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<span>Arrival in Yan'an</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Arrival_in_Yan'an-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Arrival in Yan'an subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Arrival_in_Yan'an-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-First_arrivals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_arrivals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>First arrivals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_arrivals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-At_work_in_Yan'an" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#At_work_in_Yan'an"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>At work in Yan'an</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-At_work_in_Yan'an-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> 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class="vector-toc-link" href="#Marshall_and_Wedemeyer_Missions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Marshall and Wedemeyer Missions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Marshall_and_Wedemeyer_Missions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Question_of_Communist_Party_subterfuge" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Question_of_Communist_Party_subterfuge"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Question of Communist Party subterfuge</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Question_of_Communist_Party_subterfuge-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lasting_impact" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lasting_impact"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Lasting impact</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lasting_impact-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nickname" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nickname"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Nickname</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nickname-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_members" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_members"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Notable members</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Notable_members-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Notable members subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Notable_members-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Dixie_Mission_Commanding_Officers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dixie_Mission_Commanding_Officers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Dixie Mission Commanding Officers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dixie_Mission_Commanding_Officers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Sources-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Sources subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Primary_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Primary_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>Primary sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Primary_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Secondary_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Secondary_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.2</span> <span>Secondary sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Secondary_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" 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href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mission_Dixie" title="Mission Dixie – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Mission Dixie" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Misi_Dixie" title="Misi Dixie – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Misi Dixie" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dixie_Mission" title="Dixie Mission – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Dixie Mission" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dixie_Mission" title="Dixie Mission – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Dixie Mission" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E8%BB%8D%E8%A7%80%E5%AF%9F%E7%B5%84" title="美軍觀察組 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="美軍觀察組" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1152332#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div 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Click here for more information." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/19px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/29px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/39px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Efforts to establish relations with the Chinese Communist Party</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">U.S. Army Observation Group to Yan'an</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;line-height:1.5em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dixie_Mission_commander_Colonel_David_D._Barrett_and_Mao_Zedong_in_Yenan,_1944.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Dixie_Mission_commander_Colonel_David_D._Barrett_and_Mao_Zedong_in_Yenan%2C_1944.jpg/300px-Dixie_Mission_commander_Colonel_David_D._Barrett_and_Mao_Zedong_in_Yenan%2C_1944.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="235" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Dixie_Mission_commander_Colonel_David_D._Barrett_and_Mao_Zedong_in_Yenan%2C_1944.jpg/450px-Dixie_Mission_commander_Colonel_David_D._Barrett_and_Mao_Zedong_in_Yenan%2C_1944.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9d/Dixie_Mission_commander_Colonel_David_D._Barrett_and_Mao_Zedong_in_Yenan%2C_1944.jpg 2x" data-file-width="483" data-file-height="378" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Colonel <a href="/wiki/David_D._Barrett" title="David D. Barrett">David D. Barrett</a> with <a href="/wiki/Mao_Zedong" title="Mao Zedong">Mao Zedong</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">Active</th><td class="infobox-data">22 July 1944 – 11 March 1947</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">Country</th><td class="infobox-data">United States of America</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">Branch</th><td class="infobox-data">Army and Navy</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">Part of</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/China_Burma_India_Theater" class="mw-redirect" title="China Burma India Theater">China Burma India Theater</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">Nickname(s)</th><td class="infobox-data">Dixie Mission</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Commanders</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">Notable<br />commanders</th><td class="infobox-data">Colonel <a href="/wiki/David_D._Barrett" title="David D. Barrett">David D. Barrett</a></td></tr></tbody></table><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Military unit</div> <p>The <b>United States Army Observation Group</b> (<a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh-Hant">美軍觀察組</span>; <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: <i><span lang="zh-Latn">Měijūn Guānchá Zǔ</span></i>), commonly known as the <b>Dixie Mission</b> (<a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh-Hant">迪克西使團</span>; <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: <i><span lang="zh-Latn">Díkèxī Shǐtuán</span></i>), was the first US effort to gather intelligence and establish relations with the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Chinese Communist Party">Chinese Communist Party</a> and the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army" title="People's Liberation Army">People's Liberation Army</a>, then headquartered in the mountainous city of <a href="/wiki/Yan%27an" title="Yan'an">Yan'an</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shaanxi" title="Shaanxi">Shaanxi</a>. The mission was launched on 22 July 1944, during <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, and lasted until 11 March 1947. </p><p>The goals of the mission were to investigate the Communists politically and militarily and to determine if the US would benefit from establishing liaison. Communist local governments had cooperated in rescuing American pilots downed in North China after bombing Japan, and the invasion of Japan might still have been