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id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Charles F. Brush</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 18 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-18" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">18 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%84%D8%B2_%D8%A5%D9%81._%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B4" title="تشارلز إف. براش – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تشارلز إف. براش" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%84%D8%B2_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B4" title="چارلز براش – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="چارلز براش" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Brush" title="Charles Brush – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Charles Brush" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Francis_Brush" title="Charles Francis Brush – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Charles Francis Brush" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Francis_Brush" title="Charles Francis Brush – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Charles Francis Brush" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Francis_Brush" title="Charles Francis Brush – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Charles Francis Brush" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%84%D8%B2_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B4" title="چارلز براش – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="چارلز براش" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Francis_Brush" title="Charles Francis Brush – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Charles Francis Brush" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_F._Brush" title="Charles F. Brush – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Charles F. Brush" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Francis_Brush" title="Charles Francis Brush – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Charles Francis Brush" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%84%D8%B2_%D8%A7%D9%81._%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B4" title="تشارلز اف. براش – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="تشارلز اف. براش" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_F._Brush" title="Charles F. Brush – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Charles F. Brush" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%81%E3%83%A3%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AB%E3%82%BA%E3%83%BBF%E3%83%BB%E3%83%96%E3%83%A9%E3%83%83%E3%82%B7%E3%83%A5" title="チャールズ・F・ブラッシュ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="チャールズ・F・ブラッシュ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Francis_Brush" title="Charles Francis Brush – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Charles Francis Brush" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Francis_Brush" title="Charles Francis Brush – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Charles Francis Brush" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_F._Brush" title="Charles F. Brush – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Charles F. Brush" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Francis_Brush" title="Charles Francis Brush – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Charles Francis Brush" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B7_%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%96%D1%81_%D0%91%D1%80%D1%96%D1%88" title="Чарльз Френсіс Бріш – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Чарльз Френсіс Бріш" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit 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<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">American businessman (1849-1929)</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Charles F. Brush</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Charles_F._Brush_ca1920.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Charles_F._Brush_ca1920.jpg/220px-Charles_F._Brush_ca1920.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="284" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Charles_F._Brush_ca1920.jpg/330px-Charles_F._Brush_ca1920.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Charles_F._Brush_ca1920.jpg/440px-Charles_F._Brush_ca1920.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="774" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Charles Francis Brush</div><br /><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1849 -03-17</span>)</span>March 17, 1849<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Euclid,_Ohio" title="Euclid, Ohio">Euclid, Ohio</a>, U.S.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">June 15, 1929<span style="display:none">(1929-06-15)</span> (aged 80)<br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/Cleveland,_Ohio" class="mw-redirect" title="Cleveland, Ohio">Cleveland, Ohio</a>, U.S.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Resting place</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/wiki/Lake_View_Cemetery" title="Lake View Cemetery">Lake View Cemetery</a>, Cleveland, Ohio<br /><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Charles_F._Brush&params=41.510306_N_81.589194_W_"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">41°30′37″N</span> <span class="longitude">81°35′21″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">41.510306°N 81.589194°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">41.510306; -81.589194</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Alma mater</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Michigan" title="University of Michigan">University of Michigan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Case_Western_Reserve_University" title="Case Western Reserve University">Case Western Reserve University</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Known for</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Arc_lamp" title="Arc lamp">Arc lamp</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Awards</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_Edison_Medal" title="IEEE Edison Medal">Edison Medal</a> (1913)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Rumford_Prize" title="Rumford Prize">Rumford Prize</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9gion_d%27honneur" class="mw-redirect" title="Légion d'honneur">French Legion of Honor</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_Medal" title="Franklin Medal">Franklin Medal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Signature</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="infobox-signature skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Charles_F_Brush_signature.