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class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Samuel Goudsmit</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 32 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-32" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">32 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B5%D9%85%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%84_%D8%AC%D9%88%D8%AF%D8%B3%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%AA" title="صمويل جودسميت – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="صمويل جودسميت" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%88%D8%A6%D9%84_%D9%82%D9%88%D8%AF%D8%B3%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%AA" title="ساموئل قودسمیت – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="ساموئل قودسمیت" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%8D%D0%BC%D1%8E%D1%8D%D0%BB_%D0%90%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BC_%D0%93%D0%B0%D1%9E%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%82" title="Сэмюэл Абрахам Гаўдсміт – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Сэмюэл Абрахам Гаўдсміт" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%B5%D0%BB_%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%83%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%82" title="Самуел Гоудсмит – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Самуел Гоудсмит" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Goudsmit" title="Samuel Goudsmit – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Samuel Goudsmit" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Goudsmit" title="Samuel Goudsmit – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Samuel Goudsmit" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Abraham_Goudsmit" title="Samuel Abraham Goudsmit – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Samuel Abraham Goudsmit" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Goudsmit" title="Samuel Goudsmit – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Samuel Goudsmit" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Goudsmit" title="Samuel Goudsmit – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Samuel Goudsmit" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%88%D8%A6%D9%84_%DA%AF%D9%88%D8%AF%D8%B3%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%AA" title="ساموئل گودسمیت – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ساموئل گودسمیت" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Goudsmit" title="Samuel Goudsmit – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Samuel Goudsmit" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Abraham_Goudsmit" title="Samuel Abraham Goudsmit – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Samuel Abraham Goudsmit" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Goudsmit" title="Samuel Goudsmit – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Samuel Goudsmit" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Abraham_Goudsmit" title="Samuel Abraham Goudsmit – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Samuel Abraham Goudsmit" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A1%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%90%D7%9C_%D7%97%D7%90%D7%95%D7%93%D7%A1%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%98" title="סמואל חאודסמיט – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="סמואל חאודסמיט" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%8D%D0%BC%D1%8E%D1%8D%D0%BB_%D0%90%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BC_%D0%93%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%82" title="Сэмюэл Абрахам Гаудсмит – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Сэмюэл Абрахам Гаудсмит" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Goudsmit" title="Samuel Goudsmit – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Samuel Goudsmit" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B5%D9%85%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%84_%D8%AC%D9%88%D8%AF%D8%B3%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%AA" title="صمويل جودسميت – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="صمويل جودسميت" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Goudsmit" title="Samuel Goudsmit – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Samuel Goudsmit" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B5%E3%83%9F%E3%83%A5%E3%82%A8%E3%83%AB%E3%83%BB%E3%82%B4%E3%83%BC%E3%82%BA%E3%83%9F%E3%83%83%E3%83%88" title="サミュエル・ゴーズミット – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="サミュエル・ゴーズミット" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Abraham_Goudsmit" title="Samuel Abraham Goudsmit – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Samuel Abraham Goudsmit" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Goudsmit" title="Samuel Goudsmit – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Samuel Goudsmit" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Goudsmit" title="Samuel Goudsmit – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Samuel Goudsmit" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Abraham_Goudsmit" title="Samuel Abraham Goudsmit – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Samuel Abraham Goudsmit" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Goudsmit" title="Samuel Goudsmit – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Samuel Goudsmit" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%82,_%D0%A1%D1%8D%D0%BC%D1%8E%D1%8D%D0%BB_%D0%90%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Гаудсмит, Сэмюэл