launched from China, which would have involved landing American troops in China. <a href="/wiki/John_S._Service" title="John S. Service">John S. Service</a>, of the <a href="/wiki/US_Department_of_State" class="mw-redirect" title="US Department of State">US Department of State</a>, was responsible for political analysis, and Colonel <a href="/wiki/David_D._Barrett" title="David D. Barrett">David D. Barrett</a>, of the <a href="/wiki/US_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="US Army">US Army</a>, performed the military analysis. Initially, they reported that the Chinese Communists might be a useful wartime and postwar ally and that the atmosphere in <a href="/wiki/Yan%27an_Soviet" title="Yan'an Soviet">Yan'an</a> was more energetic and less corrupt than in Nationalist-held areas. After the war, the Dixie Mission's reports and Service and Barrett were condemned by pro-<a href="/wiki/Kuomintang" title="Kuomintang">Kuomintang</a> factions in the American government. After the war, in the debate over the "<a href="/wiki/Loss_of_China#Aftermath" title="Loss of China">loss of China</a>", many put the blame on wartime <a href="/wiki/China_Hands#World_War_II_era_US_diplomats" title="China Hands">China Hands</a>. Service was fired from the State Department, and Barrett was denied a promotion to <a href="/wiki/Brigadier_general" title="Brigadier general">brigadier general</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origin">Origin</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dixie_Mission&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Origin"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Prior to the Dixie Mission, the US considered military interventions into Communist-held China, such as an unimplemented idea of the <a href="/wiki/Office_of_Strategic_Services" title="Office of Strategic Services">Office of Strategic Services</a> to send agents into northern China. The Dixie Mission began, according to <a href="/wiki/John_P._Davies" class="mw-redirect" title="John P. Davies">John Paton Davies Jr.</a>'s memo, on 15 January 1944. Davies, a <a href="/wiki/Foreign_Service_Officer" class="mw-redirect" title="Foreign Service Officer">Foreign Service Officer</a> who was serving in the <a href="/wiki/China_Burma_India_Theater" class="mw-redirect" title="China Burma India Theater">China Burma India Theater</a> (CBI), called for the establishment of an observers' mission in Communist territory. Davies argued that the Communists offered attractive strategic benefits in the fight against Japan and that the more the US ignored them, the closer that <a href="/wiki/Yan%27an" title="Yan'an">Yan'an</a>, the capital of Communist-held China, would move to Moscow.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With the support of Davies' superior, General <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stilwell" title="Joseph Stilwell">Joseph Stilwell</a>, the memorandum successfully convinced the administration of US President <a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a> to put the plan into motion.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:JPDmemo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/JPDmemo.jpg/170px-JPDmemo.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="226" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/JPDmemo.jpg/255px-JPDmemo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/JPDmemo.jpg/340px-JPDmemo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="632" data-file-height="840" /></a><figcaption>Davies' 15 January Memo</figcaption></figure> <p>The Roosevelt administration asked Chinese Nationalist leader <a href="/wiki/Chiang_Kai-shek" title="Chiang Kai-shek">Chiang Kai-shek</a> for permission to send US observers to visit the Communists. Initially, Chiang was hostile to the proposal and delayed action. He consented after foreign correspondents whom he had permitted to visit Yan'an reported on the Communists to US readers.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Chiang agreed after American Vice-president <a href="/wiki/Henry_A._Wallace" title="Henry A. Wallace">Henry A. Wallace</a> made a state visit to <a href="/wiki/Chongqing" title="Chongqing">Chongqing</a>, the Nationalists' capital, in late June 1944. <a href="/wiki/John_Carter_Vincent" title="John Carter Vincent">John Carter Vincent</a>, an experienced State Department China expert, assisted Wallace in persuading Chiang to allow the US to visit the Communists in Yan'an without Nationalist supervision. In exchange, the US promised to replace the American commander of the Burma India Theater, General Stilwell,<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who was removed from command in October 1944. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Arrival_in_Yan'an"><span id="Arrival_in_Yan.27an"></span>Arrival in Yan'an</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dixie_Mission&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Arrival in Yan'an"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="First_arrivals">First arrivals</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dixie_Mission&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: First arrivals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The first members of the Dixie Mission arrived in Yan'an on 22 July 1944, on an <a href="/wiki/C-47_Skytrain" class="mw-redirect" title="C-47 Skytrain">Army C-47</a>. This team consisted of Colonel <a href="/wiki/David_D._Barrett" title="David D. Barrett">David D. Barrett</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_S._Service" title="John S. Service">John S. Service</a>, Major Melvin A. Casberg, Major <a href="/wiki/Ray_Cromley" title="Ray Cromley">Ray Cromley</a>, Captain John G. Colling, Captain <a href="/wiki/Charles_C._Stelle" title="Charles C. Stelle">Charles C. Stelle</a>, Captain Paul C. Domke, 1st Lieutenant Henry S. Whittlesey, and Staff Sergeant Anton H Remenih.<sup id="cite_ref-dixmiss01_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dixmiss01-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:DixieMission2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/DixieMission2.jpg/220px-DixieMission2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/DixieMission2.jpg/330px-DixieMission2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/DixieMission2.jpg/440px-DixieMission2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="630" data-file-height="375" /></a><figcaption>The Dixie Mission in <a href="/wiki/Zhongshan_suit" class="mw-redirect" title="Zhongshan suit">Zhongshan suits</a>, a gift from their hosts.</figcaption></figure> <p>The second half of the team arrived on 7 August and consisted of <a href="/wiki/Raymond_P._Ludden" title="Raymond P. Ludden">Raymond P. Ludden</a>, Lieutenant Colonel Reginald E. Foss, Major <a href="/wiki/Wilbur_J._Peterkin" title="Wilbur J. Peterkin">Wilbur J. Peterkin</a>, Major Charles E. Dole, Captain <a href="/wiki/Brooke_Dolan_II" title="Brooke Dolan II">Brooke Dolan</a>, Lieutenant Simon H. Hitch, 1st Lieutenant Louis M. Jones, Sergeant Walter Gress, and Technician 4th Class George I. Nakamura. Later, other members, including <a href="/wiki/Koji_Ariyoshi" title="Koji Ariyoshi">Koji Ariyoshi</a>, joined the mission.<sup id="cite_ref-dixmiss01_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dixmiss01-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="At_work_in_Yan'an"><span id="At_work_in_Yan.27an"></span>At work in Yan'an</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dixie_Mission&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: At work in Yan'an"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Service, while under Stilwell's command, served as a diplomatic observer for both Stilwell and the American embassy in Chongqing. Over the next three months, he sent a series of reports to Chongqing and sparked controversy immediately. Service praised the Communists and compared them to European socialists, rather than the feared <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Service credited the Communists for a clean and superior society, in stark contrast to the corruption and chaos that he saw in the Nationalist areas, which were controlled by Chiang. However, Service was accused of being biased by the Senate Committee of the U.S. Congress.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After visiting Yan'an, Service advocated that the US should work with the forces opposed to the Nationalists, such as the Communists, but he did not advocate abandoning Chiang.