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if(event.detail.gptEvent.isEmpty){document.querySelector('#lite-ad-nxr9luemwcp').classList.remove('lite-page-ad--rendered');var elem=document.querySelector("#lite-ad-nxr9luemwcp");elem && elem.classList.add('lite-page-ad--empty');}else{document.querySelector('#lite-ad-nxr9luemwcp').classList.add('lite-page-ad--rendered');var elem=document.querySelector("#lite-ad-nxr9luemwcp");elem && elem.classList.remove('lite-page-ad--empty');}}})</script></div></div></div></div><main class="lite-page__main" role="main"><section class="lite-page__content"><section class="research-detail-header-section"><span class="nova-legacy-e-badge nova-legacy-e-badge--color-green nova-legacy-e-badge--display-inline nova-legacy-e-badge--luminosity-high nova-legacy-e-badge--size-l nova-legacy-e-badge--theme-solid nova-legacy-e-badge--radius-m research-detail-header-section__badge" data-testid="research-meta-type">Conference Paper</span><span class="nova-legacy-e-badge nova-legacy-e-badge--color-green nova-legacy-e-badge--display-inline nova-legacy-e-badge--luminosity-medium nova-legacy-e-badge--size-l nova-legacy-e-badge--theme-ghost nova-legacy-e-badge--radius-m research-detail-header-section__badge">PDF Available</span><div class="research-detail-header-section__flex-container"><div class="research-detail-header-section__ie11"><h1 class="nova-legacy-e-text nova-legacy-e-text--size-xl nova-legacy-e-text--family-sans-serif nova-legacy-e-text--spacing-none nova-legacy-e-text--color-grey-900 research-detail-header-section__title">Discharge and Other Hydraulic Measurements for Characterizing the Hydraulics of Lower Congo River, July 2008</h1><div class="research-detail-header-section__metadata"><div class="nova-legacy-e-text nova-legacy-e-text--size-m nova-legacy-e-text--family-sans-serif nova-legacy-e-text--spacing-xxs nova-legacy-e-text--color-grey-700"><ul class="nova-legacy-e-list nova-legacy-e-list--size-m nova-legacy-e-list--type-inline nova-legacy-e-list--spacing-none"><li class="nova-legacy-e-list__item">August 2009</li></ul></div><div class="nova-legacy-e-text nova-legacy-e-text--size-m nova-legacy-e-text--family-sans-serif nova-legacy-e-text--spacing-xxs nova-legacy-e-text--color-grey-700"><ul class="nova-legacy-e-list nova-legacy-e-list--size-m nova-legacy-e-list--type-inline nova-legacy-e-list--spacing-none"><li class="nova-legacy-e-list__item">Conference: 33rd IAHR Congress</li><li class="nova-legacy-e-list__item">At: Vancouver, B.C., Canada</li></ul></div></div><div class="nova-legacy-e-text nova-legacy-e-text--size-m nova-legacy-e-text--family-sans-serif nova-legacy-e-text--spacing-xxs nova-legacy-e-text--color-grey-700 research-detail-author-list__label">Authors:</div><div class="nova-legacy-l-flex__item nova-legacy-l-flex nova-legacy-l-flex--gutter-m nova-legacy-l-flex--direction-column@s-up nova-legacy-l-flex--direction-row@m-up nova-legacy-l-flex--align-items-flex-start@s-up nova-legacy-l-flex--align-items-center@m-up 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nova-legacy-l-flex--gutter-m nova-legacy-l-flex--direction-column@s-up nova-legacy-l-flex--direction-row@xl-only nova-legacy-l-flex--align-items-stretch@s-up nova-legacy-l-flex--justify-content-flex-start@s-up nova-legacy-l-flex--wrap-nowrap@s-up research-detail-middle-section"><div class="nova-legacy-l-flex__item nova-legacy-l-flex__item--grow research-detail-middle-section__item" style="flex-basis:0px;flex-grow:2"><div class="nova-legacy-c-card nova-legacy-c-card--spacing-m nova-legacy-c-card--elevation-1-above"><div class="nova-legacy-c-card__header nova-legacy-c-card__header--show-divider nova-legacy-c-card__header--spacing-inherit"><h2 class="nova-legacy-e-text nova-legacy-e-text--size-l nova-legacy-e-text--family-sans-serif nova-legacy-e-text--spacing-none nova-legacy-e-text--color-grey-700">Abstract and Figures</h2></div><div class="nova-legacy-c-card__body nova-legacy-c-card__body--spacing-inherit"><div class="nova-legacy-e-text nova-legacy-e-text--size-m nova-legacy-e-text--family-sans-serif nova-legacy-e-text--spacing-none nova-legacy-e-text--color-grey-800 research-detail-middle-section__abstract" itemprop="description">The first direct measurements of discharge of the Lower Congo River below Malebo Pool and upstream from Kinganga, Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) were made in July 2008 using acoustic Doppler current profilers, differential GPS, and echo sounders. These measurements were made in support of research that is attempting to understand the distribution of fish species in the Lower Congo River and reasons for separation of species within this large river. Analyses of these measurements show that the maximum depth in the Lower Congo River was in excess of 200 m and maximum water velocities were greater than 4 m/s. The discharge measured near Luozi, DRC was 35,800 m 3 /s, and decreased slightly beginning midway through the study. Local bedrock controls seem to have a large effect on the flow in the river, even in reaches without waterfalls and rapids. Dramatic changes in bed topography are evident in transects across the river.</div><div class="js-target-figures" id="figures"><div class="nova-legacy-o-grid nova-legacy-o-grid--gutter-none nova-legacy-o-grid--order-normal nova-legacy-o-grid--horizontal-align-left nova-legacy-o-grid--vertical-align-top"><div class="nova-legacy-o-grid__column nova-legacy-o-grid__column--width-12/12@s-up"><div class="nova-legacy-c-image-strip"><div class="nova-legacy-c-image-strip__container"><div class="publication-figures-image-strip-caption__container" style="max-width:20%"><div class="nova-legacy-o-stack nova-legacy-o-stack--gutter-m nova-legacy-o-stack--spacing-none nova-legacy-o-stack--no-gutter-outside"><div class="nova-legacy-o-stack__item"><div class="nova-legacy-c-image-strip__item"><a class="nova-legacy-c-image-strip__link nova-legacy-c-image-strip__link--interactive" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220606185549/https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Location-of-ADCP-measurements-on-Lower-Congo-River-July-2008_fig1_259217716" title="Figure 1. Location of ADCP measurements on Lower Congo River, July 2008." data-testid="research-figures-item-image"><div class="nova-legacy-c-image-strip__image-container"><picture> <img data-src="https://web.archive.org/web/20220606185549/https://www.researchgate.net/profile/P-Jackson/publication/259217716/figure/fig1/AS:669552421658635@1536645145319/Location-of-ADCP-measurements-on-Lower-Congo-River-July-2008_Q320.jpg" data-srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20220606185549im_/https://www.researchgate.net/profile/P-Jackson/publication/259217716/figure/fig1/AS:669552421658635@1536645145319/Location-of-ADCP-measurements-on-Lower-Congo-River-July-2008_Q320.jpg, https://web.archive.org/web/20220606185549im_/https://www.researchgate.net/profile/P-Jackson/publication/259217716/figure/fig1/AS:669552421658635@1536645145319/Location-of-ADCP-measurements-on-Lower-Congo-River-July-2008_Q640.jpg 2x" src="data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAEAAAABCAYAAAAfFcSJAAAADUlEQVR42mN89OjNfwAJDwOxHEacwgAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==" alt="Location of ADCP measurements on Lower Congo River, July 2008." class="nova-legacy-c-image-strip__image"/></picture><div class="nova-legacy-c-image-strip__image-magnifier"><svg aria-hidden="true" class="nova-legacy-e-icon nova-legacy-e-icon--size-m nova-legacy-e-icon--theme-bare nova-legacy-e-icon--color-inherit nova-legacy-e-icon--luminosity-medium nova-legacy-c-image-strip__image-magnifier-icon"><use xlink:href="/web/20220606185549im_/https://www.researchgate.net/m/4330227016361209/images/icons/nova/icon-stack-m.svg#magnifier-m"></use></svg></div></div></a></div></div><div class="nova-legacy-o-stack__item publication-figures-image-strip-caption__label"><a class="nova-legacy-e-link nova-legacy-e-link--color-inherit nova-legacy-e-link--theme-bare" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220606185549/https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Location-of-ADCP-measurements-on-Lower-Congo-River-July-2008_fig1_259217716"><div class="nova-legacy-e-text nova-legacy-e-text--size-m nova-legacy-e-text--family-sans-serif nova-legacy-e-text--spacing-none nova-legacy-e-text--color-inherit nova-legacy-e-expandable-text nova-legacy-e-expandable-text--clamp-2"><div class="nova-legacy-e-expandable-text__container"><div>Location of ADCP measurements on Lower Congo River, July 2008.</div><div class="nova-legacy-e-expandable-text__read-more nova-legacy-e-expandable-text__read-more--hidden">… <button class="nova-legacy-e-link nova-legacy-e-link--color-inherit nova-legacy-e-link--theme-decorated" tabindex="0" type="button"></button></div></div></div></a></div></div></div><div class="publication-figures-image-strip-caption__container" style="max-width:20%"><div class="nova-legacy-o-stack nova-legacy-o-stack--gutter-m nova-legacy-o-stack--spacing-none nova-legacy-o-stack--no-gutter-outside"><div class="nova-legacy-o-stack__item"><div class="nova-legacy-c-image-strip__item"><a class="nova-legacy-c-image-strip__link nova-legacy-c-image-strip__link--interactive" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220606185549/https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Bed-slope-of-the-Lower-Congo-River-from-Kinshasa-to-the-mouth-modified-from-Robert_fig2_259217716" title="Figure 2. Bed slope of the Lower Congo River from Kinshasa to the..." data-testid="research-figures-item-image"><div class="nova-legacy-c-image-strip__image-container"><picture> <img data-src="https://web.archive.org/web/20220606185549/https://www.researchgate.net/profile/P-Jackson/publication/259217716/figure/fig2/AS:669552421646347@1536645145532/Bed-slope-of-the-Lower-Congo-River-from-Kinshasa-to-the-mouth-modified-from-Robert_Q320.jpg" data-srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20220606185549im_/https://www.researchgate.net/profile/P-Jackson/publication/259217716/figure/fig2/AS:669552421646347@1536645145532/Bed-slope-of-the-Lower-Congo-River-from-Kinshasa-to-the-mouth-modified-from-Robert_Q320.jpg, https://web.archive.org/web/20220606185549im_/https://www.researchgate.net/profile/P-Jackson/publication/259217716/figure/fig2/AS:669552421646347@1536645145532/Bed-slope-of-the-Lower-Congo-River-from-Kinshasa-to-the-mouth-modified-from-Robert_Q640.jpg 2x" src="data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAEAAAABCAYAAAAfFcSJAAAADUlEQVR42mN89OjNfwAJDwOxHEacwgAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==" alt="Bed slope of the Lower Congo River from Kinshasa to the mouth, modified from Robert (1946)." class="nova-legacy-c-image-strip__image"/></picture><div class="nova-legacy-c-image-strip__image-magnifier"><svg aria-hidden="true" class="nova-legacy-e-icon nova-legacy-e-icon--size-m nova-legacy-e-icon--theme-bare nova-legacy-e-icon--color-inherit nova-legacy-e-icon--luminosity-medium nova-legacy-c-image-strip__image-magnifier-icon"><use xlink:href="/web/20220606185549im_/https://www.researchgate.net/m/4330227016361209/images/icons/nova/icon-stack-m.svg#magnifier-m"></use></svg></div></div></a></div></div><div class="nova-legacy-o-stack__item publication-figures-image-strip-caption__label"><a class="nova-legacy-e-link nova-legacy-e-link--color-inherit nova-legacy-e-link--theme-bare" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220606185549/https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Bed-slope-of-the-Lower-Congo-River-from-Kinshasa-to-the-mouth-modified-from-Robert_fig2_259217716"><div class="nova-legacy-e-text nova-legacy-e-text--size-m nova-legacy-e-text--family-sans-serif nova-legacy-e-text--spacing-none nova-legacy-e-text--color-inherit nova-legacy-e-expandable-text nova-legacy-e-expandable-text--clamp-2"><div class="nova-legacy-e-expandable-text__container"><div>Bed slope of the Lower Congo River from Kinshasa to the mouth, modified from Robert (1946).</div><div class="nova-legacy-e-expandable-text__read-more nova-legacy-e-expandable-text__read-more--hidden">… <button class="nova-legacy-e-link nova-legacy-e-link--color-inherit nova-legacy-e-link--theme-decorated" tabindex="0" type="button"></button></div></div></div></a></div></div></div><div class="publication-figures-image-strip-caption__container" style="max-width:20%"><div class="nova-legacy-o-stack nova-legacy-o-stack--gutter-m nova-legacy-o-stack--spacing-none nova-legacy-o-stack--no-gutter-outside"><div class="nova-legacy-o-stack__item"><div class="nova-legacy-c-image-strip__item"><a class="nova-legacy-c-image-strip__link nova-legacy-c-image-strip__link--interactive" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220606185549/https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Depth-averaged-velocities-for-transects-on-the-Lower-Congo-River-at-Luozi-a-at-location_fig3_259217716" title="Figure 4. Depth-averaged velocities for transects on the Lower Congo..." data-testid="research-figures-item-image"><div class="nova-legacy-c-image-strip__image-container"><picture> <img data-src="https://web.archive.org/web/20220606185549/https://www.researchgate.net/profile/P-Jackson/publication/259217716/figure/fig3/AS:669552421662729@1536645145547/Depth-averaged-velocities-for-transects-on-the-Lower-Congo-River-at-Luozi-a-at-location_Q320.jpg" data-srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20220606185549im_/https://www.researchgate.net/profile/P-Jackson/publication/259217716/figure/fig3/AS:669552421662729@1536645145547/Depth-averaged-velocities-for-transects-on-the-Lower-Congo-River-at-Luozi-a-at-location_Q320.jpg, https://web.archive.org/web/20220606185549im_/https://www.researchgate.net/profile/P-Jackson/publication/259217716/figure/fig3/AS:669552421662729@1536645145547/Depth-averaged-velocities-for-transects-on-the-Lower-Congo-River-at-Luozi-a-at-location_Q640.jpg 2x" src="data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAEAAAABCAYAAAAfFcSJAAAADUlEQVR42mN89OjNfwAJDwOxHEacwgAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==" alt="Depth-averaged velocities for transects on the Lower Congo River at Luozi (a) at location 3 and below Luozi (b) at location 8, July 2008." class="nova-legacy-c-image-strip__image"/></picture><div class="nova-legacy-c-image-strip__image-magnifier"><svg aria-hidden="true" class="nova-legacy-e-icon nova-legacy-e-icon--size-m nova-legacy-e-icon--theme-bare nova-legacy-e-icon--color-inherit nova-legacy-e-icon--luminosity-medium nova-legacy-c-image-strip__image-magnifier-icon"><use xlink:href="/web/20220606185549im_/https://www.researchgate.net/m/4330227016361209/images/icons/nova/icon-stack-m.svg#magnifier-m"></use></svg></div></div></a></div></div><div class="nova-legacy-o-stack__item publication-figures-image-strip-caption__label"><a class="nova-legacy-e-link nova-legacy-e-link--color-inherit nova-legacy-e-link--theme-bare" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220606185549/https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Depth-averaged-velocities-for-transects-on-the-Lower-Congo-River-at-Luozi-a-at-location_fig3_259217716"><div class="nova-legacy-e-text nova-legacy-e-text--size-m nova-legacy-e-text--family-sans-serif nova-legacy-e-text--spacing-none nova-legacy-e-text--color-inherit nova-legacy-e-expandable-text nova-legacy-e-expandable-text--clamp-2"><div class="nova-legacy-e-expandable-text__container"><div>Depth-averaged velocities for transects on the Lower Congo River at Luozi (a) at location 3 and below Luozi (b) at location 8, July 2008.</div><div class="nova-legacy-e-expandable-text__read-more nova-legacy-e-expandable-text__read-more--hidden">… <button class="nova-legacy-e-link nova-legacy-e-link--color-inherit nova-legacy-e-link--theme-decorated" tabindex="0" type="button"></button></div></div></div></a></div></div></div><div class="nova-legacy-c-image-strip__item"><div class="nova-legacy-c-image-strip__placeholder"></div></div><div class="nova-legacy-c-image-strip__item"><div class="nova-legacy-c-image-strip__placeholder"></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="nova-legacy-e-text nova-legacy-e-text--size-l nova-legacy-e-text--family-sans-serif nova-legacy-e-text--spacing-xxs nova-legacy-e-text--color-grey-700 research-detail-figures-legal">Figures - uploaded by <a class="nova-legacy-e-link nova-legacy-e-link--color-inherit nova-legacy-e-link--theme-decorated" href="profile/P-Jackson">P. 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.x2f{left:684.480000pt;} } .enable-lazy-loading .pdf-viewer-page { min-height: 300px; } .enable-lazy-loading .pdf-lazy-load { display: none; transform: translateZ(0); width: 100%; } .enable-lazy-loading .display-page .pdf-lazy-load { display: flex; } </style> <script type="text/javascript"> if(("undefined"===typeof window||"onscroll"in window)&&("undefined"===typeof navigator||!/(gle|ing|ro)bot|crawl|spider/i.test(navigator.userAgent))){var a=document.querySelector(".pdf-html-reader");a&&(a.className+=" enable-lazy-loading")}; </script> <div class="pdf-page-separator"></div> <div class="pdf-viewer-page"> <div id="pf1" class="pf w0 h0" data-page-no="1"><div class="pc pc1 w0 h0"><div class="pdf-bg bi x0 y0 w1 h1" data-bg="profile/P-Jackson/publication/259217716/viewer/AS:104227158364178@1401861099994/background/1.png" style="background-size: contain;"></div><div class="t m0 x1 h2 y1 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls6 ws8">1 </div><div class="t m0 x2 h2 y2 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls6 ws8"> </div><div class="t m0 x3 h3 y3 ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls6 ws8"> </div><div class="t m0 x2 h3 y4 ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls6 ws8"> </div><div class="t m0 x4 h3 y5 ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls7 ws9">Discharge and Oth<span class="_ _0"></span>er Hydraulic Measure<span class="_ _0"></span>ments for Characteri<span class="_ _0"></span>zing the </div><div class="t m0 x5 h3 y6 ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls6 ws8">Hydraulics of Lower Congo River, July 2008 </div><div class="t m0 x6 h4 y7 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls6 ws8">Kevin Oberg<span class="fs1 ls0 v1">1</span>, John M. Shelton<span class="fs1 ls0 v1">2</span>, Ned Gardiner<span class="fs1 ls0 v1">3</span>, and P. Ryan Jackson<span class="fs1 v1">4 </span></div><div class="t m0 x3 h2 y8 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls6 ws8"> </div><div class="t m0 x2 h5 y9 ff1 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls0">1<span class="fs0 ls6 ws8 v2">Hydrologist, U.S. Geological <span class="ls7 ws9">Survey, Office of Surfac<span class="_ _0"></span>e Water, </span>1201 W. University </span></div><div class="t m0 x2 h2 ya ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls6 ws8">Ave., Suite 100, Urbana, IL 61801<span class="ls1 wsa">; </span>PH: (217) 328-9727<span class="ls1 wsa">; </span><span class="fc1 ws0">kaoberg@usgs.gov</span> </div><div class="t m0 x2 h5 yb ff1 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls0">2<span class="fs0 ls6 ws8 v2">Hydrologist, U.S. Geological Survey, SC Water Science <span class="ls7 ws1">Center</span>; <span class="fc1 ws0">jmshelto@usgs.gov</span> </span></div><div class="t m0 x2 h5 yc ff1 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls0">3<span class="fs0 ls7 ws9 v2">Research Associate, Am<span class="_ _0"></span>erican Museum of<span class="_ _0"></span> Natural History<span class="ls6 ws8">; <span class="fc1 ws0">egardiner@amnh.org</span> </span></span></div><div class="t m0 x2 h5 yd ff1 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls0">4<span class="fs0 ls6 ws8 v2">Hydrologist, U.S. Geological Survey, IL <span class="ls7 ws9">Water Science Center</span>; <span class="fc1 ws0">pjackson@usgs.gov</span> </span></div><div class="t m0 x2 h3 ye ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws2">ABSTRACT<span class="ls6 ws8"> </span></div><div class="t m0 x2 h2 yf ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls7 ws9">The <span class="ls9 wsb">first </span>direct <span class="ls6 ws8">measurements of discharge of the Lower Congo River below Malebo </span></div><div class="t m0 x2 h2 y10 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls6 ws8">Pool and upstream <span class="wsc">from Kinganga, <span class="ls7 ws9">Democratic Republic of Cong<span class="_ _0"></span>o</span></span><span class="ls2"> <span class="ls4 ws3">(DRC)</span> <span class="ls7 ws9">were made </span></span></div><div class="t m0 x2 h2 y11 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls6 ws8">in July 2008 using <span class="ls7 ws9">acoustic Doppler cu<span class="_ _0"></span>rrent profilers</span>, <span class="ls1 wsa">differential <span class="ls3 ws4">GPS</span></span>, and echo </div><div class="t m0 x2 h2 y12 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls6 ws8">sounders. These measurements we<span class="ls1 wsa">re made in support of researc<span class="_ _1"></span>h that is attempting to </span></div><div class="t m0 x2 h2 y13 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls6 ws8">understand the distribution of fish species in the Lower Congo <span class="ls7 ws9">River </span>and reasons for </div><div class="t m0 x2 h2 y14 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls7 ws9">separation of species<span class="_ _0"></span> with<span class="ls1 ws5">in<span class="ls6 ws8"> </span></span>this large riv<span class="_ _0"></span>er. Analyses <span class="ls6 ws8">of these measurements show </span></div><div class="t m0 x2 h2 y15 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls1 wsa">that <span class="ls6 ws8">the maximum depth in the Lower Congo River was in excess of 200 m and </span></div><div class="t m0 x2 h2 y16 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls1 wsa">maximum <span class="ls7 ws9">water velocities were gr<span class="_ _0"></span>eater than </span>4 m/s<span class="ls6 ws8">. <span class="ls7 ws9">The dischar<span class="_ _0"></span>ge measured near </span></span></div><div class="t m0 x2 h4 y17 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls6 ws8">Luozi, <span class="ls4 ws3">DRC</span> was 35,800 m<span class="fs1 ls0 v1">3</span>/s, and <span class="ls7 ws9">decreased slightly </span>beginning midway through the </div><div class="t m0 x2 h2 y18 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls6 ws8">study. Local bedrock controls seem to have a large <span class="ls7 ws1">effect</span> on the flow in the river, </div><div class="t m0 x2 h2 y19 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls6 ws8">even in reaches without waterfalls and rapids. Dramatic changes in bed topography </div><div class="t m0 x2 h2 y1a ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls7 ws9">are evident in transect<span class="_ _0"></span>s across the rive<span class="_ _0"></span>r<span class="ls6 ws8">. </span></div><div class="t m0 x2 h3 y1b ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws2">INTRODUCTION<span class="ls6 ws8"> </span></div><div class="t m0 x2 h2 y1c ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls1 wsa">The Congo River stretches from the<span class="_ _1"></span> Great Rift Valley in eastern Afric<span class="_ _1"></span>a to the Atlantic </div><div class="t m0 x2 h4 y1d ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls6 ws8">Ocean in the west and has a drainage basin 3.8 million km<span class="fs1 ls0 v1">2</span><span class="v0">. It is the second longest </span></div><div class="t m0 x2 h2 y1e ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls7 ws9">river in Africa and is t<span class="_ _0"></span>he second largest<span class="_ _0"></span> river in the world as<span class="_ _0"></span> measured by dis<span class="_ _0"></span>charge. </div><div class="t m0 x2 h2 y1f ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls6 ws8">The Congo River basin is home to one of the largest intact rain forests in <span class="ls1 wsa">the world</span>, <span class="ls5 wsd">is </span></div><div class="t m0 x2 h2 y20 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls6 ws8">one of the world’s most biologically diverse river systems, and an important </div><div class="t m0 x2 h2 y21 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls6 ws8">freshwater supply for millions of people in central Africa. </div><div class="t m0 x2 h2 y22 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls6 ws8">The American Museum of Natural History <span class="ls8 wse">(AMNH) <span class="ls1 wsa">is leading a major taxonomic </span></span></div><div class="t m0 x2 h2 y23 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls1 wsa">collection effort in the <span class="lsa ws6">Low<span class="ls6 ws8">er Congo River. As a part of this work, m<span class="ls7 ws9">ore than </span>300 </span></span></div><div class="t m0 x2 h2 y24 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls7 ws9">species of fish<span class="ls6 ws8"> </span>have be<span class="_ _0"></span>en identified<span class="ls6 ws8">, 30% of which are found nowhere else on the </span></div><div class="t m0 x2 h2 y25 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls6 ws8">planet. <span class="lsb wsf">This <span class="ls1 wsa">large diversity may <span class="ls7 ws9">be caused by <span class="ls9 wsb">the river’s </span></span></span></span><span class="wsc">unique geology, </span></div><div class="t m0 x2 h2 y26 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls6 ws0">geomorphology<span class="wsc">, and <span class="ws8">hydraulic conditions. A<span class="ls5 wsd">nalysis <span class="ls7 ws9">of fish tissues collecte<span class="_ _0"></span>d between </span></span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x2 h2 y27 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls6 ws8">2006 and 2008 shows <span class="ls1 wsa">that morphologically similar fishes </span>f<span class="_ _1"></span>ound in <span class="ls7 ws9">close <span class="ls1 wsa">proximity </span></span></div><div class="t m0 x2 h2 y28 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls7 ws9">are geneticall<span class="_ _0"></span>y distinct<span class="ls6 ws8">, <span class="ls1 ws5">impl<span class="lsc ws7">yin<span class="_ _0"></span>g</span></span> lon<span class="_ _0"></span>g-term separation of fish populations <span class="ls5 wsd">(Stiassny, </span></span></div><div class="t m0 x2 h2 y29 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls6 ws8">M., <span class="ls8 ws2">AMNH,</span> 2008, written comm.). <span class="ls7 ws10">For example, </span>on north and south banks of the </div><div class="t m0 x2 h2 y2a ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls6 ws8">Lower Congo River just below Malebo Pool, <span class="ls1 wsa">collections </span>within the genus </div><div class="t m0 x2 h2 y2b ff3 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls6 ws0">Teleogramma<span class="ff1 ws8"> are clearly separable on the basis of mitochondrial DNA (Schelly, R., </span></div><div class="t m0 x2 h2 y2c ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls8 wse">AMNH, <span class="ls6 ws8">2009, <span class="ls1 wsa">written comm.</span>). Although they subsist within a few hundred <span class="ls7 ws9">meters of </span></span></div><div class="t m0 x2 h2 y2d ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls6 ws8">one another, the two <span class="ls7 ws1">lineages</span> apparently <span class="ls7 ws9">exchange <span class="ls5 wsd">less </span></span>than one individual per three </div><a class="l" href="deref/mailto%3Akaoberg%40usgs.gov"><div class="d m1" style="border-style:none;position:absolute;left:596.856830px;bottom:947.347745px;width:96.539000px;height:13.799000px;background-color:rgba(255,255,255,0.000001);"></div></a><a class="l" href="deref/mailto%3Ajmshelto%40usgs.gov"><div class="d m1" style="border-style:none;position:absolute;left:661.397516px;bottom:925.252908px;width:99.222000px;height:13.798000px;background-color:rgba(255,255,255,0.000001);"></div></a><a class="l" href="deref/mailto%3Aegardiner%40amnh.org"><div class="d m1" style="border-style:none;position:absolute;left:625.067059px;bottom:903.156471px;width:106.512000px;height:13.799000px;background-color:rgba(255,255,255,0.000001);"></div></a><a class="l" href="deref/mailto%3Apjackson%40usgs.gov"><div class="d m1" style="border-style:none;position:absolute;left:656.029935px;bottom:881.060033px;width:100.547000px;height:13.799000px;background-color:rgba(255,255,255,0.000001);"></div></a></div><div class="pi" data-data="{"ctm":[1.601307,0.000000,0.000000,1.601307,0.000000,0.000000]}"></div></div> </div> <div class="rg-wayPoint" data-track-url="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/track/consume-asset?pid=259217716&lid=0deec52a76adc9d32e000000&fp=611958f753da78d0e5c2a37ee30d167ea3c9b7bc"></div> <div class="pdf-page-separator"></div> <div class="pdf-viewer-page js-lazy-load-page" data-lazy-batch="1"> <div class="pdf-lazy-load"> <div id="pf2" class="pf w0 h0" data-page-no="2"><div class="pc pc2 w0 h0"><div class="pdf-bg bi x2 y2e w2 h6 lazyload" data-bg="profile/P-Jackson/publication/259217716/viewer/AS:104227158364178@1401861099994/background/2.png" style="background-size: contain;"></div><div class="t m0 x1 h2 y1 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls6 ws8">2 </div><div class="t m0 x2 h2 y2 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls6 ws8"> </div><div class="t m0 x2 h2 y2f ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls7 ws1">generations<span class="ls6 ws8">. This </span><span class="ws9">separat<span class="_ _0"></span>ion of species <span class="ls6 ws8">ma<span class="_ _0"></span>y be caused by hydraulic conditions </span></span></div><div class="t m0 x2 h2 y30 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls7 ws9">between collection l<span class="_ _0"></span>ocations <span class="ls6 ws8">which prevent movement of fishes across the channel. </span></div><div class="t m0 x2 h2 y31 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls7 ws9">As a result, i<span class="ls1 wsa">t is important to </span>collect and anal<span class="_ _0"></span>yze data on the h<span class="_ _0"></span>ydraulics in the <span class="ls6 ws0">L</span>ower </div><div class="t m0 x2 h2 y32 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls6 ws8">Congo River in order to understand <span class="ls7 ws9">causes for species isol<span class="_ _0"></span>ation.</span> </div><div class="t m0 x2 h2 y33 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls1 wsa">Despite its geologic, geomorphic, bi<span class="_ _1"></span>ologic, and economic signific<span class="_ _1"></span>ance, there is little </div><div class="t m0 x2 h2 y34 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls7 ws9">basic hydrologic and h<span class="_ _0"></span>ydraulic data avai<span class="_ _0"></span>lable for the <span class="_ _0"></span><span class="ls6 ws0">L</span>ower <span class="ls6 ws8">Congo River. In July </span></div><div class="t m0 x2 h2 y35 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls6 ws8">2008, a synoptic survey of a reach of the Lower Congo River below Malebo Pool and </div><div class="t m0 x2 h2 y36 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls6 ws0">upstr<span class="ls7 ws9">eam of <span class="lsd ws11">Kinga</span></span><span class="ws8">n<span class="_ _0"></span>ga, DRC <span class="ls7 ws9">was made. </span>The objectives for this synoptic survey were </span></div><div class="t m0 x2 h2 y37 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls9 wsb">(1) <span class="ls6 ws8">to <span class="ls7 ws9">make direct measu<span class="_ _0"></span>rements of dischar<span class="_ _0"></span>ge in this reach, (2<span class="_ _0"></span>) </span>to provide information </span></div><div class="t m0 x2 h2 y38 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls7 ws9">that would help rese<span class="_ _0"></span>archers begin to cha<span class="_ _0"></span>racterize the <span class="ls6 ws8">velocity distributions in the </span></div><div class="t m0 x2 h2 y39 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls7 ws1">river<span class="ls6 ws8">, and <span class="ls9 wsb">(3) </span>to document geomorphic and hydraulic features that may be related to </span></div><div class="t m0 x2 h2 y3a ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls6 ws8">patterns of freshwater fish biodiversity observed in the L<span class="ls7 ws9">ower </span>Congo River. <span class="ls7 ws9">The </span></div><div class="t m0 x2 h2 y3b ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls7 ws9">work was accomplishe<span class="_ _0"></span>d by a team of resea<span class="_ _0"></span>rchers, includi<span class="_ _0"></span>ng staff from the Amer<span class="_ _0"></span>ican </div><div class="t m0 x2 h2 y3c ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls6 ws8">Museum of Natural History, the U.S. Geological Survey <span class="ls8 ws2">(USGS)</span>, the University of </div><div class="t m0 x2 h2 y3d ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls6 ws8">Kinshasa, and <span class="ls7 ws9">the Universit<span class="_ _0"></span>y of Marien Ngouabi (Brazz<span class="_ _0"></span>aville)</span>. </div><div class="t m0 x2 h2 y3e ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls6 ws8">The purpose of this paper is to describe the study reach, the methods and instruments </div><div class="t m0 x2 h2 y3f ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls6 ws8">used in the synoptic survey <span class="ls7 ws9">of the Lower C</span>ongo River, and present some selected, </div><div class="t m0 x2 h2 y40 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls1 wsa">preliminary results of th<span class="ls6 ws8">e survey. The synoptic survey described herein was </span></div><div class="t m0 x2 h2 y41 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls6 ws8">conducted <span class="ls9 wsb">from </span>below Malebo Pool to a point in the river <span class="ls7 ws9">about half way bet<span class="_ _0"></span>ween </span></div><div class="t m0 x2 h2 y42 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls6 ws8">Kinganga <span class="wsc">and Luozi</span>, Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC). <span class="ls7 ws9">The </span>focus of this paper </div><div class="t m0 x2 h2 y43 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls6 ws8">is to document the discharges measured during the synoptic <span class="ls9 ws12">survey</span>; however, </div><div class="t m0 x2 h2 y44 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls5">s<span class="ls7 ws9">elected results of vel<span class="_ _0"></span>ocity and bath<span class="_ _0"></span>ymetry measurement<span class="_ _0"></span>s are also presente<span class="_ _0"></span>d. </span><span class="ls6 ws8"> </span></div><div class="t m0 x2 h3 y45 ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls8 wse">STUDY AREA<span class="ls6 ws8"> </span></div><div class="t m0 x2 h2 y46 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls7 ws9">There is some evidence t<span class="_ _0"></span>hat the Congo Rive<span class="_ _0"></span>r was once a closed ba<span class="_ _0"></span>sin.