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sulfoxide</title> <meta name="description" content="Search results for: dimethyl sulfoxide"> <meta name="keywords" content="dimethyl sulfoxide"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, minimum-scale=1, maximum-scale=1, user-scalable=no"> <meta charset="utf-8"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/favicon.ico" type="image/x-icon" rel="shortcut icon"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/bootstrap-4.2.1/css/bootstrap.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/fontawesome/css/all.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/css/site.css?v=150220211555" rel="stylesheet"> </head> <body> <header> <div class="container"> <nav class="navbar navbar-expand-lg navbar-light"> <a class="navbar-brand" href="https://waset.org"> <img src="https://cdn.waset.org/static/images/wasetc.png" alt="Open Science Research Excellence" title="Open Science Research Excellence" /> </a> <button class="d-block d-lg-none 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action="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search"> <div id="custom-search-input"> <div class="input-group"> <i class="fas fa-search"></i> <input type="text" class="search-query" name="q" placeholder="Author, Title, Abstract, Keywords" value="dimethyl sulfoxide"> <input type="submit" class="btn_search" value="Search"> </div> </div> </form> </div> </div> <div class="row mt-3"> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Commenced</strong> in January 2007</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Frequency:</strong> Monthly</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Edition:</strong> International</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Paper Count:</strong> 136</div> </div> </div> </div> <h1 class="mt-3 mb-3 text-center" style="font-size:1.6rem;">Search results for: dimethyl sulfoxide</h1> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">136</span> Enhancement of Lignin Bio-Degradation through Homogenization with Dimethyl Sulfoxide</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ivana%20Brzonova">Ivana Brzonova</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Asina%20Fnu"> Asina Fnu</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Alena%20Kubatova"> Alena Kubatova</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Evguenii%20Kozliak"> Evguenii Kozliak</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Yun%20Ji"> Yun Ji</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Bio-decomposition of lignin by Basidiomycetes in the presence of dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) was investigated. The addition of 3-5 vol% DMSO to lignin aqueous media significantly increased the lignin solubility based on UV absorbance. After being dissolved in DMSO, the thermal evolution profile also changed significantly, yielding more high-MW organic carbon at the expense of recalcitrant elemental carbon. Medical fungi C. versicolor, G. lucidum and P. pulmonarius, were observed to grow on the lignin in media containing up to 15 vol. % DMSO. Further detailed product characterization by chromatographic methods corroborated these observations, as more low-MW phenolic products were observed with DMSO as a co-solvent. These results may be explained by the high solubility of lignin in DMSO; thus, the addition of DMSO to the medium increases the lignin availability for microorganisms. Some of these low-MW phenolic products host a big potential to be used in medicine. No significant inhibition of enzymatic activity (laccase, MnP, LiP) was observed by the addition of up to 3 vol% DMSO. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=basidiomycetes" title="basidiomycetes">basidiomycetes</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=bio-degradation" title=" bio-degradation"> bio-degradation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=dimethyl%20sulfoxide" title=" dimethyl sulfoxide"> dimethyl sulfoxide</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=lignin" title=" lignin "> lignin </a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/30614/enhancement-of-lignin-bio-degradation-through-homogenization-with-dimethyl-sulfoxide" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/30614.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">413</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">135</span> Synthesis, Structural Characterization and Biological Activity of Bis{(E)-1-[(2,4,6-Tribromophenyl) Diazenyl] Naphthalen-2-Olato} Copper (II) Dimethyl Sulfoxide Monosolvate</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hassiba%20Bougueria">Hassiba Bougueria</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Nesrine%20Benarous"> Nesrine Benarous</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Souheyla%20Chetioui"> Souheyla Chetioui</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Azo dyes are one of the most widely used compounds in organic chemistry, primarily due to their relatively simple preparation methods. They have therefore been widely used, in particular as colorants for textiles, printing inks, cosmetics, and food additives. In addition to their use as dyes, azo compounds have attracted much attention from chemists as their potential applications are important in coordination chemistry, metal-organic frameworks (MOF) structures, COF (covalent-organic frameworks), and catalysis. Moreover, they have found many applications in different fields, such as nonlinear optics, optical storage, photoluminescence, and magnetism. The compound bis{(E)-1-[(2,4,6-tribromophenyl)diazenyl]naphthalen-2-olato}copper(II) dimethyl sulfoxide monosolvate, the CuII atom is tetracoordinate with a square-planar geometry, surrounded by two bidentate (E)-1-[(2,4,6-tribromophenyl)diazenyl]naphthalene-2-olate ligands via two N atoms and two O atoms. The O-Cu-O angles and N-Cu-N are of the order of 177.90(16)° and 177.8(2)°, respectively. The distances Cu-O and Cu- N are 1.892(4) Å and 1.976(4) Å, respectively. The cohesion of the crystal is ensured by hydrogen bonds of the C—H…O type and by π=π staking interactions [centroid–centroid distance = 3.679(4)Å]. The DMSO solvent molecule is disordered at two positions with occupancy rates of 0.70 and 0.30. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=azo%20dyes" title="azo dyes">azo dyes</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=DRX" title=" DRX"> DRX</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=structural%20characterization" title=" structural characterization"> structural characterization</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=biological%20activity" title=" biological activity"> biological activity</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/158136/synthesis-structural-characterization-and-biological-activity-of-bise-1-246-tribromophenyl-diazenyl-naphthalen-2-olato-copper-ii-dimethyl-sulfoxide-monosolvate" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/158136.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">87</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">134</span> Antibacterial and Antioxidant Properties of Total Phenolics from Waste Orange Peels</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Kanika%20Kalra">Kanika Kalra</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Harmeet%20Kaur"> Harmeet Kaur</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Dinesh%20Goyal"> Dinesh Goyal</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Total phenolics were extracted from waste orange peels by solvent extraction and alkali hydrolysis method. The most efficient solvents for extracting phenolic compounds from waste biomass were methanol (60%) > dimethyl sulfoxide > ethanol (60%) > distilled water. The extraction yields were significantly impacted by solvents (ethanol, methanol, and dimethyl sulfoxide) due to varying polarity and concentrations. Extraction of phenolics using 60% methanol yielded the highest phenolics (in terms of gallic acid equivalent (GAE) per gram of biomass) in orange peels. Alkali hydrolyzed extract from orange peels contained 7.58±0.33 mg GAE g⁻¹. By using the solvent extraction technique, it was observed that 60% methanol is comparatively the best-suited solvent for extracting polyphenolic compounds and gave the maximum yield of 4.68 ± 0.47 mg GAE g⁻¹ in orange peel extracts. DPPH radical scavenging activity and reducing the power of orange peel extract were checked, where 60% methanolic extract showed the highest antioxidant activity, 85.50±0.009% for DPPH, and dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) extract gave the highest yield of 1.75±0.01% for reducing power ability of the orange peels extract. Characterization of the polyphenolic compounds was done by using Fourier transformation infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. Solvent and alkali hydrolysed extracts were evaluated for antibacterial activity using the agar well diffusion method against Gram-positive Bacillus subtilis MTCC441 and Gram-negative Escherichia coli MTCC729. Methanolic extract at 300µl concentration showed an inhibition zone of around 16.33±0.47 mm against Bacillus subtilis, whereas, for Escherichia coli, it was comparatively less. Broth-based turbidimetric assay revealed the antibacterial effect of different volumes of orange peel extracts against both organisms. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=orange%20peels" title="orange peels">orange peels</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=total%20phenolic%20content" title=" total phenolic content"> total phenolic content</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=antioxidant" title=" antioxidant"> antioxidant</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=antibacterial" title=" antibacterial"> antibacterial</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/177083/antibacterial-and-antioxidant-properties-of-total-phenolics-from-waste-orange-peels" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/177083.