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mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Opcode</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Codi_d%27operaci%C3%B3" title="Codi d'operació – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Codi d'operació" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opk%C3%B3d" title="Opkód – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Opkód" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opcode" title="Opcode – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Opcode" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%B3digo_de_operaci%C3%B3n" title="Código de operación – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Código de operación" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%BE%E2%80%8C%DA%A9%D8%AF" title="آپ‌کد – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="آپ‌کد" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Code_op%C3%A9ration" title="Code opération – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Code opération" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treoirch%C3%B3d" title="Treoirchód – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Treoirchód" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%AA%85%EB%A0%B9_%EC%BD%94%EB%93%9C" title="명령 코드 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="명령 코드" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operacokodexo" title="Operacokodexo – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Operacokodexo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kode_operasi" title="Kode operasi – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kode operasi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opcode" title="Opcode – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Opcode" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opcode" title="Opcode – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Opcode" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opk%C3%B3d" title="Opkód – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Opkód" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opcode" title="Opcode – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Opcode" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AA%E3%83%9A%E3%82%B3%E3%83%BC%E3%83%89" title="オペコード – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="オペコード" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kod_operacji" title="Kod operacji – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Kod operacji" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%B3digo_de_opera%C3%A7%C3%A3o" title="Código de operação – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Código de operação" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%B4_%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B8" title="Код операции – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Код операции" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opcode" title="Opcode – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Opcode" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BF%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B4" title="Опкод – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Опкод" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/OP-kod" title="OP-kod – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="OP-kod" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0%C5%9Flem_kodu" title="İşlem kodu – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="İşlem kodu" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%B4_%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%96%D1%97" title="Код операції – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Код операції" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%A1%8C%E5%8B%95%E7%A2%BC" title="行動碼 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="行動碼" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div 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.sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="margin-top: 0.5em;"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title" style="background-color: rgba(51, 153, 255, 0.15);"><a href="/wiki/Machine_code" title="Machine code">Machine code</a></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background-color: rgba(51, 153, 255, 0.15);"> General concepts</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align: left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Instruction_set_architecture" title="Instruction set architecture">Instruction set</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Opcode</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_opcode" title="Illegal opcode">Illegal opcode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opcode_table" title="Opcode table">Opcode table</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operand#Computer_science" title="Operand">Operand</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background-color: rgba(51, 153, 255, 0.15);"> Instructions</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align: left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/NOP_(code)" title="NOP (code)">NOP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Branch_(computer_science)" title="Branch (computer science)">Branch</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indirect_branch" title="Indirect branch">Indirect branch</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Repeat_instruction" title="Repeat instruction">Repeat instruction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Execute_instruction" title="Execute instruction">Execute instruction</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Machine_code" title="Template:Machine code"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Machine_code" title="Template talk:Machine code"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Machine_code" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Machine code"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Computing" title="Computing">computing</a>, an <b>opcode</b> (abbreviated from <b>operation code</b>)<sup id="cite_ref-Barron_1978_Opcode_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barron_1978_Opcode-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Chiba_2007_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chiba_2007-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is an <a href="/wiki/Enumeration" title="Enumeration">enumerated value</a> that specifies the operation to be performed. Opcodes are employed in hardware devices such as <a href="/wiki/Arithmetic_logic_unit" title="Arithmetic logic unit">arithmetic logic units</a> (ALUs) and <a href="/wiki/Central_processing_units" class="mw-redirect" title="Central processing units">central processing units</a> (CPUs) as well as in some software instruction sets. In ALUs the opcode is directly applied to circuitry via an input signal bus, whereas in CPUs, the opcode is the portion of a <a href="/wiki/Machine_code" title="Machine code">machine language</a> <a href="/wiki/Instruction_(computer_science)" class="mw-redirect" title="Instruction (computer science)">instruction</a> that specifies the operation to be performed. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="CPUs">CPUs</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Opcode&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: CPUs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Opcodes are found in the machine language instructions of CPUs as well as in some <a href="/wiki/Virtual_machine#Process_virtual_machines" title="Virtual machine">abstract computing machines</a>. In CPUs, an opcode may be referred to as <b>instruction machine code</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-Intel_1973_MCS-4_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Intel_1973_MCS-4-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <b>instruction code</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-Intel_1974_MCS-40_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Intel_1974_MCS-40-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <b>instruction syllable</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-Jones_1988_CISC_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jones_1988_CISC-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Domagała_2012_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Domagała_2012-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Smotherman_2013_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smotherman_2013-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Jones_2016_CISC_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jones_2016_CISC-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <b>instruction parcel</b> or <b>opstring</b>.<sup id="cite_ref-Schulman_2005_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schulman_2005-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Chiba_2007_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chiba_2007-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For any particular processor (which may be a general CPU or a more specialized processing unit), the opcodes are defined by the processor's <a href="/wiki/Instruction_set_architecture" title="Instruction set architecture">instruction set architecture</a> (ISA),<sup id="cite_ref-Hennessy_2017_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hennessy_2017-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and can be described by means of an <a href="/wiki/Opcode_table" title="Opcode table">opcode table</a>. The types of operations may include <a href="/wiki/Arithmetic" title="Arithmetic">arithmetic</a>, data copying, <a href="/wiki/Logical_operation" class="mw-redirect" title="Logical operation">logical operations</a>, and program control, as well as special instructions (e.g., <a href="/wiki/CPUID" title="CPUID">CPUID</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-Hennessy_2017_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hennessy_2017-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In addition to the opcode, many instructions also specify the data (known as <a href="/wiki/Operand" title="Operand">operands</a>) the operation will act upon, although some instructions may have implicit operands or none at all.<sup id="cite_ref-Hennessy_2017_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hennessy_2017-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some instruction sets have nearly uniform fields for opcode and operand specifiers, whereas others (e.g., <a href="/wiki/X86" title="X86">x86</a> architecture) have a less uniform, variable-length structure.<sup id="cite_ref-Hennessy_2017_10-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hennessy_2017-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Mansfield_1983_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mansfield_1983-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Instruction sets can be extended through the use of opcode prefixes which add a subset of new instructions made up of existing opcodes following reserved byte sequences.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Software_instruction_sets"><span class="anchor" id="SIS"></span>Software instruction sets</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Opcode&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Software instruction sets"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Opcodes can be found in so-called <a href="/wiki/Byte_code" class="mw-redirect" title="Byte code">byte codes</a> and other representations intended for a software interpreter rather than a hardware device. These software-based instruction sets often employ slightly higher-level data types and operations than most hardware counterparts, but are nevertheless constructed along similar lines. Examples include the byte code found in <a href="/wiki/Java_class_file" title="Java class file">Java class files</a> which are then interpreted by the <a href="/wiki/Java_virtual_machine" title="Java virtual machine">Java Virtual Machine</a> (JVM), the byte code used in <a href="/wiki/GNU_Emacs" title="GNU Emacs">GNU Emacs</a> for compiled <a href="/wiki/Lisp_(programming_language)" title="Lisp (programming language)">Lisp</a> code, .NET <a href="/wiki/Common_Intermediate_Language" title="Common Intermediate Language">Common Intermediate Language</a> (CIL), and many others.<sup id="cite_ref-bytecode_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bytecode-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Opcode&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" 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(machine instruction sequence)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_opcode" title="Illegal opcode">Illegal opcode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syllable_(computing)" title="Syllable (computing)">Syllable (computing)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fused_operation" class="mw-redirect" title="Fused operation">Fused operation</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Opcode&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 40em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Barron_1978_Opcode-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Barron_1978_Opcode_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBarron1978" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-location-test"><a href="/wiki/David_W._Barron" title="David W. Barron">Barron, David William</a> (1978) [1971, 1969]. "2.1. Symbolic instructions". Written at <a href="/wiki/University_of_Southampton" title="University of Southampton">University of Southampton</a>, Southampton, UK. In Floretin, J. John (ed.). <i>Assemblers and Loaders</i>. Computer Monographs (3 ed.). New York, USA: <a href="/wiki/Elsevier_North-Holland_Inc." class="mw-redirect" title="Elsevier North-Holland Inc.">Elsevier North-Holland Inc.</a> p. 7. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-444-19462-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-444-19462-2"><bdi>0-444-19462-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/78-19961">78-19961</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=2.1.+Symbolic+instructions&rft.btitle=Assemblers+and+Loaders&rft.place=New+York%2C+USA&rft.series=Computer+Monographs&rft.pages=7&rft.edition=3&rft.pub=Elsevier+North-Holland+Inc.&rft.date=1978&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F78-19961&rft.isbn=0-444-19462-2&rft.aulast=Barron&rft.aufirst=David+William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOpcode" class="Z3988"></span> (xii+100 pages)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Chiba_2007-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Chiba_2007_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Chiba_2007_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChiba2007" class="citation web cs1">Chiba, Shigeru (2007) [1999]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.docjar.org/html/api/javassist/bytecode/InstructionPrinter.java.html">"Javassist, a Java-bytecode translator toolkit"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200302185725/http://www.docjar.org/html/api/javassist/bytecode/InstructionPrinter.java.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2020-03-02<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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(November 1974). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bitsavers.trailing-edge.com/components/intel/MCS40/MCS-40_Users_Manual_Nov74.pdf">"The Functions Of A Computer: Instruction Register And Decoder"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>MCS-40 User's Manual For Logic Designers</i>. Santa Clara, California, USA: <a href="/wiki/Intel_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="Intel Corporation">Intel Corporation</a>. p. viii. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200303024244/http://bitsavers.trailing-edge.com/components/intel/MCS40/MCS-40_Users_Manual_Nov74.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2020-03-03<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-03-03</span></span>. <q>[…] Each operation that the processor can perform is identified by a unique binary number known as an instruction code. 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Benchmark suite"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=e6apNOED26kC"><i>Application of CLP to instruction modulo scheduling for VLIW processors</i></a>. Gliwice, Poland: Jacek Skalmierski Computer Studio. pp. 80–83 [83]. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-83-62652-42-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-83-62652-42-6"><bdi>978-83-62652-42-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200302192452/https://books.google.de/books?hl=de&id=e6apNOED26kC&jtp=83">Archived</a> from the original on 2020-03-02<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-05-28</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CMP+Media+LLC&rft.atitle=Finding+Binary+Clones+with+Opstrings+%26+Function+Digests&rft.volume=30&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=64-70&rft.date=2005-09-01&rft.issn=1044-789X&rft.aulast=Schulman&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.drdobbs.com%2Ftools%2Ffinding-binary-clones-with-opstrings-fu%2F184406247&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOpcode" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hennessy_2017-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hennessy_2017_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hennessy_2017_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hennessy_2017_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hennessy_2017_10-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHennessyPattersonAsanovićBakos2017" class="citation book cs1">Hennessy, John L.; Patterson, David A.; <a href="/wiki/Krste_Asanovi%C4%87" title="Krste Asanović">Asanović, Krste</a>; Bakos, Jason D.; Colwell, Robert P.; Bhattacharjee, Abhishek; Conte, Thomas M.; Duato, José; Franklin, Diana; Goldberg, David; Jouppi, Norman P.; Li, Sheng; Muralimanohar, Naveen; Peterson, Gregory D.; Pinkston, Timothy M.; Ranganathan, Parthasarathy; Wood, David A.; Young, Cliff; Zaky, Amr (2017-11-23). <i>Computer architecture: A quantitative approach</i> (6 ed.). 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Books">Compute! Books</a> (1 ed.). Greensboro, North Carolina, USA: <a href="/wiki/COMPUTE!_Publications,_Inc." class="mw-redirect" title="COMPUTE! Publications, Inc.">COMPUTE! Publications, Inc.</a>, <a href="/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Companies,_Inc." class="mw-redirect" title="American Broadcasting Companies, Inc.">American Broadcasting Companies, Inc.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Small_System_Services,_Inc." class="mw-redirect" title="Small System Services, Inc.">Small System Services, Inc.</a> <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-942386-11-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-942386-11-6"><bdi>0-942386-11-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080213090055/http://www.atariarchives.org/mlb/introduction.php">Archived</a> from the original on 2008-02-13<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-05-28</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Introduction%3A+Why+Machine+Language%3F&rft.btitle=Machine+Language+For+Beginners&rft.place=Greensboro%2C+North+Carolina%2C+USA&rft.series=Compute%21+Books&rft.edition=1&rft.pub=COMPUTE%21+Publications%2C+Inc.%2C+American+Broadcasting+Companies%2C+Inc.%3B+Small+System+Services%2C+Inc.&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=0-942386-11-6&rft.aulast=Mansfield&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.atariarchives.org%2Fmlb%2Fintroduction.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOpcode" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bytecode-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-bytecode_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121006015213/http://www.pcmag.com/encyclopedia_term/0%2C2542%2Ct%3Dbytecode%26i%3D39108%2C00.asp">"bytecode Definition"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/PC_Magazine" class="mw-redirect" title="PC Magazine">PC Magazine</a></i>. PC Magazine Encyclopedia. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pcmag.com/encyclopedia_term/0,2542,t=bytecode&i=39108,00.asp">the original</a> on 2012-10-06<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-10-10</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PC+Magazine&rft.atitle=bytecode+Definition&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pcmag.com%2Fencyclopedia_term%2F0%2C2542%2Ct%3Dbytecode%26i%3D39108%2C00.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOpcode" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <p><br /> </p> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output 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