<span class="ls6 ws8"> At some point </span></div><div class="t m0 x2 h2 y47 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls1 wsa">it began to flow into the Atlantic O<span class="_ _1"></span>cean<span class="ls6 ws8">, <span class="ls7 ws10">however t</span></span>he mechanism and timing of this is </div><div class="t m0 x2 h2 y48 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls6 ws8">in dispute (Runge, 2008). Regardless, <span class="ls9 wsb">the river u<span class="ls7 ws9">pstream </span>from </span>Kinshas<span class="_ _0"></span>a, the <span class="ls7 ws9">capital of </span></div><div class="t m0 x2 h2 y49 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls7 ws9">the <span class="ls4 ws3">DRC<span class="ls6 ws8"> </span></span>and Brazzavill<span class="_ _0"></span>e<span class="ls6 ws8">, the </span>capital of the <span class="ls6 ws8">Republic of Congo <span class="ls4 ws3">(RC)</span>, <span class="ls1 wsa">is quite different </span></span></div><div class="t m0 x2 h2 y4a ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls7 ws9">than the river below t<span class="_ _0"></span>hese cities. The <span class="ls6 ws8">Malebo Poo<span class="_ _0"></span>l, </span>located upstream <span class="ls9 ws12">from<span class="_ _0"></span><span class="ls2 ws8"> </span></span>Kinshasa </div><div class="t m0 x2 h2 y4b ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls7 ws9">and Brazzaville<span class="ls6 ws8"> <span class="lsd wsc">(<span class="_ _0"></span>Fig. 1)</span>, <span class="_ _0"></span>is as wide as 24 km in places and may be </span><span class="ws10">a remnant <span class="ls6 ws8">of the </span></span></div><div class="t m0 x2 h2 y4c ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls6 ws8">once landlocked basin. The Malebo Pool forms <span class="ls7 ws9">the </span>downstream end of the Middle </div><div class="t m0 x2 h2 y4d ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls6 ws8">Congo River. </div><div class="t m0 x7 h3 y4e ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls6 ws8">Figure 1. Location of ADCP measurements on Lower Congo River, July 2008. </div></div><div class="pi" data-data="{"ctm":[1.601307,0.000000,0.000000,1.601307,0.000000,0.000000]}"></div></div> </div> </div> <div class="pdf-page-separator"></div> <div class="pdf-viewer-page js-lazy-load-page" data-lazy-batch="1"> <div class="pdf-lazy-load"> <div id="pf3" class="pf w0 h0" data-page-no="3"><div class="pc pc3 w0 h0"><div class="pdf-bg bi x8 y4f w3 h7 lazyload" data-bg="profile/P-Jackson/publication/259217716/viewer/AS:104227158364178@1401861099994/background/3.png" style="background-size: contain;"></div><div class="t m0 x1 h2 y1 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls6 ws8">3 </div><div class="t m0 x2 h2 y2 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls6 ws8"> </div><div class="t m0 x2 h2 y2f ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls6 ws8">The Lower Congo River drops 280 m in 350 km between Kinshasa and the Atlantic </div><div class="t m0 x2 h2 y30 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls7 ws1">Ocean<span class="ls2 ws8"> <span class="lsd ws11">(Fig.</span><span class="ls6">2). <span class="_ _0"></span>In the first 130 km below Malebo Pool are a series of </span></span><span class="ws9">extreme rapids </span></div><div class="t m0 x2 h2 y31 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls6 ws8">that no one had successfully descended and documented until 2008. <span class="ls7 ws9">Nearer to the </span></div><div class="t m0 x2 h2 y32 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls7 ws9">mouth are Matadi and <span class="_ _0"></span>Boma, the largest tradi<span class="_ _0"></span>ng cities for the<span class="_ _0"></span> DRC. Matadi and </div><div class="t m0 x2 h2 y50 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls6 ws8">Boma are located 134 km and 100 km upstream <span class="ls9 wsb">from </span>the mouth, <span class="ls7 ws9">respectivel<span class="_ _0"></span>y. The </span></div><div class="t m0 x2 h2 y51 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls9 ws12">riv<span class="ls6 ws8">er is not navigable <span class="ls7 ws9">between Matadi and K<span class="_ _0"></span>inganga because of t<span class="_ _0"></span>he steep bed slope<span class="_ _0"></span> </span></span></div><div class="t m0 x2 h2 y52 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls6 ws8">and numerous rapids and waterfalls. The channel is primarily bedrock, but there are </div><div class="t m0 x2 h2 y53 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls7 ws9">some areas with <span class="ls6 ws8">substantial alluvial deposits. <span class="_ _0"></span>In addition to the steep bed slope in the </span></div><div class="t m0 x2 h2 y54 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls9 ws12">fi<span class="ls6 ws8">rst 130 km below Malebo Pool, the river is characterized by many channel </span></div><div class="t m0 x2 h2 y55 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls6 ws8">expansions and contractions. </div><div class="t m0 x9 h8 y56 ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls6 ws8"> </div><div class="t m0 xa h3 y57 ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls7 ws9">Figure <span class="ls6 ws8">2. Bed slope of the Lower Congo River from Kinshasa to the mouth, </span></div><div class="t m0 xb h3 y58 ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls7 ws9">modified from Rober<span class="_ _0"></span>t <span class="ls6 ws8">(1946). </span></div><div class="t m0 x2 h2 y59 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls7 ws9">The mean annual discha<span class="_ _0"></span>rge of the Lower Con<span class="_ _0"></span>go <span class="ls6 ws8">River at Kinshasa, measured from </span></div><div class="t m0 x2 h4 y5a ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls6 ws8">1932 to 1959, is 46,200 m<span class="fs1 ls0 v1">3</span>/s and the highest recorded discharge at this same location </div><div class="t m0 x2 h4 y5b ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls6 ws8">is 64,900 m<span class="fs1 ls0 v1">3</span><span class="ls5 wsd">/s </span>(Runge, 2008<span class="ls9 wsb">). </span>According to Runge (2008), “Hydrological data on the </div><div class="t m0 x2 h2 y5c ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls6 ws8">Congo River are often limited to documents that date back to the colonial times and </div><div class="t m0 x2 h2 y5d ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls6 ws8">for a brief period after that … Many Congolese gauging stations, mainly those in </div><div class="t m0 x2 h2 y5e ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls7 ws9">rural areas, were abando<span class="_ _0"></span>ned after independ<span class="_ _0"></span>ence.” More re<span class="_ _0"></span>cent, satellite<span class="ls6 ws8">-derived </span></div><div class="t m0 x2 h2 y5f ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls7 ws9">estimates have indicat<span class="_ _0"></span>ed that the river c<span class="_ _0"></span>an be very deep (gr<span class="_ _0"></span>eate<span class="ls6 ws8">r than 100 m), and that </span></div><div class="t m0 x2 h2 y60 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls7 ws9">velocity may be in ex<span class="_ _0"></span>cess of 7 m<span class="ls1 ws5">/s<span class="ls6 ws8">, suggesting extreme hydraulic conditions. </span><span class="wsa">Field </span></span></div><div class="t m0 x2 h2 y61 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls6 ws8">data collected in 2007 with an inexpensive echo sounder and a Price AA current </div><div class="t m0 x2 h2 y62 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls6 ws8">meter confirmed depths <span class="ls7 ws9">in excess of</span> 70 m and measured velocities in e<span class="ls7 ws9">xcess<span class="_ _0"></span> of 5 m/s</span> </div><div class="t m0 x2 h2 y63 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls6 wsc">(Bjerklie, D., <span class="ls8 wse">USGS, </span><span class="ws8">2008, written comm.). The flow in this reach is unregulated and </span></div><div class="t m0 x2 h2 y64 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls1 wsa">is subject to seasonable fluctua<span class="_ _1"></span>tions largely driven by the tropi<span class="_ _1"></span>cal climate of central </div><div class="t m0 x2 h2 y65 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls7 ws9">Africa. <span class="ls6 ws8"> </span></div><div class="t m0 x2 h3 y66 ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws2">APPROACH<span class="ls2 ws8"> </span><span class="wse">FOR CHARACTERIZING THE HYDRAUL<span class="_ _0"></span>ICS OF THE<span class="ls6 ws8"> </span></span></div><div class="t m0 x2 h3 y67 ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls8 wse">LOWER CONGO RIVER<span class="ls6 ws8"> </span></div><div class="t m0 x2 h2 y68 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls6 ws8">A synoptic survey of the Lower Congo River was conducted from just below Malebo </div><div class="t m0 x2 h2 y69 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls6 ws8">Pool to a point about half way between Kinganga <span class="wsc">and Luozi, <span class="ws0">D<span class="ls4">RC</span></span></span>. A team of </div><div class="t m0 x2 h2 y6a ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls6 ws8">kayakers equipped with an echo sounder an<span class="ls1 wsa">d a differential Global Positioning<span class="_ _1"></span> System </span></div><div class="t m0 x2 h2 y6b ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls6 ws8">(dGPS) surveyed the first 130 km of this reach through the series of rapids below </div><div class="t m0 x2 h2 y6c ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls6 ws8">Malebo Pool. Another team made a more detailed survey of the reach between Pioka, </div><div class="t m0 x2 h2 y6d ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls4 ws13">DRC <span class="ls6 ws8">and the end of the study reach. </span></div></div><div class="pi" data-data="{"ctm":[1.601307,0.000000,0.000000,1.601307,0.000000,0.000000]}"></div></div> </div> </div> <div class="pdf-page-separator"></div> <div class="pdf-viewer-page js-lazy-load-page" data-lazy-batch="2"> <div class="pdf-lazy-load"> <div id="pf4" class="pf w0 h0" data-page-no="4"><div class="pc pc4 w0 h0"><div class="pdf-bg bi x2 y6e w4 h9 lazyload" data-bg="profile/P-Jackson/publication/259217716/viewer/AS:104227158364178@1401861099994/background/4.png" style="background-size: contain;"></div><div class="t m0 x1 h2 y1 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls6 ws8">4 </div><div class="t m0 x2 h2 y2 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls6 ws8"> </div><div class="t m0 x2 h2 y2f ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls8 wse">A <span class="ls1 ws5">single<span class="ls6 ws0">-</span><span class="wsa">line longitudinal bathyme<span class="_ _1"></span>tric survey from Malebo Pool to Pioka <span class="ls7 ws9">was made </span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x2 h4 y30 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls6 ws8">by a team of kayakers. <span class="ls8 wse">A </span>kayak <span class="ls7 ws9">was <span class="ls1 wsa">outfitted with a Trimble</span></span><span class="fs1 v1">1</span></div><div class="t m0 x2 h2 y6f ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls7 ws9">Discharge measurem<span class="_ _0"></span>ents were made at <span class="ls6 ws8">nine locations shown on Fig. 1 <span class="ls9 wsb">from<span class="_ _0"></span> Pioka </span></span></div><div class="t m0 x2 h2 y70 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls6 ws8">(Map ID 1) to below Luozi (Map ID 9). The measured discharges ranged from </div><div class="t m0 xc h2 y30 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls6 ws8"> AgGPS 132 dGPS, <span class="ls7 ws9">a </span></div><div class="t m0 x2 h2 y31 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls6 ws8">200 kHz <span class="ls7 ws9">Lowrance <span class="lsf ws14">LCX<span class="_ _0"></span></span></span><span class="ws0">-<span class="ls1 wsa">15MT digital </span></span>echo sounder, and an RS-232 datalogger. The </div><div class="t m0 x2 h2 y32 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls6 ws8">dGPS was configured to obtain differential corrections via the OmniStar subscription </div><div class="t m0 x2 h2 y50 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls7 ws9">service available fo<span class="_ _0"></span>r <span class="ls6 ws0">c</span>entral <span class="ls9 wsb">Africa. </span>The t<span class="_ _0"></span>eam of <span class="ls10 ws16">kayakers </span>was also <span class="ls1 wsa">outfitted with </span></div><div class="t m0 x2 h2 y51 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls7 ws9">video recorders and s<span class="_ _0"></span>ome limited water<span class="ls6 ws8">-qu<span class="_ _0"></span>ality sampling supplies. The kayakers put </span></div><div class="t m0 x2 h2 y52 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls6 ws8">in just below the Malebo Pool <span class="ls7 ws9">near </span>Kinshasa and traveled approximately 130 km </div><div class="t m0 x2 h2 y53 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls6 ws8">downstream in 5 days. The data recorded for this survey consist of a record of </div><div class="t m0 x2 h2 y54 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls6 ws8">position and depth at every point along the route taken by the kayak equipped with </div><div class="t m0 x2 h2 y55 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls7 ws9">the <span class="ls6 ws8">echo sounder and dGPS<span class="ls1 wsa">. No attempt was made to map the bathyme<span class="_ _1"></span>try of the </span></span></div><div class="t m0 x2 h2 y71 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls7 ws1">channel<span class="ls6 ws8"> from bank to bank using kayaks. </span></div><div class="t m0 x2 h2 y3a ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls6 ws8">Acoustic Doppler current profilers (ADCPs), dGPS receivers, echo sounders, multi-</div><div class="t m0 x2 h2 y3b ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls7 ws9">parameter water<span class="ls6 ws0">-</span>qual<span class="_ _0"></span>ity meters, and a wat<span class="_ _0"></span>er<span class="ls6 ws8">-quality </span><span class="ws1">sampler<span class="ls2 ws8"> </span></span>were used t<span class="_ _0"></span>o make </div><div class="t m0 x2 h2 y3c ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls6 ws8">hydraulic and <span class="ls7 ws1">water</span><span class="ws0">-q<span class="ls7 ws9">uality measur<span class="_ _0"></span>ements </span></span>in the reach from below the Pioka to about </div><div class="t m0 x2 h2 y3d ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls6 ws8">half way between Luozi and Kinganga, DRC (Fig. 1). In order to measure in a </div><div class="t m0 x2 h2 y72 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls6 ws8">variety of conditions expected in the Lower Congo River, three different ADCPs </div><div class="t m0 x2 h2 y73 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls7 ws9">were used<span class="ls6 ws8">, a 1200 kHz and a 600 kHz T<span class="wsc">eledyne RD Instruments (TRDI) Rio Grande </span></span></div><div class="t m0 x2 h2 y74 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls6 ws8">ADCP, and <span class="ls7 ws9">a </span>300 kHz <span class="ls11 ws17">TRD<span class="_ _0"></span>I </span>Workhorse ADCP. </div><div class="t m0 x2 h2 y41 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls6 ws8">A dug-out canoe equipped with an outboard motor, known as a pirogue, was used </div><div class="t m0 x2 h2 y42 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls6 ws8">both for transport between sites and for ADCP surveys. The ADCPs were mounted </div><div class="t m0 x2 h2 y43 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls7 ws9">in a tethered catama<span class="_ _0"></span>ran that <span class="ls1 wsa">was attached to the boat via a line. Position informa<span class="_ _1"></span>tion </span></div><div class="t m0 x2 h2 y44 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls6 ws8">was obtained using <span class="ls1 wsa">the Trimble d<span class="ls7 ws9">GPS receiver with the Omni<span class="_ _0"></span>Star service</span></span>. <span class="ls7 ws9">The </span></div><div class="t m0 x2 h2 y75 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls8 wse">ADCP <span class="ls6 ws8">was used to measure profiles of velocity and backscatter, along with depths </span></div><div class="t m0 x2 h2 y76 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls6 ws8">from each of the four ADCP beams. <span class="ls7 ws9">These </span>data and the external echo sounder <span class="ls7 ws9">data </span></div><div class="t m0 x2 h2 y77 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls7 ws9">were <span class="ls6 ws8">synchronized <span class="ls1 wsa">in real time with </span>d<span class="ls3 ws18">GPS data</span> <span class="ls9 wsb">via TRDI’s WinRiver II software</span>. </span></div><div class="t m0 x2 h2 y78 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls6 ws8">Prior to the field work, 10 locations along the river <span class="ls7 ws9">were </span>randomly chosen <span class="ls7 ws9">for data </span></div><div class="t m0 x2 h2 y79 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls7 ws9">collection. Locations<span class="_ _0"></span> were rejected if the<span class="_ _0"></span>y were inaccessi<span class="_ _0"></span>ble due to large rapi<span class="_ _0"></span>ds or if </div><div class="t m0 x2 h2 y7a ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls6 ws8">they were deemed inordinately difficult to measure due to logistics and coordination </div><div class="t m0 x2 h2 y7b ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls1 wsa">with ichthyology teams. <span class="ls7 ws9">At each site, the discharge <span class="ls9 wsb">of the rive<span class="_ _0"></span>r </span><span class="ws1">was<span class="ls6 ws8"> measured using </span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x2 h2 y7c ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls6 ws8">procedures outlined in Oberg <span class="ls7 ws9">et al. </span>(2005). If possible, additional measurements of </div><div class="t m0 x2 h2 y7d ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls7 ws9">velocity were to <span class="ls6 ws8">be made using procedures described <span class="ls12 ws19">b<span class="_ _0"></span>y </span>Dinehart and Burau (2005). </span></div><div class="t m0 x2 h2 y7e ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls1 wsa">At sites of particular interest, m<span class="_ _1"></span>ore detailed velocity and bathy<span class="_ _1"></span>metry m<span class="ls6 ws8">apping <span class="ls7 ws9">were to </span></span></div><div class="t m0 x2 h2 y7f ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls6 ws8">take place, based on the flow conditions and depths observed. </div><div class="t m0 x2 h3 y80 ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls4 ws13">RESULTS OF SELECTED <span class="ls8 wse">HYDRAULIC MEASU</span><span class="ws3">REMENTS<span class="ls6 ws8"> </span></span></div><div class="t m0 x2 h2 y81 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls7 ws9">Measurements made b<span class="_ _0"></span>y the kayak team from<span class="_ _0"></span> the reach between M<span class="_ _0"></span>alebo Pool and </div><div class="t m0 x2 h2 y82 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls6 ws8">Pioka are presently (2009) being analyzed but <span class="ls1 wsa">initial analyses </span>indicate depths in </div><div class="t m0 x2 h2 y83 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls7 ws9">excess of<span class="ls6 ws8"> 220 m in one </span>reach of the <span class="_ _0"></span><span class="ls9 wsb">river. <span class="ls6 ws8">Although hundreds of measurements </span></span>were </div><div class="t m0 x2 h2 y84 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls7 ws1">made<span class="ls6 ws8">, they </span><span class="ws9">are being <span class="ls9 ws12">veri<span class="_ _0"></span>fied<span class="ls6 ws8"> </span></span>because these dat<span class="_ _0"></span>a<span class="ls6 ws8"> may indicate that the Lower Congo </span></span></div><div class="t m0 x2 h2 y85 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls6 ws8">River is the deepest river on Earth. </div><div class="t m0 x2 h2 y86 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls6 ws8"> </div><div class="t m0 x2 ha y87 ff1 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls6 ws15">1<span class="fs4 lse ws8 v3"> <span class="ls13 ws1a">Any use of trade, pro<span class="_ _1"></span>duct, or firm<span class="_ _1"></span> names in this document<span class="_ _1"></span> is for descriptive<span class="_ _1"></span> purposes only and does<span class="_ _1"></span> </span></span></div><div class="t m0 x2 hb y88 ff1 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls13 ws1a">not imply endorsem<span class="_ _1"></span>ent by the U.S. Gove<span class="_ _1"></span>rnment.<span class="ls6 ws8"> </span></div><a class="l" href="publication/259217716_Discharge_and_Other_Hydraulic_Measurements_for_Characterizing_the_Hydraulics_of_Lower_Congo_River_July_2008#pf4" data-dest-detail="[4,"XYZ",0,95,null]"><div class="d m1" style="border-style:none;position:absolute;left:631.043137px;bottom:1118.436209px;width:4.020000px;height:10.564000px;background-color:rgba(255,255,255,0.000001);"></div></a></div><div class="pi" data-data="{"ctm":[1.601307,0.000000,0.000000,1.601307,0.000000,0.000000]}"></div></div> </div> </div> <div class="pdf-page-separator"></div> <div class="pdf-viewer-page js-lazy-load-page" data-lazy-batch="2"> <div class="pdf-lazy-load"> <div id="pf5" class="pf w0 h0" data-page-no="5"><div class="pc pc5 w0 h0"><div class="pdf-bg bi x2 y89 w5 hc lazyload" data-bg="profile/P-Jackson/publication/259217716/viewer/AS:104227158364178@1401861099994/background/5.png" style="background-size: contain;"></div><div class="t m0 x1 h2 y1 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls6 ws8">5 </div><div class="t m0 x2 h2 y2 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls6 ws8"> </div><div class="t m0 x2 h4 y2f ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls6 ws8">30,600 m<span class="fs1 ls0 v1">3</span><span class="ls1 wsa">/s to</span> 36,800 m<span class="fs1 ws1b v1">3</span>/s and <span class="ls7 ws9">tended to decrease bet<span class="_ _0"></span>ween</span> <span class="ls12 ws19">Jul<span class="_ _0"></span>y </span>9 – 13, 2009 <span class="ls7 ws9">(table </span></div><div class="t m0 x2 h2 y30 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls6 ws8">1). The discharge measurement with the deepest measured depth (118 m) and the </div><div class="t m0 x2 h4 y31 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls7 ws9">largest cross<span class="ls6 ws8">-sectional area (110,000 m<span class="fs1 ls0 v1">2</span>) was near Pioka; <span class="ls1 wsa">just below the last major </span></span></div><div class="t m0 x2 h2 y32 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls7 ws1">rapid<span class="ls6 ws8">s above Luozi. The </span>cross<span class="ls6 ws0">-</span><span class="ws9">sectiona<span class="_ _0"></span>l area<span class="ls6 ws8"> </span></span>there<span class="ls6 ws8"> is approximatel<span class="_ _0"></span>y double that of </span></div><div class="t m0 x2 h2 y50 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls7 ws9">the largest measurem<span class="_ _0"></span>ent section downs<span class="_ _0"></span>tream. From Pioka<span class="_ _0"></span>, the cross<span class="ls6 ws0">-</span>sectiona<span class="_ _0"></span>l area </div><div class="t m0 x2 h2 y51 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls7 ws9">steadily decreases unt<span class="_ _0"></span>il the Bulu reach <span class="_ _0"></span>(locations 4<span class="ls6 ws8">-7) and below. </span></div><div class="t m0 x7 h3 y8a ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls7 ws9">Table <span class="ls6 ws8">1. Summary of discharge measurements, Lower Congo River, July 2008 </span></div><div class="t m0 xd h3 y8b ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls6 ws8"> </div><div class="t m0 x7 h3 y8c ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls7 ws1">Loca<span class="ls6">-</span></div><div class="c xe y8d w6 hd"><div class="t m0 xf h3 y8e ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls9 ws12">tion<span class="ls6 ws8"> </span></div></div><div class="t m0 x10 h3 y8b ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls6 ws8"> </div><div class="t m0 x10 h3 y8c ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls6 ws8"> </div><div class="c x6 y8d w7 hd"><div class="t m0 x11 h3 y8e ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls9 ws12">Date<span class="ls6 ws8"> </span></div></div><div class="t m0 x12 h3 y8b ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws2">Dis<span class="ls6">-</span></div><div class="t m0 x13 h3 y8c ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls7 ws9">charge </div><div class="c x14 y8d w8 hd"><div class="t m0 xf h3 y8e ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls14">(m</div></div><div class="t m0 x15 he y8f ff2 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls6">3</div><div class="c x14 y8d w8 hd"><div class="t m0 x16 h3 y8e ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls5 ws1c">/s)<span class="ls6 ws8"> </span></div></div><div class="t m0 x17 h3 y8b ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls6 ws8"> </div><div class="c x18 y8d w9 hd"><div class="t m0 x19 h3 y90 ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls3 ws18">Width </div><div class="t m0 x1a h3 y8e ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls14 ws1d">(m)<span class="ls6 ws8"> </span></div></div><div class="t m0 x1b h3 y8b ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls6 ws8"> </div><div class="t m0 x1c h3 y8c ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls7 ws9">Area </div><div class="c x1d y8d wa hd"><div class="t m0 x1a h3 y8e ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls14">(m</div></div><div class="t m0 x1e he y8f ff2 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls6">2</div><div class="c x1d y8d wa hd"><div class="t m0 x1f h3 y8e ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls6 ws8">) </div></div><div class="c x3 y91 wb hf"><div class="t m0 x11 h3 y8e ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls3 ws18">Depth (m)<span class="ls6 ws8"> </span></div></div><div class="t m0 x20 h3 y8b ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls6 ws8"> </div><div class="c x21 y91 wb hf"><div class="t m0 x22 h3 y8e ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls1 wsa">Velocity (m/s)<span class="ls6 ws8"> </span></div></div><div class="t m0 x23 h3 y8c ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls7 ws9">Aspect </div><div class="c x24 y8d wc hd"><div class="t m0 xf h3 y8e ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls9 ws12">Ratio<span class="ls6 ws8"> </span></div></div><div class="t m0 x25 h3 y8c ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls6 ws8"> </div><div class="c x3 y8d wd h10"><div class="t m0 x22 h3 y8e ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls7 ws1">Mean<span class="ls6 ws8"> </span></div></div><div class="t m0 x26 h3 y8c ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls6 ws0">Maxi-</div><div class="c x27 y8d we h10"><div class="t m0 xf h3 y8e ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls15 ws1e">mum<span class="ls6 ws8"> </span></div></div><div class="t m0 x28 h3 y8c ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls6 ws8"> </div><div class="c x21 y8d we h10"><div class="t m0 x22 h3 y8e ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls7 ws1">Mean<span class="ls6 ws8"> </span></div></div><div class="t m0 x29 h3 y8c ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls6 ws0">Maxi-</div><div class="c x2a y8d wd h10"><div class="t m0 xf h3 y8e ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls15 ws1e">mum<span class="ls6 ws8"> </span></div></div><div class="c xe y92 w6 h11"><div class="t m0 x11 h2 y93 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls6 ws8">1 </div></div><div class="c x6 y92 w7 h11"><div class="t m0 x19 h2 y93 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls6 ws8">07/07/08 </div></div><div class="c x14 y92 w8 h11"><div class="t m0 xf h2 y93 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls6 ws8">36,700 </div></div><div class="c x18 y92 w9 h11"><div class="t m0 xf h2 y93 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls6 ws8">1,460 </div></div><div class="c x1d y92 wa h11"><div class="t m0 x19 h2 y93 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls6 ws8">110,000 </div></div><div class="c x3 y92 wd h11"><div class="t m0 x1a h2 y93 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls6 ws8">75.3 </div></div><div class="c x27 y92 we h11"><div class="t m0 x2b h2 y93 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls6 ws8">118. </div></div><div class="c x21 y92 we h11"><div class="t m0 x2b h2 y93 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls6 ws8">0.33 </div></div><div class="c x2a y92 wd h11"><div class="t m0 x2b h2 y93 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls6 ws8">4.60 </div></div><div class="c x24 y92 wc h11"><div class="t m0 x2b h2 y93 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls6 ws8">19.4 </div></div><div class="c xe y94 w6 h12"><div class="t m0 x11 h2 y93 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls6 ws8">2 </div></div><div class="c x6 y94 w7 h12"><div class="t m0 x19 h2 y93 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls6 ws8">07/05/08 </div></div><div class="c x14 y94 w8 h12"><div class="t m0 xf h2 y93 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls6 ws8">33,900 </div></div><div class="c x18 y94 w9 h12"><div class="t m0 xf h2 y93 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls6 ws8">1,010 </div></div><div class="c x1d y94 wa h12"><div class="t m0 xf h2 y93 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls6 ws8">34,200 </div></div><div class="c x3 y94 wd h12"><div class="t m0 x1a h2 y93 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls6 ws8">33.9 </div></div><div class="c x27 y94 we h12"><div class="t m0 x2b h2 y93 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls6 ws8">78.2 </div></div><div class="c x21 y94 we h12"><div class="t m0 x2b h2 y93 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls6 ws8">0.99 </div></div><div class="c x2a y94 wd h12"><div class="t m0 x2b h2 y93 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls6 ws8">2.97 </div></div><div class="c x24 y94 wc h12"><div class="t m0 x2b h2 y93 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls6 ws8">29.8 </div></div><div class="c xe y95 w6 h11"><div class="t m0 x11 h2 y93 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls6 ws8">3 </div></div><div class="c x6 y95 w7 h11"><div class="t m0 x19 h2 y93 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls6 ws8">07/04/08 </div></div><div class="c x14 y95 w8 h11"><div class="t m0 xf h2 y93 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls6 ws8">35,800 </div></div><div class="c x18 y95 w9 h11"><div class="t m0 xf h2 y93 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls6 ws8">2,190 </div></div><div class="c x1d y95 wa h11"><div class="t m0 xf h2 y93 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls6 ws8">25,700 </div></div><div class="c x3 y95 wd h11"><div class="t m0 x1a h2 y93 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls6 ws8">11.7 </div></div><div class="c x27 y95 we h11"><div class="t m0 x2b h2 y93 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls6 ws8">24.2 </div></div><div class="c x21 y95 we h11"><div class="t m0 x2b h2 y93 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls6 ws8">1.39 </div></div><div class="c x2a y95 wd h11"><div class="t m0 x2b h2 y93 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls6 ws8">3.19 </div></div><div class="c x24 y95 wc h11"><div class="t m0 x2c h2 y93 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls6 ws8">187 </div></div><div class="c xe y96 w6 h11"><div class="t m0 x11 h2 y93 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls6 ws8">4 </div></div><div class="c x6 y96 w7 h11"><div class="t m0 x19 h2 y93 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls6 ws8">07/09/08 </div></div><div class="c x14 y96 w8 h11"><div class="t m0 xf h2 y93 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls6 ws8">36,500 </div></div><div class="c x18 y96 w9 h11"><div class="t m0 x2b h2 y93 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls6 ws8">540 </div></div><div class="c x1d y96 wa h11"><div class="t m0 xf h2 y93 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls6 ws8">23,800 </div></div><div class="c x3 y96 wd h11"><div class="t m0 x1a h2 y93 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls6 ws8">44.1 </div></div><div class="c x27 y96 we h11"><div class="t m0 x2b h2 y93 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls6 ws8">79.2 </div></div><div class="c x21 y96 we h11"><div class="t m0 x2b h2 y93 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls6 ws8">1.53 </div></div><div class="c x2a y96 wd h11"><div class="t m0 x2b h2 y93 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls6 ws8">2.87 </div></div><div class="c x24 y96 wc h11"><div class="t m0 x2b h2 y93 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls6 ws8">12.3 </div></div><div class="c xe y97 w6 h12"><div class="t m0 x11 h2 y93 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls6 ws8">5 </div></div><div class="c x6 y97 w7 h12"><div class="t m0 x19 h2 y93 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls6 ws8">07/09/08 </div></div><div class="c x14 y97 w8 h12"><div class="t m0 xf h2 y93 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls6 ws8">36,800 </div></div><div class="c x18 y97 w9 h12"><div class="t m0 x2b h2 y93 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls6 ws8">388 </div></div><div class="c x1d y97 wa h12"><div class="t m0 xf h2 y93 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls6 ws8">17,100 </div></div><div class="c x3 y97 wd h12"><div class="t m0 x1a h2 y93 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls6 ws8">44.1 </div></div><div class="c x27 y97 we h12"><div class="t m0 x2b h2 y93 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls6 ws8">78.5 </div></div><div class="c x21 y97 we h12"><div class="t m0 x2b h2 y93 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls6 ws8">2.15 </div></div><div class="c x2a y97 wd h12"><div class="t m0 x2b h2 y93 