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">73</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">133</span> Breaking Sensitivity Barriers: Perovskite Based Gas Sensors With Dimethylacetamide-Dimethyl Sulfoxide Solvent Mixture Strategy</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Endalamaw%20Ewnu%20Kassa">Endalamaw Ewnu Kassa</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ade%20Kurniawan"> Ade Kurniawan</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ya-Fen%20Wu"> Ya-Fen Wu</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sajal%20Biring"> Sajal Biring</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Perovskite-based gas sensors represent a highly promising materials within the realm of gas sensing technology, with a particular focus on detecting ammonia (NH3) due to its potential hazards. Our work conducted thorough comparison of various solvents, including dimethylformamide (DMF), DMF-dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), dimethylacetamide (DMAC), and DMAC-DMSO, for the preparation of our perovskite solution (MAPbI3). Significantly, we achieved an exceptional response at 10 ppm of ammonia gas by employing a binary solvent mixture of DMAC-DMSO. In contrast to prior reports that relied on single solvents for MAPbI3 precursor preparation, our approach using mixed solvents demonstrated a marked improvement in gas sensing performance. We attained enhanced surface coverage, a reduction in pinhole occurrences, and precise control over grain size in our perovskite films through the careful selection and mixtures of appropriate solvents. This study shows a promising potential of employing binary and multi-solvent mixture strategies as a means to propel advancements in gas sensor technology, opening up new opportunities for practical applications in environmental monitoring and industrial safety. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sensors" title="sensors">sensors</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=binary%20solvents" title=" binary solvents"> binary solvents</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ammonia" title=" ammonia"> ammonia</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sensitivity" title=" sensitivity"> sensitivity</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=grain%20size" title=" grain size"> grain size</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=pinholes" title=" pinholes"> pinholes</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=surface%20coverage" title=" surface coverage"> surface coverage</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/175863/breaking-sensitivity-barriers-perovskite-based-gas-sensors-with-dimethylacetamide-dimethyl-sulfoxide-solvent-mixture-strategy" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/175863.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">107</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">132</span> Structural, Electrochemical and Electrocatalysis Studies of a New 2D Metal-Organic Coordination Polymer of Ni (II) Constructed by Naphthalene-1,4-Dicarboxylic Acid; Oxidation and Determination of Fructose</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Zohreh%20Derikvand">Zohreh Derikvand</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> One new 2D metal-organic coordination polymer of Ni(II) namely [Ni2(ndc)2(DMSO)4(H2O)]n, where ndc = naphthalene-1,4-dicarboxylic acid and DMSO= dimethyl sulfoxide has been synthesized and characterized by elemental analysis, spectral (IR, UV-Vis), thermal (TG/DTG) analysis and single crystal X-ray diffraction. Compound 1 possesses a 2D layer structure constructed from dinuclear nickel(II) building blocks in which two crystallographically independent Ni2+ ions are bridged by ndc2– ligands and water molecule. The ndc2– ligands adopt μ3 bridging modes, linking the metal centers into a two-dimensional coordination framework. The two independent NiII cations are surrounded by dimethyl sulfoxide and naphthalene-1,4-dicarboxylate molecules in distorted octahedron geometry. In the crystal structures of 1 there are non-classical hydrogen bonding arrangements and C-H–π stacking interactions. Electrochemical behavior of [Ni2(ndc)2(DMSO)4(H2O)]n, (Ni-NDA) on the surface of carbon nanotube (CNTs) glassy carbon electrode (GCE) was described. The surface structure and composition of the sensor were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Oxidation of fructose on the surface of modified electrode was investigated with cyclic voltammetry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and the results showed that the Ni-NDA/CNTs film displays excellent electrochemical catalytic activities towards fructose oxidation. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=naphthalene-1" title="naphthalene-1">naphthalene-1</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=4-dicarboxylic%20acid" title="4-dicarboxylic acid">4-dicarboxylic acid</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=crystal%20structure" title=" crystal structure"> crystal structure</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=coordination%20polymer" title=" coordination polymer"> coordination polymer</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=electrocatalysis" title=" electrocatalysis"> electrocatalysis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=impedance%20spectroscopy" title=" impedance spectroscopy"> impedance spectroscopy</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/23333/structural-electrochemical-and-electrocatalysis-studies-of-a-new-2d-metal-organic-coordination-polymer-of-ni-ii-constructed-by-naphthalene-14-dicarboxylic-acid-oxidation-and-determination-of-fructose" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/23333.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">332</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">131</span> Biochemical Effects of Low Dose Dimethyl Sulfoxide on HepG2 Liver Cancer Cell Line</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Esra%20Sengul">Esra Sengul</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=R.%20G.%20Aktas"> R. G. Aktas</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=M.%20E.%20Sitar"> M. E. Sitar</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=H.%20Isan"> H. Isan</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a hepatocellular tumor commonly found on the surface of the chronic liver. HepG2 is the most commonly used cell type in HCC studies. The main proteins remaining in the blood serum after separation of plasma fibrinogen are albumin and globulin. The fact that the albumin showed hepatocellular damage and reflect the synthesis capacity of the liver was the main reason for our use. Alpha-Fetoprotein (AFP) is an albumin-like structural embryonic globulin found in the embryonic cortex, cord blood, and fetal liver. It has been used as a marker in the follow-up of tumor growth in various malign tumors and in the efficacy of surgical-medical treatments, so it is a good protein to look at with albumins. We have seen the morphological changes of dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) on HepG2 and decided to investigate its biochemical effects. We examined the effects of DMSO, which is used in cell cultures, on albumin, AFP and total protein at low doses. Material Method: Cell Culture: Medium was prepared in cell culture using Dulbecco's Modified Eagle Media (DMEM), Fetal Bovine Serum Dulbecco's (FBS), Phosphate Buffered Saline and trypsin maintained at -20 ° C. Fixation of Cells: HepG2 cells, which have been appropriately developed at the end of the first week, were fixed with acetone. We stored our cells in PBS at + 4 ° C until the fixation was completed. Area Calculation: The areas of the cells are calculated in the ImageJ (IJ). Microscope examination: The examination was performed with a Zeiss Inverted Microscope. Daytime photographs were taken at 40x, 100x 200x and 400x. Biochemical Tests: Protein (Total): Serum sample was analyzed by a spectrophotometric method in autoanalyzer. Albumin: Serum sample was analyzed by a spectrophotometric method in autoanalyzer. Alpha-fetoprotein: Serum sample was analyzed by ECLIA method. Results: When liver cancer cells were cultured in medium with 1% DMSO for 4 weeks, a significant difference was observed when compared with the control group. As a result, we have seen that DMSO can be used as an important agent in the treatment of liver cancer. Cell areas were reduced in the DMSO group compared to the control group and the confluency ratio increased. The ability to form spheroids was also significantly higher in the DMSO group. Alpha-fetoprotein was lower than the values of an ordinary liver cancer patient and the total protein amount increased to the reference range of the normal individual. Because the albumin sample was below the specimen value, the numerical results could not be obtained on biochemical examinations. We interpret all these results as making DMSO a caretaking aid. Since each one was not enough alone we used 3 parameters and the results were positive when we refer to the values of a normal healthy individual in parallel. We hope to extend the study further by adding new parameters and genetic analyzes, by increasing the number of samples, and by using DMSO as an adjunct agent in the treatment of liver cancer. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=hepatocellular%20carcinoma" title="hepatocellular carcinoma">hepatocellular carcinoma</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=HepG2" title=" HepG2"> HepG2</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=dimethyl%20sulfoxide" title=" dimethyl sulfoxide"> dimethyl sulfoxide</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cell%20culture" title=" cell culture"> cell culture</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ELISA" title=" ELISA"> ELISA</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/94741/biochemical-effects-of-low-dose-dimethyl-sulfoxide-on-hepg2-liver-cancer-cell-line" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/94741.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">135</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">130</span> Synthesis and D.C. Conductivity Measurements of Polyaniline/CopperOxide Nanocomposites</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=L.%20N.%20Shubha">L. N. Shubha</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=P.%20Madhusudana%20Rao"> P. Madhusudana Rao</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The Polyaniline / Copper Oxide(PANI / CuO) nanocomposite was prepared by solution mixing of prepared Polyaniline and copper Oxide in Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO). The synthesis involved the formation of dark green colored Polyaniline-Copper Oxide nanocomposite. The synthesized polymer nano composites were characterized by XRD, FTIR, SEM and UV-Visible Spectroscopy. The characteristic peaks in XRD, FTIR and UV-Visible spectra confirmed the presence of CuO in the polymer structure. SEM analysis revealed formation of PANI/CuO nano composite The D.C. conductivity measurements were performed using two probe method for various temperatures. