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<span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Mentions in Hindu epics</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Mentions_in_Hindu_epics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Mentions in Hindu epics subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Mentions_in_Hindu_epics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Mahabharata" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mahabharata"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span><i>Mahabharata</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mahabharata-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ramayana" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ramayana"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span><i>Ramayana</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ramayana-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-On_Gupta_coins" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#On_Gupta_coins"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>On Gupta coins</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-On_Gupta_coins-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Similar_sacrifices_elsewhere" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Similar_sacrifices_elsewhere"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Similar sacrifices elsewhere</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Similar_sacrifices_elsewhere-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-List_of_performers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#List_of_performers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>List of performers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-List_of_performers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_Hindu_revivalism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_Hindu_revivalism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>In Hindu revivalism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_Hindu_revivalism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reception" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reception"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Reception</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reception-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Footnotes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Footnotes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Footnotes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Footnotes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav 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class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Ashvamedha</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 31 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-31" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">31 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%85%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A7" title="অশ্বমেধ – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="অশ্বমেধ" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%85%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A7_%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9E" title="অশ্বমেধ যজ্ঞ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="অশ্বমেধ যজ্ঞ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashvamedha" title="Ashvamedha – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Ashvamedha" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%C5%A1vam%C3%A9dha" title="Ašvamédha – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Ašvamédha" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashvamedha" title="Ashvamedha – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Ashvamedha" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%C5%9Bvamedha" title="Aśvamedha – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Aśvamedha" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashwa_medh%C3%A1" title="Ashwa medhá – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Ashwa medhá" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B4%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%AF%D8%A7" title="اشوامدا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="اشوامدا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashvamedha" title="Ashvamedha – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Ashvamedha" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%85%E0%AA%B6%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%B5%E0%AA%AE%E0%AB%87%E0%AA%A7" title="અશ્વમેધ – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="અશ્વમેધ" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gom mw-list-item"><a href="https://gom.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A7" title="अश्वमेध – Goan Konkani" lang="gom" hreflang="gom" data-title="अश्वमेध" data-language-autonym="गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni" data-language-local-name="Goan Konkani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%95%84%EC%8A%88%EB%B0%94%EB%A9%94%EB%8B%A4" title="아슈바메다 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="아슈바메다" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A7_%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9E" title="अश्वमेध यज्ञ – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="अश्वमेध यज्ञ" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aswamedha" title="Aswamedha – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Aswamedha" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%C5%9Bvamedha" title="Aśvamedha – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Aśvamedha" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%85%E0%B2%B6%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%AE%E0%B3%87%E0%B2%A7" title="ಅಶ್ವಮೇಧ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಅಶ್ವಮೇಧ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%C5%A1vamedha" title="Ašvamedha – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Ašvamedha" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%85%E0%B4%B6%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%A7%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%97%E0%B4%82" title="അശ്വമേധയാഗം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="അശ്വമേധയാഗം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A7_%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9E" title="अश्वमेध यज्ञ – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="अश्वमेध यज्ञ" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashvamedha" title="Ashvamedha – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Ashvamedha" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A7_%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9E" title="अश्वमेध यज्ञ – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="अश्वमेध यज्ञ" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A7" title="अश्वमेध – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="अश्वमेध" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%85%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%AE%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%A7" title="ਅਸ਼ਵਮੇਧ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਅਸ਼ਵਮੇਧ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashvamedha" title="Ashvamedha – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Ashvamedha" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%88%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%85%D0%B0" title="Ашвамедха – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Ашвамедха" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%A4_%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="அசுவமேத யாகம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="அசுவமேத யாகம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%85%E0%B0%B6%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%87%E0%B0%A7_%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%97%E0%B0%82" title="అశ్వమేధ యాగం – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="అశ్వమేధ యాగం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A7%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%98" title="อัศวเมธ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="อัศวเมธ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%88%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B3%D0%B0" title="Ашвамедга – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Ашвамедга" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B4%D9%88%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%AF%DA%BE" title="اشومیدھ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="اشومیدھ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%A6%AC%E7%A5%AD" title="馬祭 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="馬祭" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q726486#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/20px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/30px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Horse sacrifice ritual followed by the Śrauta tradition of Vedic religion</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Aswamedham_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Aswamedham (disambiguation)">Aswamedham (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ashwamedha_yagna_of_yudhisthira.