addRelease"],l="api-",h=l+"ixn-";a(p,function(t,e){d[e]=o(l,e,!0,"api")}),d.addPageAction=o(l,"addPageAction",!0),d.setCurrentRouteName=o(l,"routeName",!0),e.exports=newrelic,d.interaction=function(){return(new r).get()};var m=r.prototype={createTracer:function(t,e){var n={},r=this,o="function"==typeof e;return i(h+"tracer",[f.now(),t,n],r),function(){if(c.emit((o?"":"no-")+"fn-start",[f.now(),r,o],n),o)try{return e.apply(this,arguments)}catch(t){throw c.emit("fn-err",[arguments,this,t],n),t}finally{c.emit("fn-end",[f.now()],n)}}}};a("actionText,setName,setAttribute,save,ignore,onEnd,getContext,end,get".split(","),function(t,e){m[e]=o(h,e)}),newrelic.noticeError=function(t,e){"string"==typeof t&&(t=new Error(t)),u.recordSupportability("API/noticeError/called"),i("err",[t,f.now(),!1,e])}},{}],21:[function(t,e,n){function r(t){if(NREUM.init){for(var e=NREUM.init,n=t.split("."),r=0;r<n.length-1;r++)if(e=e[n[r]],"object"!=typeof e)return;return e=e[n[n.length-1]]}}e.exports={getConfiguration:r}},{}],22:[function(t,e,n){e.exports=function(t){if("string"==typeof t&&t.length)return t.length;if("object"==typeof t){if("undefined"!=typeof ArrayBuffer&&t instanceof ArrayBuffer&&t.byteLength)return t.byteLength;if("undefined"!=typeof Blob&&t instanceof Blob&&t.size)return t.size;if(!("undefined"!=typeof FormData&&t instanceof FormData))try{return JSON.stringify(t).length}catch(e){return}}}},{}],23:[function(t,e,n){var r=!1;try{var o=Object.defineProperty({},"passive",{get:function(){r=!0}});window.addEventListener("testPassive",null,o),window.removeEventListener("testPassive",null,o)}catch(i){}e.exports=function(t){return r?{passive:!0,capture:!!t}:!!t}},{}],24:[function(t,e,n){var r=0,o=navigator.userAgent.match(/Firefox[\/\s](\d+\.\d+)/);o&&(r=+o[1]),e.exports=r},{}],25:[function(t,e,n){function r(t,e){var n=[a,t,{name:t},e];return i("storeMetric",n,null,"api"),n}function o(t,e){var n=[s,t,{name:t},e];return i("storeEventMetrics",n,null,"api"),n}var i=t("handle"),a="sm",s="cm";e.exports={constants:{SUPPORTABILITY_METRIC:a,CUSTOM_METRIC:s},recordSupportability:r,recordCustom:o}},{}],26:[function(t,e,n){function r(){return s.exists&&performance.now?Math.round(performance.now()):(i=Math.max((new Date).getTime(),i))-a}function o(){return i}var i=(new Date).getTime(),a=i,s=t(34);e.exports=r,e.exports.offset=a,e.exports.getLastTimestamp=o},{}],27:[function(t,e,n){function r(t){return!(!t||!t.protocol||"file:"===t.protocol)}e.exports=r},{}],28:[function(t,e,n){function r(t,e){var n=t.getEntries();n.forEach(function(t){"first-paint"===t.name?p("timing",["fp",Math.floor(t.startTime)]):"first-contentful-paint"===t.name&&p("timing",["fcp",Math.floor(t.startTime)])})}function o(t,e){var n=t.getEntries();if(n.length>0){var r=n[n.length-1];if(c&&c<r.startTime)return;p("lcp",[r])}}function i(t){t.getEntries().forEach(function(t){t.hadRecentInput||p("cls",[t])})}function a(t){if(t instanceof v&&!g){var e=Math.round(t.timeStamp),n={type:t.type};e<=l.now()?n.fid=l.now()-e:e>l.offset&&e<=Date.now()?(e-=l.offset,n.fid=l.now()-e):e=l.now(),g=!0,p("timing",["fi",e,n])}}function s(t){"hidden"===t&&(c=l.now(),p("pageHide",[c]))}if(!("init"in NREUM&&"page_view_timing"in NREUM.init&&"enabled"in NREUM.init.page_view_timing&&NREUM.init.page_view_timing.enabled===!1)){var c,f,u,d,p=t("handle"),l=t("loader"),h=t(31),m=t(23),v=NREUM.o.EV;if("PerformanceObserver"in window&&"function"==typeof window.PerformanceObserver){f=new PerformanceObserver(r);try{f.observe({entryTypes:["paint"]})}catch(w){}u=new PerformanceObserver(o);try{u.observe({entryTypes:["largest-contentful-paint"]})}catch(w){}d=new PerformanceObserver(i);try{d.observe({type:"layout-shift",buffered:!0})}catch(w){}}if("addEventListener"in document){var g=!1,y=["click","keydown","mousedown","pointerdown","touchstart"];y.forEach(function(t){document.addEventListener(t,a,m(!1))})}h(s)}},{}],29:[function(t,e,n){function r(){function t(){return e?15&e[n++]:16*Math.random()|0}var e=null,n=0,r=window.crypto||window.msCrypto;r&&r.getRandomValues&&(e=r.getRandomValues(new Uint8Array(31)));for(var o,i="xxxxxxxx-xxxx-4xxx-yxxx-xxxxxxxxxxxx",a="",s=0;s<i.length;s++)o=i[s],"x"===o?a+=t().toString(16):"y"===o?(o=3&t()|8,a+=o.toString(16)):a+=o;return a}function o(){return a(16)}function i(){return a(32)}function a(t){function e(){return n?15&n[r++]:16*Math.random()|0}var n=null,r=0,o=window.crypto||window.msCrypto;o&&o.getRandomValues&&Uint8Array&&(n=o.getRandomValues(new Uint8Array(31)));for(var i=[],a=0;a<t;a++)i.push(e().toString(16));return i.join("")}e.exports={generateUuid:r,generateSpanId:o,generateTraceId:i}},{}],30:[function(t,e,n){function r(t,e){if(!o)return!1;if(t!==o)return!1;if(!e)return!0;if(!i)return!1;for(var n=i.split("."),r=e.split("."),a=0;a<r.length;a++)if(r[a]!==n[a])return!1;return!0}var o=null,i=null,a=/Version\/(\S+)\s+Safari/;if(navigator.userAgent){var s=navigator.userAgent,c=s.match(a);c&&s.indexOf("Chrome")===-1&&s.indexOf("Chromium")===-1&&(o="Safari",i=c[1])}e.exports={agent:o,version:i,match:r}},{}],31:[function(t,e,n){function r(t){function e(){t(s&&document[s]?document[s]:document[i]?"hidden":"visible")}"addEventListener"in document&&a&&document.addEventListener(a,e,o(!1))}var o=t(23);e.exports=r;var i,a,s;"undefined"!=typeof document.hidden?(i="hidden",a="visibilitychange",s="visibilityState"):"undefined"!=typeof document.msHidden?(i="msHidden",a="msvisibilitychange"):"undefined"!=typeof document.webkitHidden&&(i="webkitHidden",a="webkitvisibilitychange",s="webkitVisibilityState")},{}],32:[function(t,e,n){function r(t,e){var n=[],r="",i=0;for(r in t)o.call(t,r)&&(n[i]=e(r,t[r]),i+=1);return n}var o=Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty;e.exports=r},{}],33:[function(t,e,n){function r(t,e,n){e||(e=0),"undefined"==typeof n&&(n=t?t.length:0);for(var r=-1,o=n-e||0,i=Array(o<0?0:o);++r<o;)i[r]=t[e+r];return i}e.exports=r},{}],34:[function(t,e,n){e.exports={exists:"undefined"!=typeof window.performance&&window.performance.timing&&"undefined"!=typeof window.performance.timing.navigationStart}},{}],ee:[function(t,e,n){function r(){}function o(t){function e(t){return t&&t instanceof r?t:t?f(t,c,a):a()}function n(n,r,o,i,a){if(a!==!1&&(a=!0),!l.aborted||i){t&&a&&t(n,r,o);for(var s=e(o),c=m(n),f=c.length,u=0;u<f;u++)c[u].apply(s,r);var p=d[y[n]];return p&&p.push([x,n,r,s]),s}}function i(t,e){g[t]=m(t).concat(e)}function h(t,e){var n=g[t];if(n)for(var r=0;r<n.length;r++)n[r]===e&&n.splice(r,1)}function m(t){return g[t]||[]}function v(t){return p[t]=p[t]||o(n)}function w(t,e){l.aborted||u(t,function(t,n){e=e||"feature",y[n]=e,e in d||(d[e]=[])})}var g={},y={},x={on:i,addEventListener:i,removeEventListener:h,emit:n,get:v,listeners:m,context:e,buffer:w,abort:s,aborted:!1};return x}function i(t){return f(t,c,a)}function a(){return new r}function s(){(d.api||d.feature)&&(l.aborted=!0,d=l.backlog={})}var c="nr@context",f=t("gos"),u=t(32),d={},p={},l=e.exports=o();e.exports.getOrSetContext=i,l.backlog=d},{}],gos:[function(t,e,n){function r(t,e,n){if(o.call(t,e))return t[e];var r=n();if(Object.defineProperty&&Object.keys)try{return Object.defineProperty(t,e,{value:r,writable:!0,enumerable:!1}),r}catch(i){}return t[e]=r,r}var o=Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty;e.exports=r},{}],handle:[function(t,e,n){function r(t,e,n,r){o.buffer([t],r),o.emit(t,e,n)}var o=t("ee").get("handle");e.exports=r,r.ee=o},{}],id:[function(t,e,n){function r(t){var e=typeof t;return!t||"object"!==e&&"function"!==e?-1:t===window?0:a(t,i,function(){return o++})}var o=1,i="nr@id",a=t("gos");e.exports=r},{}],loader:[function(t,e,n){function r(){if(!P++){var t=T.info=NREUM.info,e=v.getElementsByTagName("script")[0];if(setTimeout(f.abort,3e4),!(t&&t.licenseKey&&t.applicationID&&e))return f.abort();c(R,function(e,n){t[e]||(t[e]=n)});var n=a();s("mark",["onload",n+T.offset],null,"api"),s("timing",["load",n]);var r=v.createElement("script");0===t.agent.indexOf("http://")||0===t.agent.indexOf("https://")?r.src=t.agent:r.src=h+"://"+t.agent,e.parentNode.insertBefore(r,e)}}function o(){"complete"===v.readyState&&i()}function i(){s("mark",["domContent",a()+T.offset],null,"api")}var a=t(26),s=t("handle"),c=t(32),f=t("ee"),u=t(30),d=t(27),p=t(21),l=t(23),h=p.getConfiguration("ssl")===!1?"http":"https",m=window,v=m.document,w="addEventListener",g="attachEvent",y=m.XMLHttpRequest,x=y&&y.prototype,b=!d(m.location);NREUM.o={ST:setTimeout,SI:m.setImmediate,CT:clearTimeout,XHR:y,REQ:m.Request,EV:m.Event,PR:m.Promise,MO:m.MutationObserver};var E=""+location,R={beacon:"bam.nr-data.net",errorBeacon:"bam.nr-data.net",agent:"js-agent.newrelic.com/nr-spa-1212.min.js"},O=y&&x&&x[w]&&!/CriOS/.test(navigator.userAgent),T=e.exports={offset:a.getLastTimestamp(),now:a,origin:E,features:{},xhrWrappable:O,userAgent:u,disabled:b};if(!b){t(20),t(28),v[w]?(v[w]("DOMContentLoaded",i,l(!1)),m[w]("load",r,l(!1))):(v[g]("onreadystatechange",o),m[g]("onload",r)),s("mark",["firstbyte",a.getLastTimestamp()],null,"api");var P=0}},{}],"wrap-function":[function(t,e,n){function r(t,e){function n(e,n,r,c,f){function nrWrapper(){var i,a,u,p;try{a=this,i=d(arguments),u="function"==typeof r?r(i,a):r||{}}catch(l){o([l,"",[i,a,c],u],t)}s(n+"start",[i,a,c],u,f);try{return p=e.apply(a,i)}catch(h){throw s(n+"err",[i,a,h],u,f),h}finally{s(n+"end",[i,a,p],u,f)}}return a(e)?e:(n||(n=""),nrWrapper[p]=e,i(e,nrWrapper,t),nrWrapper)}function r(t,e,r,o,i){r||(r="");var s,c,f,u="-"===r.charAt(0);for(f=0;f<e.length;f++)c=e[f],s=t[c],a(s)||(t[c]=n(s,u?c+r:r,o,c,i))}function s(n,r,i,a){if(!h||e){var s=h;h=!0;try{t.emit(n,r,i,e,a)}catch(c){o([c,n,r,i],t)}h=s}}return t||(t=u),n.inPlace=r,n.flag=p,n}function o(t,e){e||(e=u);try{e.emit("internal-error",t)}catch(n){}}function i(t,e,n){if(Object.defineProperty&&Object.keys)try{var r=Object.keys(t);return r.forEach(function(n){Object.defineProperty(e,n,{get:function(){return t[n]},set:function(e){return t[n]=e,e}})}),e}catch(i){o([i],n)}for(var a in t)l.call(t,a)&&(e[a]=t[a]);return e}function a(t){return!(t&&t instanceof Function&&t.apply&&!t[p])}function s(t,e){var n=e(t);return n[p]=t,i(t,n,u),n}function c(t,e,n){var r=t[e];t[e]=s(r,n)}function f(){for(var t=arguments.length,e=new Array(t),n=0;n<t;++n)e[n]=arguments[n];return e}var u=t("ee"),d=t(33),p="nr@original",l=Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty,h=!1;e.exports=r,e.exports.wrapFunction=s,e.exports.wrapInPlace=c,e.exports.argsToArray=f},{}]},{},["loader",2,17,5,3,4]); ;NREUM.loader_config={accountID:"804283",trustKey:"804283",agentID:"402703674",licenseKey:"cf99e8d2a3",applicationID:"402703674"} ;NREUM.info={beacon:"bam.nr-data.net",errorBeacon:"bam.nr-data.net",licenseKey:"cf99e8d2a3", // Modified this value from the generated script, to pass prod vs dev applicationID: window.location.hostname.includes('journals.plos.org') ? "402703674" : "402694889", sa:1} </script>  <header> <div id="topslot" class="head-top"> <a id="skip-to-content" tabindex="0" class="button" href="#main-content"> Skip to main content </a> <div class="center"> <div class="title">Advertisement</div>  <div class='advertisement' id='div-gpt-ad-1458247671871-0' style='width:728px; height:90px;'> <script type='text/javascript'> googletag.cmd.push(function() { googletag.display('div-gpt-ad-1458247671871-0'); }); </script> </div> </div> </div> <div id="user" class="nav" data-user-management-url="https://community.plos.org"> </div> <div id="pagehdr"> <nav class="nav-main"> <h1 class="logo"> <a href="/plosmedicine/.">PLOS Medicine</a> </h1> <section class="top-bar-section"> <ul class="nav-elements"> <li class="menu-section-header has-dropdown " id="browse"> <span class="menu-section-header-title"> Browse </span> <ul class="menu-section dropdown " id="browse-dropdown-list"> <li> <a href="/plosmedicine/issue" >Current Issue</a> </li> <li> <a href="/plosmedicine/volume" >Journal Archive</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://collections.plos.org/s/plos-medicine-special-issues" >Special Issues</a> </li> <li> <a href="/plosmedicine/s/collections" >Collections</a> </li> <li> <a href="/plosmedicine/s/find-and-read-articles" >Find and Read Articles</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="multi-col-parent menu-section-header has-dropdown" id="publish"> Publish <div class="dropdown mega "> <ul class="multi-col" id="publish-dropdown-list"> <li class="menu-section-header " id="submissions"> <span class="menu-section-header-title"> Submissions </span> <ul class="menu-section " id="submissions-dropdown-list"> <li> <a href="/plosmedicine/s/getting-started" >Getting Started</a> </li> <li> <a href="/plosmedicine/s/submission-guidelines" >Submission Guidelines</a> </li> <li> <a href="/plosmedicine/s/figures" >Figures</a> </li> <li> <a href="/plosmedicine/s/tables" >Tables</a> </li> <li> <a href="/plosmedicine/s/supporting-information" >Supporting Information</a> </li> <li> <a href="/plosmedicine/s/latex" >LaTeX</a> </li> <li> <a href="/plosmedicine/s/other-article-types" >Other Article Types</a> </li> <li> <a href="/plosmedicine/s/preprints" >Preprints</a> </li> <li> <a href="/plosmedicine/s/revising-your-manuscript" >Revising Your Manuscript</a> </li> <li> <a href="/plosmedicine/s/submit-now" >Submit Now</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="menu-section-header " id="policies"> <span class="menu-section-header-title"> Policies </span> <ul