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=polyaniline%2Fcopper%20oxide%20%28PANI%2FCuO%29%20nanocomposite" title="polyaniline/copper oxide (PANI/CuO) nanocomposite">polyaniline/copper oxide (PANI/CuO) nanocomposite</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=XRD" title=" XRD"> XRD</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=SEM" title=" SEM"> SEM</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=FTIRand%20DC-%20conductivity" title=" FTIRand DC- conductivity"> FTIRand DC- conductivity</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=UV-visible%20spectra" title=" UV-visible spectra"> UV-visible spectra</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/44353/synthesis-and-dc-conductivity-measurements-of-polyanilinecopperoxide-nanocomposites" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/44353.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">307</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">129</span> Synthesis of Nanoparticle Mordenite Zeolite for Dimethyl Ether Carbonylation</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Zhang%20Haitao">Zhang Haitao</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The different size of nanoparticle mordenite zeolites were prepared by adding different soft template during hydrothermal process for carbonylation of dimethyl ether (DME) to methyl acetate (MA). The catalysts were characterized by X-ray diffraction, Ar adsorption-desorption, high-resolution transmission electron microscopy, NH3-temperature programmed desorption, scanning electron microscopy and Thermogravimetric. The characterization results confirmed that mordenite zeolites with small nanoparticle showed more strong acid sites which was the active site for carbonylation thus promoting conversion of DME and MA selectivity. Furthermore, the nanoparticle mordenite had increased the mass transfer efficiency which could suppress the formation of coke. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=nanoparticle%20mordenite" title="nanoparticle mordenite">nanoparticle mordenite</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=carbonylation" title=" carbonylation"> carbonylation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=dimethyl%20ether" title=" dimethyl ether"> dimethyl ether</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=methyl%20acetate" title=" methyl acetate"> methyl acetate</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/120694/synthesis-of-nanoparticle-mordenite-zeolite-for-dimethyl-ether-carbonylation" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/120694.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">139</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">128</span> Rheological Properties of Cellulose/TBAF/DMSO Solutions and Their Application to Fabrication of Cellulose Hydrogel</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Deokyeong%20Choe">Deokyeong Choe</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jae%20Eun%20Nam"> Jae Eun Nam</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Young%20Hoon%20Roh"> Young Hoon Roh</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Chul%20Soo%20Shin"> Chul Soo Shin</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The development of hydrogels with a high mechanical strength is important for numerous applications of hydrogels. As a material for tough hydrogels, cellulose has attracted much interest. However, cellulose cannot be melted and is very difficult to be dissolved in most solvents. Therefore, its dissolution in tetrabutylammonium fluoride/dimethyl sulfoxide (TBAF/DMSO) solvents has attracted researchers for chemical processing of cellulose. For this reason, studies about rheological properties of cellulose/TBAF/DMSO solution will provide useful information. In this study, viscosities of cellulose solutions prepared using different amounts of cellulose and TBAF in DMSO were measured. As expected, the viscosity of cellulose solution decreased with respect to the increasing volume of DMSO. The most viscose cellulose solution was achieved at a 1:1 mass ratio of cellulose to TBAF regardless of their contents in DMSO. At a 1:1 mass ratio of cellulose to TBAF, the formation of cellulose nanoparticles (467 nm) resulted in a dramatic increase in the viscosity, which led to the fabrication of 3D cellulose hydrogels. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cellulose" title="cellulose">cellulose</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=TBAF%2FDMSO" title=" TBAF/DMSO"> TBAF/DMSO</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=viscosity" title=" viscosity"> viscosity</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=hydrogel" title=" hydrogel"> hydrogel</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/55446/rheological-properties-of-cellulosetbafdmso-solutions-and-their-application-to-fabrication-of-cellulose-hydrogel" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/55446.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">249</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">127</span> The Effects of Dimethyl Adipate (DMA) on Coated Diesel Engine</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hanbey%20Hazar">Hanbey Hazar</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> An experimental study is conducted to evaluate the effects of using blends of diesel fuel with dimethyl adipate (DMA) in proportions of 2%, 6/%, and 12% on a coated engine. In this study, cylinder, piston, exhaust and inlet valves which are combustion chamber components have been coated with a ceramic material. Cylinder, exhaust and inlet valves of the diesel engine used in the tests were coated with ekabor-2 commercial powder, which is a ceramic material, to a thickness of 50 µm, by using the boriding method. The piston of a diesel engine was coated in 300 µm thickness with bor-based powder by using plasma coating method. Due to thermal barrier coating, the diesel engine's hazardous emission values decreased. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=diesel%20engine" title="diesel engine">diesel engine</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=dimethyl%20adipate%20%28DMA%29" title=" dimethyl adipate (DMA)"> dimethyl adipate (DMA)</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=exhaust%20emissions" title=" exhaust emissions"> exhaust emissions</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=coating" title=" coating"> coating</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/58746/the-effects-of-dimethyl-adipate-dma-on-coated-diesel-engine" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/58746.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">273</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">126</span> Synthesis and Characterization of Biodegradable Elastomeric Polyester Amide for Tissue Engineering Applications</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Abdulrahman%20T.%20Essa">Abdulrahman T. Essa</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ahmed%20Aied"> Ahmed Aied</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Omar%20Hamid"> Omar Hamid</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Felicity%20R.%20A.%20J.%20Rose"> Felicity R. A. J. Rose</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Kevin%20M.%20Shakesheff"> Kevin M. Shakesheff</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Biodegradable poly(ester amide)s are promising polymers for biomedical applications such as drug delivery and tissue engineering because of their optimized chemical and physical properties. In this study, we developed a biodegradable polyester amide elastomer poly(serinol sebacate) (PSS) composed of crosslinked networks based on serinol and sebacic acid. The synthesized polymers were characterized to evaluate their chemical structures, mechanical properties, degradation behaviors and in vitro cytocompatibility. Analysis of proton nuclear magnetic resonance and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy revealed the structure of the polymer. The PSS exhibit excellent solubility in a variety of solvents such as methanol, dimethyl sulfoxide and dimethylformamide. More importantly, the mechanical properties of PSS could be tuned by changing the curing conditions. In addition, the 3T3 fibroblast cells cultured on the PSS demonstrated good cell attachment and high viability. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=biodegradable" title="biodegradable">biodegradable</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=biomaterial" title=" biomaterial"> biomaterial</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=elastomer" title=" elastomer"> elastomer</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=mechanical%20properties" title=" mechanical properties"> mechanical properties</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=poly%28serinol%20sebacate%29" title=" poly(serinol sebacate)"> poly(serinol sebacate)</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/61270/synthesis-and-characterization-of-biodegradable-elastomeric-polyester-amide-for-tissue-engineering-applications" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/61270.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">354</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">125</span> X-Ray Crystallographic Studies on BPSL2418 from Burkholderia pseudomallei</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mona%20Alharbi">Mona Alharbi</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Melioidosis has emerged as a lethal disease. Unfortunately, the molecular mechanisms of virulence and pathogenicity of Burkholderia pseudomallei remain unknown. However, proteomics research has selected putative targets in B. pseudomallei that might play roles in the B. pseudomallei virulence. BPSL 2418 putative protein has been predicted as a free methionine sulfoxide reductase and interestingly there is a link between the level of the methionine sulfoxide in pathogen tissues and its virulence. Therefore in this work, we describe the cloning expression, purification, and crystallization of BPSL 2418 and the solution of its 3D structure using X-ray crystallography. Also, we aimed to identify the substrate binding and reduced forms of the enzyme to understand the role of BPSL 2418. The gene encoding BPSL2418 from B. pseudomallei was amplified by PCR and reclone in pETBlue-1 vector and transformed into E. coli Tuner DE3 pLacI. BPSL2418 was overexpressed using E. coli Tuner DE3 pLacI and induced by 300μM IPTG for 4h at 37°C. Then BPS2418 purified to better than 95% purity. The pure BPSL2418 was crystallized with PEG 4000 and PEG 6000 as precipitants in several conditions. Diffraction data were collected to 1.2Å resolution. The crystals belonged to space group P2 21 21 with unit-cell parameters a = 42.24Å, b = 53.48Å, c = 60.54Å, α=γ=β= 90Å. The BPSL2418 binding MES was solved by molecular replacement with the known structure 3ksf using PHASER program. The structure is composed of six antiparallel β-strands and four α-helices and two loops. BPSL2418 shows high homology with the GAF domain fRMsrs enzymes which suggest that BPSL2418 might act as methionine sulfoxide reductase. The amino acids alignment between the fRmsrs including BPSL 2418 shows that the three cysteines that thought to catalyze the reduction are fully conserved. BPSL 2418 contains the three conserved cysteines (Cys⁷⁵, Cys⁸⁵ and Cys¹⁰⁹). The active site contains the six antiparallel β-strands and two loops where the disulfide bond formed between Cys⁷⁵ and Cys¹⁰⁹. X-ray structure of free methionine sulfoxide binding and native forms of BPSL2418 were solved to increase the understanding of the BPSL2418 catalytic mechanism. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=X-Ray%20Crystallography" title="X-Ray Crystallography">X-Ray Crystallography</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=BPSL2418" title=" BPSL2418"> BPSL2418</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Burkholderia%20pseudomallei" title=" Burkholderia pseudomallei"> Burkholderia pseudomallei</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Melioidosis" title=" Melioidosis"> Melioidosis</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/54364/x-ray-crystallographic-studies-on-bpsl2418-from-burkholderia-pseudomallei" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/54364.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">248</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">124</span> Structural Investigation of the GAF Domain Protein BPSL2418 from Burkholderia pseudomallei</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mona%20G.%20Alharbi">Mona G. Alharbi</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> A new family of methionine-sulfoxide reductase (Msr) was recently discovered and was named free methionine sulfoxide reductase (fRMsr). This family includes enzymes with a reductase activity toward the free R isomer of a methionine sulfoxide substrate. The fRMsrs have a GAF domain topology, a domain, which was previously identified as having in some cases a cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase activity. The classification of fRMsrs as GAF domains revealed a new function can be added to the GAF domain family. Interestingly the four members identified in the fRMsr family share the GAF domain structure and the presence of three conserved cysteines in the active site with free R methionine sulfoxide substrate specificity. This thesis presents the crystal structures of reduced, free Met-SO substrate-bound and MES-bound forms of a new fRMsr from Burkholderia pseudomallei (BPSL2418). BPSL2418 was cloned, overexpressed and purified to enable protein crystallization. The crystallization trials for reduced, Met-SO-bound and MES-bound forms of BPSL2418 were prepared and reasonable crystals of each form were produced. The crystal structures of BPSL2418MES, BPSL2418Met-SO and BPSL2418Reduced were solved at 1.18, 1.4 and 2.0Å, respectively by molecular replacement. The BPSL2418MES crystal belongs to space group P 21 21 21 while BPSL2418Met-SO and BPSL2418Reduced crystals belong to space group P 1 21 1. All three forms share the GAF domain structure of six antiparallel β-strands and four α-helices with connecting loops. The antiparallel β-strands (β1, β2, β5 and β6) are located in the center of the BPSL2418 structure flanked on one side by a three α-helices (α1, α2 and α4) and on the other side by a (loop1, β3, loop2, α3, β4 loop4) unit where loop4 forms a capping flap and covers the active site. The structural comparison of the three forms of BPSL2418 indicates that the catalytically important cysteine is CYS109, where the resolving cysteine is CYS75, which forms a disulfide bond with CYS109. They also suggest that the third conserved cysteine in the active site, CYS85, which is located in α3, is a non-essential cysteine for the catalytic function but it may play a role in the binding of the substrate. The structural comparison of the three forms reveals that conformational changes appear in the active site particularly involving loop4 and CYS109 during catalysis. The 3D structure of BPSL2418 shows strong structure similarity to fRMsrs enzymes, which further suggests that BPSL2418 acts as a free Met-R-SO reductase and shares the catalytic mechanism of fRMsr family. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Burkholderia%20pseudomallei" title="Burkholderia pseudomallei">Burkholderia pseudomallei</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=GAF%20domain%20protein" title=" GAF domain protein"> GAF domain protein</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=methionine%20sulfoxide%20reductase" title=" methionine sulfoxide reductase"> methionine sulfoxide reductase</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=protein%20crystallization" title=" protein crystallization"> protein crystallization</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/77202/structural-investigation-of-the-gaf-domain-protein-bpsl2418-from-burkholderia-pseudomallei" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/77202.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">386</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">123</span> Thermodynamic Attainable Region for Direct Synthesis of Dimethyl Ether from Synthesis Gas</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Thulane%20Paepae">Thulane Paepae</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Tumisang%20Seodigeng"> Tumisang Seodigeng</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This paper demonstrates the use of a method of synthesizing process flowsheets using a graphical tool called the GH-plot and in particular, to look at how it can be used to compare the reactions of a combined simultaneous process with regard to their thermodynamics. The technique uses fundamental thermodynamic principles to allow the mass, energy and work balances locate the attainable region for chemical processes in a reactor. This provides guidance on what design decisions would be best suited to developing new processes that are more effective and make lower demands on raw material and energy usage. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=attainable%20regions" title="attainable regions">attainable regions</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=dimethyl%20ether" title=" dimethyl ether"> dimethyl ether</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=optimal%20reaction%20network" title=" optimal reaction network"> optimal reaction network</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=GH%20Space" title=" GH Space"> GH Space</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/48978/thermodynamic-attainable-region-for-direct-synthesis-of-dimethyl-ether-from-synthesis-gas" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/48978.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">240</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">122</span> Purification, Biochemical Characterization and Application of an Extracellular Alkaline Keratinase Produced by Aspergillus sp. DHE7 </h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Dina%20Helmy%20%20El-Ghonemy">Dina Helmy El-Ghonemy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Thanaa%20Hamed%20Ali"> Thanaa Hamed Ali</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The aim of this study was to purify and characterize a keratinolytic enzyme produced by Aspergillus sp. DHE7 cultured in basal medium containing chicken feather as substrate. The enzyme was purified through ammonium sulfate saturation of 60%, followed by gel filtration chromatography in Sephadex G-100, with a 16.4-purification fold and recovery yield of 52.2%. Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis revealed that the purified enzyme is a monomeric enzyme with an apparent molecular mass of 30 kDa — the purified keratinase of Aspergillus sp. DHE7 exhibited activity in a broad range of pH (7- 9) and temperature (40℃-60℃) profiles with an optimal activity at pH eight and 50℃. The keratinolytic activity was inhibited by protease inhibitors such as phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride and ethylenediaminetetraacetate, while no reduction of activity was detected by the addition of dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO). Bivalent cations, Ca²⁺ and Mn²⁺, were able to greatly enhance the activity of keratinase by 125.7% and 194.8%, respectively, when used at one mM final concentration. On the other hand, Cu²⁺ and Hg²⁺ inhibited the enzyme activity, which might be indicative of essential vicinal sulfhydryl groups of the enzyme for productive catalysis. Furthermore, the purified keratinase showed significant stability and compatibility against the tested commercial detergents at 37ºC. Therefore, these results suggested that the purified keratinase from Aspergillus sp. DHE7 may have potential use in the detergent industry and should be of interest in the processing of poultry feather waste. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Aspergillus%20sp.%20DHE7" title="Aspergillus sp. DHE7">Aspergillus sp. DHE7</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=biochemical%20characterization" title=" biochemical characterization"> biochemical characterization</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=keratinase" title=" keratinase"> keratinase</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=purification" title=" purification"> purification</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=waste%20management" title=" waste management"> waste management</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/116947/purification-biochemical-characterization-and-application-of-an-extracellular-alkaline-keratinase-produced-by-aspergillus-sp-dhe7" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/116947.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">124</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">121</span> Nonlinear Absorption and Scattering in Wide Band Gap Silver Sulfide Nanoparticles Colloid and Their Effects on the Optical Limiting</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hoda%20Aleali">Hoda Aleali</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Nastran%20Mansour"> Nastran Mansour</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Maryam%20Mirzaie"> Maryam Mirzaie</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In this paper, we study the optical nonlinearities of Silver sulfide (Ag2S) nanostructures dispersed in the Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) under exposure to 532 nm, 15 nanosecond (ns) pulsed laser irradiation. Ultraviolet–visible absorption spectrometry (UV-Vis), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) are used to characterize the obtained nanocrystal samples. The band gap energy of colloid is determined by analyzing the UV–Vis absorption spectra of the Ag2S NPs using the band theory of semiconductors. Z-scan technique is used to characterize the optical nonlinear properties of the Ag2S nanoparticles (NPs). Large enhancement of two photon absorption effect is observed with increase in concentration of the Ag2S nanoparticles using open Z-scan measurements in the ns laser regime. The values of the nonlinear absorption coefficients are determined based on the local nonlinear responses including two photon absorption. The observed aperture dependence of the Ag2S NP limiting performance indicates that the nonlinear scattering plays an important role in the limiting action of the sample.The concentration dependence of the optical liming is also investigated. Our results demonstrate that the optical limiting threshold decreases with increasing the silver sulfide NPs in DMSO. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=nanoscale%20materials" title="nanoscale materials">nanoscale materials</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=silver%20sulfide%20nanoparticles" title=" silver sulfide nanoparticles"> silver sulfide nanoparticles</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=nonlinear%20absorption" title=" nonlinear absorption"> nonlinear absorption</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=nonlinear%20scattering" title=" nonlinear scattering"> nonlinear scattering</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=optical%20limiting" title=" optical limiting "> optical limiting </a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/13234/nonlinear-absorption-and-scattering-in-wide-band-gap-silver-sulfide-nanoparticles-colloid-and-their-effects-on-the-optical-limiting" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/13234.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">396</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">120</span> An Alternative Antimicrobial Approach to Fight Bacterial Pathogens from Phellinus linteus</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=S.%20Techaoei">S. Techaoei</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=K.%20Jarmkom"> K. Jarmkom</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=P.%20Eakwaropas"> P. Eakwaropas</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=W.%20Khobjai"> W. Khobjai</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The objective of this research was focused on investigating <em>in</em> <em>vitro</em> antimicrobial activity of <em>Phellinus linteus</em> fruiting body extracts on <em>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</em>, <em>Escherichia coli</em>, <em>Staphylococcus aureus</em> and Methicillin-resistant <em>Staphylococcus aureus</em>. <em>Phellinus linteus</em> fruiting body was extracted with ethanol and ethyl acetate and was vaporized. The disc diffusion assay was used to assess antimicrobial activity against tested bacterial strains. Primary screening of chemical profile of crude extract was determined by using thin layer chromatography. The positive control and the negative control were used as erythromycin and dimethyl sulfoxide, respectively. Initial screening of <em>Phellinus linteus</em> crude extract with the disc diffusion assay demonstrated that only ethanol had greater antimicrobial activity against <em>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</em>, <em>Escherichia coli</em>, <em>Staphylococcus aureus</em> and Methicillin-resistant <em>Staphylococcus aureus</em>. The MIC assay showed that the lower MIC was observed with 0.5 mg/ml of <em>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</em> and Methicillin-resistant <em>Staphylococcus aureus</em> and 0.25 mg/ml. of <em>Escherichia coli</em> and <em>Staphylococcus aureus</em>, respectively. TLC chemical profile of extract was represented at R<sub>f</sub> ≈ 0.71-0.76. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Staphylococcus%20aureus" title="Staphylococcus aureus">Staphylococcus aureus</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Escherichia%20coli" title=" Escherichia coli"> Escherichia coli</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Phellinus%20linteus" title=" Phellinus linteus"> Phellinus linteus</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Methicillin-resistant%20Staphylococcus%20aureus" title=" Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus"> Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=antimicrobial%20activity" title=" antimicrobial activity"> antimicrobial activity</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/61558/an-alternative-antimicrobial-approach-to-fight-bacterial-pathogens-from-phellinus-linteus" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/61558.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">284</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">119</span> Thermodynamic and Spectroscopic Investigation of Binary 2,2-Dimethyl-1-Propanol+ CO₂ Gas Hydrates</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Seokyoon%20Moon">Seokyoon Moon</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Yun-Ho%20Ahn"> Yun-Ho Ahn</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Heejoong%20Kim"> Heejoong Kim</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sujin%20Hong"> Sujin Hong</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Yunseok%20Lee"> Yunseok Lee</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Youngjune%20Park"> Youngjune Park</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Gas hydrate is a non-stoichiometric crystalline compound consisting of host water-framework and low molecular weight guest molecules. Small gaseous molecules such as CH₄, CO₂, and N₂ can be captured in the host water framework lattices of the gas hydrate with specific temperature and pressure conditions. The three well-known crystal structures of structure I (sI), structure II (sII), and structure H (sH) are determined by the size and shape of guest molecules. In this study, we measured the phase equilibria of binary (2,2-dimethyl-1-propanol + CO₂, CH₄, N₂) hydrates to explore their fundamental thermodynamic characteristics. We identified the structure of the binary gas hydrate by employing synchrotron high-resolution powder diffraction (HRPD), and the guest distributions in the lattice of gas hydrate were investigated via dispersive Raman and ¹³C solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopies. The end-to-end distance of 2,2-dimethyl-1-propanol was calculated to be 7.76 Å, which seems difficult to be enclathrated in large cages of sI or sII. However, due to the flexibility of the host water framework, binary hydrates of sI or sII types can be formed with the help of small gas molecule. Also, the synchrotron HRPD patterns revealed that the binary hydrate structure highly depends on the type of help gases; a cubic Fd3m sII hydrate was formed with CH₄ or N₂, and a cubic Pm3n sI hydrate was formed with CO₂. Interestingly, dispersive Raman and ¹³C NMR spectra showed that the unique tuning phenomenon occurred in binary (2,2-dimethyl-1-propanol + CO₂) hydrate. By optimizing the composition of NPA, we can achieve both thermodynamic stability and high CO₂ storage capacity for the practical application to CO₂ capture. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=clathrate" title="clathrate">clathrate</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=gas%20hydrate" title=" gas hydrate"> gas hydrate</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=neopentyl%20alcohol" title=" neopentyl alcohol"> neopentyl alcohol</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=CO%E2%82%82" title=" CO₂"> CO₂</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=tuning%20phenomenon" title=" tuning phenomenon"> tuning phenomenon</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/84702/thermodynamic-and-spectroscopic-investigation-of-binary-22-dimethyl-1-propanol-co2-gas-hydrates" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/84702.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">239</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">118</span> Controlled Conductivity of Poly (3,4-Ethylenedioxythiophene): Poly (4-Styrene Sulfonate) Composites with Polyester</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Kazui%20Sasakii">Kazui Sasakii</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Seira%20Mormune-Moriya"> Seira Mormune-Moriya</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hiroaki%20Tanahashi"> Hiroaki Tanahashi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Shigeji%20Kongaya"> Shigeji Kongaya</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Poly (3.4-ethylenedioxythiophene) doped with poly (4-styrene sulfonate) (PEDOT: PSS) attracted a great deal of attention because of its unique characteristics of flexibility, optical properties, heat resistance and colloidal dispersion in water. It is well known that when high boiling solvents such as ethylene glycol or dimethyl sulfoxide are added as a secondary dopant to the micellar structure, PEDOT microcrystallizes and becomes highly conductive. In previous study bis(4-hydroxyphenyl) sulfone (BPS) was used as a secondary dopant for PEDOT:PSS and the enhancement of the conductivity was revealed. However, ductility is one of the serious issues which limited the application of PEDOT:PSS/BPS. So far, the composition with polymer binders has been conducted, however, polymer binders decrease the conductivity of the materials. In this study, PEDOT: PSS composites with polyester (PEs) were prepared by a simple aqueous process using PEs emulsion. The structural studies revealed that PEDOT:PSS and PEs were homogeneously distributed in the composites. It was found that the properties of PEDOT:PSS were remarkably enhanced by the incorporation of PEs. According to the tensile test, the ductility of PEDOT:PSS was remarkably improved. Interestingly, the conductivity of PEDOT:PSS/PEs composites was higher than that of neat PEDOT:PSS. For example, the conductivity increased by 8% at PEs content of 25 wt%. Since PEDOT:PSS were homogeneously dispersed on the surface of PEs particles, it was assumed that the conductive pathway was constructed by PEs particles in the nanocomposites. Therefore, a significant increase in conductivity was achieved. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=polymer%20composites" title="polymer composites">polymer composites</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=conductivity" title=" conductivity"> conductivity</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=PEDOT%3APSS" title=" PEDOT:PSS"> PEDOT:PSS</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=polyester" title=" polyester"> polyester</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/133031/controlled-conductivity-of-poly-34-ethylenedioxythiophene-poly-4-styrene-sulfonate-composites-with-polyester" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/133031.