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Ashwamedha_yagna_of_yudhisthira.jpg/300px-Ashwamedha_yagna_of_yudhisthira.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="418" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Ashwamedha_yagna_of_yudhisthira.jpg/450px-Ashwamedha_yagna_of_yudhisthira.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/38/Ashwamedha_yagna_of_yudhisthira.jpg 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="668" /></a><figcaption>Ashvamedha yajna of <a href="/wiki/Yudhisthira" class="mw-redirect" title="Yudhisthira">Yudhisthira</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>Ashvamedha</b> (<a href="/wiki/Sanskrit_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanskrit language">Sanskrit</a>: <span lang="sa">अश्वमेध</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Sanskrit" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanization of Sanskrit">romanized</a>: </small><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">aśvamedha</i></span>)<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was a <a href="/wiki/Horse_sacrifice" title="Horse sacrifice">horse sacrifice</a> ritual followed by the <a href="/wiki/Shrauta" class="mw-redirect" title="Shrauta">Śrauta</a> tradition of <a href="/wiki/Historical_Vedic_religion" title="Historical Vedic religion">Vedic religion</a>. It was used by ancient Indian kings to prove their imperial sovereignty: a horse accompanied by the king's warriors would be released to wander for a year. In the territory traversed by the horse, any rival could dispute the king's authority by challenging the warriors accompanying it. After one year, if no enemy had managed to kill or capture the horse, the animal would be guided back to the king's capital. It would be then sacrificed, and the king would be declared as an undisputed sovereign. </p><p>The ritual is recorded as being held by many ancient rulers, but apparently only by two in the last thousand years. The most recent ritual was in 1741, the second one held by Maharajah <a href="/wiki/Jai_Singh_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Jai Singh II">Jai Singh II</a> of <a href="/wiki/Jaipur" title="Jaipur">Jaipur</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The original <a href="/wiki/Historical_Vedic_religion" title="Historical Vedic religion">Vedic religion</a> had evidently included many <a href="/wiki/Animal_sacrifice" title="Animal sacrifice">animal sacrifices</a>, as had the various folk religions of India. Brahminical Hinduism had <a href="/wiki/Animal_sacrifice_in_Hinduism" title="Animal sacrifice in Hinduism">evolved opposing animal sacrifices</a>, which have not been the norm in most forms of Hinduism for many centuries. The great prestige and political role of the Ashvamedha perhaps kept it alive for longer. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_sacrifice">The sacrifice</h2></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Krishna_Advising_on_the_Horse_Sacrifice.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Krishna_Advising_on_the_Horse_Sacrifice.jpg/280px-Krishna_Advising_on_the_Horse_Sacrifice.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="204" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Krishna_Advising_on_the_Horse_Sacrifice.jpg/420px-Krishna_Advising_on_the_Horse_Sacrifice.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Krishna_Advising_on_the_Horse_Sacrifice.jpg/560px-Krishna_Advising_on_the_Horse_Sacrifice.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1095" /></a><figcaption>A 19th-century painting, depicting the preparation of an army to follow the sacrificial horse. Probably from an illustration to <a href="/wiki/Lakshmisa" title="Lakshmisa">Lakshmisa</a>'s <i>Jaimini Bharata.</i></figcaption></figure> <p>The Ashvamedha could only be conducted by a powerful victorious king (<i><a href="/wiki/Raja" title="Raja">rājā</a></i>).<sup id="cite_ref-Mansingh_68_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mansingh_68-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERick_F._Talbott2005111_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERick_F._Talbott2005111-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its object was the acquisition of power and glory, the sovereignty over neighbouring provinces, seeking progeny and general prosperity of the kingdom.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was enormously expensive, requiring the participation of hundreds of individuals, many with specialized skills, and hundreds of animals, and involving many precisely prescribed rituals at every stage.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The horse to be sacrificed must be a white stallion with black spots. The preparations included the construction of a special "sacrificial house" and a <a href="/wiki/Yajna" title="Yajna">fire altar</a>. Before the horse began its travels, at a moment chosen by astrologers, there was a ceremony and small sacrifice in the house, after which the king had to spend the night with the queen, but avoiding sex.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The next day the horse was consecrated with more rituals, tethered to a post, and addressed as a god. It was sprinkled with water, and the <a href="/wiki/Adhvaryu" class="mw-redirect" title="Adhvaryu">Adhvaryu</a>, the priest and the sacrificer whispered mantras into its ear. A "four-eyed" black dog was killed with a club made of Sidhraka wood, then passed under the horse, and dragged to the river from which the water sprinkled on the horse had come and set to flow south.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStutley1969257_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStutley1969257-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The horse was then set loose towards the north-east, to roam around wherever it chose, for the period of one year,<sup id="cite_ref-Glucklich,_112_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Glucklich,_112-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or half a year, according to some commentators. The horse was associated with the Sun, and its yearly course.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoshen_Dalal2010399_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoshen_Dalal2010399-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> If the horse wandered into neighbouring provinces hostile to the sacrificer, they were to be subjugated. The wandering horse was attended by a herd of a hundred <a href="/wiki/Gelding" title="Gelding">geldings</a>, and one or four hundred young <a href="/wiki/Kshatriya" title="Kshatriya">kshatriya</a> men, sons of princes or high court officials, charged with guarding the horse from all dangers and inconvenience, but never impeding or driving it.<sup id="cite_ref-Glucklich,_112_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Glucklich,_112-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The escort had to prevent the stallion from mating with any mares during its journey, and if he did, an oblation of milk was performed to <a href="/wiki/Vayu" title="Vayu">Vāyu</a>. If the horse became ill with injury, an oblation of pap to <a href="/wiki/P%C5%AB%E1%B9%A3an" class="mw-redirect" title="Pūṣan">Pūṣan</a>. If he became ill without injury, then an oblation of cake to <a href="/wiki/Agni" title="Agni">Agni Vaiśvānara</a>. If he was afflicted with eye disease, an oblation to <a href="/wiki/S%C5%ABrya" class="mw-redirect" title="Sūrya">Sūrya</a>. If the horse drowned, an oblation was performed to <a href="/wiki/Varu%E1%B9%87a" class="mw-redirect" title="Varuṇa">Varuṇa</a>. If the horse was lost, an oblation of cake, potsherd, and three other dishes to the deities of heaven and earth, along with an oblation of milk to Vāyu and pap to Sūrya. If the horse died, then another was selected and consecrated to replace it.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the absence of the horse, an uninterrupted series of ceremonies was performed in the sacrificer's home. Every day, three Sāvitreṣṭi rites and one evening Dhṛtihoma would be conducted by the priests. In the evening after the Dhṛtihoma, two <a href="/wiki/Brahmin" title="Brahmin">Brahmin</a> and two <a href="/wiki/Kshatriya" title="Kshatriya">Kshatriya</a> bards and lutists would praise the patron king's generosity, who gave 4,000 cows and 400 gold coins to the priests on the first day of the sacrifice. Then a session of pariplavākhyāna took place.