Абрахам – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Гаудсмит, Сэмюэл Абрахам" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Goudsmit" title="Samuel Goudsmit – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Samuel Goudsmit" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%8D%D0%BC%D1%8E%D1%8D%D0%BB_%D0%93%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%82" title="Сэмюэл Гаудсмит – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Сэмюэл Гаудсмит" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Goudsmit" title="Samuel Goudsmit – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Samuel Goudsmit" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C_%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC_%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%83%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%82" title="Самуель Аврам Гоудсміт – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Самуель Аврам Гоудсміт" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Goudsmit" title="Samuel Goudsmit – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Samuel Goudsmit" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A1%9E%E7%BC%AA%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E5%8F%A4%E5%BE%B7%E6%96%AF%E7%B1%B3%E7%89%B9" title="塞缪尔·古德斯米特 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="塞缪尔·古德斯米特" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit 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<div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Dutch-American physicist (1902–1978)</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Samuel Goudsmit</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:UhlenbeckKramersGoudsmit_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/68/UhlenbeckKramersGoudsmit_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="210" height="291" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="210" data-file-height="291" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Samuel Goudsmit around 1928</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Samuel Abraham Goudsmit</div><br /><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1902-07-11</span>)</span>July 11, 1902<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/The_Hague" title="The Hague">The Hague</a>, Netherlands</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">December 4, 1978<span style="display:none">(1978-12-04)</span> (aged 76)<br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/Reno,_Nevada" title="Reno, Nevada">Reno, Nevada</a>, U.S.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Alma mater</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/University_of_Leiden" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Leiden">University of Leiden</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Ph.D) (1927)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Known for</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spin_(physics)" title="Spin (physics)">Electron spin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Alsos" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Alsos">Operation Alsos</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouses</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style></li></ul> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;">Jaantje Logher</div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1927; <abbr title="divorced">div.</abbr> 1960)<wbr /></div><sup id="cite_ref-USHMM_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USHMM-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-AIPH2_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AIPH2-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1151524712"></li></ul> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;">Irene Bejach</div> <div style="display:inline-block;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1960)<wbr /></div><sup id="cite_ref-USHMM_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USHMM-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-AIPH2_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AIPH2-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>Esther Marianne Goudsmit<sup id="cite_ref-USHMM_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USHMM-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-AIPH2_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AIPH2-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Awards</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/National_Medal_of_Science" title="National Medal of Science">National Medal of Science</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1976)</span></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><b>Scientific career</b></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Fields</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Physics" title="Physics">Physics</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Institutions</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/University_of_Michigan" title="University of Michigan">University of Michigan</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Doctoral students</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Bacher" title="Robert Bacher">Robert Bacher</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Goudsmit_Samuel_A6.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Formal portrait of a man in a suit." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Goudsmit_Samuel_A6.jpg/220px-Goudsmit_Samuel_A6.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="182" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Goudsmit_Samuel_A6.jpg/330px-Goudsmit_Samuel_A6.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Goudsmit_Samuel_A6.jpg/440px-Goudsmit_Samuel_A6.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2609" data-file-height="2156" /></a><figcaption>Samuel Goudsmit portrait, circa 1940.</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Samuel Abraham Goudsmit</b> (July 11, 1902 – December 4, 1978) was a Dutch-American physicist famous for jointly proposing the concept of electron <a href="/wiki/Spin_(physics)" title="Spin (physics)">spin</a> with <a href="/wiki/George_Eugene_Uhlenbeck" class="mw-redirect" title="George Eugene Uhlenbeck">George Eugene Uhlenbeck</a> in 1925.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Life_and_career">Life and career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Samuel_Goudsmit&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Life and career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Goudsmit was born in <a href="/wiki/The_Hague" title="The Hague">The Hague</a>, Netherlands, of <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Jewish" class="mw-redirect" title="Dutch Jewish">Dutch Jewish</a> descent. He was the son of Isaac Goudsmit, a manufacturer of <a href="/wiki/Water-closet" class="mw-redirect" title="Water-closet">water-closets</a>, and Marianne Goudsmit-Gompers, who ran a millinery shop. In 1943, his parents were deported to a <a href="/wiki/Concentration_camp" title="Concentration camp">concentration camp</a> by the German occupiers of the Netherlands and were murdered there.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ElectronSpinLeiden2017.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/ElectronSpinLeiden2017.jpg/220px-ElectronSpinLeiden2017.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/ElectronSpinLeiden2017.jpg/330px-ElectronSpinLeiden2017.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/ElectronSpinLeiden2017.jpg/440px-ElectronSpinLeiden2017.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5472" data-file-height="3648" /></a><figcaption>Visualization of electron spin on a wall in Leiden</figcaption></figure> <p>Goudsmit studied <a href="/wiki/Physics" title="Physics">physics</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Leiden_University" title="Leiden University">University of Leiden</a> under <a href="/wiki/Paul_Ehrenfest" title="Paul Ehrenfest">Paul Ehrenfest</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> where he obtained his PhD in 1927.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After receiving his PhD, Goudsmit served as a professor at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Michigan" title="University of Michigan">University of Michigan</a> between 1927 and 1946. In 1930 he co-authored a text with <a href="/wiki/Linus_Pauling" title="Linus Pauling">Linus Pauling</a> titled <i>The Structure of Line Spectra.</i> </p><p>During <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> he worked at the <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology" title="Massachusetts Institute of Technology">Massachusetts Institute of Technology</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As scientific head of the <a href="/wiki/Alsos_Mission" title="Alsos Mission">Alsos Mission</a>, he successfully reached a German group of nuclear physicists around <a href="/wiki/Werner_Heisenberg" title="Werner Heisenberg">Werner Heisenberg</a> and <a href="/wiki/Otto_Hahn" title="Otto Hahn">Otto Hahn</a> at <a href="/wiki/Hechingen" title="Hechingen">Hechingen</a> (then French zone) in advance of French physicist <a href="/wiki/Yves_Rocard" title="Yves Rocard">Yves Rocard</a>, who had previously succeeded in recruiting German scientists to come to France.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Alsos_Members.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Alsos_Members.jpg/220px-Alsos_Members.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Alsos_Members.jpg/330px-Alsos_Members.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Alsos_Members.jpg/440px-Alsos_Members.jpg 2x" data-file-width="786" data-file-height="476" /></a><figcaption>Alsos Members</figcaption></figure> <p>Alsos, part of the <a href="/wiki/Manhattan_Project" title="Manhattan Project">Manhattan Project</a>, was designed to assess the progress of the <a href="/wiki/German_nuclear_energy_project" class="mw-redirect" title="German nuclear energy project">Nazi atomic bomb project</a>. In the book <i>Alsos,</i> published in 1947, Goudsmit concludes that the Germans did not get close to creating a weapon. He attributed this to the inability of science to function under a <a href="/wiki/Totalitarian" class="mw-redirect" title="Totalitarian">totalitarian</a> state and to Nazi scientists' lack of understanding of how to engineer an atomic bomb. Both of these conclusions have been disputed by later historians (see <a href="/wiki/Werner_Heisenberg" title="Werner Heisenberg">Heisenberg</a>) and contradicted by the fact that the totalitarian Soviet state produced the bomb shortly after the book's release.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However that statement overlooks the actions of physicist Klaus Fuchs who sent "many intelligence reports directly from Los Alamos". </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Samuel_Goudsmit_in_Uruguay.