class="menu-section " id="policies-dropdown-list"> <li> <a href="/plosmedicine/s/best-practices-in-research-reporting" >Best Practices in Research Reporting</a> </li> <li> <a href="/plosmedicine/s/human-subjects-research" >Human Subjects Research</a> </li> <li> <a href="/plosmedicine/s/animal-research" >Animal Research</a> </li> <li> <a href="/plosmedicine/s/competing-interests" >Competing Interests</a> </li> <li> <a href="/plosmedicine/s/disclosure-of-funding-sources" >Disclosure of Funding Sources</a> </li> <li> <a href="/plosmedicine/s/licenses-and-copyright" >Licenses and Copyright</a> </li> <li> <a href="/plosmedicine/s/data-availability" >Data Availability</a> </li> <li> <a href="/plosmedicine/s/complementary-research" >Complementary Research</a> </li> <li> <a href="/plosmedicine/s/materials-software-and-code-sharing" >Materials, Software and Code Sharing</a> </li> <li> <a href="/plosmedicine/s/ethical-publishing-practice" >Ethical Publishing Practice</a> </li> <li> <a href="/plosmedicine/s/authorship" >Authorship</a> </li> <li> <a href="/plosmedicine/s/corrections-expressions-of-concern-and-retractions" >Corrections, Expressions of Concern, and Retractions</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="menu-section-header " id="manuscript-review-and-publication"> <span class="menu-section-header-title"> Manuscript Review and Publication </span> <ul class="menu-section " id="manuscript-review-and-publication-dropdown-list"> <li> <a href="/plosmedicine/s/editorial-and-peer-review-process" >Editorial and Peer Review Process</a> </li> <li> <a href="/plosmedicine/s/reviewer-guidelines" >Guidelines for Reviewers</a> </li> <li> <a href="/plosmedicine/s/accepted-manuscripts" >Accepted Manuscripts</a> </li> <li> <a href="/plosmedicine/s/comments" >Comments</a> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> <div class="calloutcontainer"> <h3 class="callout-headline">Submit Your Manuscript</h3> <div class="action-contain"> <p class="callout-content"> <em>PLOS Medicine</em> publishes research and commentary of general interest with clear implications for patient care, public policy or clinical research agendas. </p> <p class="button-contain"> <a class="button button-default" href="/plosmedicine/s/submit-now"> Get Started </a> </p> </div>  </div> </div> </li> <li class="menu-section-header has-dropdown " id="about"> <span class="menu-section-header-title"> About </span> <ul class="menu-section dropdown " id="about-dropdown-list"> <li> <a href="/plosmedicine/s/journal-information" >Journal Information</a> </li> <li> <a href="/plosmedicine/s/staff-editors" >Staff Editors</a> </li> <li> <a href="/plosmedicine/s/editorial-board" >Editorial Board</a> </li> <li> <a href="/plosmedicine/s/publishing-information" >Publishing Information</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://plos.org/publication-fees" >Publication Fees</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://plos.org/press-and-media" >Press and Media</a> </li> <li> <a href="/plosmedicine/s/resources" >Resources</a> </li> <li> <a href="/plosmedicine/s/contact" >Contact</a> </li> </ul> </li> <script src="/resource/js/vendor/jquery.hoverIntent.js" type="text/javascript"></script> <script src="/resource/js/components/menu_drop.js" type="text/javascript"></script> <script src="/resource/js/components/hover_delay.js" type="text/javascript"></script> <li id="navsearch" class="head-search"> <form name="searchForm" action="/plosmedicine/search" method="get"> <fieldset> <legend>Search</legend> <label for="search">Search</label> <div class="search-contain"> <input id="search" type="text" name="q" placeholder="SEARCH" required/> <button id="headerSearchButton" type="submit" aria-label="Submit search"> <i title="Submit search" class="search-icon"></i> </button> </div> </fieldset> <input type="hidden" name="filterJournals" value="PLoSMedicine"/> </form> <a id="advSearch" href="/plosmedicine/search"> advanced search </a> <script src="/resource/js/components/placeholder_style.js" type="text/javascript"></script> </li> </ul> </section> </nav> </div> </header> <main id="main-content"> <div class="set-grid"> <header class="title-block"> <script src="/resource/js/components/signposts.js" type="text/javascript"></script> <ul id="almSignposts" class="signposts"> <li id="loadingMetrics"> <p>Loading metrics</p> </li> </ul> <script type="text/template" id="signpostsGeneralErrorTemplate"> <li id="metricsError">Article metrics are unavailable at this time. Please try again later.</li> </script> <script type="text/template" id="signpostsNewArticleErrorTemplate"> <li></li><li></li><li id="tooSoon">Article metrics are unavailable for recently published articles.</li> </script> <script type="text/template" id="signpostsTemplate"> <li id="almSaves"> <%= s.numberFormat(saveCount, 0) %> <div class="tools" data-js-tooltip-hover="trigger"> <a class="metric-term" href="/plosmedicine/article/metrics?id=10.1371/journal.pmed.1001779#savedHeader">Save</a> <p class="saves-tip" data-js-tooltip-hover="target"><a href="/plosmedicine/article/metrics?id=10.1371/journal.pmed.1001779#savedHeader">Total Mendeley and Citeulike bookmarks.</a></p> </div> </li> <li id="almCitations"> <%= s.numberFormat(citationCount, 0) %> <div class="tools" data-js-tooltip-hover="trigger"> <a class="metric-term" href="/plosmedicine/article/metrics?id=10.1371/journal.pmed.1001779#citedHeader">Citation</a> <p class="citations-tip" data-js-tooltip-hover="target"><a href="/plosmedicine/article/metrics?id=10.1371/journal.pmed.1001779#citedHeader">Paper's citation count computed by Dimensions.</a></p> </div> </li> <li id="almViews"> <%= s.numberFormat(viewCount, 0) %> <div class="tools" data-js-tooltip-hover="trigger"> <a class="metric-term" href="/plosmedicine/article/metrics?id=10.1371/journal.pmed.1001779#viewedHeader">View</a> <p class="views-tip" data-js-tooltip-hover="target"><a href="/plosmedicine/article/metrics?id=10.1371/journal.pmed.1001779#viewedHeader">PLOS views and downloads.</a></p> </div> </li> <li id="almShares"> <%= s.numberFormat(shareCount, 0) %> <div class="tools" data-js-tooltip-hover="trigger"> <a class="metric-term" href="/plosmedicine/article/metrics?id=10.1371/journal.pmed.1001779#discussedHeader">Share</a> <p class="shares-tip" data-js-tooltip-hover="target"><a href="/plosmedicine/article/metrics?id=10.1371/journal.pmed.1001779#discussedHeader">Sum of Facebook, Twitter, Reddit and Wikipedia activity.</a></p> </div> </li> </script> <div class="article-meta"> <div class="classifications"> <p class="license-short" id="licenseShort">Open Access</p> <div class="article-type" data-js-tooltip-hover="trigger"> <p class="article-type-tooltip" id="artType">Health in Action</p> <div class="type-desc" data-js-tooltip-hover="target"> <p>The Health in Action section provides a place where groups or individuals who are not represented regularly in a medical journal have a forum to describe the important issues from their perspective. Authors might include patient advocacy groups, healthcare workers, or non-governmental organizations. </p> <p><a href="/plosmedicine/s/other-article-types" class="type-seeall">See all article types » </a></p> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="article-title-etc"> <div class="title-authors"> <h1 id="artTitle"><?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>UK Biobank: An Open Access Resource for Identifying the Causes of a Wide Range of Complex Diseases of Middle and Old Age</h1> <ul class="author-list clearfix" data-js-tooltip="tooltip_container" id="author-list"> <li data-js-tooltip="tooltip_trigger" > <a data-author-id="0" class="author-name" > Cathie Sudlow,</a> <div id="author-meta-0" class="author-info" data-js-tooltip="tooltip_target"> <p id="authAffiliations-0"><span class="type">Affiliations</span> University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom, UK Biobank, Stockport, United Kingdom </p> <a data-js-tooltip="tooltip_close" class="close" id="tooltipClose0"> ⨯ </a> </div> </li> <li data-js-tooltip="tooltip_trigger" > <a data-author-id="1" class="author-name" > John Gallacher,</a> <div id="author-meta-1" class="author-info" data-js-tooltip="tooltip_target"> <p id="authAffiliations-1"><span class="type">Affiliation</span> University of Cardiff, Cardiff, United Kingdom </p> <a data-js-tooltip="tooltip_close" class="close" id="tooltipClose1"> ⨯ </a> </div> </li> <li data-js-tooltip="tooltip_trigger" > <a data-author-id="2" class="author-name" > Naomi Allen,</a> <div id="author-meta-2" class="author-info" data-js-tooltip="tooltip_target"> <p id="authAffiliations-2"><span class="type">Affiliations</span> UK Biobank, Stockport, United Kingdom, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom </p> <a data-js-tooltip="tooltip_close" class="close" id="tooltipClose2"> ⨯ </a> </div> </li> <li data-js-tooltip="tooltip_trigger" > <a data-author-id="3" class="author-name" > Valerie Beral,</a> <div id="author-meta-3" class="author-info" data-js-tooltip="tooltip_target"> <p id="authAffiliations-3"><span class="type">Affiliation</span> University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom </p> <a data-js-tooltip="tooltip_close" class="close" id="tooltipClose3"> ⨯ </a> </div> </li> <li data-js-tooltip="tooltip_trigger" > <a data-author-id="4" class="author-name" > Paul Burton,</a> <div id="author-meta-4" class="author-info" data-js-tooltip="tooltip_target"> <p id="authAffiliations-4"><span class="type">Affiliation</span> University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom </p> <a data-js-tooltip="tooltip_close" class="close" id="tooltipClose4"> ⨯ </a> </div> </li> <li data-js-tooltip="tooltip_trigger" > <a data-author-id="5" class="author-name" > John Danesh,</a> <div id="author-meta-5" class="author-info" data-js-tooltip="tooltip_target"> <p id="authAffiliations-5"><span class="type">Affiliation</span> University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom </p> <a data-js-tooltip="tooltip_close" class="close" id="tooltipClose5"> ⨯ </a> </div> </li> <li data-js-tooltip="tooltip_trigger" > <a data-author-id="6" class="author-name" > Paul Downey,</a> <div id="author-meta-6" class="author-info" data-js-tooltip="tooltip_target"> <p id="authAffiliations-6"><span class="type">Affiliation</span> Imperial College, London, United Kingdom </p> <a data-js-tooltip="tooltip_close" class="close" id="tooltipClose6"> ⨯ </a> </div> </li> <li data-js-tooltip="tooltip_trigger" > <a data-author-id="7" class="author-name" > Paul Elliott,</a> <div id="author-meta-7" class="author-info" data-js-tooltip="tooltip_target"> <p id="authAffiliations-7"><span class="type">Affiliation</span> Imperial College, London, United Kingdom </p> <a data-js-tooltip="tooltip_close" class="close" id="tooltipClose7"> ⨯ </a> </div> </li> <li data-js-tooltip="tooltip_trigger" > <a data-author-id="8" class="author-name" > Jane Green,</a> <div id="author-meta-8" class="author-info" data-js-tooltip="tooltip_target"> <p id="authAffiliations-8"><span class="type">Affiliation</span> University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom </p> <a data-js-tooltip="tooltip_close" class="close" id="tooltipClose8"> ⨯ </a> </div> </li> <li data-js-tooltip="tooltip_trigger" > <a data-author-id="9" class="author-name" > Martin Landray,</a> <div id="author-meta-9" class="author-info" data-js-tooltip="tooltip_target"> <p id="authAffiliations-9"><span class="type">Affiliation</span> University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom </p> <a data-js-tooltip="tooltip_close" class="close" id="tooltipClose9"> ⨯ </a> </div> </li> <li data-js-tooltip="tooltip_trigger" > <a data-author-id="10" class="author-name" > Bette Liu,</a> <div id="author-meta-10" class="author-info" data-js-tooltip="tooltip_target"> <p id="authAffiliations-10"><span class="type">Affiliation</span> University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia </p> <a data-js-tooltip="tooltip_close" class="close" id="tooltipClose10"> ⨯ </a> </div> </li> <li data-js-tooltip="tooltip_trigger" > <a data-author-id="11" class="author-name" > Paul Matthews,</a> <div id="author-meta-11" class="author-info" data-js-tooltip="tooltip_target"> <p id="authAffiliations-11"><span class="type">Affiliation</span> Imperial College, London, United Kingdom </p> <a data-js-tooltip="tooltip_close" class="close" id="tooltipClose11"> ⨯ </a> </div> </li> <li data-js-tooltip="tooltip_trigger" > <a data-author-id="12" class="author-name" > Giok Ong,</a> <div id="author-meta-12" class="author-info" data-js-tooltip="tooltip_target"> <p id="authAffiliations-12"><span class="type">Affiliation</span> University of Warwick, Warwick, United Kingdom </p> <a data-js-tooltip="tooltip_close" class="close" id="tooltipClose12"> ⨯ </a> </div> </li> <li data-js-tooltip="tooltip_trigger" data-js-toggle="toggle_target" data-visibility= "none" > <a data-author-id="13" class="author-name" > Jill Pell,</a> <div id="author-meta-13" class="author-info" data-js-tooltip="tooltip_target"> <p id="authAffiliations-13"><span class="type">Affiliation</span> University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom </p> <a data-js-tooltip="tooltip_close" class="close" id="tooltipClose13"> ⨯ </a> </div> </li> <li data-js-tooltip="tooltip_trigger" data-js-toggle="toggle_target" data-visibility= "none" > <a