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> That opinion was shared by John Paton Davies, a position that ruined both careers. </p><p>Colonel David Barrett evaluated the communists' military potential by observing war games between Communist troops and visiting war schools set up to train the Chinese officer corps. Barrett felt the Communists emphasized indoctrinating their soldiers over military training, but he believed that American advisors could train the Communist soldiers to become excellent fighters.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Americans were impressed by the Communists' attacks on the Japanese, often in guerilla raids.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The last significant Communist military campaign against the Japanese had occurred four years earlier in the successful <a href="/wiki/Hundred_Regiments_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Hundred Regiments Campaign">Hundred Regiments Campaign</a> by the Chinese Communist 8th Route Army. However, due to subsequent retaliatory measures by the Japanese, the Communists avoided further large campaigns and restricted their activities to guerilla warfare.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Diplomacy">Diplomacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dixie_Mission&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Diplomacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hurley_Mission">Hurley Mission</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dixie_Mission&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Hurley Mission"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1945_Conference_between_Communists_and_Americans_in_Yan%27an_-_NARA_-_531400.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/1945_Conference_between_Communists_and_Americans_in_Yan%27an_-_NARA_-_531400.jpg/220px-1945_Conference_between_Communists_and_Americans_in_Yan%27an_-_NARA_-_531400.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/1945_Conference_between_Communists_and_Americans_in_Yan%27an_-_NARA_-_531400.jpg/330px-1945_Conference_between_Communists_and_Americans_in_Yan%27an_-_NARA_-_531400.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/1945_Conference_between_Communists_and_Americans_in_Yan%27an_-_NARA_-_531400.jpg/440px-1945_Conference_between_Communists_and_Americans_in_Yan%27an_-_NARA_-_531400.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2931" data-file-height="2322" /></a><figcaption>Hurley conversing with <a href="/wiki/Mao_Zedong" title="Mao Zedong">Mao Zedong</a> and other Chinese Communist leadership after his promotion to ambassador to China; subsequent Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Zhou_Enlai" title="Zhou Enlai">Zhou Enlai</a> is at far right</figcaption></figure> <p>On 7 November 1944, General <a href="/wiki/Patrick_J._Hurley" title="Patrick J. Hurley">Patrick Hurley</a> arrived in Yan'an.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hurley had been in the CBI Theater since August as part of an agreement between Wallace and Chiang to provide a liaison for Chiang to communicate directly with Roosevelt and to circumvent Stilwell. Successful in negotiating in the private sector, Hurley was sent to China to improve operations in the China Theater, which he extended to uniting the Nationalists and the Communists in a unified government. Hurley approached the Communists and the Nationalists without knowledge of either political group, and he believed that their differences were no greater than those between the Republican and Democratic Parties in the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first postwar peace negotiation was attended by both Chiang and Mao in <a href="/wiki/Chongqing" title="Chongqing">Chongqing</a> from 28 August 1945 and concluded on 10 October 1945 with the signing of the <a href="/wiki/Double_Tenth_Agreement" title="Double Tenth Agreement">Double Tenth Agreement</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Xu_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Xu-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hurley failed at reconciling the Nationalists and Communists and blamed Dixie Mission staff, John Service and John Paton Davies, and others. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Marshall_and_Wedemeyer_Missions">Marshall and Wedemeyer Missions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dixie_Mission&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Marshall and Wedemeyer Missions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Marshall_Mission" title="Marshall Mission">Marshall Mission</a></div> <p>Following the Japanese surrender, the Nationalists and the Communists resumed the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Civil_War" title="Chinese Civil War">Chinese Civil War</a>, which they had set aside in the United Front to fight the Japanese in 1937. In December 1945, US President <a href="/wiki/Harry_S._Truman" title="Harry S. Truman">Harry S. Truman</a> sent General <a href="/wiki/George_C._Marshall" title="George C. Marshall">George C. Marshall</a> to China to negotiate a ceasefire and to form a unified government between the Communists and the Nationalists.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While Marshall spent most of his time in <a href="/wiki/Chongqing" title="Chongqing">Chongqing</a>, the Dixie Mission hosted Marshall in Yan'an so he could speak with the Communist leadership. Like Hurley, Marshall failed to develop a lasting compromise, and the Chinese Civil War resumed. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Marshallmao.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/49/Marshallmao.jpg/220px-Marshallmao.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="129" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/49/Marshallmao.jpg/330px-Marshallmao.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/4/49/Marshallmao.jpg 2x" data-file-width="413" data-file-height="242" /></a><figcaption>General George C. Marshall and Mao Zedong in Yan'an</figcaption></figure> <p>Truman then sent another representative to China, General <a href="/wiki/Albert_Wedemeyer" class="mw-redirect" title="Albert Wedemeyer">Albert Wedemeyer</a>, who had commanded US troops in China during the war, on a factfinding mission.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Again, the Dixie Mission in Yan'an hosted the presidential mission. Wedemeyer reported that US interests were best served by continued support for the Nationalist government, but Truman suppressed the report because he wanted to see who would win and refused to expand aid the Nationalists to avoid being involved in the Chinese Civil War. After Wedemeyer's visit, the US packed up operations in Yan'an and liquidated everything that could not be transported aboard a <a href="/wiki/C-47_Skytrain" class="mw-redirect" title="C-47 Skytrain">C-47</a>. On 11 March 1947, the last members of the Dixie Mission left Yan'an.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Question_of_Communist_Party_subterfuge">Question of Communist Party subterfuge</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dixie_Mission&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Question of Communist Party subterfuge"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Dixie Mission participants such as John Service were criticized for viewing the Communist leadership as socialist <a href="/wiki/Agrarian_reform" title="Agrarian reform">agrarian reformers</a>, who claimed that China under their rule would not follow the violent path of the Soviet Union under the Bolsheviks. Instead, socialism would come to China only after economic reforms that preserved capitalism to mature the society to a point that it would be prepared for a peaceful transition to a communist society. That belief was disseminated to the American people prior to and during the war by the popular authors <a href="/wiki/Edgar_Snow" title="Edgar Snow">Edgar Snow</a> and <a href="/wiki/Agnes_Smedley" title="Agnes Smedley">Agnes Smedley</a>. In his 3 August 1944 report, "The Communist Policy Towards the Kuomintang," Service underlined his opinion of the Communists as such and stated: </p> <blockquote><p>And the impressive personal qualities of the Communist leaders, their seeming sincerity, and the coherence and logical nature of their program leads me, at least, toward general acceptance of the first explanation – that the Communists base their policy toward the <a href="/wiki/Kuomintang" title="Kuomintang">Kuomintang</a> on a real desire for democracy in China under which there can be orderly economic growth through a stage of private enterprise to eventual socialism without the need of violent social upheaval and revolution.