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The pariplāvana was the cyclical recitation of tales, in which one out of ten topics would be discussed each night, with 36 cycles of the ten topics.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBose202016_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBose202016-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The tales were witnessed by an audience of onlookers called the upadrāṣṭṛ, who attended in their free time.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBose202018,_20_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBose202018,_20-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Asvamedha---Page-23---Chapter-IV---History-of-India-(1906).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Asvamedha---Page-23---Chapter-IV---History-of-India-%281906%29.png/220px-Asvamedha---Page-23---Chapter-IV---History-of-India-%281906%29.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Asvamedha---Page-23---Chapter-IV---History-of-India-%281906%29.png/330px-Asvamedha---Page-23---Chapter-IV---History-of-India-%281906%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Asvamedha---Page-23---Chapter-IV---History-of-India-%281906%29.png/440px-Asvamedha---Page-23---Chapter-IV---History-of-India-%281906%29.png 2x" data-file-width="1904" data-file-height="1424" /></a><figcaption>Depiction of the Asvamedha in <i>History of India</i> (1906)</figcaption></figure> <p>After the return of the horse, more ceremonies were performed for a month before the main sacrifice. Twelve days of dīkṣā rites took place, and then twelve days of upasad.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The dīkṣā rite was a preparatory consecration rite performed before sacrifices.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEApte1957–1959816_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEApte1957–1959816-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It consisted of a preliminary oblation, and then the king would bathe, dress in black antelope skin, and sit on another skin in a hut in front of a fire, fasting in silence with a covered head and sleeping on the ground. The upasad was a multiday ceremony that precedes Soma sacrifices.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMonier-WilliamsLeumannCappeller2005206_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMonier-WilliamsLeumannCappeller2005206-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It consisted of the acquisition and welcoming of Soma and the construction of various structures needed for the sacrifice, along with the sacrifice of a goat.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERenou1957105_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERenou1957105-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On the twenty-fifth day, the agniṣṭoma was performed.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBose20204_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBose20204-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The agniṣṭoma was the main part of the Soma sacrifice. In the morning pressing, the soma was pressed out and offered along with "rice cakes, parched barley, flour in sour milk, parched rice, and a hot mixture of milk and sour milk". During the pressings and oblations, five musical chants were sung and five recitations were chanted. The priests then partook in the drinking of the soma and the twelve oblations to the seasons, and the sacrifice of a goat to Agni. The midday pressing was similar and dedicated to Indra, and dakshina was also distributed on that day to the priests consisting of a varying multitude of cows. At the evening pressing only two musical chants were sung and two recitations chanted. Then proceeded the conclusory libations to the "yoking of the bay horses" and the sun, followed by the Avabhṛtha. The Avabhṛtha was the "unpurificatory" bathing of the sacrificer at the end of the sacrifice. After an antelope skin was put in the water body, the king, his wife, and the priests ritually bathe.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERenou1957100,_105–106,_108–109_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERenou1957100,_105–106,_108–109-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Afterwards a sterile cow or eleven other animals are sacrificed.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERenou1957100,_105–106,_108-109_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERenou1957100,_105–106,_108-109-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Throughout the entire night, the annahoma was performed at the Uttaravedi (the northern altar).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMonier-WilliamsLeumannCappeller2005178_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMonier-WilliamsLeumannCappeller2005178-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It consists of an oblation of clarified butter, fried rice, fried barley, and fried grain.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEApte1957–19591363_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEApte1957–19591363-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBose20204_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBose20204-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On the twenty-sixth day,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBose20204_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBose20204-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the king was ritually purified, and the horse was yoked to a gilded <a href="/wiki/Ratha" title="Ratha">chariot</a>, together with three other horses, and <a href="/wiki/Rigveda" title="Rigveda">Rigveda</a> (RV) 1.6.1,2 (YajurVeda (YV) VSM 23.5,6) was recited. The horse was then driven into water and bathed. After this, it was anointed with <i><a href="/wiki/Ghee" title="Ghee">ghee</a></i> by the chief queen and two other royal consorts. The chief queen (mahiṣī) anointed the fore-quarters, the favorite wife (vāvātā) the middle, and the discarded wife (parvṛktī) the hindquarters.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStutley1969259_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStutley1969259-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBose202040_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBose202040-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They also embellished the horse's head, neck, and tail with golden ornaments and 101 or 109 pearls.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After this, the horse, a hornless black-necked he-<a href="/wiki/Goat" title="Goat">goat</a>, and a <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gom%E1%B9%9Bga&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gomṛga (page does not exist)">Gomṛga</a> were bound to sacrificial stakes near the fire, and seventeen other animals were attached with ropes to the horse. The he-goat dedicated to Agni was attached to the horse's chest. A ewe dedicated to <a href="/wiki/Sarasvat%C4%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="Sarasvatī">Sarasvatī</a> was attached under the horse's mouth. Two black-bellied he-goats dedicated to the <a href="/wiki/A%C5%9Bvins" class="mw-redirect" title="Aśvins">Aśvins</a> were tied to the horse's front legs. A dark grey he-goat dedicated to Soma-Pūṣan was attached underneath the horse. On the two sides of the horse were attached a black goat to Sūrya and a white goat to <a href="/wiki/Yama" title="Yama">Yama</a>. Two goats with shaggy thighs were dedicated to <a href="/wiki/Tvashtr" title="Tvashtr">Tvaṣṭar</a>. A white goat dedicated to Vāyu was attached to the tail. A cow about to give birth was dedicated to Indra, and a dwarfish cow was dedicated to <a href="/wiki/Vi%E1%B9%A3%E1%B9%87u" class="mw-redirect" title="Viṣṇu">Viṣṇu</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStutley1969258_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStutley1969258-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A great number of animals, both tame and wild, were tied to other stakes, according to one commentator, 609 in total. The sacrificer offered the horse the remains of the night's oblation of grain. The horse was then suffocated to death.<sup id="cite_ref-Glucklich,_112_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Glucklich,_112-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The chief queen ritually called on the king's fellow wives for pity. The queens walked around the dead horse reciting mantras and obscene dialogue with the priests.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The chief queen then had to spend the night beside the dead horse in a position mimicking sexual intercourse and was covered with a blanket.