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls6 ws8">3.29 </div></div><div class="c x24 y97 wc h12"><div class="t m0 x16 h2 y93 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls6 ws8">8.8 </div></div><div class="c xe y98 w6 h11"><div class="t m0 x11 h2 y93 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls6 ws8">6 </div></div><div class="c x6 y98 w7 h11"><div class="t m0 x19 h2 y93 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls6 ws8">07/09/08 </div></div><div class="c x14 y98 w8 h11"><div class="t m0 xf h2 y93 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls6 ws8">34,400 </div></div><div class="c x18 y98 w9 h11"><div class="t m0 x2b h2 y93 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls6 ws8">384 </div></div><div class="c x1d y98 wa h11"><div class="t m0 xf h2 y93 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls6 ws8">16,600 </div></div><div class="c x3 y98 wd h11"><div class="t m0 x1a h2 y93 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls6 ws8">43.2 </div></div><div class="c x27 y98 we h11"><div class="t m0 x2b h2 y93 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls6 ws8">78.1 </div></div><div class="c x21 y98 we h11"><div class="t m0 x2b h2 y93 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls6 ws8">2.07 </div></div><div class="c x2a y98 wd h11"><div class="t m0 x2b h2 y93 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls6 ws8">3.31 </div></div><div class="c x24 y98 wc h11"><div class="t m0 x16 h2 y93 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls6 ws8">8.9 </div></div><div class="c xe y99 w6 h11"><div class="t m0 x11 h2 y93 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls6 ws8">7 </div></div><div class="c x6 y99 w7 h11"><div class="t m0 x19 h2 y93 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls6 ws8">07/11/08 </div></div><div class="c x14 y99 w8 h11"><div class="t m0 xf h2 y93 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls6 ws8">34,200 </div></div><div class="c x18 y99 w9 h11"><div class="t m0 x2b h2 y93 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls6 ws8">429 </div></div><div class="c x1d y99 wa h11"><div class="t m0 xf h2 y93 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls6 ws8">26,700 </div></div><div class="c x3 y99 wd h11"><div class="t m0 x1a h2 y93 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls6 ws8">62.3 </div></div><div class="c x27 y99 we h11"><div class="t m0 x2b h2 y93 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls6 ws8">102. </div></div><div class="c x21 y99 we h11"><div class="t m0 x2b h2 y93 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls6 ws8">1.28 </div></div><div class="c x2a y99 wd h11"><div class="t m0 x2b h2 y93 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls6 ws8">5.89 </div></div><div class="c x24 y99 wc h11"><div class="t m0 x16 h2 y93 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls6 ws8">6.9 </div></div><div class="c xe y9a w6 h12"><div class="t m0 x11 h2 y93 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls6 ws8">8 </div></div><div class="c x6 y9a w7 h12"><div class="t m0 x19 h2 y93 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls6 ws8">07/13/08 </div></div><div class="c x14 y9a w8 h12"><div class="t m0 xf h2 y93 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls6 ws8">32,700 </div></div><div class="c x18 y9a w9 h12"><div class="t m0 xf h2 y93 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls6 ws8">1,020 </div></div><div class="c x1d y9a wa h12"><div class="t m0 xf h2 y93 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls6 ws8">58,500 </div></div><div class="c x3 y9a wd h12"><div class="t m0 x1a h2 y93 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls6 ws8">57.4 </div></div><div class="c x27 y9a we h12"><div class="t m0 x2b h2 y93 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls6 ws8">92.9 </div></div><div class="c x21 y9a we h12"><div class="t m0 x2b h2 y93 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls6 ws8">0.56 </div></div><div class="c x2a y9a wd h12"><div class="t m0 x2b h2 y93 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls6 ws8">3.41 </div></div><div class="c x24 y9a wc h12"><div class="t m0 x2b h2 y93 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls6 ws8">17.8 </div></div><div class="c xe y9b w6 h11"><div class="t m0 x11 h2 y9c ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls6 ws8">9 </div></div><div class="c x6 y9b w7 h11"><div class="t m0 x19 h2 y9c ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls6 ws8">07/13/08 </div></div><div class="c x14 y9b w8 h11"><div class="t m0 xf h2 y9c ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls6 ws8">30,600 </div></div><div class="c x18 y9b w9 h11"><div class="t m0 xf h2 y9c ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls6 ws8">1,070 </div></div><div class="c x1d y9b wa h11"><div class="t m0 xf h2 y9c ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls6 ws8">52,800 </div></div><div class="c x3 y9b wd h11"><div class="t m0 x1a h2 y9c ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls6 ws8">49.3 </div></div><div class="c x27 y9b we h11"><div class="t m0 x2b h2 y9c ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls6 ws8">87.1 </div></div><div class="c x21 y9b we h11"><div class="t m0 x2b h2 y9c ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls6 ws8">0.58 </div></div><div class="c x2a y9b wd h11"><div class="t m0 x2b h2 y9c ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls6 ws8">3.04 </div></div><div class="c x24 y9b wc h11"><div class="t m0 x2b h2 y9c ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls6 ws8">21.7 </div></div><div class="t m0 x2 h2 y9d ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls6 ws8">In addition to the discharge measurements summarized above, <span class="ls7 ws9">velocity and </span></div><div class="t m0 x2 h2 y9e ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls1 wsa">bathymetry <span class="ls7 ws9">data were collected <span class="ls6 ws8">especiall<span class="_ _0"></span>y in the bends near Bulu, using ADCPs and </span></span></div><div class="t m0 x2 h2 y9f ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls6 wsc">echo sounders equipped with <span class="ws8">dGPS. Although these data are still being analyzed, </span></div><div class="t m0 x2 h2 ya0 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls7 ws9">measurements <span class="ls6 ws8">in the second bend near Bulu indicate water depths of 164 m. </span></div><div class="t m0 x2 h3 ya1 ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws2">DISCUSSION<span class="ls6 ws8"> </span></div><div class="t m0 x2 h2 ya2 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls7 ws9">All of the discharges <span class="_ _0"></span>reported in table 1 w<span class="_ _0"></span>ere collected usi<span class="_ _0"></span>ng dGPS as the vel<span class="_ _0"></span>ocity </div><div class="t m0 x2 h2 ya3 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls6 ws8">reference (not bottom track) except for location 1<span class="ls7 ws9">, where t</span>he dGPS data were not of </div><div class="t m0 x2 h2 ya4 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls6 ws8">acceptable quality. Ratios of discharge computed <span class="ls1 ws5">with</span> <span class="ls7 ws9">dGPS as the reference </span>to </div><div class="t m0 x2 h2 ya5 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls7 ws9">discharge <span class="ls1 ws5">with<span class="ls6 ws8"> bottom track </span></span>as the <span class="ls6 ws8">reference ranged from 1.01 to 1.13, with most </span></div><div class="t m0 x2 h2 ya6 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls6 ws8">values ranging from 1.01 to 1.05. <span class="lsb ws1f">Th<span class="ls7 ws9">ese values</span></span> <span class="ls1 wsa">indicate that a small </span>moving bed </div><div class="t m0 x2 h2 ya7 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls6 ws8">condition <span class="ls7 ws9">was present in mos<span class="_ _0"></span>t measurements. Ho<span class="_ _0"></span>wever, because the me<span class="_ _0"></span>an </span>number of </div><div class="t m0 x2 h2 ya8 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls6 ws8">transects obtained for each location was only 2<span class="ls7 ws9">, the </span>magnitude of the moving bed </div><div class="t m0 x2 h2 ya9 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls6 ws8">condition is in question. </div><div class="t m0 x2 h2 yaa ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls7 ws9">Some compass errors<span class="_ _0"></span> are also <span class="ls6 ws8">evident in the data <span class="ls1 ws5">collec</span></span><span class="ws1">ted<span class="ls6 ws8">. Even though compass </span></span></div><div class="t m0 x2 h2 yab ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls7 ws9">calibrations were done<span class="_ _0"></span> at each site and <span class="ls1 wsa">estimates of local magnetic variation were </span></div><div class="t m0 x2 h2 yac ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls6 ws8">validated with on-<span class="ls1 wsa">site measurements, <span class="ls7 ws9">for some measurements </span>the magnetic variation </span></div><div class="t m0 x2 h2 yad ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls7 ws9">was <span class="ls6 ws8">modified to remove directional bias evident in the dGPS discharge </span></div><div class="t m0 x2 h2 yae ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls7 ws9">measurements. There <span class="_ _0"></span>are two possible r<span class="_ _0"></span>easons for these compas<span class="_ _0"></span>s issues; (1) des<span class="_ _0"></span>pite </div><div class="t m0 x2 h2 yaf ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls6 ws8">our best efforts the compass was not well calibrated, and/<span class="ls9 wsb">or (2) there are signifi<span class="_ _0"></span>cant </span></div><div class="t m0 x2 h2 yb0 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls7 ws9">local magnetic anomali<span class="_ _0"></span>es that affected com<span class="_ _0"></span>pass performanc<span class="_ _0"></span>e.<span class="ls6 ws8"> </span></div><div class="t m0 x2 h2 yb1 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls7 ws9">From the data <span class="ls6 ws8">in table 1 and other measurements, <span class="ls1 wsa">it is clear </span><span class="wsc">that the Lower Congo </span></span></div><div class="t m0 x2 h2 yb2 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls1 wsa">River is quite different <span class="ls14 ws1d">from<span class="_ _1"></span><span class="ls6 ws8"> many large rivers in the world. River depths as deep as </span></span></div></div><div class="pi" data-data="{"ctm":[1.601307,0.000000,0.000000,1.601307,0.000000,0.000000]}"></div></div> </div> </div> <div class="pdf-page-separator"></div> <div class="pdf-viewer-page js-lazy-load-page" data-lazy-batch="3"> <div class="pdf-lazy-load"> <div id="pf6" class="pf w0 h0" data-page-no="6"><div class="pc pc6 w0 h0"><div class="pdf-bg bi x2 yb3 w2 h13 lazyload" data-bg="profile/P-Jackson/publication/259217716/viewer/AS:104227158364178@1401861099994/background/6.png" style="background-size: contain;"></div><div class="t m0 x1 h2 y1 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls6 ws8">6 </div><div class="t m0 x2 h2 y2 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls6 ws8"> </div><div class="t m0 x2 h2 y2f ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls6 ws8">164 m were observed in the area around Bulu, and depths greater than 220 <span class="ls7 ws9">m were </span></div><div class="t m0 x2 h2 y30 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls6 ws8">observed below Malebo Pool <span class="ls7 ws9">by the kayak team</span>. The depths recorded in the reach </div><div class="t m0 x2 h2 y31 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls6 ws8">below Malebo Pool <span class="ls7 ws9">are </span>not compensated for pitch and <span class="ls1 ws5">roll;</span> however, the depths </div><div class="t m0 x2 h2 y32 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls6 ws8">measured using the ADCP and echo sounder near Bulu are <span class="ls7 ws1">compensated</span>. Not only is </div><div class="t m0 x2 h2 y50 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls6 ws8">the Lower Congo River deeper and narrower in the lower reaches than expected for a </div><div class="t m0 x2 h2 y51 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls6 ws8">river of its size, the bed topography can change dramatically, both locally and in a </div><div class="t m0 x2 h2 y52 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls7 ws9">given reach.<span class="ls6 ws8"> T</span>he channel<span class="_ _0"></span> is more like a high<span class="_ _0"></span><span class="ls6 ws8">-gradient mountain stream </span>with a very </div><div class="t m0 x2 h2 y53 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls7 ws9">large discharge<span class="ls6 ws8">; which is consistent with the theory that a short mountain river eroded </span></div><div class="t m0 x2 h2 y54 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls6 ws8">though the divide and reached Malebo Pool, forming the present Lower Congo River. </div><div class="t m0 x2 h2 y55 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls16 ws21">For<span class="ls6 ws8"> example, Fig. 3b shows a cross section measured at location 8 in whi<span class="ls7 ws9">ch there is a </span></span></div><div class="t m0 x2 h2 y71 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls1 wsa">maximum <span class="ls6 ws0">35-<span class="ls7 ws9">m variation between ADCP<span class="_ _0"></span> beam depth measurem<span class="_ _0"></span>ents. In contras<span class="_ _0"></span>t, at </span></span></div><div class="t m0 x2 h2 yb4 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls6 ws8">Luozi (Fig. 3a), there is much less variation in beam depths (4 m <span class="ls1 ws5">maximum<span class="ls9 ws12">).</span></span> </div><div class="t m0 x7 h3 yb5 ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls6 ws8">Figure 3. Cross sections of transects on the Lower Congo River at Luozi (a) at </div><div class="t m0 x2d h3 yb6 ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls6 ws8">location 3 and below Luozi (b) at location 8, July 2008. </div><div class="t m0 x2 h2 yb7 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls7 ws9">The aspect ratio for <span class="_ _0"></span>a river can be define<span class="_ _0"></span>d as the <span class="ls6 ws8">channel width divided by the mean </span></div><div class="t m0 x2 h2 y78 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls6 ws8">depth. The <span class="ls7 ws9">aspect ratio of the l<span class="_ _0"></span>ower Congo ranges<span class="_ _0"></span> from 7</span>-8 near Bulu to 187 near </div><div class="t m0 x2 h2 y79 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls6 ws8">Luozi <span class="ls7 ws9">(table 1)</span>. Four different discharge measurement sections (locations 4-7) had </div><div class="t m0 x2 h2 y7a ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls6 ws8">aspect ratios between 6.9 and 12.3. <span class="ls8 wse">A t<span class="ls7 ws9">ransect made </span></span>in the second bend near Bulu <span class="ls7 ws9">(as </span></div><div class="t m0 x2 h2 y7b ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls6 ws8">part of some velocity surveys not described herein) and downstr<span class="ls7 ws9">eam <span class="ls9 ws12">from</span></span> locations 4-</div><div class="t m0 x2 h2 y7c ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls6 ws8">7 <span class="ls1 wsa">indicate that <span class="ls7 ws9">the aspect ratio </span></span>for these flow conditions <span class="ls7 ws9">decreases<span class="_ _0"></span> to </span>5.1. <span class="ls7 ws9">An aspect </span></div><div class="t m0 x2 h2 y7d ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls9 wsb">ratio of 5<span class="ls6 ws8">-10 <span class="ls1 wsa">is quite small</span> f<span class="ls7 ws9">or a river the size of<span class="_ _0"></span> the Lower Congo</span>. T<span class="ls7 ws9">he as<span class="_ _0"></span>pect ratio </span></span></div><div class="t m0 x2 h2 y7e ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls9 wsb">for the lower <span class="ls7 ws9">Parana Ri<span class="_ _0"></span>ver<span class="ls6 ws8">, </span>a <span class="lsd wsc">large <span class="ls6 ws8">sand b<span class="_ _0"></span>ed river in Argen<span class="ls1 ws5">tina</span> </span></span><span class="ws1">range<span class="ls6 ws8">s </span></span></span>from <span class="ls6 ws8">60 to 100 </span></div><div class="t m0 x2 h2 y7f ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls6 ws8">(Szupiany et.al., 2009). <span class="ls1 wsa">The aspect ratio for the Mississippi <span class="_ _1"></span>River at <span class="ls6 ws8">Baton Rouge, </span></span></div><div class="t m0 x2 h4 yb8 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 lsa ws22">LA <span class="ls5 wsd">is <span class="ls6 ws8">60 for a similar discharge of 37,900 m<span class="fs1 ls0 v1">3</span><span class="ls1 ws5">/s</span>, even though <span class="ls1 ws5">th</span></span>e Mississippi<span class="ls6 ws8"> <span class="ls7 ws9">has </span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x2 h2 yb9 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls6 ws8">levee systems that tend to confine the flow to a narrower channel. It appears <span class="ls1 wsa">that <span class="ls7 ws9">the </span></span></div><div class="t m0 x2 h2 yba ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls7 ws9">aspect ratios of the <span class="ls6 ws8">M<span class="_ _0"></span>iddle Congo (above Kinshasa) </span><span class="ws1">are<span class="ls6 ws8"> </span></span>much greater on av<span class="_ _0"></span>erage than </div><div class="t m0 x2 h2 ybb ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls6 ws8">in the Lower Congo River. This no doubt reflects the bedrock control on <span class="ls7 ws9">the channel </span></div><div class="t m0 x2 h2 ybc ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls6 ws8">shape and orientation<span class="ls7 ws9">, especially below Ki<span class="_ _0"></span>nshasa</span>. Even in some of the fa<span class="ls7 ws9">rthest<span class="_ _0"></span> </span></div><div class="t m0 x2 h2 ybd ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls6 ws8">downstream sections, such as at location 8 where the river is about 1 km wide and has </div><div class="t m0 x2 h2 ybe ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls6 ws8">an aspect ratio of 17.8, the effective width of the river is much <span class="ls7 ws9">smaller due to a lar<span class="_ _0"></span>ge </span></div><div class="t m0 x2 h2 ybf ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls7 ws9">area of recirculati<span class="_ _0"></span>on on the western sho<span class="_ _0"></span>re (right bank) as indi<span class="_ _0"></span>cated <span class="ls6 ws8">in <span class="lsd wsc">Fig. <span class="_ _0"></span></span>4b. </span></div><div class="t m0 x2 h2 yc0 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls6 ws8">Examination of the ADCP data for other sections suggests that the reduction in </div><div class="t m0 x2 h2 yc1 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls1 wsa">effective width is frequent <span class="ls6 ws8">for much of the Lower Congo River. </span>With this <span class="_ _1"></span>in mind, it </div><div class="t m0 x2 h2 yc2 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls7 ws9">is apparent that <span class="ls6 ws8">even when the river widens, <span class="ls1 wsa">the downstream flow is <span class="ls9 ws12">ofte</span></span>n </span></div><div class="t m0 x2 h2 yc3 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls6 ws8">concentrated in a jet, the size and location of which is largely determined by the </div><div class="c x1c yc4 wf h14"><div class="t m0 xf h3 yc5 ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls6 ws8">a </div></div><div class="c x2e yc6 w10 h15"><div class="t m0 xf h3 yc7 ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls6 ws8">b </div></div></div><div class="pi" data-data="{"ctm":[1.601307,0.000000,0.000000,1.601307,0.000000,0.000000]}"></div></div> </div> </div> <div class="pdf-page-separator"></div> <div class="pdf-viewer-page js-lazy-load-page" data-lazy-batch="3"> <div class="pdf-lazy-load"> <div id="pf7" class="pf w0 h0" data-page-no="7"><div class="pc pc7 w0 h0"><div class="pdf-bg bi x2 yc8 w2 h16 lazyload" data-bg="profile/P-Jackson/publication/259217716/viewer/AS:104227158364178@1401861099994/background/7.png" style="background-size: contain;"></div><div class="t m0 x1 h2 y1 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls6 ws8">7 </div><div class="t m0 x2 h2 y2 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls6 ws8"> </div><div class="t m0 x2 h2 y2f ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls6 ws8">location and depth of the thalweg and the reach orientation of the channel. <span class="ls9 wsb">In </span></div><div class="t m0 x2 h2 y30 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls6 ws8">contrast, t<span class="ls7 ws9">he measurements m<span class="_ _0"></span>ade at location 3 near <span class="_ _0"></span>Luozi </span>show that the <span class="ls7 ws1">depth</span>-</div><div class="t m0 x2 h2 y31 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls7 ws9">averaged velocities a<span class="_ _0"></span>re <span class="ls6 ws8">all oriented in the downstream direction. </span></div><div class="t m0 x2 h2 yc9 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls1 wsa">The nature of the field and river c<span class="_ _1"></span>onditions along with time and logistica<span class="_ _1"></span>l constraints </div><div class="t m0 x2 h2 y33 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls1 wsa">made it difficult to c<span class="ls6 ws8">ompletely adhere to standard protocols for measurement of </span></div><div class="t m0 x2 h2 y34 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls6 ws8">discharge using ADCPs. The flows in some sections made navigation using the </div><div class="t m0 x2 h2 y35 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls6 ws8">pirogue difficult. Large vortices, some <span class="ls9 wsb">of <span class="ls7 ws9">which were 3</span></span>-4 m in diameter would open </div><div class="t m0 x2 h2 y36 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls6 ws8">up under the pirogue making it difficult to adhere to a planned course. H<span class="lsd wsc">igh </span></div><div class="t m0 x2 h2 y37 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls1 wsa">velocities in the river<span class="ls6 ws8">, coupled with these vortices<span class="ls7 ws9">, made navigat</span>ion <span class="ls9 wsb">from shore to </span></span></div><div class="t m0 x2 h2 y38 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls6 ws8">shore <span class="ls7 ws9">a challenge</span>. </div><div class="t m0 x2f h2 yca ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls6 ws8"> </div><div class="t m0 x7 h3 ycb ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls7 ws9">Figure <span class="ls6 ws8">4. </span><span class="ws1">Depth<span class="ls6 ws0">-</span></span>averag<span class="_ _0"></span>ed velocities for<span class="_ _0"></span> transect<span class="ls6 ws8">s on the Lower Congo River at </span></div><div class="t m0 x6 h3 ycc ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls6 ws8">Luozi (a) at location 3 and bel<span class="ls9 wsb">ow Luozi (b) at location 8</span>, Ju<span class="_ _0"></span>ly 2008. </div><div class="t m0 x2 h2 ycd ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls12 ws23">Anal<span class="_ _0"></span>ys<span class="ls6 ws8">es of velocit<span class="_ _0"></span>y and depth measurements in the area around Bulu <span class="ls9 ws12">are</span> continuing. </span></div><div class="t m0 x2 h2 yce ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls6 ws8">The authors are <span class="ls1 ws5">examining</span> <span class="ls7 ws9">velocity gradients acro<span class="_ _0"></span>ss the river and will ex<span class="_ _0"></span>plore </span></div><div class="t m0 x2 h2 ycf ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls6 ws8">whether or not these gradients could help explain patterns in <span class="ls9 wsb">fish <span class="ls7 ws1">speci<span class="ls1 ws5">ation</span></span></span> in the </div><div class="t m0 x2 h2 yd0 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls6 ws8">Lower Congo River. If future measurements of this reach of the Lower Congo R<span class="ls7 ws9">iver </span></div><div class="t m0 x2 h2 yd1 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls6 ws8">are possible, the following suggestions are offered: </div><div class="t m0 xd h2 yd2 ff4 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls6">•<span class="ff5 ls17 ws8"> </span><span class="ff1 ls7 ws9">Use a</span><span class="ff1 ws8"> dual frequency, survey-grade echo sounder. </span></div><div class="t m0 xd h2 yd3 ff4 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls6">•<span class="ff5 ls17 ws8"> </span><span class="ff1 ls7 ws9">Use a boat operator ex<span class="_ _0"></span>perience</span><span class="ff1 ws8">d in ve<span class="ls1 wsa">locity data collection in this </span></span></div><div class="t m0 x6 h2 yd4 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls6 ws8">environment and a boat suited to the conditions in the Lower Congo <span class="ls7 ws1">River</span>. </div><div class="t m0 xd h2 yd5 ff4 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls6">•<span class="ff5 ls17 ws8"> </span><span class="ff1 ls7 ws9">Identify and remed<span class="_ _0"></span>y t</span><span class="ff1 ws8">he source of the compass problems experienced in this </span></div><div class="t m0 x6 h2 yd6 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls9 ws12">work<span class="ls6 ws8">. </span></div><div class="t m0 xd h2 yd7 ff4 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls6">•<span class="ff5 ls17 ws8"> </span><span class="ff1 ws0">I<span class="ls7 ws9">nclude more transect<span class="_ _0"></span>s across the stream at<span class="_ _0"></span> a given locati<span class="_ _0"></span>on</span><span class="ws8"> using navigation </span></span></div><div class="t m0 x6 h2 yd8 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls6 ws8">software and pre-<span class="ls7 ws9">planned transects</span> and, if possible, obtain <span class="ls1 wsa">stationary </span></div><div class="t m0 x6 h2 yd9 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls7 ws9">measurements at sel<span class="_ _0"></span>ected points in t<span class="_ _0"></span>he cross section. <span class="ls6 ws8"> </span></div><div class="t m0 xd h2 yda ff4 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls6">•<span class="ff5 ls17 ws8"> </span><span class="ff1 ws8">Although not absolutely required, <span class="ls7 ws9">use an RTK dGPS s<span class="_ _0"></span>ystem </span>to provide </span></div><div class="t m0 x6 h2 ydb ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls7 ws9">accurate boat veloci<span class="_ _0"></span>ties for ADCP meas<span class="_ _0"></span>urements<span class="ls6 ws8"> and to help quantify local </span></div><div class="t m0 x6 h2 ydc ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls7 ws1">water<span class="ls6 ws8"> </span><span class="ws9">surface slopes<span class="_ _0"></span> along the river.<span class="_ _0"></span><span class="ls6 ws8"> </span></span></div><div class="t m0 x2 h3 ydd ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls6 ws8"> <span class="_ _2"> </span> </div></div><div class="pi" data-data="{"ctm":[1.601307,0.000000,0.000000,1.601307,0.000000,0.000000]}"></div></div> </div> </div> <div class="pdf-page-separator"></div> <div class="pdf-viewer-page js-lazy-load-page" data-lazy-batch="4"> <div class="pdf-lazy-load"> <div id="pf8" class="pf w0 h0" data-page-no="8"><div class="pc pc8 w0 h0"><div class="t m0 x1 h2 y1 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls6 ws8">8 </div><div class="t m0 x2 h2 y2 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls6 ws8"> </div><div class="t m0 x2 h3 y3 ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws2">SUMMARY<span class="ls6 ws8"> </span></div><div class="t m0 x2 h2 yde ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls6 ws8">The Congo River is the second largest river in the world, by discharge. Personnel </div><div class="t m0 x2 h2 ydf ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls6 ws8">from the USGS and the American Museum of Natural History made <span class="ls7 ws9">direct </span></div><div class="t m0 x2 h2 yc9 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls7 ws9">measurements of disch<span class="_ _0"></span>arge <span class="ls6 ws8">of the Lower Congo River below Malebo Pool and </span></div><div class="t m0 x2 h2 y33 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls7 ws9">upstream <span class="ls9 wsb">from <span class="ls2 ws24">Kinganga<span class="ls8 wse">, DRC<span class="ls6 ws8"> in July 2008 using ADCPs, dGPS, and echo </span></span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x2 h2 y34 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls6 ws8">sounders. These measurements were made in support of research that is attempting to </div><div class="t m0 x2 h2 y35 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls6 ws8">understand the distribution of fish species in the Lower Congo and reasons for </div><div class="t m0 x2 h2 y36 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls7 ws9">separation of species<span class="_ _0"></span> with<span class="ls1 ws5">in<span class="ls6 ws8"> </span></span>a reach of thi<span class="_ _0"></span>s large river. <span class="ls6 ws8"> </span></div><div class="t m0 x2 h2 ye0 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls6 ws0">A<span class="ls7 ws9">nalyses to date have i<span class="_ _0"></span>ndicated that the m<span class="_ _0"></span>aximum depth m<span class="_ _0"></span>easured in the Lower </span></div><div class="t m0 x2 h2 ye1 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls6 ws8">Congo River was in excess of 220 <span class="ls7 ws9">meters and water veloc<span class="_ _0"></span>ities in excess of <span class="_ _0"></span></span>4 <span class="ls7 ws9">m/s were </span></div><div class="t m0 x2 h4 ye2 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls7 ws9">measured. <span class="ls6 ws8"> Measured discharge near Luozi was 35,800 m<span class="fs1 ls0 v1">3</span><span class="ls1 ws5">/s</span>, and </span>decreased sli<span class="_ _0"></span>ghtly </div><div class="t m0 x2 h2 ye3 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls6 ws8">beginning midway through the study. <span class="ls7 ws9">Local bedrock control<span class="_ _0"></span>s seem to have a large<span class="_ _0"></span> </span></div><div class="t m0 x2 h2 ye4 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls7 ws1">effect<span class="ls6 ws8"> on the flow in the river, even in reaches without waterfalls and rapids. </span></div><div class="t m0 x2 h2 ye5 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls7 ws9">Dramatic changes in bed <span class="_ _0"></span>topograph<span class="_ _0"></span>y are evident in repeated t<span class="_ _0"></span>ransects acros<span class="_ _0"></span>s the <span class="ls6 ws0">r</span><span class="ws1">iver<span class="ls6 ws8">. </span></span></div><div class="t m0 x2 h2 ye6 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls7 ws9">In relatively deep sect<span class="_ _0"></span>ions of the <span class="ls6 ws0">r</span>iver, l<span class="_ _0"></span>arge vortices form<span class="_ _0"></span> as a result of thes<span class="_ _0"></span>e <span class="ls6 ws8">rapid </span></div><div class="t m0 x2 h2 y3e ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls7 ws1">change<span class="ls6 ws8">s in bed topography </span><span class="ws9">and channel or<span class="_ _0"></span>ientation<span class="ls6 ws8">. </span></span></div><div class="t m0 x2 h3 ye7 ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls4 ws3">ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS<span class="ls6 ws8"> </span></div><div class="t m0 x2 h2 ye8 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls6 ws8">The authors acknowledge support for this work by the National Geographic Society's </div><div class="t m0 x2 h2 ye9 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls6 ws8">Waitt Foundation and the American Museum of Natural History's (AMNH) </div><div class="t m0 x2 h2 yea ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls6 ws8">Ichthyology Department. We thank Melanie Stiassny for her generous support from </div><div class="t m0 x2 h2 yeb ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls6 ws8">the Axelrod endowment at AMNH. We acknowledge the work of Trip Jennings and </div><div class="t m0 x2 h2 yec ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls6 ws8">his crew of kayakers (see www.epicocity.com) who volunteered to collect river depth </div><div class="t m0 x2 h2 yed ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls7 ws9">data for this resear<span class="_ _0"></span>ch. <span class="lsc ws25">La<span class="_ _0"></span>st<span class="_ _0"></span>ly, <span class="_ _0"></span>we<span class="_ _0"></span> </span>especially <span class="ls6 ws0">acknowl</span>edge J<span class="_ _0"></span>im Rogers<span class="ls6 ws8">, of </span>Teled<span class="_ _0"></span>yne </div><div class="t m0 x2 h2 y46 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls6 wsc">RD Instruments<span class="ws8">, who arranged for the loan of a 300 kHz ADCP which proved so </span></div><div class="t m0 x2 h2 y47 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls1 wsa">essential to <span class="ls6 ws8">our data </span><span class="ws5">collecti<span class="ls6 ws8">on. </span></span></div><div class="t m0 x2 h3 yee ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws2">REFERENCES<span class="ls6 ws8"> </span></div><div class="t m0 x2 h2 yef ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls7 ws1">Dineh<span class="ls6 ws8">art, R.L., and Burau, J.R. (2005) “</span><span class="ws9">Repeated surve<span class="_ _0"></span>ys by acoustic Doppl<span class="_ _0"></span>er </span></div><div class="t m0 x2 h2 yf0 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls9 wsb">current profiler for flow <span class="_ _0"></span>and<span class="ls6 ws8"> <span class="ls1 wsa">sediment dynamics in a tidal river</span><span class="ws0">”</span><span class="ff6 ls18"> </span><span class="ff3">J. H<span class="_ _1"></span>ydrol.