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data-attr-layout_facebook="inactive" data-attr-layout_twitter="inactive" data-attr-layout_linkedin="inactive" data-attr-layout_copylink="active" data-attr-layout_all_sections="top" data-attr-layout_photo_caption="bottom" data-attr-layout_photo_credit="bottom" data-attr-layout_time_to_read="top" data-attr-layout_all_headline_tag="h1" data-attr-layout_all_subheadline_tag="h2" data-attr-layout_snark_line="top" data-attr-filters="section,post_body_pager" data-attr-section_url="" data-attr-source="" data-attr-format="posts-custom" data-attr-is_current_post="true"><div class="posts-wrapper clearfix"><div class="widget post-partial tag-analog-ai tag-generative-ai tag-nvidia tag-llama tag-artificial-intelligence post-section--topic/semiconductors" data-category="Semiconductors"><article elid="2669898661" data-frozen-sections="[]" class="clearfix image-article sm-mb-1 quality-HD post-2669898661" data-category="Semiconductors"><div class="row px10"><div class="rm-col-center col sm-mb-1" style="width:100.0%;"><div class="widget__body clearfix sm-mt-1"><div class="all-related-sections"><a href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/topic/semiconductors/">Semiconductors</a><a href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/topic/artificial-intelligence/">AI</a><a href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/type/news/">News</a></div><h1 class="widget__headline h1"><span class="widget__headline-text custom-post-headline" data-type="text"> Analog AI Startup Aims to Lower Gen AI's Power Needs </span></h1><div class="widget__subheadline"><h2 class="widget__subheadline-text h2" data-type="text"><p>Sagence emerges from stealth promising Llama 2 at 10 percent power</p></h2></div><div class="social-author clearfix"><div class="social-author__avatar image"><div class="cover-all image" style="background-image: url("https://spectrum.ieee.org/media-library/eyJhbGciOiJIUzI1NiIsInR5cCI6IkpXVCJ9.eyJpbWFnZSI6Imh0dHBzOi8vYXNzZXRzLnJibC5tcy8yNzMxMjYxNi9vcmlnaW4ucG5nIiwiZXhwaXJlc19hdCI6MTc1NTQwNTgwNX0.yatZN96AZvBT2mrwe30xAdHNBEgEQUx-MrcY7PEC-e0/image.png?width=210")"></div></div><a class="social-author__name" href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/u/samuel-k-moore" data-type="text">Samuel K. Moore</a></div><div class="social-date"><span class="social-date__text">19 Nov 2024</span></div><div class="time-to-read">4 min read</div><div class="like-button" data-post-likes="1"></div><div class="snark-line"><div class="minibios-group"><p>Samuel K. Moore is IEEE Spectrum’s semiconductor editor.</p></div></div></div><div class="widget__head"><picture><source srcset="https://spectrum.ieee.org/media-library/colorized-close-up-of-a-circuit-board-with-two-shadowed-fingers-reaching-towards-the-computer-chip.jpg?id=54645316&width=3600&height=2700 3x, https://spectrum.ieee.org/media-library/colorized-close-up-of-a-circuit-board-with-two-shadowed-fingers-reaching-towards-the-computer-chip.jpg?id=54645316&width=2400&height=1800 2x, https://spectrum.ieee.org/media-library/colorized-close-up-of-a-circuit-board-with-two-shadowed-fingers-reaching-towards-the-computer-chip.jpg?id=54645316&width=1200&height=900 1x"/><img fetchpriority="high" role="img" alt="Colorized close-up of a circuit board with two shadowed fingers reaching towards the computer chip." aria-label="Colorized close-up of a circuit board with two shadowed fingers reaching towards the computer chip." src="https://spectrum.ieee.org/media-library/colorized-close-up-of-a-circuit-board-with-two-shadowed-fingers-reaching-towards-the-computer-chip.jpg?id=54645316&width=1200&height=900" style="object-fit: cover;" class="rm-lazyloadable-image rm-hero-media" width="3644" height="2733"/></picture></div><div class="widget__body clearfix sm-mt-1"><div class="photo-credit"> Peter Blottman Photography </div></div></div></div><script type="application/json" id="post-context-2669898661" class="post-context post-context-2669898661"> {"customDimensions": {"5":"Samuel K. 