<sup id="cite_ref-thomas_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-thomas-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_14-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBose20204–5_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBose20204–5-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On the next morning, the priests raised the queen from the place. One priest cut the horse along the "knife-paths" while other priests started reciting the verses of Vedas, seeking healing and regeneration for the horse.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERick_F._Talbott2005123_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERick_F._Talbott2005123-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The horse's <a href="/wiki/Epiploon" class="mw-redirect" title="Epiploon">epiploon</a> along with soma are offered in an oblation, and the priests dismember the horse and other animal victims with an oblation of their blood. On the third day an Atirātra was performed.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_14-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Atirātra was a Soma sacrifice in which there was a nocturnal session where soma was drunk.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERenou1957104–105_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERenou1957104–105-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Afterwards an Avabhṛtha takes place.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_14-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, in the Ashvamedha sinners and criminals also take part in the purificatory bathing. Afterwards twenty-one sterile cows are sacrificed, and the <a href="/wiki/Dakshina" class="mw-redirect" title="Dakshina">dakshina</a> was distributed to the priests. The main dakshina forms either the four wives of the king or their four hundred attendants.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_14-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Laws_of_Manu" class="mw-redirect" title="Laws of Manu">Laws of Manu</a> refer to the Ashvamedha (V.53): "The man who offers a horse-sacrifice every day for a hundred years, and the man who does not eat meat, the two of them reap the same fruit of good deeds."<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mentions_in_Hindu_epics">Mentions in Hindu epics</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Asvamedha_ramayana.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Asvamedha_ramayana.JPG/220px-Asvamedha_ramayana.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="122" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Asvamedha_ramayana.JPG/330px-Asvamedha_ramayana.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Asvamedha_ramayana.JPG/440px-Asvamedha_ramayana.JPG 2x" data-file-width="718" data-file-height="397" /></a><figcaption>Queen <a href="/wiki/Kaushalya" class="mw-redirect" title="Kaushalya">Kaushalya</a> performing the Ashvamedha ritual; illustration to the <i><a href="/wiki/Ramayana" title="Ramayana">Ramayana</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mahabharata"><i>Mahabharata</i></h3></div> <p>The best-known text describing the sacrifice is the <i><a href="/wiki/Ashvamedhika_Parva" title="Ashvamedhika Parva">Ashvamedhika Parva</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Sanskrit_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanskrit language">Sanskrit</a>: <span lang="sa">अश्वमेध पर्व</span>), or the "Book of Horse Sacrifice," the fourteenth of eighteen books of the Indian epic poem <i><a href="/wiki/Mahabharata" title="Mahabharata">Mahabharata</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Krishna" title="Krishna">Krishna</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vyasa" title="Vyasa">Vyasa</a> advise King <a href="/wiki/Yudhishthira" title="Yudhishthira">Yudhishthira</a> to perform the sacrifice, which is described at great length. The book traditionally comprises two sections and 96 chapters.<sup id="cite_ref-kmg_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kmg-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-mnd_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mnd-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The critical edition has one sub-book and 92 chapters.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ramayana"><i>Ramayana</i></h3></div> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Balakanda" title="Balakanda">Balakanda</a></i>, the first book of the <i><a href="/wiki/Ramayana" title="Ramayana">Ramayana</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Valmiki" title="Valmiki">Valmiki</a>, mentions a horse sacrifice performed at the behest of King <a href="/wiki/Dasharatha" title="Dasharatha">Dasharatha</a>, the father of <a href="/wiki/Rama" title="Rama">Rama</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="On_Gupta_coins">On Gupta coins</h2></div> <p>One type of the gold coins of the <a href="/wiki/Gupta_Empire" title="Gupta Empire">Gupta Empire</a> kings <a href="/wiki/Samudragupta" title="Samudragupta">Samudragupta</a> (reigned c. 350–370 CE) and <a href="/wiki/Kumaragupta" class="mw-redirect" title="Kumaragupta">Kumaragupta</a> (reigned c. 415–455 CE) commemorates their Ashvamedha sacrifices. The <a href="/wiki/Obverse" class="mw-redirect" title="Obverse">obverse</a> shows the horse anointed and decorated for sacrifice, standing in front of a <i><a href="/wiki/Y%C5%ABpa" title="Yūpa">Yūpa</a></i> sacrificial post, and is inscribed "The king of kings who has performed the Vajimedha sacrifice wins heaven after protecting the earth". The reverse shows a standing figure of the queen, holding a fan and a towel, and is inscribed "Powerful enough to perform the Ashvamedha sacrifice".<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 122px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dinar_of_Samudragupta_LACMA_M.84.110.1_(1_of_2).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Samudragupta, Ashvamedha horse"><img alt="Samudragupta, Ashvamedha horse" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Dinar_of_Samudragupta_LACMA_M.84.110.1_%281_of_2%29.jpg/180px-Dinar_of_Samudragupta_LACMA_M.84.110.1_%281_of_2%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Dinar_of_Samudragupta_LACMA_M.84.110.1_%281_of_2%29.jpg/270px-Dinar_of_Samudragupta_LACMA_M.84.110.1_%281_of_2%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Dinar_of_Samudragupta_LACMA_M.84.110.1_%281_of_2%29.jpg/360px-Dinar_of_Samudragupta_LACMA_M.84.110.1_%281_of_2%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="524" data-file-height="524" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Samudragupta" title="Samudragupta">Samudragupta</a>, Ashvamedha horse</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 122px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dinar_of_Samudragupta_LACMA_M.84.110.1_(2_of_2).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The queen, reverse of last"><img alt="The queen, reverse of last" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Dinar_of_Samudragupta_LACMA_M.84.110.1_%282_of_2%29.jpg/180px-Dinar_of_Samudragupta_LACMA_M.84.110.1_%282_of_2%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Dinar_of_Samudragupta_LACMA_M.84.110.1_%282_of_2%29.jpg/270px-Dinar_of_Samudragupta_LACMA_M.84.110.1_%282_of_2%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Dinar_of_Samudragupta_LACMA_M.84.110.1_%282_of_2%29.jpg/360px-Dinar_of_Samudragupta_LACMA_M.84.110.1_%282_of_2%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="528" data-file-height="528" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The queen, reverse of last</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 242px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 240px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Samudragupta_circa_335-380_CE_Ashvameda_type.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Samudragupta"><img alt="Samudragupta" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Samudragupta_circa_335-380_CE_Ashvameda_type.jpg/360px-Samudragupta_circa_335-380_CE_Ashvameda_type.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Samudragupta_circa_335-380_CE_Ashvameda_type.jpg/540px-Samudragupta_circa_335-380_CE_Ashvameda_type.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Samudragupta_circa_335-380_CE_Ashvameda_type.jpg/720px-Samudragupta_circa_335-380_CE_Ashvameda_type.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="400" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Samudragupta" title="Samudragupta">Samudragupta</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 117.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 115.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gold_coin_of_Kumaragupta_I.