data-author-id="14" class="author-name" > Alan Silman,</a> <div id="author-meta-14" class="author-info" data-js-tooltip="tooltip_target"> <p id="authAffiliations-14"><span class="type">Affiliation</span> University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom </p> <a data-js-tooltip="tooltip_close" class="close" id="tooltipClose14"> ⨯ </a> </div> </li> <li data-js-tooltip="tooltip_trigger" data-js-toggle="toggle_target" data-visibility= "none" > <a data-author-id="15" class="author-name" > Alan Young,</a> <div id="author-meta-15" class="author-info" data-js-tooltip="tooltip_target"> <p id="authAffiliations-15"><span class="type">Affiliation</span> University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom </p> <a data-js-tooltip="tooltip_close" class="close" id="tooltipClose15"> ⨯ </a> </div> </li> <li data-js-tooltip="tooltip_trigger" data-js-toggle="toggle_target" data-visibility= "none" > <a data-author-id="16" class="author-name" > Tim Sprosen,</a> <div id="author-meta-16" class="author-info" data-js-tooltip="tooltip_target"> <p id="authAffiliations-16"><span class="type">Affiliation</span> University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom </p> <a data-js-tooltip="tooltip_close" class="close" id="tooltipClose16"> ⨯ </a> </div> </li> <li data-js-tooltip="tooltip_trigger" data-js-toggle="toggle_target" data-visibility= "none" > <a data-author-id="17" class="author-name" > Tim Peakman,</a> <div id="author-meta-17" class="author-info" data-js-tooltip="tooltip_target"> <p id="authAffiliations-17"><span class="type">Affiliation</span> UK Biobank, Stockport, United Kingdom </p> <a data-js-tooltip="tooltip_close" class="close" id="tooltipClose17"> ⨯ </a> </div> </li> <li data-js-toggle="toggle_add"> [ ... ],</li> <li data-js-tooltip="tooltip_trigger" > <a data-author-id="18" class="author-name" > Rory Collins <span class="email"> </span></a> <div id="author-meta-18" class="author-info" data-js-tooltip="tooltip_target"> <p id="authCorresponding-18"> <span class="email">* E-mail:</span> <a href="mailto:enquiries@ukbiobank.ac.uk">enquiries@ukbiobank.ac.uk</a></p> <p id="authAffiliations-18"><span class="type">Affiliations</span> UK Biobank, Stockport, United Kingdom, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom </p> <a data-js-tooltip="tooltip_close" class="close" id="tooltipClose18"> ⨯ </a> </div> </li> <li data-js-toggle="toggle_trigger" > <a class="more-authors active" id="authors-show">[ view all ]</a> </li> <li data-js-toggle="toggle_trigger" data-visibility="none"> <a class="author-less" id="author-hide">[ view less ]</a> </li> </ul> <script src="/resource/js/components/tooltip.js" type="text/javascript"></script> </div> <div id="floatTitleTop" data-js-floater="title_author" class="float-title" role="presentation"> <div class="set-grid"> <div class="float-title-inner"> <h1><?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>UK Biobank: An Open Access Resource for Identifying the Causes of a Wide Range of Complex Diseases of Middle and Old Age</h1> <ul id="floatAuthorList" data-js-floater="floated_authors"> <li data-float-index="1">Cathie Sudlow,  </li> <li data-float-index="2">John Gallacher,  </li> <li data-float-index="3">Naomi Allen,  </li> <li data-float-index="4">Valerie Beral,  </li> <li data-float-index="5">Paul Burton,  </li> <li data-float-index="6">John Danesh,  </li> <li data-float-index="7">Paul Downey,  </li> <li data-float-index="8">Paul Elliott,  </li> <li data-float-index="9">Jane Green,  </li> <li data-float-index="10">Martin Landray </ul> </div> <div class="logo-close" id="titleTopCloser"> <img src="/resource/img/logo-plos.png" style="height: 2em" alt="PLOS" /> <div class="close-floater" title="close">x</div> </div> </div> </div> <ul class="date-doi"> <li id="artPubDate">Published: March 31, 2015</li> <li id="artDoi"> <a href="https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1001779">https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1001779</a> </li> <li class="flex-spacer"></li> </ul> </div> <div> </div> </header> <section class="article-body"> <ul class="article-tabs"> <li class="tab-title active" id="tabArticle"> <a href="/plosmedicine/article?id=10.1371/journal.pmed.1001779" class="article-tab-1">Article</a> </li> <li class="tab-title " id="tabAuthors"> <a href="/plosmedicine/article/authors?id=10.1371/journal.pmed.1001779" class="article-tab-2">Authors</a> </li> <li class="tab-title " id="tabMetrics"> <a href="/plosmedicine/article/metrics?id=10.1371/journal.pmed.1001779" class="article-tab-3">Metrics</a> </li> <li class="tab-title " id="tabComments"> <a href="/plosmedicine/article/comments?id=10.1371/journal.pmed.1001779" class="article-tab-4">Comments</a> </li> <li class="tab-title" id="tabRelated"> <a class="article-tab-5" id="tabRelated-link">Media Coverage</a> <script>$(document).ready(function() { $.getMediaLink("10.1371/journal.pmed.1001779").then(function (url) { $("#tabRelated-link").attr("href", url) } ) })</script> </li> </ul> <div class="article-container"> <div id="nav-article"> <ul class="nav-secondary"> <li class="nav-comments" id="nav-comments"> <a href="article/comments?id=10.1371/journal.pmed.1001779">Reader Comments</a> </li> <li id="nav-figures"><a href="#" data-doi="10.1371/journal.pmed.1001779">Figures</a></li> </ul> <div id="nav-data-linking" data-data-url=""> </div> </div> <script src="/resource/js/components/scroll.js" type="text/javascript"></script> <script src="/resource/js/components/nav_builder.js" type="text/javascript"></script> <script src="/resource/js/components/floating_nav.js" type="text/javascript"></script> <div id="figure-lightbox-container"></div> <script id="figure-lightbox-template" type="text/template"> <div id="figure-lightbox" class="reveal-modal full" data-reveal aria-hidden="true" role="dialog"> <div class="lb-header"> <h1 id="lb-title"><%= articleTitle %></h1> <div id="lb-authors"> <span>Cathie Sudlow</span> <span>John Gallacher</span> <a class="more-authors" href="/plosmedicine/article/authors?id=10.1371/journal.pmed.1001779">...</a> <span>Rory Collins</span> </div> <div class="lb-close" title="close"> </div> </div> <div class="img-container"> <div class="loader"> <i class="fa-spinner"></i> </div> <img class="main-lightbox-image" src=""/> <aside id="figures-list"> <% figureList.each(function (ix, figure) { %> <div class="change-img" data-doi="<%= figure.getAttribute('data-doi') %>"> <img class="aside-figure" src="/plosmedicine/article/figure/image?size=inline&id=<%= figure.getAttribute('data-doi') %>" /> </div> <% }) %> <div class="dummy-figure"> </div> </aside> </div> <div id="lightbox-footer"> <div id="btns-container" class="lightbox-row <% if(figureList.length <= 1) { print('one-figure-only') } %>"> <div class="fig-btns-container reset-zoom-wrapper left"> <span class="fig-btn reset-zoom-btn">Reset zoom</span> </div> <div class="zoom-slider-container"> <div class="range-slider-container"> <span id="lb-zoom-min"></span> <div class="range-slider round" data-slider data-options="start: 20; end: 200; initial: 20;"> <span class="range-slider-handle" role="slider" tabindex="0"></span> <span class="range-slider-active-segment"></span> <input type="hidden"> </div> <span id="lb-zoom-max"></span> </div> </div> <% if(figureList.length > 1) { %> <div class="fig-btns-container"> <span class="fig-btn all-fig-btn"><i class="icon icon-all"></i> All Figures</span> <span class="fig-btn next-fig-btn"><i class="icon icon-next"></i> Next</span> <span class="fig-btn prev-fig-btn"><i class="icon icon-prev"></i> Previous</span> </div> <% } %> </div> <div id="image-context"> </div> </div> </div> </script> <script id="image-context-template" type="text/template"> <div class="footer-text"> <div id="figure-description-wrapper"> <div id="view-more-wrapper" style="<% descriptionExpanded? print('display:none;') : '' %>"> <span id="figure-title"><%= title %></span> <p id="figure-description"> <%= description %>   </p> <span id="view-more">show more<i class="icon-arrow-right"></i></span> </div> <div id="view-less-wrapper" style="<% descriptionExpanded? print('display:inline-block;') : '' %>" > <span id="figure-title"><%= title %></span> <p id="full-figure-description"> <%= description %>   <span id="view-less">show less<i class="icon-arrow-left"></i></span> </p> </div> </div> </div> <div id="show-context-container"> <a class="btn show-context" href="<%= showInContext(strippedDoi) %>">Show in Context</a> </div> <div id="download-buttons"> <h3>Download:</h3> <div class="item"> <a href="/plosmedicine/article/figure/image?size=original&download=&id=<%= doi %>" title="original image"> <span class="download-btn">TIFF</span> </a> <span class="file-size"><%= fileSizes.original %></span> </div> <div class="item"> <a href="/plosmedicine/article/figure/image?size=large&download=&id=<%= doi %>" title="large image"> <span class="download-btn">PNG</span> </a> <span class="file-size"><%= fileSizes.large %></span> </div> <div class="item"> <a href="/plosmedicine/article/figure/powerpoint?id=<%= doi %>" title="PowerPoint slide"> <span class="download-btn">PPT</span> </a> </div> </div> </script> <div class="article-content"> <div id="figure-carousel-section"> <h2>Figures</h2> <div id="figure-carousel"> <div class="carousel-wrapper"> <div class="slider"> <div class="carousel-item lightbox-figure" data-doi="10.1371/journal.pmed.1001779.t001"> <img src="/plosmedicine/article/figure/image?size=inline&id=10.1371/journal.pmed.1001779.t001" loading="lazy" alt="Table 1" /> </div> <div class="carousel-item lightbox-figure" data-doi="10.1371/journal.pmed.1001779.t002"> <img src="/plosmedicine/article/figure/image?size=inline&id=10.1371/journal.pmed.1001779.t002" loading="lazy" alt="Table 2" /> </div> <div class="carousel-item lightbox-figure" data-doi="10.1371/journal.pmed.1001779.t003"> <img src="/plosmedicine/article/figure/image?size=inline&id=10.1371/journal.pmed.1001779.t003" loading="lazy" alt="Table 3" /> </div> </div> </div> <div class="carousel-control"> <span class="button previous"></span> <span class="button next"></span> </div> <div class="carousel-page-buttons"> </div> </div> </div> <script src="/resource/js/vendor/jquery.touchswipe.js" type="text/javascript"></script> <script src="/resource/js/components/figure_carousel.js" type="text/javascript"></script> <script src="/resource/js/vendor/jquery.dotdotdot.js" type="text/javascript"></script> <div class="article-text" id="artText"> <div xmlns:plos="http://plos.org" class="articleinfo"><p><strong>Citation: </strong>Sudlow C, Gallacher J, Allen N, Beral V, Burton P, Danesh J, et al. (2015) UK Biobank: An Open Access Resource for Identifying the Causes of a Wide Range of Complex Diseases of Middle and Old Age. PLoS Med 12(3): e1001779. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1001779</p><p><strong>Published: </strong> March 31, 2015</p><p><strong>Copyright: </strong> © 2015 Sudlow et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the <a href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">Creative Commons Attribution License</a>, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited</p><p><strong>Funding: </strong>UK Biobank has received funding from the UK Medical Research Council, Wellcome Trust, Department of Health, British Heart Foundation, Diabetes UK, Northwest Regional Development Agency, Scottish Government, and Welsh Assembly Government. As described in the manuscript, the MRC and Wellcome Trust played a key role in the decision to establish UK Biobank, a large, population-based, prospective, open access resource that would allow detailed investigations of the genetic and environmental determinants of the diseases of middle and old age. The MRC, Wellcome Trust, Department of Health, and Scottish Chief Scientist Office each have a representative on the UK Biobank Board. The MRC and Wellcome Trust fund the independent Ethics and Governance Council.</p><p><strong>Competing interests: </strong> All authors are current or past members of UK Biobank’s executive management team or steering committee, or of one of UK Biobank’s working groups. PM is a part-time employee and holder of stock and options in GlaxoSmithKline and has received attendance fees and contributed to panels convened by the Medical Research Council, a public funder of UK Biobank. JD has received research funding from The Wellcome Trust, British Heart Foundation, UK Medical Research Council, BUPA Foundation, Denka, diaDexus, European Research Council, European Union, Evelyn Trust, Fogarty International Centre, GlaxoSmithKline, Merck, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Health Service Blood and Transplant, National Institute for Health Research, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Novartis, Pfizer, Roche, UK Biobank. RC is the CEO and PI of UK Biobank, which is a charity set up by the MRC and Wellcome Trust to establish this prospective cohort as a resource for researchers from around the world. RC is a member of the Editorial Board of <em>PLOS Medicine</em>. All other authors have declared that no competing interests exist.