CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html>     <html lang="en">  <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Duke University</title> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1"/> <meta name="fullCSS" content="/_themes/duke/css/duke.css?v=1727727659"> <meta name="fullJS" content="/_themes/duke/js/duke.js?v=1677775960"> <meta name="google-translate-customization" content="1af4716bc6a84971-60dbf489f2531aea-g2c533cec394d48bb-8"/> <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=Edge"/> <link rel="canonical" href="https://duke.edu/" /> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" href="/_themes/duke/img/favicon-96x96.png" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//today.duke.edu"/> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//i1.ytimg.com"/> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//alertbar.oit.duke.edu"/> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="//cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/cookieconsent2/3.1.0/cookieconsent.min.css" /> <style type="text/css">html{-webkit-font-smoothing:antialiased}*{box-sizing:border-box}blockquote,body,div,figure,footer,form,h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6,header,html,iframe,label,legend,li,nav,object,ol,p,section,table,ul{margin:0;padding:0}article,figure,footer,header,hgroup,nav,section{display:block}body{background-color:#011950;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;font-weight:400;font-size:100%;line-height:1.5;font-family:'Open Sans',Roboto,'Helvetica Neue',Helvetica,sans-serif;color:#262626;position:relative;background-position:initial initial;background-repeat:initial initial}body::after{content:small;display:none}@media (min-width:29.75em){body::after{content:'small,small-2'}}@media (min-width:46.8em){body::after{content:'small,small-2,medium'}}@media (min-width:53em){body::after{content:'small,small-2,medium,large'}}h2{font-size:2.5em;color:#012169;font-weight:400}h3{font-size:1.8125em;font-weight:400;margin-bottom:.5em;margin-top:.5em}.delta{font-size:1.25em;font-weight:400}.epsilon{font-size:.9375em;font-weight:400;margin-bottom:.5625em}.lc{max-width:75rem;margin:auto;overflow:hidden;width:100%}.lc-alt{max-width:75rem;margin:auto;overflow:visible;width:100%}.lc-alt::after{content:' ';display:block;clear:both}.align-right{text-align:right}.is-vishidden{overflow:hidden;width:1px;height:1px;padding:0;border:0;clip:rect(1px 1px 1px 1px);position:absolute!important}.element-invisible{clip:rect(1px 1px 1px 1px);overflow:hidden;height:1px;position:absolute!important}.element-invisible.element-focusable:active,.element-invisible.element-focusable:focus{clip:auto;overflow:visible;height:auto;position:static!important}a{text-decoration:none;color:#012169;transition:.2s,color,ease-in-out;-webkit-transition:.2s,color,ease-in-out}a.biglink{display:block}p{margin-bottom:1.5em}.subnav{background-color:#011950;background-position:initial initial;background-repeat:initial initial}.nav-large .nav-primary{width:100%;overflow:visible}.nav-large .nav-primary::after{content:' ';display:block;clear:both}.nav-large .nav-primary .icon-expand{display:none}.nav-large .nav-primary ul{list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.nav-large .nav-primary ul li{text-align:center}@media (min-width:46.8em){.nav-large .nav-primary ul{float:left;width:50%;display:table}.nav-large .nav-primary ul~ul{float:right}.nav-large .nav-primary ul li{display:table-cell}}@media (min-width:53em){.nav-large .nav-primary ul{padding-right:99px}.nav-large .nav-primary ul~ul{padding-right:0;padding-left:99px}.nav-large .nav-primary ul~ul:last-child{padding-right:3.5em}}.nav-large .nav-primary a{color:#e2e6ed;text-decoration:none;text-transform:uppercase;transition:.2s,color,ease-in-out;-webkit-transition:.2s,color,ease-in-out;padding:1.875em .25em;display:block}@media (min-width:66em){.nav-large .nav-primary a{padding:1.875em .625em}}.nav-large .nav-primary a:focus,.nav-large .nav-primary a:hover{color:#0c9bf9}.nav-large .nav-primary .dropdown{width:100%;background-color:#f8f5ec;position:absolute;left:0;right:0;top:100%;z-index:10;display:none;border:0;background-position:initial initial;background-repeat:initial initial}.nav-large .nav-primary .dropdown .nav-section{width:20%;padding:.5em 1em;float:left;display:inline-block;text-align:left;border-right-width:1px;border-right-style:solid;border-right-color:#c2c2c2;margin:1.5em 0}.nav-large .nav-primary .dropdown .nav-section:last-child{border-right-width:0}.nav-large .nav-primary .dropdown .nav-section ul+h2{padding-top:.75em;clear:both}.nav-large .nav-primary .dropdown .nav-section h2{font-size:1.125em;margin-bottom:.75em;text-shadow:none;color:#666}.nav-large .nav-primary .dropdown .nav-section h2 a{text-transform:none;padding:0;color:#666}.nav-large .nav-primary .dropdown .nav-section h2 a:focus,.nav-large .nav-primary .dropdown .nav-section h2 a:hover{color:#012169}.nav-large .nav-primary .dropdown .nav-section ul{padding-left:0;padding-right:0;width:100%;font-size:.875em}.nav-large .nav-primary .dropdown .nav-section li{display:block;width:100%;text-align:left;border-bottom-width:1px;border-bottom-style:dotted;border-bottom-color:#c2c2c2;padding-bottom:.5em;padding-top:.5em}.nav-large .nav-primary .dropdown .nav-section li a{padding:0 .1875em 0 0;text-transform:none;color:#012169}.nav-large .nav-primary .dropdown .nav-section li a:focus,.nav-large .nav-primary .dropdown .nav-section li a:hover{color:#0652fd;padding-left:.1875em;padding-right:0}.nav-small .dropdown{display:none}.subnav-small .subnav-list{max-width:100%}.mustard .subnav-small .subnav-list{max-width:75rem}.mustard .nav-large,.mustard .subnav-large{display:none}@media (min-width:53em){.mustard .nav-large,.mustard .subnav-large{display:block}.mustard .nav-large .dropdown,.mustard .subnav-large .dropdown{display:none;overflow:visible;max-height:0;transition:all,.2s,ease-in-out;-webkit-transition:all,.2s,ease-in-out;-webkit-transform:translate3d(0,0,0)}.mustard .nav-large .nav-primary>ul>li>a,.mustard .subnav-large .nav-primary>ul>li>a{position:relative;font-size:.88em;z-index:11}.mustard .nav-large .nav-primary>ul>li>a::before,.mustard .subnav-large .nav-primary>ul>li>a::before{transition:all,.2s,ease-in-out;-webkit-transition:all,.2s,ease-in-out;-webkit-transform:translate3d(0,0,0);max-height:0;content:attr(data-title);display:block;position:absolute;top:0;left:0;right:0;bottom:0;-webkit-box-shadow:transparent 0 4px 5px;box-shadow:transparent 0 4px 5px;background-color:#012982;padding:1.875em .25em;opacity:0;background-position:initial initial;background-repeat:initial initial}}@media (min-width:53em) and (min-width:66em){.mustard .nav-large .nav-primary>ul>li>a::before,.mustard .subnav-large .nav-primary>ul>li>a::before{padding:1.875em .625em}}@media (min-width:53em){.mustard .nav-large .nav-primary>ul>li.is-active>a,.mustard .subnav-large .nav-primary>ul>li.is-active>a{color:#fff}.mustard .nav-large .nav-primary>ul>li.is-active>a::before,.mustard .subnav-large .nav-primary>ul>li.is-active>a::before{opacity:1;max-height:5em}}@media (min-width:66em){.mustard .nav-large .nav-primary>ul>li>a,.mustard .subnav-large .nav-primary>ul>li>a{font-size:1em}}@media (min-width:89em){.mustard .nav-large .nav-primary>ul>li>a,.mustard .subnav-large .nav-primary>ul>li>a{letter-spacing:.03em}}.mustard .nav-small,.mustard .subnav-small{display:block}.mustard .nav-small .dropdown{display:none;background-color:#f8f5ec;background-position:initial initial;background-repeat:initial initial}@media (min-width:53em){.mustard .nav-small,.mustard .subnav-small{display:none}}.btn-reverse{background-color:#fff;color:#012169;text-transform:none;font-size:.8125em;border:0;background-position:initial initial;background-repeat:initial initial}.btn-plain{background-color:rgba(0,0,0,0);color:#012169;border:1px solid #c6c3af;text-transform:none;font-size:.8125em;margin-top:1em;margin-bottom:1em;padding:.7692307692em 2.1538461538em;background-position:initial initial;background-repeat:initial initial}.subhead{background-color:#011950;font-size:.75em;color:#fff;width:100%;z-index:1;background-position:initial initial;background-repeat:initial initial}.subhead .search-form{margin:0 auto;padding:1em 0}.js .header .search-contain,.js .header [data-set=aa-subhead-search]{display:none}.search-contain{bottom:1em;left:0;margin:0 auto;position:absolute;text-align:center;width:100%}@media (min-width:53em){.js .search-contain{position:static}.js .search-contain form{bottom:0;display:block;position:relative}}.mustard .subhead-small{display:block}@media (min-width:53em){.mustard .subhead-small{display:none}}.mustard .header .search-contain{background-color:#011950;display:none;background-position:initial initial;background-repeat:initial initial}@media (min-width:18em){.mustard .header .search-contain{bottom:0;position:relative;display:block;margin-top:0;max-height:0;opacity:0;overflow:visible;float:none;visibility:hidden;transition:max-height .25s ease-out,opacity .25s ease-out;-webkit-transition:max-height .25s ease-out,opacity .25s ease-out}.mustard .header .search-contain .search-form{max-width:100%;width:75%}.mustard .header .search-contain .search-field,.mustard .header .search-contain .search-submit{border-top-left-radius:0;border-top-right-radius:0;border-bottom-right-radius:0;border-bottom-left-radius:0;font-size:1.3em;margin:0}.mustard .header .search-contain .search-field{width:100%;margin:0;border-top-left-radius:0;border-top-right-radius:0;border-bottom-right-radius:0;border-bottom-left-radius:0}.mustard .header .search-contain .search-submit{position:absolute;top:0;bottom:0;right:0}.mustard .header .search-contain.is-open{visibility:visible;max-height:20em;opacity:1}}@media (min-width:53em){.mustard .header .search-contain .search-form{width:30em}.mustard .header .search-contain .search-field,.mustard .header .search-contain .search-submit{font-size:1.5em}}.mustard .subhead-large{overflow:visible;display:none}.mustard .subhead-large [data-set=aa-subhead-nav]{background-color:#011950;display:none;position:absolute;max-width:75rem;overflow:hidden;bottom:0;width:100%;background-position:initial initial;background-repeat:initial initial}@media (min-width:53em){.mustard .subhead-large [data-set=aa-subhead-nav]{display:block}}.mustard .subhead-large .search-form fieldset{position:relative}@media (min-width:18em){.mustard .subhead-large{display:block;background-color:#0b275a;background-position:initial initial;background-repeat:initial initial}}.mustard .subhead-large .search-form fieldset{margin:-6em 