<span class="ff1">, v. 314, </span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x2 h2 yf1 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls6 ws8">21 p. </div><div class="t m0 x2 h2 yf2 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls6 ws8">Oberg, K.A., Morlock, S.E., and Caldwell, W.S. (2005) “<span class="ls1 ws5">Quality</span><span class="ws0">-<span class="ls7 ws9">assurance plan for </span></span></div><div class="t m0 x2 h2 yf3 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls6 ws8">discharge measurements using acoustic Doppler current profilers.” <span class="ff3">U.S. Geological </span></div><div class="t m0 x2 h2 yf4 ff3 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls7 ws9">Survey Scientific <span class="ls6 ws8">Investig<span class="_ _0"></span>ations Rep.<span class="ff1"> 2005–5183, 35 p. </span></span></div><div class="t m0 x2 h2 yf5 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls6 ws8">Robert, M. (1946) “Le Congo Physique”. <span class="wsc">3 ed., <span class="ls1 wsa">H. Vaillant</span></span>-Carmanne, S.A., Impr. de </div><div class="t m0 x2 h2 yf6 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls7 ws9">L'Academie, Liege (<span class="_ _0"></span>France)<span class="ls6 ws8">. </span></div><div class="t m0 x2 h2 yf7 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls6 ws8">Runge, J. (2008<span class="ls9 wsb">). </span>“The Congo River, Central Africa.” <span class="ff3">Large Rivers: Geomorphology </span></div><div class="t m0 x2 h2 yf8 ff3 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls6 ws8">and Management<span class="ff1">, <span class="wsc">A. Gupta, </span>ed., Wiley, Somerset, NJ, 293-309. </span></div><div class="t m0 x2 h2 yf9 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls6 ws8">Szupiany, R. N., Amsler, M. L., Parsons, D. R., and Best, J. L., (2009) “Morphology, </div><div class="t m0 x2 h2 yfa ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls6 ws8">flow structure, and suspended bed sediment transport at two large braid bar </div><div class="t m0 x2 h2 yfb ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls6 ws0">confluences<span class="ls7 ws9">.” </span><span class="ff3 ws8">Water Resour. Res.<span class="ff1">, in press. </span></span></div></div><div class="pi" data-data="{"ctm":[1.601307,0.000000,0.000000,1.601307,0.000000,0.000000]}"></div></div> </div> </div> </div> </div></div></div></div></div></div></section><div id="lite-ad-bd367nyfu7" class="lite-page-ad lite-page-ad--vertical-spacing-xl lite-page-ad--empty"><div class="lite-page-ad__inner"><div class="lite-page-ad__close"><button class="nova-legacy-c-button nova-legacy-c-button--align-center nova-legacy-c-button--radius-full nova-legacy-c-button--size-xs nova-legacy-c-button--color-grey nova-legacy-c-button--theme-solid nova-legacy-c-button--width-square" type="button" id="lite-ad-bd367nyfu7-close"><svg aria-hidden="true" class="nova-legacy-e-icon nova-legacy-e-icon--size-s nova-legacy-e-icon--theme-bare nova-legacy-e-icon--color-inherit nova-legacy-e-icon--luminosity-medium nova-legacy-c-button__icon"><use 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class="nova-legacy-c-card nova-legacy-c-card--spacing-m nova-legacy-c-card--elevation-1-above publication-citations publication-citations--redesign"><div class="nova-legacy-c-card__body nova-legacy-c-card__body--spacing-none publication-citations__container"><div class="js-target-citation" id="citations"><div class="nova-legacy-o-stack nova-legacy-o-stack--gutter-m nova-legacy-o-stack--spacing-m nova-legacy-o-stack--no-gutter-outside" type="bare"><div><div class="nova-legacy-o-stack__item publication-citations__item publication-citations__item--redesign"><div class="nova-legacy-v-citation-item"><div class="nova-legacy-o-stack nova-legacy-o-stack--gutter-m nova-legacy-o-stack--spacing-none nova-legacy-o-stack--no-gutter-outside"><div class="nova-legacy-o-stack__item"><div class="nova-legacy-c-tooltip nova-legacy-c-tooltip--position-above-left nova-legacy-c-tooltip--elevation-none nova-legacy-c-tooltip--color-white nova-legacy-c-tooltip--spacing-m nova-legacy-c-tooltip--luminosity-medium nova-legacy-v-citation-item__context"><div class="nova-legacy-c-tooltip__body"><div class="nova-legacy-c-tooltip__body-content"><div class="nova-legacy-o-stack nova-legacy-o-stack--gutter-m nova-legacy-o-stack--spacing-none nova-legacy-o-stack--show-divider nova-legacy-o-stack--no-gutter-outside"><div class="nova-legacy-o-stack__item"><div class="nova-legacy-o-stack nova-legacy-o-stack--gutter-m nova-legacy-o-stack--spacing-none nova-legacy-o-stack--show-divider nova-legacy-o-stack--no-gutter-outside"><div class="nova-legacy-o-stack__item"><div class="nova-legacy-o-stack nova-legacy-o-stack--gutter-m nova-legacy-o-stack--spacing-none nova-legacy-o-stack--show-divider nova-legacy-o-stack--no-gutter-outside"><div class="nova-legacy-o-stack__item"><div class="nova-legacy-e-text nova-legacy-e-text--size-m nova-legacy-e-text--family-sans-serif nova-legacy-e-text--spacing-none nova-legacy-e-text--color-inherit nova-legacy-v-citation-item__context-body">... Compared to the well-studied lacustrine cichlid radiations in the East African Great Lakes, diversification processes among riverine cichlids are poorly known (Alter et al., 2017;Ford et al., 2019;Schwarzer et al., 2011). A massive volume of hydrologic discharge from the vast Congo Basin estimated at 40,662 m 3 /s (Alsdorf et al., 2016) amasses at the outflow of Pool Malebo and descends 280 m through a series of confined gorges, generating high-energy rapids, cataracts, eddies, and deep pools (Alter et al., 2015(Alter et al., , 2017Jackson et al., 2009;Markert et al., 2010;<mark class="nova-legacy-e-text-highlight nova-legacy-e-text-highlight--color-yellow">Oberg et al., 2008;</mark>Robert, 1946;Stiassny & Alter, 2021). A 2008 survey by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) and the American Museum of Natural History (AMNH) revealed that the LCR is characterized by deep underwater canyons and intermittently variable bedrock bathymetry, which is expected to have a substantial influence on the underwater flow regime. ...</div></div></div></div><div class="nova-legacy-o-stack__item"><div class="nova-legacy-o-stack nova-legacy-o-stack--gutter-m nova-legacy-o-stack--spacing-none nova-legacy-o-stack--show-divider nova-legacy-o-stack--no-gutter-outside"><div class="nova-legacy-o-stack__item"><div class="nova-legacy-e-text nova-legacy-e-text--size-m nova-legacy-e-text--family-sans-serif nova-legacy-e-text--spacing-none nova-legacy-e-text--color-inherit nova-legacy-v-citation-item__context-body">... A 2008 survey by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) and the American Museum of Natural History (AMNH) revealed that the LCR is characterized by deep underwater canyons and intermittently variable bedrock bathymetry, which is expected to have a substantial influence on the underwater flow regime. The maximum depth recorded in the LCR is over 200 m, making this one of the deepest rivers in the world (Jackson et al., 2009;<mark class="nova-legacy-e-text-highlight nova-legacy-e-text-highlight--color-yellow">Oberg et al., 2008)</mark>. Given that this depth profile is more similar to some of the African Great Lakes than the other river systems, the LCR provides a unique opportunity to understand diversification processes. ...</div></div></div></div><div class="nova-legacy-o-stack__item"><div class="nova-legacy-o-stack nova-legacy-o-stack--gutter-m nova-legacy-o-stack--spacing-none nova-legacy-o-stack--show-divider nova-legacy-o-stack--no-gutter-outside"><div class="nova-legacy-o-stack__item"><div class="nova-legacy-e-text nova-legacy-e-text--size-m nova-legacy-e-text--family-sans-serif nova-legacy-e-text--spacing-none nova-legacy-e-text--color-inherit nova-legacy-v-citation-item__context-body">... To examine the directionality of gene flow, we used the Bayesian MCMC demographic inference program G-PHOCS (Gronau et al., 2011). In a river with such a strong downstream flow (maximum water velocities of >4 m/s, <mark class="nova-legacy-e-text-highlight nova-legacy-e-text-highlight--color-yellow">Oberg et al., 2008)</mark>, we hypothesized that gene flow would occur unidirectionally in a downstream direction. We analysed two data sets representing interspecific and intraspecific levels (Table S7). ...</div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="nova-legacy-c-tooltip__arrow nova-legacy-c-tooltip__arrow nova-legacy-c-tooltip__arrow--body"><div class="nova-legacy-c-tooltip__arrow-tip"></div></div></div></div></div><div class="nova-legacy-o-stack__item"><div class="nova-legacy-v-citation-item__context-source"><div class="nova-legacy-v-publication-item nova-legacy-v-publication-item--size-m gtm-citation-item"><div class="nova-legacy-v-publication-item__body"><div class="nova-legacy-v-publication-item__stack nova-legacy-v-publication-item__stack--gutter-m"><div class="nova-legacy-v-publication-item__stack-item"><div class="nova-legacy-e-text nova-legacy-e-text--size-l nova-legacy-e-text--family-sans-serif nova-legacy-e-text--spacing-none nova-legacy-e-text--color-inherit nova-legacy-e-text--clamp-2 nova-legacy-v-publication-item__title"><a class="nova-legacy-e-link nova-legacy-e-link--color-inherit nova-legacy-e-link--theme-bare" href="publication/360491018_Riverscape_genomics_of_cichlid_fishes_in_the_lower_Congo_Uncovering_mechanisms_of_diversification_in_an_extreme_hydrological_regime">Riverscape genomics of cichlid fishes in the lower Congo: Uncovering mechanisms of diversification in an extreme hydrological regime</a></div></div><div class="nova-legacy-v-publication-item__stack-item"><div class="nova-legacy-v-publication-item__meta"><div class="nova-legacy-v-publication-item__meta-left"><span class="nova-legacy-e-badge nova-legacy-e-badge--color-green nova-legacy-e-badge--display-block nova-legacy-e-badge--luminosity-high nova-legacy-e-badge--size-l nova-legacy-e-badge--theme-solid nova-legacy-e-badge--radius-m nova-legacy-v-publication-item__type">Article</span></div><div class="nova-legacy-v-publication-item__meta-right"><ul class="nova-legacy-e-list nova-legacy-e-list--size-m nova-legacy-e-list--type-inline nova-legacy-e-list--spacing-none nova-legacy-v-publication-item__meta-data"><li class="nova-legacy-e-list__item nova-legacy-v-publication-item__meta-data-item"><span class="">May 2022</span></li></ul></div></div></div><div class="nova-legacy-v-publication-item__stack-item"><ul class="nova-legacy-e-list nova-legacy-e-list--size-m nova-legacy-e-list--type-inline nova-legacy-e-list--spacing-none nova-legacy-v-publication-item__person-list"><li class="nova-legacy-e-list__item"><a class="nova-legacy-e-link nova-legacy-e-link--color-inherit nova-legacy-e-link--theme-bare" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220606185549/https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Naoko-Kurata"><span class="nova-legacy-v-person-inline-item"><span class="lite-person-inline-item__image"><picture class="lite-page-avatar lite-page-avatar--size-xs lite-page-avatar--radius-full"> <img src="data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAEAAAABCAYAAAAfFcSJAAAADUlEQVR42mN89OjNfwAJDwOxHEacwgAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==" data-src="https://web.archive.org/web/20220606185549/https://i1.rgstatic.net/ii/profile.image/775521734516736-1561910198564_Q64/Naoko-Kurata.jpg" class="lite-image" alt="Naoko P. Kurata"/></picture></span><span class="nova-legacy-v-person-inline-item__fullname">Naoko P. Kurata</span></span></a></li><li class="nova-legacy-e-list__item"><a class="nova-legacy-e-link nova-legacy-e-link--color-inherit nova-legacy-e-link--theme-bare" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220606185549/https://www.researchgate.net/scientific-contributions/Michael-J-Hickerson-2221103038"><span class="nova-legacy-v-person-inline-item"><span class="nova-legacy-v-person-inline-item__fullname">Michael J. Hickerson</span></span></a></li><li class="nova-legacy-e-list__item"><a class="nova-legacy-e-link nova-legacy-e-link--color-inherit nova-legacy-e-link--theme-bare" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220606185549/https://www.researchgate.net/scientific-contributions/Sandra-L-Hoffberg-2221078456"><span class="nova-legacy-v-person-inline-item"><span class="nova-legacy-v-person-inline-item__fullname">Sandra L. Hoffberg</span></span></a></li><li class="nova-legacy-e-list__item"><a class="nova-legacy-e-link nova-legacy-e-link--color-inherit nova-legacy-e-link--theme-bare" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220606185549/https://www.researchgate.net/profile/S-Alter-2"><span class="nova-legacy-v-person-inline-item"><span class="lite-person-inline-item__image"><picture class="lite-page-avatar lite-page-avatar--size-xs lite-page-avatar--radius-full"> <img src="data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAEAAAABCAYAAAAfFcSJAAAADUlEQVR42mN89OjNfwAJDwOxHEacwgAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==" data-src="https://web.archive.org/web/20220606185549/https://i1.rgstatic.net/ii/profile.image/279328597266435-1443608535121_Q64/S-Alter-2.jpg" class="lite-image" alt="S. Elizabeth Alter"/></picture></span><span class="nova-legacy-v-person-inline-item__fullname">S. Elizabeth Alter</span></span></a></li></ul></div><div class="nova-legacy-v-publication-item__stack-item"><div class="nova-legacy-e-text nova-legacy-e-text--size-m nova-legacy-e-text--family-sans-serif nova-legacy-e-text--spacing-none nova-legacy-e-text--color-inherit nova-legacy-e-text--clamp-3 nova-legacy-v-publication-item__description"><span class="js-target-abstract-629e4db590d17 lite-page-hidden">Freshwater fishes are notably diverse, given that freshwater habitat represents a tiny fraction of the earth’s surface, but the mechanisms generating this diversity remain poorly understood. Rivers provide excellent models to understand how freshwater diversity is generated and maintained across heterogeneous habitats. In particular, the lower Congo River (LCR) consists of a dynamic hydroscape exhibiting extraordinary aquatic biodiversity, endemicity, morphological and ecological specialization. Previous studies have suggested that the numerous high‐energy rapids throughout the LCR form physical barriers to gene flow, thus facilitating diversification and speciation, generating ichthyofaunal diversity. However, this hypothesis has not been fully explored using genome‐wide SNPs for fish species distributed across the LCR. Here, we examined four lamprologine cichlids endemic to the LCR that are distributed along the river without range overlap. Using genome‐wide SNP data, we tested the hypotheses that high‐energy rapids serve as physical barriers to gene flow that generate genetic divergence at inter‐ and intraspecific levels, and that gene flow occurs primarily in a downstream direction. Our results are consistent with the prediction that powerful rapids sometimes act as a barrier to gene flow but also suggest that, at certain temporal and spatial scales, they may provide multidirectional dispersal opportunities for riverine rheophilic cichlid fishes. These results highlight the complexity of diversification processes in rivers and the importance of assessing such processes across different riverscapes.</span></div></div></div></div><footer class="nova-legacy-v-publication-item__footer"><div class="nova-legacy-v-publication-item__footer-actions"><div class="nova-legacy-o-pack nova-legacy-o-pack--gutter-m nova-legacy-o-pack--width-auto nova-legacy-o-pack--vertical-align-middle"><div class="nova-legacy-o-pack__item nova-legacy-v-publication-item__footer-button-group"><div class="nova-legacy-c-button-group nova-legacy-c-button-group--gutter-m nova-legacy-c-button-group--orientation-horizontal nova-legacy-c-button-group--width-auto nova-legacy-v-publication-item__actions"><div class="nova-legacy-c-button-group__item"><a class="nova-legacy-c-button nova-legacy-c-button--align-center nova-legacy-c-button--radius-m nova-legacy-c-button--size-s nova-legacy-c-button--color-blue nova-legacy-c-button--theme-bare nova-legacy-c-button--width-auto nova-legacy-v-publication-item__action" href="publication/360491018_Riverscape_genomics_of_cichlid_fishes_in_the_lower_Congo_Uncovering_mechanisms_of_diversification_in_an_extreme_hydrological_regime"><span class="nova-legacy-c-button__label">View</span></a></div><div class="nova-legacy-c-button-group__item"><button class="nova-legacy-c-button nova-legacy-c-button--align-center nova-legacy-c-button--radius-m nova-legacy-c-button--size-s nova-legacy-c-button--color-blue nova-legacy-c-button--theme-bare nova-legacy-c-button--width-auto nova-legacy-v-publication-item__action" type="button"><span class="nova-legacy-c-button__label"><span class=" js-lite-click" data-lite="{"click":[{"t":".js-target-abstract-629e4db590d17","a":"tc(lite-page-hidden)"},{"t":"self","a":"tc(lite-page-hidden)"}]}">Show abstract</span></span></button></div></div></div></div></div></footer></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="nova-legacy-o-stack__item publication-citations__item publication-citations__item--redesign"><div class="nova-legacy-v-citation-item"><div class="nova-legacy-o-stack nova-legacy-o-stack--gutter-m nova-legacy-o-stack--spacing-none nova-legacy-o-stack--no-gutter-outside"><div class="nova-legacy-o-stack__item"><div class="nova-legacy-c-tooltip nova-legacy-c-tooltip--position-above-left nova-legacy-c-tooltip--elevation-none nova-legacy-c-tooltip--color-white nova-legacy-c-tooltip--spacing-m nova-legacy-c-tooltip--luminosity-medium nova-legacy-v-citation-item__context"><div class="nova-legacy-c-tooltip__body"><div class="nova-legacy-c-tooltip__body-content"><div class="nova-legacy-o-stack nova-legacy-o-stack--gutter-m nova-legacy-o-stack--spacing-none nova-legacy-o-stack--show-divider nova-legacy-o-stack--no-gutter-outside"><div class="nova-legacy-o-stack__item"><div class="nova-legacy-o-stack nova-legacy-o-stack--gutter-m nova-legacy-o-stack--spacing-none nova-legacy-o-stack--show-divider nova-legacy-o-stack--no-gutter-outside"><div class="nova-legacy-o-stack__item"><div class="nova-legacy-o-stack nova-legacy-o-stack--gutter-m nova-legacy-o-stack--spacing-none nova-legacy-o-stack--show-divider nova-legacy-o-stack--no-gutter-outside"><div class="nova-legacy-o-stack__item"><div class="nova-legacy-e-text nova-legacy-e-text--size-m nova-legacy-e-text--family-sans-serif nova-legacy-e-text--spacing-none nova-legacy-e-text--color-inherit nova-legacy-v-citation-item__context-body">... Some of the molluscan taxa identified bySerigstad et al. (2010) include, but are not limited to, Natica species, a species of Teretia, Conidae species, Metula species, Buccinacea species, Raphitoma species, Marginella species, Gibberula species, and Nacula species.The Congo River, as shown in the map inFigure 4.9, is the largest river in Africa and the second largest in the World, after the Amazon, discharging large amounts of sediments into the ocean(Anka and Seranne 2004;Sibuet and Vangriesheim 2009). It has a drainage basin of 3.7 to 3.8 million km 2(Anka and Seranne 2004;<mark class="nova-legacy-e-text-highlight nova-legacy-e-text-highlight--color-yellow">Oberg et al. 2009</mark>). The lower Congo River is up to 220 m deep with water velocities in excess of 4 m/s(Oberg et al. 2009). ...</div></div></div></div><div class="nova-legacy-o-stack__item"><div class="nova-legacy-o-stack nova-legacy-o-stack--gutter-m nova-legacy-o-stack--spacing-none nova-legacy-o-stack--show-divider nova-legacy-o-stack--no-gutter-outside"><div class="nova-legacy-o-stack__item"><div class="nova-legacy-e-text nova-legacy-e-text--size-m nova-legacy-e-text--family-sans-serif nova-legacy-e-text--spacing-none nova-legacy-e-text--color-inherit nova-legacy-v-citation-item__context-body">... It has a drainage basin of 3.7 to 3.8 million km 2(Anka and Seranne 2004;Oberg et al. 2009). The lower Congo River is up to 220 m deep with water velocities in excess of 4 m/s<mark class="nova-legacy-e-text-highlight nova-legacy-e-text-highlight--color-yellow">(Oberg et al. 2009</mark>). The mean annual discharge of the Congo River system at Kinshasa, measured from 1932 to 1959, is 46 200 m 3 /s and the highest recorded discharge at this same location is 64 900 m 3 /s(Runge 2008). ...</div></div></div></div><div class="nova-legacy-o-stack__item"><div class="nova-legacy-o-stack nova-legacy-o-stack--gutter-m nova-legacy-o-stack--spacing-none nova-legacy-o-stack--show-divider nova-legacy-o-stack--no-gutter-outside"><div class="nova-legacy-o-stack__item"><div class="nova-legacy-e-text nova-legacy-e-text--size-m nova-legacy-e-text--family-sans-serif nova-legacy-e-text--spacing-none nova-legacy-e-text--color-inherit nova-legacy-v-citation-item__context-body">... The mean annual discharge of the Congo River system at Kinshasa, measured from 1932 to 1959, is 46 200 m 3 /s and the highest recorded discharge at this same location is 64 900 m 3 /s(Runge 2008). At Luozi, the discharge was measured to be 35 800 m 3 /s<mark class="nova-legacy-e-text-highlight nova-legacy-e-text-highlight--color-yellow">(Oberg et al. 2009</mark>). ...</div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="nova-legacy-c-tooltip__arrow nova-legacy-c-tooltip__arrow nova-legacy-c-tooltip__arrow--body"><div class="nova-legacy-c-tooltip__arrow-tip"></div></div></div></div></div><div class="nova-legacy-o-stack__item"><div class="nova-legacy-v-citation-item__context-source"><div class="nova-legacy-v-publication-item nova-legacy-v-publication-item--size-m gtm-citation-item"><div class="nova-legacy-v-publication-item__body"><div class="nova-legacy-v-publication-item__stack nova-legacy-v-publication-item__stack--gutter-m"><div class="nova-legacy-v-publication-item__stack-item"><div class="nova-legacy-e-text nova-legacy-e-text--size-l nova-legacy-e-text--family-sans-serif nova-legacy-e-text--spacing-none nova-legacy-e-text--color-inherit nova-legacy-e-text--clamp-2 nova-legacy-v-publication-item__title"><a class="nova-legacy-e-link nova-legacy-e-link--color-inherit nova-legacy-e-link--theme-bare" href="publication/358579850_Taxonomic_review_of_the_genus_Marginella_dividing_the_African_coast_into_marine_provinces_and_sub-provinces">Taxonomic review of the genus Marginella: dividing the African coast into marine provinces and sub-provinces</a></div></div><div class="nova-legacy-v-publication-item__stack-item"><div class="nova-legacy-v-publication-item__meta"><div class="nova-legacy-v-publication-item__meta-left"><span class="nova-legacy-e-badge nova-legacy-e-badge--color-green nova-legacy-e-badge--display-block nova-legacy-e-badge--luminosity-high nova-legacy-e-badge--size-l nova-legacy-e-badge--theme-solid nova-legacy-e-badge--radius-m nova-legacy-v-publication-item__type">Thesis</span></div><div class="nova-legacy-v-publication-item__meta-left"><span class="nova-legacy-e-badge nova-legacy-e-badge--color-green nova-legacy-e-badge--display-block nova-legacy-e-badge--luminosity-medium nova-legacy-e-badge--size-l nova-legacy-e-badge--theme-ghost nova-legacy-e-badge--radius-m nova-legacy-v-publication-item__fulltext">Full-text available</span></div><div class="nova-legacy-v-publication-item__meta-right"><ul class="nova-legacy-e-list nova-legacy-e-list--size-m nova-legacy-e-list--type-inline nova-legacy-e-list--spacing-none nova-legacy-v-publication-item__meta-data"><li class="nova-legacy-e-list__item nova-legacy-v-publication-item__meta-data-item"><span class="">Jul 2019</span></li></ul></div></div></div><div class="nova-legacy-v-publication-item__stack-item"><ul class="nova-legacy-e-list nova-legacy-e-list--size-m nova-legacy-e-list--type-inline nova-legacy-e-list--spacing-none nova-legacy-v-publication-item__person-list"><li class="nova-legacy-e-list__item"><a class="nova-legacy-e-link nova-legacy-e-link--color-inherit nova-legacy-e-link--theme-bare" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220606185549/https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Stephan-Veldsman"><span class="nova-legacy-v-person-inline-item"><span class="lite-person-inline-item__image"><picture class="lite-page-avatar lite-page-avatar--size-xs lite-page-avatar--radius-full"> <img src="data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAEAAAABCAYAAAAfFcSJAAAADUlEQVR42mN89OjNfwAJDwOxHEacwgAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==" data-src="https://web.archive.org/web/20220606185549/https://i1.rgstatic.net/ii/profile.image/385450104639489-1468909874092_Q64/Stephan-Veldsman.jpg" class="lite-image" alt="Stephan Veldsman"/></picture></span><span class="nova-legacy-v-person-inline-item__fullname">Stephan Veldsman</span></span></a></li></ul></div><div class="nova-legacy-v-publication-item__stack-item"><div class="nova-legacy-e-text nova-legacy-e-text--size-m nova-legacy-e-text--family-sans-serif nova-legacy-e-text--spacing-none nova-legacy-e-text--color-inherit nova-legacy-e-text--clamp-3 nova-legacy-v-publication-item__description"><span class="js-target-abstract-629e4db590e00 lite-page-hidden">The genus Marginella of the family Marginellidae is a diverse group of shelled marine gastropods occurring only around the African coast. Each of the species occurs in a limited range within specific ecological environments. After thorough research into the taxonomy and the description of many new species in recent years by the researcher, it became apparent that the Marginella provides a framework for subdividing Africa into coastal provinces and sub-provinces (in southern Africa). The increase in identified Marginella species, especially along the South African coast, necessitated the taxonomic review of the species within the genus. The phylogenetic relationships of the Marginella species were studied according to morphological characteristics and subsequently grouped into new subgenera. Nine shell characteristics were used for the study. A combined alignment of the parsimony values presented on nodes and refinement by using occurrence or distribution (according to coastal province and sub-provinces) led to the grouping of the species. The parsimony phylogenetic tree consists of 190 species (by 2016), divided into four genera groups. The genus Marginella is further subdivided into 27 subgenera, 26 of which were described as new subgenera. The biogeographical provinces along the African coast were determined by evaluating existing information, the researcher’s own taxonomic work on the genus Marginella, studying oceanography, geomorphology, ecology, and geology, thus refining and delimiting the provinces. The southern African coast was redefined and reclassified into new coastal provinces and sub-provinces. A total of 15 coastal provinces around the African coast are discussed, together with 11 coastal sub-provinces from the South African coast in relation to the occurrence of the Marginella species and several other groups of southern African shells that were investigated.</span></div></div></div></div><footer class="nova-legacy-v-publication-item__footer"><div class="nova-legacy-v-publication-item__footer-actions"><div class="nova-legacy-o-pack nova-legacy-o-pack--gutter-m nova-legacy-o-pack--width-auto nova-legacy-o-pack--vertical-align-middle"><div class="nova-legacy-o-pack__item nova-legacy-v-publication-item__footer-button-group"><div class="nova-legacy-c-button-group nova-legacy-c-button-group--gutter-m nova-legacy-c-button-group--orientation-horizontal nova-legacy-c-button-group--width-auto nova-legacy-v-publication-item__actions"><div class="nova-legacy-c-button-group__item"><a class="nova-legacy-c-button nova-legacy-c-button--align-center nova-legacy-c-button--radius-m nova-legacy-c-button--size-s nova-legacy-c-button--color-blue nova-legacy-c-button--theme-bare nova-legacy-c-button--width-auto nova-legacy-v-publication-item__action" href="publication/358579850_Taxonomic_review_of_the_genus_Marginella_dividing_the_African_coast_into_marine_provinces_and_sub-provinces"><span class="nova-legacy-c-button__label">View</span></a></div><div class="nova-legacy-c-button-group__item"><button class="nova-legacy-c-button nova-legacy-c-button--align-center nova-legacy-c-button--radius-m nova-legacy-c-button--size-s nova-legacy-c-button--color-blue nova-legacy-c-button--theme-bare nova-legacy-c-button--width-auto nova-legacy-v-publication-item__action" type="button"><span class="nova-legacy-c-button__label"><span class=" js-lite-click" data-lite="{"click":[{"t":".js-target-abstract-629e4db590e00","a":"tc(lite-page-hidden)"},{"t":"self","a":"tc(lite-page-hidden)"}]}">Show abstract</span></span></button></div></div></div></div></div></footer></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="nova-legacy-o-stack__item publication-citations__item publication-citations__item--redesign"><div class="nova-legacy-v-citation-item"><div class="nova-legacy-o-stack nova-legacy-o-stack--gutter-m nova-legacy-o-stack--spacing-none nova-legacy-o-stack--no-gutter-outside"><div class="nova-legacy-o-stack__item"><div class="nova-legacy-c-tooltip nova-legacy-c-tooltip--position-above-left nova-legacy-c-tooltip--elevation-none nova-legacy-c-tooltip--color-white nova-legacy-c-tooltip--spacing-m nova-legacy-c-tooltip--luminosity-medium nova-legacy-v-citation-item__context"><div class="nova-legacy-c-tooltip__body"><div class="nova-legacy-c-tooltip__body-content"><div class="nova-legacy-o-stack nova-legacy-o-stack--gutter-m nova-legacy-o-stack--spacing-none nova-legacy-o-stack--show-divider nova-legacy-o-stack--no-gutter-outside"><div class="nova-legacy-o-stack__item"><div class="nova-legacy-o-stack nova-legacy-o-stack--gutter-m nova-legacy-o-stack--spacing-none nova-legacy-o-stack--show-divider nova-legacy-o-stack--no-gutter-outside"><div class="nova-legacy-o-stack__item"><div class="nova-legacy-o-stack nova-legacy-o-stack--gutter-m nova-legacy-o-stack--spacing-none nova-legacy-o-stack--show-divider nova-legacy-o-stack--no-gutter-outside"><div class="nova-legacy-o-stack__item"><div class="nova-legacy-e-text nova-legacy-e-text--size-m nova-legacy-e-text--family-sans-serif nova-legacy-e-text--spacing-none nova-legacy-e-text--color-inherit nova-legacy-v-citation-item__context-body">... The knowledge on the phytoplankton of one of the most important large world rivers, the tropical Congo River, which provides freshwater resources for millions of people in central Africa <mark class="nova-legacy-e-text-highlight nova-legacy-e-text-highlight--color-yellow">(Oberg et al. 2009</mark>) and is the major transport arteria of DR Congo is quite scarce. Only recently data on potamoplankton structure, dynamics and main driving forces in the Middle Congo River became available (Descy et al. 2016). ...</div></div></div></div><div class="nova-legacy-o-stack__item"><div class="nova-legacy-o-stack nova-legacy-o-stack--gutter-m nova-legacy-o-stack--spacing-none nova-legacy-o-stack--show-divider nova-legacy-o-stack--no-gutter-outside"><div class="nova-legacy-o-stack__item"><div class="nova-legacy-e-text nova-legacy-e-text--size-m nova-legacy-e-text--family-sans-serif nova-legacy-e-text--spacing-none nova-legacy-e-text--color-inherit nova-legacy-v-citation-item__context-body">... The Congo River (formerly known as the Zaire River) stretches from the Great Rift Valley in Eastern Africa to the Atlantic Ocean in the west (Fig. 1). It is the second longest river in Africa after the Nile, with a length of about 4,300 km <mark class="nova-legacy-e-text-highlight nova-legacy-e-text-highlight--color-yellow">(Oberg et al. 2009;</mark>Vanden Bossche & Bernacsek 1990 -cit. acc. to https://en.wikipedia.org/ ...</div></div></div></div><div class="nova-legacy-o-stack__item"><div class="nova-legacy-o-stack nova-legacy-o-stack--gutter-m nova-legacy-o-stack--spacing-none nova-legacy-o-stack--show-divider nova-legacy-o-stack--no-gutter-outside"><div class="nova-legacy-o-stack__item"><div class="nova-legacy-e-text nova-legacy-e-text--size-m nova-legacy-e-text--family-sans-serif nova-legacy-e-text--spacing-none nova-legacy-e-text--color-inherit nova-legacy-v-citation-item__context-body">... acc. to https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ Congo_River; <mark class="nova-legacy-e-text-highlight nova-legacy-e-text-highlight--color-yellow">Oberg et al. 2009</mark>). The river runs between 7 o N and 12 o S, mostly through a flooded forest region, draining the largest expanse of lowland tropical forest in Africa (Beadle 1974;Bwangoy et al. 2010). ...