</p><p><strong>Provenance:</strong> Not commissioned; externally peer reviewed</p></div> <a name="box001" id="box001" class="link-target"></a><div class="box"> <div xmlns:plos="http://plos.org" id="section1" class="section toc-section"><a id="sec001" name="sec001" class="link-target" title="Summary Points"></a> <h2>Summary Points</h2> <ul class="bulleted"> <li>UK Biobank is a very large and detailed prospective study with over 500,000 participants aged 40–69 years when recruited in 2006–2010.</li> <li>The study has collected and continues to collect extensive phenotypic and genotypic detail about its participants, including data from questionnaires, physical measures, sample assays, accelerometry, multimodal imaging, genome-wide genotyping and longitudinal follow-up for a wide range of health-related outcomes.</li> <li>Wide consultation; input from scientific, management, legal, and ethical partners; and industrial-scale, centralised processes have been essential to the development of this resource.</li> <li>UK Biobank is available for open access, without the need for collaboration, to any bona fide researcher who wishes to use it to conduct health-related research for the benefit of the public.</li> </ul></div> </div><a xmlns:plos="http://plos.org" id="article1.body1.p1" name="article1.body1.p1" class="link-target"></a><p xmlns:plos="http://plos.org">The challenge of understanding the determinants of common life-threatening and disabling conditions is substantial. These conditions are typically caused by a combination of lifestyle, environmental, and genomic factors, with individually modest effects and complex interactions, the detection and quantification of which require studies with large numbers of disease cases. While retrospective case-control studies of particular diseases [<a href="#pmed.1001779.ref001" class="ref-tip">1</a>] or existing prospective studies of particular risk factors can help to address this challenge [<a href="#pmed.1001779.ref002" class="ref-tip">2</a>,<a href="#pmed.1001779.ref003" class="ref-tip">3</a>], a complementary approach is to establish large prospective cohorts designed to study a much wider range of known and novel risk factors for a wide range of diseases [<a href="#pmed.1001779.ref004" class="ref-tip">4</a>]. Prospective studies can assess exposures before the onset and treatment of disease, diseases that are not readily investigated by retrospective studies, and both the adverse and beneficial effects of a specific exposure on the lifetime risks of different diseases.</p> <a xmlns:plos="http://plos.org" id="article1.body1.p2" name="article1.body1.p2" class="link-target"></a><p xmlns:plos="http://plos.org">UK (United Kingdom) Biobank is a very large, population-based prospective study, established to allow detailed investigations of the genetic and nongenetic determinants of the diseases of middle and old age [<a href="#pmed.1001779.ref005" class="ref-tip">5</a>,<a href="#pmed.1001779.ref006" class="ref-tip">6</a>]. It aims to combine extensive and precise assessment of exposures with comprehensive follow-up and characterisation of many different health-related outcomes, as well as to promote innovative science by maximising access to the resource. Recruitment of 500,000 participants and the collection of an unprecedented wealth of baseline data and samples were completed in 2010. Activity is now focused on further phenotyping of participants and their health outcomes and on providing access to researchers from around the world.</p> <div xmlns:plos="http://plos.org" id="section1" class="section toc-section"><a id="sec002" name="sec002" data-toc="sec002" class="link-target" title="Cohort Size"></a><h2>Cohort Size</h2><a id="article1.body1.sec1.p1" name="article1.body1.sec1.p1" class="link-target"></a><p>The large size of the cohort was based on statistical power calculations for nested case-control studies [<a href="#pmed.1001779.ref007" class="ref-tip">7</a>], showing that 5,000–10,000 cases of any particular condition would be required for the reliable detection of odds ratios (ORs) for the main effects of different exposures of 1.3–1.5 (the upper end of the range reported from genome-wide association studies of various conditions [<a href="#pmed.1001779.ref008" class="ref-tip">8</a>]), and around 20,000 cases for detection of interactions with ORs of at least 2.0. To observe such large numbers of cases of particular diseases within a reasonable follow-up period, prospective cohorts need very large numbers of participants. Projected numbers of cases of a range of common conditions expected to occur among 500,000 UK Biobank participants during 20 years of follow-up (<a href="#pmed-1001779-t001">Table 1</a>) suggest that reliable assessment of the main determinants of most of these conditions (and others that are similarly common) should be possible during the current decade [<a href="#pmed.1001779.ref006" class="ref-tip">6</a>,<a href="#pmed.1001779.ref009" class="ref-tip">9</a>]. The age range for inclusion of 40–69 years represented a pragmatic compromise between participants being old enough for there to be sufficient incident health outcomes during the early years of follow-up and young enough for the initial assessment to occur before incipient disease had a material impact on exposures.</p> <a class="link-target" id="pmed-1001779-t001" name="pmed-1001779-t001"></a><div class="figure" data-doi="10.1371/journal.pmed.1001779.t001"><div class="img-box"><a title="Click for larger image" href="article/figure/image?size=medium&id=10.1371/journal.pmed.1001779.t001" data-doi="10.1371/journal.pmed.1001779" data-uri="10.1371/journal.pmed.1001779.t001"><img src="article/figure/image?size=inline&id=10.1371/journal.pmed.1001779.t001" alt="thumbnail" class="thumbnail" loading="lazy"></a><div class="expand"></div></div><div class="figure-inline-download"> Download: <ul><li><a href="article/figure/powerpoint?id=10.1371/journal.pmed.1001779.t001"><div class="definition-label">PPT</div><div class="definition-description">PowerPoint slide</div></a></li><li><a href="article/figure/image?download&size=large&id=10.1371/journal.pmed.1001779.t001"><div class="definition-label">PNG</div><div class="definition-description">larger image</div></a></li><li><a href="article/figure/image?download&size=original&id=10.1371/journal.pmed.1001779.t001"><div class="definition-label">TIFF</div><div class="definition-description">original image</div></a></li></ul></div><div class="figcaption"><span>Table 1. </span> Approximate numbers of incident cases of some exemplar conditions expected to accrue during the first 20 years of follow-up in UK Biobank.</div><p class="caption_target"></p><p class="caption_object"><a href="https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1001779.t001"> https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1001779.t001</a></p></div></div> <div xmlns:plos="http://plos.org" id="section2" class="section toc-section"><a id="sec003" name="sec003" data-toc="sec003" class="link-target" title="Data Availability"></a><h2>Data Availability</h2> <div id="section1" class="section toc-section"><a id="sec004" name="sec004" class="link-target" title="Data from the Baseline Assessment"></a> <h3>Data from the Baseline Assessment</h3> <a id="article1.body1.sec2.sec1.p1" name="article1.body1.sec2.sec1.p1" class="link-target"></a><p>The 500,000 participants were assessed between 2006 and 2010 in 22 assessment centres throughout the UK, covering a variety of different settings to provide socioeconomic and ethnic heterogeneity and urban–rural mix. This ensured a broad distribution across all exposures to allow the reliable detection of generalisable associations between baseline characteristics and health outcomes. The assessment visit comprised electronic signed consent; a self-completed touch-screen questionnaire; brief computer-assisted interview; physical and functional measures; and collection of blood, urine, and saliva (<a href="#pmed-1001779-t002">Table 2</a>). Multiple aliquots of different sample fractions are stored in UK Biobank’s automated laboratory, allowing for a wide range of future assays [<a href="#pmed.1001779.ref010" class="ref-tip">10</a>].</p> <a class="link-target" id="pmed-1001779-t002" name="pmed-1001779-t002"></a><div class="figure" data-doi="10.1371/journal.pmed.1001779.t002"><div class="img-box"><a title="Click for larger image" href="article/figure/image?size=medium&id=10.1371/journal.pmed.1001779.t002" data-doi="10.1371/journal.pmed.1001779" data-uri="10.1371/journal.pmed.1001779.t002"><img src="article/figure/image?size=inline&id=10.1371/journal.pmed.1001779.t002" alt="thumbnail" class="thumbnail" loading="lazy"></a><div class="expand"></div></div><div class="figure-inline-download"> Download: <ul><li><a href="article/figure/powerpoint?id=10.1371/journal.pmed.1001779.t002"><div class="definition-label">PPT</div><div class="definition-description">PowerPoint slide</div></a></li><li><a href="article/figure/image?download&size=large&id=10.1371/journal.pmed.1001779.t002"><div class="definition-label">PNG</div><div class="definition-description">larger image</div></a></li><li><a href="article/figure/image?download&size=original&id=10.1371/journal.pmed.1001779.t002"><div class="definition-label">TIFF</div><div class="definition-description">original image</div></a></li></ul></div><div class="figcaption"><span>Table 2. </span> Data collected at the baseline assessment.</div><p class="caption_target"></p><p class="caption_object"><a href="https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1001779.t002"> https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1001779.t002</a></p></div></div> <div id="section2" class="section toc-section"><a id="sec005" name="sec005" class="link-target" title="Data from Additional Assessments to Enhance Phenotyping"></a> <h3>Data from Additional Assessments to Enhance Phenotyping</h3> <a id="article1.body1.sec2.sec2.p1" name="article1.body1.sec2.sec2.p1" class="link-target"></a><p>UK Biobank is conducting a range of additional phenotyping assessments in all (or large subsets) of the participants. Data are already available both from a detailed dietary web questionnaire [<a href="#pmed.1001779.ref011" class="ref-tip">11</a>], completed up to four times by over 200,000 participants, and from the first repeat of the entire baseline assessment in around 20,000 participants [<a href="#pmed.1001779.ref012" class="ref-tip">12</a>]. Over the coming months and years, further data will become available from: a range of biochemical assays and genome-wide genotyping of baseline samples from all participants; Web-based questionnaires to assess specific characteristics in more detail (e.g., cognitive function, occupational history); and, in subsets of 100,000 participants, collection of data from physical activity monitors and multi-modal imaging (<a href="#pmed-1001779-t003">Table 3</a>).</p> <a class="link-target" id="pmed-1001779-t003" name="pmed-1001779-t003"></a><div class="figure" data-doi="10.1371/journal.pmed.1001779.t003"><div class="img-box"><a title="Click for larger image" href="article/figure/image?size=medium&id=10.1371/journal.pmed.1001779.t003" data-doi="10.1371/journal.pmed.1001779" data-uri="10.1371/journal.pmed.1001779.t003"><img src="article/figure/image?size=inline&id=10.1371/journal.pmed.1001779.t003" alt="thumbnail" class="thumbnail" loading="lazy"></a><div class="expand"></div></div><div class="figure-inline-download"> Download: <ul><li><a href="article/figure/powerpoint?id=10.1371/journal.pmed.1001779.t003"><div class="definition-label">PPT</div><div class="definition-description">PowerPoint slide</div></a></li><li><a href="article/figure/image?download&size=large&id=10.1371/journal.pmed.1001779.t003"><div class="definition-label">PNG</div><div class="definition-description">larger image</div></a></li><li><a href="article/figure/image?download&size=original&id=10.1371/journal.pmed.1001779.t003"><div class="definition-label">TIFF</div><div class="definition-description">original image</div></a></li></ul></div><div class="figcaption"><span>Table 3. </span> Current and planned future data available in the UK Biobank resource.</div><p class="caption_target"></p><p class="caption_object"><a href="https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1001779.t003"> https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1001779.t003</a></p></div></div> <div id="section3" class="section toc-section"><a id="sec006" name="sec006" class="link-target" title="Data from Longitudinal Follow-Up for Health-Related Outcomes"></a> <h3>Data from Longitudinal Follow-Up for Health-Related Outcomes</h3> <a id="article1.body1.sec2.sec3.p1" name="article1.body1.sec2.sec3.p1" class="link-target"></a><p>Follow-up is conducted chiefly through linkages to routinely available national datasets. Data are already available on over 8,500 deaths, over 75,000 prevalent and incident cancers, and over 600,000 hospital admissions, while linkages are planned to a range of other datasets, including primary care, cancer screening data, and disease-specific registers. In addition, to reduce misclassification and increase biological specificity of health outcomes, UK Biobank is developing methods for accurate identification and detailed phenotyping of outcomes in a range of disease areas. Initial ascertainment of outcomes with electronic and semi-automated sources will be supplemented by more intensive methods (e.g., retrieval of case records, imaging data, or banked tissue samples) for validation and subclassification (<a href="#pmed-1001779-t003">Table 3</a>).