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data-attr-show_full_post_body="true" data-attr-layout_tags="bottom" data-attr-show_around_the_web="true" data-attr-layout_custom_field_lightbox_img_shortcode_ids="bottom" data-attr-source="" data-attr-filters="section,post_body_pager" data-attr-section_url="" data-attr-format="posts-custom" data-attr-is_current_post="true"><div class="posts-wrapper clearfix"><div class="widget post-partial tag-analog-ai tag-generative-ai tag-nvidia tag-llama tag-artificial-intelligence post-section--topic/semiconductors" data-category="Semiconductors"><article elid="2669898661" data-frozen-sections="[]" class="clearfix image-article sm-mb-1 quality-HD post-2669898661" data-category="Semiconductors"><div class="row px10"><div class="rm-col-center col sm-mb-1" style="width:100.0%;"><div class="widget__body clearfix sm-mt-1"><span class="js-scroll-trigger" data-target="body" data-triggers="render-rebelbar" data-toggle-class="with-floating-shares"></span><div id="utm_campaign"></div><div class="body js-expandable clearfix js-listicle-body css-listicle-body-2669898661" data-headline="Analog AI Startup Aims to Lower Gen AI's Power Needs"><div class="body-description"><p><a href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/tag/machine-learning">Machine learning</a> chips that use <a href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/analog-ai" target="_blank">analog circuits</a> instead of digital ones have long promised huge energy savings. But in practice they’ve mostly delivered modest savings, and only for modest-sized <a href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/tag/neural-networks">neural networks</a>. Silicon Valley startup Sageance says it has the technology to bring the promised power savings to tasks suited for massive <a href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/tag/generative-ai" target="_blank">generative AI</a> models<strong>.</strong> The startup claims that its systems will be able to run the large language model <a href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/llama-2-llm" target="_blank">Llama 2-70B</a> at one-tenth the power of an <a data-linked-post="2669810566" href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/ai-training-2669810566" target="_blank">Nvidia H100</a> GPU-based system, at one-twentieth the cost and in one-twentieth the space.</p><p>“My vision was to create a technology that was very differentiated from what was being done for AI,” says Sageance CEO and founder <a href="https://www.analog-inference.com/management-team" target="_blank">Vishal Sarin</a>. Even back when the company was founded in 2018, he “realized power consumption would be a key impediment to the mass adoption of AI…. The problem has become many, many orders of magnitude worse as <a href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/tag/generative-ai">generative AI</a> has caused the models to balloon in size.”</p><p>The core power-savings prowess for <a href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/tag/analog-ai" target="_blank">analog AI</a> comes from two fundamental advantages: It doesn’t have to move data around and it uses some basic physics to do machine learning’s most important math. </p><p>That math problem is multiplying vectors and then adding up the result, called <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiply%E2%80%93accumulate_operation" target="_blank">multiply and accumulate</a>.<strong></strong>Early on, engineers realized that two foundational rules of electrical engineers did the same thing, more or less instantly. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohm%27s_law" target="_blank">Ohm’s Law</a>—voltage multiplied by conductance equals current—does the multiplication if you use the neural network’s “weight” parameters as the conductances. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirchhoff%27s_circuit_laws#Kirchhoff's_current_law" target="_blank">Kirchoff’s Current Law</a>—the sum of the currents entering and exiting a point is zero—means you can easily add up all those multiplications just by connecting them to the same wire. And finally, in analog AI, the neural network parameters don’t need to be moved from memory to the computing circuits—usually a bigger energy cost than computing itself—because they are already embedded within the computing circuits.