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Charles_F_Brush_signature.jpg/150px-Charles_F_Brush_signature.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Charles_F_Brush_signature.jpg/225px-Charles_F_Brush_signature.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Charles_F_Brush_signature.jpg/300px-Charles_F_Brush_signature.jpg 2x" data-file-width="625" data-file-height="116" /></a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Charles Francis Brush</b> (March 17, 1849 – June 15, 1929) was an American <a href="/wiki/Engineer" title="Engineer">engineer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Inventor" class="mw-redirect" title="Inventor">inventor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Entrepreneur" class="mw-redirect" title="Entrepreneur">entrepreneur</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Philanthropist" class="mw-redirect" title="Philanthropist">philanthropist</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-obit_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-obit-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biography">Biography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_F._Brush&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Biography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Brush was born in <a href="/wiki/Euclid_Township,_Cuyahoga_County,_Ohio" class="mw-redirect" title="Euclid Township, Cuyahoga County, Ohio">Euclid Township, Ohio</a> to Isaac Elbert Brush and Delia Williams Phillips. Isaac Brush was a distant cousin of Delia on the Phillips side. Through Delia he was a descendant of the <a href="/wiki/George_Phillips_(Watertown)" title="George Phillips (Watertown)">Rev. George Phillips</a>, who settled <a href="/wiki/Watertown,_Massachusetts" title="Watertown, Massachusetts">Watertown, Massachusetts</a> in 1630.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Delia was also a descendant of <a href="/wiki/Henry_Wisner" title="Henry Wisner">Henry Wisner</a>, member of the First and Second <a href="/wiki/Continental_Congress" title="Continental Congress">Continental Congresses</a> during the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolution" title="American Revolution">American Revolution</a>, as well as <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Cornell_(settler)" title="Thomas Cornell (settler)">Thomas Cornell (settler)</a> and the Winthrop family.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Brush was raised on a farm about 10 miles from downtown <a href="/wiki/Cleveland,_Ohio" class="mw-redirect" title="Cleveland, Ohio">Cleveland</a>. He had a great interest in science, particularly with <a href="/wiki/Humphry_Davy" title="Humphry Davy">Humphry Davy</a>'s experiments with the <a href="/wiki/Arc_lamp" title="Arc lamp">arc light</a>; he tinkered with and built simple electrical devices such as a static electricity machine at age 12, experimenting in a workshop on his parents' farm. Brush attended Central High School in Cleveland where he built his first arc light, and graduated there with honors in 1867.<sup id="cite_ref-lafavre_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lafavre-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His high school commencement oration was on the "Conservation of Force".<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He received his college undergraduate education from the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Michigan" title="University of Michigan">University of Michigan</a>, where he studied mining engineering, graduating in 1869 (there were no majors—as there are today—in electrical engineering). At Michigan, Brush was a member of <a href="/wiki/Delta_Kappa_Epsilon" title="Delta Kappa Epsilon">Delta Kappa Epsilon</a> fraternity (Omicron chapter). Brush earned his <a href="/wiki/PhD" class="mw-redirect" title="PhD">PhD</a> at <a href="/wiki/Western_Reserve_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Reserve University">Western Reserve</a> (now <a href="/wiki/Case_Western_Reserve_University" title="Case Western Reserve University">Case Western Reserve University</a>), graduating in 1880.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="New_dynamo_design">New dynamo design</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_F._Brush&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: New dynamo design"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1876 he secured the backing of the Wetting Supply Company in Cleveland to design his "dynamo" (an <a href="/wiki/Electrical_generator" class="mw-redirect" title="Electrical generator">electrical generator</a>) for powering <a href="/wiki/Arc_lamp" title="Arc lamp">arc lights</a>. Brush began with the dynamo design of <a href="/wiki/Z%C3%A9nobe_Gramme" title="Zénobe Gramme">Zénobe Gramme</a> but his final design was a marked divergence, retaining the ring armature idea that originated with <a href="/wiki/Antonio_Pacinotti" title="Antonio Pacinotti">Antonio Pacinotti</a>. Brush remarked on his motivation for improving the generator in his <span><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://patents.google.com/patent/US189997">U.S. patent 189,997</a></span>: "The best forms of magneto-electric apparatus at present before the public are unnecessarily bulky, heavy, and expensive, and are more or less wasteful of mechanical power." After comparing it to the <a href="/wiki/Gramme_machine" title="Gramme machine">Gramme dynamo</a> and other European entrants, the <a href="/wiki/Franklin_Institute" title="Franklin Institute">Franklin Institute</a> of <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a> judged Brush's dynamo superior due to its simpler design and maintainability after completing tests in 1878.