0 2em;transition:margin .25s ease-out;-webkit-transition:margin .25s ease-out}@media (min-width:53em){.mustard .subhead-large{display:block;max-height:99em;position:relative;background-color:rgba(0,0,0,0);background-position:initial initial;background-repeat:initial initial}.mustard .subhead-large [data-set=aa-subhead-search]{display:block}.mustard .subhead-large .search-form{width:auto}.mustard .subhead-large .search-form fieldset{margin:-8em 0 4em}.mustard .subhead-large .search-field,.mustard .subhead-large .search-submit{font-size:1.5em}.mustard .subhead-large .search-field{width:20em}}.mustard .header [data-set=aa-subhead-search]{display:block;position:relative}.header{box-shadow:rgba(38,38,38,.34902) 0 5px 0;-webkit-backface-visibility:hidden;display:block;position:relative;background-color:#012169;width:100%;background-position:initial initial;background-repeat:initial initial}@media (min-width:53em){.header{margin-top:1.875rem}}.header.fixedsticky{z-index:10;top:0;position:-webkit-sticky}.header.fixedsticky .lc-alt{position:relative}@media (min-width:53em){.header.fixedsticky .lc-alt{min-height:5.25em}}.header .logo{display:block;text-align:center;margin:0 auto;padding-top:.75em;padding-bottom:.375em;width:197px;z-index:3}.header .logo img{width:75%;border:0}@media (min-width:53em){.header .logo{position:absolute;padding-bottom:0;bottom:6px;left:50%;margin-left:-99px}.header .logo img{width:80%}}@media (min-width:66em){.header .logo img{width:90%}}#toggle .is-vishidden{color:#fff}.mustard #toggle{position:absolute;left:.5em;bottom:.95em;cursor:pointer;border-top-left-radius:.2857142857em;border-top-right-radius:.2857142857em;border-bottom-right-radius:.2857142857em;border-bottom-left-radius:.2857142857em;transition:.3s,left,ease-in-out;-webkit-transition:.3s,left,ease-in-out}.mustard #toggle .navicon{display:block;line-height:1em;height:2.125em;width:2.125em;margin:.1875em .375em .375em;position:relative;transition:all .5s ease-in-out;-webkit-transition:all .5s ease-in-out}.mustard #toggle b{transition:all .5s ease-in-out;-webkit-transition:all .5s ease-in-out;background-color:#e2e6ed;display:block;position:absolute;top:0;left:.25em;right:.25em;height:.25em;-webkit-transform:translateY(17px)}.mustard #toggle b.second{-webkit-transform:translateY(7px)}.mustard #toggle b.third{-webkit-transform:translateY(27px)}.mustard #toggle.is-open{left:60%;background-color:#012169;border-width:1px 1px 1px 0;border-style:solid;border-color:rgba(255,255,255,.0980392);border-top-left-radius:0;border-bottom-left-radius:0;z-index:11;background-position:initial initial;background-repeat:initial initial}@media (min-width:29.75em){.mustard #toggle.is-open{left:18.75em}}.mustard #toggle.is-open .navicon{-webkit-transform:rotate(180deg) translateY(-6px)}.mustard #toggle.is-open .navicon .third{-webkit-transform:rotate(-45deg) translateY(24px) translateX(-8px);width:54%}.mustard #toggle.is-open .navicon .second{-webkit-transform:rotate(45deg) translateY(1px) translateX(17px);width:54%}.mustard #toggle::before{content:'';position:absolute;top:50%;left:50%;border-top-left-radius:999px;border-top-right-radius:999px;border-bottom-right-radius:999px;border-bottom-left-radius:999px;cursor:pointer}.mustard #toggle:active::before{z-index:2}@media (min-width:53em){.mustard #toggle{display:none}}#search-toggle{display:none}#search-toggle .is-vishidden{color:#e2e6ed}.mustard #search-toggle{display:block;position:absolute;right:.5em;bottom:.65em;padding:.5em;z-index:3}@media (min-width:53em){.mustard #search-toggle{bottom:.95em}}.mustard #search-toggle .icon{fill:#ffffff;height:1.5em;width:1.75em}@media (min-width:53em){.mustard #search-toggle{right:1em;bottom:1em;top:auto}}.inline-list{list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.inline-list li{display:inline-block}.link-list{list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.link-list li{border-bottom-width:1px;border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-color:#b5b5b5}.link-list li:last-child{border-bottom-width:0}.link-list a{text-decoration:none;color:#012169;transition:.2s,color,ease-in-out;-webkit-transition:.2s,color,ease-in-out;padding:1em 0;display:inline-block}.banner-hero{background-color:#000;width:100%;height:25em;text-align:center;background-size:cover;display:table;background-position:50% 50%;background-repeat:initial initial}.banner-hero .b-content .b-title{font-size:14vw;font-weight:700;color:#fff;text-align:center;margin-bottom:0;line-height:1.3em}@media (min-width:29.75em){.banner-hero .b-content .b-title{font-size:14vw}}@media (min-width:46.8em){.banner-hero .b-content .b-title{font-size:11vw}}@media (min-width:53em){.banner-hero .b-content .b-title{font-size:5.625em}}.banner-hero .b-content{position:relative;display:table-cell;vertical-align:middle}.banner-hero .b-content a{color:#fff;font-size:1.5em;font-weight:700;text-decoration:none}@media (min-width:53em){.banner-hero .b-content a{font-size:1.875em}}.mustard .banner-hero .b-content .b-animate{opacity:0}.mustard .banner-hero .b-content .b-animate span{opacity:1;transition:opacity .4s ease-in-out;-webkit-transition:opacity .4s ease-in-out;text-shadow:rgba(0,0,0,.498039) 1px 1px 2px,rgba(0,0,0,.498039) -1px -1px 2px,rgba(0,0,0,.498039) 1px -1px 4px,rgba(0,0,0,.498039) -1px 1px 4px}.mustard .banner-hero .b-content .b-animate .is-invisible{opacity:0;transition:opacity .4s ease-in-out;-webkit-transition:opacity .4s ease-in-out}.mustard .banner-hero .b-content .b-animate.is-ready{opacity:1}.mustard .banner-hero .b-content p{opacity:0}.mustard .banner-hero .b-content p.is-ready{opacity:1;transition:opacity .4s ease-in-out;-webkit-transition:opacity .4s ease-in-out}.banner-hero-blurb{position:relative;height:auto}@media (min-width:46.8em){.banner-hero-blurb{min-height:25em}}.banner-hero-blurb .b-blurb{text-align:left;background-color:rgba(255,255,255,.901961);margin:1em auto;width:95%;max-width:20em;padding:1em;overflow:visible;position:relative;background-position:initial initial;background-repeat:initial initial}.banner-hero-blurb .b-blurb .b-title{color:#c02124;text-shadow:none;line-height:1.2em}.banner-hero-blurb .b-blurb .b-description{font-size:1em}.banner-hero-blurb .b-blurb img{width:100%;max-width:100%}.banner-hero-blurb .b-blurb .btn{background-color:#666;text-transform:none;font-size:.875em;background-position:initial initial;background-repeat:initial initial}.banner-hero-blurb .b-blurb .flr{margin-bottom:0}.banner-hero-blurb .b-blurb::before{display:block;background-image:linear-gradient(135deg,rgba(255,255,255,.901961) 33%,gray 34%,transparent 44%),linear-gradient(45deg,transparent 66%,rgba(255,255,255,.901961) 67%);background-size:10px 100%;content:' ';width:100%;height:5px;position:absolute;top:100%;bottom:auto;left:0;background-position:-5px 0;background-repeat:repeat no-repeat}.banner-hero-blurb .b-blurb::after{clear:both;content:' ';display:block}@media (min-width:46.8em){.banner-hero-blurb .b-blurb{margin-right:5%;width:20em;margin-bottom:2em;overflow:visible}}.banner-hero-video .hero-section{vertical-align:top;text-align:left;padding:1em 1em 0;color:#fff}@media (min-width:46.8em){.banner-hero-video .hero-section{width:50%;float:left;padding:1em}}@media (min-width:53em){.banner-hero-video .hero-section{margin:2em 0 2em 5%;width:42%}}.banner-hero-video .hero-section .b-title{color:#fff;line-height:1.2em;margin-bottom:.5em;font-weight:700;font-size:1.75em}@media (min-width:48em){.banner-hero-video .hero-section .b-title{font-size:2.6em}}@media (min-width:46.8em){.banner-hero-video .hero-section+.hero-section{float:right;margin-left:0}}.banner-hero-video .hero-section img{width:100%;max-width:100%}.banner-hero-video .hero-section p:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.banner-hero-video .box-dark{background-color:rgba(0,0,0,.6);color:#fff;padding:1em;margin:0;background-position:initial initial;background-repeat:initial initial}.banner-hero-video .box-dark.hero-section{margin:0 1em 1em;padding:1em}@media (min-width:46.8em){.banner-hero-video .box-dark.hero-section{margin:1em 0}}@media (min-width:53em){.banner-hero-video .box-dark.hero-section{margin:2em 0 2em 5%}.banner-hero-video .box-dark.hero-section:last-child{margin-right:5%;margin-left:0}}.banner-hero-video .box-dark .b-title{font-weight:700;font-size:1.75em}.banner-hero-video .box-light{background-color:rgba(255,255,255,.6);color:#000;padding:1em;background-position:initial initial;background-repeat:initial initial}.banner-hero-video .box-light .b-title{font-weight:700;font-size:1.75em}.banner-hero-video .banner-title{color:#fff;font-weight:700;text-align:left;margin-left:.5em;margin-right:.5em;font-size:1.8em;line-height:1.3em}@media (min-width:29.75em){.banner-hero-video .banner-title{font-size:2.4em}}@media (min-width:48em){.banner-hero-video .banner-title{font-size:2.6em}}@media (min-width:53em){.banner-hero-video .banner-title{float:left;width:42%;margin-left:5%;margin-top:1em}.banner-hero-video .banner-title+.hero-section{clear:left;margin-top:1em;padding-left:0}}.banner-hero-video-bg{height:auto;overflow:hidden}.banner-hero-video-bg .videojsContainer{position:relative;height:0;padding-bottom:56.25%}.banner-hero-video-bg video{display:block;height:100%;max-width:100%;width:100%}.banner-hero-video-bg .b-content{width:100%;position:absolute;z-index:1;top:0;bottom:0;padding:0 2%}.banner-hero-video-bg .b-content h2,.banner-hero-video-bg .b-content p{display:block;width:100%}.banner-hero-video-bg .videojsWrapper{position:absolute;width:100%;height:100%;left:0;right:0;top:0;bottom:0}.banner-hero-video-bg .video_fallback_image{width:100%;position:absolute;left:0;top:0}@media (min-width:26em){.banner-hero-video-bg .video_fallback_image{display:none;visibility:hidden}}.card-spotlight .spotlight-desc .icon-wrap{display:none;text-align:center}.card-spotlight .spotlight-desc .icon-wrap .icon{height:1.8461538462em;width:1.8461538462em;fill:#ffffff;margin:auto}.spotlight-on .is-inactive{display:none;opacity:0}.section{background-color:#fff}.section-dark{background-color:#01518c;color:#fff;background-position:initial initial;background-repeat:initial initial}.section-dark h2{color:#fff}.section-dark .btn-plain{color:#fff;border-color:#fff}.section-dark .btn-reverse{color:#012169}.section-dark a{color:#fff}.section-dark a:focus,.section-dark a:hover{color:rgba(255,255,255,.701961)}.mustard .vid-thumb-wrapper{position:relative;width:100%;height:0;overflow:hidden;padding-bottom:56.25%}.vid-thumb-wrapper a.media-img.video-poster:focus{border:2px solid #5e9ed6}.video-poster{position:relative;display:block}.video-poster .icon{display:none}.mustard .vimeo .video-poster img{top:0}.mustard .video-poster{position:absolute;top:0;left:0;width:100%;height:100%}.mustard .video-poster img{position:absolute;top:-17%;left:0;width:100%}.mustard .video-poster .icon-wrap{position:absolute;top:50%;left:50%;border-top-left-radius:50%;border-top-right-radius:50%;border-bottom-right-radius:50%;border-bottom-left-radius:50%;border:5px solid rgba(181,181,181,.8);display:block;height:6.25em;width:6.25em;margin-top:-3.125em;margin-left:-3.125em;transition:.2s,border,ease-in-out;-webkit-transition:.2s,border,ease-in-out}.mustard .video-poster .icon-play{fill:rgba(181,181,181,0.8);height:2.75em;width:1.5em;position:absolute;top:50%;left:50%;margin-left:-.75em;margin-top:-1.375em;transition:.2s,fill,ease-in-out;-webkit-transition:.2s,fill,ease-in-out;display:block}.mustard .video-poster:hover .icon-wrap{border-color:#fff}.mustard .video-poster:hover .icon-play{fill:#ffffff}.svgmap{display:none}.mo{margin:.5em 0}@media (min-width:53em){.mo{margin:1em 0}}.mo,.mo .bd{overflow:hidden;zoom:1}@media (min-width:29.75em){.mo .pull{float:left;margin-right:1em;max-width:40%}}.mo .pull img{display:block;max-width:100%;width:100%}.social-items-list li{margin-bottom:1%;overflow:hidden;padding-top:48%;position:relative}@media (min-width:46.8em){.social-items-list li{height:auto;padding-top:24%}}.social-items-list li:last-child{margin-right:0}@media (min-width:20em){.mustard .social-items-list .aa-tweet-sm{display:none}}.footer{display:block;background-color:#01518c;padding:1.8125em 2.125em;overflow:hidden;position:relative}@media (min-width:48em){.footer{padding-bottom:53.5087719%;background-color:#01518c;background-size:cover;background-attachment:scroll;overflow:hidden;padding-top:0;background-position:50% 100%;background-repeat:no-repeat no-repeat}}.footer .footer-meta{text-align:center;padding:0 0 1em}@media (min-width:48em){.footer .footer-meta{padding-top:1em}}@media (min-width:66em){.footer .footer-meta{padding-top:0;width:24.125em;position:absolute;top:4.3125em;left:50%;margin-left:-12.0625em}}.footer .vcard{list-style:none;padding:0;color:#e2e6ed;font-size:.8125em;text-shadow:#012169 -1px -1px 0,#012169 1px -1px 0,#012169 -1px 1px 0,#012169 1px 1px 0;margin:1em auto}.footer .vcard li{display:inline-block;margin-right:1em}.footer .vcard li:last-child{margin-right:0}.footer .vcard a{color:#b5b5b5;border-bottom-width:1px;border-bottom-style:dotted;border-bottom-color:#b5b5b5}.footer .logo{text-align:center;display:block;margin:auto}@media (min-width:53em){.footer .logo{width:13.5em}}.footer .logo::after{height:1px;width:100%;content:' ';display:block;background-image:-webkit-gradient(radial,50% 50%,0,50% 50%,150,from(#fff),to(transparent));margin-bottom:.5em;background-position:initial initial;background-repeat:initial initial}@media (min-width:53em){.footer .logo::after{width:13.5em}}.footer .logo img{width:10.1875em;margin:.2em auto;border:0}.footer .footer-nav{display:none;font-size:.8125em;list-style:none;margin:0 0 0 5%;padding:0}@media (min-width:53em){.footer .footer-nav{display:block;width:40%;float:left}.csscolumns .footer .footer-nav{-webkit-column-count:2}.no-csscolumns .footer .footer-nav{margin-left:0}.no-csscolumns .footer .footer-nav li{float:left;width:50%}}@media (min-width:66em){.footer .footer-nav{width:30%;padding-top:7.6153846154em}}.footer .footer-nav:last-child{float:right;text-align:left;margin-left:0}.footer .footer-nav:last-child li{text-align:left}.footer .footer-nav li{margin-bottom:1em}@media (min-width:66em){.footer .footer-nav li{width:50%;text-align:right}}.footer .footer-nav a{text-transform:uppercase;color:#e2e6ed;transition:color,.2s,ease-in-out;-webkit-transition:color,.2s,ease-in-out;text-shadow:#012169 -1px -1px 0,#012169 1px -1px 0,#012169 -1px 1px 0,#012169 1px 1px 0}.footer .footer-nav a:focus,.footer .footer-nav a:hover{color:#fff;font-weight:300;text-shadow:none;text-decoration:underline}.footer .social-list{display:none;margin-right:0}.mustard .footer .social-list{display:block}.footer .social-list li:last-child{margin-right:0}.footer .social-list li a{background-color:#e2e6ed;color:#012169;background-position:initial initial;background-repeat:initial initial}.footer .social-list li a:hover{background-color:#012169;color:#e2e6ed;background-position:initial initial;background-repeat:initial initial}.footer .social-list li a:hover .icon{fill:#e2e6ed}.footer .social-list .icon{fill:#012169}.footer .privacy a{color:#e2e6ed;font-size:.8125em;text-shadow:#012169 -1px -1px 0,#012169 1px -1px 0,#012169 -1px 1px 0,#012169 1px 1px 0}.footer .privacy:hover{text-decoration:underline}.duke-today{position:relative;padding:0 1em 1em}.duke-today .duke-today-logo{text-align:center;margin:1em auto 2em;display:block;max-width:50%}@media (min-width:53em){.duke-today .duke-today-logo{float:left;margin:0;height:1.875em;width:auto}}.duke-today .duke-today-header{border-bottom-width:1px;border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-color:#b5b5b5;overflow:hidden;padding:1.5em 0 .75em}.duke-today .duke-today-header p{float:right;margin:0}.duke-today .main{padding:.5em 1em .5em 0}@media (min-width:53em){.duke-today .main{width:57.8947368421%;float:left}}.duke-today .main .epsilon{font-size:1.125em;color:#012169}.duke-today .main p{font-size:.875em}.duke-today .main .category{color:#8d2000;text-transform:uppercase;margin-bottom:0}.duke-today .main .pull{max-width:100%;width:100%;border:1px solid #b5b5b5;padding:.3125em;background-color:#f8f5ec;margin-bottom:1em;background-position:initial initial;background-repeat:initial initial}@media (min-width:29.75em){.duke-today .main .pull{max-width:50%}}@media (min-width:46.8em){.duke-today .main .pull{max-width:50%}}@media (min-width:53em){.duke-today .main .pull{max-width:66%}}.duke-today .aside{display:block}@media (min-width:53em){.duke-today .aside{width:42.1052631579%;float:right;padding-left:2.375em;margin:1.5em 0;border-left-width:1px;border-left-style:solid;border-left-color:#b5b5b5}}.duke-today .aside .epsilon{font-size:1em;margin:0}.sidenav{border-right-width:1px;border-right-style:solid;border-right-color:#0c9bf9;height:100vh;overflow-y:auto}.sidenav li{display:block;text-align:left;position:relative}.sidenav li a{text-align:left;display:inline-block;text-decoration:none;transition:.2s,all,ease-in-out;-webkit-transition:.2s,all,ease-in-out;padding:1.25em .5em;width:100%;color:#e2e6ed;background-color:#2b2b2b;border-bottom-width:1px;border-bottom-style:dotted;border-bottom-color:rgba(255,255,255,.2);background-position:initial initial;background-repeat:initial initial}.sidenav li .icon-expand{display:none;position:absolute;right:1em;top:1.6em;fill:#e2e6ed;width:.875em;height:.5em;transition:all,.3s,ease-in-out;-webkit-transition:all,.3s,ease-in-out}.sidenav .nav-primary a{background-color:#012169;color:#e2e6ed;text-transform:uppercase;background-position:initial initial;background-repeat:initial initial}@media only all{.mustard .sidenav{display:none;position:absolute;width:60%;top:0;left:-60%;z-index:11;transition:all,.3s,ease-in-out;-webkit-transition:all,.3s,ease-in-out;background-color:#2b2b2b;min-height:100%;padding-top:0;background-position:initial initial;background-repeat:initial initial}.mustard .sidenav .icon-expand{display:block}.mustard .sidenav .dropdown{display:none;max-height:0;overflow:hidden;transition:all,.3s,ease-in-out;-webkit-transition:all,.3s,ease-in-out}.mustard .sidenav .dropdown a{padding-left:1.7em;padding-right:.8em}.mustard .sidenav .dropdown ul{display:none;max-height:0;overflow:hidden;transition:all,.3s,ease-in-out;-webkit-transition:all,.3s,ease-in-out}.mustard .sidenav .dropdown ul a{background-color:#303030;border-bottom-width:1px;border-bottom-style:dotted;border-bottom-color:rgba(255,255,255,.2);transition:all,.3s,ease-in-out;-webkit-transition:all,.3s,ease-in-out;text-transform:none;background-position:initial initial;background-repeat:initial initial}.mustard .sidenav .dropdown .delta{font-size:1em;padding:1.25em 2em 1.25em 1.1875em;text-transform:uppercase;text-shadow:none;color:#e2e6ed;background-color:#235f9c;position:relative;cursor:pointer;border-bottom-width:1px;border-bottom-style:dotted;border-bottom-color:rgba(255,255,255,.2);transition:all,.3s,ease-in-out;-webkit-transition:all,.3s,ease-in-out;background-position:initial initial;background-repeat:initial initial}.mustard .sidenav .dropdown .delta a{padding:0;background-color:rgba(0,0,0,0);border-bottom-width:0;background-position:initial initial;background-repeat:initial initial}.mustard .sidenav .dropdown .delta .icon-expand{position:absolute;right:1em;top:50%;fill:#e2e6ed;width:.875em;height:.5em;margin-top:-.25em;transition:all,.3s,ease-in-out;-webkit-transition:all,.3s,ease-in-out}}@media (min-width:29.75em){.mustard .sidenav{width:18.75em;left:-18.75em}}@media (min-width:53em){.mustard .sidenav{display:none}}fieldset{border:0;padding:0}input[type=search]{-webkit-appearance:none;padding:.63em .65em;border:0;font-size:1em}.search-form{position:relative}.search-form fieldset{width:100%}.search-field{background-color:#e2e6ed;display:inline-block;vertical-align:middle;width:20em;background-position:initial initial;background-repeat:initial initial}.search-submit{background-color:#235f9c;border:0;font-size:1.3em;padding:.6em .75em;display:inline-block;line-height:1em;cursor:pointer;vertical-align:middle;transition:background,.2s,ease-in-out;-webkit-transition:background,.2s,ease-in-out;background-position:initial initial;background-repeat:initial initial}.search-submit .icon{fill:#e2e6ed;height:1.0625em;width:1.1875em}.search-submit .is-vishidden{color:#e2e6ed}.alert-row{overflow:hidden;width:100%}.informational-alert{margin:0 auto;max-width:75rem;overflow-x:visible;padding:40px 20px 40px 40px;position:relative}@media only screen and (min-width:46.8em){.informational-alert{padding-left:150px;padding-right:20px}}.informational-alert::after{background-image:url(/assets/img/svg-icons/info.svg);background-size:80px;content:'';height:80px;opacity:.07;width:80px;position:absolute;top:-12px;left:-12px;background-repeat:no-repeat no-repeat}@media only screen and (min-width:46.8em){.informational-alert::after{background-size:200px;height:200px;width:200px}}.informational-alert::before{background-color:#dbedf2;content:'';height:100%;position:absolute;top:0;left:-50vw;margin-left:50%;width:100vw;z-index:-1;background-position:initial initial;background-repeat:initial initial}.informational-alert h2{color:#005587;font-size:1.5em;font-weight:700;letter-spacing:.03em;margin:0 0 .5em}.informational-alert a{color:#005587;font-weight:700;text-decoration:underline}.informational-alert a:hover{color:#0075ba}.informational-alert .content{color:#005587;font-size:.9375em;font-family:Merriweather,Georgia,'Times New Roman',Times,serif;line-height:1.5em}.subnav-section-wrap{position:relative}.banner-hero-video-bg{position:relative}</style> <script type="text/javascript">function _gaLt(a){for(var b=a.srcElement||a.target,c=/\.