</p> </div> </div> <div xmlns:plos="http://plos.org" id="section3" class="section toc-section"><a id="sec007" name="sec007" data-toc="sec007" class="link-target" title="Online Open Access to Researchers"></a><h2>Online Open Access to Researchers</h2><a id="article1.body1.sec3.p1" name="article1.body1.sec3.p1" class="link-target"></a><p>Many cohort studies have mechanisms for sharing data with external researchers on a collaborative basis, but relatively few have arrangements for open access to the data without any need for collaboration, and even fewer have been established from the outset with the intention of making the entire resource available to the global research community. The development of open access arrangements for data from cohort studies is an important step in maximising their impact with respect to scientific publications, policy making, and understanding of health and disease. Examples of resources whose impact has been enhanced in this way include the UK 1958 birth cohort study [<a href="#pmed.1001779.ref013" class="ref-tip">13</a>] and the Australian 45 and Up cohort study [<a href="#pmed.1001779.ref014" class="ref-tip">14</a>].</p> <a id="article1.body1.sec3.p2" name="article1.body1.sec3.p2" class="link-target"></a><p>UK Biobank aims to encourage and provide as wide access as possible to its data and samples for health-related research in the public interest by all bona fide researchers from the academic, charity, public, and commercial sectors, both in the UK and internationally, without preferential or exclusive access for any user. UK Biobank’s publicly available Data Showcase (<a href="http://www.ukbiobank.ac.uk/">http://www.ukbiobank.ac.uk/</a>) presents the univariate distributions and methods used for collection of all the variables available for health-related research, enabling potential research users to explore what data are available and plan research applications.</p> <a id="article1.body1.sec3.p3" name="article1.body1.sec3.p3" class="link-target"></a><p>An online access process, launched in April 2012, aims to be fair, transparent, and streamlined. Applications for data only are approved so long as the proposed research is in the public interest and the data required are, or will become, available. Applications involving the use of depletable samples or requiring participant re-contact are subject to a more rigorous process of scrutiny and scientific review. Following initial assessment by the executive team, all applications are assessed and either approved or rejected (with right of appeal) by an independent Access Subcommittee. Advice is sought on any applications raising potential ethical issues from both the University of Oxford’s Ethox Centre and the Ethics and Governance Council. Only de-identified data are provided to researchers, who must sign a material transfer agreement, undertaking not to attempt to identify any participant, to keep the data secure, and to use it only for the purposes of the approved research. Researchers must also undertake to publish their results and to return details of their methods, derived data, and/or sample assay results for incorporation into the UK Biobank dataset so that they can be made available to other approved researchers (see <a href="http://www.ukbiobank.ac.uk/scientists/">www.ukbiobank.ac.uk/scientists/</a> for details). UK Biobank encourages, but does not mandate, publication of results of research based on the resource in open access journals. Ensuring that the resource and its access arrangements are widely communicated is an important task, requiring a dedicated communications team to manage UK Biobank’s website, scientific meetings, and other methods for communication with the scientific community, including emails, newsletters, and other social media. In the first two years after the launch of open access to UK Biobank, over 1,000 researchers successfully registered, and over 200 applications were submitted (see <a href="http://www.ukbiobank.ac.uk/approved-research/">www.ukbiobank.ac.uk/approved-research/</a> for a summary of research that is currently underway). Over 80% of registered researchers were from the UK and over 95% from academic rather than commercial institutions. Approximately 85% of applications were for data only, with few as yet requesting use of samples or participant re-contact. UK Biobank has now started to receive notifications of submitted abstracts and manuscripts based on the first few completed research projects. UK Biobank reviews its access procedures regularly, revising them in the light of experience and user feedback to make the process as streamlined as possible while remaining consistent with participant consent.</p> </div> <div xmlns:plos="http://plos.org" id="section4" class="section toc-section"><a id="sec008" name="sec008" data-toc="sec008" class="link-target" title="Running UK Biobank"></a><h2>Running UK Biobank</h2><a id="article1.body1.sec4.p1" name="article1.body1.sec4.p1" class="link-target"></a><p>Success so far in developing and enhancing the resource has relied on public willingness to participate in prospective research studies; close engagement with funders, government health departments, and the UK National Health Service; extensive consultation with the public, scientists, and a wide range of regulatory, legal, and ethics bodies; and the development of cost-effective and efficient methodological approaches. The most significant challenges to be overcome are the implementation of scientifically rigorous processes on a very large scale, sustaining the funding required to ensure the benefits of the resource are fully realised, obtaining approvals from multiple regulatory bodies in a frequently changing political and healthcare environment, and ensuring as wide as possible communication of the non-preferential, open access nature of the resource.</p> <div id="section1" class="section toc-section"><a id="sec009" name="sec009" class="link-target" title="Interactions with Participants"></a> <h3>Interactions with Participants</h3> <a id="article1.body1.sec4.sec1.p1" name="article1.body1.sec4.sec1.p1" class="link-target"></a><p>Participant recruitment, retention, and engagement with enhancement projects has benefited from the willingness of very large numbers of British people to take part in observational research without the prospect of direct personal gain [<a href="#pmed.1001779.ref015" class="ref-tip">15</a>]. Participants spent an average of about two and a half hours at the recruitment visit. All gave broad consent to use of their anonymised data and samples for any health-related research, to be re-contacted for further substudies, and for UK Biobank to access their health-related records. Large subsets have subsequently completed Web-based questionnaires, agreed to wear a physical activity monitor, and repeated the entire baseline assessment. Of those who attended the first repeat assessment visit and provided feedback, 92% reported that they would be willing to travel for up to two hours for an imaging assessment visit lasting half a day. UK Biobank keeps its participants involved through providing progress updates via its website, with annual newsletters, and through its dedicated Participant Resource Centre (PRC), enabling them to continue to support the project and participate in research over the years ahead.</p> </div> <div id="section2" class="section toc-section"><a id="sec010" name="sec010" class="link-target" title="Interactions with Funding Bodies"></a> <h3>Interactions with Funding Bodies</h3> <a id="article1.body1.sec4.sec2.p1" name="article1.body1.sec4.sec2.p1" class="link-target"></a><p>Having established UK Biobank as a charitable company over a decade ago, the UK Medical Research Council and Wellcome Trust have provided the vast majority of its funding so far. These major funders have had the long-term vision to continue to invest substantially in its ongoing development as a global research resource, coordinating both the scientific review of major proposals for developments to the resource and contributions from other funding bodies, including the Department of Health, Scottish and Welsh Governments, North West Development Agency, British Heart Foundation, and Diabetes UK. Long-term funding is not guaranteed, but depends on UK Biobank working in close partnership with its funders towards the common goal of facilitating high-quality, cost-effective research that will improve the public’s health. Crucial to this partnership is provision and joint discussion of regular updates on progress against challenging milestones, new strategic goals, scientific opportunities, financial plans, and use of the resource to generate new scientific knowledge.</p> </div> <div id="section3" class="section toc-section"><a id="sec011" name="sec011" class="link-target" title="Interactions with the UK’s Publicly Funded National Health Service"></a> <h3>Interactions with the UK’s Publicly Funded National Health Service</h3> <a id="article1.body1.sec4.sec3.p1" name="article1.body1.sec4.sec3.p1" class="link-target"></a><p>Participant recruitment relied on invitations being mailed to 9 million people whose contact details were obtained from National Health Service (NHS) central registers. Large-scale epidemiological studies in the UK benefit from the fact that 98% of the population is registered with the NHS, which keeps detailed records on all of them from birth to death. Linkages to NHS datasets provide the principal means of follow-up for health-related outcomes.</p> </div> <div id="section4" class="section toc-section"><a id="sec012" name="sec012" class="link-target" title="Industrial Scale, Centralised Processes"></a> <h3>Industrial Scale, Centralised Processes</h3> <a id="article1.body1.sec4.sec4.p1" name="article1.body1.sec4.sec4.p1" class="link-target"></a><p>A key step in achieving the cost-effective recruitment, characterisation, and follow-up of 500,000 participants was the creation of an executive and advisory team with complementary scientific and management skills and a coordinating centre dedicated to the generation of a resource for the scientific community. This facilitated the development of a centralised infrastructure, bespoke information technology (IT) systems, and industrial approaches to collection and processing of data and samples. For example, inviting potential participants via individual general-practice groupings (an approach used by smaller UK population-based studies) would have been impractical for a study of UK Biobank’s scale, so appropriate approvals were obtained to allow direct mailing of invitations using contact details held centrally by the NHS. The recruitment process itself was coordinated centrally, with up to six assessment centres being active at any one time during the recruitment phase. Staffing and equipment needs were carefully configured to ensure the smooth flow of around 100 participants per day through each assessment centre for six days per week. Biological samples were also processed and handled centrally, requiring the development of bespoke laboratory information management and automated robotic systems to facilitate rapid, error-free sample storage in, and extraction from, the freezers (at rates of up to 1,500 samples per day) according to particular sample and participant characteristics [<a href="#pmed.1001779.ref016" class="ref-tip">16</a>]. Each step of the recruitment, assessment, and sample handling process was first piloted, modified as necessary and monitored centrally, using statistical methods to identify potential performance issues. Similar industrial-scale, centralised processes have been or are being developed for the repeat assessment and imaging visits.</p> </div> <div id="section5" class="section toc-section"><a id="sec013" name="sec013" class="link-target" title="Governance Structure"></a> <h3>Governance Structure</h3> <a id="article1.body1.sec4.sec5.p1" name="article1.body1.sec4.sec5.p1" class="link-target"></a><p>UK Biobank’s Board of Directors has overall responsibility for its direction and management. An Executive Management Team, with epidemiology, clinical, management, laboratory, legal, and communications expertise, oversees the development and day-to-day management of the resource and is responsible for the staff working on the study, most of them based at its coordinating centre near Manchester, with others at the Universities of Oxford, Edinburgh, Cardiff, and London. The executive team receives guidance from a Steering Committee of leading UK scientists, supported by specialist working groups advising on baseline data collection, enhanced phenotyping, follow-up and outcomes adjudication, and an international perspective is provided by an International Scientific Advisory Board (see <a href="#pmed.1001779.s001">S1 Consent Form</a> and <a href="http://www.ukbiobank.ac.uk/governance/">www.ukbiobank.ac.uk/governance/</a>). This governance structure has facilitated effective working between scientific and management disciplines, allowing UK Biobank to respond to advice from a wide network of scientists on the most scientifically valuable design and development of the resource, with project management and implementation being the responsibility of UK Biobank’s Executive Management Team and dedicated staff.