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Kumaragupta"><img alt="Kumaragupta" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gold_coin_of_Kumaragupta_I.jpg/173px-Gold_coin_of_Kumaragupta_I.jpg" decoding="async" width="116" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gold_coin_of_Kumaragupta_I.jpg/259px-Gold_coin_of_Kumaragupta_I.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gold_coin_of_Kumaragupta_I.jpg/345px-Gold_coin_of_Kumaragupta_I.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1404" data-file-height="1464" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Kumaragupta" class="mw-redirect" title="Kumaragupta">Kumaragupta</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Similar_sacrifices_elsewhere">Similar sacrifices elsewhere</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Horse_sacrifice" title="Horse sacrifice">Horse sacrifice</a></div> <p>Many <a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European</a> branches show evidence for horse sacrifice, and comparative mythology suggests that they derive from a <a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Indo-European religion">Proto-Indo-European ritual</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Most appear to be funerary practices associated with burial, but for some other cultures there is tentative evidence for rituals associated with kingship. The Ashvamedha is the clearest evidence preserved, but vestiges from Latin and Celtic traditions allow the reconstruction of a few common attributes. </p><p>A similar ritual is found in <a href="/wiki/Celts" title="Celts">Celtic</a> tradition in which the king in Ireland conducted a rite of symbolic marriage with a sacrificed horse.<sup id="cite_ref-thomas_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-thomas-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Roman <a href="/wiki/October_Horse" title="October Horse">October Horse</a> sacrifice was an annual event, and apparently the only time horses were sacrificed, rather than cattle or smaller animals.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Horse sacrifices were performed among the ancient Germans, Armenians, Iranians,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERick_F._Talbott2005142_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERick_F._Talbott2005142-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Chinese, Greeks,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoshen_Dalal201044_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoshen_Dalal201044-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> among others. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="List_of_performers">List of performers</h2></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Indian_epic_poetry#Sanskrit_epics" title="Indian epic poetry">Sanskrit epics</a> and <a href="/wiki/Puranas" title="Puranas">Puranas</a> mention numerous legendary performances of the horse sacrifice.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavid_M._Knipe2015234_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavid_M._Knipe2015234-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, according to the <i><a href="/wiki/Mahabharata" title="Mahabharata">Mahabharata</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Bharata_(Mahabharata)" title="Bharata (Mahabharata)">Emperor Bharata</a> performed a hundred Ashvamedha ceremonies on the banks of <a href="/wiki/Yamuna" title="Yamuna">Yamuna</a>, three hundred on the banks of Sarasvati and four hundred on the banks of the <a href="/wiki/Ganga" class="mw-redirect" title="Ganga">Ganga</a>. He again performed a thousand Ashvamedha on different locations and a hundred <a href="/wiki/Rajasuya" title="Rajasuya">Rajasuya</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEK_M_Ganguly1896130–131_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEK_M_Ganguly1896130–131-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following the vast empires ruled by the <a href="/wiki/Gupta_Empire" title="Gupta Empire">Gupta</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chalukya_dynasty" title="Chalukya dynasty">Chalukya dynasties</a>, the practice of the sacrifice diminished remarkably.<sup id="cite_ref-Mansingh_68_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mansingh_68-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The historical performers of Ashvamedha include: </p> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Monarch </th> <th>Reign </th> <th>Dynasty </th> <th>Source </th></tr> <tr> <td>Purukutsa </td> <td data-sort-value="-1000"><a href="/wiki/Vedic_period" title="Vedic period">Early Vedic Period</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Puru_(Vedic_tribe)" title="Puru (Vedic tribe)">Puru</a> </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-:0_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Trasadasyu Paurukutsya </td> <td data-sort-value="-1000"><a href="/wiki/Vedic_period" title="Vedic period">Early Vedic Period</a> </td> <td>Puru </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-:1_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sudas" title="Sudas">Sudās Paijavana</a> </td> <td data-sort-value="-1000">Early Vedic Period </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bharatas_(tribe)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bharatas (tribe)">Bharata</a> </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-:02_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Parikshit" title="Parikshit">Parīkṣit</a> </td> <td data-sort-value="-600"><a href="/wiki/Vedic_period#Later_Vedic_period_(c._1000_–_c._600_BCE)" title="Vedic period">Later Vedic Period</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kuru_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Kuru Kingdom">Kuru</a> </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Janamejaya" title="Janamejaya">Janamejaya Pārikṣita</a> </td> <td data-sort-value="-600">Later Vedic Period </td> <td>Kuru </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-Pruthi_2004_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pruthi_2004-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Pushyamitra_Shunga" title="Pushyamitra Shunga">Pushyamitra Shunga</a> </td> <td data-sort-value="-167">185–149 BCE </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Shunga_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Shunga dynasty">Shunga</a> </td> <td>Ayodhya inscription of <a href="/wiki/Dhanadeva" class="mw-redirect" title="Dhanadeva">Dhanadeva</a> and <i><a href="/wiki/M%C4%81lavik%C4%81gnimitram" title="Mālavikāgnimitram">Malavikagnimitra</a></i> of Kalidasa<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDineshchandra_Sircar1971175_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDineshchandra_Sircar1971175-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sarvatata" class="mw-redirect" title="Sarvatata">Sarvatata</a> </td> <td data-sort-value="-100">1st century BCE </td> <td>Gajayana </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hathibada_Ghosundi_Inscriptions" class="mw-redirect" title="Hathibada Ghosundi Inscriptions">Ghosundi and Hathibada inscriptions</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDineshchandra_Sircar1971175_53-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDineshchandra_Sircar1971175-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some scholars believe Sarvatata to be a <a href="/wiki/Kanva_dynasty" title="Kanva dynasty">Kanva</a> king, but there is no definitive evidence for this.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Devimitra </td> <td data-sort-value="-100">1st century BCE </td> <td>Unknown </td> <td>Musanagar inscription<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDineshchandra_Sircar1971175_53-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDineshchandra_Sircar1971175-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Satakarni" title="Satakarni">Satakarni I</a> </td> <td data-sort-value="150">1st or 2nd century CE </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Satavahana" class="mw-redirect" title="Satavahana">Satavahana</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Naneghat#Nanaghat_inscriptions" title="Naneghat">Nanaghat inscription</a> mentions his second Ashvamedha<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavid_M._Knipe20158_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavid_M._Knipe20158-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDineshchandra_Sircar1971175_53-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDineshchandra_Sircar1971175-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Andhra_Ikshvaku#Chamtamula" title="Andhra Ikshvaku">Vasishthiputra Chamtamula</a> </td> <td data-sort-value="235">3rd century CE </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Andhra_Ikshvaku" title="Andhra Ikshvaku">Andhra Ikshvaku</a> </td> <td>Records of his son and