<sup id="cite_ref-huji_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-huji-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Brush produced additional patents refining the design of his arc lights in the coming years and sold systems to several cities for public lighting, and even equipped Philadelphia's <a href="/wiki/Wanamaker%27s" title="Wanamaker's">Wanamaker's</a> Grand Depot with a system.<sup id="cite_ref-calhoun_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-calhoun-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His lights were easier to maintain, had automatic functions and burned twice as long as <a href="/wiki/Yablochkov_candle" title="Yablochkov candle">Yablochkov candles</a>. His generators were reliable and automatically increased voltage with greater load while keeping current constant.<sup id="cite_ref-kirby_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kirby-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 1881, New York, Boston, Philadelphia, Baltimore, Montreal, Buffalo, San Francisco, Cleveland, and other cities had Brush arc light systems, producing public light well into the 20th century.<sup id="cite_ref-huji_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-huji-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Arc_Lamp_Examples.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/90/Arc_Lamp_Examples.jpg/220px-Arc_Lamp_Examples.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/90/Arc_Lamp_Examples.jpg/330px-Arc_Lamp_Examples.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/90/Arc_Lamp_Examples.jpg/440px-Arc_Lamp_Examples.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="729" /></a><figcaption>Arc lamp examples</figcaption></figure> <table border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" style="margin:auto; width:500px;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="text-align:center;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Brush_central_power_station_dynamos_New_York_1881.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/90/Brush_central_power_station_dynamos_New_York_1881.jpg" decoding="async" width="540" height="194" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="540" data-file-height="194" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>New York central power plant dynamos powered arc lamps for public lighting. Beginning operation in December 1880 at 133 West Twenty-Fifth Street, it powered a two-mile long circuit.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The San Francisco system was the first case of a <a href="/wiki/Electric_utility" title="Electric utility">utility</a> selling electricity from a central plant to multiple customers via <a href="/wiki/Electric_power_distribution" title="Electric power distribution">distribution</a> lines.<sup id="cite_ref-kirby_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kirby-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Gas_and_Electric_Company" title="Pacific Gas and Electric Company">California Electric Light Company</a> (now PG&E)<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> purchased two generators from Charles Brush's company in 1879 and soon opened a second plant with four additional generators. Service charges for light from sundown to midnight was US$10 per lamp per six day week.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Brush's system was lighting Broadway two years before <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Edison" title="Thomas Edison">Edison</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Pearl_Street_Station" title="Pearl Street Station">Pearl Street Station</a> began lighting New York.<sup id="cite_ref-huji_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-huji-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 1893 there were 1500 arc lights illuminating New York streets.<sup id="cite_ref-dennis_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dennis-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1879, the <a href="/wiki/Brush_Electrical_Machines" title="Brush Electrical Machines">Anglo-American Brush Electric Light Corporation</a>, using Brush's inventions, was formed in Lambeth, London, England. This company eventually moved to Loughborough England and became Brush Electrical Engineering Company Limited. </p><p>In 1880, Brush established the Brush Electric Company in the United States and, though successful, faced stiff competition from the <a href="/wiki/Thomson-Houston_Electric_Company" title="Thomson-Houston Electric Company">Thomson-Houston Electric Company</a>, whose arc lights could be independently turned off, and by Edison, whose incandescent lights had a softer warm glow, did not flicker, and were less costly to maintain than arc lights. In 1882, the Brush Electric Company supplied generating equipment for a <a href="/wiki/Hydroelectric" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydroelectric">hydroelectric</a> power plant at <a href="/wiki/St._Anthony_Falls" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Anthony Falls">St. Anthony Falls</a> in <a href="/wiki/Minneapolis" title="Minneapolis">Minneapolis</a>, among the first to generate electricity from water power in the United States. Thomson-Houston bought out Brush in 1889 and eventually merged to become part of <a href="/wiki/General_Electric" title="General Electric">General Electric</a> in 1891. After selling his interests in Brush Electric, Brush never returned to the electric industry. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wind_turbine_1888_Charles_Brush.