</p> </div> <div id="section6" class="section toc-section"><a id="sec014" name="sec014" class="link-target" title="Robust Ethics and Governance Framework"></a> <h3>Robust Ethics and Governance Framework</h3> <a id="article1.body1.sec4.sec6.p1" name="article1.body1.sec4.sec6.p1" class="link-target"></a><p>UK Biobank has consulted widely not only with the scientific community but also with the public, its participants, and other interested parties [<a href="#pmed.1001779.ref017" class="ref-tip">17</a>,<a href="#pmed.1001779.ref018" class="ref-tip">18</a>]. This has informed the development of its Ethics and Governance Framework, which lays out its principles and policies [<a href="#pmed.1001779.ref019" class="ref-tip">19</a>], as well as its access procedures [<a href="#pmed.1001779.ref020" class="ref-tip">20</a>]. UK Biobank’s research ethics committee and Human Tissue Authority research tissue bank approvals mean that researchers wishing to use the resource do not need separate ethics approval (unless re-contact with participants is required). An independent Ethics and Governance Council oversees adherence to the Ethics and Governance Framework and provides advice on the interests of research participants and the general public in relation to UK Biobank.</p> <a id="article1.body1.sec4.sec6.p2" name="article1.body1.sec4.sec6.p2" class="link-target"></a><p>In keeping with the informed consent given by its participants, UK Biobank does not generally provide feedback to individual participants about information derived from analyses of data or samples made following their assessment visits. Participants receive limited individual feedback in two areas. First, they receive a summary of standard measures (e.g., blood pressure, body mass index) at the end of each assessment visit and are encouraged to seek medical advice for results outside the normal range. Second, potentially serious incidental findings (i.e., those likely to threaten life span or have a major impact on quality of life) observed by study staff during these assessments (e.g., possible melanoma on exposed areas of skin) are brought to the attention of participants with encouragement to contact a relevant health professional. Similar feedback is occurring in the imaging substudy, with participants and their general practitioners informed of potentially serious incidental findings noticed by radiographers and confirmed by formal radiologist review. In addition, the overall findings and implications of results that derive from research using the UK Biobank resource are made available to researchers, participants, and the wider community so that they can influence public health strategies.</p> </div> <div id="section7" class="section toc-section"><a id="sec015" name="sec015" class="link-target" title="Interactions with Regulatory Bodies"></a> <h3>Interactions with Regulatory Bodies</h3> <a id="article1.body1.sec4.sec7.p1" name="article1.body1.sec4.sec7.p1" class="link-target"></a><p>The wide consultation, rigorous Ethics and Governance Framework, and Ethics and Governance Council oversight role have been essential in paving the way for UK Biobank to accomplish obtaining the multiple ethical and regulatory approvals required for participant recruitment, sample and data storage, linkages to routine health care data, enhancement studies, and the provision of access to data and samples for approved researchers. Substantial amounts of time, resources, patience, tenacity, and evidence of feasibility and/or acceptability from smaller scale pilot studies have also been required to provide regulatory bodies with the reassurance that they need of UK Biobank’s rigorous approach and commitment to protecting the interests of its participants within an acceptable legal and ethical framework.</p> </div> </div> <div xmlns:plos="http://plos.org" id="section5" class="section toc-section"><a id="sec016" name="sec016" data-toc="sec016" class="link-target" title="Conclusions"></a><h2>Conclusions</h2><a id="article1.body1.sec5.p1" name="article1.body1.sec5.p1" class="link-target"></a><p>The key lessons learned from establishing UK Biobank are that such large-scale studies require not only a clear scientific focus but also streamlined governance; effective working between academic and management disciplines; centralised infrastructure with industrial approaches to collection and processing of data and samples; close partnership with major funders; a wide network of scientific advisors; high-quality, pragmatic legal and ethical advice; and widespread public support [<a href="#pmed.1001779.ref021" class="ref-tip">21</a>]. The resource is now facilitating research by scientists from around the world who wish to investigate how different diseases are caused by the combination of lifestyle, environment, and genes, leading to improvements in prevention, diagnosis, and treatment. Perhaps unsurprisingly, early use has been mainly, but not exclusively, by UK-based scientists. A major aim for the immediate future is to encourage applications from outside the UK. To facilitate this, UK Biobank is further developing its communications strategy to increase awareness of the resource and its access procedures worldwide.</p> </div> <div xmlns:plos="http://plos.org" id="section6" class="section toc-section"><a id="sec017" name="sec017" data-toc="sec017" class="link-target" title="Supporting Information"></a><h2>Supporting Information</h2><div class="figshare_widget" doi="10.1371/journal.pmed.1001779"></div><div class="supplementary-material"><a name="pmed.1001779.s001" id="pmed.1001779.s001" class="link-target"></a><h3 class="siTitle title-small"><a href="article/file?type=supplementary&id=10.1371/journal.pmed.1001779.s001">S1 Consent Form. </a></h3><p class="siDoi"><a href="https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1001779.s001">https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1001779.s001</a></p><a id="article1.body1.sec6.supplementary-material1.caption1.p1" name="article1.body1.sec6.supplementary-material1.caption1.p1" class="link-target"></a><p class="postSiDOI">(PDF)</p> </div><div class="supplementary-material"><a name="pmed.1001779.s002" id="pmed.1001779.s002" class="link-target"></a><h3 class="siTitle title-small"><a href="article/file?type=supplementary&id=10.1371/journal.pmed.1001779.s002">S1 Text. </a>UK Biobank Committees and Working Groups.</h3><p class="siDoi"><a href="https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1001779.s002">https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1001779.s002</a></p><a id="article1.body1.sec6.supplementary-material2.caption1.p1" name="article1.body1.sec6.supplementary-material2.caption1.p1" class="link-target"></a><p class="postSiDOI">(PDF)</p> </div></div> <div xmlns:plos="http://plos.org" class="contributions toc-section"><a id="authcontrib" name="authcontrib" data-toc="authcontrib" title="Author Contributions"></a><h2>Author Contributions</h2><p>Wrote the first draft of the manuscript: CS JG NA GO RC. Contributed to the writing of the manuscript: CS JG NA VB PB JD PD PE JG ML BL PM GO JP AS AY TS TP RC. ICMJE criteria for authorship read and met: CS JG NA VB PB JD PD PE JG ML BL PM GO JP AS AY TS TP RC. Agree with manuscript results and conclusions: CS JG NA VB PB JD PD PE JG ML BL PM GO JP AS AY TS TP RC.</p></div><div xmlns:plos="http://plos.org" class="toc-section"><a id="references" name="references" class="link-target" data-toc="references" title="References"></a><h2>References</h2><ol class="references"><li id="ref1"><span class="order">1. </span><a name="pmed.1001779.ref001" id="pmed.1001779.ref001" class="link-target"></a>Clayton D, McKeigue PM (2001). Epidemiological methods for studying genes and environmental factors in complex diseases. Lancet 358: 1356–1360. pmid:11684236 <ul class="reflinks"><li><a href="#" data-author="Clayton" data-cit="ClaytonD%2C%20McKeiguePM%20%282001%29.%20Epidemiological%20methods%20for%20studying%20genes%20and%20environmental%20factors%20in%20complex%20diseases.%20Lancet%20358%3A%201356%E2%80%931360.%2011684236" data-title="Epidemiological%20methods%20for%20studying%20genes%20and%20environmental%20factors%20in%20complex%20diseases" target="_new" title="Go to article in CrossRef"> View Article </a></li><li><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11684236" target="_new" title="Go to article in PubMed"> PubMed/NCBI </a></li><li><a href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Epidemiological+methods+for+studying+genes+and+environmental+factors+in+complex+diseases+Clayton+2001" target="_new" title="Go to article in Google Scholar"> Google Scholar </a></li></ul></li><li id="ref2"><span class="order">2. </span><a name="pmed.1001779.ref002" id="pmed.1001779.ref002" class="link-target"></a>Willett WC, Blot WJ, Colditz GA, Folsom AR, Henderson BE, Stampfer MJ (2007). Merging and emerging cohorts: not worth the wait. Nature 445: 257–258. pmid:17230171 <ul class="reflinks"><li><a href="#" data-author="Willett" data-cit="WillettWC%2C%20BlotWJ%2C%20ColditzGA%2C%20FolsomAR%2C%20HendersonBE%2C%20StampferMJ%20%282007%29.%20Merging%20and%20emerging%20cohorts%3A%20not%20worth%20the%20wait.%20Nature%20445%3A%20257%E2%80%93258.%2017230171" data-title="Merging%20and%20emerging%20cohorts%3A%20not%20worth%20the%20wait" target="_new" title="Go to article in CrossRef"> View Article </a></li><li><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17230171" target="_new" title="Go to article in PubMed"> PubMed/NCBI </a></li><li><a href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Merging+and+emerging+cohorts%3A+not+worth+the+wait+Willett+2007" target="_new" title="Go to article in Google Scholar"> Google Scholar </a></li></ul></li><li id="ref3"><span class="order">3. </span><a name="pmed.1001779.ref003" id="pmed.1001779.ref003" class="link-target"></a>Collins FS, Manolio TA (2007). Merging and emerging cohorts: necessary but not sufficient. Nature 445: 259. pmid:17230172 <ul class="reflinks"><li><a href="#" data-author="Collins" data-cit="CollinsFS%2C%20ManolioTA%20%282007%29.%20Merging%20and%20emerging%20cohorts%3A%20necessary%20but%20not%20sufficient.%20Nature%20445%3A%20259.%2017230172" data-title="Merging%20and%20emerging%20cohorts%3A%20necessary%20but%20not%20sufficient" target="_new" title="Go to article in CrossRef"> View Article </a></li><li><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17230172" target="_new" title="Go to article in PubMed"> PubMed/NCBI </a></li><li><a href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Merging+and+emerging+cohorts%3A+necessary+but+not+sufficient+Collins+2007" target="_new" title="Go to article in Google Scholar"> Google Scholar </a></li></ul></li><li id="ref4"><span class="order">4. </span><a name="pmed.1001779.ref004" id="pmed.1001779.ref004" class="link-target"></a>Doll R, Peto R (1981). The causes of cancer: quantitative estimates of avoidable risks of cancer in the United States today. Journal of the National Cancer Institute 66: 1191–1308. pmid:7017215 <ul class="reflinks"><li><a href="#" data-author="Doll" data-cit="DollR%2C%20PetoR%20%281981%29.%20The%20causes%20of%20cancer%3A%20quantitative%20estimates%20of%20avoidable%20risks%20of%20cancer%20in%20the%20United%20States%20today.%20Journal%20of%20the%20National%20Cancer%20Institute%2066%3A%201191%E2%80%931308.%207017215" data-title="The%20causes%20of%20cancer%3A%20quantitative%20estimates%20of%20avoidable%20risks%20of%20cancer%20in%20the%20United%20States%20today" target="_new" title="Go to article in CrossRef"> View Article </a></li><li><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7017215" target="_new" title="Go to article in PubMed"> PubMed/NCBI </a></li><li><a href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=The+causes+of+cancer%3A+quantitative+estimates+of+avoidable+risks+of+cancer+in+the+United+States+today+Doll+1981" target="_new" title="Go to article in Google Scholar"> Google Scholar </a></li></ul></li><li id="ref5"><span class="order">5. </span><a name="pmed.1001779.ref005" id="pmed.1001779.ref005" class="link-target"></a>Ollier W, Sprosen T, Peakman T (2005). UK Biobank: from concept to reality. Pharmacogenomics 6: 639–646. pmid:16143003 <ul class="reflinks"><li><a href="#" data-author="Ollier" data-cit="OllierW%2C%20SprosenT%2C%20PeakmanT%20%282005%29.%20UK%20Biobank%3A%20from%20concept%20to%20reality.%20Pharmacogenomics%206%3A%20639%E2%80%93646.