(zip|exe|pdf|doc*|xls*|ppt*|mp3)$/i;b&&(void 0===b.tagName||"a"!=b.tagName.toLowerCase()||!b.href);)b=b.parentNode;if(b&&b.href)if(-1==b.href.indexOf(location.host)){if($(b).closest("#nav").length&&!$(b).closest(".dropdown").length)return;var d=function(a,b){b?window.open(a,b):window.location.href=a},e=b.href,f=!(!b.target||b.target.match(/^_(self|parent|top)$/i))&&b.target;-1!==b.href.indexOf("mailto")?ga("send","event","Mails",e,document.location.pathname+document.location.search,{hitCallback:d(e,f)}):ga("send","event","Outgoing links",e,document.location.pathname+document.location.search,{hitCallback:d(e,f)}),a.preventDefault?a.preventDefault():a.returnValue=!1}else b.href.match(c)&&(ga("send","event","Downloads",e,document.location.pathname+document.location.search,{hitCallback:d(e,f)}),a.preventDefault?a.preventDefault():a.returnValue=!1)}window.Modernizr=function(a,b,c){function d(a){r.cssText=a}function e(a,b){return typeof a===b}function f(a,b){return!!~(""+a).indexOf(b)}function g(a,b){for(var d in a){var e=a[d];if(!f(e,"-")&&r[e]!==c)return"pfx"!=b||e}return!1}function h(a,b,d){for(var f in a){var g=b[a[f]];if(g!==c)return!1===d?a[f]:e(g,"function")?g.bind(d||b):g}return!1}function i(a,b,c){var d=a.charAt(0).toUpperCase()+a.slice(1),f=(a+" "+t.join(d+" ")+d).split(" ");return e(b,"string")||e(b,"undefined")?g(f,b):(f=(a+" "+u.join(d+" ")+d).split(" "),h(f,b,c))}var j,k,l="2.8.3",m={},n=!0,o=b.documentElement,p="modernizr",q=b.createElement(p),r=q.style,s="Webkit Moz O ms",t=s.split(" "),u=s.toLowerCase().split(" "),v={},w=[],x=w.slice,y={}.hasOwnProperty;k=e(y,"undefined")||e(y.call,"undefined")?function(a,b){return b in a&&e(a.constructor.prototype[b],"undefined")}:function(a,b){return y.call(a,b)},Function.prototype.bind||(Function.prototype.bind=function(a){var b=this;if("function"!=typeof b)throw new TypeError;var c=x.call(arguments,1),d=function(){if(this instanceof d){var e=function(){};e.prototype=b.prototype;var f=new e,g=b.apply(f,c.concat(x.call(arguments)));return Object(g)===g?g:f}return b.apply(a,c.concat(x.call(arguments)))};return d}),v.csscolumns=function(){return i("columnCount")};for(var z in v)k(v,z)&&(j=z.toLowerCase(),m[j]=v[z](),w.push((m[j]?"":"no-")+j));return m.addTest=function(a,b){if("object"==typeof a)for(var d in a)k(a,d)&&m.addTest(d,a[d]);else{if(a=a.toLowerCase(),m[a]!==c)return m;b="function"==typeof b?b():b,void 0!==n&&n&&(o.className+=" "+(b?"":"no-")+a),m[a]=b}return m},d(""),q=null,function(a,b){function c(a,b){var c=a.createElement("p"),d=a.getElementsByTagName("head")[0]||a.documentElement;return c.innerHTML="x<style>"+b+"</style>",d.insertBefore(c.lastChild,d.firstChild)}function d(){var a=s.elements;return"string"==typeof a?a.split(" "):a}function e(a){var b=r[a[p]];return b||(b={},q++,a[p]=q,r[q]=b),b}function f(a,c,d){if(c||(c=b),k)return c.createElement(a);d||(d=e(c));var f;return f=d.cache[a]?d.cache[a].cloneNode():o.test(a)?(d.cache[a]=d.createElem(a)).cloneNode():d.createElem(a),!f.canHaveChildren||n.test(a)||f.tagUrn?f:d.frag.appendChild(f)}function g(a,c){if(a||(a=b),k)return a.createDocumentFragment();c=c||e(a);for(var f=c.frag.cloneNode(),g=0,h=d(),i=h.length;g<i;g++)f.createElement(h[g]);return f}function h(a,b){b.cache||(b.cache={},b.createElem=a.createElement,b.createFrag=a.createDocumentFragment,b.frag=b.createFrag()),a.createElement=function(c){return s.shivMethods?f(c,a,b):b.createElem(c)},a.createDocumentFragment=Function("h,f","return function(){var n=f.cloneNode(),c=n.createElement;h.shivMethods&&("+d().join().replace(/[\w\-]+/g,function(a){return b.createElem(a),b.frag.createElement(a),'c("'+a+'")'})+");return n}")(s,b.frag)}function i(a){a||(a=b);var d=e(a);return s.shivCSS&&!j&&!d.hasCSS&&(d.hasCSS=!!c(a,"article,aside,dialog,figcaption,figure,footer,header,hgroup,main,nav,section{display:block}mark{background:#FF0;color:#000}template{display:none}")),k||h(a,d),a}var j,k,l="3.7.0",m=a.html5||{},n=/^<|^(?:button|map|select|textarea|object|iframe|option|optgroup)$/i,o=/^(?:a|b|code|div|fieldset|h1|h2|h3|h4|h5|h6|i|label|li|ol|p|q|span|strong|style|table|tbody|td|th|tr|ul)$/i,p="_html5shiv",q=0,r={};!function(){try{var a=b.createElement("a");a.innerHTML="<xyz></xyz>",j="hidden"in a,k=1==a.childNodes.length||function(){b.createElement("a");var a=b.createDocumentFragment();return void 0===a.cloneNode||void 0===a.createDocumentFragment||void 0===a.createElement}()}catch(a){j=!0,k=!0}}();var s={elements:m.elements||"abbr article aside audio bdi canvas data datalist details dialog figcaption figure footer header hgroup main mark meter nav output progress section summary template time video",version:l,shivCSS:!1!==m.shivCSS,supportsUnknownElements:k,shivMethods:!1!==m.shivMethods,type:"default",shivDocument:i,createElement:f,createDocumentFragment:g};a.html5=s,i(b)}(this,b),m._version=l,m._domPrefixes=u,m._cssomPrefixes=t,m.testProp=function(a){return g([a])},m.testAllProps=i,o.className=o.className.replace(/(^|\s)no-js(\s|$)/,"$1$2")+(n?" js "+w.join(" "):""),m}(0,this.document);var w=window;w.addEventListener?w.addEventListener("load",function(){document.body.addEventListener("click",_gaLt,!1)},!1):w.attachEvent&&w.attachEvent("onload",function(){document.body.attachEvent("onclick",_gaLt)}),function(a,b){"use strict";function c(b){var c=a.document.getElementsByTagName("script")[0],d=a.document.createElement("script");return d.src=b,d.async=!0,c.parentNode.insertBefore(d,c),d}function d(b,c,d){function e(){for(var a,c=0;c<h.length;c++)h[c].href&&h[c].href.indexOf(b)>-1&&(a=!0);a?f.media=d||"all":setTimeout(e)}var f=a.document.createElement("link"),g=c||a.document.getElementsByTagName("script")[0],h=a.document.styleSheets;return f.rel="stylesheet",f.href=b,f.media="only x",g.parentNode.insertBefore(f,g),e(),f}function e(b){for(var c,d=a.document.getElementsByTagName("meta"),e=0;e<d.length;e++)if(d[e].name&&d[e].name===b){c=d[e];break}return c}function f(c,d,e){if(d===b){var f="; "+a.document.cookie,g=f.split("; "+c+"=");return 2==g.length?g.pop().split(";").shift():null}if(!1===d&&(e=-1),e){var h=new Date;h.setTime(h.getTime()+24*e*60*60*1e3);var i="; expires="+h.toGMTString()}else var i="";a.document.cookie=c+"="+d+i+"; path=/"}a.enhance={};var g=a.document,h=g.documentElement,i=(g.head||g.getElementsByTagName("head")[0],"fullCSS"),j="fullJS",k="fontsWOFF",l="fontsWOFF2",m=["mustard"];enhance.loadJS=c,enhance.loadCSS=d,enhance.getMeta=e,enhance.cookie=f;var n=e(i);if(n&&d(n.content),"querySelector"in document&&"localStorage"in a&&"addEventListener"in a||!(document.documentElement.className.indexOf("ie8")<0)){a.dkApp={},a.dkApp.cutsMustard=!0,h.className+=" "+m.join(" ");var o=e(j);o&&c(o.content);var p,q=function(a){if(!("FontFace"in a))return!1;var b=new a.FontFace("t",'url( "data:application/font-woff2," ) format( "woff2" )',{});return b.load().catch(function(){}),"loading"==b.status}(a);p=e(l&&q?l:k),p&&d(p.content)}}(this);</script> <style>@media screen and (min-width: 48em) { .footer { background-image: url(/assets/img/resized/dukeeduwestcampusfooter-r-q100-m1509537650.jpg); } }</style> <link rel="preconnect" href="https://fonts.googleapis.com"> <link rel="preconnect" href="https://fonts.gstatic.com" crossorigin> <link href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css2?family=EB+Garamond:ital,wght@0,400..800;1,400..800&display=swap" rel="stylesheet"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon-precomposed" href="/assets/img/apple-touch-icon-precomposed-144x144.png" sizes="144x144"/> <link rel="apple-touch-icon-precomposed" href="/assets/img/apple-touch-icon-precomposed-72x72.png" sizes="72x72"/> <link rel="apple-touch-icon-precomposed" href="/assets/img/apple-touch-icon-precomposed-114x114.png" sizes="114x114"/>  <noscript> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/_themes/duke/css/duke.css"> </noscript>  <script>(function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start': new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0], j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src= 'https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f); })(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-PSPVTBK');</script>  <script src="//cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/cookieconsent2/3.1.0/cookieconsent.min.js"></script> <script> window.addEventListener("load", function(){ window.cookieconsent.initialise({ "palette": { "popup": { "background": "#001a57" }, "button": { "background": "#ffd960" } }, "content": { "message": "This website uses cookies as well as similar tools and technologies to understand visitors' experiences. By continuing to use this website, you consent to Duke University's usage of cookies and similar technologies, in accordance with the ", "dismiss": "I ACCEPT", "link": "Duke Privacy Statement.", "href": 'https://oarc.duke.edu/privacy/duke-university-privacy-statement' }, "onPopupOpen": function() { var dismiss = document.getElementsByClassName("cc-dismiss"); Array.prototype.forEach.call(dismiss, function(elem) { elem.addEventListener("keypress", function(e) { if ((e.keyCode == 32) || (e.keyCode == 13)) { e.preventDefault(); e.target.click(); } }); }); } })}); </script> </head> <body>  <noscript><iframe src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/ns.html?id=GTM-PSPVTBK" height="0" width="0" style="display:none;visibility:hidden"></iframe></noscript>  <a href="#main-content" class="element-invisible element-focusable">Skip to main content</a> <svg class="svgmap" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><symbol viewBox="31.9 160.2 383.8 191.9" id="shape-expand"><title>expand</title> <path d="M223.8,352.1l191.9-191.9H31.9L223.8,352.1z"/> </symbol><symbol viewBox="0 128 768 768" id="shape-external"><title>external</title> <path d="M640,768H128V257.9l128-1.9V128H0v768h768V576H640V768z M384,128l128,128L320,448l128,128l192-192l128,128V128H384z"/> </symbol><symbol viewBox="0 0 32 32" id="shape-facebook"><title>facebook</title> <path d="M17.996 32h-5.996v-16h-4v-5.514l4-0.002-0.007-3.248c0-4.498 1.22-7.236 6.519-7.236h4.412v5.515h-2.757c-2.064 0-2.163 0.771-2.163 2.209l-0.008 2.76h4.959l-0.584 5.514-4.37 0.002-0.004 16z"/> </symbol><symbol