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Wind_turbine_1888_Charles_Brush.jpg/220px-Wind_turbine_1888_Charles_Brush.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="228" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Wind_turbine_1888_Charles_Brush.jpg/330px-Wind_turbine_1888_Charles_Brush.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Wind_turbine_1888_Charles_Brush.jpg/440px-Wind_turbine_1888_Charles_Brush.jpg 2x" data-file-width="714" data-file-height="739" /></a><figcaption>The world's first automatically operated wind turbine was built in 1888 by Charles F. Brush. It had a 12 kW dynamo.<sup id="cite_ref-dane_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dane-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-righter_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-righter-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>In 1884, Brush built a mansion on <a href="/wiki/Euclid_Avenue_(Cleveland,_Ohio)" class="mw-redirect" title="Euclid Avenue (Cleveland, Ohio)">Euclid Avenue</a> in Cleveland that showcased many of his inventions. There he raised his family and lived the remainder of his life. The basement housed Brush's private laboratory.<sup id="cite_ref-lafavreb_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lafavreb-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1888, he powered the mansion with the world's first automatically operated <a href="/wiki/Wind_turbine" title="Wind turbine">wind turbine</a> generator which charged the home's 12 batteries. It was the first home in Cleveland to have electricity.<sup id="cite_ref-lafavreb_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lafavreb-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Over its 20-year life, the turbine never failed to keep the home continuously powered.<sup id="cite_ref-dane_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dane-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1926, Brush pioneered the first piezo-electric featherweight stylus.<sup id="cite_ref-sandiego_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sandiego-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1898, Brush claimed to have discovered a new gas, which he named "etherion". This gas had remarkable properties, being 10,000 times lighter than <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">hydrogen</a> and conducting heat 20 times faster than it.<sup id="cite_ref-Mariposa_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mariposa-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1900, <a href="/wiki/Marian_Smoluchowski" title="Marian Smoluchowski">Marian Smoluchowski</a> identified the gas as <a href="/wiki/Water_vapor" title="Water vapor">water vapor</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Fontani_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fontani-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Between 1910 and 1929 he wrote several papers on his version of a <a href="/wiki/Le_Sage%27s_theory_of_gravitation" title="Le Sage's theory of gravitation">kinetic theory of gravitation</a>, based on some sort of <a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_waves" class="mw-redirect" title="Electromagnetic waves">electromagnetic waves</a>. </p><p>He died on June 15, 1929, in <a href="/wiki/Cleveland,_Ohio" class="mw-redirect" title="Cleveland, Ohio">Cleveland, Ohio</a><sup id="cite_ref-obit_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-obit-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and was interred at <a href="/wiki/Lake_View_Cemetery" title="Lake View Cemetery">Lake View Cemetery</a> there.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_F._Brush&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Medallion_of_Charles_F._Brush_-_Cleveland_Arcade_-_Cleveland,_Ohio_-_DSC07971.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Medallion_of_Charles_F._Brush_-_Cleveland_Arcade_-_Cleveland%2C_Ohio_-_DSC07971.JPG/170px-Medallion_of_Charles_F._Brush_-_Cleveland_Arcade_-_Cleveland%2C_Ohio_-_DSC07971.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="238" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Medallion_of_Charles_F._Brush_-_Cleveland_Arcade_-_Cleveland%2C_Ohio_-_DSC07971.JPG/255px-Medallion_of_Charles_F._Brush_-_Cleveland_Arcade_-_Cleveland%2C_Ohio_-_DSC07971.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Medallion_of_Charles_F._Brush_-_Cleveland_Arcade_-_Cleveland%2C_Ohio_-_DSC07971.JPG/340px-Medallion_of_Charles_F._Brush_-_Cleveland_Arcade_-_Cleveland%2C_Ohio_-_DSC07971.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2860" data-file-height="4008" /></a><figcaption>Medallion of Charles F. Brush that hangs outside the <a href="/wiki/Cleveland_Arcade" title="Cleveland Arcade">Cleveland Arcade</a> on Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, Ohio</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_F._Brush_High_School" title="Charles F. Brush High School">Charles F. Brush High School</a> in <a href="/wiki/Lyndhurst,_Ohio" title="Lyndhurst, Ohio">Lyndhurst</a>, Ohio is named after Brush, whose sports teams and other groups are named the "Arcs", after Brush's lamp. They wear Brown and Gold.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_F._Brush_Preparatory_High_School&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Charles F. Brush Preparatory High School (page does not exist)">Charles F. Brush Preparatory High School</a> in <a href="/wiki/Dansha,_Ethiopia" class="mw-redirect" title="Dansha, Ethiopia">Dansha, Ethiopia</a> opened in 2018, constructed by Brush alumni and the Tigray Development Association.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metro_Parks,_Serving_Summit_County" class="mw-redirect" title="Metro Parks, Serving Summit County">Metro Parks, Serving Summit County</a>'s Furnace Run Metro Park in <a href="/wiki/Richfield,_Ohio" title="Richfield, Ohio">Richfield</a>, Ohio, received a donation of land from the Family of Charles F. Brush. The donated tract is known as Brushwood.