%2016143003" data-title="UK%20Biobank%3A%20from%20concept%20to%20reality" target="_new" title="Go to article in CrossRef"> View Article </a></li><li><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16143003" target="_new" title="Go to article in PubMed"> PubMed/NCBI </a></li><li><a href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=UK+Biobank%3A+from+concept+to+reality+Ollier+2005" target="_new" title="Go to article in Google Scholar"> Google Scholar </a></li></ul></li><li id="ref6"><span class="order">6. </span><a name="pmed.1001779.ref006" id="pmed.1001779.ref006" class="link-target"></a>UK Biobank (2006). Protocol for a large-scale prospective epidemiological resource. <a href="http://www.ukbiobank.ac.uk/resources/">www.ukbiobank.ac.uk/resources/</a>. <ul class="find-nolinks"></ul></li><li id="ref7"><span class="order">7. </span><a name="pmed.1001779.ref007" id="pmed.1001779.ref007" class="link-target"></a>Burton PR, Hansell AL, Fortier I, Manolio TA, Khoury MJ, et al (2009). Size matters: just how big is BIG?: Quantifying realistic sample size requirements for human genome epidemiology. Int J Epidemiol 38: 263–273. pmid:18676414 <ul class="reflinks" data-doi="10.1093/ije/dyn147"><li><a href="https://doi.org/10.1093/ije/dyn147" data-author="doi-provided" data-cit="doi-provided" data-title="doi-provided" target="_new" title="Go to article"> View Article </a></li><li><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18676414" target="_new" title="Go to article in PubMed"> PubMed/NCBI </a></li><li><a href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Size+matters%3A+just+how+big+is+BIG%3F%3A+Quantifying+realistic+sample+size+requirements+for+human+genome+epidemiology+Burton+2009" target="_new" title="Go to article in Google Scholar"> Google Scholar </a></li></ul></li><li id="ref8"><span class="order">8. </span><a name="pmed.1001779.ref008" id="pmed.1001779.ref008" class="link-target"></a>Hattersley AT, McCarthy MI (2005). What makes a good genetic association study? Lancet 366: 1315–1323. pmid:16214603 <ul class="reflinks"><li><a href="#" data-author="Hattersley" data-cit="HattersleyAT%2C%20McCarthyMI%20%282005%29.%20What%20makes%20a%20good%20genetic%20association%20study%3F%20Lancet%20366%3A%201315%E2%80%931323.%2016214603" data-title="What%20makes%20a%20good%20genetic%20association%20study%3F" target="_new" title="Go to article in CrossRef"> View Article </a></li><li><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16214603" target="_new" title="Go to article in PubMed"> PubMed/NCBI </a></li><li><a href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=What+makes+a+good+genetic+association+study%3F+Hattersley+2005" target="_new" title="Go to article in Google Scholar"> Google Scholar </a></li></ul></li><li id="ref9"><span class="order">9. </span><a name="pmed.1001779.ref009" id="pmed.1001779.ref009" class="link-target"></a>Collins R (2012). What makes UK Biobank special? Lancet 379:1173–1174. pmid:22463865 <ul class="reflinks" data-doi="10.1016/S0140-6736(12)60404-8"><li><a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(12)60404-8" data-author="doi-provided" data-cit="doi-provided" data-title="doi-provided" target="_new" title="Go to article"> View Article </a></li><li><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22463865" target="_new" title="Go to article in PubMed"> PubMed/NCBI </a></li><li><a href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=What+makes+UK+Biobank+special%3F+Collins+2012" target="_new" title="Go to article in Google Scholar"> Google Scholar </a></li></ul></li><li id="ref10"><span class="order">10. </span><a name="pmed.1001779.ref010" id="pmed.1001779.ref010" class="link-target"></a>Elliott P, Peakman TC (2008). The UK Biobank sample handling and storage protocol for the collection, processing and archiving of human blood and urine. Int J Epidemiol 37: 234–244. pmid:18381398 <ul class="reflinks" data-doi="10.1093/ije/dym276"><li><a href="https://doi.org/10.1093/ije/dym276" data-author="doi-provided" data-cit="doi-provided" data-title="doi-provided" target="_new" title="Go to article"> View Article </a></li><li><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18381398" target="_new" title="Go to article in PubMed"> PubMed/NCBI </a></li><li><a href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=The+UK+Biobank+sample+handling+and+storage+protocol+for+the+collection%2C+processing+and+archiving+of+human+blood+and+urine+Elliott+2008" target="_new" title="Go to article in Google Scholar"> Google Scholar </a></li></ul></li><li id="ref11"><span class="order">11. </span><a name="pmed.1001779.ref011" id="pmed.1001779.ref011" class="link-target"></a>Liu B, Young H, Crowe FL, Benson VS, Spencer EA, et al (2011). Development and evaluation of the Oxford WebQ: a low cost web-based method for assessment of previous 24 hour dietary intake in large prospective studies. Public Health Nutrition June: 1–8. <ul class="reflinks"><li><a href="#" data-author="Liu" data-cit="LiuB%2C%20YoungH%2C%20CroweFL%2C%20BensonVS%2C%20SpencerEA%2C%20et%20al%20%282011%29.%20Development%20and%20evaluation%20of%20the%20Oxford%20WebQ%3A%20a%20low%20cost%20web-based%20method%20for%20assessment%20of%20previous%2024%20hour%20dietary%20intake%20in%20large%20prospective%20studies.%20Public%20Health%20Nutrition%20June%3A%201%E2%80%938." data-title="Development%20and%20evaluation%20of%20the%20Oxford%20WebQ%3A%20a%20low%20cost%20web-based%20method%20for%20assessment%20of%20previous%2024%20hour%20dietary%20intake%20in%20large%20prospective%20studies" target="_new" title="Go to article in CrossRef"> View Article </a></li><li><a href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Development+and+evaluation+of+the+Oxford+WebQ%3A+a+low+cost+web-based+method+for+assessment+of+previous+24+hour+dietary+intake+in+large+prospective+studies+Liu+2011" target="_new" title="Go to article in Google Scholar"> Google Scholar </a></li></ul></li><li id="ref12"><span class="order">12. </span><a name="pmed.1001779.ref012" id="pmed.1001779.ref012" class="link-target"></a>Clarke R, Shipley M, Lewington S, Youngman L, Collins R, et al (1999). Underestimation of risk associations due to regression dilution in long-term follow-up of prospective studies. Am J Epidemiol 150: 341–353. pmid:10453810 <ul class="reflinks"><li><a href="#" data-author="Clarke" data-cit="ClarkeR%2C%20ShipleyM%2C%20LewingtonS%2C%20YoungmanL%2C%20CollinsR%2C%20et%20al%20%281999%29.%20Underestimation%20of%20risk%20associations%20due%20to%20regression%20dilution%20in%20long-term%20follow-up%20of%20prospective%20studies.%20Am%20J%20Epidemiol%20150%3A%20341%E2%80%93353.%2010453810" data-title="Underestimation%20of%20risk%20associations%20due%20to%20regression%20dilution%20in%20long-term%20follow-up%20of%20prospective%20studies" target="_new" title="Go to article in CrossRef"> View Article </a></li><li><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10453810" target="_new" title="Go to article in PubMed"> PubMed/NCBI </a></li><li><a href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Underestimation+of+risk+associations+due+to+regression+dilution+in+long-term+follow-up+of+prospective+studies+Clarke+1999" target="_new" title="Go to article in Google Scholar"> Google Scholar </a></li></ul></li><li id="ref13"><span class="order">13. </span><a name="pmed.1001779.ref013" id="pmed.1001779.ref013" class="link-target"></a>University of Leicester. About the 1958 Birth Cohort Study. <a href="http://www2.le.ac.uk/projects/birthcohort/1958bc/about">http://www2.le.ac.uk/projects/birthcohort/1958bc/about</a>. Accessed 12 October 2014 <ul class="find-nolinks"></ul></li><li id="ref14"><span class="order">14. </span><a name="pmed.1001779.ref014" id="pmed.1001779.ref014" class="link-target"></a>Sax Institute. 45 and up study. <a href="https://www.saxinstitute.org.au/our-work/45-up-study/">https://www.saxinstitute.org.au/our-work/45-up-study/</a>. Accessed 12 October 2014 <ul class="find-nolinks"></ul></li><li id="ref15"><span class="order">15. </span><a name="pmed.1001779.ref015" id="pmed.1001779.ref015" class="link-target"></a>Pell J, Valentine J, Inskip H (2014). One in 30 people in the UK take part in cohort studies. Lancet 383: 1015–1016. pmid:24656186 <ul class="reflinks" data-doi="10.1016/S0140-6736(14)60412-8"><li><a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(14)60412-8" data-author="doi-provided" data-cit="doi-provided" data-title="doi-provided" target="_new" title="Go to article"> View Article </a></li><li><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24656186" target="_new" title="Go to article in PubMed"> PubMed/NCBI </a></li><li><a href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=One+in+30+people+in+the+UK+take+part+in+cohort+studies+Pell+2014" target="_new" title="Go to article in Google Scholar"> Google Scholar </a></li></ul></li><li id="ref16"><span class="order">16. </span><a name="pmed.1001779.ref016" id="pmed.1001779.ref016" class="link-target"></a>Downey P, Peakman TC (2008). Design and implementation of a high-throughput biological sample processing facility using modern manufacturing principles. Int J Epidemiol 37 (Suppl 1): i46–i50. pmid:18381393 <ul class="reflinks" data-doi="10.1093/ije/dyn031"><li><a href="https://doi.org/10.1093/ije/dyn031" data-author="doi-provided" data-cit="doi-provided" data-title="doi-provided" target="_new" title="Go to article"> View Article </a></li><li><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18381393" target="_new" title="Go to article in PubMed"> PubMed/NCBI </a></li><li><a href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Design+and+implementation+of+a+high-throughput+biological+sample+processing+facility+using+modern+manufacturing+principles+Downey+2008" target="_new" title="Go to article in Google Scholar"> Google Scholar </a></li></ul></li><li id="ref17"><span class="order">17. </span><a name="pmed.1001779.ref017" id="pmed.1001779.ref017" class="link-target"></a>Manolio TA (2008). Biorepositories—at the bleeding edge. Int J Epidemiol 37: 231–233. pmid:18381397 <ul class="reflinks" data-doi="10.1093/ije/dym282"><li><a href="https://doi.org/10.1093/ije/dym282" data-author="doi-provided" data-cit="doi-provided" data-title="doi-provided" target="_new" title="Go to article"> View Article </a></li><li><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18381397" target="_new" title="Go to article in PubMed"> PubMed/NCBI </a></li><li><a href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Biorepositories%E2%80%94at+the+bleeding+edge+Manolio+2008" target="_new" title="Go to article in Google Scholar"> Google Scholar </a></li></ul></li><li id="ref18"><span class="order">18. </span><a name="pmed.1001779.ref018" id="pmed.1001779.ref018" class="link-target"></a>Barbour V (2003). UK Biobank: a project in search of a protocol? <span class="underline"><em>Lancet</em></span> 361: 1734–1738. <ul class="reflinks"><li><a href="#" data-author="Barbour" data-cit="BarbourV%20%282003%29.%20UK%20Biobank%3A%20a%20project%20in%20search%20of%20a%20protocol%3F%20Lancet%20361%3A%201734%E2%80%931738." data-title="UK%20Biobank%3A%20a%20project%20in%20search%20of%20a%20protocol%3F" target="_new" title="Go to article in CrossRef"> View Article </a></li><li><a href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=UK+Biobank%3A+a+project+in+search+of+a+protocol%3F+Barbour+2003" target="_new" title="Go to article in Google Scholar"> Google Scholar </a></li></ul></li><li id="ref19"><span class="order">19. </span><a name="pmed.1001779.ref019" id="pmed.1001779.ref019" class="link-target"></a>UK Biobank (2007). Ethics and Governance Framework. <a href="http://www.ukbiobank.ac.uk/resources/">www.ukbiobank.ac.uk/resources/</a>. Accessed 12 October 2014. <ul class="find-nolinks"></ul></li><li id="ref20"><span class="order">20. </span><a name="pmed.1001779.ref020" id="pmed.1001779.ref020" class="link-target"></a>UK Biobank (2011). Access Procedures: Application and review procedures for access to the UK Biobank Resource. <a href="http://www.ukbiobank.ac.uk/resources/">www.ukbiobank.ac.uk/resources/</a>. Accessed 12 October 2014. <ul class="find-nolinks"></ul></li><li id="ref21"><span class="order">21. </span><a name="pmed.1001779.ref021" id="pmed.1001779.ref021" class="link-target"></a>Manolio TA, Collins R (2010). Enhancing the feasibility of large cohort studies. JAMA 304: 2290–2291. pmid:21098774 <ul class="reflinks" data-doi="10.1001/jama.2010.1686"><li><a href="https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2010.1686" data-author="doi-provided" data-cit="doi-provided" data-title="doi-provided" target="_new" title="Go to article"> View Article </a></li><li><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21098774" target="_new" title="Go to article in PubMed"> PubMed/NCBI </a></li><li><a href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Enhancing+the+feasibility+of+large+cohort+studies+Manolio+2010" target="_new" title="Go to article in Google Scholar"> Google Scholar </a></li></ul></li></ol></div> <div class="ref-tooltip"> <div class="ref_tooltip-content"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </section> <aside class="article-aside">  <div class="dload-menu"> <div class="dload-pdf"> <a href="/plosmedicine/article/file?id=10.1371/journal.pmed.1001779&type=printable" id="downloadPdf" target="_blank">Download PDF</a> </div> <div data-js-tooltip-hover="trigger" class="dload-hover">  <ul class="dload-xml" data-js-tooltip-hover="target"> <li><a href="/plosmedicine/article/citation?id=10.1371/journal.pmed.1001779" id="downloadCitation">Citation</a></li> <li><a href="/plosmedicine/article/file?id=10.1371/journal.pmed.1001779&type=manuscript" id="downloadXml">XML</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="aside-container"> <div class="print-article" id="printArticle" data-js-tooltip-hover="trigger"> <a href="#" onclick="window.print(); return false;" class="preventDefault" id="printBrowser">Print</a> </div> <div class="share-article" id="shareArticle" data-js-tooltip-hover="trigger"> Share <ul data-js-tooltip-hover="target" class="share-options" id="share-options"> <li><a