viewBox="0 0 32 32" id="shape-googleplus"><title>googleplus</title> <path d="M17.471 2c0 0-6.28 0-8.373 0-3.754 0-7.287 2.844-7.287 6.138 0 3.366 2.559 6.083 6.378 6.083 0.266 0 0.524-0.005 0.776-0.024-0.248 0.475-0.425 1.009-0.425 1.564 0 0.936 0.503 1.694 1.14 2.313-0.481 0-0.945 0.014-1.452 0.014-4.649-0-8.228 2.961-8.228 6.032 0 3.024 3.923 4.916 8.573 4.916 5.301 0 8.228-3.008 8.228-6.032 0-2.425-0.715-3.877-2.928-5.442-0.757-0.536-2.204-1.839-2.204-2.604 0-0.897 0.256-1.34 1.607-2.395 1.385-1.082 2.365-2.603 2.365-4.372 0-2.106-0.938-4.159-2.699-4.837h2.655l1.874-1.355zM14.546 22.483c0.066 0.28 0.103 0.569 0.103 0.863 0 2.444-1.575 4.353-6.093 4.353-3.214 0-5.535-2.035-5.535-4.478 0-2.395 2.879-4.389 6.093-4.354 0.75 0.008 1.449 0.129 2.083 0.334 1.745 1.213 2.996 1.899 3.349 3.281zM9.401 13.368c-2.157-0.065-4.207-2.413-4.58-5.246s1.074-5.001 3.231-4.937c2.157 0.065 4.207 2.338 4.58 5.171s-1.075 5.077-3.231 5.012zM26 8v-6h-2v6h-6v2h6v6h2v-6h6v-2z"/> </symbol><symbol viewBox="0 0 19.2 19.2" id="shape-instagram"><title>instagram</title> <path class="st0" d="M9.6,1.7c2.6,0,2.9,0,3.9,0.1c0.6,0,1.2,0.1,1.8,0.3c0.4,0.2,0.8,0.4,1.1,0.7c0.3,0.3,0.6,0.7,0.7,1.1 c0.2,0.6,0.3,1.2,0.3,1.8c0,1,0.1,1.3,0.1,3.9s0,2.9-0.1,3.9c0,0.6-0.1,1.2-0.3,1.8c-0.3,0.8-1,1.5-1.8,1.8 c-0.6,0.2-1.2,0.3-1.8,0.3c-1,0-1.3,0.1-3.9,0.1s-2.9,0-3.9-0.1c-0.6,0-1.2-0.1-1.8-0.3c-0.4-0.2-0.8-0.4-1.1-0.7 c-0.3-0.3-0.6-0.7-0.7-1.1c-0.2-0.6-0.3-1.2-0.3-1.8c0-1-0.1-1.3-0.1-3.9s0-2.9,0.1-3.9c0-0.6,0.1-1.2,0.3-1.8 c0.2-0.4,0.4-0.8,0.7-1.1c0.3-0.3,0.7-0.6,1.1-0.7c0.6-0.2,1.2-0.3,1.8-0.3C6.7,1.7,7,1.7,9.6,1.7 M9.6,0C7,0,6.7,0,5.6,0.1 c-0.8,0-1.6,0.2-2.3,0.4C2.7,0.7,2.1,1.1,1.6,1.6C1.1,2.1,0.7,2.7,0.5,3.3C0.2,4.1,0.1,4.8,0.1,5.6C0,6.7,0,7,0,9.6s0,2.9,0.1,4 c0,0.8,0.2,1.6,0.4,2.3c0.2,0.6,0.6,1.2,1.1,1.7c0.5,0.5,1.1,0.9,1.7,1.1C4,19,4.8,19.1,5.6,19.1c1,0,1.4,0,4,0s2.9,0,4-0.1 c0.8,0,1.6-0.2,2.3-0.4c1.3-0.5,2.3-1.5,2.8-2.8c0.3-0.7,0.4-1.5,0.4-2.3c0.1-1,0.1-1.3,0.1-4s0-2.9-0.1-4c0-0.8-0.2-1.6-0.4-2.3 c-0.2-0.6-0.6-1.2-1.1-1.7c-0.5-0.5-1.1-0.9-1.7-1.1c-0.7-0.3-1.5-0.4-2.3-0.4C12.5,0,12.2,0,9.6,0L9.6,0z"/> <path class="st0" d="M9.6,4.7c-2.7,0-4.9,2.2-4.9,4.9s2.2,4.9,4.9,4.9s4.9-2.2,4.9-4.9S12.3,4.7,9.6,4.7L9.6,4.7z M9.6,12.8 c-1.8,0-3.2-1.4-3.2-3.2s1.4-3.2,3.2-3.2s3.2,1.4,3.2,3.2S11.4,12.8,9.6,12.8z"/> </symbol><symbol viewBox="0 0 32 32" id="shape-menu"><title>menu</title> <path d="M2 6h28v6h-28zM2 14h28v6h-28zM2 22h28v6h-28z"/> </symbol><symbol viewBox="8 4 12 24" id="shape-play"><title>play</title> <path d="M20,16L8,4v24L20,16z"/> </symbol><symbol viewBox="0 0 40 40" id="shape-search"><title>search</title> <path d="M38.76 34.039l-9.475-8.058c-0.979-0.881-2.027-1.286-2.873-1.247 2.237-2.62 3.588-6.019 3.588-9.733 0-8.284-6.716-15-15-15s-15 6.716-15 15c0 8.284 6.716 15 15 15 3.715 0 7.114-1.351 9.733-3.588-0.039 0.846 0.366 1.894 1.247 2.873l8.058 9.475c1.38 1.533 3.634 1.662 5.009 0.287s1.246-3.629-0.287-5.009zM15 25c-5.523 0-10-4.477-10-10s4.477-10 10-10 10 4.477 10 10-4.477 10-10 10z"/> </symbol><symbol viewBox="0 0 32 32" id="shape-twitter"><title>twitter</title> <path d="M32 6.076c-1.177 0.522-2.443 0.875-3.771 1.034 1.355-0.813 2.396-2.099 2.887-3.632-1.269 0.752-2.674 1.299-4.169 1.593-1.198-1.276-2.904-2.073-4.792-2.073-3.626 0-6.565 2.939-6.565 6.565 0 0.515 0.058 1.016 0.17 1.496-5.456-0.274-10.294-2.888-13.532-6.86-0.565 0.97-0.889 2.097-0.889 3.301 0 2.278 1.159 4.287 2.921 5.465-1.076-0.034-2.088-0.329-2.974-0.821-0.001 0.027-0.001 0.055-0.001 0.083 0 3.181 2.263 5.834 5.266 6.437-0.551 0.15-1.131 0.23-1.73 0.23-0.423 0-0.834-0.041-1.235-0.118 0.835 2.608 3.26 4.506 6.133 4.559-2.247 1.761-5.078 2.81-8.154 2.81-0.53 0-1.052-0.031-1.566-0.092 2.905 1.863 6.356 2.95 10.064 2.95 12.076 0 18.679-10.004 18.679-18.68 0-0.285-0.006-0.568-0.019-0.849 1.283-0.926 2.396-2.082 3.276-3.398z"/> </symbol><symbol viewBox="0 0 32 32" id="shape-youtube"><title>youtube</title> <path d="M26 4h-20c-3.3 0-6 2.7-6 6v12c0 3.3 2.7 6 6 6h20c3.3 0 6-2.7 6-6v-12c0-3.3-2.7-6-6-6zM12 24v-16l10 8-10 8z"/> </symbol></svg> <header role="banner" class="header fixedsticky"> <div class="subhead"> <div class="lc subhead-large"> <div data-set="aa-subhead-search"> <div class="search-contain"> <form action="https://search.duke.edu/" method="get" name="search-form" id="search-form" class="inline-form search-form"> <fieldset> <legend class="is-vishidden">Search</legend> <label for="search-field" class="is-vishidden">Search</label> <input type="search" placeholder="Search" id="search-field" name="q" class="search-field"><button class="search-submit"> <svg class="icon icon-search" aria-hidden="true"> <use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#shape-search"></use> </svg> <span class="is-vishidden">Search</span> </button> </fieldset> </form> </div> </div> <div data-set="aa-subhead-nav"></div> </div> </div> <div class="lc-alt"> <h1 class="is-vishidden">Duke University</h1> <a id="toggle" href="#nav" class=""> <span class="is-vishidden">Navigation</span> <div class="navicon"> <b class="first"></b> <b class="second"></b> <b class="third"></b> </div> </a> <div class="sidenav"> <div class="nav-small" data-set="aa-primary-nav"> <nav id="nav" role="navigation" class="nav-primary"> <ul> <li> <a href="https://admissions.duke.edu" data-title="Admissions">Admissions</a> <svg class="icon icon-expand" aria-hidden="true"> <use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#shape-expand"></use> </svg> <div class="dropdown"> <div class="lc"> <div class="nav-section"> <h2 class="delta" tabindex="0">Undergraduate Admissions <svg class="icon icon-expand" aria-hidden="true"> <use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#shape-expand"></use> </svg> </h2> <ul> <li><a href="https://admissions.duke.edu/">Undergraduate Admissions</a></li> <li><a href="https://admissions.duke.edu/visit/">Visit</a></li> <li><a href="https://admissions.duke.edu/apply/">Apply Now</a></li> <li><a href="https://admissions.duke.edu/financial-support/">Financial Support</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="nav-section"> <ul> <li><a href="https://admissions.duke.edu/families/">For Families</a></li> <li><a href="https://admissions.duke.edu/counselors/">For Counselors</a></li> <li><a href="https://admissions.duke.edu/resources-tools/">Resources & Tools</a></li> <li><a href="https://admissions.duke.edu/faqs/">FAQs</a></li> <li><a href="https://admissions.dukekunshan.edu.cn/en/">Duke Kunshan University</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="nav-section"> <h2 class="delta" tabindex="0">Graduate and Professional Students <svg class="icon icon-expand" aria-hidden="true"> <use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#shape-expand"></use> </svg> </h2> <ul> <li><a href="https://gradschool.duke.edu/academics/programs-and-degrees/">Graduate School</a></li> <li><a href="https://divinity.duke.edu/admissions">Divinity School</a></li> <li><a href="https://graduate.dukekunshan.edu.cn/">Duke Kunshan University</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.fuqua.duke.edu/programs">Fuqua School of Business</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="nav-section"> <ul> <li><a href="https://law.duke.edu/apply/">School of Law</a></li> <li><a href="https://medschool.duke.edu/education/health-professions-education-programs/doctor-medicine-md-program/office-md-admissions">School of Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="https://nursing.duke.edu/academic-programs">School of Nursing</a></li> <li><a href="https://nicholas.duke.edu/admissions">Nicholas School of the Environment</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.duke-nus.edu.sg/admissions/">Duke-NUS Medical School</a></li> <li><a href="https://pratt.duke.edu/grad">Pratt School of Engineering</a></li> <li><a href="https://sanford.duke.edu/">Sanford School of Public Policy</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="nav-section"> <h2 class="delta" tabindex="0">Financial Aid <svg class="icon icon-expand" aria-hidden="true"> <use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#shape-expand"></use> </svg> </h2> <ul> <li><a href="https://financialaid.duke.edu/">Financial Aid</a></li> <li><a href="https://financialaid.duke.edu/types-aid/">Types of Aid</a></li> <li><a href="https://financialaid.duke.edu/apply-aid">Apply</a></li> <li><a href="https://npc.collegeboard.org/app/duke">Calculator</a></li> <li><a href="https://financialaid.duke.edu/types-aid/loans/">Loans</a></li> <li><a href="https://financialaid.duke.edu/types-aid/work-study">Work Study</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </li> <li> <a href="https://duke.edu" data-title="Academics">Academics</a> <svg class="icon icon-expand" aria-hidden="true"> <use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#shape-expand"></use> </svg> <div class="dropdown"> <div class="lc"> <div class="nav-section"> <h2 class="delta" tabindex="0">Undergraduate <svg class="icon icon-expand" aria-hidden="true"> <use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#shape-expand"></use> </svg> </h2> <ul> <li><a href="https://trinity.duke.edu/">Trinity College of Arts & Sciences</a></li> <li><a href="https://pratt.duke.edu/">Pratt School of Engineering</a></li> <li><a href="https://nicholas.duke.edu/academics/undergraduate-programs">Nicholas School of the Environment</a></li> <li><a href="https://sanford.duke.edu/">Sanford School of Public Policy</a></li> <li><a href="https://ugstudies.dukekunshan.edu.cn/academics/">Duke Kunshan University</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="nav-section"> <ul> <li><a href="https://undergrad.duke.edu/">Office of Undergraduate Education</a></li> <li><a href="https://admissions.duke.edu/academic-possibilities/">Majors, Minors & Schools</a></li> <li><a href="https://admissions.duke.edu/community/">Campus Life</a></li> <li><a href="https://admissions.duke.edu/beyond-campus/">Beyond Campus</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="nav-section"> <h2 class="delta" tabindex="0">Graduate & Professional <svg class="icon icon-expand" aria-hidden="true"> <use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#shape-expand"></use> </svg> </h2> <ul> <li><a href="https://learnmore.duke.edu/">Continuing Studies</a></li> <li><a href="https://divinity.duke.edu/academics">Divinity School</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.duke-nus.edu.sg/">Duke-NUS Medical School</a></li> <li><a href="https://gradschool.duke.edu/academics/programs-and-degrees/">Graduate School</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.fuqua.duke.edu/programs">Fuqua School of Business</a></li> <li><a href="https://law.duke.edu/study/">Duke Law School</a></li> <li><a href="https://nicholas.duke.edu/academics">Nicholas School of the Environment</a></li> <li><a href="https://pratt.duke.edu/grad">Pratt School of Engineering</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="nav-section"> <ul> <li><a href="https://sanford.duke.edu/">Sanford School of Public Policy</a></li> <li><a href="https://medschool.duke.edu/education/degree-programs-and-admissions">School of Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="https://nursing.duke.edu/academic-programs">School of Nursing</a></li> </ul> <h2 class="delta" tabindex="0">Resources <svg class="icon icon-expand" aria-hidden="true"> <use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#shape-expand"></use> </svg> </h2> <ul> <li><a href="https://provost.duke.edu/">Office of Provost</a></li> <li><a href="https://registrar.duke.edu/">Registrar</a></li> <li><a href="https://dukehub.duke.edu/psp/CSPRD01/EMPLOYEE/SA/s/WEBLIB_HCX_CM.H_CLASS_SEARCH.FieldFormula.IScript_Main?