grandson<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJayantanuja_Bandyopadhyaya2007203_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJayantanuja_Bandyopadhyaya2007203-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Shilavarman </td> <td data-sort-value="250">3rd century CE </td> <td>Varshaganya </td> <td>Jagatpur inscriptions mention his fourth Ashvamedha<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDineshchandra_Sircar1971175_53-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDineshchandra_Sircar1971175-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Pravarasena_I" title="Pravarasena I">Pravarasena I</a> </td> <td data-sort-value="300">c. 270 – c. 330 CE </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Vakataka_dynasty" title="Vakataka dynasty">Vakataka</a> </td> <td>Inscriptions of his descendants state that he performed four Ashvamedha sacrifices<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDineshchandra_Sircar1971176_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDineshchandra_Sircar1971176-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Bhavanaga" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhavanaga">Bhavanaga</a> </td> <td data-sort-value="312.5">305–320 CE </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nagas_of_Padmavati" title="Nagas of Padmavati">Nagas of Padmavati</a> </td> <td>The inscriptions of <a href="/wiki/Vakataka" class="mw-redirect" title="Vakataka">Vakataka</a> relatives of the Nagas credit them with 10 horse-sacrifices, although they do not name these kings.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDineshchandra_Sircar1971175_53-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDineshchandra_Sircar1971175-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJayantanuja_Bandyopadhyaya2007203_56-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJayantanuja_Bandyopadhyaya2007203-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Vijaya-devavarman </td> <td data-sort-value="325">300–350 CE </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Shalankayana" class="mw-redirect" title="Shalankayana">Shalankayana</a> </td> <td>Ellore inscription<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDineshchandra_Sircar1971176_57-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDineshchandra_Sircar1971176-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUpinder_Singh2008510_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUpinder_Singh2008510-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Shivaskanda Varman </td> <td data-sort-value="350">4th century CE </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pallava_dynasty#Early_Pallavas" title="Pallava dynasty">Pallava</a> </td> <td>Hirahadagalli inscription<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDineshchandra_Sircar1971176_57-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDineshchandra_Sircar1971176-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Kumaravishnu </td> <td data-sort-value="350">4th century CE </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pallava_dynasty#Middle_Pallavas" title="Pallava dynasty">Pallava</a> </td> <td>Omgodu inscription of his great-grandson<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDineshchandra_Sircar1971176_57-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDineshchandra_Sircar1971176-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Mulavarman" title="Mulavarman">Mulawarman</a> </td> <td data-sort-value="450">4th century CE </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kutai" title="Kutai">Kutai Martadipura</a> (present <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>) </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Samudragupta" title="Samudragupta">Samudragupta</a> </td> <td data-sort-value="365">c. 335/350–375 CE </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gupta_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Gupta dynasty">Gupta</a> </td> <td>Coins of the king and records of his descendants<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDineshchandra_Sircar1971176_57-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDineshchandra_Sircar1971176-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavid_M._Knipe20159_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavid_M._Knipe20159-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kumaragupta_I" title="Kumaragupta I">Kumaragupta I</a> </td> <td data-sort-value="434.5">414 – 455 CE </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gupta_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Gupta dynasty">Gupta</a> </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAshvini_Agrawal1989139_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAshvini_Agrawal1989139-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Vishnukundina#Madhav_Varma_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Vishnukundina">Madhava Varman</a> </td> <td data-sort-value="450">440–460 CE </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Vishnukundina" class="mw-redirect" title="Vishnukundina">Vishnukundina</a> </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJayantanuja_Bandyopadhyaya2007203_56-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJayantanuja_Bandyopadhyaya2007203-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Dharasena </td> <td data-sort-value="450">5th century CE </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Traikutaka_dynasty" title="Traikutaka dynasty">Traikutaka</a> </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUpinder_Singh2008510_58-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUpinder_Singh2008510-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Krishnavarman </td> <td data-sort-value="450">5th century CE </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kadamba_dynasty" title="Kadamba dynasty">Kadamba</a> </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUpinder_Singh2008510_58-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUpinder_Singh2008510-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Narayana_Varman" class="mw-redirect" title="Narayana Varman">Narayanavarman</a> </td> <td data-sort-value="506">494–518 CE </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Varman_dynasty" title="Varman dynasty">Varman</a> </td> <td>Legend of Bhaskaravarman's seals<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDineshchandra_Sircar1971179_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDineshchandra_Sircar1971179-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Bhutivarman" title="Bhutivarman">Bhutivarman</a> </td> <td data-sort-value="530">518–542 CE </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Varman_dynasty" title="Varman dynasty">Varman</a> </td> <td>Barganga inscription<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDineshchandra_Sircar1971179_62-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDineshchandra_Sircar1971179-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Pulakeshin_I" title="Pulakeshin I">Pulakeshin I</a> </td> <td data-sort-value="554.5">543–566 CE </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chalukyas_of_Vatapi" class="mw-redirect" title="Chalukyas of Vatapi">Chalukyas of Vatapi</a> </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavid_M._Knipe201510_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavid_M._Knipe201510-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sthita_Varman" class="mw-redirect" title="Sthita Varman">Sthitavarman</a> </td> <td data-sort-value="575">565–585 CE </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Varman_dynasty" title="Varman dynasty">Varman</a> </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Pulakeshin_II" title="Pulakeshin II">Pulakeshin II</a> </td> <td data-sort-value="626">610–642 CE </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chalukyas_of_Vatapi" class="mw-redirect" title="Chalukyas of Vatapi">Chalukyas of Vatapi</a> </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJayantanuja_Bandyopadhyaya2007203_56-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJayantanuja_Bandyopadhyaya2007203-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Madhavaraja II (alias Madhavavarman or Sainyabhita) </td> <td data-sort-value="645">c. 620–670 CE </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Shailodbhava_dynasty" title="Shailodbhava dynasty">Shailodbhava</a> </td> <td>Inscriptions<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESnigdha_Tripathy199767_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESnigdha_Tripathy199767-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDineshchandra_Sircar1971179_62-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDineshchandra_Sircar1971179-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Simhavarman (possibly <a href="/wiki/Narasimhavarman_I" title="Narasimhavarman I">Narasimhavarman I</a>) </td> <td