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">115</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">117</span> Techno-Economic Study on the Potential of Dimethyl Ether (DME) as a Substitute for LPG</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Widya%20Anggraini%20Pamungkas">Widya Anggraini Pamungkas</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Rosana%20Budi%20Setyawati"> Rosana Budi Setyawati</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Awaludin%20Fitroh%20Rifai"> Awaludin Fitroh Rifai</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Candra%20Pangesti%20Setiawan"> Candra Pangesti Setiawan</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Anatta%20Wahyu%20Budiiman"> Anatta Wahyu Budiiman</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Inayati"> Inayati</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Joko%20Waluyo"> Joko Waluyo</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sunu%20Herwi%20Pranolo"> Sunu Herwi Pranolo</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The increase in LPG consumption in Indonesia is not balanced with the amount of supply. The high demand for LPG due to the success of the government's kerosene-to-LPG conversion program and the Covid-19 pandemic in 2020 led to an increase in LPG consumption in the household sector and caused Indonesia's trade balance to experience a deficit. The high consumption of LPG encourages the need for alternative fuels as a substitute or which aims to substitute LPG; one of the materials that can be used is Dimethyl Ether (DME). Dimethyl ether (DME) is an organic compound with the chemical formula CH 3. OCH 3 has a high cetane number and has characteristics similar to LPG. DME can be produced from various sources, such as coal, biomass and natural gas. Based on the economic analysis conducted at 10% IRR, coal has the largest NPV of Rp. 20,034,837,497,241 with a payback period of 3.86 years, then biomass with an NPV of Rp. 10,401,526,072,850 and a payback period of 5.16. the latter is natural gas with an NPV of IDR 7,401,272,559,191 and a payback period of 6.17 years. Of the three sources of raw materials used, if the sensitivity is calculated using the selling price of DME equal to the selling price of LPG, it will get an NPV value that is greater than the NPV value when using the current DME price. The advantages of coal as a raw material for DME are not only because it is profitable, namely: low price and abundant resources, but has high greenhouse gas emissions. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=LPG" title="LPG">LPG</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=DME" title=" DME"> DME</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=coal" title=" coal"> coal</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=biomass" title=" biomass"> biomass</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=natural%20gas" title=" natural gas"> natural gas</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/161115/techno-economic-study-on-the-potential-of-dimethyl-ether-dme-as-a-substitute-for-lpg" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/161115.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">123</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">116</span> Synthesis and Characterization of New Thermotropic Monomers – Containing Phosphorus</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Diana%20Serbezeanu">Diana Serbezeanu</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ionela-Daniela%20Carja"> Ionela-Daniela Carja</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Tachita%20Vlad-Bubulac"> Tachita Vlad-Bubulac</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sergiu%20Sova"> Sergiu Sova </a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> New phosphorus-containing monomers having methoxy end functional groups were prepared from methyl 4-hydroxybenzoate and two different dichlorides with phosphorus, namely phenyl phosphonic dichloride and phenyl dichlorophosphate. The structures of the monomers were confirmed by FTIR and NMR spectroscopy. The assignments for the 1H, 13C and 31P chemical shifts are based on 1D and 2D NMR homo- and heteronuclear correlations (H,H-COSY (Correlation Spectroscopy), H,C-HMQC (Heteronuclear Multiple Quantum Correlation and H,C-HMBC (Heteronuclear Multiple Bond Correlation)) and 31P-13C couplings. The monomers exhibited good solubility in common organic solvents. Dimethyl sulfoxide was to be a good solvent to grow crystals of considerable size which were investigated by X-ray analysis. One of these two new monomers presented thermotropic liquid crystalline behaviour, as revealed by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), polarized light microscopy (PLM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The transition temperature from crystal to liquid crystalline state (K→LC) was 143°C and from the LC to isotropic state (LC→I) was 167°C. Upon heating, bis(4-(methoxycarbonyl)phenyl formed fine textures, difficult to be ascribed to smectic or nematic phases. Upon cooling from the isotropic state, bis(4-(methoxycarbonyl)phenyl exhibited a mosaic-type texture. X-ray diffraction measurements at small angles (SAXS) of bis(4-(methoxycarbonyl)phenyl showed two peaks at 1.8 Å and 3.5 Å, respectively suggesting organization at supramolecular level. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=phosphorus-containing%20monomers" title="phosphorus-containing monomers">phosphorus-containing monomers</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=polarized%20light%20microscopy" title=" polarized light microscopy"> polarized light microscopy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=structure%20investigation" title=" structure investigation"> structure investigation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=thermotropic%20liquid%20crystalline%20properties" title=" thermotropic liquid crystalline properties"> thermotropic liquid crystalline properties</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/31065/synthesis-and-characterization-of-new-thermotropic-monomers-containing-phosphorus" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/31065.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">299</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">115</span> Simulation of Polymeric Precursors Production from Wine Industrial Organic Wastes</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Tanapoom%20Phuncharoen">Tanapoom Phuncharoen</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Tawiwat%20Sriwongsa"> Tawiwat Sriwongsa</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Kanita%20Boonruang"> Kanita Boonruang</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Apichit%20Svang-Ariyaskul"> Apichit Svang-Ariyaskul</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The production of dimethyl acetal, isovaleradehyde, and pyridine were simulated using Aspen Plus simulation. Upgrading cleaning water from wine industrial production is the main objective of the project. The winery waste composes of acetaldehyde, methanol, ethyl acetate, 1-propanol, water, isoamyl alcohol, and isobutanol. The project is separated into three parts; separation, reaction, and purification. Various processes were considered to maximize the profit along with obtaining high purity and recovery of each component with optimum heat duty. The results show a significant value of the product with purity more than 75% and recovery over 98%. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=dimethyl%20acetal" title="dimethyl acetal">dimethyl acetal</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=pyridine" title=" pyridine"> pyridine</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=wine" title=" wine"> wine</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=aspen%20plus" title=" aspen plus"> aspen plus</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=isovaleradehyde" title=" isovaleradehyde"> isovaleradehyde</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=polymeric%20precursors" title=" polymeric precursors"> polymeric precursors</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/2273/simulation-of-polymeric-precursors-production-from-wine-industrial-organic-wastes" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/2273.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">327</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">114</span> Development and Total Error Concept Validation of Common Analytical Method for Quantification of All Residual Solvents Present in Amino Acids by Gas Chromatography-Head Space</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=A.%20Ramachandra%20Reddy">A. Ramachandra Reddy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=V.%20Murugan"> V. Murugan</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Prema%20Kumari"> Prema Kumari</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Residual solvents in Pharmaceutical samples are monitored using gas chromatography with headspace (GC-HS). Based on current regulatory and compendial requirements, measuring the residual solvents are mandatory for all release testing of active pharmaceutical ingredients (API). Generally, isopropyl alcohol is used as the residual solvent in proline and tryptophan; methanol in cysteine monohydrate hydrochloride, glycine, methionine and serine; ethanol in glycine and lysine monohydrate; acetic acid in methionine. In order to have a single method for determining these residual solvents (isopropyl alcohol, ethanol, methanol and acetic acid) in all these 7 amino acids a sensitive and simple method was developed by using gas chromatography headspace technique with flame ionization detection. During development, no reproducibility, retention time variation and bad peak shape of acetic acid peaks were identified due to the reaction of acetic acid with the stationary phase (cyanopropyl dimethyl polysiloxane phase) of column and dissociation of acetic acid with water (if diluent) while applying temperature gradient. Therefore, dimethyl sulfoxide was used as diluent to avoid these issues. But most the methods published for acetic acid quantification by GC-HS uses derivatisation technique to protect acetic acid. As per compendia, risk-based approach was selected as appropriate to determine the degree and extent of the validation process to assure the fitness of the procedure. Therefore, Total error concept was selected to validate the analytical procedure. An accuracy profile of ±40% was selected for lower level (quantitation limit level) and for other levels ±30% with 95% confidence interval (risk profile 5%). The method was developed using DB-Waxetr column manufactured by Agilent contains 530 µm internal diameter, thickness: 2.0 µm, and length: 30 m. A constant flow of 6.0 mL/min. with constant make up mode of Helium gas was selected as a carrier gas. The present method is simple, rapid, and accurate, which is suitable for rapid analysis of isopropyl alcohol, ethanol, methanol and acetic acid in amino acids. The range of the method for isopropyl alcohol is 50ppm to 200ppm, ethanol is 50ppm to 3000ppm, methanol is 50ppm to 400ppm and acetic acid 100ppm to 400ppm, which covers the specification limits provided in European pharmacopeia. The accuracy profile and risk profile generated as part of validation were found to be satisfactory. Therefore, this method can be used for testing of residual solvents in amino acids drug substances. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=amino%20acid" title="amino acid">amino acid</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=head%20space" title=" head space"> head space</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=gas%20chromatography" title=" gas chromatography"> gas chromatography</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=total%20error" title=" total error"> total error</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/98001/development-and-total-error-concept-validation-of-common-analytical-method-for-quantification-of-all-residual-solvents-present-in-amino-acids-by-gas-chromatography-head-space" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/98001.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">148</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">113</span> Study of Mechanical Properties of Glutarylated Jute Fiber Reinforced Epoxy Composites</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=V.%20Manush%20Nandan">V. Manush Nandan</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=K.%20Lokdeep"> K. Lokdeep</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=R.%20Vimal"> R. Vimal</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=K.%20Hari%20Hara%20Subramanyan"> K. Hari Hara Subramanyan</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=C.%20Aswin"> C. Aswin</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=V.%20Logeswaran"> V. Logeswaran</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Natural fibers have attained the potential market in the composite industry because of the huge environmental impact caused by synthetic fibers. Among the natural fibers, jute fibers are the most abundant plant fibers which are manufactured mainly in countries like India. Even though there is a good motive to utilize the natural supplement, the strength of the natural fiber composites is still a topic of discussion. In recent days, many researchers are showing interest in the chemical modification of the natural fibers to increase various mechanical and thermal properties. In the present study, jute fibers have been modified chemically using glutaric anhydride at different concentrations of 5%, 10%, 20%, and 30%. The glutaric anhydride solution is prepared by dissolving the different quantity of glutaric anhydride in benzene and dimethyl-sulfoxide using sodium formate catalyst. The jute fiber mats have been treated by the method of retting at various time intervals of 3, 6, 12, 24, and 36 hours. The modification structure of the treated fibers has been confirmed with infrared spectroscopy. The degree of modification increases with an increase in retention time, but higher retention time has damaged the fiber structure. The unmodified fibers and glutarylated fibers at different retention times are reinforced with epoxy matrix under room temperature. The tensile strength and flexural strength of the composites are analyzed in detail. Among these, the composite made with glutarylated fiber has shown good mechanical properties when compared to those made of unmodified fiber. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=flexural%20properties" title="flexural properties">flexural properties</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=glutarylation" title=" glutarylation"> glutarylation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=glutaric%20anhydride" title=" glutaric anhydride"> glutaric anhydride</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=tensile%20properties" title=" tensile properties"> tensile properties</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/104772/study-of-mechanical-properties-of-glutarylated-jute-fiber-reinforced-epoxy-composites" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/104772.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">192</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">112</span> Formulation and in vitro Evaluation of Transdermal Delivery of Articaine</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Dinakaran%20Venkatachalam">Dinakaran Venkatachalam</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Paul%20Chambers"> Paul Chambers</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Kavitha%20Kongara"> Kavitha Kongara</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Preet%20Singh"> Preet Singh</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The objective of this study is to formulate different topical preparations containing articaine and to investigate their permeation through goat skin. Initially, articaine and its hydrochloride salt were compared for in vitro permeation using Franz cell model. Goat skin samples were collected after euthanizing male goat kids purchased from the dairy goat farmers. Subcutaneous fat was removed and the skin was mounted on the donor chamber (orifice area 1.00 cm²) and drugs were applied onto the epidermis. Phosphate buffer saline (pH 7.4) was used to maintain sink condition in the receptor chamber (8 ml) of the Franz cell. Samples (0.4 ml) were collected at various intervals over 24 hours after each sampling equal volume of PBS was replaced in the receptor chamber. Articaine in the collected samples were quantified using LC/MS. The results suggested that articaine free base permeates better than its hydrochloride salt through goat skin. This study results support the fact that local anesthetics in its base form are lipophilic and thus penetrates faster through cell membranes than their salts. Later, articaine free base was formulated either using ethanol and octyl salicylate or dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) as penetration enhancers and was compared for in vitro permeation. The transdermal flux of articaine in the formulation containing DMSO was approximately 3.8 times higher than that of the formulation containing ethanol and octyl salicylate. Further studies to evaluate the local anesthetic efficacy of the topical formulation containing articaine for dermal anesthesia in animals have been planned. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=articaine" title="articaine">articaine</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=dermal%20anesthesia" title=" dermal anesthesia"> dermal anesthesia</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=local%20anesthetic" title=" local anesthetic"> local anesthetic</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=transdermal" title=" transdermal"> transdermal</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/80319/formulation-and-in-vitro-evaluation-of-transdermal-delivery-of-articaine" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/80319.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">237</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">111</span> Simultaneous Determination of Some Phenolic Pesticides in Environmental and Biological Samples</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Yasmeen%20F.%20Pervez">Yasmeen F. Pervez</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Etesh%20K.%20Janghel"> Etesh K. Janghel</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Santosh%20Kumar%20Sar"> Santosh Kumar Sar</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Simple and sensitive analytical thermal gradient-thin layer chromatography technique has been developed for the simultaneous determination of phenolic pesticides like carbaryl, propoxur and carbofuran. It is based on the differential migration of colored derivatives formed by the reaction of hydrolysed phenolic compound with diazotized 3, 4 dimethyl aniline on a silica gel plate. Quantitative evaluation of hydrolyzed phenolic compound is made by visual comparison of intensities of color by spectrophotometry. The color system obeys Beer’s law in the following working range in ppm : carbaryl, 0.5-6.6; propoxur, 0.8-7.2; and carbofuran, 0.2-3.3 respectively. The Molar absorptivity, Sandell’s sensitivity, Correlation coefficient have been determined. The effects of analytical parameters on migration and analysis have been evaluated. The methods are highly reproducible and have been successfully applied to determination of phenolic pesticides in environmental and biological samples. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=phenolic%20pesticides%20%28carbaryl" title="phenolic pesticides (carbaryl">phenolic pesticides (carbaryl</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=propoxur%20and%20carbofuran%29" title=" propoxur and carbofuran)"> propoxur and carbofuran)</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=3.4%20dimethyl%20aniline" title=" 3.4 dimethyl aniline"> 3.4 dimethyl aniline</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=environmental" title=" environmental"> environmental</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=biological%20samples" title=" biological samples"> biological samples</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/22981/simultaneous-determination-of-some-phenolic-pesticides-in-environmental-and-biological-samples" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/22981.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">405</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">110</span> Designing Dibenzosilole and Methyl Carbazole Based Donor Materials with Favourable Photovoltaic Parameters for Bulk Heterojunction Organic Solar Cells</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=J.%20Iqbal">J. Iqbal</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Z.