</div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="nova-legacy-c-tooltip__arrow nova-legacy-c-tooltip__arrow nova-legacy-c-tooltip__arrow--body"><div class="nova-legacy-c-tooltip__arrow-tip"></div></div></div></div></div><div class="nova-legacy-o-stack__item"><div class="nova-legacy-v-citation-item__context-source"><div class="nova-legacy-v-publication-item nova-legacy-v-publication-item--size-m gtm-citation-item"><div class="nova-legacy-v-publication-item__body"><div class="nova-legacy-v-publication-item__stack nova-legacy-v-publication-item__stack--gutter-m"><div class="nova-legacy-v-publication-item__stack-item"><div class="nova-legacy-e-text nova-legacy-e-text--size-l nova-legacy-e-text--family-sans-serif nova-legacy-e-text--spacing-none nova-legacy-e-text--color-inherit nova-legacy-e-text--clamp-2 nova-legacy-v-publication-item__title"><a class="nova-legacy-e-link nova-legacy-e-link--color-inherit nova-legacy-e-link--theme-bare" href="publication/343676184_Checklist_of_cyanoprokaryotes_and_algae_in_the_large_tropical_River_Congo_Africa">Checklist of cyanoprokaryotes and algae in the large tropical River Congo (Africa)</a></div></div><div class="nova-legacy-v-publication-item__stack-item"><div class="nova-legacy-v-publication-item__meta"><div class="nova-legacy-v-publication-item__meta-left"><span class="nova-legacy-e-badge nova-legacy-e-badge--color-green nova-legacy-e-badge--display-block nova-legacy-e-badge--luminosity-high nova-legacy-e-badge--size-l nova-legacy-e-badge--theme-solid nova-legacy-e-badge--radius-m nova-legacy-v-publication-item__type">Article</span></div><div class="nova-legacy-v-publication-item__meta-left"><span class="nova-legacy-e-badge nova-legacy-e-badge--color-green nova-legacy-e-badge--display-block nova-legacy-e-badge--luminosity-medium nova-legacy-e-badge--size-l nova-legacy-e-badge--theme-ghost nova-legacy-e-badge--radius-m nova-legacy-v-publication-item__fulltext">Full-text available</span></div><div class="nova-legacy-v-publication-item__meta-right"><ul class="nova-legacy-e-list nova-legacy-e-list--size-m nova-legacy-e-list--type-inline nova-legacy-e-list--spacing-none nova-legacy-v-publication-item__meta-data"><li class="nova-legacy-e-list__item nova-legacy-v-publication-item__meta-data-item"><span class="">Aug 2020</span></li></ul></div></div></div><div class="nova-legacy-v-publication-item__stack-item"><ul class="nova-legacy-e-list nova-legacy-e-list--size-m nova-legacy-e-list--type-inline nova-legacy-e-list--spacing-none nova-legacy-v-publication-item__person-list"><li class="nova-legacy-e-list__item"><a class="nova-legacy-e-link nova-legacy-e-link--color-inherit nova-legacy-e-link--theme-bare" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220606185549/https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Maya-Stoyneva"><span class="nova-legacy-v-person-inline-item"><span class="lite-person-inline-item__image"><picture class="lite-page-avatar lite-page-avatar--size-xs lite-page-avatar--radius-full"> <img src="data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAEAAAABCAYAAAAfFcSJAAAADUlEQVR42mN89OjNfwAJDwOxHEacwgAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==" data-src="https://web.archive.org/web/20220606185549/https://i1.rgstatic.net/ii/profile.image/272454635487235-1441969655345_Q64/Maya-Stoyneva.jpg" class="lite-image" alt="Maya Stoyneva"/></picture></span><span class="nova-legacy-v-person-inline-item__fullname">Maya Stoyneva</span></span></a></li><li class="nova-legacy-e-list__item"><a class="nova-legacy-e-link nova-legacy-e-link--color-inherit nova-legacy-e-link--theme-bare" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220606185549/https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Jean-Pierre-Descy"><span class="nova-legacy-v-person-inline-item"><span class="lite-person-inline-item__image"><picture class="lite-page-avatar lite-page-avatar--size-xs lite-page-avatar--radius-full"> <img src="data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAEAAAABCAYAAAAfFcSJAAAADUlEQVR42mN89OjNfwAJDwOxHEacwgAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==" data-src="https://web.archive.org/web/20220606185549/https://i1.rgstatic.net/ii/profile.image/272391502823426-1441954603102_Q64/Jean-Pierre-Descy.jpg" class="lite-image" alt="Jean-Pierre Descy"/></picture></span><span class="nova-legacy-v-person-inline-item__fullname">Jean-Pierre Descy</span></span></a></li></ul></div><div class="nova-legacy-v-publication-item__stack-item"><div class="nova-legacy-e-text nova-legacy-e-text--size-m nova-legacy-e-text--family-sans-serif nova-legacy-e-text--spacing-none nova-legacy-e-text--color-inherit nova-legacy-e-text--clamp-3 nova-legacy-v-publication-item__description"><span class="js-target-abstract-629e4db59156f lite-page-hidden">This study presents data on the floristic composition of cyanoprokaryotes/cyanobacteria and algae in the tropical River Congo, the second longest river in Africa after the Nile, which at global scale is the second most important river after Amazon in terms of drainage basin size and freshwater discharge. The results in this paper are based only on the materials collected from the mainstem of the middle part of the River Congo in two sampling campaigns: in the high water (HW) period, in December 2013 (33 sites), and in the low, falling water (FW) period in June 2014 (38 sites). Totally 520 taxa of 7 divisions (Cyanoprokaryota – 76, Cryptophyta – 1, Euglenophyta -17, Pyrhophyta – 8, Chlorophyta – 108, Streptophyta – 38, Ochrophyta – 272: 242 Bacillariophyceae, 24 Chrysophyceae, 1 Synurophyceae, 3 Tribophyceae and 2 Eustigmatophyceae), were identified in the phytoplankton samples but few of them (16) were strictly tropical. Algal diversity was higher during the FW (431 taxa) compared with HW (314 taxa) and floristic similarity between both periods was only 57% based on 213 common taxa. According to the frequency of distribution, most of the phytoplankters occurred rarely and only two diatoms were found in all sites during both studied periods: Aulacoseira ambigua and Nitzschia lancettula. They were followed by the widespread Aulacoseira agassizii, A. granulata var. angustissima, Nitzschia cf. lacuum, Staurosirella leptostauron and Staurosirella pinnata. Cyanoprokaryotes and chlorophytes were found along the whole river flow, but with different species composition.</span></div></div></div></div><footer class="nova-legacy-v-publication-item__footer"><div class="nova-legacy-v-publication-item__footer-actions"><div class="nova-legacy-o-pack nova-legacy-o-pack--gutter-m nova-legacy-o-pack--width-auto nova-legacy-o-pack--vertical-align-middle"><div class="nova-legacy-o-pack__item nova-legacy-v-publication-item__footer-button-group"><div class="nova-legacy-c-button-group nova-legacy-c-button-group--gutter-m nova-legacy-c-button-group--orientation-horizontal nova-legacy-c-button-group--width-auto nova-legacy-v-publication-item__actions"><div class="nova-legacy-c-button-group__item"><a class="nova-legacy-c-button nova-legacy-c-button--align-center nova-legacy-c-button--radius-m nova-legacy-c-button--size-s nova-legacy-c-button--color-blue nova-legacy-c-button--theme-bare nova-legacy-c-button--width-auto nova-legacy-v-publication-item__action" href="publication/343676184_Checklist_of_cyanoprokaryotes_and_algae_in_the_large_tropical_River_Congo_Africa"><span class="nova-legacy-c-button__label">View</span></a></div><div class="nova-legacy-c-button-group__item"><button class="nova-legacy-c-button nova-legacy-c-button--align-center nova-legacy-c-button--radius-m nova-legacy-c-button--size-s nova-legacy-c-button--color-blue nova-legacy-c-button--theme-bare nova-legacy-c-button--width-auto nova-legacy-v-publication-item__action" type="button"><span class="nova-legacy-c-button__label"><span class=" js-lite-click" data-lite="{"click":[{"t":".js-target-abstract-629e4db59156f","a":"tc(lite-page-hidden)"},{"t":"self","a":"tc(lite-page-hidden)"}]}">Show abstract</span></span></button></div></div></div></div></div></footer></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="nova-legacy-o-stack__item publication-citations__item publication-citations__item--redesign"><div class="nova-legacy-v-citation-item"><div class="nova-legacy-o-stack nova-legacy-o-stack--gutter-m nova-legacy-o-stack--spacing-none nova-legacy-o-stack--no-gutter-outside"><div class="nova-legacy-o-stack__item"><div class="nova-legacy-c-tooltip nova-legacy-c-tooltip--position-above-left nova-legacy-c-tooltip--elevation-none nova-legacy-c-tooltip--color-white nova-legacy-c-tooltip--spacing-m nova-legacy-c-tooltip--luminosity-medium nova-legacy-v-citation-item__context"><div class="nova-legacy-c-tooltip__body"><div class="nova-legacy-c-tooltip__body-content"><div class="nova-legacy-o-stack nova-legacy-o-stack--gutter-m nova-legacy-o-stack--spacing-none nova-legacy-o-stack--show-divider nova-legacy-o-stack--no-gutter-outside"><div class="nova-legacy-o-stack__item"><div class="nova-legacy-o-stack nova-legacy-o-stack--gutter-m nova-legacy-o-stack--spacing-none nova-legacy-o-stack--show-divider nova-legacy-o-stack--no-gutter-outside"><div class="nova-legacy-o-stack__item"><div class="nova-legacy-o-stack nova-legacy-o-stack--gutter-m nova-legacy-o-stack--spacing-none nova-legacy-o-stack--show-divider nova-legacy-o-stack--no-gutter-outside"><div class="nova-legacy-o-stack__item"><div class="nova-legacy-e-text nova-legacy-e-text--size-m nova-legacy-e-text--family-sans-serif nova-legacy-e-text--spacing-none nova-legacy-e-text--color-inherit nova-legacy-v-citation-item__context-body">... Par exemple, juste au-dessus de Matadi, à environ 150 km de l'embouchure du fleuve, Stanley (1885) a signalé des profondeurs de 90 brasses (soit 165 m). <mark class="nova-legacy-e-text-highlight nova-legacy-e-text-highlight--color-yellow">Oberg et al. [2009]</mark> ont vérifié des bassins de plongée d'une profondeur d'environ 100 m dans le bief situé sous Kinshasa, dont un bassin de 220 m de profondeur. Compte tenu de l'altitude de la surface terrestre, certains de ces bassins se trouvent au fond, sous le niveau de la mer. ...</div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="nova-legacy-c-tooltip__arrow nova-legacy-c-tooltip__arrow nova-legacy-c-tooltip__arrow--body"><div class="nova-legacy-c-tooltip__arrow-tip"></div></div></div></div></div><div class="nova-legacy-o-stack__item"><div class="nova-legacy-v-citation-item__context-source"><div class="nova-legacy-v-publication-item nova-legacy-v-publication-item--size-m gtm-citation-item"><div class="nova-legacy-v-publication-item__body"><div class="nova-legacy-v-publication-item__stack nova-legacy-v-publication-item__stack--gutter-m"><div class="nova-legacy-v-publication-item__stack-item"><div class="nova-legacy-e-text nova-legacy-e-text--size-l nova-legacy-e-text--family-sans-serif nova-legacy-e-text--spacing-none nova-legacy-e-text--color-inherit nova-legacy-e-text--clamp-2 nova-legacy-v-publication-item__title"><a class="nova-legacy-e-link nova-legacy-e-link--color-inherit nova-legacy-e-link--theme-bare" href="publication/358716205_Recherche_sur_le_bassin_du_Congo_construire_une_base_pour_l'avenir">Recherche sur le bassin du Congo : construire une base pour l'avenir</a></div></div><div class="nova-legacy-v-publication-item__stack-item"><div class="nova-legacy-v-publication-item__meta"><div class="nova-legacy-v-publication-item__meta-left"><span class="nova-legacy-e-badge nova-legacy-e-badge--color-green nova-legacy-e-badge--display-block nova-legacy-e-badge--luminosity-high nova-legacy-e-badge--size-l nova-legacy-e-badge--theme-solid nova-legacy-e-badge--radius-m nova-legacy-v-publication-item__type">Chapter</span></div><div class="nova-legacy-v-publication-item__meta-right"><ul class="nova-legacy-e-list nova-legacy-e-list--size-m nova-legacy-e-list--type-inline nova-legacy-e-list--spacing-none nova-legacy-v-publication-item__meta-data"><li class="nova-legacy-e-list__item nova-legacy-v-publication-item__meta-data-item"><span class="">Feb 2022</span></li></ul></div></div></div><div class="nova-legacy-v-publication-item__stack-item"><ul class="nova-legacy-e-list nova-legacy-e-list--size-m nova-legacy-e-list--type-inline nova-legacy-e-list--spacing-none nova-legacy-v-publication-item__person-list"><li class="nova-legacy-e-list__item"><a class="nova-legacy-e-link nova-legacy-e-link--color-inherit nova-legacy-e-link--theme-bare" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220606185549/https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Raphael-Tshimanga"><span class="nova-legacy-v-person-inline-item"><span class="lite-person-inline-item__image"><picture class="lite-page-avatar lite-page-avatar--size-xs lite-page-avatar--radius-full"> <img src="data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAEAAAABCAYAAAAfFcSJAAAADUlEQVR42mN89OjNfwAJDwOxHEacwgAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==" data-src="https://web.archive.org/web/20220606185549/https://i1.rgstatic.net/ii/profile.image/534868594966528-1504534018576_Q64/Raphael-Tshimanga.jpg" class="lite-image" alt="Raphael M. Tshimanga"/></picture></span><span class="nova-legacy-v-person-inline-item__fullname">Raphael M. Tshimanga</span></span></a></li><li class="nova-legacy-e-list__item"><a class="nova-legacy-e-link nova-legacy-e-link--color-inherit nova-legacy-e-link--theme-bare" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220606185549/https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Guy-Moukandi"><span class="nova-legacy-v-person-inline-item"><span class="lite-person-inline-item__image"><picture class="lite-page-avatar lite-page-avatar--size-xs lite-page-avatar--radius-full"> <img src="data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAEAAAABCAYAAAAfFcSJAAAADUlEQVR42mN89OjNfwAJDwOxHEacwgAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==" data-src="https://web.archive.org/web/20220606185549/https://i1.rgstatic.net/ii/profile.image/898774104829954-1591295853987_Q64/Guy-Moukandi.jpg" class="lite-image" alt="Guy Moukandi"/></picture></span><span class="nova-legacy-v-person-inline-item__fullname">Guy Moukandi</span></span></a></li><li class="nova-legacy-e-list__item"><a class="nova-legacy-e-link nova-legacy-e-link--color-inherit nova-legacy-e-link--theme-bare" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220606185549/https://www.researchgate.net/profile/A-Laraque"><span class="nova-legacy-v-person-inline-item"><span class="lite-person-inline-item__image"><picture class="lite-page-avatar lite-page-avatar--size-xs lite-page-avatar--radius-full"> <img src="data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAEAAAABCAYAAAAfFcSJAAAADUlEQVR42mN89OjNfwAJDwOxHEacwgAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==" data-src="https://web.archive.org/web/20220606185549/https://c5.rgstatic.net/m/4671872220764/images/template/default/profile/profile_default_m.jpg" class="lite-image" alt="A. Laraque"/></picture></span><span class="nova-legacy-v-person-inline-item__fullname">A. Laraque</span></span></a></li><li class="nova-legacy-e-list__item"><a class="nova-legacy-e-link nova-legacy-e-link--color-inherit nova-legacy-e-link--theme-bare" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220606185549/https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Douglas-Alsdorf"><span class="nova-legacy-v-person-inline-item"><span class="lite-person-inline-item__image"><picture class="lite-page-avatar lite-page-avatar--size-xs lite-page-avatar--radius-full"> <img src="data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAEAAAABCAYAAAAfFcSJAAAADUlEQVR42mN89OjNfwAJDwOxHEacwgAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==" data-src="https://web.archive.org/web/20220606185549/https://c5.rgstatic.net/m/4671872220764/images/template/default/profile/profile_default_m.jpg" class="lite-image" alt="Douglas Alsdorf"/></picture></span><span class="nova-legacy-v-person-inline-item__fullname">Douglas Alsdorf</span></span></a></li></ul></div><div class="nova-legacy-v-publication-item__stack-item"><div class="nova-legacy-e-text nova-legacy-e-text--size-m nova-legacy-e-text--family-sans-serif nova-legacy-e-text--spacing-none nova-legacy-e-text--color-inherit nova-legacy-e-text--clamp-3 nova-legacy-v-publication-item__description"><span class="js-target-abstract-629e4db590db3 lite-page-hidden">Le Congo est le deuxième plus grand bassin fluvial du monde. Son eau, son climat et ses passages fluviaux sont cruciaux pour les millions de personnes qui vivent dans cette région centrale de l'Afrique sub‐saharienne. Malgré son importance, le bassin du Congo n'a pas été bien représenté dans la recherche hydrologique au cours des dernières décennies, notamment en comparaison avec le bassin de l'Amazone. Ainsi, le Congo et les bassins environnants représentent une excellente opportunité de découverte scientifique. Ce chapitre, une introduction pour une monographie bilingue, avec un assemblage international d'auteurs, aide à surmonter les limitations en présentant des aperçus de l'hydrologie, du climat et de la biogéochimie de la région. Les questions scientifiques de premier ordre n'ont pas encore trouvé de réponses complètes et ces réponses sont bien nécessaires pour guider la gestion des ressources.</span></div></div></div></div><footer class="nova-legacy-v-publication-item__footer"><div class="nova-legacy-v-publication-item__footer-actions"><div class="nova-legacy-o-pack nova-legacy-o-pack--gutter-m nova-legacy-o-pack--width-auto nova-legacy-o-pack--vertical-align-middle"><div class="nova-legacy-o-pack__item nova-legacy-v-publication-item__footer-button-group"><div class="nova-legacy-c-button-group nova-legacy-c-button-group--gutter-m nova-legacy-c-button-group--orientation-horizontal nova-legacy-c-button-group--width-auto nova-legacy-v-publication-item__actions"><div class="nova-legacy-c-button-group__item"><a class="nova-legacy-c-button nova-legacy-c-button--align-center nova-legacy-c-button--radius-m nova-legacy-c-button--size-s nova-legacy-c-button--color-blue nova-legacy-c-button--theme-bare nova-legacy-c-button--width-auto nova-legacy-v-publication-item__action" href="publication/358716205_Recherche_sur_le_bassin_du_Congo_construire_une_base_pour_l'avenir"><span class="nova-legacy-c-button__label">View</span></a></div><div class="nova-legacy-c-button-group__item"><button class="nova-legacy-c-button nova-legacy-c-button--align-center nova-legacy-c-button--radius-m nova-legacy-c-button--size-s nova-legacy-c-button--color-blue nova-legacy-c-button--theme-bare nova-legacy-c-button--width-auto nova-legacy-v-publication-item__action" type="button"><span class="nova-legacy-c-button__label"><span class=" js-lite-click" data-lite="{"click":[{"t":".js-target-abstract-629e4db590db3","a":"tc(lite-page-hidden)"},{"t":"self","a":"tc(lite-page-hidden)"}]}">Show abstract</span></span></button></div></div></div></div></div></footer></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="nova-legacy-o-stack__item publication-citations__item publication-citations__item--redesign"><div class="nova-legacy-v-citation-item"><div class="nova-legacy-o-stack nova-legacy-o-stack--gutter-m nova-legacy-o-stack--spacing-none nova-legacy-o-stack--no-gutter-outside"><div class="nova-legacy-o-stack__item"><div class="nova-legacy-c-tooltip nova-legacy-c-tooltip--position-above-left nova-legacy-c-tooltip--elevation-none nova-legacy-c-tooltip--color-white nova-legacy-c-tooltip--spacing-m nova-legacy-c-tooltip--luminosity-medium nova-legacy-v-citation-item__context"><div class="nova-legacy-c-tooltip__body"><div class="nova-legacy-c-tooltip__body-content"><div class="nova-legacy-o-stack nova-legacy-o-stack--gutter-m nova-legacy-o-stack--spacing-none nova-legacy-o-stack--show-divider nova-legacy-o-stack--no-gutter-outside"><div class="nova-legacy-o-stack__item"><div class="nova-legacy-o-stack nova-legacy-o-stack--gutter-m nova-legacy-o-stack--spacing-none nova-legacy-o-stack--show-divider nova-legacy-o-stack--no-gutter-outside"><div class="nova-legacy-o-stack__item"><div class="nova-legacy-o-stack nova-legacy-o-stack--gutter-m nova-legacy-o-stack--spacing-none nova-legacy-o-stack--show-divider nova-legacy-o-stack--no-gutter-outside"><div class="nova-legacy-o-stack__item"><div class="nova-legacy-e-text nova-legacy-e-text--size-m nova-legacy-e-text--family-sans-serif nova-legacy-e-text--spacing-none nova-legacy-e-text--color-inherit nova-legacy-v-citation-item__context-body">... With a length of 4700 km it is the second-longest river in Africa (after the Nile) and has the second-largest drainage basin in the world, covering 3.7 million km 2 (Droz et al., 1996). Between Kinshasa/Brazzaville and the Atlantic coast (~500 km) the Congo River drops~270 m and its valley depth can reach over 220 m <mark class="nova-legacy-e-text-highlight nova-legacy-e-text-highlight--color-yellow">(Oberg et al., 2009)</mark>, resulting in extreme steepness values up to a ksn of 800 at the Inga Falls (Garzanti et al., 2019). This is a unique feature by comparison to all other major river systems of the world. ...</div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="nova-legacy-c-tooltip__arrow nova-legacy-c-tooltip__arrow nova-legacy-c-tooltip__arrow--body"><div class="nova-legacy-c-tooltip__arrow-tip"></div></div></div></div></div><div class="nova-legacy-o-stack__item"><div class="nova-legacy-v-citation-item__context-source"><div class="nova-legacy-v-publication-item nova-legacy-v-publication-item--size-m gtm-citation-item"><div class="nova-legacy-v-publication-item__body"><div class="nova-legacy-v-publication-item__stack nova-legacy-v-publication-item__stack--gutter-m"><div class="nova-legacy-v-publication-item__stack-item"><div class="nova-legacy-e-text nova-legacy-e-text--size-l nova-legacy-e-text--family-sans-serif nova-legacy-e-text--spacing-none nova-legacy-e-text--color-inherit nova-legacy-e-text--clamp-2 nova-legacy-v-publication-item__title"><a class="nova-legacy-e-link nova-legacy-e-link--color-inherit nova-legacy-e-link--theme-bare" href="publication/356833046_Exhumation_of_the_passive_margin_of_the_DR_Congo_during_pre-_and_post-_Gondwana_breakup_Evidence_from_low-temperature_thermochronology_geology_and_geomorphology">Exhumation of the passive margin of the DR Congo during pre- and post- Gondwana breakup: Evidence from low-temperature thermochronology, geology and geomorphology</a></div></div><div class="nova-legacy-v-publication-item__stack-item"><div class="nova-legacy-v-publication-item__meta"><div class="nova-legacy-v-publication-item__meta-left"><span class="nova-legacy-e-badge nova-legacy-e-badge--color-green nova-legacy-e-badge--display-block nova-legacy-e-badge--luminosity-high nova-legacy-e-badge--size-l nova-legacy-e-badge--theme-solid nova-legacy-e-badge--radius-m nova-legacy-v-publication-item__type">Article</span></div><div class="nova-legacy-v-publication-item__meta-right"><ul class="nova-legacy-e-list nova-legacy-e-list--size-m nova-legacy-e-list--type-inline nova-legacy-e-list--spacing-none nova-legacy-v-publication-item__meta-data"><li class="nova-legacy-e-list__item nova-legacy-v-publication-item__meta-data-item"><span class="">Dec 2021</span></li><li class="nova-legacy-e-list__item nova-legacy-v-publication-item__meta-data-item"><span class=""><a class="nova-legacy-e-link nova-legacy-e-link--color-inherit nova-legacy-e-link--theme-decorated" href="journal/Geomorphology-0169-555X">GEOMORPHOLOGY</a></span></li></ul></div></div></div><div class="nova-legacy-v-publication-item__stack-item"><ul class="nova-legacy-e-list nova-legacy-e-list--size-m nova-legacy-e-list--type-inline nova-legacy-e-list--spacing-none nova-legacy-v-publication-item__person-list"><li class="nova-legacy-e-list__item"><a class="nova-legacy-e-link nova-legacy-e-link--color-inherit nova-legacy-e-link--theme-bare" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220606185549/https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Gerben-Van-Ranst"><span class="nova-legacy-v-person-inline-item"><span class="lite-person-inline-item__image"><picture class="lite-page-avatar lite-page-avatar--size-xs lite-page-avatar--radius-full"> <img src="data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAEAAAABCAYAAAAfFcSJAAAADUlEQVR42mN89OjNfwAJDwOxHEacwgAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==" data-src="https://web.archive.org/web/20220606185549/https://i1.rgstatic.net/ii/profile.image/819610098094080-1572421683133_Q64/Gerben-Van-Ranst.jpg" class="lite-image" alt="Gerben Van Ranst"/></picture></span><span class="nova-legacy-v-person-inline-item__fullname">Gerben Van Ranst</span></span></a></li><li class="nova-legacy-e-list__item"><a class="nova-legacy-e-link nova-legacy-e-link--color-inherit nova-legacy-e-link--theme-bare" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220606185549/https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Ana-Fonseca-33"><span class="nova-legacy-v-person-inline-item"><span class="lite-person-inline-item__image"><picture class="lite-page-avatar lite-page-avatar--size-xs lite-page-avatar--radius-full"> <img src="data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAEAAAABCAYAAAAfFcSJAAAADUlEQVR42mN89OjNfwAJDwOxHEacwgAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==" data-src="https://web.archive.org/web/20220606185549/https://i1.rgstatic.net/ii/profile.image/670041758523408-1536761812745_Q64/Ana-Fonseca-33.jpg" class="lite-image" alt="Ana Fonseca"/></picture></span><span class="nova-legacy-v-person-inline-item__fullname">Ana Fonseca</span></span></a></li><li class="nova-legacy-e-list__item"><a class="nova-legacy-e-link nova-legacy-e-link--color-inherit nova-legacy-e-link--theme-bare" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220606185549/https://www.researchgate.net/scientific-contributions/L-Tack-74365459"><span class="nova-legacy-v-person-inline-item"><span class="nova-legacy-v-person-inline-item__fullname">L. Tack</span></span></a></li><li class="nova-legacy-e-list__item"><a class="nova-legacy-e-link nova-legacy-e-link--color-inherit nova-legacy-e-link--theme-bare" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220606185549/https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Johan-De-Grave"><span class="nova-legacy-v-person-inline-item"><span class="lite-person-inline-item__image"><picture class="lite-page-avatar lite-page-avatar--size-xs lite-page-avatar--radius-full"> <img src="data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAEAAAABCAYAAAAfFcSJAAAADUlEQVR42mN89OjNfwAJDwOxHEacwgAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==" data-src="https://web.archive.org/web/20220606185549/https://c5.rgstatic.net/m/4671872220764/images/template/default/profile/profile_default_m.jpg" class="lite-image" alt="Johan De Grave"/></picture></span><span class="nova-legacy-v-person-inline-item__fullname">Johan De Grave</span></span></a></li></ul></div><div class="nova-legacy-v-publication-item__stack-item"><div class="nova-legacy-e-text nova-legacy-e-text--size-m nova-legacy-e-text--family-sans-serif nova-legacy-e-text--spacing-none nova-legacy-e-text--color-inherit nova-legacy-e-text--clamp-3 nova-legacy-v-publication-item__description"><span class="js-target-abstract-629e4db590f57 lite-page-hidden">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2021.108067 The Lower Congo region encompasses the South Atlantic passive margin of the Democratic Republic of Congo (Central Africa). It is host to the lowermost course of the Congo River, cutting through the Central African Atlantic Swell (CAAS). The region is underlain by litho-structural units of the Pan-African West Congo Belt, which consists of different tectono-metamorphic domains. The Precambrian basement is covered to the west by marine deposits of the South Atlantic Ocean and to the east by continental deposits of the Congo Basin. In this study we aim to constrain the timing of uplift and exhumation of the CAAS by using apatite fission track (AFT) thermochronology in combination with an updated overview of the geology and geomorphology of the Lower Congo region. AFT ages vary widely between 108 and 312 Ma. Short track lengths (11–12 μm) and broad, complex track length distributions indicate mixed ages between multiple thermal events. We derive the timing of exhumation from inverse thermal history models, that show that the Lower Congo region experienced a first exhumation event before Gondwana breakup during the Carboniferous to Middle Jurassic. This event is probably related to compressive forces at the boundaries of Gondwana. Both rifting and subsequent opening of the South Atlantic Ocean do not seem to have had a pronounced effect on the CAAS region. During the Late Cretaceous to Palaeogene, a slight reheating is suggested and could be due to subsidence and consequential modest reburial of the Lower Congo rocks. A second phase of exhumation initiated around the Palaeogene–Neogene and eventually emplaced the sampled rocks at surface temperatures. The multi-phased differential denudation results from reactivation of fault-bounded tectono-metamorphic blocks of the Precambrian basement, controlled by the combination of two systems of faults related to the Cretaceous South Atlantic Ocean opening and Pan-African orogeny respectively. Differential denudation of the Lower Congo region is also well-marked by independent qualitative indicators of the present-day geomorphology including distinct knickpoints and steep valleys along the course of the Lower Congo River, reworking of erosion surfaces and associated laterite crust and contrasting karst morphology.</span></div></div></div></div><footer class="nova-legacy-v-publication-item__footer"><div class="nova-legacy-v-publication-item__footer-actions"><div class="nova-legacy-o-pack nova-legacy-o-pack--gutter-m nova-legacy-o-pack--width-auto nova-legacy-o-pack--vertical-align-middle"><div class="nova-legacy-o-pack__item nova-legacy-v-publication-item__footer-button-group"><div class="nova-legacy-c-button-group nova-legacy-c-button-group--gutter-m nova-legacy-c-button-group--orientation-horizontal nova-legacy-c-button-group--width-auto nova-legacy-v-publication-item__actions"><div class="nova-legacy-c-button-group__item"><a class="nova-legacy-c-button nova-legacy-c-button--align-center nova-legacy-c-button--radius-m nova-legacy-c-button--size-s nova-legacy-c-button--color-blue nova-legacy-c-button--theme-bare nova-legacy-c-button--width-auto nova-legacy-v-publication-item__action" href="publication/356833046_Exhumation_of_the_passive_margin_of_the_DR_Congo_during_pre-_and_post-_Gondwana_breakup_Evidence_from_low-temperature_thermochronology_geology_and_geomorphology"><span class="nova-legacy-c-button__label">View</span></a></div><div class="nova-legacy-c-button-group__item"><button class="nova-legacy-c-button nova-legacy-c-button--align-center nova-legacy-c-button--radius-m nova-legacy-c-button--size-s nova-legacy-c-button--color-blue nova-legacy-c-button--theme-bare nova-legacy-c-button--width-auto nova-legacy-v-publication-item__action" type="button"><span class="nova-legacy-c-button__label"><span class=" js-lite-click" data-lite="{"click":[{"t":".js-target-abstract-629e4db590f57","a":"tc(lite-page-hidden)"},{"t":"self","a":"tc(lite-page-hidden)"}]}">Show abstract</span></span></button></div></div></div></div></div></footer></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="nova-legacy-o-stack__item publication-citations__item publication-citations__item--redesign"><div class="nova-legacy-v-citation-item"><div class="nova-legacy-o-stack nova-legacy-o-stack--gutter-m nova-legacy-o-stack--spacing-none nova-legacy-o-stack--no-gutter-outside"><div class="nova-legacy-o-stack__item"><div class="nova-legacy-c-tooltip nova-legacy-c-tooltip--position-above-left nova-legacy-c-tooltip--elevation-none nova-legacy-c-tooltip--color-white nova-legacy-c-tooltip--spacing-m nova-legacy-c-tooltip--luminosity-medium nova-legacy-v-citation-item__context"><div class="nova-legacy-c-tooltip__body"><div class="nova-legacy-c-tooltip__body-content"><div class="nova-legacy-o-stack nova-legacy-o-stack--gutter-m nova-legacy-o-stack--spacing-none nova-legacy-o-stack--show-divider nova-legacy-o-stack--no-gutter-outside"><div class="nova-legacy-o-stack__item"><div class="nova-legacy-o-stack nova-legacy-o-stack--gutter-m nova-legacy-o-stack--spacing-none nova-legacy-o-stack--show-divider nova-legacy-o-stack--no-gutter-outside"><div class="nova-legacy-o-stack__item"><div class="nova-legacy-o-stack nova-legacy-o-stack--gutter-m nova-legacy-o-stack--spacing-none nova-legacy-o-stack--show-divider nova-legacy-o-stack--no-gutter-outside"><div class="nova-legacy-o-stack__item"><div class="nova-legacy-e-text nova-legacy-e-text--size-m nova-legacy-e-text--family-sans-serif nova-legacy-e-text--spacing-none nova-legacy-e-text--color-inherit nova-legacy-v-citation-item__context-body">... The Congo River basin is notable for its large, almost circular, drainage shape of 4 million km 2 (see Table 1 and Figure 1). It is the second largest river in the world by discharge [22,<mark class="nova-legacy-e-text-highlight nova-legacy-e-text-highlight--color-yellow">23]</mark> of~40,000 m 3 /s, referred to as the "Cuvette Centrale" that slows the downstream flow [22,24], and the branching patterns formed by its tributaries indicate different hydro-climatic climatic provinces: the region of the lakes Victoria and Tanganyika ( Figure 1a) which corresponds to the border between the equatorial/monsoon climate and the tropical climate ( Figure 1b) in the East, the tropical forests which correspond to the transition between the tropical climate to the humid subtropical one in the South, the central depression which corresponds mainly to the equatorial/monsoon climate, and the mainly tropical climate with the semi-arid Sahelian influences in the North. The flow regime at the Kinshasa, near the estuary, represents 98% of the basin and shows two peaks of high streamflow each year denoting the bimodal flow regime of April-May (~50 m 3 /s for the period 1998-2010; [25]) and the tropical influence in November-December (120 m 3 /s for the same period). ...</div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="nova-legacy-c-tooltip__arrow nova-legacy-c-tooltip__arrow nova-legacy-c-tooltip__arrow--body"><div class="nova-legacy-c-tooltip__arrow-tip"></div></div></div></div></div><div class="nova-legacy-o-stack__item"><div class="nova-legacy-v-citation-item__context-source"><div class="nova-legacy-v-publication-item nova-legacy-v-publication-item--size-m gtm-citation-item"><div class="nova-legacy-v-publication-item__body"><div class="nova-legacy-v-publication-item__stack nova-legacy-v-publication-item__stack--gutter-m"><div class="nova-legacy-v-publication-item__stack-item"><div class="nova-legacy-e-text nova-legacy-e-text--size-l nova-legacy-e-text--family-sans-serif nova-legacy-e-text--spacing-none nova-legacy-e-text--color-inherit nova-legacy-e-text--clamp-2 nova-legacy-v-publication-item__title"><a class="nova-legacy-e-link nova-legacy-e-link--color-inherit nova-legacy-e-link--theme-bare" href="publication/351421345_An_Innovative_Slepian_Approach_to_Invert_GRACE_KBRR_for_Localized_Hydrological_Information_at_the_Sub-Basin_Scale">An Innovative Slepian Approach to Invert GRACE KBRR for Localized Hydrological Information at the Sub-Basin Scale</a></div></div><div class="nova-legacy-v-publication-item__stack-item"><div class="nova-legacy-v-publication-item__meta"><div class="nova-legacy-v-publication-item__meta-left"><span class="nova-legacy-e-badge nova-legacy-e-badge--color-green nova-legacy-e-badge--display-block nova-legacy-e-badge--luminosity-high nova-legacy-e-badge--size-l nova-legacy-e-badge--theme-solid nova-legacy-e-badge--radius-m nova-legacy-v-publication-item__type">Article</span></div><div class="nova-legacy-v-publication-item__meta-left"><span class="nova-legacy-e-badge nova-legacy-e-badge--color-green nova-legacy-e-badge--display-block nova-legacy-e-badge--luminosity-medium nova-legacy-e-badge--size-l nova-legacy-e-badge--theme-ghost nova-legacy-e-badge--radius-m nova-legacy-v-publication-item__fulltext">Full-text available</span></div><div class="nova-legacy-v-publication-item__meta-right"><ul class="nova-legacy-e-list nova-legacy-e-list--size-m nova-legacy-e-list--type-inline nova-legacy-e-list--spacing-none nova-legacy-v-publication-item__meta-data"><li class="nova-legacy-e-list__item nova-legacy-v-publication-item__meta-data-item"><span class="">May 2021</span></li></ul></div></div></div><div class="nova-legacy-v-publication-item__stack-item"><ul class="nova-legacy-e-list nova-legacy-e-list--size-m nova-legacy-e-list--type-inline nova-legacy-e-list--spacing-none nova-legacy-v-publication-item__person-list"><li class="nova-legacy-e-list__item"><a class="nova-legacy-e-link nova-legacy-e-link--color-inherit nova-legacy-e-link--theme-bare" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220606185549/https://www.researchgate.net/profile/G-Ramillien"><span class="nova-legacy-v-person-inline-item"><span class="lite-person-inline-item__image"><picture class="lite-page-avatar lite-page-avatar--size-xs lite-page-avatar--radius-full"> <img src="data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAEAAAABCAYAAAAfFcSJAAAADUlEQVR42mN89OjNfwAJDwOxHEacwgAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==" data-src="https://web.archive.org/web/20220606185549/https://i1.rgstatic.net/ii/profile.image/339988135858182-1458070896536_Q64/G-Ramillien.jpg" class="lite-image" alt="G. L. Ramillien"/></picture></span><span class="nova-legacy-v-person-inline-item__fullname">G. L. Ramillien</span></span></a></li><li class="nova-legacy-e-list__item"><a class="nova-legacy-e-link nova-legacy-e-link--color-inherit nova-legacy-e-link--theme-bare" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220606185549/https://www.researchgate.net/profile/L-Seoane"><span class="nova-legacy-v-person-inline-item"><span class="lite-person-inline-item__image"><picture class="lite-page-avatar lite-page-avatar--size-xs lite-page-avatar--radius-full"> <img src="data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAEAAAABCAYAAAAfFcSJAAAADUlEQVR42mN89OjNfwAJDwOxHEacwgAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==" data-src="https://web.archive.org/web/20220606185549/https://i1.rgstatic.net/ii/profile.image/800035453296640-1567754724008_Q64/L-Seoane.jpg" class="lite-image" alt="L. Seoane"/></picture></span><span class="nova-legacy-v-person-inline-item__fullname">L. Seoane</span></span></a></li><li class="nova-legacy-e-list__item"><a class="nova-legacy-e-link nova-legacy-e-link--color-inherit nova-legacy-e-link--theme-bare" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220606185549/https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Jose-Darrozes-2"><span class="nova-legacy-v-person-inline-item"><span class="lite-person-inline-item__image"><picture class="lite-page-avatar lite-page-avatar--size-xs lite-page-avatar--radius-full"> <img src="data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAEAAAABCAYAAAAfFcSJAAAADUlEQVR42mN89OjNfwAJDwOxHEacwgAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==" data-src="https://web.archive.org/web/20220606185549/https://i1.rgstatic.net/ii/profile.image/273677040222233-1442261099372_Q64/Jose-Darrozes-2.jpg" class="lite-image" alt="José Darrozes"/></picture></span><span class="nova-legacy-v-person-inline-item__fullname">José Darrozes</span></span></a></li></ul></div><div class="nova-legacy-v-publication-item__stack-item"><div class="nova-legacy-e-text nova-legacy-e-text--size-m nova-legacy-e-text--family-sans-serif nova-legacy-e-text--spacing-none nova-legacy-e-text--color-inherit nova-legacy-e-text--clamp-3 nova-legacy-v-publication-item__description"><span class="js-target-abstract-629e4db5911ec lite-page-hidden">GRACE spherical harmonics are well-adapted for representation of hydrological signals in river drainage basins of large size such as the Amazon or Mississippi basins. However, when one needs to study smaller drainage basins, one comes up against the low spatial resolution of the solutions in spherical harmonics. To overcome this limitation, we propose a new approach based on Slepian functions which can reduce the energy loss by integrating information in the spatial, spectral and time domains. Another advantage of these regionally-defined functions is the reduction of the problem dimensions compared to the spherical harmonic parameters. This also induces a drastic reduction of the computational time. These Slepian functions are used to invert the GRACE satellite data to restore the water mass fluxes of different hydro-climatologic environments in Africa. We apply them to two African drainage basins chosen for their size of medium scale and their geometric specificities: the Congo river basin with a quasi-isotropic shape and the Nile river basin with an anisotropic and more complex shape. Time series of Slepian coefficients have been estimated from real along-track GRACE geopotential differences for about ten years, and these coefficients are in agreement with both the spherical harmonic solutions provided by the official centers CSR, GFZ, JPL and the GLDAS model used for validation. The Slepian function analysis highlights the water mass variations at sub-basin scales in both basins.