data-sort-value="649">630–668 CE </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pallava_dynasty#Middle_Pallavas" title="Pallava dynasty">Pallava</a> </td> <td>The Sivanvayal pillar inscription states that he performed ten Ashvamedhas<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDineshchandra_Sircar1971176_57-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDineshchandra_Sircar1971176-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Adityasena </td> <td data-sort-value="667.5">655–680 CE </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Later_Gupta_dynasty" title="Later Gupta dynasty">Later Gupta</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Baidyanath_Temple" title="Baidyanath Temple">Vaidyanatha temple</a> (Deoghar) inscription<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDineshchandra_Sircar1971179_62-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDineshchandra_Sircar1971179-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Madhyamaraja I (alias Ayashobhita II) </td> <td data-sort-value="685">c. 670–700 CE </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Shailodbhava_dynasty" title="Shailodbhava dynasty">Shailodbhava</a> </td> <td>Inscriptions;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESnigdha_Tripathy199774–75_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESnigdha_Tripathy199774–75-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> one interpretation of the inscriptions suggests that he merely participated in the Ashvamedha performed by his father Madhavaraja II<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDineshchandra_Sircar1971179_62-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDineshchandra_Sircar1971179-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Dharmaraja (alias Manabhita) </td> <td data-sort-value="726.5">c. 726–727 CE </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Shailodbhava_dynasty" title="Shailodbhava dynasty">Shailodbhava</a> </td> <td>Inscriptions; one interpretation of the inscriptions suggests that he merely participated in the Ashvamedha performed by his grandfather Madhavaraja II<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDineshchandra_Sircar1971179_62-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDineshchandra_Sircar1971179-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Rajadhiraja_Chola" class="mw-redirect" title="Rajadhiraja Chola">Rajadhiraja Chola</a> </td> <td data-sort-value="1048">1044–1052 CE </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chola_dynasty" title="Chola dynasty">Chola</a> </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Jai_Singh_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Jai Singh II">Jai Singh II</a> </td> <td data-sort-value="1737.5">1734 and 1741 CE </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Jaipur_State" class="mw-redirect" title="Jaipur State">Kachwahas of Jaipur</a> </td> <td><i>Ishvaravilasa Kavya</i> by Krishna-bhatta, a participant in Jai Singh's Ashvamedha ceremony and a court poet of his son Ishvar Singh<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 688px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 686px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dhanadeva_Ayodhya_inscription.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Dhanadeva-Ayodhya inscription, 1st century BCE, mentions two Ashvamedha rituals by Pushyamitra in the city of Ayodhya.[70]"><img alt="The Dhanadeva-Ayodhya inscription, 1st century BCE, mentions two Ashvamedha rituals by Pushyamitra in the city of Ayodhya.[70]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6f/Dhanadeva_Ayodhya_inscription.jpg" decoding="async" width="686" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1006" data-file-height="176" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"> The <a href="/wiki/Dhanadeva-Ayodhya_inscription" class="mw-redirect" title="Dhanadeva-Ayodhya inscription">Dhanadeva-Ayodhya inscription</a>, 1st century BCE, mentions two Ashvamedha rituals by Pushyamitra in the city of <a href="/wiki/Ayodhya" title="Ayodhya">Ayodhya</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Kishore_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kishore-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> </ul> <p>The Udayendiram inscription of the 8th-century <a href="/wiki/Pallava_dynasty#Later_Pallavas" title="Pallava dynasty">Pallava</a> king <a href="/wiki/Nandivarman_II" title="Nandivarman II">Nandivarman II</a> (alias Pallavamalla) states that his general Udayachandra defeated the <a href="/wiki/Nishada" class="mw-redirect" title="Nishada">Nishada</a> ruler Prithvivyaghra, who, "desiring to become very powerful, was running after the horse of the Ashvamedha". The inscription does not clarify which king initiated this Ashvamedha campaign. Historian N. Venkataramanayya theorized that Prithvivyaghra was a feudatory ruler, who unsuccessfully tried to challenge Nandivarman's Ashvamedha campaign. However, historian <a href="/wiki/Dineshchandra_Sircar" title="Dineshchandra Sircar">Dineshchandra Sircar</a> notes that no other inscriptions of Nandivarman or his descendants mention his performance of Ashvamedha; therefore, it is more likely that the Ashvamedha campaign was initiated by Prithvivyaghra (or his overlord), and Nandivarman's general foiled it.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDineshchandra_Sircar1962263_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDineshchandra_Sircar1962263-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_Hindu_revivalism">In Hindu revivalism</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_horse_Shyamakarna_on_the_bank_of_Lake_Dudumbhi.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/The_horse_Shyamakarna_on_the_bank_of_Lake_Dudumbhi.jpg/220px-The_horse_Shyamakarna_on_the_bank_of_Lake_Dudumbhi.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/The_horse_Shyamakarna_on_the_bank_of_Lake_Dudumbhi.jpg/330px-The_horse_Shyamakarna_on_the_bank_of_Lake_Dudumbhi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/The_horse_Shyamakarna_on_the_bank_of_Lake_Dudumbhi.jpg/440px-The_horse_Shyamakarna_on_the_bank_of_Lake_Dudumbhi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1543" data-file-height="985" /></a><figcaption><i>The horse Shyamakarna on the bank of Lake Dudumbhi</i>, illustrating <a href="/wiki/Jaimini" title="Jaimini">Jaimini</a>'s commentary on Ashvamedha, 19th century, <a href="/wiki/Maharashtra" title="Maharashtra">Maharashtra</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/Arya_Samaj" title="Arya Samaj">Arya Samaj</a> reform movement of <a href="/wiki/Dayananda_Sarasvati" class="mw-redirect" title="Dayananda Sarasvati">Dayananda Sarasvati</a>, the Ashvamedha is considered an <a href="/wiki/Allegory" title="Allegory">allegory</a> or a ritual to get connected to the "Inner Sun" (<a href="/wiki/Prana" title="Prana">Prana</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoshen_Dalal2010399_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoshen_Dalal2010399-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Dayananda, no horse was actually to be slaughtered in the ritual as per the Yajurveda. Following Dayananda, the Arya Samaj disputes the very existence of the pre-Vedantic ritual; thus Swami Satya Prakash Saraswati claims that </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>the word in the sense of the Horse Sacrifice does not occur in the Samhitas [...] In the terms of cosmic analogy, <i>ashva</i> s the Sun. In respect to the <i>adhyatma paksha</i>, the <i>Prajapati-Agni</i>, or the <i><a href="/wiki/Purusha" title="Purusha">Purusha</a></i>, the Creator, is the <i><a href="/wiki/Ashva" title="Ashva">Ashva</a></i>; He is the same as the <a href="/wiki/Varuna" title="Varuna">Varuna</a>, the Most Supreme. The word <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/medha" class="extiw" title="wikt:medha">medha</a></i> stands for homage; it later on became synonymous with oblations in rituology, since oblations are offered, dedicated to the one whom we pay homage. The word deteriorated further when it came to mean 'slaughter' or 'sacrifice'.<sup id="cite_ref-crit_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-crit-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>He argues that the animals listed as sacrificial victims are just as symbolic as the list of human victims listed in the <a href="/wiki/Purushamedha" title="Purushamedha">Purushamedha</a><sup id="cite_ref-crit_73-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-crit-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (which is generally accepted as a purely symbolic sacrifice already in Rigvedic times). </p><p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gayatri_Pariwar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gayatri Pariwar (page does not exist)">Gayatri Pariwar</a> since 1991 has organized performances of a "modern version" of the Ashvamedha where a statue is used in place of a real horse, according to Hinduism Today with a million participants in <a href="/wiki/Chitrakoot,_Madhya_Pradesh" title="Chitrakoot, Madhya Pradesh">Chitrakoot</a>, <a href="/wiki/Madhya_Pradesh" title="Madhya Pradesh">Madhya Pradesh</a> on April 16 to 20, 1994.