&cmd=uninav&Rnode=LOCAL_NODE&uninavpath=Root%7BPORTAL_ROOT_OBJECT%7D.HighPoint%7BHIGHPOINT%7D.Campus%20Experience%7BHPT_CAMPUS_EXPERIENCE%7D.Class%20Information%7BHPT_CX_CLASS_INFORMATION%7D">Course Listings</a></li> <li><a href="https://directory.duke.edu/directory/search">Duke Directory</a></li> <li><a href="https://library.duke.edu/">Libraries</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="nav-section"> <h2 class="delta" tabindex="0">Faculty & Administration <svg class="icon icon-expand" aria-hidden="true"> <use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#shape-expand"></use> </svg> </h2> <ul> <li><a href="https://president.duke.edu">Office of the President</a></li> <li><a href="https://provost.duke.edu">Office of Provost</a></li> <li><a href="https://academiccouncil.duke.edu">Academic Council</a></li> <li><a href="https://admin.trinity.duke.edu/arts-sciences-council">Arts & Sciences Council</a></li> <li><a href="https://learninginnovation.duke.edu/">Learning Innovation & Lifetime Education</a></li> <li><a href="https://itac.duke.edu/">Information Technology Advisory Council</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </li> <li> <a href="https://research.duke.edu/" data-title="Research">Research</a> <svg class="icon icon-expand" aria-hidden="true"> <use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#shape-expand"></use> </svg> <div class="dropdown"> <div class="lc"> <div class="nav-section"> <h2 class="delta" tabindex="0">Publications <svg class="icon icon-expand" aria-hidden="true"> <use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#shape-expand"></use> </svg> </h2> <ul> <li><a href="https://alumni.duke.edu/magazine">Duke Magazine</a></li> <li><a href="https://nicholas.duke.edu/magazine">Duke Environment Magazine</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="nav-section"> <h2 class="delta" tabindex="0">Research Services <svg class="icon icon-expand" aria-hidden="true"> <use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#shape-expand"></use> </svg> </h2> <ul> <li><a href="https://research.duke.edu/">Duke Research & Innovation</a></li> <li><a href="https://research.duke.edu/about-ori/">Vice President for Research & Innovation</a></li> <li><a href="https://ors.duke.edu/">Research Support (campus)</a></li> <li><a href="https://medschool.duke.edu/research/research-support/research-support-offices/office-research-administration-ora">Research Administration (medicine)</a></li> <li><a href="https://researchfunding.duke.edu">Funding Opportunities</a></li> <li><a href="https://foundationrelations.duke.edu">Foundation Relations</a></li> <li><a href="https://undergraduateresearch.duke.edu">Undergraduate Research</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="nav-section"> <h2 class="delta" tabindex="0">News <svg class="icon icon-expand" aria-hidden="true"> <use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#shape-expand"></use> </svg> </h2> <ul> <li><a href="https://research.duke.edu/news-stories/">Duke Research</a></li> <li><a href="https://corporate.dukehealth.org/newsmedia">Health News</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.dukehealth.org/blog/">Duke Health Blog</a></li> <li><a href="https://today.duke.edu/research">Research News</a></li> <li><a href="https://researchblog.duke.edu/">Research Blog</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.futurity.org/">Futurity</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="nav-section"> <h2 class="delta" tabindex="0">Research Partnerships <svg class="icon icon-expand" aria-hidden="true"> <use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#shape-expand"></use> </svg> </h2> <ul>  <li><a href="https://otc.duke.edu/">Office for Translation & Commercialization</a></li> <li><a href="https://externalpartnerships.duke.edu">Office for External Partnerships</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </li> </ul> <ul> <li> <a href="https://global.duke.edu" data-title="Global">Global</a> <svg class="icon icon-expand" aria-hidden="true"> <use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#shape-expand"></use> </svg> <div class="dropdown"> <div class="lc"> <div class="nav-section"> <h2 class="delta" tabindex="0">Duke in the World <svg class="icon icon-expand" aria-hidden="true"> <use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#shape-expand"></use> </svg> </h2> <ul> <li><a href="https://www.dukece.com/">Duke Corporate Education</a></li> <li><a href="https://dukekunshan.edu.cn">Duke Kunshan University</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.duke-nus.edu.sg/">Duke-NUS Medical School</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="nav-section"> <h2 class="delta" tabindex="0">Global Duke <svg class="icon icon-expand" aria-hidden="true"> <use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#shape-expand"></use> </svg> </h2> <ul> <li><a href="https://global.duke.edu">Duke Global</a></li> <li><a href="https://global.duke.edu/activity-map">Global Activities Map</a></li> <li><a href="https://global.duke.edu/about">Office of Global Affairs</a></li> <li><a href="https://studentaffairs.duke.edu/ihouse">International House</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="nav-section"> <h2 class="delta" tabindex="0">Global Opportunities <svg class="icon icon-expand" aria-hidden="true"> <use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#shape-expand"></use> </svg> </h2> <ul> <li><a href="https://global.duke.edu/programs">Global Programs</a></li> <li><a href="https://global.duke.edu/partnerships">Global Partnerships</a></li> <li><a href="https://global.duke.edu/about/find-other-global-offices">Global Office on Campus</a></li> <li><a href="https://globaled.duke.edu/vis">Visiting International Student Program</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="nav-section"> <h2 class="delta" tabindex="0">Global Services <svg class="icon icon-expand" aria-hidden="true"> <use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#shape-expand"></use> </svg> </h2> <ul> <li><a href="https://global.duke.edu/resources">Resources for Students & Faculty</a></li> <li><a href="https://travel.duke.edu/registry">Travel Registry</a></li> <li><a href="https://travel.duke.edu/travelpolicy">Travel Policy</a></li> <li><a href="https://travel.duke.edu/">Global Administrative and Travel Support</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </li> <li> <a href="https://arts.duke.edu" data-title="Arts">Arts</a> <svg class="icon icon-expand" aria-hidden="true"> <use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#shape-expand"></use> </svg> <div class="dropdown"> <div class="lc"> <div class="nav-section"> <h2 class="delta" tabindex="0">Experience. Create.<br /> Explore with us. <svg class="icon icon-expand" aria-hidden="true"> <use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#shape-expand"></use> </svg> </h2> <ul> <li><a href="https://arts.duke.edu">Duke Arts</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="nav-section"> <h2 class="delta" tabindex="0">Academic Disciplines <svg class="icon icon-expand" aria-hidden="true"> <use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#shape-expand"></use> </svg> </h2> <ul> <li><a href="https://music.duke.edu/">Music</a></li> <li><a href="https://english.duke.edu">Creative Writing</a></li> <li><a href="https://theaterstudies.duke.edu/">Theater</a></li> <li><a href="https://danceprogram.duke.edu">Dance</a></li> <li><a href="https://aahvs.duke.edu">Visual & Media Arts</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="nav-section"> <h2 class="delta" tabindex="0">Affiliated Organizations <svg class="icon icon-expand" aria-hidden="true"> <use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#shape-expand"></use> </svg> </h2> <ul> <li><a href="https://dukearts.org/">Duke Arts Presents</a></li> <li><a href="https://nasher.duke.edu">Nasher Museum</a></li> <li><a href="https://documentarystudies.duke.edu/">Center for Documentary Studies</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.fullframefest.org">Full Frame Documentary Film Festival</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.americandancefestival.org/">American Dance Festival</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="nav-section"> <h2 class="delta" tabindex="0">Related Programs and Initiatives <svg class="icon icon-expand" aria-hidden="true"> <use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#shape-expand"></use> </svg> </h2> <ul> <li><a href="https://mfaeda.duke.edu/">MFA in Experimental and Documentary Arts</a></li> <li><a href="https://arts.duke.edu/arts-annex/">Arts Annex</a></li> <li><a href="https://sites.duke.edu/dita/">Duke Initiative in Theology and Arts</a></li> <li><a href="https://globaled.duke.edu/">International and Domestic Programs</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="nav-section"> <ul> <li><a href="https://cmac.duke.edu/">Computational Media, Arts & Cultures</a></li> <li><a href="https://aahvs.duke.edu/">Visual Studies Initiatives</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </li> <li> <a href="https://duke.edu" data-title="Schools & Institutes">Schools & Institutes</a> <svg class="icon icon-expand" aria-hidden="true"> <use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#shape-expand"></use> </svg> <div class="dropdown"> <div class="lc"> <div class="nav-section schools-section"> <h2 class="delta" tabindex="0">Schools <svg class="icon