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>After the Dixie Mission, Colonel Barrett reflected upon this position and wrote in his memoir: </p> <blockquote><p>In addition, I had fallen to some extent, not as much perhaps as did some other foreigners, for the "<a href="/wiki/Agrarian_reform" title="Agrarian reform">agrarian reformer</a>" guff. I should have known better than this, particularly since the Chinese Communists themselves never at any time made claim to being anything but revolutionaries – period.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>The history of China did not have the Communists pursue a slow gradual change in the economy, as some had believed in 1944. Regardless, 25 years later, Service believed that American co-operation with the Communists might have prevented the excesses that occurred under <a href="/wiki/Mao_Zedong" title="Mao Zedong">Mao Zedong</a>'s postwar leadership.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the same number of years, John Davies, in his memoir, <i>Dragon by the Tail</i>, defended his belief that the Communist would have been a better Chinese ally for the US than the Kuomintang. Davies believes that the US interests would have been better served allying with the Communists based on <a href="/wiki/Realpolitik" title="Realpolitik">realpolitik</a> considerations. Allying with the Communists would have prevented it from allying with the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> and lessened the risk and anxiety that the US and the rest of the world experienced in the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Lasting_impact">Lasting impact</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dixie_Mission&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Lasting impact"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Dixie Mission had consequences for individuals and the United States. Many participants were accused of being communists, such as John Davies and John Service. Both were subjected to multiple congressional investigations, which consistently found that they were not <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_USA" title="Communist Party USA">Communist Party</a> members, agents of foreign powers, or disloyal to the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> That did not spare Service from termination at the State Department. He appealed this decision, and ultimately, the <a href="/wiki/US_Supreme_Court" class="mw-redirect" title="US Supreme Court">US Supreme Court</a> ruled in his favor.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Davies was exiled from China, his field of expertise by Hurley. Then, he was hounded from a position in Russia to an inconsequential post in South America. Davies, forced from the State Department, founded the Estilo furniture factory which built award-winning furniture.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hurley accused Colonel David Barrett of sabotaging his diplomacy with the Kuomintang and the Communists. He succeeded in preventing Barrett from promotion to <a href="/wiki/Brigadier_general" title="Brigadier general">brigadier general</a> even though Barrett's promotion was endorsed by the theater commander, General <a href="/wiki/Albert_C._Wedemeyer" class="mw-redirect" title="Albert C. Wedemeyer">Albert C. Wedemeyer</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Barrett was retained in the China Theater but placed in an inferior position. </p><p>Misperceptions of the Dixie Mission contributed to the nationwide <a href="/wiki/Red_Scare" title="Red Scare">Red Scare</a> in the 1950s and 1960s.<sup id="cite_ref-nyt-obit_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt-obit-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thawing relations between the United States and the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Republic of China">People's Republic of China</a> in the 1970s opened a new chapter for the mission.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> For the first time, the mission, and its participants became the subject of serious scholarship.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>Many of the mission's participants were among the first Americans invited to visit China in 20 years.<sup id="cite_ref-nyt-obit_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt-obit-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In China, the Dixie Mission is remembered as a positive time between the two nations and a symbol of Sino-American co-operation.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2013, the story of the Dixie Mission served as the historical basis for a new World War II novel, <i>Two Sons of China</i>, by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Andrew_Lam_(author)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Andrew Lam (author) (page does not exist)">Andrew Lam</a>. It was released by Bondfire Books in December 2013.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Nickname">Nickname</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dixie_Mission&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Nickname"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>While referred to as "Dixie" or the Dixie Mission, the true name of the mission was the United States Army Observation Group to Yan'an. One war scholar attributes the name to the number of Southerners in the mission's personnel. John Davies declared in his memoir, <i>Dragon by the Tail</i>, that the mission was called 'Dixie', as a reference to its location within "rebel" Communist-held territory, by himself and his peers, a glib comparison to the territory of the <a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_of_America" title="Confederate States of America">Confederate States of America</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_members">Notable members</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dixie_Mission&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Notable members"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Colonel <a href="/wiki/David_D._Barrett" title="David D. Barrett">David D. Barrett</a> (1892–1977), first commanding officer of the Dixie Mission.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_S._Service" title="John S. Service">John S. Service</a> (1909–1999), first State Department representative to arrive and operate as part of the Dixie Mission.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_P._Davies" class="mw-redirect" title="John P. Davies">John P. Davies</a> (1908–1999), State Department official instrumental in the creation of the mission.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koji_Ariyoshi" title="Koji Ariyoshi">Koji Ariyoshi</a> (1914–1976), Hawaii labor editor and later a leader of the U.S.-China People's Friendship Association.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_P._Ludden" title="Raymond P. Ludden">Raymond P. Ludden</a> (1909–1970), State Department officer who undertook dangerous mission into Japanese occupied China.