</p><p><div class="rblad-ieee_in_content"></div></p><p>Sageance uses flash memory cells as the conductance values. The kind of flash cell typically used in data storage is a single <a href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/tag/transistor">transistor</a> that can hold <a href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/flash-memory" target="_blank">3 or 4 bits</a>, but Sageance has developed algorithms that let cells embedded in their chips hold 8 bits, which is the key level of precision for LLMs and other so-called <a data-linked-post="2667013016" href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/what-is-generative-ai" target="_blank">transformer models</a>. Storing an 8-bit number in a single transistor instead of the 48 transistors it would take in a typical digital memory cell is an important cost, area, and energy savings, says Sarin, who has been working on storing multiple bits in flash for 30 years. </p><p class="shortcode-media shortcode-media-rebelmouse-image rm-resized-container rm-resized-container-25 rm-float-left" data-rm-resized-container="25%" style="float: left;"><img alt="An array of blue circles with transistor symbols connected by lines to triangles" class="rm-shortcode rm-lazyloadable-image rm-resized-image" data-rm-shortcode-id="389f647bf2f8d9fe6318b96783097b6d" data-rm-shortcode-name="rebelmouse-image" data-runner-src="https://spectrum.ieee.org/media-library/an-array-of-blue-circles-with-transistor-symbols-connected-by-lines-to-triangles.jpg?id=54646159&width=980" height="900" id="af754" lazy-loadable="true" src="data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%20viewBox='0%200%201200%20900'%3E%3C/svg%3E" style="max-width: 100%" width="1200"/><small class="image-media media-caption" placeholder="Add Photo Caption..." style="max-width: 100%;">Digital data is converted to analog voltages [left]. These are effectively multiplied by flash memory cells [blue], summed, and converted back to digital data [bottom].</small><small class="image-media media-photo-credit" placeholder="Add Photo Credit..." style="max-width: 100%;">Analog Inference</small></p><p>Adding to the power savings is that the flash cells are operated in a state called “deep subthreshold.” That is, they are working in a state where they are barely on at all, producing very little current. That wouldn’t do in a digital circuit, because it would slow computation to a crawl. But because the analog computation is done all at once, it doesn’t hinder the speed.</p><h2>Analog AI Issues</h2><p>If all this sounds vaguely familiar, it should. Back in 2018 a trio of <a href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/two-startups-use-processing-in-flash-memory-for-ai-at-the-edge" target="_self"><u>startups</u></a> went after a version of flash-based analog AI. <a href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/search/?q=syntiant" target="_blank">Syntiant</a> eventually abandoned the analog approach for a digital scheme that’s put six chips in mass production so far. <a href="https://techcrunch.com/2023/03/09/ai-chip-startup-mythic-rises-from-the-ashes-with-13m-new-ceo/" target="_blank">Mythic struggled</a> but stuck with it, as has <a href="https://www.anaflash.com/" target="_blank">Anaflash</a>. Others, particularly <a href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/analog-ai-ibm" target="_blank">IBM Research</a>, have developed chips that rely on nonvolatile memories other than flash, such as phase-change memory or resistive RAM.</p><p>Generally, analog AI has struggled to meet its potential, particularly when scaled up to a size that might be useful in datacenters. Among its main difficulties are the natural variation in the conductance cells; that might mean the same number stored in two different cells will result in two different conductances. Worse still, these conductances can drift over time and shift with temperature. This noise drowns out the signal representing the result, and the noise can be compounded stage after stage through the many layers of a deep neural network.</p><p>Sageance’s solution, Sarin explains, is a set of reference cells on the chip and a proprietary algorithm that uses them to calibrate the other cells and track temperature-related changes.</p><p><div class="rblad-ieee_in_content"></div></p><p>Another source of frustration for those developing analog AI has been the need to digitize the result of the multiply and accumulate process in order to deliver it to the next layer of the neural network where it must then be turned back into an analog voltage signal. Each of those steps requires analog-to-digital and digital-to-analog converters, which take up area on the chip and soak up power.