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Brush_(DD-745)" class="mw-redirect" title="USS Brush (DD-745)">USS Brush (DD-745)</a> 1943-1969 (then Taiwan's <i>Hsiang Yang</i> until scrapped in 1993) was named after Brush, sponsored by his great-granddaughter.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Honors">Honors</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_F._Brush&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Honors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rumford_Prize" title="Rumford Prize">Rumford Prize</a> of the <a href="/wiki/American_Academy_of_Arts_and_Sciences" title="American Academy of Arts and Sciences">American Academy of Arts and Sciences</a> (1899)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9gion_d%27honneur" class="mw-redirect" title="Légion d'honneur">French Legion of Honor</a> (1881)</li> <li>Elected Member of the <a href="/wiki/American_Philosophical_Society" title="American Philosophical Society">American Philosophical Society</a> (1910)<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_Edison_Medal" title="IEEE Edison Medal">Edison Medal</a> (1913)</li> <li>Elected Member of the <a href="/wiki/American_Academy_of_Arts_and_Sciences" title="American Academy of Arts and Sciences">American Academy of Arts and Sciences</a> (1917)<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_Medal" title="Franklin Medal">Franklin Medal</a></li> <li>Fellow of the <a href="/wiki/North_British_Academy_of_Arts" title="North British Academy of Arts">North British Academy of Arts</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Patents">Patents</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_F._Brush&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Patents"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Generator (Magneto Electric Machine) 1877 <span><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://patents.google.com/patent/US189997">U.S. patent 189,997</a></span></li> <li>Arc light (automatic control of spark gap) 1878 <span><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://patents.google.com/patent/US203411">U.S. patent 203,411</a></span></li> <li>Arc light (double-carbon lamp regulation system) 1879 <span><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://patents.google.com/patent/US219208">U.S. patent 219,208</a></span></li> <li>Arc light (Automatic shut off for Electric Lights or Motors) 1880 <span><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://patents.google.com/patent/US234456">U.S. patent 234,456</a></span></li> <li>Arc light (improved regulator for the carbon arc) 1885 <span><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://patents.google.com/patent/US312184">U.S. patent 312,184</a></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/patentsgrantedc00unit">Patents granted to Charles F. Brush relating to electric machinery and apparatus, 1878-1894</a> available via <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_F._Brush&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-obit-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-obit_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-obit_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F1091FF73C55127A93C4A8178DD85F4D8285F9">"Charles F. Brush, Scientist, Dead. Inventor of Arc Light, 80 Years Old, Succumbs at Home in Cleveland. He Established Foundation for the Betterment of Man, Was Active in Philosophical Society"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. June 16, 1929<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 17,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Charles+F.+Brush%2C+Scientist%2C+Dead.+Inventor+of+Arc+Light%2C+80+Years+Old%2C+Succumbs+at+Home+in+Cleveland.+He+Established+Foundation+for+the+Betterment+of+Man%2C+Was+Active+in+Philosophical+Society&rft.date=1929-06-16&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fselect.nytimes.com%2Fgst%2Fabstract.html%3Fres%3DF1091FF73C55127A93C4A8178DD85F4D8285F9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+F.+Brush" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Who's Who in the Central States. Mayflower Publishing, 1929, page 135.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Successful American, Volume 3, Part 1 - Volume 4, Part 1, 1900, page 382, Press Biographical, 1900.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A Brief Genealogy of Isaac Elbert Brush and Delia Williams Phillips and Their Descendants. The Brush Family, 1925.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-lafavre-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-lafavre_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLa_Favre1998" class="citation web cs1">La Favre, Jeffrey (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lafavre.us/brush/brushbio.htm">"Charles Brush and the Arc Light"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 26,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Charles+Brush+and+the+Arc+Light&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=La+Favre&rft.aufirst=Jeffrey&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lafavre.us%2Fbrush%2Fbrushbio.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+F.+Brush" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFreeberg2013" class="citation book cs1">Freeberg, Ernest (2013). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ageofedison00erne"><i>The Age of Edision</i></a></span>. The Penguin Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59420-426-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59420-426-5"><bdi>978-1-59420-426-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Age+of+Edision&rft.pub=The+Penguin+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-59420-426-5&rft.aulast=Freeberg&rft.aufirst=Ernest&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fageofedison00erne&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+F.+Brush" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ethw.org/Charles_F._Brush">"Charles F. Brush"</a>. <i>Engineering and Technology History Wiki</i>. March 5, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 17,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Engineering+and+Technology+History+Wiki&rft.atitle=Charles+F.