icon-expand" aria-hidden="true"> <use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#shape-expand"></use> </svg> </h2> <ul> <li><a href="https://divinity.duke.edu/">Divinity School</a></li> <li><a href="https://dukekunshan.edu.cn/">Duke Kunshan University</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.duke-nus.edu.sg/">Duke-NUS Medical School</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.fuqua.duke.edu/">Fuqua School of Business</a></li> <li><a href="https://gradschool.duke.edu/">Graduate School</a></li> <li><a href="https://nicholas.duke.edu/">Nicholas School of the Environment</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="nav-section schools-section"> <ul> <li><a href="https://pratt.duke.edu/">Pratt School of Engineering</a></li> <li><a href="https://sanford.duke.edu/">Sanford School of Public Policy</a></li> <li><a href="https://law.duke.edu/">School of Law</a></li> <li><a href="https://medschool.duke.edu/">School of Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="https://nursing.duke.edu/">School of Nursing</a></li> <li><a href="https://trinity.duke.edu/">Trinity College of Arts & Sciences</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="nav-section uwiic"> <h2 class="delta" tabindex="0">University-wide Institutes, Initiatives, and Centers <svg class="icon icon-expand" aria-hidden="true"> <use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#shape-expand"></use> </svg> </h2> <ul> <li><a href="https://dibs.duke.edu/">Duke Institute for Brain Sciences</a></li> <li><a href="https://globalhealth.duke.edu/">Global Health Institute</a></li> <li><a href="https://entrepreneurship.duke.edu/">Innovation & Entrepreneurship</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="nav-section uwiic"> <ul> <li><a href="https://sites.duke.edu/interdisciplinary/">Interdisciplinary Studies</a></li> <li><a href="https://fhi.duke.edu/">John Hope Franklin Humanities Institute</a></li> <li><a href="https://kenan.ethics.duke.edu/">The Kenan Institute for Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="https://healthpolicy.duke.edu/">Margolis Institute for Health Policy</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="nav-section uwiic"> <ul> <li><a href="https://nicholasinstitute.duke.edu/">Nicholas Institute for Energy, Environment & Sustainability</a></li> <li><a href="https://bigdata.duke.edu/">Rhodes Information Initiative</a></li> <li><a href="https://scienceandsociety.duke.edu/">Science & Society Initiative</a></li> <li><a href="https://ssri.duke.edu/">Social Science Research Institute</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </li> </ul> </nav> </div> <div class="subhead-small" data-set="aa-subhead-nav"> <nav role="navigation" class="subhead-nav"> <ul class="inline-list"> <li><a href="https://studentaffairs.duke.edu/">Students</a></li> <li><a href="https://my.duke.edu/faculty">Faculty</a></li> <li><a href="https://hr.duke.edu/">Staff</a></li> <li><a href="https://alumni.duke.edu">Alumni</a></li> </ul> </nav> </div> <div class="subnav-small" data-set="aa-subnav"> <ul class="subnav-list lc"> <li><a href="https://www.dukehealth.org/">Duke Health</a></li> <li><a href="https://library.duke.edu/">Libraries</a></li> <li><a href="https://giving.duke.edu/">Giving to Duke</a></li> <li><a href="https://goduke.com/">Athletics</a></li> <li><a href="https://duke.edu/about">About</a></li> <li class="secondary-link"><a href="https://admissions.duke.edu/visit/">Visitors</a></li> <li class="secondary-link"><a href="https://news.duke.edu">News Media</a></li> <li class="secondary-link"><a href="https://maps.duke.edu/">Maps</a></li> <li class="secondary-link"><a href="https://hr.duke.edu/careers">Employment</a></li> <li class="secondary-link"><a href="https://my.duke.edu/students/">My Duke</a></li> <li class="secondary-link"><a href="https://brand.duke.edu/">Brand Guide</a></li> <li class="secondary-link"><a href="https://emergency.duke.edu/">Emergency</a></li> <li class="secondary-link"><a href="https://duke.edu/contact">Contact Us</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <a href="https://100.duke.edu/" class="logo"><img src="/assets/img/duke-centennial-white.svg" onerror="this.src='/assets/img/duke-centennial-white.png';this.onerror=null;" alt="Duke University Logo"></a> <div class="nav-large"data-set="aa-primary-nav"></div> <div data-set="aa-subhead-search-toggle"> <a id="search-toggle" href="#search-form" class="search-toggle "> <b class="is-vishidden">Search</b> <svg class="icon icon-search" aria-hidden="true"> <use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#shape-search"></use> </svg> </a> </div> </div> </header> <div class="banner-hero banner-hero-plain" style="background-image: url('/assets/img/resized/20250219_duke_snow_day_drone_009-scaled.jpg');" title="Image from Duke University"> <div class="b-content"> <h2 class="b-title b-animate">Snow at Duke!</h2> <p><a href=""><br><a href="https://today.duke.edu/2025/02/snow-falls-games-are-played" class="onc-button" target="_blank" title="Snow Games">Read More 禄</a> <style>@media (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 2), (min-resolution: 192dpi), (min-width: 1400px) { /* Retina photo */ .banner-hero { background-image:url(https://spotlight.duke.edu/wp-content/uploads/2025/02/20250219_duke_snow_day_drone_009-scaled.jpg)!important }}.banner-hero { background-position: 72% center; } /* Set focus point for photo */.banner-hero .b-content p { text-shadow: 1px 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.5), -1px -1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.5), 1px -1px 4px rgba(0,0,0,0.5), -1px 1px 4px rgba(0,0,0,0.5);}.banner-hero .b-content a.onc-button { /* Button styles */ background-color: #001a57; padding: .75em 1em; font-size: 1em; text-shadow: none;}.banner-hero .b-content a.onc-button:hover { background-color: #0577b1; color: white;}@media (min-width: 768px) { /* No room for button on mobile */ .banner-hero .b-content a.onc-button { display:inline-block; }} /* End Button styles */</style></a></p> </div> </div> <main id="main-content" class="subnav-section-wrap"> <div class="subnav subnav-large" data-set="aa-subnav"> </div> <div class="section"> <div class="lc duke-today" id="news"> <div class="duke-today-header"> <img class="duke-today-logo" src="/assets/img/duketoday-logo.svg" onerror="this.src='/assets/img/duketoday-logo.png';this.onerror=null;" alt="Duke Today" /> <p class="align-right"><a class="btn-plain" href="https://today.duke.edu/working">Working@Duke</a></p> </div> <div class="main"> <div class="mo"> <a class="biglink pull" href="https://today.duke.edu/2025/02/gps-neurosurgeons-advances-treatment-tremors"> <img alt="GPS for Neurosurgeons: Advances in Treatment of Tremors" src="assets/img/dukexml/2xbrain%2520gps%2520Full-width%2520Video-51.jpeg" srcset="assets/img/dukexml/brain%2520gps%2520Full-width%2520Video-51.jpeg 424w, assets/img/dukexml/2xbrain%2520gps%2520Full-width%2520Video-51.jpeg 848w" sizes="424px" /></a> <div class="bd"> <h3 class="epsilon"><a href="https://today.duke.edu/2025/02/gps-neurosurgeons-advances-treatment-tremors">GPS for Neurosurgeons: Advances in Treatment of Tremors</a></h3> </div> </a> </div> </div> <div class="aside"> <ul class="link-list"> <li> <h3 class="epsilon"><a href="https://today.duke.edu/2025/02/literature-professor-has-grammy-magic-second-year-row">Literature Professor Has the Grammy Magic for Second Year in a Row </a></h3> </li> <li> <h3 class="epsilon"><a href="https://www.dukecancerinstitute.org/blogs/duke-experts-offer-insights-rising-cancer-rates-younger-women-worsening-uterine-cancer">Duke Experts on Why More Younger Women are Getting Cancer </a></h3> </li> <li> <h3 class="epsilon"><a href="https://trinity.duke.edu/news/museum-durham-history-unveils-exhibit-latine-history-duke">Students Curate Exhibit at Durham History Museum </a></h3> </li> <li> <h3 class="epsilon"><a href="https://nicholasinstitute.duke.edu/articles/three-key-takeaways-rethinking-load-growth-us-power-systems">How to Maintain Power Load in Times of Stress </a></h3> </li> </ul> <p class="align-right"><a href="https://today.duke.edu/" class="btn btn-plain">More News from Duke Today</a></p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="section-alt"> <div class="lc gr happenings"> <div class="upcoming-events" id="events"> <h2>Up Next</h2> <ul class="event-list"> <li class="vevent mo"> <abbr class="pull dtstart calendar" title="2025-02-21"><span class="month">2</span><span class="divider">/</span><span class="day">21</span></abbr> <div class="bd"> <h3 class="epsilon summary"><a class="url" href="https://calendar.duke.edu/show?fq=id:CAL-8a00048d-91324965-0191-4cf88a15-00007a42demobedework@mysite.edu">Michelle Cann</a></h3> <p> Friday, February 21<br />7:30pm to 9:30pm <a class="p-location" href="https://maps.duke.edu/?focus=291">Baldwin Auditorium</a> </p> </div> </li> <li class="vevent mo"> <abbr class="pull dtstart calendar" title="2025-02-22"><span class="month">2</span><span class="divider">/</span><span class="day">22</span></abbr> <div class="bd"> <h3 class="epsilon summary"><a class="url" href="https://calendar.duke.edu/show?fq=id:CAL-8a000483-92c3adf6-0193-1cf694e6-00002566demobedework@mysite.edu">28th Annual Conference on Quantum Information Processing</a></h3> <p> Saturday, February 22 at 12:00am to <br />Friday, February 28 at 12:00am <span class="p-location">Raleigh, NC</span> </p> </div> </li> <li class="vevent mo"> <abbr class="pull dtstart calendar" title="2025-02-23"><span class="month">2</span><span class="divider">/</span><span class="day">23</span></abbr> <div class="bd"> <h3 class="epsilon summary"><a class="url" href="https://calendar.duke.edu/show?fq=id:CAL-8a000483-92c3adf6-0193-c10902b6-0000370ademobedework@mysite.edu">Duke University String School Orchestra Concert Featuring Concerto Competition Winners</a></h3> <p> Sunday, February 23<br />4:30pm to 5:30pm <a class="p-location" href="https://maps.duke.edu/?focus=291">Baldwin Auditorium</a> </p> </div> </li> </ul> <p class="btn-contain flr"><a href="https://calendar.duke.edu/" class="btn btn-plain">More from Events at Duke</a></p> </div> <div class="spotlight-on" id="spotlight"> <h2><span>Resources</span> </h2> <div id="spotlight-primary" class="is-active"> <ul class="spotlights"> <li> <a class="biglink card-spotlight card-gray" href="https://racialequity.duke.edu/?utm_source=duke-homepage&utm_medium=banner&utm_campaign=spotlight-tile"> <h3 class="delta spotlight-title">Racial Equity at Duke</h3> <div class="spotlight-info"> <img src="/assets/img/1x1.png" data-replace-src="/assets/img/anti-racism-tile.jpg" data-include-size="medium" alt=""> <p