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Henry_C._Whittlesey&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Henry C. Whittlesey (page does not exist)">Henry C. Whittlesey</a>, a writer</li> <li>Colonel <a href="/wiki/Raymond_Allen_Cromley" class="mw-redirect" title="Raymond Allen Cromley">Raymond Allen Cromley</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dixie_Mission_Commanding_Officers">Dixie Mission Commanding Officers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dixie_Mission&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Dixie Mission Commanding Officers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Colonel <a href="/wiki/David_D._Barrett" title="David D. Barrett">David D. Barrett</a></li> <li>Colonel Ivan D. Yeaton (1945–1946)<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Colonel <a href="/wiki/Morris_DePass" class="mw-redirect" title="Morris DePass">Morris DePass</a></li> <li>Colonel <a href="/wiki/Wilbur_J._Peterkin" title="Wilbur J. Peterkin">Wilbur J. Peterkin</a></li> <li>Major <a href="/w/index.php?title=Clifford_F._Young&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Clifford F. Young (page does not exist)">Clifford F. Young</a></li> <li>Colonel John Sells</li> <li>Colonel <a href="/wiki/Raymond_A._Cromley" class="mw-redirect" title="Raymond A. Cromley">Raymond A. Cromley</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dixie_Mission&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Dixie_Mission_participants" title="Category:Dixie Mission participants">Category:Dixie Mission participants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">Second Sino-Japanese War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wartime_perception_of_the_Chinese_Communists" title="Wartime perception of the Chinese Communists">Wartime perception of the Chinese Communists</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dixie_Mission&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John Paton Davies to Secretary of State, 24 January 1944, "<a href="/wiki/File:JPDmemo.jpg" title="File:JPDmemo.jpg">Observers' Mission to North China</a>." State Department, NARA, RG 59.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John P. Davies, Jr., <i>Dragon by the Tail: American, British, Japanese, and Russian Encounters with China and One Another</i> (New York: W. W. Norton, 1972), 303.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Carolle J. Carter, <i>Mission to Yenan: American Liaison with the Chinese Communists, 1944 – 1947</i>(Lexington, KY: U of Kentucky Press, 1997), 20.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Carter, <i>Mission to Yenan</i>, 23.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-dixmiss01-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-dixmiss01_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dixmiss01_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">David D. Barrett, <i>Dixie Mission: The United States Army Observer Group in Yenan, 1944</i>(Berkeley, CA: U of California, China Research Monographs, 1970), 13.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John Service, Report No. 5, 8 March 1944, to Commanding General Fwd. Ech., USAF – CBI, APO 879. "The Communist Policy Towards the Kuomintang." State Department, NARA, RG 59.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">U.S. Congress. Senate Committee on the Judiciary, Subcommittee to Investigate the Administration of the Internal Security Act and the Other Internal Security Laws. <i>The Amerasia Papers: A Clue to the Catastrophe of China</i>. Vol. 1 (Washington, D.C.: GPO, 1970), 406 – 407.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John Service, Report No. 40, 10 October 1944, to General Stilwell, Commanding General, USAF – CBI.“The Need for Greater Realism in Our Relations with Chiang Kai-shek.” State Department, NARA, RG 59.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Barrett, <i>Dixie Mission</i>, 37.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John Service, Report No. 16, 29 August 1944, to Commanding General, USAF – CBI, "Desirability of American Military Aide to the Chinese Communist Armies." State Department, NARA, RG 59.<a href="/wiki/File:JServiceReport16page1.jpg" title="File:JServiceReport16page1.jpg">Page one</a>, <a href="/wiki/File:JServiceReport16page2.jpg" title="File:JServiceReport16page2.jpg">two</a>, <a href="/wiki/File:JServiceReport16page3.jpg" title="File:JServiceReport16page3.jpg">three</a>, <a href="/wiki/File:JServiceReport16page4.jpg" title="File:JServiceReport16page4.jpg">four</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/J.A.G._Roberts" class="mw-redirect" title="J.A.G. Roberts">J.A.G. Roberts</a>, <i>A Concise History of China</i>, (Cambridge, MA: Harvard U Press, 1999), 247.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Davies, <i>Dragon by the Tail</i>, 365.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Russel D. Buhite, <i>Patrick J. Hurley and American Foreign Policy</i> (Ithaca, NY: Cornell U Press, 1973), 160 – 162.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Xu-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Xu_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Xu, Guangqiu. [2001] (2001). War Wings: The United States and Chinese Military Aviation, 1929–1949. Greenwood Publishing Group. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-313-32004-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-313-32004-7">0-313-32004-7</a>. p. 201.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Carter, <i>Mission to Yenan</i>, 178.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Albert_C._Wedemeyer" class="mw-redirect" title="Albert C. Wedemeyer">Albert C. Wedemeyer</a>, <i>Wedemeyer Reports!</i> (New York: Henry Holt & Co., 1958), 382.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Carter, <i>Mission to Yenan</i>, 198.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John Service, Report No. 5, 8/3/1944, to Commanding General Fwd. Ech., USAF – CBI, APO 879. "The Communist Policy Towards the Kuomintang." State Department, NARA, RG 59. <a href="/w/index.php?title=File:JSReport5page1.jpg&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="File:JSReport5page1.jpg (page does not exist)">Page 1</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=File:JSReport5pagetwo.jpg&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="File:JSReport5pagetwo.jpg (page does not exist)">2</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=File:JSReport5pagethree.jpg&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="File:JSReport5pagethree.jpg (page does not exist)">3</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=File:JSReport5pagefour.jpg&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="File:JSReport5pagefour.jpg (page does not exist)">4</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=File:JSReport5pagefive.jpg&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="File:JSReport5pagefive.jpg (page does not exist)">5</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=File:JSReport5pagesix.jpg&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="File:JSReport5pagesix.jpg (page does not exist)">6</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Barrett, <i>Dixie Mission</i>, 47.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John Service, <i>The Amerasia Papers: Some Problems in the History of US – China Relations</i> (Berkeley, CA: Center for Chinese Studies, U of California Press, 1971), 191 – 192.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Davies, <i>Dragon by the Tail</i>, 427 – 428.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKaufman1999" class="citation news cs1">Kaufman, Michael T. (24 December 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9F0CE4DF1339F937A15751C1A96F958260">"John Paton Davies, Diplomat Who Ran Afoul of McCarthy Over China, Dies at 91 John Paton Davies, Diplomat Who Ran Afoul of McCarthy Over China, Dies at 91"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 August</span> 2008</span>. <q>John Paton Davies, a leading diplomat who was among the <i>old China hands</i> driven from the State Department after Senator Joseph McCarthy questioned their loyalty and labeled them Communist sympathizers in the 1950s, died yesterday at his home in Asheville, N.C. He was 91.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=John+Paton+Davies%2C+Diplomat+Who+Ran+Afoul+of+McCarthy+Over+China%2C+Dies+at+91+John+Paton+Davies%2C+Diplomat+Who+Ran+Afoul+of+McCarthy+Over+China%2C+Dies+at+91&rft.date=1999-12-24&rft.aulast=Kaufman&rft.aufirst=Michael+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fquery.nytimes.com%2Fgst%2Ffullpage.html%3Fres%3D9F0CE4DF1339F937A15751C1A96F958260&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADixie+Mission" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1999/02/04/world/john-service-a-purged-china-hand-dies-at-89.html">John Service Obituary at <i>The New York Times</i></a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Carolle J. Carter, Mission to Yenan: American Liaison with the Chinese Communists, 1944 – 1947 (Lexington, KY: U of Kentucky Press, 1997), 215.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mlloyd.org/gen/davies/text/jpdjr.htm">"China Expert John P. Davies Dies"</a>. mlloyd.org<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 July</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=China+Expert+John+P.