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Samuel_Goudsmit_in_Uruguay.jpg/220px-Samuel_Goudsmit_in_Uruguay.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Samuel_Goudsmit_in_Uruguay.jpg/330px-Samuel_Goudsmit_in_Uruguay.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Samuel_Goudsmit_in_Uruguay.jpg/440px-Samuel_Goudsmit_in_Uruguay.jpg 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="540" /></a><figcaption>Samuel Goudsmit and <a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Pauli" title="Wolfgang Pauli">Wolfgang Pauli</a> in Uruguay, 1942, Rio Negro Hydro site works, when the Nazis German engineers were deported.</figcaption></figure> <p>After the war he was briefly a professor at <a href="/wiki/Northwestern_University" title="Northwestern University">Northwestern University</a>, and from 1948 to 1970 was a senior scientist at the <a href="/wiki/Brookhaven_National_Laboratory" title="Brookhaven National Laboratory">Brookhaven National Laboratory</a>, chairing the Physics Department 1952–1960. He meanwhile became well known as editor-in-chief of the leading physics journal <i><a href="/wiki/Physical_Review" title="Physical Review">Physical Review</a></i>, published by the <a href="/wiki/American_Physical_Society" title="American Physical Society">American Physical Society</a>. In July 1958 he started the journal <i><a href="/wiki/Physical_Review_Letters" title="Physical Review Letters">Physical Review Letters</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-aiph_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aiph-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which offers short notes with attendant brief delays.<sup id="cite_ref-maiman18_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-maiman18-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On his retirement as editor in 1974, Goudsmit moved to the faculty of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Nevada,_Reno" title="University of Nevada, Reno">University of Nevada, Reno</a>, where he remained until his death four years later.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>As a student in Leiden he also developed an interest in <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">Ancient Egypt</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoudsmit1972_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoudsmit1972-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He collected Egyptian antiquities and made a few scholarly contributions to <a href="/wiki/Egyptology" title="Egyptology">Egyptology</a>. His wife bequeathed the <i>Samuel A. Goudsmit Collection of Egyptian Antiquities</i> to the <a href="/wiki/Kelsey_Museum_of_Archaeology" title="Kelsey Museum of Archaeology">Kelsey Museum of Archaeology</a> at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Michigan" title="University of Michigan">University of Michigan</a> in <a href="/wiki/Ann_Arbor,_Michigan" title="Ann Arbor, Michigan">Ann Arbor, Michigan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2017 it was announced that Dutch Egyptologist <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nico_Staring&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nico Staring (page does not exist)">Nico Staring</a> had identified an object from the collection with an object presumed lost from the <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_Museum_of_Berlin" title="Egyptian Museum of Berlin">Egyptian Museum of Berlin</a>. The fragmentary stela must have been looted from the museum after its bombardment and had been sold to Goudsmit in 1945. It was returned to Berlin in April 2017.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Goudsmit became a corresponding member of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Netherlands_Academy_of_Arts_and_Sciences" title="Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences">Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences</a> in 1939, though he resigned the next year. He was readmitted in 1950.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was elected to the United States <a href="/wiki/National_Academy_of_Sciences" title="National Academy of Sciences">National Academy of Sciences</a> in 1947,<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/American_Philosophical_Society" title="American Philosophical Society">American Philosophical Society</a> in 1952,<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/American_Academy_of_Arts_and_Sciences" title="American Academy of Arts and Sciences">American Academy of Arts and Sciences</a> in 1964.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Marriages_and_children">Marriages and children</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Samuel_Goudsmit&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Marriages and children"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Goudsmit married Jaantje Logher, in 1927.<sup id="cite_ref-AIPH2_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AIPH2-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their daughter, Esther Marianne Goudsmit was born in 1933 in Ann Arbor, Michigan. In 1964 she earned a PhD in Zoology from the University of Michigan, and in 1972 became a Professor of Biology at Oakland University, Rochester, Michigan. She retired in 1995. </p><p>Samuel and Jaantje divorced in 1960, and in the same year Goudsmit married Irene Bejach.