href="https://www.reddit.com/submit?url=https%3A%2F%2Fdx.plos.org%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pmed.1001779" id="shareReddit" target="_blank" title="Submit to Reddit"><img src="/resource/img/icon.reddit.16.png" width="16" height="16" alt="Reddit">Reddit</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.facebook.com/share.php?u=https%3A%2F%2Fdx.plos.org%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pmed.1001779&t=UK Biobank: An Open Access Resource for Identifying the Causes of a Wide Range of Complex Diseases of Middle and Old Age" id="shareFacebook" target="_blank" title="Share on Facebook"><img src="/resource/img/icon.fb.16.png" width="16" height="16" alt="Facebook">Facebook</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.linkedin.com/shareArticle?url=https%3A%2F%2Fdx.plos.org%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pmed.1001779&title=UK Biobank: An Open Access Resource for Identifying the Causes of a Wide Range of Complex Diseases of Middle and Old Age&summary=Checkout this article I found at PLOS" id="shareLinkedIn" target="_blank" title="Add to LinkedIn"><img src="/resource/img/icon.linkedin.16.png" width="16" height="16" alt="LinkedIn">LinkedIn</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.mendeley.com/import/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fdx.plos.org%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pmed.1001779" id="shareMendeley" target="_blank" title="Add to Mendeley"><img src="/resource/img/icon.mendeley.16.png" width="16" height="16" alt="Mendeley">Mendeley</a></li> <li><a href="https://twitter.com/intent/tweet?url=https%3A%2F%2Fdx.plos.org%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pmed.1001779&text=%23PLOSMedicine%3A%20UK Biobank: An Open Access Resource for Identifying the Causes of a Wide Range of Complex Diseases of Middle and Old Age" target="_blank" title="share on Twitter" id="twitter-share-link"><img src="/resource/img/icon.twtr.16.png" width="16" height="16" alt="Twitter">Twitter</a></li> <li><a href="mailto:?subject=UK Biobank: An Open Access Resource for Identifying the Causes of a Wide Range of Complex Diseases of Middle and Old Age&body=I%20thought%20you%20would%20find%20this%20article%20interesting.%20From%20PLOS Medicine:%20https%3A%2F%2Fdx.plos.org%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pmed.1001779" id="shareEmail" rel="noreferrer" aria-label="Email"><img src="/resource/img/icon.email.16.png" width="16" height="16" alt="Email">Email</a></li> <script src="/resource/js/components/tweet140.js" type="text/javascript"></script> </ul> </div> </div>  <script src="https://crossmark-cdn.crossref.org/widget/v2.0/widget.js"></script> <a aria-label="Check for updates via CrossMark" data-target="crossmark"> <img alt="Check for updates via CrossMark" width="150" src="https://crossmark-cdn.crossref.org/widget/v2.0/logos/CROSSMARK_BW_horizontal.svg"> </a>  <div class="aside-container collections-aside-container"></div> <div class="skyscraper-container"> <div class="title">Advertisement</div>  <div class='advertisement' id='div-gpt-ad-1458247671871-1' style='width:160px; height:600px;'> <script type='text/javascript'> googletag.cmd.push(function() { googletag.display('div-gpt-ad-1458247671871-1'); }); </script> </div> </div> <div class="subject-areas-container"> <h3>Subject Areas <div id="subjInfo">?</div> <div id="subjInfoText"> <p>For more information about PLOS Subject Areas, click <a href="https://github.com/PLOS/plos-thesaurus/blob/master/README.md" target="_blank" title="Link opens in new window">here</a>.</p> <span class="inline-intro">We want your feedback.</span> Do these Subject Areas make sense for this article? Click the target next to the incorrect Subject Area and let us know. Thanks for your help! </div> </h3> <ul id="subjectList"> <li> <a class="taxo-term" title="Search for articles about Questionnaires" href="/plosmedicine/search?filterSubjects=Questionnaires&filterJournals=PLoSMedicine&q=">Questionnaires</a> <span class="taxo-flag"> </span> <div class="taxo-tooltip" data-categoryname="Questionnaires"><p class="taxo-explain">Is the Subject Area <strong>"Questionnaires"</strong> applicable to this article? <button id="noFlag" data-action="remove">Yes</button> <button id="flagIt" value="flagno" data-action="add">No</button></p> <p class="taxo-confirm">Thanks for your feedback.</p> </div> </li> <li> <a class="taxo-term" title="Search for articles about Research ethics" href="/plosmedicine/search?filterSubjects=Research+ethics&filterJournals=PLoSMedicine&q=">Research ethics</a> <span class="taxo-flag"> </span> <div class="taxo-tooltip" data-categoryname="Research ethics"><p class="taxo-explain">Is the Subject Area <strong>"Research ethics"</strong> applicable to this article? <button id="noFlag" data-action="remove">Yes</button> <button id="flagIt" value="flagno" data-action="add">No</button></p> <p class="taxo-confirm">Thanks for your feedback.</p> </div> </li> <li> <a class="taxo-term" title="Search for articles about Intelligence tests" href="/plosmedicine/search?filterSubjects=Intelligence+tests&filterJournals=PLoSMedicine&q=">Intelligence tests</a> <span class="taxo-flag"> </span> <div class="taxo-tooltip" data-categoryname="Intelligence tests"><p class="taxo-explain">Is the Subject Area <strong>"Intelligence tests"</strong> applicable to this article? <button id="noFlag" data-action="remove">Yes</button> <button id="flagIt" value="flagno" data-action="add">No</button></p> <p class="taxo-confirm">Thanks for your feedback.</p> </div> </li> <li> <a class="taxo-term" title="Search for articles about Cohort studies" href="/plosmedicine/search?filterSubjects=Cohort+studies&filterJournals=PLoSMedicine&q=">Cohort studies</a> <span class="taxo-flag"> </span> <div class="taxo-tooltip" data-categoryname="Cohort studies"><p class="taxo-explain">Is the Subject Area <strong>"Cohort studies"</strong> applicable to this article? <button id="noFlag" data-action="remove">Yes</button> <button id="flagIt" value="flagno" data-action="add">No</button></p> <p class="taxo-confirm">Thanks for your feedback.</p> </div> </li> <li> <a class="taxo-term" title="Search for articles about Global health" href="/plosmedicine/search?filterSubjects=Global+health&filterJournals=PLoSMedicine&q=">Global health</a> <span class="taxo-flag"> </span> <div class="taxo-tooltip" data-categoryname="Global health"><p class="taxo-explain">Is the Subject Area <strong>"Global health"</strong> applicable to this article? <button id="noFlag" data-action="remove">Yes</button> <button id="flagIt" value="flagno" data-action="add">No</button></p> <p class="taxo-confirm">Thanks for your feedback.</p> </div> </li> <li> <a class="taxo-term" title="Search for articles about Magnetic resonance imaging" href="/plosmedicine/search?filterSubjects=Magnetic+resonance+imaging&filterJournals=PLoSMedicine&q=">Magnetic resonance imaging</a> <span class="taxo-flag"> </span> <div class="taxo-tooltip" data-categoryname="Magnetic resonance imaging"><p class="taxo-explain">Is the Subject Area <strong>"Magnetic resonance imaging"</strong> applicable to this article? <button id="noFlag" data-action="remove">Yes</button> <button id="flagIt" value="flagno" data-action="add">No</button></p> <p class="taxo-confirm">Thanks for your feedback.</p> </div> </li> <li> <a class="taxo-term" title="Search for articles about Prospective studies" href="/plosmedicine/search?filterSubjects=Prospective+studies&filterJournals=PLoSMedicine&q=">Prospective studies</a> <span class="taxo-flag"> </span> <div class="taxo-tooltip" data-categoryname="Prospective studies"><p class="taxo-explain">Is the Subject Area <strong>"Prospective studies"</strong> applicable to this article? <button id="noFlag" data-action="remove">Yes</button> <button id="flagIt" value="flagno" data-action="add">No</button></p> <p class="taxo-confirm">Thanks for your feedback.</p> </div> </li> <li> <a class="taxo-term" title="Search for articles about Scientists" href="/plosmedicine/search?filterSubjects=Scientists&filterJournals=PLoSMedicine&q=">Scientists</a> <span class="taxo-flag"> </span> <div class="taxo-tooltip" data-categoryname="Scientists"><p class="taxo-explain">Is the Subject Area <strong>"Scientists"</strong> applicable to this article? <button id="noFlag" data-action="remove">Yes</button> <button id="flagIt" value="flagno" data-action="add">No</button></p> <p class="taxo-confirm">Thanks for your feedback.</p> </div> </li> </ul> </div> <div id="subjectErrors"></div> </aside> </div> </main> <footer id="pageftr"> <div class="row"> <div class="block x-small"> <ul class="nav nav-secondary"> <li class="ftr-header"><a href="https://plos.org/publications/journals/">Publications</a></li> <li><a href="/plosbiology/" id="ftr-bio">PLOS Biology</a></li> <li><a href="/climate/" id="ftr-climate">PLOS Climate</a></li> <li><a href="/complexsystems/" id="ftr-complex-systems">PLOS Complex Systems</a></li> <li><a href="/ploscompbiol/" id="ftr-compbio">PLOS Computational Biology</a></li> <li><a href="/digitalhealth/" id="ftr-digitalhealth">PLOS Digital Health</a></li> <li><a href="/plosgenetics/" id="ftr-gen">PLOS Genetics</a></li> <li><a href="/globalpublichealth/" id="ftr-globalpublichealth">PLOS Global Public Health</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="block x-small"> <ul class="nav nav-secondary"> <li class="ftr-header"> </li> <li><a href="/plosmedicine/" id="ftr-med">PLOS Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/mentalhealth/" id="ftr-mental-health">PLOS Mental Health</a></li> <li><a href="/plosntds/" id="ftr-ntds">PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases</a></li> <li><a href="/plosone/" id="ftr-one">PLOS ONE</a></li> <li><a href="/plospathogens/" id="ftr-path">PLOS Pathogens</a></li> <li><a href="/sustainabilitytransformation/" id="ftr-sustainabilitytransformation">PLOS Sustainability and Transformation</a></li> <li><a href="/water/" id="ftr-water">PLOS Water</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="block xx-small"> <ul class="nav nav-tertiary"> <li> <a href="https://plos.org" id="ftr-home">Home</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://blogs.plos.org" id="ftr-blog">Blogs</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://collections.plos.org/" id="ftr-collections">Collections</a> </li> <li> <a href="mailto:webmaster@plos.org" id="ftr-feedback">Give feedback</a> </li> <li> <a href="/plosmedicine/lockss-manifest" id="ftr-lockss">LOCKSS</a> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="block xx-small"> <ul class="nav nav-primary"> <li><a href="https://plos.org/privacy-policy" id="ftr-privacy">Privacy Policy</a></li> <li><a href="https://plos.org/terms-of-use" id="ftr-terms">Terms of Use</a></li> <li><a href="https://plos.org/advertise/" id="ftr-advertise">Advertise</a></li> <li><a href="https://plos.org/media-inquiries" id="ftr-media">Media Inquiries</a></li> <li><a href="https://plos.org/contact" id="ftr-contact">Contact</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <p> <img src="/resource/img/logo-plos-footer.png" alt="PLOS" class="logo-footer"/> <span class="footer-non-profit-statement">PLOS is a nonprofit 501(c)(3) corporation, #C2354500, based in San Francisco, California, US</span> </p> <div class="block"> </div> </div> <script src="/resource/js/global.js" type="text/javascript"></script> </footer> <script type="text/javascript"> var ArticleData = { doi: '10.1371/journal.pmed.1001779', title: '<article-title xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\" xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">UK Biobank: An Open Access Resource for Identifying the Causes of a Wide Range of Complex Diseases of Middle and Old Age<\/article-title>', date: 'Mar 31, 2015' }; </script> <script src="/resource/js/components/show_onscroll.js" type="text/javascript"></script> <script src="/resource/js/components/pagination.js" type="text/javascript"></script> <script src="/resource/js/vendor/spin.js" type="text/javascript"></script> <script src="/resource/js/pages/article.js" type="text/javascript"></script> <script src="/resource/js/pages/article_references.js" type="text/javascript"></script> <script src="/resource/js/pages/article_sidebar.js" type="text/javascript"></script> <script src="/resource/js/vendor/foundation/foundation.dropdown.js" type="text/javascript"></script> <script src="/resource/js/components/table_open.js" type="text/javascript"></script> <script src="/resource/js/components/figshare.js" type="text/javascript"></script> <script src="/resource/js/vendor/jquery.panzoom.min.js" type="text/javascript"></script> <script src="/resource/js/vendor/jquery.mousewheel.js" type="text/javascript"></script> <script src="/resource/js/components/lightbox.js" type="text/javascript"></script> <script src="/resource/js/pages/article_body.js" type="text/javascript"></script>    <script type="text/x-mathjax-config"> MathJax.Hub.Config({ "HTML-CSS": { scale: 100, availableFonts: ["STIX","TeX"], preferredFont: "STIX", webFont: "STIX-Web", linebreaks: { automatic: false } }, jax: ["input/MathML", "output/HTML-CSS"] }); </script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/mathjax/2.7.1/MathJax.js?config=MML_HTMLorMML"></script> <div class="reveal-modal-bg"></div> </body> </html>