+Davies+Dies&rft.pub=mlloyd.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmlloyd.org%2Fgen%2Fdavies%2Ftext%2Fjpdjr.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADixie+Mission" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Barrett,<i>Dixie Mission</i>, 79.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nyt-obit-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nyt-obit_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nyt-obit_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKifner1999" class="citation news cs1">Kifner, John (4 February 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1999/02/04/world/john-service-a-purged-china-hand-dies-at-89.html">"John Service, a Purged 'China Hand,' Dies at 89"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 July</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=John+Service%2C+a+Purged+%27China+Hand%2C%27+Dies+at+89&rft.date=1999-02-04&rft.aulast=Kifner&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1999%2F02%2F04%2Fworld%2Fjohn-service-a-purged-china-hand-dies-at-89.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADixie+Mission" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWusun2004" class="citation web cs1">Wusun, Lin (25 August 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.china.org.cn/english/2004/Aug/105006.htm">"Dixie Mission Remembered in Beijing"</a>. <i>china.org.cn</i>. China Internet Information Center<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 July</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=china.org.cn&rft.atitle=Dixie+Mission+Remembered+in+Beijing&rft.date=2004-08-25&rft.aulast=Wusun&rft.aufirst=Lin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.china.org.cn%2Fenglish%2F2004%2FAug%2F105006.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADixie+Mission" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lam, Andrew. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/Two-Sons-China-Andrew-Lam/dp/162921373X/ref=tmm_pap_title_0?ie=UTF8&qid=1388379947&sr=8-1/">Two Sons of China (978-1629213736)</a> Colorado Springs, CO; Bondfire Books, 2014.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John Paton Davies, Jr., <i>Dragon by the Tail: American, British, Japanese, and Russian Encounters with China and One Another</i> (New York: W. W. Norton, 1972), 318.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://oac.cdlib.org/findaid/ark:/13030/tf8t1nb341/entire_text/">"Register of the Ivan D. Yeaton papers"</a>. <i>Online Archive of California</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Online+Archive+of+California&rft.atitle=Register+of+the+Ivan+D.+Yeaton+papers&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Foac.cdlib.org%2Ffindaid%2Fark%3A%2F13030%2Ftf8t1nb341%2Fentire_text%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADixie+Mission" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1945v07/d566">"Marshall Mission Files, Lot 50–D270: Telegram. Colonel Ivan D. Yeaton, Commanding Officer of the Yenan Observer Group, to Lieutenant General Albert C. Wedemeyer. Yenan, December 20, 1945"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Marshall+Mission+Files%2C+Lot+50%E2%80%93D270%3A+Telegram.+Colonel+Ivan+D.+Yeaton%2C+Commanding+Officer+of+the+Yenan+Observer+Group%2C+to+Lieutenant+General+Albert+C.+Wedemeyer.+Yenan%2C+December+20%2C+1945&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhistory.state.gov%2Fhistoricaldocuments%2Ffrus1945v07%2Fd566&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADixie+Mission" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dixie_Mission&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Primary_sources">Primary sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dixie_Mission&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Primary sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/David_D._Barrett" title="David D. Barrett">David D. Barrett</a>, <i>Dixie Mission: The United States Army Observer Group in Yenan, 1944</i> (Berkeley, CA: Center for Chinese Studies, U of California, 1970).</li> <li>John Colling, <i>The Spirit of Yenan: A Wartime Chapter of Sino-American Friendship</i> (Hong Kong: API Press, 1991).</li> <li>John Paton Davies, <i>Dragon by the Tail: American, British, Japanese, and Russian Encounters with China and One Another</i> (New York: W. W. Norton, 1972).</li> <li>Colonel <a href="/wiki/Wilbur_J._Peterkin" title="Wilbur J. Peterkin">Wilbur J. Peterkin</a>, <i>Inside China 1943–1945: An Eyewitness Account of America's Mission in Yenan</i> (Baltimore: Gateway Press, 1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koji_Ariyoshi" title="Koji Ariyoshi">Koji Ariyoshi</a>, <i>From Kona to Yenan: The Political Memoirs of Koji Ariyoshi</i>, Beechert, Edward D., and Alice M. Beechert, eds, (Honolulu, HI: U of Hawai’i Press, 2000).</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarrison_Forman1946" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Harrison_Forman" title="Harrison Forman">Harrison Forman</a> (1946). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.227005"><i><span></span></i>Report From Red China<i><span></span></i></a>. London: Robert Hale.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Report+From+Red+China&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Robert+Hale&rft.date=1946&rft.au=Harrison+Forman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fin.ernet.dli.2015.227005&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADixie+Mission" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>John Emmerson,<i>The Japanese Thread: A Life in the U.S. Foreign Service</i>(New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1978).</li> <li>Joseph W. Esherick, <i>Lost Chance in China: The World War II Despatches of John S. Service</i> (New York: Random House, 1974).</li> <li>Peter Vladimirov, <i>The Vladimirov Diaries: Yenan, China: 1942–1945</i> (New York: Doubleday & Co., 1975).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Secondary_sources">Secondary sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dixie_Mission&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Secondary sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBergin2019" class="citation journal cs1">Bergin, Bob (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/static/68d2f6ce5fd617ab8aee7fc22df6b996/The-Dixie-Mission-1944.pdf">"Intelligence Lost in Politics: The Dixie Mission 1944: The First US Intelligence Encounter with the Chinese Communists"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Studies in Intelligence</i>. <b>63</b> (3): 11–30.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Studies+in+Intelligence&rft.atitle=Intelligence+Lost+in+Politics%3A+The+Dixie+Mission+1944%3A+The+First+US+Intelligence+Encounter+with+the+Chinese+Communists&rft.volume=63&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=11-30&rft.date=2019&rft.aulast=Bergin&rft.aufirst=Bob&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Fstatic%2F68d2f6ce5fd617ab8aee7fc22df6b996%2FThe-Dixie-Mission-1944.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADixie+Mission" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Carolle J. Carter, <i>Mission to Yenan: American Liaison with the Chinese Communists 1944–1947</i> (Lexington: University of Kentucky Press, 1997).</li> <li>E. J. Kahn, <i>The China Hands: America's Foreign Service Officers and What Befell Them</i> (New York: Viking Press, 1972, 1975).</li> <li>William P. Head,<i> Yenan!: Colonel Wilbur Peterkin and the American Military Mission to the Chinese Communist, 1944–1945</i> (Chapel Hill, N.C.: Documentary Publications, 1987).</li> <li>Charles F. Romanus and Riley Sunderland, <i><a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_in_World_War_II" title="United States Army in World War II">United States Army in World War II</a>, China-Burma-India Theater: Stilwell's mission to China</i> (Washington, D.C.: Department of the Army, 1953).</li> <li>--------, <i>United States Army in World War II, China-Burma-India Theater: Stilwell's Command Problems</i> (Washington, D.C.: Department of the Army, 1956).</li> <li>--------, <i>United States Army in World War II, China-Burma-India Theater: Time Runs Out in CBI</i> (Washington, D.C.: Department of the Army, 1959).</li> <li>Kenneth E. Shewmaker, <i>Americans and Chinese Communists, 1927–1945: A Persuading Encounter</i>- (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1971).