class="spotlight-desc"> <span>Committed to addressing systemic racism on our campus and setting an example for our nation and the world</span> <span class="icon-wrap"> <svg class="icon icon-external" aria-hidden="true"> <use xlink:href="#shape-external"></use> </svg> </span> </p> </div> </a> </li> <li> <a class="biglink card-spotlight card-green-light" href="https://climate.duke.edu/"> <h3 class="delta spotlight-title">Climate Change at Duke</h3> <div class="spotlight-info"> <img src="/assets/img/1x1.png" data-replace-src="/assets/img/sustainability-tile.jpg" data-include-size="medium" alt="Sunset over Duke Forest"> <p class="spotlight-desc"> <span>Sustainability resources, research and action helping to solve the climate crisis</span> <span class="icon-wrap"> <svg class="icon icon-external" aria-hidden="true"> <use xlink:href="#shape-external"></use> </svg> </span> </p> </div> </a> </li> </ul> <ul class="spotlights"> <li> <a class="biglink card-spotlight card-yellow" href="https://arts.duke.edu?utm_source=duke-homepage&utm_medium=banner&utm_campaign=spotlight-tile"> <h3 class="delta spotlight-title">Arts at Duke</h3> <div class="spotlight-info"> <img src="/assets/img/1x1.png" data-replace-src="/assets/img/resized/arts2024-tile.jpg" data-include-size="medium" alt="The Duke University Wind Symphony practices in Baldwin Auditorium"> <p class="spotlight-desc"> <span>The arts thrive at Duke and drive innovation and collaboration across campus and in Durham</span> <span class="icon-wrap"> <svg class="icon icon-external" aria-hidden="true"> <use xlink:href="#shape-external"></use> </svg> </span> </p> </div> </a> </li> <li> <a class="biglink card-spotlight card-blue-dark" href="https://research.duke.edu/?utm_source=duke-homepage&utm_medium=banner&utm_campaign=spotlight-tile"> <h3 class="delta spotlight-title">Research at Duke</h3> <div class="spotlight-info"> <img src="/assets/img/1x1.png" data-replace-src="/assets/img/research-tile.jpg" data-include-size="medium" alt="A researcher in a quantum computing lab"> <p class="spotlight-desc"> <span>The brightest and boldest thinkers working to solve the world鈥檚 most pressing challenges</span> <span class="icon-wrap"> <svg class="icon icon-external" aria-hidden="true"> <use xlink:href="#shape-external"></use> </svg> </span> </p> </div> </a> </li> </ul> <ul class="spotlights"> <li> <a class="biglink card-spotlight card-blue-light" href="https://coronavirus.duke.edu/?utm_source=duke-homepage&utm_medium=banner&utm_campaign=spotlight-tile"> <h3 class="delta spotlight-title">Coronavirus Response</h3> <div class="spotlight-info"> <img src="/assets/img/1x1.png" data-replace-src="/assets/img/coronavirus-respsonse-tile.jpg" data-include-size="medium" alt="Students standing spaced apart in front of Duke Chapel"> <p class="spotlight-desc"> <span>Important updates and information about COVID-19鈥檚 impact on Duke</span> <span class="icon-wrap"> <svg class="icon icon-external" aria-hidden="true"> <use xlink:href="#shape-external"></use> </svg> </span> </p> </div> </a> </li> <li> <a class="biglink card-spotlight card-gray" href="https://news.duke.edu/media-kits/?utm_source=duke-homepage&utm_medium=banner&utm_campaign=spotlight-tile"> <h3 class="delta spotlight-title">For the Media</h3> <div class="spotlight-info"> <img src="/assets/img/1x1.png" data-replace-src="/assets/img/for-the-media-tile.jpg" data-include-size="medium" alt="Illuminated door behind archway on Duke campus"> <p class="spotlight-desc"> <span>Current imagery and information for media use</span> <span class="icon-wrap"> <svg class="icon icon-external" aria-hidden="true"> <use xlink:href="#shape-external"></use> </svg> </span> </p> </div> </a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="section-dark" id="in-action"> <div class="lc gr videos"> <h2 class="section-title">Duke in Action</h2> <div class="media media-featured"> <div class="vid-thumb-wrapper you-tube"> <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VU-ExPGsJVM" data-video-id="VU-ExPGsJVM" class="media-img video-poster"> <img sizes="(min-width: 46.8em) calc(59vw - 6em), (min-width: 75em) calc(75em*.59), 100vw" srcset="https://i1.ytimg.com/vi/VU-ExPGsJVM/mqdefault.jpg 320w, https://i1.ytimg.com/vi/VU-ExPGsJVM/sddefault.jpg 640w" alt="The Art of the Djembe video"/> <span class="icon-wrap"> <svg class="icon icon-play" aria-hidden="true"> <use xlink:href="#shape-play"></use> </svg> </span> </a> </div> <div class="media-body"> <h3>The Art of the Djembe</h3> <p>Bradley Simmons, Duke Instructor of Music, discusses his classes about the Djembe, West African music, and Afro-Cuban music. </p> <p><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VU-ExPGsJVM" class="btn btn-reverse">Watch Video on YouTube</a></p> </div> </div> <div class="more-videos"> <ul class="slats"> <li class="slat"> <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Wwb_6LQvQOk"><img src="https://i1.ytimg.com/vi/Wwb_6LQvQOk/mqdefault.jpg" alt="Grant Hill | Centennial Oral Histories video" /></a> <h3 class="epsilon"><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Wwb_6LQvQOk">Grant Hill | Centennial Oral Histories</a></h3> </li> <li class="slat"> <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aCkSWarkKtU"><img src="https://i1.ytimg.com/vi/aCkSWarkKtU/mqdefault.jpg" alt="Duke Centennial Rewind video" /></a> <h3 class="epsilon"><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aCkSWarkKtU">Duke Centennial Rewind</a></h3> </li> </ul> <p class="align-right"><a href="https://www.youtube.com/user/Duke" class="btn btn-plain">More Videos</a></p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="section-light" id="social"> <div class="lc social-media"> <h2>#DUKESOCIAL</h2> <div class="flr"> <ul class="social-list"> <li> <a href="https://www.facebook.com/DukeUniv"> <svg class="icon icon-facebook" aria-hidden="true"> <use xlink:href="#shape-facebook"></use> </svg> <span class="is-vishidden">Facebook</span> </a> </li> <li> <a href="https://twitter.com/DukeU"> <svg class="icon icon-twitter" aria-hidden="true"> <use xlink:href="#shape-twitter"></use> </svg> <span class="is-vishidden">Twitter</span> </a> </li> <li> <a href="https://instagram.com/dukeuniversity"> <svg class="icon icon-instagram" aria-hidden="true"> <use xlink:href="#shape-instagram"></use> </svg> <span class="is-vishidden">Instagram</span> </a> </li> <li> <a href="https://www.youtube.com/user/Duke"> <svg class="icon icon-youtube" aria-hidden="true"> <use xlink:href="#shape-youtube"></use> </svg> <span class="is-vishidden">YouTube</span> </a> </li> </ul> </div> <ul class="social-items-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="section-alt"> <div class="lc highlights"> <div class="image-callout"> <h2>Duke Athletics</h2> <img src="/assets/img/resized/fencing-20150219164439-r-q100-m1535739917.png" alt="Man fencing for Duke University" /> <p class="clr"><a href="https://goduke.com/" class="btn">Let's Go Duke!</a></p> </div> <div class="other-highlights"> <div class="highlight-card mo"> <img class="pullExt" src="/assets/img/resized/chapel-fall-r-q100-m1699555863.png" alt="Duke Chapel on West Campus" /> <div class="bd"> <h2>Duke Virtual Tour</h2> <p>Even if you can't be here, you can experience Duke鈥檚 beautiful gothic architecture for yourself. Launch the virtual tour below to explore campus.</p> </div> <div class="bd bd-small"> <a href="https://www.youvisit.com/tour/duke" class="btn">Launch Virtual Tour</a> </div> </div> <div class="highlight-card mo"> <img class="pullExt" src="/assets/img/resized/home-page-highlight-lucky-strike-r-q100-m1652986150.png" alt="Lucky Strike water tower and beautiful downtown Durham skyline" /> <div class="bd"> <h2>Duke in Durham</h2> <p>Durham鈥檚 distinctive neighborhoods and thriving businesses combine the friendliness of a small city with tasty dining, lively arts and an entrepreneurial spirit. Durham is diverse, dynamic and a great place to live.</p> </div> <div class="bd bd-small"> <a href="https://admissions.duke.edu/durham/" class="btn">See Durham</a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </main> <footer class="footer" role="contentinfo"> <div class="footer-meta"> <a href="http://duke.edu" class="logo"><img src="/assets/img/dukelogo_white.svg" onerror="this.src='/assets/img/dukelogo_white.png';this.onerror=null;" alt="Duke University Logo" /></a> <ul class="social-list"> <li> <a href="https://www.facebook.com/DukeUniv"> <svg class="icon icon-facebook" aria-hidden="true"> <use xlink:href="#shape-facebook"></use> </svg> <span class="is-vishidden">Facebook</span> </a> </li> <li> <a href="https://twitter.com/DukeU"> <svg class="icon icon-twitter" aria-hidden="true"> <use xlink:href="#shape-twitter"></use> </svg> <span class="is-vishidden">Twitter</span> </a> </li> <li> <a href="http://instagram.com/dukeuniversity"> <svg class="icon icon-instagram" aria-hidden="true"> <use xlink:href="#shape-instagram"></use> </svg> <span class="is-vishidden">Instagram</span> </a> </li> <li> <a href="http://www.youtube.com/user/Duke"> <svg class="icon icon-youtube" aria-hidden="true"> <use xlink:href="#shape-youtube"></use> </svg> <span class="is-vishidden">YouTube</span> </a> </li> </ul> <div class="vcard"> <div class="fn org">Duke University</div> <div class="adr"><span class="street-address">2080 Duke University Road</span>, <span class="locality">Durham</span>, <abbr class="region" title="North Carolina">NC</abbr> <span class="postal-code">27708</span></div> <div class="tel">(919) 684-8111</div> </div> <div class="privacy"> <a href="https://oarc.duke.edu/privacy/duke-university-privacy-statement">Privacy Statement</a> </div> </div> <ul class="footer-nav"> <li><a href="http://studentaffairs.duke.edu/">Students</a></li> <li><a href="https://durham.duke.edu/">Visitors</a></li> <li><a href="http://provost.duke.edu/faculty-resources/">Faculty</a></li> <li><a href="https://alumni.duke.edu/">Alumni</a></li> <li><a href="https://hr.duke.edu/">Staff</a></li> <li><a href="https://news.duke.edu/">News & Media</a></li> </ul> <ul class="footer-nav"> <li><a href="https://maps.duke.edu/">Maps</a></li> <li><a href="https://hr.duke.edu/careers">Employment</a></li> <li><a href="https://my.duke.edu/students/">My Duke</a></li> <li><a href="https://brand.duke.edu/">Brand Guide</a></li> <li><a href="http://emergency.duke.edu/">Emergency</a></li> <li><a href="https://accessibility.duke.edu/">Accessibility</a></li> <li><a href="https://duke.edu/contact/">Contact Us</a></li> </ul> </footer> <div id="alert-bar"> <script src="https://alertbar.oit.duke.edu/alert.html"></script> </div> </body> </html>