+Brush&rft.date=2018-03-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fethw.org%2FCharles_F._Brush&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+F.+Brush" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bookclevelander00compgoog"><i>The Book of Clevelanders: A Biographical Dictionary of Living Men of the City of Cleveland</i></a>. Burrows Bros. 1914. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bookclevelander00compgoog/page/n46">42</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 17,</span> 2018</span>. <q>case school applied science baseball.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Book+of+Clevelanders%3A+A+Biographical+Dictionary+of+Living+Men+of+the+City+of+Cleveland&rft.pages=42&rft.pub=Burrows+Bros.&rft.date=1914&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbookclevelander00compgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+F.+Brush" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-huji-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-huji_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-huji_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-huji_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090224192642/http://chem.ch.huji.ac.il/history/brush.html">"Charles Francis Brush"</a>. Hebrew University of Jerusalem. April 11, 2003. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://chem.ch.huji.ac.il/history/brush.html">the original</a> on February 24, 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 18,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Charles+Francis+Brush&rft.pub=Hebrew+University+of+Jerusalem&rft.date=2003-04-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fchem.ch.huji.ac.il%2Fhistory%2Fbrush.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+F.+Brush" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-calhoun-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-calhoun_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCalhoun2006" class="citation book cs1">Calhoun, Charles William (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XrZTTCaCRAUC&pg=PA40"><i>The Gilded Age</i></a>. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 40. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780742550384" title="Special:BookSources/9780742550384"><bdi>9780742550384</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 17,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Gilded+Age&rft.pages=40&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9780742550384&rft.aulast=Calhoun&rft.aufirst=Charles+William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXrZTTCaCRAUC%26pg%3DPA40&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+F.+Brush" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-kirby-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-kirby_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-kirby_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKirbyDavis1990" class="citation book cs1">Kirby, Richard Shelton; Davis, Frances A. (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AVn_Sm56OCoC&pg=RA1-PA357"><i>Engineering in History</i></a>. Courier Dover Publications. p. 358. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-486-26412-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-486-26412-2"><bdi>0-486-26412-2</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 17,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Engineering+in+History&rft.pages=358&rft.pub=Courier+Dover+Publications&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=0-486-26412-2&rft.aulast=Kirby&rft.aufirst=Richard+Shelton&rft.au=Davis%2C+Frances+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAVn_Sm56OCoC%26pg%3DRA1-PA357&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+F.+Brush" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGorman" class="citation journal cs1">Gorman, Mel. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://publications.ohiohistory.org/ohstemplate.cfm?action=detail&Page=0070142.html&StartPage=128&EndPage=144&volume=70&newtitle=Volume%2070%20Page%20128">"Charles F. Brush and the First Public Electric Street Lighting System in America"</a>. <i>Ohio History</i>. <b>70</b>: 142<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 10,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ohio+History&rft.atitle=Charles+F.+Brush+and+the+First+Public+Electric+Street+Lighting+System+in+America&rft.volume=70&rft.pages=142&rft.aulast=Gorman&rft.aufirst=Mel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpublications.ohiohistory.org%2Fohstemplate.cfm%3Faction%3Ddetail%26Page%3D0070142.html%26StartPage%3D128%26EndPage%3D144%26volume%3D70%26newtitle%3DVolume%252070%2520Page%2520128&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+F.+Brush" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged October 2015">dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSupreme_Court_of_California1905" class="citation cs2">Supreme Court of California (1905), "California Electric Light Company v. California Safe Deposit & Trust Co. et al.", <i>The Pacific reporter</i>, vol. 78, West Publishing, pp. 372–376</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=California+Electric+Light+Company+v.+California+Safe+Deposit+%26+Trust+Co.+et+al.&rft.btitle=The+Pacific+reporter&rft.pages=372-376&rft.pub=West+Publishing&rft.date=1905&rft.au=Supreme+Court+of+California&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+F.+Brush" class="Z3988"></span><br />Note legal title. Roe, born circa 1852, died December 10, 1894.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoth2009" class="citation web cs1">Roth, Charles B. (December 19, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110723113228/http://www.electrifications.net/?q=node%2F23">"Extrait de "PG&E of California, The centenial [<i>sic</i>] story of pacific gas and electric company 1852-1952"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. electrifications.net. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.electrifications.net/?q=node/23">the original</a> on July 23, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 18,</span> 2018</span>. <q>In June 1879 [young Canadian broker] Roe [and other investors] incorporated the California Electric Light Co., he serving as secretary and manager. J. R. Hardenbergh was the first president.... In July 1880 Pierre B. Cornwall was elected vice president and treasurer. Next year he became president...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Extrait+de+%22PG%26E+of+California%2C+The+centenial%26%2332%3B%26%2391%3Bsic%26%2393%3B+story+of+pacific+gas+and+electric+company+1852-1952%22&rft.pub=electrifications.net&rft.date=2009-12-19&rft.aulast=Roth&rft.aufirst=Charles+B.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.electrifications.net%2F%3Fq%3Dnode%2F23&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+F.+Brush" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalker2007" class="citation web cs1">Walker, Dag W. (November 18, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nodhimmitude.blogspot.com/2007/11/povertarian-romance-fascisms-hatred-of.html">"Povertarian Romance Fascism's Hatred of Cleanliness and Plenty"</a>. <i>No Dhimmitude</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 18,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=No+Dhimmitude&rft.atitle=Povertarian+Romance+Fascism%27s+Hatred+of+Cleanliness+and+Plenty&rft.date=2007-11-18&rft.aulast=Walker&rft.aufirst=Dag+W.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnodhimmitude.blogspot.com%2F2007%2F11%2Fpovertarian-romance-fascisms-hatred-of.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+F.+Brush" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-dennis-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-dennis_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDennis2008" class="citation book cs1">Dennis, Richard (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Gq9_uNNkmKUC&pg=PA131"><i>Cities in Modernity: Representations and Productions of Metropolitan Space, 1840-1930</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 132. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521464703" title="Special:BookSources/9780521464703"><bdi>9780521464703</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 18,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cities+in+Modernity%3A+Representations+and+Productions+of+Metropolitan+Space%2C+1840-1930&rft.pages=132&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9780521464703&rft.aulast=Dennis&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGq9_uNNkmKUC%26pg%3DPA131&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+F.+Brush" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-dane-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-dane_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dane_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080908061207/http://www.windpower.org/en/pictures/brush.htm">"A Wind Energy Pioneer: Charles F. 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(1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kGnGw7AEkAEC&pg=PA44"><i>Wind Energy in America: A History</i></a>. University of Oklahoma Press. p. 44. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780806128122" title="Special:BookSources/9780806128122"><bdi>9780806128122</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 18,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wind+Energy+in+America%3A+A+History&rft.pages=44&rft.pub=University+of+Oklahoma+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=9780806128122&rft.aulast=Righter&rft.aufirst=Robert+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkGnGw7AEkAEC%26pg%3DPA44&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+F.+Brush" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-lafavreb-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-lafavreb_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-lafavreb_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLa_Favre1998" class="citation cs2">La Favre, Jeffrey (1998), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180318120345/http://www.lafavre.us/brush/mansion"><i>Brush mansion and family life</i></a>, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lafavre.us/brush/mansion">the original</a> on March 18, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 18,</span> 2018</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Brush+mansion+and+family+life&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=La+Favre&rft.aufirst=Jeffrey&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lafavre.us%2Fbrush%2Fmansion&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+F.+Brush" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sandiego-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-sandiego_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchoenherr2005" class="citation web cs1">Schoenherr, Steven (July 6, 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090720105414/http://history.sandiego.edu/GEN/recording/notes.html">"Recording Technology History"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://history.sandiego.edu/gen/recording/notes.html#electric">the original</a> on July 20, 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 18,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Recording+Technology+History&rft.date=2005-07-06&rft.aulast=Schoenherr&rft.aufirst=Steven&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhistory.sandiego.edu%2Fgen%2Frecording%2Fnotes.html%23electric&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+F.+Brush" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mariposa-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Mariposa_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cdnc.ucr.edu/cgi-bin/cdnc?a=d&d=MG18981217.2.51">"New Gas a Wonder"</a>. <i>Mariposa Gazette</i>. Mariposa, CA. December 17, 1898<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 15,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Mariposa+Gazette&rft.atitle=New+Gas+a+Wonder&rft.date=1898-12-17&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcdnc.ucr.edu%2Fcgi-bin%2Fcdnc%3Fa%3Dd%26d%3DMG18981217.2.51&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+F.