</li> <li>Tsou Tang, <i>America's Failure in China, 1941–50</i> (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, Reissued in 2 pb. vols., 1975., 1963).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dixie_Mission&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.china.org.cn/english/2004/Aug/105006.htm">Chinese article on 60th Anniversary of Dixie Mission</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.javadc.org/Press%20release%2003-19-2006%20RARE%20EXPERIENCE%20FOR%20FIVE%20NISEI%20IN%20WW%20II.htm">Story on Dixie from Nisei Perspective via Japanese American Veteran Association</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.40thbombgroup.org/memories/Memories14.pdf">PDF of speech given by Dixie Mission Participant, Louis Jones, in 1987.</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070928011026/http://www.dixiemission.org/">Site on Dixie with many photographs by John "Jack" P. Klein, mission participant.</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://collections.lib.uwm.edu/digital/collection/agsphoto/search/searchterm/forman%2C%20harrison%2C%201904-1978!Yan'an/field/creato!citypl/mode/exact!exact/conn/and!and/page/1">Harrison Forman's photo collection of Yen'an (1944 & 1973)</a>. University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee Library.</li></ul> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · 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.navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Chinese_Civil_War" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks plainlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar 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title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Chinese_Civil_War" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Chinese Civil War"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Chinese_Civil_War" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Civil_War" title="Chinese Civil War">Chinese Civil War</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2" style="background: none;"><div> <dl><dt>Principal belligerents and <a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Chinese_Civil_War" title="Template:Campaignbox Chinese Civil War">campaigns</a></dt></dl> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Emblem_of_the_Kuomintang.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Emblem_of_the_Kuomintang.svg/20px-Emblem_of_the_Kuomintang.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Emblem_of_the_Kuomintang.svg/30px-Emblem_of_the_Kuomintang.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Emblem_of_the_Kuomintang.svg/40px-Emblem_of_the_Kuomintang.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Kuomintang" title="Kuomintang">Nationalist Party</a> / <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan"><img alt="Taiwan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Nationalist_government" title="Nationalist government">National Government</a> (<span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China_Army.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China_Army.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China_Army.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China_Army.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China_Army.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China_Army.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China_Army.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/National_Revolutionary_Army" title="National Revolutionary Army">National Revolutionary Army</a>) <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Republic_of_China" title="Constitution of the Republic of China">→</a> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan"><img alt="Taiwan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_Republic_of_China" title="Government of the Republic of China">Constitutional ROC Government</a> (<a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China_Armed_Forces" title="Republic of China Armed Forces">ROC Armed Forces</a>) <a href="/wiki/Retreat_of_the_government_of_the_Republic_of_China_to_Taiwan" title="Retreat of the government of the Republic of China to Taiwan">→</a> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan"><img alt="Taiwan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Republic of China on Taiwan</a><hr /> <p><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Danghui_(pre-1996).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Danghui_%28pre-1996%29.svg/20px-Danghui_%28pre-1996%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Danghui_%28pre-1996%29.svg/30px-Danghui_%28pre-1996%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Danghui_%28pre-1996%29.svg/40px-Danghui_%28pre-1996%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="305" data-file-height="305" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Chinese Communist Party">Communist Party</a> / <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:National_Flag_of_Chinese_Soviet_Republic.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/National_Flag_of_Chinese_Soviet_Republic.svg/20px-National_Flag_of_Chinese_Soviet_Republic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/National_Flag_of_Chinese_Soviet_Republic.svg/30px-National_Flag_of_Chinese_Soviet_Republic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/National_Flag_of_Chinese_Soviet_Republic.svg/40px-National_Flag_of_Chinese_Soviet_Republic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="360" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Soviet_Republic" title="Chinese Soviet Republic">Soviet Republic</a> (<span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E5%B7%A5%E8%BE%B2%E7%B4%85%E8%BB%8D%E8%BB%8D%E6%97%97.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E5%B7%A5%E8%BE%B2%E7%B4%85%E8%BB%8D%E8%BB%8D%E6%97%97.svg/20px-%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E5%B7%A5%E8%BE%B2%E7%B4%85%E8%BB%8D%E8%BB%8D%E6%97%97.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E5%B7%A5%E8%BE%B2%E7%B4%85%E8%BB%8D%E8%BB%8D%E6%97%97.svg/30px-%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E5%B7%A5%E8%BE%B2%E7%B4%85%E8%BB%8D%E8%BB%8D%E6%97%97.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E5%B7%A5%E8%BE%B2%E7%B4%85%E8%BB%8D%E8%BB%8D%E6%97%97.svg/40px-%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E5%B7%A5%E8%BE%B2%E7%B4%85%E8%BB%8D%E8%BB%8D%E6%97%97.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="350" data-file-height="229" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Red_Army" title="Chinese Red Army">Red Army</a>) <a href="/wiki/Second_United_Front" title="Second United Front">→</a> <a href="/wiki/Communist-controlled_China_(1927%E2%80%931949)" title="Communist-controlled China (1927–1949)">Liberated Area</a> (<span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China_Army.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China_Army.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China_Army.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China_Army.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China_Army.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China_Army.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China_Army.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Eighth_Route_Army" title="Eighth Route Army">8th Route Army</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Fourth_Army" title="New Fourth Army">New Fourth Army</a>, <a href="/wiki/Militia_(China)" title="Militia (China)">etc.</a> <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Revolution" title="Chinese Communist Revolution">→</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_People%27s_Liberation_Army.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Liberation_Army.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Liberation_Army.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Liberation_Army.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Liberation_Army.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Liberation_Army.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Liberation_Army.