%20Zara"> Z. Zara</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Five new Acceptor-Donor-Acceptor (A-D-A) type small donor molecules (M1-M5) namely; dimethyl cyanoacetate terthiophene di(methylthiophene) dibenzosilole (DMCAO3TBS) (M1), dimelononitrile terthiophene di(methylthiophene) dibenzosilole (DMCNTBS) (M2), dimethyl rhodanine terthiophene di(methylthiophene) dibenzosilole (DMRTBS) (M3), dimelanonitrile terthiophene di(methylthiophene) methyl fluorene (DMCNTF) (M4) and dimethyl rhodanine terthiophene di(methylthiophene) methyl fluorine (DMRTF) (M5) were designed and theoretically explored their electronic, photophysical and geometrical properties via DFT best functional MPW1PW91/6-311G (d,p) level of theory with respect to reference molecules dioctyl cyanoacetate terthiophene di(octylthiophene) dioctylfluorene (DCAO3TF) (Ra) and dioctyl cyanoacetate terthiophene di(octylthiophene) octylcarbazole (DCAO3TCz) (Rb). Among the designed donor molecules (M1-M5), M2 and M4 represented lowest band gap value (2.480 eV and 2.47 eV) with distinctive broad absorption peak at 598 and 601 nm in chloroform due to the presence of stronger electron withdrawing acceptor molecule which pulls the λmax value towards red shift. Theoretically estimated reorganization energies of these molecules recommended excellent property of charge mobility. The designed donor molecules M1-M5, demonstrated lower λe value with reference to their λh, showing that these molecules could be ideal candidates for the transfer of electron with and M2, M4 are best among these as champion molecules with having lowest λe (0.006 D and 0.005 D respectively). Additionally, the Voc of M2 and M4 are 2.01 eV and 1.85 eV respectively with reference respect to PCBM. Thus, our present investigation suggested that our designed donor molecules (M1-M5) are suitable candidates for the solar cell and proposed for high and better performance for the small molecule based solar cell devices. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=dibenzisilol" title="dibenzisilol">dibenzisilol</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=donor%20materials" title=" donor materials"> donor materials</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=hole%20mobility" title=" hole mobility"> hole mobility</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=organic%20solar%20cells" title=" organic solar cells"> organic solar cells</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/78564/designing-dibenzosilole-and-methyl-carbazole-based-donor-materials-with-favourable-photovoltaic-parameters-for-bulk-heterojunction-organic-solar-cells" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/78564.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">202</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">109</span> Thermodynamic Properties of Binary Mixtures of 1, 2-Dichloroethane with Some Polyethers: DISQUAC Calculations Compared with Dortmund UNIFAC Results</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=F.%20Amireche">F. Amireche</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=I.%20Mokbel"> I. Mokbel</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=J.%20Jose"> J. Jose</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=B.%20F.%20Belaribi"> B. F. Belaribi</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The experimental vapour-liquid equilibria (VLE) at isothermal conditions and excess molar Gibbs energies GE are carried out for the three binary mixtures: 1, 2- dichloroethane + ethylene glycol dimethyl ether, + diethylene glycol dimethyl ether or + diethylene glycol diethyl ether, at ten temperatures ranging from 273 to 353.15 K. A good static device was employed for these measurements. The VLE data were reduced using the Redlich-Kister equation by taking into consideration the vapour pressure non-ideality in terms of the second molar virial coefficient. The experimental data were compared to the results predicted with the DISQUAC and Dortmund UNIFAC group contribution models for the total pressures P, the excess molar Gibbs energies GE and the excess molar enthalpies HE. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Disquac%20model" title="Disquac model">Disquac model</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Dortmund%20UNIFAC%20model" title=" Dortmund UNIFAC model"> Dortmund UNIFAC model</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=1" title=" 1"> 1</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=2-%20dichloroethane" title=" 2- dichloroethane"> 2- dichloroethane</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=excess%20molar%20Gibbs%20energies%20GE" title=" excess molar Gibbs energies GE"> excess molar Gibbs energies GE</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=polyethers" title=" polyethers"> polyethers</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=VLE" title=" VLE"> VLE</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/26058/thermodynamic-properties-of-binary-mixtures-of-1-2-dichloroethane-with-some-polyethers-disquac-calculations-compared-with-dortmund-unifac-results" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/26058.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">269</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">108</span> Hepatoprotective Assessment of L-Ascorbate 1-(2-Hydroxyethyl)-4,6-Dimethyl-1, 2-Dihydropyrimidine-2-On Exposure to Carbon Tetrachloride</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Nail%20Nazarov">Nail Nazarov</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Alexandra%20Vyshtakalyuk"> Alexandra Vyshtakalyuk</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Vyacheslav%20Semenov"> Vyacheslav Semenov</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Irina%20Galyametdinova"> Irina Galyametdinova</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Vladimir%20Zobov"> Vladimir Zobov</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Vladimir%20Reznik"> Vladimir Reznik</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Among hepatic pyrimidine used as a means of stimulating protein synthesis and recovery of liver cells in her damaged toxic and infectious etiology. When an experimental toxic hepatitis hepatoprotective activity detected some pyrimidine derivatives. There are literature data on oksimetiluratcila hepatoprotective effect. For analogs of pyrimidine nucleobases - drugs Methyluracilum pentoxy and hepatoprotective effect of weakly expressed. According to the American scientists broad spectrum of biological activity, including hepatoprotective properties, have a 2,4-dioxo-5-arilidenimino uracils. Influenced Xymedon medicinal preparation (1- (beta-hydroxyethyl) -4,6-dimethyl-1,2-dihydro-2-oksopirimidin) developed as a means of stimulating the regeneration of tissue revealed increased activity of microsomal oxidases human liver. In studies on the model of toxic liver damage in rats have shown hepatoprotective effect xymedon and stimulating its impact on the recovery of the liver tissue. Hepatoprotective properties of the new compound in the series of pyrimidine derivatives L-ascorbate 1-(2-hydroxyethyl)-4,6-dimethyl-1,2-dihydropirimidine-2-one synthesized on the basis Xymedon preparation were firstly investigated on rats under the carbon tetrachloride action. It was shown the differences of biochemical parameters from the reference value and severity of structural-morphological liver violations decreased in comparison with control group under the influence of the compound injected before exposure carbon tetrachloride. Hepatoprotective properties of the investigated compound were more pronounced in comparison with Xymedon. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=hepatoprotectors" title="hepatoprotectors">hepatoprotectors</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=pyrimidine%20derivatives" title=" pyrimidine derivatives"> pyrimidine derivatives</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=toxic%20liver%20damage" title=" toxic liver damage"> toxic liver damage</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=xymedon" title=" xymedon"> xymedon</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/66545/hepatoprotective-assessment-of-l-ascorbate-1-2-hydroxyethyl-46-dimethyl-1-2-dihydropyrimidine-2-on-exposure-to-carbon-tetrachloride" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/66545.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">424</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">107</span> Nanoprecipitation with Ultrasonication for Enhancement of Oral Bioavailability of Fursemide: Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics Study in Rat Model</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Malay%20K.%20Das">Malay K. Das</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Bhanu%20P.%20Sahu"> Bhanu P. Sahu</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Furosemide is a weakly acidic diuretic indicated for treatment of edema and hypertension. It has very poor solubility but high permeability through stomach and upper gastrointestinal tract (GIT). Due to its limited solubility it has poor and variable oral bioavailability of 10-90%. The aim of this study was to enhance the oral bioavailability of furosemide by preparation of nanosuspensions. The nanosuspensions were prepared by nanoprecipitation with sonication using DMSO (dimethyl sulfoxide) as a solvent and water as an antisolvent (NA). The prepared nanosuspensions were sterically stabilized with polyvinyl acetate (PVA).These were characterized for particle size, ζ potential, polydispersity index, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), X-ray diffraction (XRD) pattern and release behavior. The effect of nanoprecipitation on oral bioavailability of furosemide nanosuspension was studied by in vitro dissolution and in vivo absorption study in rats and compared to pure drug. The stable nanosuspension was obtained with average size range of the precipitated nanoparticles between 150-300 nm and was found to be homogenous showing a narrow polydispersity index of 0.3±0.1. DSC and XRD studies indicated that the crystalline furosemide drug was converted to amorphous form upon precipitation into nanoparticles. The release profiles of nanosuspension formulation showed up to 81.2% release in 4 h. The in vivo studies on rats revealed a significant increase in the oral absorption of furosemide in the nanosuspension compared to pure drug. The AUC0→24 and Cmax values of nanosuspension were approximately 1.38 and 1.68-fold greater than that of pure drug, respectively. Furosemide nanosuspension showed 20.06±0.02 % decrease in systolic blood pressure compared to 13.37±0.02 % in plain furosemide suspension, respectively. The improved oral bioavailability and pharmacodynamics effect of furosemide may be due to the improved dissolution of furosemide in simulated gastric fluid which results in enhanced oral systemic absorption of furosemide from stomach region where it has better permeability. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=furosemide" title="furosemide">furosemide</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=nanosuspension" title=" nanosuspension"> nanosuspension</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=bioavailability%20enhancement" title=" bioavailability enhancement"> bioavailability enhancement</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=nanoprecipitation" title=" nanoprecipitation"> nanoprecipitation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=oral%20drug%20delivery" title=" oral drug delivery "> oral drug delivery </a> </p> <a 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