</span></div></div></div></div><footer class="nova-legacy-v-publication-item__footer"><div class="nova-legacy-v-publication-item__footer-actions"><div class="nova-legacy-o-pack nova-legacy-o-pack--gutter-m nova-legacy-o-pack--width-auto nova-legacy-o-pack--vertical-align-middle"><div class="nova-legacy-o-pack__item nova-legacy-v-publication-item__footer-button-group"><div class="nova-legacy-c-button-group nova-legacy-c-button-group--gutter-m nova-legacy-c-button-group--orientation-horizontal nova-legacy-c-button-group--width-auto nova-legacy-v-publication-item__actions"><div class="nova-legacy-c-button-group__item"><a class="nova-legacy-c-button nova-legacy-c-button--align-center nova-legacy-c-button--radius-m nova-legacy-c-button--size-s nova-legacy-c-button--color-blue nova-legacy-c-button--theme-bare nova-legacy-c-button--width-auto nova-legacy-v-publication-item__action" href="publication/351421345_An_Innovative_Slepian_Approach_to_Invert_GRACE_KBRR_for_Localized_Hydrological_Information_at_the_Sub-Basin_Scale"><span class="nova-legacy-c-button__label">View</span></a></div><div class="nova-legacy-c-button-group__item"><button class="nova-legacy-c-button nova-legacy-c-button--align-center nova-legacy-c-button--radius-m nova-legacy-c-button--size-s nova-legacy-c-button--color-blue nova-legacy-c-button--theme-bare nova-legacy-c-button--width-auto nova-legacy-v-publication-item__action" type="button"><span class="nova-legacy-c-button__label"><span class=" js-lite-click" data-lite="{"click":[{"t":".js-target-abstract-629e4db5911ec","a":"tc(lite-page-hidden)"},{"t":"self","a":"tc(lite-page-hidden)"}]}">Show abstract</span></span></button></div></div></div></div></div></footer></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="nova-legacy-o-stack__item publication-citations__item publication-citations__item--redesign"><div class="nova-legacy-v-citation-item"><div class="nova-legacy-o-stack nova-legacy-o-stack--gutter-m nova-legacy-o-stack--spacing-none nova-legacy-o-stack--no-gutter-outside"><div class="nova-legacy-o-stack__item"><div class="nova-legacy-c-tooltip nova-legacy-c-tooltip--position-above-left nova-legacy-c-tooltip--elevation-none nova-legacy-c-tooltip--color-white nova-legacy-c-tooltip--spacing-m nova-legacy-c-tooltip--luminosity-medium nova-legacy-v-citation-item__context"><div class="nova-legacy-c-tooltip__body"><div class="nova-legacy-c-tooltip__body-content"><div class="nova-legacy-o-stack nova-legacy-o-stack--gutter-m nova-legacy-o-stack--spacing-none nova-legacy-o-stack--show-divider nova-legacy-o-stack--no-gutter-outside"><div class="nova-legacy-o-stack__item"><div class="nova-legacy-o-stack nova-legacy-o-stack--gutter-m nova-legacy-o-stack--spacing-none nova-legacy-o-stack--show-divider nova-legacy-o-stack--no-gutter-outside"><div class="nova-legacy-o-stack__item"><div class="nova-legacy-o-stack nova-legacy-o-stack--gutter-m nova-legacy-o-stack--spacing-none nova-legacy-o-stack--show-divider nova-legacy-o-stack--no-gutter-outside"><div class="nova-legacy-o-stack__item"><div class="nova-legacy-e-text nova-legacy-e-text--size-m nova-legacy-e-text--family-sans-serif nova-legacy-e-text--spacing-none nova-legacy-e-text--color-inherit nova-legacy-v-citation-item__context-body">... The natural habitat of Campylomormyrus, i.e. the lower Congo River (a relatively short but hydraulically complex stretch of the river), consists of a series of rapids systems and deep underwater canyons <mark class="nova-legacy-e-text-highlight nova-legacy-e-text-highlight--color-yellow">Oberg et al. 2009</mark>). These rapids systems and complex hydrology create heterogeneous habitats (microhabitats) on small geographic scales. ...</div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="nova-legacy-c-tooltip__arrow nova-legacy-c-tooltip__arrow nova-legacy-c-tooltip__arrow--body"><div class="nova-legacy-c-tooltip__arrow-tip"></div></div></div></div></div><div class="nova-legacy-o-stack__item"><div class="nova-legacy-v-citation-item__context-source"><div class="nova-legacy-v-publication-item nova-legacy-v-publication-item--size-m gtm-citation-item"><div class="nova-legacy-v-publication-item__body"><div class="nova-legacy-v-publication-item__stack nova-legacy-v-publication-item__stack--gutter-m"><div class="nova-legacy-v-publication-item__stack-item"><div class="nova-legacy-e-text nova-legacy-e-text--size-l nova-legacy-e-text--family-sans-serif nova-legacy-e-text--spacing-none nova-legacy-e-text--color-inherit nova-legacy-e-text--clamp-2 nova-legacy-v-publication-item__title"><a class="nova-legacy-e-link nova-legacy-e-link--color-inherit nova-legacy-e-link--theme-bare" href="publication/340686646_Morphological_differentiation_in_African_weakly_electric_fish_genus_Campylomormyrus_relates_to_substrate_preferences">Morphological differentiation in African weakly electric fish (genus Campylomormyrus) relates to substrate preferences</a></div></div><div class="nova-legacy-v-publication-item__stack-item"><div class="nova-legacy-v-publication-item__meta"><div class="nova-legacy-v-publication-item__meta-left"><span class="nova-legacy-e-badge nova-legacy-e-badge--color-green nova-legacy-e-badge--display-block nova-legacy-e-badge--luminosity-high nova-legacy-e-badge--size-l nova-legacy-e-badge--theme-solid nova-legacy-e-badge--radius-m nova-legacy-v-publication-item__type">Article</span></div><div class="nova-legacy-v-publication-item__meta-left"><span class="nova-legacy-e-badge nova-legacy-e-badge--color-green nova-legacy-e-badge--display-block nova-legacy-e-badge--luminosity-medium nova-legacy-e-badge--size-l nova-legacy-e-badge--theme-ghost nova-legacy-e-badge--radius-m nova-legacy-v-publication-item__fulltext">Full-text available</span></div><div class="nova-legacy-v-publication-item__meta-right"><ul class="nova-legacy-e-list nova-legacy-e-list--size-m nova-legacy-e-list--type-inline nova-legacy-e-list--spacing-none nova-legacy-v-publication-item__meta-data"><li class="nova-legacy-e-list__item nova-legacy-v-publication-item__meta-data-item"><span class="">Jun 2020</span></li><li class="nova-legacy-e-list__item nova-legacy-v-publication-item__meta-data-item"><span class=""><a class="nova-legacy-e-link nova-legacy-e-link--color-inherit nova-legacy-e-link--theme-decorated" href="journal/Evolutionary-Ecology-1573-8477">EVOL ECOL</a></span></li></ul></div></div></div><div class="nova-legacy-v-publication-item__stack-item"><ul class="nova-legacy-e-list nova-legacy-e-list--size-m nova-legacy-e-list--type-inline nova-legacy-e-list--spacing-none nova-legacy-v-publication-item__person-list"><li class="nova-legacy-e-list__item"><a class="nova-legacy-e-link nova-legacy-e-link--color-inherit nova-legacy-e-link--theme-bare" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220606185549/https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Rahma-Amen"><span class="nova-legacy-v-person-inline-item"><span class="lite-person-inline-item__image"><picture class="lite-page-avatar lite-page-avatar--size-xs lite-page-avatar--radius-full"> <img src="data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAEAAAABCAYAAAAfFcSJAAAADUlEQVR42mN89OjNfwAJDwOxHEacwgAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==" data-src="https://web.archive.org/web/20220606185549/https://i1.rgstatic.net/ii/profile.image/423559777525761-1477995928297_Q64/Rahma-Amen.jpg" class="lite-image" alt="Rahma Amen"/></picture></span><span class="nova-legacy-v-person-inline-item__fullname">Rahma Amen</span></span></a></li><li class="nova-legacy-e-list__item"><a class="nova-legacy-e-link nova-legacy-e-link--color-inherit nova-legacy-e-link--theme-bare" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220606185549/https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Rebecca-Nagel-3"><span class="nova-legacy-v-person-inline-item"><span class="lite-person-inline-item__image"><picture class="lite-page-avatar lite-page-avatar--size-xs lite-page-avatar--radius-full"> <img src="data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAEAAAABCAYAAAAfFcSJAAAADUlEQVR42mN89OjNfwAJDwOxHEacwgAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==" data-src="https://web.archive.org/web/20220606185549/https://c5.rgstatic.net/m/4671872220764/images/template/default/profile/profile_default_m.jpg" class="lite-image" alt="Rebecca Nagel"/></picture></span><span class="nova-legacy-v-person-inline-item__fullname">Rebecca Nagel</span></span></a></li></ul></div><div class="nova-legacy-v-publication-item__stack-item"><div class="nova-legacy-e-text nova-legacy-e-text--size-m nova-legacy-e-text--family-sans-serif nova-legacy-e-text--spacing-none nova-legacy-e-text--color-inherit nova-legacy-e-text--clamp-3 nova-legacy-v-publication-item__description"><span class="js-target-abstract-629e4db5915d7 lite-page-hidden">Under an ecological speciation scenario, the radiation of African weakly electric fish (genus Campylomormyrus) is caused by an adaptation to different food sources, associated with diversification of the electric organ discharge (EOD). This study experimentally investigates a phenotype–environment correlation to further support this scenario. Our behavioural experiments showed that three sympatric Campylomormyrus species with significantly divergent snout morphology differentially react to variation in substrate structure. While the short snout species (C. tamandua) exhibits preference to sandy substrate, the long snout species (C. rhynchophorus) significantly prefers a stone substrate for feeding. A third species with intermediate snout size (C. compressirostris) does not exhibit any substrate preference. This preference is matched with the observation that long-snouted specimens probe deeper into the stone substrate, presumably enabling them to reach prey more distant to the substrate surface. These findings suggest that the diverse feeding apparatus in the genus Campylomormyrus may have evolved in adaptation to specific microhabitats, i.e., substrate structures where these fish forage. Whether the parallel divergence in EOD is functionally related to this adaptation or solely serves as a prezygotic isolation mechanism remains to be elucidated.</span></div></div></div></div><footer class="nova-legacy-v-publication-item__footer"><div class="nova-legacy-v-publication-item__footer-actions"><div class="nova-legacy-o-pack nova-legacy-o-pack--gutter-m nova-legacy-o-pack--width-auto nova-legacy-o-pack--vertical-align-middle"><div class="nova-legacy-o-pack__item nova-legacy-v-publication-item__footer-button-group"><div class="nova-legacy-c-button-group nova-legacy-c-button-group--gutter-m nova-legacy-c-button-group--orientation-horizontal nova-legacy-c-button-group--width-auto nova-legacy-v-publication-item__actions"><div class="nova-legacy-c-button-group__item"><a class="nova-legacy-c-button nova-legacy-c-button--align-center nova-legacy-c-button--radius-m nova-legacy-c-button--size-s nova-legacy-c-button--color-blue nova-legacy-c-button--theme-bare nova-legacy-c-button--width-auto nova-legacy-v-publication-item__action" href="publication/340686646_Morphological_differentiation_in_African_weakly_electric_fish_genus_Campylomormyrus_relates_to_substrate_preferences"><span class="nova-legacy-c-button__label">View</span></a></div><div class="nova-legacy-c-button-group__item"><button class="nova-legacy-c-button nova-legacy-c-button--align-center nova-legacy-c-button--radius-m nova-legacy-c-button--size-s nova-legacy-c-button--color-blue nova-legacy-c-button--theme-bare nova-legacy-c-button--width-auto nova-legacy-v-publication-item__action" type="button"><span class="nova-legacy-c-button__label"><span class=" js-lite-click" data-lite="{"click":[{"t":".js-target-abstract-629e4db5915d7","a":"tc(lite-page-hidden)"},{"t":"self","a":"tc(lite-page-hidden)"}]}">Show abstract</span></span></button></div></div></div></div></div></footer></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="nova-legacy-o-stack__item publication-citations__item publication-citations__item--redesign"><div class="nova-legacy-v-citation-item"><div class="nova-legacy-o-stack nova-legacy-o-stack--gutter-m nova-legacy-o-stack--spacing-none nova-legacy-o-stack--no-gutter-outside"><div class="nova-legacy-o-stack__item"><div class="nova-legacy-v-citation-item__context-source"><div class="nova-legacy-v-publication-item nova-legacy-v-publication-item--size-m gtm-citation-item"><div class="nova-legacy-v-publication-item__body"><div class="nova-legacy-v-publication-item__stack nova-legacy-v-publication-item__stack--gutter-m"><div class="nova-legacy-v-publication-item__stack-item"><div class="nova-legacy-e-text nova-legacy-e-text--size-l nova-legacy-e-text--family-sans-serif nova-legacy-e-text--spacing-none nova-legacy-e-text--color-inherit nova-legacy-e-text--clamp-2 nova-legacy-v-publication-item__title"><a class="nova-legacy-e-link nova-legacy-e-link--color-inherit nova-legacy-e-link--theme-bare" href="publication/354693687_Evolution_in_the_Fast_Lane_Diversity_Ecology_and_Speciation_of_Cichlids_in_the_Lower_Congo_River">Evolution in the Fast Lane: Diversity, Ecology, and Speciation of Cichlids in the Lower Congo River</a></div></div><div class="nova-legacy-v-publication-item__stack-item"><div class="nova-legacy-v-publication-item__meta"><div class="nova-legacy-v-publication-item__meta-left"><span class="nova-legacy-e-badge nova-legacy-e-badge--color-green nova-legacy-e-badge--display-block nova-legacy-e-badge--luminosity-high nova-legacy-e-badge--size-l nova-legacy-e-badge--theme-solid nova-legacy-e-badge--radius-m nova-legacy-v-publication-item__type">Chapter</span></div><div class="nova-legacy-v-publication-item__meta-right"><ul class="nova-legacy-e-list nova-legacy-e-list--size-m nova-legacy-e-list--type-inline nova-legacy-e-list--spacing-none nova-legacy-v-publication-item__meta-data"><li class="nova-legacy-e-list__item nova-legacy-v-publication-item__meta-data-item"><span class="">Sep 2021</span></li></ul></div></div></div><div class="nova-legacy-v-publication-item__stack-item"><ul class="nova-legacy-e-list nova-legacy-e-list--size-m nova-legacy-e-list--type-inline nova-legacy-e-list--spacing-none nova-legacy-v-publication-item__person-list"><li class="nova-legacy-e-list__item"><a class="nova-legacy-e-link nova-legacy-e-link--color-inherit nova-legacy-e-link--theme-bare" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220606185549/https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Melanie-Stiassny"><span class="nova-legacy-v-person-inline-item"><span class="lite-person-inline-item__image"><picture class="lite-page-avatar lite-page-avatar--size-xs lite-page-avatar--radius-full"> <img src="data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAEAAAABCAYAAAAfFcSJAAAADUlEQVR42mN89OjNfwAJDwOxHEacwgAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==" data-src="https://web.archive.org/web/20220606185549/https://i1.rgstatic.net/ii/profile.image/458796226093057-1486396952110_Q64/Melanie-Stiassny.jpg" class="lite-image" alt="Melanie L. J. Stiassny"/></picture></span><span class="nova-legacy-v-person-inline-item__fullname">Melanie L. J. Stiassny</span></span></a></li><li class="nova-legacy-e-list__item"><a class="nova-legacy-e-link nova-legacy-e-link--color-inherit nova-legacy-e-link--theme-bare" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220606185549/https://www.researchgate.net/profile/S-Alter-2"><span class="nova-legacy-v-person-inline-item"><span class="lite-person-inline-item__image"><picture class="lite-page-avatar lite-page-avatar--size-xs lite-page-avatar--radius-full"> <img src="data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAEAAAABCAYAAAAfFcSJAAAADUlEQVR42mN89OjNfwAJDwOxHEacwgAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==" data-src="https://web.archive.org/web/20220606185549/https://i1.rgstatic.net/ii/profile.image/279328597266435-1443608535121_Q64/S-Alter-2.jpg" class="lite-image" alt="S. Elizabeth Alter"/></picture></span><span class="nova-legacy-v-person-inline-item__fullname">S. Elizabeth Alter</span></span></a></li></ul></div><div class="nova-legacy-v-publication-item__stack-item"><div class="nova-legacy-e-text nova-legacy-e-text--size-m nova-legacy-e-text--family-sans-serif nova-legacy-e-text--spacing-none nova-legacy-e-text--color-inherit nova-legacy-e-text--clamp-3 nova-legacy-v-publication-item__description"><span class="js-target-abstract-629e4db5910a4 lite-page-hidden">More than 40 years ago in their compendium of fish diversity in the lower Congo River (LCR), T. R. Roberts and D. J. Stewart posed the question, “Why does the LCR harbor so many cichlids?” Here we seek an answer through a synthesis of the last 40+ years of research on cichlid diversity, ecology, and speciation. Our review suggests a key role for the unique geomorphology and hydrology of the river itself and its history of connectivity to other African freshwater ecosystems. In contrast to the river upstream of Pool Malebo, the LCR channel is entirely bedrock, and littoral habitats are mostly rocky and rock-strewn. In situ measurements have recorded dramatic changes in channel topology, fluctuating bed bathymetry, and regions of extreme depth. A combination of high annual discharge, steep elevational decline, and fluctuating channel width and depth result in extraordinarily high-energy flow regimes throughout the LCR. In-stream hydraulics and bathymetry appear to play a key role in isolating cichlid populations and are likely powerful drivers for micro-allopatric isolation and speciation, often over remarkably small geographical scales. Moreover, this hydrologically extreme environment is the evolutionary backdrop for an unusual array of cichlid morphologies, including the only known blind cichlid (Lamprologus lethops).</span></div></div></div></div><footer class="nova-legacy-v-publication-item__footer"><div class="nova-legacy-v-publication-item__footer-actions"><div class="nova-legacy-o-pack nova-legacy-o-pack--gutter-m nova-legacy-o-pack--width-auto nova-legacy-o-pack--vertical-align-middle"><div class="nova-legacy-o-pack__item nova-legacy-v-publication-item__footer-button-group"><div class="nova-legacy-c-button-group nova-legacy-c-button-group--gutter-m nova-legacy-c-button-group--orientation-horizontal nova-legacy-c-button-group--width-auto nova-legacy-v-publication-item__actions"><div class="nova-legacy-c-button-group__item"><a class="nova-legacy-c-button nova-legacy-c-button--align-center nova-legacy-c-button--radius-m nova-legacy-c-button--size-s nova-legacy-c-button--color-blue nova-legacy-c-button--theme-bare 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publication-citations__item--redesign"><div class="nova-legacy-v-citation-item"><div class="nova-legacy-o-stack nova-legacy-o-stack--gutter-m nova-legacy-o-stack--spacing-none nova-legacy-o-stack--no-gutter-outside"><div class="nova-legacy-o-stack__item"><div class="nova-legacy-v-citation-item__context-source"><div class="nova-legacy-v-publication-item nova-legacy-v-publication-item--size-m gtm-citation-item"><div class="nova-legacy-v-publication-item__body"><div class="nova-legacy-v-publication-item__stack nova-legacy-v-publication-item__stack--gutter-m"><div class="nova-legacy-v-publication-item__stack-item"><div class="nova-legacy-e-text nova-legacy-e-text--size-l nova-legacy-e-text--family-sans-serif nova-legacy-e-text--spacing-none nova-legacy-e-text--color-inherit nova-legacy-e-text--clamp-2 nova-legacy-v-publication-item__title"><a class="nova-legacy-e-link nova-legacy-e-link--color-inherit nova-legacy-e-link--theme-bare" href="publication/353841591_El_Nino_Southern_Oscillation_in_a_Changing_Climate_GEOPHYSICAL_MONOGRAPH_SERIES_A_Foundation_for_the_Future_GEOPHYSICAL_MONOGRAPH_SERIES">El Niño Southern Oscillation in a Changing Climate GEOPHYSICAL MONOGRAPH SERIES A Foundation for the Future GEOPHYSICAL MONOGRAPH SERIES</a></div></div><div class="nova-legacy-v-publication-item__stack-item"><div class="nova-legacy-v-publication-item__meta"><div class="nova-legacy-v-publication-item__meta-left"><span class="nova-legacy-e-badge nova-legacy-e-badge--color-green nova-legacy-e-badge--display-block nova-legacy-e-badge--luminosity-high nova-legacy-e-badge--size-l nova-legacy-e-badge--theme-solid nova-legacy-e-badge--radius-m nova-legacy-v-publication-item__type">Preprint</span></div><div class="nova-legacy-v-publication-item__meta-left"><span class="nova-legacy-e-badge nova-legacy-e-badge--color-green nova-legacy-e-badge--display-block nova-legacy-e-badge--luminosity-medium nova-legacy-e-badge--size-l nova-legacy-e-badge--theme-ghost nova-legacy-e-badge--radius-m nova-legacy-v-publication-item__fulltext">Full-text available</span></div><div class="nova-legacy-v-publication-item__meta-right"><ul class="nova-legacy-e-list nova-legacy-e-list--size-m nova-legacy-e-list--type-inline nova-legacy-e-list--spacing-none nova-legacy-v-publication-item__meta-data"><li class="nova-legacy-e-list__item nova-legacy-v-publication-item__meta-data-item"><span class="">Aug 2021</span></li></ul></div></div></div><div class="nova-legacy-v-publication-item__stack-item"><ul class="nova-legacy-e-list nova-legacy-e-list--size-m nova-legacy-e-list--type-inline nova-legacy-e-list--spacing-none nova-legacy-v-publication-item__person-list"><li class="nova-legacy-e-list__item"><a class="nova-legacy-e-link nova-legacy-e-link--color-inherit nova-legacy-e-link--theme-bare" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220606185549/https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Raphael_Tshimanga2"><span class="nova-legacy-v-person-inline-item"><span class="lite-person-inline-item__image"><picture class="lite-page-avatar lite-page-avatar--size-xs lite-page-avatar--radius-full"> <img src="data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAEAAAABCAYAAAAfFcSJAAAADUlEQVR42mN89OjNfwAJDwOxHEacwgAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==" data-src="https://web.archive.org/web/20220606185549/https://c5.rgstatic.net/m/4671872220764/images/template/default/profile/profile_default_m.jpg" class="lite-image" alt="Raphael Muamba Tshimanga"/></picture></span><span class="nova-legacy-v-person-inline-item__fullname">Raphael Muamba Tshimanga</span></span></a></li><li class="nova-legacy-e-list__item"><a class="nova-legacy-e-link nova-legacy-e-link--color-inherit nova-legacy-e-link--theme-bare" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220606185549/https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Guy-Moukandi"><span class="nova-legacy-v-person-inline-item"><span class="lite-person-inline-item__image"><picture class="lite-page-avatar lite-page-avatar--size-xs lite-page-avatar--radius-full"> <img src="data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAEAAAABCAYAAAAfFcSJAAAADUlEQVR42mN89OjNfwAJDwOxHEacwgAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==" data-src="https://web.archive.org/web/20220606185549/https://i1.rgstatic.net/ii/profile.image/898774104829954-1591295853987_Q64/Guy-Moukandi.jpg" class="lite-image" alt="Guy Moukandi"/></picture></span><span class="nova-legacy-v-person-inline-item__fullname">Guy Moukandi</span></span></a></li><li class="nova-legacy-e-list__item"><a class="nova-legacy-e-link nova-legacy-e-link--color-inherit nova-legacy-e-link--theme-bare" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220606185549/https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Douglas-Alsdorf"><span class="nova-legacy-v-person-inline-item"><span class="lite-person-inline-item__image"><picture class="lite-page-avatar lite-page-avatar--size-xs lite-page-avatar--radius-full"> <img src="data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAEAAAABCAYAAAAfFcSJAAAADUlEQVR42mN89OjNfwAJDwOxHEacwgAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==" data-src="https://web.archive.org/web/20220606185549/https://c5.rgstatic.net/m/4671872220764/images/template/default/profile/profile_default_m.jpg" class="lite-image" alt="Douglas Alsdorf"/></picture></span><span class="nova-legacy-v-person-inline-item__fullname">Douglas Alsdorf</span></span></a></li><li class="nova-legacy-e-list__item"><a class="nova-legacy-e-link nova-legacy-e-link--color-inherit nova-legacy-e-link--theme-bare" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220606185549/https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Jean-Marie-Kileshye-Onema-2"><span class="nova-legacy-v-person-inline-item"><span class="lite-person-inline-item__image"><picture class="lite-page-avatar lite-page-avatar--size-xs lite-page-avatar--radius-full"> <img src="data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAEAAAABCAYAAAAfFcSJAAAADUlEQVR42mN89OjNfwAJDwOxHEacwgAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==" data-src="https://web.archive.org/web/20220606185549/https://i1.rgstatic.net/ii/profile.image/963951269519361-1606835300369_Q64/Jean-Marie-Kileshye-Onema-2.jpg" class="lite-image" alt="Jean-Marie Kileshye Onema"/></picture></span><span class="nova-legacy-v-person-inline-item__fullname">Jean-Marie Kileshye Onema</span></span></a></li></ul></div><div class="nova-legacy-v-publication-item__stack-item"><div class="nova-legacy-e-text nova-legacy-e-text--size-m nova-legacy-e-text--family-sans-serif nova-legacy-e-text--spacing-none nova-legacy-e-text--color-inherit nova-legacy-e-text--clamp-3 nova-legacy-v-publication-item__description"><span class="js-target-abstract-629e4db591130 lite-page-hidden">Congo Basin Research: Building a Foundation for the Future</span></div></div></div></div><footer class="nova-legacy-v-publication-item__footer"><div class="nova-legacy-v-publication-item__footer-actions"><div class="nova-legacy-o-pack nova-legacy-o-pack--gutter-m nova-legacy-o-pack--width-auto 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gtm-citation-item"><div class="nova-legacy-v-publication-item__body"><div class="nova-legacy-v-publication-item__stack nova-legacy-v-publication-item__stack--gutter-m"><div class="nova-legacy-v-publication-item__stack-item"><div class="nova-legacy-e-text nova-legacy-e-text--size-l nova-legacy-e-text--family-sans-serif nova-legacy-e-text--spacing-none nova-legacy-e-text--color-inherit nova-legacy-e-text--clamp-2 nova-legacy-v-publication-item__title"><a class="nova-legacy-e-link nova-legacy-e-link--color-inherit nova-legacy-e-link--theme-bare" href="publication/346602074_Continuous_canyon-river_connection_on_a_passive_margin_The_case_of_Sao_Francisco_Canyon_eastern_Brazil">Continuous canyon-river connection on a passive margin: The case of São Francisco Canyon (eastern Brazil)</a></div></div><div class="nova-legacy-v-publication-item__stack-item"><div class="nova-legacy-v-publication-item__meta"><div class="nova-legacy-v-publication-item__meta-left"><span class="nova-legacy-e-badge nova-legacy-e-badge--color-green nova-legacy-e-badge--display-block nova-legacy-e-badge--luminosity-high nova-legacy-e-badge--size-l nova-legacy-e-badge--theme-solid nova-legacy-e-badge--radius-m nova-legacy-v-publication-item__type">Article</span></div><div class="nova-legacy-v-publication-item__meta-right"><ul class="nova-legacy-e-list nova-legacy-e-list--size-m nova-legacy-e-list--type-inline nova-legacy-e-list--spacing-none nova-legacy-v-publication-item__meta-data"><li class="nova-legacy-e-list__item nova-legacy-v-publication-item__meta-data-item"><span class="">Dec 2020</span></li><li class="nova-legacy-e-list__item nova-legacy-v-publication-item__meta-data-item"><span class=""><a class="nova-legacy-e-link nova-legacy-e-link--color-inherit nova-legacy-e-link--theme-decorated" href="journal/Geomorphology-0169-555X">GEOMORPHOLOGY</a></span></li></ul></div></div></div><div class="nova-legacy-v-publication-item__stack-item"><ul class="nova-legacy-e-list nova-legacy-e-list--size-m nova-legacy-e-list--type-inline nova-legacy-e-list--spacing-none nova-legacy-v-publication-item__person-list"><li class="nova-legacy-e-list__item"><a class="nova-legacy-e-link nova-legacy-e-link--color-inherit nova-legacy-e-link--theme-bare" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220606185549/https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Rafael_Ribeiro51"><span class="nova-legacy-v-person-inline-item"><span class="lite-person-inline-item__image"><picture class="lite-page-avatar lite-page-avatar--size-xs lite-page-avatar--radius-full"> <img src="data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAEAAAABCAYAAAAfFcSJAAAADUlEQVR42mN89OjNfwAJDwOxHEacwgAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==" data-src="https://web.archive.org/web/20220606185549/https://i1.rgstatic.net/ii/profile.image/1037492434247680-1624368880133_Q64/Rafael_Ribeiro51.jpg" class="lite-image" alt="Rafael Fonseca Ribeiro"/></picture></span><span class="nova-legacy-v-person-inline-item__fullname">Rafael Fonseca Ribeiro</span></span></a></li><li class="nova-legacy-e-list__item"><a class="nova-legacy-e-link nova-legacy-e-link--color-inherit nova-legacy-e-link--theme-bare" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220606185549/https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Jose-Dominguez-20"><span class="nova-legacy-v-person-inline-item"><span class="lite-person-inline-item__image"><picture class="lite-page-avatar lite-page-avatar--size-xs lite-page-avatar--radius-full"> <img src="data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAEAAAABCAYAAAAfFcSJAAAADUlEQVR42mN89OjNfwAJDwOxHEacwgAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==" data-src="https://web.archive.org/web/20220606185549/https://i1.rgstatic.net/ii/profile.image/1086419380506624-1636033973059_Q64/Jose-Dominguez-20.jpg" class="lite-image" alt="José M.L. Dominguez"/></picture></span><span class="nova-legacy-v-person-inline-item__fullname">José M.L. Dominguez</span></span></a></li><li class="nova-legacy-e-list__item"><a class="nova-legacy-e-link nova-legacy-e-link--color-inherit nova-legacy-e-link--theme-bare" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220606185549/https://www.researchgate.net/scientific-contributions/Alana-Aderne-dos-Santos-2159741749"><span class="nova-legacy-v-person-inline-item"><span class="nova-legacy-v-person-inline-item__fullname">Alana Aderne dos Santos</span></span></a></li><li class="nova-legacy-e-list__item"><a class="nova-legacy-e-link nova-legacy-e-link--color-inherit nova-legacy-e-link--theme-bare" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220606185549/https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Adriane-Rangel-2"><span class="nova-legacy-v-person-inline-item"><span class="lite-person-inline-item__image"><picture class="lite-page-avatar lite-page-avatar--size-xs lite-page-avatar--radius-full"> <img src="data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAEAAAABCAYAAAAfFcSJAAAADUlEQVR42mN89OjNfwAJDwOxHEacwgAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==" data-src="https://web.archive.org/web/20220606185549/https://i1.rgstatic.net/ii/profile.image/1162899447906327-1654268242952_Q64/Adriane-Rangel-2.jpg" class="lite-image" alt="Adriane Rangel"/></picture></span><span class="nova-legacy-v-person-inline-item__fullname">Adriane Rangel</span></span></a></li></ul></div><div class="nova-legacy-v-publication-item__stack-item"><div class="nova-legacy-e-text nova-legacy-e-text--size-m nova-legacy-e-text--family-sans-serif nova-legacy-e-text--spacing-none nova-legacy-e-text--color-inherit nova-legacy-e-text--clamp-3 nova-legacy-v-publication-item__description"><span class="js-target-abstract-629e4db591428 lite-page-hidden">Submarine canyons play a major role in sediment transfer to the deep sea. When connected with fluvial systems, they can produce large submarine fans, whose sandy bodies have a high potential as petroleum reservoirs. Although canyon-river connections are common on passive margins during lowstands, they are rare during highstands. So far, the only canyon in the Western South Atlantic to have exhibited continuous river connection throughout the Quaternary, regardless of sea level position, is the São Francisco Canyon (SFC) in eastern Brazil. In this study, we used multibeam and 3D seismic records integrated with previously published data to investigate the reasons for the continuous canyon-river connection in the area of the São Francisco River. The SFC comprises two compartments: The Upper and the Mid Canyon. The Upper Canyon indents 15 km of the shelf and acts as an erosive feeder trunk to the São Francisco Submarine Fan. When it emerges on the continental slope (Mid Canyon), depositional processes dominate; the canyon now begins to meander and the thalweg is bordered by numerous terraces and levees. Five stratigraphic units have accumulated in the region of the canyon head since the beginning of the Oligocene. Initially, sedimentation had a uniform aggradational character (Unit 1), which later became more discontinuous in association with the development of reef build-ups (Unit 2) and of a low-lying area around the canyon head. This depression was partially infilled by siliciclastics (Unit 3) and later incised by a precursor of the SFC (Unit 4). The depression still has a morphological expression in the shelf nowadays as a bathymetric low (BL), within which the São Francisco River has built its delta (Unit 5). We hypothesize that the origin and evolution of the SFC is associated with three main factors: (i) breaching by the canyon head of thick carbonates rimming the shelf break; (ii) development of the shelf depression referred above; and (iii) major continental drainage reorganization. Continuous canyon-river connection was ensured by this shelf depression, which helped funnel siliciclastic sediments to the canyon and precluded lateral changes to the lower river trunk. Morphological features, such as axial incision of mass movement deposits is suggestive of some, although very limited, modern canyon activity. This case study contributes to a better understanding of river-basin sediment pathways, particularly on passive margins, which are of great importance for the successful exploration of submarine fan systems.