<sup id="cite_ref-USHMM_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USHMM-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-AIPH2_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AIPH2-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Like Goudsmit's parents, Irene's father, a German medical doctor and Berlin public health official, Curt Dietrich Bejach, had been murdered by the Nazis. He perished at the <a href="/wiki/Auschwitz_concentration_camp" title="Auschwitz concentration camp">Auschwitz concentration camp</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-CJH_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CJH-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-JN_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JN-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Irene and her sister, Helga, left Germany for the United Kingdom as children shortly prior to the outbreak of World War II. They were evacuated as part of the <a href="/wiki/Kindertransport" title="Kindertransport">Kindertransport</a> programme, and lived for seven years in the <a href="/wiki/Richard_Attenborough" title="Richard Attenborough">Attenborough</a> family home.<sup id="cite_ref-JN_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JN-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Works">Works</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Samuel_Goudsmit&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Works"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFGoudsmit1996" class="citation book cs1">Goudsmit, Samuel A. (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3v2ttYJ_d2kC"><i>Alsos</i></a>. With a new introduction by David Cassidy. Woodbury, New York: <a href="/wiki/American_Institute_of_Physics" title="American Institute of Physics">AIP</a> Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-56396-415-5" title="Special:BookSources/1-56396-415-5"><bdi>1-56396-415-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Alsos&rft.place=Woodbury%2C+New+York&rft.pub=AIP+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=1-56396-415-5&rft.aulast=Goudsmit&rft.aufirst=Samuel+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3v2ttYJ_d2kC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASamuel+Goudsmit" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoudsmit1981" class="citation journal cs1">Goudsmit, †S. A. (1981). "The Backview of Human Figures in Ancient Egyptian Art". <i>Journal of Near Eastern Studies</i>. <b>40</b> (1): 43–46. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F372838">10.1086/372838</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/544421">544421</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Near+Eastern+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Backview+of+Human+Figures+in+Ancient+Egyptian+Art&rft.volume=40&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=43-46&rft.date=1981&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F372838&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F544421%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Goudsmit&rft.aufirst=%E2%80%A0S.+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASamuel+Goudsmit" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoudsmit1974" class="citation journal cs1">Goudsmit, S. A. (1974). "An Illiterate Scribe". <i>American Journal of Archaeology</i>. <b>78</b> (1): 78. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F503765">10.2307/503765</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/503765">503765</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Journal+of+Archaeology&rft.atitle=An+Illiterate+Scribe&rft.volume=78&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=78&rft.date=1974&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F503765&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F503765%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Goudsmit&rft.aufirst=S.+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASamuel+Goudsmit" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoudsmit1972" class="citation magazine cs1">Goudsmit, S. A. (1972). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.penn.museum/documents/publications/expedition/14-4/Not.pdf">"Not for the Art Trade"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Expedition</i>. No. Summer 1972. pp. 13–16.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Expedition&rft.atitle=Not+for+the+Art+Trade&rft.issue=Summer+1972&rft.pages=13-16&rft.date=1972&rft.aulast=Goudsmit&rft.aufirst=S.+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.penn.museum%2Fdocuments%2Fpublications%2Fexpedition%2F14-4%2FNot.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASamuel+Goudsmit" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoudsmitClaiborne1966" class="citation book cs1">Goudsmit, Samuel A.; <a href="/wiki/Robert_Claiborne" title="Robert Claiborne">Claiborne, Robert</a> (1966). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/time00goud"><i>Time</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Time-Life_Science_Library" class="mw-redirect" title="Time-Life Science Library">Time-Life Science Library</a>. New York: Time-Life Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Time&rft.place=New+York&rft.series=Time-Life+Science+Library&rft.pub=Time-Life+Books&rft.date=1966&rft.aulast=Goudsmit&rft.aufirst=Samuel+A.&rft.au=Claiborne%2C+Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftime00goud&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASamuel+Goudsmit" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoudsmitSaunderson1940" class="citation journal cs1">Goudsmit, S.; Saunderson, J. L. (1940). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://journals.aps.org/pr/abstract/10.1103/PhysRev.57.24">"Multiple Scattering of Electrons"</a>. <i>Physical Review</i>. <b>57</b> (1). American Physical Society: 24–29. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1940PhRv...57...24G">1940PhRv...57...24G</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1103%2Fphysrev.57.24">10.1103/physrev.57.24</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 30,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Physical+Review&rft.atitle=Multiple+Scattering+of+Electrons&rft.volume=57&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=24-29&rft.date=1940&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1103%2Fphysrev.57.24&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1940PhRv...57...24G&rft.aulast=Goudsmit&rft.aufirst=S.&rft.au=Saunderson%2C+J.+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjournals.aps.org%2Fpr%2Fabstract%2F10.1103%2FPhysRev.57.24&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASamuel+Goudsmit" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-notice" role="presentation" style="width: auto;"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1d/Information_icon4.svg/20px-Information_icon4.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1d/Information_icon4.svg/30px-Information_icon4.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1d/Information_icon4.svg/40px-Information_icon4.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="620" data-file-height="620" /></span></span></td><td class="mbox-text" style="width: auto;"><div class="mbox-text-span">This list is <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Lists#Incomplete_lists" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Lists">incomplete</a>; you can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Samuel_Goudsmit&action=edit">adding missing items</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">June 2024</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Samuel_Goudsmit&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-USHMM-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-USHMM_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-USHMM_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-USHMM_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-USHMM_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210704073015/https://collections.ushmm.org/search/catalog/irn510561">"Biography of Document Creator Samuel Abraham Goudsmit, Samuel and Irene Goudsmit Collection, United States Holocaust Memorial Museum (Document Accession Number: 1995.A.0300 Duplicate 1, RG Number: RG-10.228"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/United_States_Holocaust_Memorial_Museum" title="United States Holocaust Memorial Museum">USHMM.org</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/United_States_Holocaust_Memorial_Museum" title="United States Holocaust Memorial Museum">United States Holocaust Memorial Museum</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://collections.ushmm.org/search/catalog/irn510561">the original</a> on July 4, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 4,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=USHMM.org&rft.atitle=Biography+of+Document+Creator+Samuel+Abraham+Goudsmit%2C+Samuel+and+Irene+Goudsmit+Collection%2C+United+States+Holocaust+Memorial+Museum+%28Document+Accession+Number%3A+1995.A.0300+Duplicate+1%2C+RG+Number%3A+RG-10.228&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcollections.ushmm.org%2Fsearch%2Fcatalog%2Firn510561&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASamuel+Goudsmit" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AIPH2-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-AIPH2_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AIPH2_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AIPH2_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AIPH2_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AIPH2_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210126002959/https://history.aip.org/phn/11512005.html">"Goudsmit, Samuel A. (Samuel Abraham), 1902-1978"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/American_Institute_of_Physics" title="American Institute of Physics">AIP.org</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/American_Institute_of_Physics" title="American Institute of Physics">American Institute of Physics, Physics History Network</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://history.aip.org/phn/11512005.html">the original</a> on January 26, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 4,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=AIP.org&rft.atitle=Goudsmit%2C+Samuel+A.+%28Samuel+Abraham%29%2C+1902-1978&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhistory.aip.org%2Fphn%2F11512005.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASamuel+Goudsmit" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">G.E. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 4,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CJH.org&rft.atitle=Biographical+Note%2C+Curt+Bejach+Collection%2C+Leo+Baeck+Institute%2C+Center+for+Jewish+History+%28Collection+Identifier%3A+AR+10876%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchives.cjh.org%2Frepositories%2F5%2Fresources%2F7560&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASamuel+Goudsmit" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-JN-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-JN_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-JN_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWolfisz2020" class="citation news cs1">Wolfisz, Francine (December 3, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210126124312/https://jewishnews.timesofisrael.com/we-are-one-family-sir-david-attenborough-recalls-jewish-refugee-sisters/">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'We are one family': Sir David Attenborough recalls Jewish refugee 'sisters'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Jewish_News" title="Jewish News">Jewish News</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London, United Kingdom</a>: <a href="/wiki/Jewish_News" title="Jewish News">Jewish News</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Times_of_Israel" title="The Times of Israel">The Times of Israel</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://jewishnews.timesofisrael.com/we-are-one-family-sir-david-attenborough-recalls-jewish-refugee-sisters/">the original</a> on January 26, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 4,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Jewish+News&rft.atitle=%27We+are+one+family%27%3A+Sir+David+Attenborough+recalls+Jewish+refugee+%27sisters%27&rft.date=2020-12-03&rft.aulast=Wolfisz&rft.aufirst=Francine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjewishnews.timesofisrael.com%2Fwe-are-one-family-sir-david-attenborough-recalls-jewish-refugee-sisters%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASamuel+Goudsmit" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Samuel_Goudsmit&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Samuel_Abraham_Goudsmit" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Samuel Abraham Goudsmit">Samuel Abraham Goudsmit</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <i><b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Samuel_Goudsmit" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Samuel Goudsmit">Samuel Goudsmit</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://alsos.wlu.edu/qsearch.aspx?browse=people/Goudsmidt,+Samuel">Annotated Bibliography for Samuel Abraham Goudsmit from the Alsos Digital Library for Nuclear Issues</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lorentz.leidenuniv.nl/history/spin/goudsmit.html">Goudsmit on the discovery of electron spin</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://osulibrary.oregonstate.edu/specialcollections/coll/pauling/bond/people/goudsmit.html">A collection</a> of digitized materials related to Goudsmit's and <a href="/wiki/Linus_Pauling" title="Linus Pauling">Linus Pauling</a>'s structural chemistry research.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nasonline.org/publications/biographical-memoirs/memoir-pdfs/goudsmit-samuel.pdf">National Academy of Sciences Biographical Memoir</a></li></ul> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Scholia_logo.svg/40px-Scholia_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Scholia_logo.svg/60px-Scholia_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Scholia_logo.svg/80px-Scholia_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="107" data-file-height="104" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Wikidata:Scholia" class="extiw" title="d:Wikidata:Scholia">Scholia</a> has a profile for <a href="https://iw.toolforge.org/scholia/Q560839" class="extiw" title="toolforge:scholia/Q560839"><b>Samuel Goudsmit <small>(Q560839)</small></b></a>.</div></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Archival_collections">Archival collections</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Samuel_Goudsmit&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Archival collections"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libserv.aip.org/ipac20/ipac.jsp?session=1680D73IU0570.32021&limitbox_1=LO01+%3D+icos&menu=search&aspect=power&npp=10&ipp=20&spp=20&profile=rev-icos&ri=4&source=%7E%21horizon&index=.GW&term=SAMUEL+A.+GOUDSMIT+PAPERS%2C+1921-1979&x=11&y=12&aspect=power">Samuel A. Goudsmit papers, 1921–1979, Niels Bohr Library & Archives</a> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://repository.aip.org/islandora/object/nbla%3AAR2000-0092">Digitized presence of the Samuel A. Goudsmit papers, 1921–1979, Niels Bohr Library & Archives</a></li></ul></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libserv.aip.org/ipac20/ipac.jsp?session=168A4841MD511.411803&profile=rev-icos&source=~!horizon&view=subscriptionsummary&uri=full=3100006~!39699~!0&ri=1&aspect=power&menu=search&ipp=20&spp=20&staffonly=&term=ESTHER+GOUDSMIT+PAPERS,+1927-1981&index=.GW&uindex=&aspect=power&menu=search&ri=1&limitbox_1=LO01+=+icos">Esther Marianne Goudsmit papers, 1927–1981, Niels Bohr Library & Archives</a> (includes correspondence from Samuel Goudsmit during and after his involvement with the Alsos Mission following World War II)</li></ul> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.lib.umich.edu/catalog/record/990124974610106381">Esther M. Goudsmit papers, 1925–1999, Bentley Historical Library, University of Michigan</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archives.uba.uva.nl/resources/ubainv101">Archief van Sam Goudsmit, Special Collections of the University of Amsterdam</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul 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