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army" title="People's Liberation Army">People's Liberation Army</a>) <a href="/wiki/Proclamation_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Proclamation of the People's Republic of China">→</a> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/China" title="China">People's Republic of China</a> </p> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="padding:0px"><table class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:100%;"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="font-weight:bold;background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;">Pre-1945</td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Second_Kuomintang-Communist_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Kuomintang-Communist Civil War">Post-1945</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td class="navbox-list" style="padding:0px;text-align: left;width:10em;"><div> <table style="line-height: 1.3em;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right: 0.7em;"> 1923</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Sun%E2%80%93Joffe_Manifesto" title="Sun–Joffe Manifesto">Sun–Joffe Manifesto</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right: 0.7em;"> 1924</td><td> <a href="/wiki/First_United_Front" title="First United Front">First United Front</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right: 0.7em;"> 1926</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Canton_Coup" title="Canton Coup">Canton Coup</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right: 0.7em;"> 1927–1949</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Revolution" title="Chinese Communist Revolution">Chinese Communist Revolution</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right: 0.7em;"> 1927</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Nanking_incident_of_1927" title="Nanking incident of 1927">Nanking incident</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Shanghai_Commune_of_1927" title="Shanghai Commune of 1927">Shanghai Commune</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Shanghai_massacre" title="Shanghai massacre">Shanghai massacre</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Nanjing%E2%80%93Wuhan_split" class="mw-redirect" title="Nanjing–Wuhan split">Nanjing–Wuhan split</a><br /><a href="/wiki/July_15_Incident" title="July 15 Incident">715 Incident</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Little_Long_March" title="Little Long March">Little Long March</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Nanchang_uprising" title="Nanchang uprising">Nanchang uprising</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Autumn_Harvest_Uprising" title="Autumn Harvest Uprising">Autumn Harvest Uprising</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Guangzhou_Uprising" title="Guangzhou Uprising">Guangzhou Uprising</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right: 0.7em;"> 1930–1934</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Encirclement_campaigns_(Chinese_Civil_War)" title="Encirclement campaigns (Chinese Civil War)">Encirclement campaigns</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right: 0.7em;"> 1931–1934</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Soviet_Republic" title="Chinese Soviet Republic">Chinese Soviet Republic</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right: 0.7em;"> 1933–1934</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Fujian_People%27s_Government" title="Fujian People's Government">Fujian People's Government</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right: 0.7em;"> 1934–1936</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Long_March" title="Long March">Long March</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right: 0.7em;"> 1936</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Xi%27an_Incident" title="Xi'an Incident">Xi'an Incident</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right: 0.7em;"> 1937–1946</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Second_United_Front" title="Second United Front">Second United Front</a> (<a href="/wiki/Wartime_perception_of_the_Chinese_Communists" title="Wartime perception of the Chinese Communists">Wartime perception of the Chinese Communists</a>)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right: 0.7em;"> 1941</td><td> <a href="/wiki/New_Fourth_Army_incident" title="New Fourth Army incident">New Fourth Army incident</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right: 0.7em;"> 1944</td><td> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Dixie Mission</a></td></tr></tbody></table> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;text-align: left;width:10em;"><div> <table style="line-height: 1.3em"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right: 0.7em;"> 1945</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Chongqing_Negotiations" title="Chongqing Negotiations">Chongqing Negotiations</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Double_Tenth_Agreement" title="Double Tenth Agreement">Double Tenth Agreement</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Retrocession_of_Taiwan" title="Retrocession of Taiwan">Retrocession of Taiwan</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right: 0.7em;"> 1946</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Jiaochangkou_incident" title="Jiaochangkou incident">Jiaochangkou Incident</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Shen_Chong_case" title="Shen Chong case">Peiping rape case</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right: 0.7em;"> 1945–1947</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Marshall_Mission" title="Marshall Mission">Marshall Mission</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right: 0.7em;"> 1945–1949</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Operation_Beleaguer" title="Operation Beleaguer">Operation <i>Beleaguer</i></a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right: 0.7em;"> 1947</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Yu_Zisan_Incident" title="Yu Zisan Incident">Yu Zisan Incident</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right: 0.7em;"> 1948</td><td> <a href="/wiki/SS_Kiangya" title="SS Kiangya">SS <i>Kiangya</i> incident</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Liaoshen_campaign" title="Liaoshen campaign">Liaoshen campaign</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right: 0.7em;"> 1948–1949</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Huaihai_campaign" title="Huaihai campaign">Huaihai campaign</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Pingjin_campaign" title="Pingjin campaign">Pingjin campaign</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right: 0.7em;"> 1949</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Taiping_(steamer)" title="Taiping (steamer)"><i>Taiping Steamer</i> Incident</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Yangtze_River_Crossing_campaign" title="Yangtze River Crossing campaign">Yangtze River Crossing campaign</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Amethyst_incident" title="Amethyst incident"><i>Amethyst</i> Incident</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Retreat_of_the_government_of_Republic_of_China_to_Taiwan" class="mw-redirect" title="Retreat of the government of Republic of China to Taiwan">ROC Government retreat to Taiwan</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Incorporation_of_Xinjiang_into_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Incorporation of Xinjiang into the People's Republic of China">PRC incorporation of Xinjiang</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right: 0.7em;"> 1949–1953</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Shanghai_(1949-1953)" title="Bombing of Shanghai (1949-1953)">Bombing of Shanghai</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right: 0.7em;"> 1950</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hainan_Island" title="Battle of Hainan Island">Hainan Island campaign</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Wanshan_Archipelago_Campaign" title="Wanshan Archipelago Campaign">Wanshan Archipelago Campaign</a><br /></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right: 0.7em;"> 1950–1958</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Kuomintang_Islamic_insurgency" title="Kuomintang Islamic insurgency">Kuomintang Islamic insurgency</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right: 0.7em;"> 1961–1972</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Project_National_Glory" title="Project National Glory">Project National Glory</a></td></tr></tbody></table> 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