</span></div></div></div></div><footer class="nova-legacy-v-publication-item__footer"><div class="nova-legacy-v-publication-item__footer-actions"><div class="nova-legacy-o-pack nova-legacy-o-pack--gutter-m nova-legacy-o-pack--width-auto nova-legacy-o-pack--vertical-align-middle"><div class="nova-legacy-o-pack__item nova-legacy-v-publication-item__footer-button-group"><div class="nova-legacy-c-button-group nova-legacy-c-button-group--gutter-m nova-legacy-c-button-group--orientation-horizontal nova-legacy-c-button-group--width-auto nova-legacy-v-publication-item__actions"><div class="nova-legacy-c-button-group__item"><a class="nova-legacy-c-button nova-legacy-c-button--align-center nova-legacy-c-button--radius-m nova-legacy-c-button--size-s nova-legacy-c-button--color-blue 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lite-page-hidden"></div></div></div></div></div><div class="lite-tabs__tab js-target-references"><div class="nova-legacy-c-card nova-legacy-c-card--spacing-m nova-legacy-c-card--elevation-1-above publication-citations publication-citations--redesign"><div class="nova-legacy-c-card__body nova-legacy-c-card__body--spacing-none publication-citations__container"><div class="js-target-reference" id="references"><div class="nova-legacy-o-stack nova-legacy-o-stack--gutter-m nova-legacy-o-stack--spacing-none nova-legacy-o-stack--no-gutter-outside" type="bare"><div><div class="nova-legacy-o-stack__item publication-citations__item publication-citations__item--redesign"><div class="nova-legacy-v-citation-item"><div class="nova-legacy-o-stack nova-legacy-o-stack--gutter-m nova-legacy-o-stack--spacing-none nova-legacy-o-stack--no-gutter-outside"><div class="nova-legacy-o-stack__item"><div class="nova-legacy-v-citation-item__context-source"><div class="nova-legacy-v-publication-item nova-legacy-v-publication-item--size-m gtm-reference-item"><div class="nova-legacy-v-publication-item__body"><div class="nova-legacy-v-publication-item__stack nova-legacy-v-publication-item__stack--gutter-m"><div class="nova-legacy-v-publication-item__stack-item"><div class="nova-legacy-e-text nova-legacy-e-text--size-l nova-legacy-e-text--family-sans-serif nova-legacy-e-text--spacing-none nova-legacy-e-text--color-inherit nova-legacy-e-text--clamp-2 nova-legacy-v-publication-item__title"><a class="nova-legacy-e-link nova-legacy-e-link--color-inherit nova-legacy-e-link--theme-bare" href="publication/241258172_Morphology_flow_structure_and_suspended_bed_sediment_transport_at_two_large_braid-bar_confluences">Morphology, flow structure, and suspended bed sediment transport at two large braid-bar confluences</a></div></div><div class="nova-legacy-v-publication-item__stack-item"><div class="nova-legacy-v-publication-item__meta"><div class="nova-legacy-v-publication-item__meta-left"><span class="nova-legacy-e-badge nova-legacy-e-badge--color-green nova-legacy-e-badge--display-block nova-legacy-e-badge--luminosity-high nova-legacy-e-badge--size-l nova-legacy-e-badge--theme-solid nova-legacy-e-badge--radius-m nova-legacy-v-publication-item__type">Article</span></div><div class="nova-legacy-v-publication-item__meta-left"><span class="nova-legacy-e-badge nova-legacy-e-badge--color-green nova-legacy-e-badge--display-block nova-legacy-e-badge--luminosity-medium nova-legacy-e-badge--size-l nova-legacy-e-badge--theme-ghost nova-legacy-e-badge--radius-m nova-legacy-v-publication-item__fulltext">Full-text available</span></div><div class="nova-legacy-v-publication-item__meta-right"><ul class="nova-legacy-e-list nova-legacy-e-list--size-m nova-legacy-e-list--type-inline nova-legacy-e-list--spacing-none nova-legacy-v-publication-item__meta-data"><li class="nova-legacy-e-list__item nova-legacy-v-publication-item__meta-data-item"><span class="">May 2009</span></li></ul></div></div></div><div class="nova-legacy-v-publication-item__stack-item"><ul class="nova-legacy-e-list nova-legacy-e-list--size-m nova-legacy-e-list--type-inline nova-legacy-e-list--spacing-none nova-legacy-v-publication-item__person-list"><li class="nova-legacy-e-list__item"><a class="nova-legacy-e-link nova-legacy-e-link--color-inherit nova-legacy-e-link--theme-bare" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220606185549/https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Ricardo-Szupiany"><span class="nova-legacy-v-person-inline-item"><span class="lite-person-inline-item__image"><picture class="lite-page-avatar lite-page-avatar--size-xs lite-page-avatar--radius-full"> <img src="data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAEAAAABCAYAAAAfFcSJAAAADUlEQVR42mN89OjNfwAJDwOxHEacwgAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==" data-src="https://web.archive.org/web/20220606185549/https://i1.rgstatic.net/ii/profile.image/273633536901182-1442250727913_Q64/Ricardo-Szupiany.jpg" class="lite-image" alt="Ricardo Nicolas Szupiany"/></picture></span><span class="nova-legacy-v-person-inline-item__fullname">Ricardo Nicolas Szupiany</span></span></a></li><li class="nova-legacy-e-list__item"><a class="nova-legacy-e-link nova-legacy-e-link--color-inherit nova-legacy-e-link--theme-bare" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220606185549/https://www.researchgate.net/profile/M-Amsler"><span class="nova-legacy-v-person-inline-item"><span class="lite-person-inline-item__image"><picture class="lite-page-avatar lite-page-avatar--size-xs lite-page-avatar--radius-full"> <img src="data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAEAAAABCAYAAAAfFcSJAAAADUlEQVR42mN89OjNfwAJDwOxHEacwgAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==" data-src="https://web.archive.org/web/20220606185549/https://c5.rgstatic.net/m/4671872220764/images/template/default/profile/profile_default_m.jpg" class="lite-image" alt="M. L. Amsler"/></picture></span><span class="nova-legacy-v-person-inline-item__fullname">M. L. Amsler</span></span></a></li><li class="nova-legacy-e-list__item"><a class="nova-legacy-e-link nova-legacy-e-link--color-inherit nova-legacy-e-link--theme-bare" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220606185549/https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Daniel-Parsons-4"><span class="nova-legacy-v-person-inline-item"><span class="lite-person-inline-item__image"><picture class="lite-page-avatar lite-page-avatar--size-xs lite-page-avatar--radius-full"> <img src="data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAEAAAABCAYAAAAfFcSJAAAADUlEQVR42mN89OjNfwAJDwOxHEacwgAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==" data-src="https://web.archive.org/web/20220606185549/https://i1.rgstatic.net/ii/profile.image/277664448434180-1443211771461_Q64/Daniel-Parsons-4.jpg" class="lite-image" alt="Daniel Roy Parsons"/></picture></span><span class="nova-legacy-v-person-inline-item__fullname">Daniel Roy Parsons</span></span></a></li><li class="nova-legacy-e-list__item"><a class="nova-legacy-e-link nova-legacy-e-link--color-inherit nova-legacy-e-link--theme-bare" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220606185549/https://www.researchgate.net/profile/James-Best-9"><span class="nova-legacy-v-person-inline-item"><span class="lite-person-inline-item__image"><picture class="lite-page-avatar lite-page-avatar--size-xs lite-page-avatar--radius-full"> <img src="data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAEAAAABCAYAAAAfFcSJAAAADUlEQVR42mN89OjNfwAJDwOxHEacwgAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==" data-src="https://web.archive.org/web/20220606185549/https://i1.rgstatic.net/ii/profile.image/272681736077319-1442023800548_Q64/James-Best-9.jpg" class="lite-image" alt="James L. Best"/></picture></span><span class="nova-legacy-v-person-inline-item__fullname">James L. Best</span></span></a></li></ul></div><div class="nova-legacy-v-publication-item__stack-item"><div class="nova-legacy-e-text nova-legacy-e-text--size-m nova-legacy-e-text--family-sans-serif nova-legacy-e-text--spacing-none nova-legacy-e-text--color-inherit nova-legacy-e-text--clamp-3 nova-legacy-v-publication-item__description"><span class="js-target-abstract-629e4db591955 lite-page-hidden">Mid-channel bars and their associated confluences are key morphodynamic nodes within braided rivers, with past studies having investigated the morphodynamics of small natural channels or laboratory models with relatively low width/depth (WID) ratios, typically at <10. This paper investigates the morphology, suspended bed sediment distribution, and flow structure at two large braid bar confluences in the Rio Parana (Argentina), wherein WID ratios are much higher (approaching 100) than in smaller channels. The results highlight the significant control of the cross-sectional distribution of downstream flow velocity on confluence flow, suspended bed sediment concentration, and morphodynamics and indicate that this factor may become progressively more significant with increasing channel scale and WID ratio, particularly when simple discharge (or momentum) ratios between the incoming flows are used to explain the flow dynamics. Additionally, secondary flow cells, often proposed to occupy a large part of the channel width in small river channel confluences, are only identified in relatively small portions of the channel width at these larger spatial scales. Such a restriction seems related to the generative mechanisms of secondary flows at these higher WID ratios, which are likely to be dominated by turbulence generated along the mixing layer between the two flows and topographic influences that limit the spatial extent of these effects. This paper highlights the importance of these findings with respect to the flow and sediment dynamics of large channel confluences.</span></div></div></div></div><footer class="nova-legacy-v-publication-item__footer"><div class="nova-legacy-v-publication-item__footer-actions"><div class="nova-legacy-o-pack nova-legacy-o-pack--gutter-m nova-legacy-o-pack--width-auto nova-legacy-o-pack--vertical-align-middle"><div class="nova-legacy-o-pack__item nova-legacy-v-publication-item__footer-button-group"><div class="nova-legacy-c-button-group nova-legacy-c-button-group--gutter-m nova-legacy-c-button-group--orientation-horizontal nova-legacy-c-button-group--width-auto nova-legacy-v-publication-item__actions"><div class="nova-legacy-c-button-group__item"><a class="nova-legacy-c-button nova-legacy-c-button--align-center nova-legacy-c-button--radius-m nova-legacy-c-button--size-s nova-legacy-c-button--color-blue nova-legacy-c-button--theme-bare nova-legacy-c-button--width-auto 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nova-legacy-e-list--spacing-none nova-legacy-v-publication-item__meta-data"><li class="nova-legacy-e-list__item nova-legacy-v-publication-item__meta-data-item"><span class="">Feb 2008</span></li></ul></div></div></div><div class="nova-legacy-v-publication-item__stack-item"><ul class="nova-legacy-e-list nova-legacy-e-list--size-m nova-legacy-e-list--type-inline nova-legacy-e-list--spacing-none nova-legacy-v-publication-item__person-list"><li class="nova-legacy-e-list__item"><a class="nova-legacy-e-link nova-legacy-e-link--color-inherit nova-legacy-e-link--theme-bare" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220606185549/https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Juergen-Runge-3"><span class="nova-legacy-v-person-inline-item"><span class="lite-person-inline-item__image"><picture class="lite-page-avatar lite-page-avatar--size-xs lite-page-avatar--radius-full"> <img src="data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAEAAAABCAYAAAAfFcSJAAAADUlEQVR42mN89OjNfwAJDwOxHEacwgAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==" data-src="https://web.archive.org/web/20220606185549/https://i1.rgstatic.net/ii/profile.image/278790283513858-1443480191119_Q64/Juergen-Runge-3.jpg" class="lite-image" alt="Juergen Runge"/></picture></span><span class="nova-legacy-v-person-inline-item__fullname">Juergen Runge</span></span></a></li></ul></div><div class="nova-legacy-v-publication-item__stack-item"><div class="nova-legacy-e-text nova-legacy-e-text--size-m nova-legacy-e-text--family-sans-serif nova-legacy-e-text--spacing-none nova-legacy-e-text--color-inherit nova-legacy-e-text--clamp-3 nova-legacy-v-publication-item__description"><span class="js-target-abstract-629e4db59199e lite-page-hidden">IntroductionThe Course of the Congo RiverGeology and Geomorphology of the Congo BasinEvolution of the Congo RiverThe Flow Regime of the CongoSolid, Suspended, and Dissolved LoadThe Congo Mouth and the Submarine CanyonThe Congo River and its Economic ImportanceConclusion AcknowledgementsReferences</span></div></div></div></div><footer class="nova-legacy-v-publication-item__footer"><div class="nova-legacy-v-publication-item__footer-actions"><div class="nova-legacy-o-pack nova-legacy-o-pack--gutter-m nova-legacy-o-pack--width-auto nova-legacy-o-pack--vertical-align-middle"><div class="nova-legacy-o-pack__item nova-legacy-v-publication-item__footer-button-group"><div class="nova-legacy-c-button-group nova-legacy-c-button-group--gutter-m nova-legacy-c-button-group--orientation-horizontal nova-legacy-c-button-group--width-auto nova-legacy-v-publication-item__actions"><div class="nova-legacy-c-button-group__item"><a class="nova-legacy-c-button nova-legacy-c-button--align-center nova-legacy-c-button--radius-m nova-legacy-c-button--size-s nova-legacy-c-button--color-blue nova-legacy-c-button--theme-bare nova-legacy-c-button--width-auto nova-legacy-v-publication-item__action" href="publication/229797949_The_Congo_River_Central_Africa"><span 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class="nova-legacy-o-stack__item"><div class="nova-legacy-v-citation-item__context-source"><div class="nova-legacy-v-publication-item nova-legacy-v-publication-item--size-m gtm-reference-item"><div class="nova-legacy-v-publication-item__body"><div class="nova-legacy-v-publication-item__stack nova-legacy-v-publication-item__stack--gutter-m"><div class="nova-legacy-v-publication-item__stack-item"><div class="nova-legacy-e-text nova-legacy-e-text--size-l nova-legacy-e-text--family-sans-serif nova-legacy-e-text--spacing-none nova-legacy-e-text--color-inherit nova-legacy-e-text--clamp-2 nova-legacy-v-publication-item__title"><a class="nova-legacy-e-link nova-legacy-e-link--color-inherit nova-legacy-e-link--theme-bare" href="publication/222662365_Repeated_Surveys_by_Acoustic_Doppler_Current_Profiler_for_Flow_and_Sediment_Dynamics_in_a_Tidal_River">Repeated Surveys by Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler for Flow and Sediment Dynamics in a Tidal River</a></div></div><div class="nova-legacy-v-publication-item__stack-item"><div class="nova-legacy-v-publication-item__meta"><div class="nova-legacy-v-publication-item__meta-left"><span class="nova-legacy-e-badge nova-legacy-e-badge--color-green nova-legacy-e-badge--display-block nova-legacy-e-badge--luminosity-high nova-legacy-e-badge--size-l nova-legacy-e-badge--theme-solid nova-legacy-e-badge--radius-m nova-legacy-v-publication-item__type">Article</span></div><div class="nova-legacy-v-publication-item__meta-right"><ul class="nova-legacy-e-list nova-legacy-e-list--size-m nova-legacy-e-list--type-inline nova-legacy-e-list--spacing-none nova-legacy-v-publication-item__meta-data"><li class="nova-legacy-e-list__item nova-legacy-v-publication-item__meta-data-item"><span class="">Nov 2005</span></li><li class="nova-legacy-e-list__item nova-legacy-v-publication-item__meta-data-item"><span class=""><a class="nova-legacy-e-link nova-legacy-e-link--color-inherit nova-legacy-e-link--theme-decorated" href="journal/Journal-of-Hydrology-0022-1694">J HYDROL</a></span></li></ul></div></div></div><div class="nova-legacy-v-publication-item__stack-item"><ul class="nova-legacy-e-list nova-legacy-e-list--size-m nova-legacy-e-list--type-inline nova-legacy-e-list--spacing-none nova-legacy-v-publication-item__person-list"><li class="nova-legacy-e-list__item"><a class="nova-legacy-e-link nova-legacy-e-link--color-inherit nova-legacy-e-link--theme-bare" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220606185549/https://www.researchgate.net/scientific-contributions/Randy-L-Dinehart-2030250063"><span class="nova-legacy-v-person-inline-item"><span class="nova-legacy-v-person-inline-item__fullname">Randy L. Dinehart</span></span></a></li><li class="nova-legacy-e-list__item"><a class="nova-legacy-e-link nova-legacy-e-link--color-inherit nova-legacy-e-link--theme-bare" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220606185549/https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Jon-Burau"><span class="nova-legacy-v-person-inline-item"><span class="lite-person-inline-item__image"><picture class="lite-page-avatar lite-page-avatar--size-xs lite-page-avatar--radius-full"> <img src="data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAEAAAABCAYAAAAfFcSJAAAADUlEQVR42mN89OjNfwAJDwOxHEacwgAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==" data-src="https://web.archive.org/web/20220606185549/https://c5.rgstatic.net/m/4671872220764/images/template/default/profile/profile_default_m.jpg" class="lite-image" alt="Jon R. Burau"/></picture></span><span class="nova-legacy-v-person-inline-item__fullname">Jon R. Burau</span></span></a></li></ul></div><div class="nova-legacy-v-publication-item__stack-item"><div class="nova-legacy-e-text nova-legacy-e-text--size-m nova-legacy-e-text--family-sans-serif nova-legacy-e-text--spacing-none nova-legacy-e-text--color-inherit nova-legacy-e-text--clamp-3 nova-legacy-v-publication-item__description"><span class="js-target-abstract-629e4db591a9c lite-page-hidden">A strategy of repeated surveys by acoustic Doppler current profiler (ADCP) was applied in a tidal river to map velocity vectors and suspended-sediment indicators. The Sacramento River at the junction with the Delta Cross Channel at Walnut Grove, California, was surveyed over several tidal cycles in the Fall of 2000 and 2001 with a vessel-mounted ADCP. Velocity profiles were recorded along flow-defining survey paths, with surveys repeated every 27 min through a diurnal tidal cycle. Velocity vectors along each survey path were interpolated to a three-dimensional Cartesian grid that conformed to local bathymetry. A separate array of vectors was interpolated onto a grid from each survey. By displaying interpolated vector grids sequentially with computer animation, flow dynamics of the reach could be studied in three-dimensions as flow responded to the tidal cycle. Velocity streamtraces in the grid showed the upwelling of flow from the bottom of the Sacramento River channel into the Delta Cross Channel. The sequential display of vector grids showed that water in the canal briefly returned into the Sacramento River after peak flood tides, which had not been known previously.</span></div></div></div></div><footer class="nova-legacy-v-publication-item__footer"><div class="nova-legacy-v-publication-item__footer-actions"><div class="nova-legacy-o-pack nova-legacy-o-pack--gutter-m nova-legacy-o-pack--width-auto nova-legacy-o-pack--vertical-align-middle"><div class="nova-legacy-o-pack__item nova-legacy-v-publication-item__footer-button-group"><div class="nova-legacy-c-button-group nova-legacy-c-button-group--gutter-m nova-legacy-c-button-group--orientation-horizontal nova-legacy-c-button-group--width-auto nova-legacy-v-publication-item__actions"><div class="nova-legacy-c-button-group__item"><a class="nova-legacy-c-button nova-legacy-c-button--align-center nova-legacy-c-button--radius-m nova-legacy-c-button--size-s nova-legacy-c-button--color-blue nova-legacy-c-button--theme-bare nova-legacy-c-button--width-auto nova-legacy-v-publication-item__action" href="publication/222662365_Repeated_Surveys_by_Acoustic_Doppler_Current_Profiler_for_Flow_and_Sediment_Dynamics_in_a_Tidal_River"><span class="nova-legacy-c-button__label">View</span></a></div><div class="nova-legacy-c-button-group__item"><button class="nova-legacy-c-button nova-legacy-c-button--align-center nova-legacy-c-button--radius-m nova-legacy-c-button--size-s nova-legacy-c-button--color-blue nova-legacy-c-button--theme-bare nova-legacy-c-button--width-auto nova-legacy-v-publication-item__action" type="button"><span class="nova-legacy-c-button__label"><span class=" js-lite-click" data-lite="{"click":[{"t":".js-target-abstract-629e4db591a9c","a":"tc(lite-page-hidden)"},{"t":"self","a":"tc(lite-page-hidden)"}]}">Show abstract</span></span></button></div></div></div></div></div></footer></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="nova-legacy-o-stack__item publication-citations__item publication-citations__item--redesign"><div class="nova-legacy-v-citation-item"><div class="nova-legacy-o-stack nova-legacy-o-stack--gutter-m nova-legacy-o-stack--spacing-none nova-legacy-o-stack--no-gutter-outside"><div class="nova-legacy-o-stack__item"><div class="nova-legacy-v-citation-item__context-source"><div class="nova-legacy-v-publication-item nova-legacy-v-publication-item--size-m gtm-reference-item"><div class="nova-legacy-v-publication-item__body"><div class="nova-legacy-v-publication-item__stack nova-legacy-v-publication-item__stack--gutter-m"><div class="nova-legacy-v-publication-item__stack-item"><div class="nova-legacy-e-text nova-legacy-e-text--size-l nova-legacy-e-text--family-sans-serif nova-legacy-e-text--spacing-none nova-legacy-e-text--color-inherit nova-legacy-e-text--clamp-2 nova-legacy-v-publication-item__title">Quality-assurance plan for discharge measurements using acoustic Doppler current profilers</div></div><div class="nova-legacy-v-publication-item__stack-item"><div class="nova-legacy-v-publication-item__meta"><div class="nova-legacy-v-publication-item__meta-right"><ul class="nova-legacy-e-list nova-legacy-e-list--size-m nova-legacy-e-list--type-inline nova-legacy-e-list--spacing-none nova-legacy-v-publication-item__meta-data"><li class="nova-legacy-e-list__item nova-legacy-v-publication-item__meta-data-item"><span class="">Jan 2005</span></li><li class="nova-legacy-e-list__item nova-legacy-v-publication-item__meta-data-item"><span class="">2005-5183</span></li></ul></div></div></div><div class="nova-legacy-v-publication-item__stack-item"><ul class="nova-legacy-e-list nova-legacy-e-list--size-m nova-legacy-e-list--type-inline nova-legacy-e-list--spacing-none nova-legacy-v-publication-item__person-list"><li class="nova-legacy-e-list__item"><span class="nova-legacy-v-person-inline-item"><span class="nova-legacy-v-person-inline-item__fullname">K A Oberg</span></span></li><li class="nova-legacy-e-list__item"><span class="nova-legacy-v-person-inline-item"><span class="nova-legacy-v-person-inline-item__fullname">S E Morlock</span></span></li></ul></div><div class="nova-legacy-v-publication-item__stack-item"><div class="nova-legacy-e-text nova-legacy-e-text--size-m nova-legacy-e-text--family-sans-serif nova-legacy-e-text--spacing-none nova-legacy-e-text--color-inherit nova-legacy-v-publication-item__description">Oberg, K.A., Morlock, S.E., and Caldwell, W.S. 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" U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Rep. 2005–5183, 35 p.</div></div></div></div><footer class="nova-legacy-v-publication-item__footer"></footer></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></section></section><aside class="lite-page__side" role="complementary"><div id="lite-ad-gtj4hl3mzc" class="lite-page-ad lite-page-ad--vertical-spacing-xl lite-page-ad--sticky lite-page-ad--has-label lite-page-ad--empty"><div class="lite-page-ad__inner"><div class="lite-page-ad__close"><button class="nova-legacy-c-button nova-legacy-c-button--align-center nova-legacy-c-button--radius-full nova-legacy-c-button--size-xs nova-legacy-c-button--color-grey nova-legacy-c-button--theme-solid nova-legacy-c-button--width-square" type="button" id="lite-ad-gtj4hl3mzc-close"><svg aria-hidden="true" class="nova-legacy-e-icon nova-legacy-e-icon--size-s nova-legacy-e-icon--theme-bare nova-legacy-e-icon--color-inherit nova-legacy-e-icon--luminosity-medium 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nova-legacy-l-flex--gutter-m nova-legacy-l-flex--direction-row@s-up nova-legacy-l-flex--align-items-stretch@s-up nova-legacy-l-flex--justify-content-space-between@s-up nova-legacy-l-flex--wrap-nowrap@s-up"><div class="nova-legacy-l-flex__item"><h2 class="nova-legacy-e-text nova-legacy-e-text--size-l nova-legacy-e-text--family-sans-serif nova-legacy-e-text--spacing-none nova-legacy-e-text--color-grey-900">Recommendations</h2></div><div class="nova-legacy-l-flex__item"><div class="nova-legacy-e-text nova-legacy-e-text--size-l nova-legacy-e-text--family-sans-serif nova-legacy-e-text--spacing-none nova-legacy-e-text--color-inherit"><a class="nova-legacy-e-link nova-legacy-e-link--color-blue nova-legacy-e-link--theme-silent" href="search">Discover more</a></div></div></div></div><div class="nova-legacy-c-card__body nova-legacy-c-card__body--spacing-inherit"><div class="nova-legacy-o-grid nova-legacy-o-grid--gutter-m nova-legacy-o-grid--order-normal nova-legacy-o-grid--horizontal-align-left nova-legacy-o-grid--vertical-align-top publication-recommendations__items"><div class="nova-legacy-o-grid__column nova-legacy-o-grid__column--width-6/12@m-up project-recommendation-item__item"><div class="nova-legacy-c-card nova-legacy-c-card--spacing-m nova-legacy-c-card--elevation-none"><div class="nova-legacy-c-card__body nova-legacy-c-card__body--spacing-inherit"><div class="project-recommendation-item project-recommendation-item--redesign"><div class="nova-legacy-l-flex__item nova-legacy-l-flex nova-legacy-l-flex--gutter-xxs nova-legacy-l-flex--direction-row@s-up nova-legacy-l-flex--align-items-center@s-up nova-legacy-l-flex--justify-content-flex-start@s-up nova-legacy-l-flex--wrap-wrap@s-up project-recommendation-item__item-badges"><div class="nova-legacy-l-flex__item"><span class="nova-legacy-e-badge nova-legacy-e-badge--color-green nova-legacy-e-badge--display-inline nova-legacy-e-badge--luminosity-high nova-legacy-e-badge--size-m nova-legacy-e-badge--theme-solid nova-legacy-e-badge--radius-m">Project</span></div></div><h3 class="nova-legacy-e-text nova-legacy-e-text--size-l nova-legacy-e-text--family-sans-serif nova-legacy-e-text--spacing-xs nova-legacy-e-text--color-inherit project-recommendation-item__title"><a class="nova-legacy-e-link nova-legacy-e-link--color-inherit nova-legacy-e-link--theme-bare" href="project/The-US-Climate-Resilience-Toolkit">The US Climate Resilience Toolkit</a></h3><div class="project-recommendation-item__researcher"><ul class="nova-legacy-e-list nova-legacy-e-list--size-m nova-legacy-e-list--type-inline nova-legacy-e-list--spacing-none nova-legacy-v-project-item__person-list"><li class="nova-legacy-e-list__item"><a class="nova-legacy-e-link nova-legacy-e-link--color-inherit nova-legacy-e-link--theme-bare" href="profile/Edward-Gardiner-2"><span class="nova-legacy-v-person-inline-item"><span class="lite-person-inline-item__image"><picture class="lite-page-avatar lite-page-avatar--size-xs lite-page-avatar--radius-full"> <img src="data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAEAAAABCAYAAAAfFcSJAAAADUlEQVR42mN89OjNfwAJDwOxHEacwgAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==" data-src="https://web.archive.org/web/20220606185549/https://i1.rgstatic.net/ii/profile.image/279446843084803-1443636727305_Q64/Edward-Gardiner-2.jpg" class="lite-image" alt="Edward P Gardiner"/></picture></span><span class="nova-legacy-v-person-inline-item__fullname">Edward P Gardiner</span></span></a></li></ul></div><a class="nova-legacy-e-link nova-legacy-e-link--color-blue nova-legacy-e-link--theme-silent project-recommendation-item__more project-recommendation-item__more--redesign" href="project/The-US-Climate-Resilience-Toolkit">View project</a></div></div></div></div><div class="nova-legacy-o-grid__column nova-legacy-o-grid__column--width-6/12@m-up project-recommendation-item__item"><div class="nova-legacy-c-card nova-legacy-c-card--spacing-m nova-legacy-c-card--elevation-none"><div class="nova-legacy-c-card__body nova-legacy-c-card__body--spacing-inherit"><div class="project-recommendation-item project-recommendation-item--redesign"><div class="nova-legacy-l-flex__item nova-legacy-l-flex nova-legacy-l-flex--gutter-xxs nova-legacy-l-flex--direction-row@s-up nova-legacy-l-flex--align-items-center@s-up nova-legacy-l-flex--justify-content-flex-start@s-up nova-legacy-l-flex--wrap-wrap@s-up project-recommendation-item__item-badges"><div class="nova-legacy-l-flex__item"><span class="nova-legacy-e-badge nova-legacy-e-badge--color-green nova-legacy-e-badge--display-inline nova-legacy-e-badge--luminosity-high nova-legacy-e-badge--size-m nova-legacy-e-badge--theme-solid nova-legacy-e-badge--radius-m">Project</span></div></div><h3 class="nova-legacy-e-text nova-legacy-e-text--size-l nova-legacy-e-text--family-sans-serif nova-legacy-e-text--spacing-xs nova-legacy-e-text--color-inherit project-recommendation-item__title"><a class="nova-legacy-e-link nova-legacy-e-link--color-inherit nova-legacy-e-link--theme-bare" href="project/Coweeta-LTER-2">Coweeta LTER</a></h3><div class="project-recommendation-item__researcher"><ul class="nova-legacy-e-list nova-legacy-e-list--size-m nova-legacy-e-list--type-inline nova-legacy-e-list--spacing-none nova-legacy-v-project-item__person-list"><li class="nova-legacy-e-list__item"><a class="nova-legacy-e-link nova-legacy-e-link--color-inherit nova-legacy-e-link--theme-bare" href="profile/Edward-Gardiner-2"><span class="nova-legacy-v-person-inline-item"><span class="lite-person-inline-item__image"><picture class="lite-page-avatar lite-page-avatar--size-xs lite-page-avatar--radius-full"> <img src="data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAEAAAABCAYAAAAfFcSJAAAADUlEQVR42mN89OjNfwAJDwOxHEacwgAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==" data-src="https://web.archive.org/web/20220606185549/https://i1.rgstatic.net/ii/profile.image/279446843084803-1443636727305_Q64/Edward-Gardiner-2.jpg" class="lite-image" alt="Edward P Gardiner"/></picture></span><span class="nova-legacy-v-person-inline-item__fullname">Edward P Gardiner</span></span></a></li><li class="nova-legacy-e-list__item"><a class="nova-legacy-e-link nova-legacy-e-link--color-inherit nova-legacy-e-link--theme-bare" href="profile/Paul-Bolstad"><span class="nova-legacy-v-person-inline-item"><span class="lite-person-inline-item__image"><picture class="lite-page-avatar lite-page-avatar--size-xs lite-page-avatar--radius-full"> <img src="data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAEAAAABCAYAAAAfFcSJAAAADUlEQVR42mN89OjNfwAJDwOxHEacwgAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==" data-src="https://web.archive.org/web/20220606185549/https://i1.rgstatic.net/ii/profile.image/272348905472030-1441944448034_Q64/Paul-Bolstad.jpg" class="lite-image" alt="Paul V Bolstad"/></picture></span><span class="nova-legacy-v-person-inline-item__fullname">Paul V Bolstad</span></span></a></li><li class="nova-legacy-e-list__item"><a class="nova-legacy-e-link nova-legacy-e-link--color-inherit nova-legacy-e-link--theme-bare" href="profile/Catherine-Pringle-3"><span class="nova-legacy-v-person-inline-item"><span class="lite-person-inline-item__image"><picture class="lite-page-avatar lite-page-avatar--size-xs lite-page-avatar--radius-full"> <img src="data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAEAAAABCAYAAAAfFcSJAAAADUlEQVR42mN89OjNfwAJDwOxHEacwgAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==" data-src="https://web.archive.org/web/20220606185549/https://i1.rgstatic.net/ii/profile.image/272439397580809-1441966022283_Q64/Catherine-Pringle-3.jpg" class="lite-image" alt="Catherine M. Pringle"/></picture></span><span class="nova-legacy-v-person-inline-item__fullname">Catherine M. Pringle</span></span></a></li><li class="nova-legacy-e-list__item"><span class="nova-legacy-v-project-item__person-list-truncation">[...]