+Brush" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fontani-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Fontani_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFontaniCostaOrna2014" class="citation book cs1">Fontani, Marco; Costa, Mariagrazia; Orna, Mary Virginia (2014). <i>The Lost Elements: The Periodic Table's Shadow Side</i>. Oxford University Press. p. 424. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199383344" title="Special:BookSources/9780199383344"><bdi>9780199383344</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Lost+Elements%3A+The+Periodic+Table%27s+Shadow+Side&rft.pages=424&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9780199383344&rft.aulast=Fontani&rft.aufirst=Marco&rft.au=Costa%2C+Mariagrazia&rft.au=Orna%2C+Mary+Virginia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+F.+Brush" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVigil2007" class="citation book cs1">Vigil, Vicki Blum (2007). <i>Cemeteries of Northeast Ohio: Stones, Symbols and Stories</i>. Cleveland: Gray & Company. p. 101. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781598510256" title="Special:BookSources/9781598510256"><bdi>9781598510256</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cemeteries+of+Northeast+Ohio%3A+Stones%2C+Symbols+and+Stories&rft.place=Cleveland&rft.pages=101&rft.pub=Gray+%26+Company&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9781598510256&rft.aulast=Vigil&rft.aufirst=Vicki+Blum&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+F.+Brush" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20131206012720/http%3A//www%2Ehistory%2Enavy%2Emil/danfs/b10/brush%2Di%2Ehtm">"DANFS entry on USS Brush"</a>. History.navy.mil. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.history.navy.mil/danfs/b10/brush-i.htm">the original</a> on December 6, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 18,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=DANFS+entry+on+USS+Brush&rft.pub=History.navy.mil&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.history.navy.mil%2Fdanfs%2Fb10%2Fbrush-i.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+F.+Brush" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.amphilsoc.org/memhist/search?creator=Charles+F.+Brush&title=&subject=&subdiv=&mem=&year=&year-max=&dead=&keyword=&smode=advanced">"APS Member History"</a>. <i>search.amphilsoc.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 5,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=search.amphilsoc.org&rft.atitle=APS+Member+History&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsearch.amphilsoc.org%2Fmemhist%2Fsearch%3Fcreator%3DCharles%2BF.%2BBrush%26title%3D%26subject%3D%26subdiv%3D%26mem%3D%26year%3D%26year-max%3D%26dead%3D%26keyword%3D%26smode%3Dadvanced&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+F.+Brush" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amacad.org/person/charles-francis-brush">"Charles Francis Brush"</a>. <i>American Academy of Arts & Sciences</i>. February 9, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 5,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=American+Academy+of+Arts+%26+Sciences&rft.atitle=Charles+Francis+Brush&rft.date=2023-02-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amacad.org%2Fperson%2Fcharles-francis-brush&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+F.+Brush" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_F._Brush&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Charles_F._Brush" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Charles F. 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style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/IEEE_Edison_Medal" title="IEEE Edison Medal">IEEE Edison Medal</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1909–1925</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elihu_Thomson" title="Elihu Thomson">Elihu Thomson</a> (1909)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_J._Sprague" title="Frank J. Sprague">Frank J. Sprague</a> (1910)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Westinghouse" title="George Westinghouse">George Westinghouse</a> (1911)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Stanley,_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="William Stanley, Jr.">William Stanley, Jr.</a> (1912)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Charles F. Brush</a> (1913)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Graham_Bell" title="Alexander Graham Bell">Alexander Graham Bell</a> (1914)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikola_Tesla" title="Nikola Tesla">Nikola Tesla</a> (1916)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_J._Carty" title="John J. Carty">John J. Carty</a> (1917)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_G._Lamme" title="Benjamin G. Lamme">Benjamin G. Lamme</a> (1918)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Le_Roy_Emmet" title="William Le Roy Emmet">William Le Roy Emmet</a> (1919)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mihajlo_Pupin" title="Mihajlo Pupin">Mihajlo Pupin</a> (1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cummings_C._Chesney" title="Cummings C. Chesney">Cummings C. Chesney</a> (1921)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Andrews_Millikan" title="Robert Andrews Millikan">Robert A. Millikan</a> (1922)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_W._Lieb" title="John W. Lieb">John W. Lieb</a> (1923)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_White_Howell" title="John White Howell">John W. Howell</a> (1924)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harris_J._Ryan" title="Harris J. Ryan">Harris J. 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