</p><p>According to Sarin, Sageance has developed low-power versions of both circuits. The power demands of the digital-to-analog converter are helped by the fact that the circuit needs to deliver a very narrow range of voltages in order to operate the flash memory in deep subthreshold mode. </p><h2> Systems and What’s Next</h2><p>Sageance’s first product, to launch in 2025, will be geared toward vision systems, which are a considerably lighter lift than server-based LLMs. “That is a leapfrog product for us, to be followed very quickly [by] generative AI,” says Sarin.</p><p class="shortcode-media shortcode-media-rebelmouse-image"><img alt="Rectangles of various size and texture arranged atop a long narrow rectangle." class="rm-shortcode rm-lazyloadable-image" data-rm-shortcode-id="efcd7221500e4f50c80d8a84ce284b19" data-rm-shortcode-name="rebelmouse-image" data-runner-src="https://spectrum.ieee.org/media-library/rectangles-of-various-size-and-texture-arranged-atop-a-long-narrow-rectangle.jpg?id=54646152&width=980" height="842" id="c37ff" lazy-loadable="true" src="data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%20viewBox='0%200%201347%20842'%3E%3C/svg%3E" width="1347"/><small class="image-media media-caption" placeholder="Add Photo Caption...">Future systems from Sageance will be made up of 3D-stacked analog chips linked to a processor and memory through an interposer that follows the universal chiplet interconnect (UCIe) standard.</small><small class="image-media media-photo-credit" placeholder="Add Photo Credit...">Analog Inference</small></p><p>The generative AI product would be scaled up from the vision chip mainly by vertically stacking analog AI <a href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/tag/chiplets">chiplets</a> atop a communications die. These stacks would be linked to a CPU die and to high-bandwidth memory DRAM in a single package called Delphi.</p><p>In simulations, a system made up of Delphis would run Llama2-70B at 666,000 tokens per second consuming 59 kilowatts, versus a 624 kW for an <a href="https://www.nvidia.com/en-us/data-center/h100/" target="_blank">Nvidia H100</a>-based system, Sageance claims.</p><div class="around-the-web"><div class="from-your-site__headline">From Your Site Articles</div><ul class="around-the-web__list"><li class="from-your-site__item"><a href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/analog-ai-ibm" class="from-your-site__link" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">IBM’S AI Chip May Find Use in Generative AI ›</a></li><li class="from-your-site__item"><a href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/analog-ai" class="from-your-site__link" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">The Femtojoule Promise of Analog AI ›</a></li></ul><div class="around-the-web__headline">Related Articles Around the Web</div><ul class="around-the-web__list"><li class="around-the-web__item"><a href="https://mythic.ai/" class="around-the-web__link" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Power-efficient analog compute for edge AI - Mythic ›</a></li><li class="around-the-web__item"><a href="https://research.ibm.com/projects/analog-ai" class="around-the-web__link" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Analog AI - IBM Research ›</a></li></ul></div></div></div><span class="" data-elid="2669898661" data-post-url="https://spectrum.ieee.org/analog-ai-2669898661" data-authors="Samuel K. Moore" data-headline="Analog AI Startup Aims to Lower Gen AI's Power Needs" data-page-title="Analog AI Startup Aims to Lower the Power of Gen AI - IEEE Spectrum"></span></div><div class="widget__head"></div><div class="widget__body clearfix sm-mt-1"><div class="tags"><a class="tags__item" href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/tag/analog-ai">analog ai</a><a class="tags__item" href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/tag/generative-ai">generative ai</a><a class="tags__item" href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/tag/nvidia">nvidia</a><a class="tags__item" href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/tag/llama">llama</a><a class="tags__item" href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/tag/artificial-intelligence">artificial intelligence</a></div><div class="custom-field-lightbox-img-shortcode-ids">{"imageShortcodeIds":[]}</div></div></div></div><script type="application/json" id="post-context-2669898661" class="post-context post-context-2669898661"> {"customDimensions": {"5":"Samuel K. 