</span></li><li class="nova-legacy-e-list__item"><a class="nova-legacy-e-link nova-legacy-e-link--color-inherit nova-legacy-e-link--theme-bare" href="scientific-contributions/Judy-L-Meyer-18978223"><span class="nova-legacy-v-person-inline-item"><span class="nova-legacy-v-person-inline-item__fullname">Judy L. Meyer</span></span></a></li></ul></div><a class="nova-legacy-e-link nova-legacy-e-link--color-blue nova-legacy-e-link--theme-silent project-recommendation-item__more project-recommendation-item__more--redesign" href="project/Coweeta-LTER-2">View project</a></div></div></div></div><div class="nova-legacy-o-grid__column nova-legacy-o-grid__column--width-6/12@m-up project-recommendation-item__item"><div class="nova-legacy-c-card nova-legacy-c-card--spacing-m nova-legacy-c-card--elevation-none"><div class="nova-legacy-c-card__body nova-legacy-c-card__body--spacing-inherit"><div class="project-recommendation-item project-recommendation-item--redesign"><div class="nova-legacy-l-flex__item nova-legacy-l-flex nova-legacy-l-flex--gutter-xxs nova-legacy-l-flex--direction-row@s-up nova-legacy-l-flex--align-items-center@s-up nova-legacy-l-flex--justify-content-flex-start@s-up nova-legacy-l-flex--wrap-wrap@s-up project-recommendation-item__item-badges"><div class="nova-legacy-l-flex__item"><span class="nova-legacy-e-badge nova-legacy-e-badge--color-green nova-legacy-e-badge--display-inline nova-legacy-e-badge--luminosity-high nova-legacy-e-badge--size-m nova-legacy-e-badge--theme-solid nova-legacy-e-badge--radius-m">Project</span></div></div><h3 class="nova-legacy-e-text nova-legacy-e-text--size-l nova-legacy-e-text--family-sans-serif nova-legacy-e-text--spacing-xs nova-legacy-e-text--color-inherit project-recommendation-item__title"><a class="nova-legacy-e-link nova-legacy-e-link--color-inherit nova-legacy-e-link--theme-bare" href="project/Lake-Michigan-Diversion-Accounting">Lake Michigan Diversion Accounting</a></h3><div class="project-recommendation-item__researcher"><ul class="nova-legacy-e-list nova-legacy-e-list--size-m nova-legacy-e-list--type-inline nova-legacy-e-list--spacing-none nova-legacy-v-project-item__person-list"><li class="nova-legacy-e-list__item"><a class="nova-legacy-e-link nova-legacy-e-link--color-inherit nova-legacy-e-link--theme-bare" href="profile/Kevin-Johnson-40"><span class="nova-legacy-v-person-inline-item"><span class="lite-person-inline-item__image"><picture class="lite-page-avatar lite-page-avatar--size-xs lite-page-avatar--radius-full"> <img src="data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAEAAAABCAYAAAAfFcSJAAAADUlEQVR42mN89OjNfwAJDwOxHEacwgAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==" data-src="https://web.archive.org/web/20220606185549/https://i1.rgstatic.net/ii/profile.image/277674820947979-1443214244314_Q64/Kevin-Johnson-40.jpg" class="lite-image" alt="Kevin Kimball Johnson"/></picture></span><span class="nova-legacy-v-person-inline-item__fullname">Kevin Kimball Johnson</span></span></a></li><li class="nova-legacy-e-list__item"><a class="nova-legacy-e-link nova-legacy-e-link--color-inherit nova-legacy-e-link--theme-bare" href=""><span class="nova-legacy-v-person-inline-item"><span class="nova-legacy-v-person-inline-item__fullname">Tim Straub</span></span></a></li><li class="nova-legacy-e-list__item"><a class="nova-legacy-e-link nova-legacy-e-link--color-inherit nova-legacy-e-link--theme-bare" href=""><span class="nova-legacy-v-person-inline-item"><span class="nova-legacy-v-person-inline-item__fullname">James J Duncker</span></span></a></li><li class="nova-legacy-e-list__item"><span class="nova-legacy-v-project-item__person-list-truncation">[...]</span></li><li class="nova-legacy-e-list__item"><a class="nova-legacy-e-link nova-legacy-e-link--color-inherit nova-legacy-e-link--theme-bare" href="scientific-contributions/Greg-E-Goodwin-2042663257"><span class="nova-legacy-v-person-inline-item"><span class="nova-legacy-v-person-inline-item__fullname">Greg E. Goodwin</span></span></a></li></ul></div><a class="nova-legacy-e-link nova-legacy-e-link--color-blue nova-legacy-e-link--theme-silent project-recommendation-item__more project-recommendation-item__more--redesign" href="project/Lake-Michigan-Diversion-Accounting">View project</a></div></div></div></div><div class="nova-legacy-o-grid__column nova-legacy-o-grid__column--width-6/12@m-up project-recommendation-item__item"><div class="nova-legacy-c-card nova-legacy-c-card--spacing-m nova-legacy-c-card--elevation-none"><div class="nova-legacy-c-card__body nova-legacy-c-card__body--spacing-inherit"><div class="project-recommendation-item project-recommendation-item--redesign"><div class="nova-legacy-l-flex__item nova-legacy-l-flex nova-legacy-l-flex--gutter-xxs nova-legacy-l-flex--direction-row@s-up nova-legacy-l-flex--align-items-center@s-up nova-legacy-l-flex--justify-content-flex-start@s-up nova-legacy-l-flex--wrap-wrap@s-up project-recommendation-item__item-badges"><div class="nova-legacy-l-flex__item"><span class="nova-legacy-e-badge nova-legacy-e-badge--color-green nova-legacy-e-badge--display-inline nova-legacy-e-badge--luminosity-high nova-legacy-e-badge--size-m nova-legacy-e-badge--theme-solid nova-legacy-e-badge--radius-m">Project</span></div></div><h3 class="nova-legacy-e-text nova-legacy-e-text--size-l nova-legacy-e-text--family-sans-serif nova-legacy-e-text--spacing-xs nova-legacy-e-text--color-inherit project-recommendation-item__title"><a class="nova-legacy-e-link nova-legacy-e-link--color-inherit nova-legacy-e-link--theme-bare" href="project/Brandon-Road-Hydrualics-for-AIS-Support">Brandon Road Hydrualics for AIS Support</a></h3><div class="project-recommendation-item__researcher"><ul class="nova-legacy-e-list nova-legacy-e-list--size-m nova-legacy-e-list--type-inline nova-legacy-e-list--spacing-none nova-legacy-v-project-item__person-list"><li class="nova-legacy-e-list__item"><a class="nova-legacy-e-link nova-legacy-e-link--color-inherit nova-legacy-e-link--theme-bare" href="profile/Frank-Engel-2"><span class="nova-legacy-v-person-inline-item"><span class="lite-person-inline-item__image"><picture class="lite-page-avatar lite-page-avatar--size-xs lite-page-avatar--radius-full"> <img src="data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAEAAAABCAYAAAAfFcSJAAAADUlEQVR42mN89OjNfwAJDwOxHEacwgAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==" data-src="https://web.archive.org/web/20220606185549/https://i1.rgstatic.net/ii/profile.image/279381722320896-1443621201113_Q64/Frank-Engel-2.jpg" class="lite-image" alt="Frank L. Engel"/></picture></span><span class="nova-legacy-v-person-inline-item__fullname">Frank L. Engel</span></span></a></li><li class="nova-legacy-e-list__item"><a class="nova-legacy-e-link nova-legacy-e-link--color-inherit nova-legacy-e-link--theme-bare" href="profile/P-Jackson"><span class="nova-legacy-v-person-inline-item"><span class="lite-person-inline-item__image"><picture class="lite-page-avatar lite-page-avatar--size-xs lite-page-avatar--radius-full"> <img src="data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAEAAAABCAYAAAAfFcSJAAAADUlEQVR42mN89OjNfwAJDwOxHEacwgAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==" data-src="https://web.archive.org/web/20220606185549/https://i1.rgstatic.net/ii/profile.image/329780202360836-1455637135167_Q64/P-Jackson.jpg" class="lite-image" alt="P. Ryan Jackson"/></picture></span><span class="nova-legacy-v-person-inline-item__fullname">P. Ryan Jackson</span></span></a></li><li class="nova-legacy-e-list__item"><a class="nova-legacy-e-link nova-legacy-e-link--color-inherit nova-legacy-e-link--theme-bare" href="profile/Jessica-Leroy"><span class="nova-legacy-v-person-inline-item"><span class="lite-person-inline-item__image"><picture class="lite-page-avatar lite-page-avatar--size-xs lite-page-avatar--radius-full"> <img src="data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAEAAAABCAYAAAAfFcSJAAAADUlEQVR42mN89OjNfwAJDwOxHEacwgAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==" data-src="https://web.archive.org/web/20220606185549/https://i1.rgstatic.net/ii/profile.image/277961937833984-1443282699065_Q64/Jessica-Leroy.jpg" class="lite-image" alt="Jessica Zinger LeRoy"/></picture></span><span class="nova-legacy-v-person-inline-item__fullname">Jessica Zinger LeRoy</span></span></a></li></ul></div><a class="nova-legacy-e-link nova-legacy-e-link--color-blue nova-legacy-e-link--theme-silent project-recommendation-item__more project-recommendation-item__more--redesign" href="project/Brandon-Road-Hydrualics-for-AIS-Support">View project</a></div></div></div></div><div class="nova-legacy-o-grid__column nova-legacy-o-grid__column--width-6/12@m-up publication-recommendation-item__item"><div class="nova-legacy-c-card nova-legacy-c-card--spacing-m nova-legacy-c-card--elevation-none"><div class="nova-legacy-c-card__body nova-legacy-c-card__body--spacing-inherit"><div class="publication-recommendation-item publication-recommendation-item--redesign"><div class="nova-legacy-l-flex__item nova-legacy-l-flex nova-legacy-l-flex--gutter-xxs nova-legacy-l-flex--direction-row@s-up nova-legacy-l-flex--align-items-center@s-up nova-legacy-l-flex--justify-content-flex-start@s-up nova-legacy-l-flex--wrap-wrap@s-up publication-recommendation-item__item-badges"><div class="nova-legacy-l-flex__item"><span class="nova-legacy-e-badge nova-legacy-e-badge--color-green nova-legacy-e-badge--display-inline nova-legacy-e-badge--luminosity-high nova-legacy-e-badge--size-m nova-legacy-e-badge--theme-solid nova-legacy-e-badge--radius-m">Article</span></div></div><h3 class="nova-legacy-e-text nova-legacy-e-text--size-l nova-legacy-e-text--family-sans-serif nova-legacy-e-text--spacing-xs nova-legacy-e-text--color-inherit publication-recommendation-item__title"><a class="nova-legacy-e-link nova-legacy-e-link--color-inherit nova-legacy-e-link--theme-bare gtm-recommendation-item-link" href="publication/236854235_Sediment_discharge_division_at_two_tidally_influenced_river_bifurcations">Sediment discharge division at two tidally influenced river bifurcations</a></h3><div class="nova-legacy-e-text nova-legacy-e-text--size-s nova-legacy-e-text--family-sans-serif nova-legacy-e-text--spacing-xs nova-legacy-e-text--color-grey-500"><span>April 2013</span> · <span>Water Resources Research</span></div><ul class="nova-legacy-e-list nova-legacy-e-list--size-m nova-legacy-e-list--type-inline nova-legacy-e-list--spacing-auto"><li class="nova-legacy-e-list__item"><span class="nova-legacy-v-person-inline-item"><span class="lite-person-inline-item__image"><picture class="lite-page-avatar lite-page-avatar--size-xs lite-page-avatar--radius-full"> <img src="data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAEAAAABCAYAAAAfFcSJAAAADUlEQVR42mN89OjNfwAJDwOxHEacwgAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==" data-src="https://web.archive.org/web/20220606185549/https://i1.rgstatic.net/ii/profile.image/277193776222242-1443099554544_Q64/Maximiliano-Sassi.jpg" class="lite-image" alt="Maximiliano Sassi"/></picture></span><span class="nova-legacy-v-person-inline-item__fullname"><a class="nova-legacy-e-link nova-legacy-e-link--color-inherit nova-legacy-e-link--theme-bare" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220606185549/https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Maximiliano-Sassi">Maximiliano Sassi</a></span></span></li><li class="nova-legacy-e-list__item"><span class="nova-legacy-v-person-inline-item"><span class="lite-person-inline-item__image"><picture class="lite-page-avatar lite-page-avatar--size-xs lite-page-avatar--radius-full"> <img src="data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAEAAAABCAYAAAAfFcSJAAAADUlEQVR42mN89OjNfwAJDwOxHEacwgAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==" data-src="https://web.archive.org/web/20220606185549/https://i1.rgstatic.net/ii/profile.image/272582880526356-1442000231858_Q64/Ajf-Hoitink.jpg" class="lite-image" alt="A.J.F. Hoitink"/></picture></span><span class="nova-legacy-v-person-inline-item__fullname"><a class="nova-legacy-e-link nova-legacy-e-link--color-inherit nova-legacy-e-link--theme-bare" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220606185549/https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Ajf-Hoitink">A.J.F. Hoitink</a></span></span></li><li class="nova-legacy-e-list__item"><span class="nova-legacy-v-person-inline-item"><span class="lite-person-inline-item__image"><picture class="lite-page-avatar lite-page-avatar--size-xs lite-page-avatar--radius-full"> <img src="data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAEAAAABCAYAAAAfFcSJAAAADUlEQVR42mN89OjNfwAJDwOxHEacwgAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==" data-src="https://web.archive.org/web/20220606185549/https://i1.rgstatic.net/ii/profile.image/344860583317504-1459232578307_Q64/Bart-Vermeulen-2.jpg" class="lite-image" alt="Bart Vermeulen"/></picture></span><span class="nova-legacy-v-person-inline-item__fullname"><a class="nova-legacy-e-link nova-legacy-e-link--color-inherit nova-legacy-e-link--theme-bare" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220606185549/https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Bart-Vermeulen-2">Bart Vermeulen</a></span></span></li><li class="nova-legacy-e-list__item"><span class="nova-legacy-v-person-inline-item"><span class="lite-person-inline-item__image"><picture class="lite-page-avatar lite-page-avatar--size-xs lite-page-avatar--radius-full"> <img src="data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAEAAAABCAYAAAAfFcSJAAAADUlEQVR42mN89OjNfwAJDwOxHEacwgAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==" data-src="https://web.archive.org/web/20220606185549/https://i1.rgstatic.net/ii/profile.image/321956111421440-1453771726289_Q64/H-Hidayat.jpg" class="lite-image" alt="H. Hidayat"/></picture></span><span class="nova-legacy-v-person-inline-item__fullname"><a class="nova-legacy-e-link nova-legacy-e-link--color-inherit nova-legacy-e-link--theme-bare" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220606185549/https://www.researchgate.net/profile/H-Hidayat">H. Hidayat</a></span></span></li></ul><div class="nova-legacy-e-text nova-legacy-e-text--size-s nova-legacy-e-text--family-sans-serif nova-legacy-e-text--spacing-s nova-legacy-e-text--color-grey-500 publication-recommendation-item__abstract">We characterize and quantify the sediment discharge division at two tidally influenced river bifurcations in response to mean flow and secondary circulation by employing a boat-mounted acoustic Doppler current profiler (ADCP), to survey transects at bifurcating branches during a semidiurnal tidal cycle. The ADCP collecting flow velocity and acoustical backscatter data was used to quantify <a class="nova-legacy-e-link nova-legacy-e-link--color-blue nova-legacy-e-link--theme-silent js-lite-click" data-lite="{"click":[{"t":".js-target-629e4db591e8f","a":"tc(lite-page-hidden)"},{"t":"self","a":"ac(lite-page-hidden)"}]}">... [Show full abstract]</a><span class="lite-page-hidden js-target-629e4db591e8f"> suspended sediment discharge, adopting a recently introduced calibration procedure. Measured profiles of flow velocity and sediment concentration allowed us to compute spatiotemporal distributions of the shear velocity, the roughness length and the Rouse number. Spatiotemporal distributions of the settling velocity were obtained by combining the Rouse number and shear velocity estimates with in situ measurements from a laser particle size analyzer. Bed-load transport rates were inferred from shear stress estimates. The concentration field shows a direct response to bed shear stress, stressing the alluvial context of the system. The flow in the bifurcation regions is characterized by counter rotating secondary-flow cells, which stretch over the full width and depth of the cross sections in the downstream branches, and persist throughout the entire tidal cycle. The pattern of secondary flow suggests the flow approaching the bifurcation is concentrated in two independent threads. A two-cell structure inhibits the exchange of sediment that would occur in case a single cell would stretch over the full channel width. The division of suspended sediment primarily depends on the upstream transverse profile of the suspended sediment concentration, which is in turn dependent on geometrical factors such as upstream curvature.</span></div><a class="nova-legacy-e-link nova-legacy-e-link--color-blue nova-legacy-e-link--theme-silent publication-recommendation-item__more publication-recommendation-item__more--redesign" href="publication/236854235_Sediment_discharge_division_at_two_tidally_influenced_river_bifurcations">Read more</a></div></div></div></div><div class="nova-legacy-o-grid__column nova-legacy-o-grid__column--width-6/12@m-up publication-recommendation-item__item"><div class="nova-legacy-c-card nova-legacy-c-card--spacing-m nova-legacy-c-card--elevation-none"><div class="nova-legacy-c-card__body nova-legacy-c-card__body--spacing-inherit"><div class="publication-recommendation-item publication-recommendation-item--redesign"><div class="nova-legacy-l-flex__item nova-legacy-l-flex nova-legacy-l-flex--gutter-xxs nova-legacy-l-flex--direction-row@s-up nova-legacy-l-flex--align-items-center@s-up nova-legacy-l-flex--justify-content-flex-start@s-up nova-legacy-l-flex--wrap-wrap@s-up publication-recommendation-item__item-badges"><div class="nova-legacy-l-flex__item"><span class="nova-legacy-e-badge nova-legacy-e-badge--color-green nova-legacy-e-badge--display-inline nova-legacy-e-badge--luminosity-high nova-legacy-e-badge--size-m nova-legacy-e-badge--theme-solid nova-legacy-e-badge--radius-m">Article</span></div><div class="nova-legacy-l-flex__item"><span class="nova-legacy-e-badge nova-legacy-e-badge--color-green nova-legacy-e-badge--display-inline nova-legacy-e-badge--luminosity-medium nova-legacy-e-badge--size-m nova-legacy-e-badge--theme-ghost nova-legacy-e-badge--radius-m">Full-text available</span></div></div><h3 class="nova-legacy-e-text nova-legacy-e-text--size-l nova-legacy-e-text--family-sans-serif nova-legacy-e-text--spacing-xs nova-legacy-e-text--color-inherit publication-recommendation-item__title"><a class="nova-legacy-e-link nova-legacy-e-link--color-inherit nova-legacy-e-link--theme-bare gtm-recommendation-item-link" href="publication/336258362_Laboratory_study_of_the_temporal_evolution_of_channel_bed_topography_in_presence_of_two_rows_of_inclined-vertical_piers_in_a_sharp_180-degree_bend">Laboratory study of the temporal evolution of channel bed topography in presence of two rows of incl...</a></h3><div class="nova-legacy-e-text nova-legacy-e-text--size-s nova-legacy-e-text--family-sans-serif nova-legacy-e-text--spacing-xs nova-legacy-e-text--color-grey-500"><span>October 2019</span> · <span>ISH Journal of Hydraulic Engineering</span></div><ul class="nova-legacy-e-list nova-legacy-e-list--size-m nova-legacy-e-list--type-inline nova-legacy-e-list--spacing-auto"><li class="nova-legacy-e-list__item"><span class="nova-legacy-v-person-inline-item"><span class="lite-person-inline-item__image"><picture class="lite-page-avatar lite-page-avatar--size-xs lite-page-avatar--radius-full"> <img src="data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAEAAAABCAYAAAAfFcSJAAAADUlEQVR42mN89OjNfwAJDwOxHEacwgAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==" data-src="https://web.archive.org/web/20220606185549/https://i1.rgstatic.net/ii/profile.image/649054161731596-1531757979857_Q64/Leila-Eghbalnik.jpg" class="lite-image" alt="Leila Eghbalnik"/></picture></span><span class="nova-legacy-v-person-inline-item__fullname"><a class="nova-legacy-e-link nova-legacy-e-link--color-inherit nova-legacy-e-link--theme-bare" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220606185549/https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Leila-Eghbalnik">Leila Eghbalnik</a></span></span></li><li class="nova-legacy-e-list__item"><span class="nova-legacy-v-person-inline-item"><span class="lite-person-inline-item__image"><picture class="lite-page-avatar lite-page-avatar--size-xs lite-page-avatar--radius-full"> <img src="data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAEAAAABCAYAAAAfFcSJAAAADUlEQVR42mN89OjNfwAJDwOxHEacwgAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==" data-src="https://web.archive.org/web/20220606185549/https://i1.rgstatic.net/ii/profile.image/278605637668882-1443436168790_Q64/Mohammad-Vaghefi.jpg" class="lite-image" alt="Mohammad Vaghefi"/></picture></span><span class="nova-legacy-v-person-inline-item__fullname"><a class="nova-legacy-e-link nova-legacy-e-link--color-inherit nova-legacy-e-link--theme-bare" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220606185549/https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Mohammad-Vaghefi">Mohammad Vaghefi</a></span></span></li><li class="nova-legacy-e-list__item"><span class="nova-legacy-v-person-inline-item"><span class="nova-legacy-v-person-inline-item__fullname"><a class="nova-legacy-e-link nova-legacy-e-link--color-inherit nova-legacy-e-link--theme-bare" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220606185549/https://www.researchgate.net/scientific-contributions/Mohammad-Reza-GolbaharHaghighi-2164593931">Mohammad Reza GolbaharHaghighi</a></span></span></li></ul><div class="nova-legacy-e-text nova-legacy-e-text--size-s nova-legacy-e-text--family-sans-serif nova-legacy-e-text--spacing-s nova-legacy-e-text--color-grey-500 publication-recommendation-item__abstract">This paper is aimed to investigate the temporal variation of scour depths and bed topography in the presence of a group of six vertical and inclined piers placed in a 180-degree bend flume. For this purpose, a series of tests were performed in a test flume provided by Hydraulics Laboratory of Persian Gulf University, Bushehr, Iran. The piers were placed at the angle of 60-degree of the bent <a class="nova-legacy-e-link nova-legacy-e-link--color-blue nova-legacy-e-link--theme-silent js-lite-click" data-lite="{"click":[{"t":".js-target-629e4db5923ed","a":"tc(lite-page-hidden)"},{"t":"self","a":"ac(lite-page-hidden)"}]}">... [Show full abstract]</a><span class="lite-page-hidden js-target-629e4db5923ed"> flume. The flume was 1 m wide and the ratio of curvature to the width of 2 and has two straight sections at its upstream and downstream with 6.5 m and 5.1 m length, respectively. The results showed the temporal evolution of scour depth was decreased with the passage of time. The location of the maximum scour depth was time dependent so that as the experiment progressed, it moved from the vicinity of the inner bank to the middle of the flume and eventually to the outer bank. Also, the inception of the scour holes near the inner bank and outer bank was different. However, this difference was decreased during the test progress.</span></div><a class="nova-legacy-e-link nova-legacy-e-link--color-blue nova-legacy-e-link--theme-silent publication-recommendation-item__more publication-recommendation-item__more--redesign" href="publication/336258362_Laboratory_study_of_the_temporal_evolution_of_channel_bed_topography_in_presence_of_two_rows_of_inclined-vertical_piers_in_a_sharp_180-degree_bend">View full-text</a></div></div></div></div><div class="nova-legacy-o-grid__column nova-legacy-o-grid__column--width-6/12@m-up publication-recommendation-item__item"><div class="nova-legacy-c-card nova-legacy-c-card--spacing-m nova-legacy-c-card--elevation-none"><div class="nova-legacy-c-card__body nova-legacy-c-card__body--spacing-inherit"><div class="publication-recommendation-item publication-recommendation-item--redesign"><div class="nova-legacy-l-flex__item nova-legacy-l-flex nova-legacy-l-flex--gutter-xxs nova-legacy-l-flex--direction-row@s-up nova-legacy-l-flex--align-items-center@s-up nova-legacy-l-flex--justify-content-flex-start@s-up nova-legacy-l-flex--wrap-wrap@s-up publication-recommendation-item__item-badges"><div class="nova-legacy-l-flex__item"><span class="nova-legacy-e-badge nova-legacy-e-badge--color-green nova-legacy-e-badge--display-inline nova-legacy-e-badge--luminosity-high nova-legacy-e-badge--size-m nova-legacy-e-badge--theme-solid nova-legacy-e-badge--radius-m">Article</span></div><div class="nova-legacy-l-flex__item"><span class="nova-legacy-e-badge nova-legacy-e-badge--color-green nova-legacy-e-badge--display-inline nova-legacy-e-badge--luminosity-medium nova-legacy-e-badge--size-m nova-legacy-e-badge--theme-ghost nova-legacy-e-badge--radius-m">Full-text available</span></div></div><h3 class="nova-legacy-e-text nova-legacy-e-text--size-l nova-legacy-e-text--family-sans-serif nova-legacy-e-text--spacing-xs nova-legacy-e-text--color-inherit publication-recommendation-item__title"><a class="nova-legacy-e-link nova-legacy-e-link--color-inherit nova-legacy-e-link--theme-bare gtm-recommendation-item-link" href="publication/329785213_Experimental_study_on_flow_structure_in_riffle-pool_channels">Experimental study on flow structure in riffle-pool channels</a></h3><div class="nova-legacy-e-text nova-legacy-e-text--size-s nova-legacy-e-text--family-sans-serif nova-legacy-e-text--spacing-xs nova-legacy-e-text--color-grey-500"><span>December 2018</span> · <span>IOP Conference Series Earth and Environmental Science</span></div><ul class="nova-legacy-e-list nova-legacy-e-list--size-m nova-legacy-e-list--type-inline nova-legacy-e-list--spacing-auto"><li class="nova-legacy-e-list__item"><span class="nova-legacy-v-person-inline-item"><span class="lite-person-inline-item__image"><picture class="lite-page-avatar lite-page-avatar--size-xs lite-page-avatar--radius-full"> <img src="data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAEAAAABCAYAAAAfFcSJAAAADUlEQVR42mN89OjNfwAJDwOxHEacwgAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==" data-src="https://web.archive.org/web/20220606185549/https://c5.rgstatic.net/m/4671872220764/images/template/default/profile/profile_default_m.jpg" class="lite-image" alt="Like Li"/></picture></span><span class="nova-legacy-v-person-inline-item__fullname"><a class="nova-legacy-e-link nova-legacy-e-link--color-inherit nova-legacy-e-link--theme-bare" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220606185549/https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Like-Li-2">Like Li</a></span></span></li><li class="nova-legacy-e-list__item"><span class="nova-legacy-v-person-inline-item"><span class="lite-person-inline-item__image"><picture class="lite-page-avatar lite-page-avatar--size-xs lite-page-avatar--radius-full"> <img src="data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAEAAAABCAYAAAAfFcSJAAAADUlEQVR42mN89OjNfwAJDwOxHEacwgAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==" data-src="https://web.archive.org/web/20220606185549/https://i1.rgstatic.net/ii/profile.image/523131997483009-1501735795791_Q64/Niannian-Fan.jpg" class="lite-image" alt="Niannian Fan"/></picture></span><span class="nova-legacy-v-person-inline-item__fullname"><a class="nova-legacy-e-link nova-legacy-e-link--color-inherit nova-legacy-e-link--theme-bare" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220606185549/https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Niannian-Fan">Niannian Fan</a></span></span></li><li class="nova-legacy-e-list__item"><span class="nova-legacy-v-person-inline-item"><span class="nova-legacy-v-person-inline-item__fullname"><a class="nova-legacy-e-link nova-legacy-e-link--color-inherit nova-legacy-e-link--theme-bare" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220606185549/https://www.researchgate.net/scientific-contributions/Xingnian-Liu-76199555">Xingnian Liu</a></span></span></li></ul><div class="nova-legacy-e-text nova-legacy-e-text--size-s nova-legacy-e-text--family-sans-serif nova-legacy-e-text--spacing-s nova-legacy-e-text--color-grey-500 publication-recommendation-item__abstract">Because of the riverbed evolution and geological tectonics, the river geometry has changed obviously, forming a wide and narrow alternated channel. The area with shallow water depth is easy to form riffles. The area with narrow deep water often forms deep pools. Flow rate will increase or decrease. The hydraulic characteristics of riffle-pool with clear water scouring under steady state were <a class="nova-legacy-e-link nova-legacy-e-link--color-blue nova-legacy-e-link--theme-silent js-lite-click" data-lite="{"click":[{"t":".js-target-629e4db59281b","a":"tc(lite-page-hidden)"},{"t":"self","a":"ac(lite-page-hidden)"}]}">... [Show full abstract]</a><span class="lite-page-hidden js-target-629e4db59281b"> studied by using three-dimensional overlooking acoustic Doppler velocimeter (ADV: Nortek-vectrino II), a camera, a underwater high-speed camera and a laser rangefinder . The results showed that with the change of channel geometry, the water level of cross-section would change accordingly; logarithm law could well describe the time-averaged velocity distribution near the wall. However, the bed morphology affected the flow structure near the bed to a certain extent; because of the irregular cross-section and the influence of the bed topography, the cross-section gradually changed. The Reynolds stress varied significantly in the area where the cross-section decreased gradually, indicating that the water body had strong shearing action. In the enlarged area, the Reynolds stress distributed uniformly.</span></div><a class="nova-legacy-e-link nova-legacy-e-link--color-blue nova-legacy-e-link--theme-silent publication-recommendation-item__more publication-recommendation-item__more--redesign" href="publication/329785213_Experimental_study_on_flow_structure_in_riffle-pool_channels">View full-text</a></div></div></div></div><div class="nova-legacy-o-grid__column nova-legacy-o-grid__column--width-6/12@m-up publication-recommendation-item__item"><div class="nova-legacy-c-card nova-legacy-c-card--spacing-m nova-legacy-c-card--elevation-none"><div class="nova-legacy-c-card__body nova-legacy-c-card__body--spacing-inherit"><div class="publication-recommendation-item publication-recommendation-item--redesign"><div class="nova-legacy-l-flex__item nova-legacy-l-flex nova-legacy-l-flex--gutter-xxs nova-legacy-l-flex--direction-row@s-up nova-legacy-l-flex--align-items-center@s-up nova-legacy-l-flex--justify-content-flex-start@s-up nova-legacy-l-flex--wrap-wrap@s-up publication-recommendation-item__item-badges"><div class="nova-legacy-l-flex__item"><span class="nova-legacy-e-badge nova-legacy-e-badge--color-green nova-legacy-e-badge--display-inline nova-legacy-e-badge--luminosity-high nova-legacy-e-badge--size-m nova-legacy-e-badge--theme-solid nova-legacy-e-badge--radius-m">Article</span></div></div><h3 class="nova-legacy-e-text nova-legacy-e-text--size-l nova-legacy-e-text--family-sans-serif nova-legacy-e-text--spacing-xs nova-legacy-e-text--color-inherit publication-recommendation-item__title"><a class="nova-legacy-e-link nova-legacy-e-link--color-inherit nova-legacy-e-link--theme-bare gtm-recommendation-item-link" href="publication/245297416_Effect_of_Upward_Seepage_on_Scour_and_Flow_Downstream_of_an_Apron_due_to_Submerged_Jets">Effect of Upward Seepage on Scour and Flow Downstream of an Apron due to Submerged Jets</a></h3><div class="nova-legacy-e-text nova-legacy-e-text--size-s nova-legacy-e-text--family-sans-serif nova-legacy-e-text--spacing-xs nova-legacy-e-text--color-grey-500"><span>January 2007</span> · <span>Journal of Hydraulic Engineering</span></div><ul class="nova-legacy-e-list nova-legacy-e-list--size-m nova-legacy-e-list--type-inline nova-legacy-e-list--spacing-auto"><li class="nova-legacy-e-list__item"><span class="nova-legacy-v-person-inline-item"><span class="lite-person-inline-item__image"><picture class="lite-page-avatar lite-page-avatar--size-xs lite-page-avatar--radius-full"> <img src="data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAEAAAABCAYAAAAfFcSJAAAADUlEQVR42mN89OjNfwAJDwOxHEacwgAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==" data-src="https://web.archive.org/web/20220606185549/https://c5.rgstatic.net/m/4671872220764/images/template/default/profile/profile_default_m.jpg" class="lite-image" alt="Subhasish Dey"/></picture></span><span class="nova-legacy-v-person-inline-item__fullname"><a class="nova-legacy-e-link nova-legacy-e-link--color-inherit nova-legacy-e-link--theme-bare" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220606185549/https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Subhasish-Dey-3">Subhasish Dey</a></span></span></li><li class="nova-legacy-e-list__item"><span class="nova-legacy-v-person-inline-item"><span class="lite-person-inline-item__image"><picture class="lite-page-avatar lite-page-avatar--size-xs lite-page-avatar--radius-full"> <img src="data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAEAAAABCAYAAAAfFcSJAAAADUlEQVR42mN89OjNfwAJDwOxHEacwgAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==" data-src="https://web.archive.org/web/20220606185549/https://c5.rgstatic.net/m/4671872220764/images/template/default/profile/profile_default_m.jpg" class="lite-image" alt="Arindam Sarkar"/></picture></span><span class="nova-legacy-v-person-inline-item__fullname"><a class="nova-legacy-e-link nova-legacy-e-link--color-inherit nova-legacy-e-link--theme-bare" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220606185549/https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Arindam-Sarkar-12">Arindam Sarkar</a></span></span></li></ul><div class="nova-legacy-e-text nova-legacy-e-text--size-s nova-legacy-e-text--family-sans-serif nova-legacy-e-text--spacing-s nova-legacy-e-text--color-grey-500 publication-recommendation-item__abstract">The upward seepage through the bed sediment downstream of an apron of a sluice gate structure is a common occurrence due to afflux of the flow level between the upstream and downstream reaches of a sluice gate. The result of an experimental investigation on the characteristics of the scour hole and the flow-field downstream of an apron due to submerged jets under the influence of upward seepage <a class="nova-legacy-e-link nova-legacy-e-link--color-blue nova-legacy-e-link--theme-silent js-lite-click" data-lite="{"click":[{"t":".js-target-629e4db592d6a","a":"tc(lite-page-hidden)"},{"t":"self","a":"ac(lite-page-hidden)"}]}">... [Show full abstract]</a><span class="lite-page-hidden js-target-629e4db592d6a"> through the bed sediment is presented. Experiments were run for the conditions of submerged jets, having submergence factors from 0.99 to 1.72 and jet Froude numbers from 3.15 to 4.87, over beds of sediments (median sizes=0.8, 1.86, and 3 mm) downstream of an apron under upward seepage velocities. The characteristic lengths of the scour hole determined from the scour profiles are: the maximum equilibrium scour depth, the horizontal distance of the location of maximum scour depth from the edge of the apron, the horizontal extent of the scour hole from the edge of the apron, the dune height, and the horizontal distance of the dune crest from the edge of the apron, all of which were found to increase with an increase in the seepage velocity. Using experimental results, the time variation of the scour depth is scaled by an exponential law, where the nondimensional time scale decreases linearly with an increase in the ratio of the seepage velocity to the issuing jet velocity. The flow field in the submerged jets over both the apron and within the scour hole was detected using an acoustic Doppler velocimeter. The vertical distributions of time-averaged velocities, turbulence intensities and Reynolds stress at different streamwise distances, and the horizontal distribution of bed-shear stress are plotted for the conditions of scour holes with and without upward seepage. Vector plots of the flow field show that the rate of decay of the submerged jet decreases with an increase in the seepage velocity. The flow characteristics in the scour holes are analyzed in the context of the influence of upward seepage velocity on the decay of the velocity and turbulence intensities and the growth of the boundary layer.</span></div><a class="nova-legacy-e-link nova-legacy-e-link--color-blue nova-legacy-e-link--theme-silent publication-recommendation-item__more publication-recommendation-item__more--redesign" href="publication/245297416_Effect_of_Upward_Seepage_on_Scour_and_Flow_Downstream_of_an_Apron_due_to_Submerged_Jets">Read more</a></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><div id="lite-ad-lr8xu2a2xy" class="lite-page-ad lite-page-ad--vertical-spacing-top-xl lite-page-ad--vertical-spacing-bottom-m lite-page-ad--has-label lite-page-ad--empty"><div class="lite-page-ad__inner"><div class="lite-page-ad__close"><button class="nova-legacy-c-button nova-legacy-c-button--align-center nova-legacy-c-button--radius-full nova-legacy-c-button--size-xs nova-legacy-c-button--color-grey 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