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Moore</a><div class="social-author__bio"><p><a href="https://twitter.com/SamuelKMoore">Samuel K. Moore</a> is the senior editor at <em>IEEE Spectrum</em> in charge of semiconductors coverage. An IEEE member, he has a bachelor's degree in biomedical engineering from Brown University and a master's degree in journalism from New York University.</p></div></div></div><div class="widget__head"></div></div></div><script type="application/json" id="post-context-2669898661" class="post-context post-context-2669898661"> {"customDimensions": {"5":"Samuel K. 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} addMenuClickListener(); }); window.REBELMOUSE_LOWEST_TASKS_QUEUE.push(function(){ function createIdleScrollListener(callback) { let ticking = false; return function onScrollIdle() { if (ticking) { return; } ticking = true; requestAnimationFrame(function A() { callback(); ticking = false; }); }; } var stickyEl = document.querySelector('.topbar-sticky'); var startPosition = stickyEl.offsetTop; var darkTopbarHeight = document.querySelector('.topbar .dark_top_bar').offsetHeight; var currentPosition; stickyEl.style.height = stickyEl.offsetHeight + 'px'; document.addEventListener("scroll", createIdleScrollListener(function B() { currentPosition = stickyEl.getBoundingClientRect().top + darkTopbarHeight; if( currentPosition < startPosition ) { if( !stickyEl.classList.contains('active') ) { stickyEl.classList.add('active'); } } else { if( stickyEl.classList.contains('active') ) { stickyEl.classList.remove('active'); } } })); }); window.REBELMOUSE_LOWEST_TASKS_QUEUE.push(function(){ const lightboxesArray = Array.from(document.querySelectorAll('.lightbox_icon')) const fullWidth = function(){ const lightbox = this const windowWidth = window.innerWidth let imageSource = lightbox.querySelector('img').src const initialWidth = imageSource.match(/width=([^&]+)/)[1]; const result = imageSource.replace(initialWidth, windowWidth); return lightbox.querySelector('img').setAttribute('src', `${result}`) } lightboxesArray.map(lightbox => { lightbox.addEventListener('click', fullWidth) }) }); window.REBELMOUSE_LOWEST_TASKS_QUEUE.push(function(){ let scnt=1; let options = { // threshhold for intersection observer, so it triggers before or after element in viewport dependinng upon value rootMargin: '0px 0px 400px 0px' } function handleIntersection(entries) { entries.map((entry) => { if (entry.isIntersecting) { if(!entry.target.classList.contains('sidebar_sticky_parent')){ processAd(entry.target) //your call back here with the element that is intersected or in viewport } else { sidebar_ad_repeat(entry.target) } observer.unobserve(entry.target); // if you want to run it only once unobserve it } }); } window.IcreateElementChangeListener=function(selector, callback) { // look for elements that are injected later in the page. const initializedNodes = new Set([]); document.querySelectorAll(selector).forEach((node) => { callback(node); initializedNodes.add(node); }); const mutationObserver = new MutationObserver(() => { const nodes = document.querySelectorAll(selector); nodes.forEach((node) => { if (!initializedNodes.has(node)) { callback(node); initializedNodes.add(node); } }); }); mutationObserver.observe(document.body, { childList: true, subtree: true, }); } const observer = new IntersectionObserver(handleIntersection,options); IcreateElementChangeListener(".sidebar_sticky_parent",function(item){ //looks for item in the dom even if they are lazy laoded observer.observe(item); // observe item }) function sidebar_ad_repeat(sidebar_div){ let ad_id="ieee_sidebar_"+scnt; rblbid.cmd.push(function() { sidebar_div.querySelector(".sidebar_repeat_ad").id=ad_id; sidebar_div.style.height="1800px"; scnt++; sidebar_div.insertAdjacentHTML('afterend','<div class="sidebar_sticky_parent"><div class="stick_in_parent"><div class="sidebar_repeat_ad rblad-ieee_sidebar"></div></div></div>') }); } });</script></body></html>