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Such modern performances are <a href="/wiki/Sattva" title="Sattva">Sattvika</a> <a href="/wiki/Yajna" title="Yajna">Yajnas</a> where the animal is worshipped without killing it,<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the religious motivation being prayer for overcoming enemies, the facilitation of child welfare and development, and clearance of debt,<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> entirely within the allegorical interpretation of the ritual, and with no actual sacrifice of any animal. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reception">Reception</h2></div> <p>The earliest recorded criticism of the ritual comes from the <a href="/wiki/C%C4%81rv%C4%81ka" class="mw-redirect" title="Cārvāka">Cārvāka</a>, an atheistic school of Indian philosophy that assumed various forms of <a href="/wiki/Philosophical_skepticism" title="Philosophical skepticism">philosophical skepticism</a> and religious indifference. A quotation of the Cārvāka from <a href="/wiki/Madhavacharya_of_Sringeri" class="mw-redirect" title="Madhavacharya of Sringeri">Madhavacharya</a>'s Sarva-Darsana-Sangraha states: "The three authors of the Vedas were buffoons, knaves, and demons. All the well-known formulae of the pandits, jarphari, turphari, etc. and all the obscene rites for the queen commanded in Ashvamedha, these were invented by buffoons, and so all the various kinds of presents to the priests, while the eating of flesh was similarly commanded by night-prowling demons."<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to some writers, ashvamedha is a forbidden rite for <i><a href="/wiki/Kali_Yuga" title="Kali Yuga">Kali Yuga</a></i>, the current age.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This part<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Avoid_weasel_words" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Avoid weasel words"><span title="The material near this tag possibly uses too vague attribution or weasel words. (December 2019)">which?</span></a></i>]</sup> of the ritual offended the <a href="/wiki/Dalit_(outcaste)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dalit (outcaste)">Dalit</a> reformer and framer of the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_India" title="Constitution of India">Indian constitution</a> <a href="/wiki/B._R._Ambedkar" title="B. R. Ambedkar">B. R. Ambedkar</a> and is frequently mentioned in his writings as an example of the perceived degradation of Brahmanical culture.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Scholar Manohar L. Varadpande, praised the ritual as "social occasions of great magnitude".<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rick F. Talbott writes that "<a href="/wiki/Mircea_Eliade" title="Mircea Eliade">Mircea Eliade</a> treated the Ashvamedha as a rite having a cosmogonic structure which both regenerated the entire cosmos and reestablished every social order during its performance."<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Ashvamedha" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Ashvamedha">Ashvamedha</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ashva" title="Ashva">Ashva</a> – Horses in Hinduism</li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_Horse" title="October Horse">October Horse</a> – Animal sacrifice to Mars</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cruelty_to_animals" title="Cruelty to animals">Cruelty to animals</a> – Negligent or abusive action against animals by humans</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Footnotes">Footnotes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFMonier-WilliamsLeumannCappeller2005" class="citation book cs1">Monier-Williams, Monier; 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Asian Educational Services. p. 115.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Sanskrit-English+Dictionary%3A+Etymologically+and+Philologically+Arranged+with+Special+Reference+to+Cognate+Indo-European+Languages&rft.pages=115&rft.pub=Asian+Educational+Services&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Monier-Williams&rft.aufirst=Monier&rft.au=Leumann%2C+E.&rft.au=Cappeller%2C+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAshvamedha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mansingh_68-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mansingh_68_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mansingh_68_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMansingh" class="citation book cs1">Mansingh, Surjit. <i>Historical Dictionary of India</i>. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 68.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+India&rft.pages=68&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.aulast=Mansingh&rft.aufirst=Surjit&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAshvamedha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERick_F._Talbott2005111-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERick_F._Talbott2005111_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRick_F._Talbott2005">Rick F. Talbott 2005</a>, p. 111.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGopal1990" class="citation book cs1">Gopal, Madan (1990). K.S. 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Publication Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/indiathroughages00mada/page/72">72</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=India+through+the+ages&rft.pages=72&rft.pub=Publication+Division%2C+Ministry+of+Information+and+Broadcasting%2C+Government+of+India&rft.date=1990&rft.aulast=Gopal&rft.aufirst=Madan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Findiathroughages00mada&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAshvamedha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Glucklich, 111–114</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Glucklich, 111–112</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStutley1969257-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStutley1969257_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStutley1969">Stutley 1969</a>, p. 257.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Glucklich,_112-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Glucklich,_112_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Glucklich,_112_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Glucklich,_112_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Glucklich, 112</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERoshen_Dalal2010399-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoshen_Dalal2010399_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoshen_Dalal2010399_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRoshen_Dalal2010">Roshen Dalal 2010</a>, p. 399.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStutley1969" class="citation journal cs1">Stutley, Margaret (1969). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1258749">"The Aśvamedha or Indian Horse Sacrifice"</a>. <i>Folklore</i>. <b>80</b> (4). Taylor & Francis: 257. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F0015587X.1969.9716646">10.1080/0015587X.1969.9716646</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1258749">1258749</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Folklore&rft.atitle=The+A%C5%9Bvamedha+or+Indian+Horse+Sacrifice&rft.volume=80&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=257&rft.date=1969&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F0015587X.1969.9716646&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1258749%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Stutley&rft.aufirst=Margaret&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1258749&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAshvamedha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBose2020" class="citation journal cs1">Bose, Saikat (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hasp.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/journals/ejvs/article/view/11333/11118">"The Aśvamedha: in the context of early South Asian socio-political development"</a>. <i>Electronic Journal of Vedic Studies</i>. <b>25</b> (2): 3–4.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Electronic+Journal+of+Vedic+Studies&rft.atitle=The+A%C5%9Bvamedha%3A+in+the+context+of+early+South+Asian+socio-political+development&rft.volume=25&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=3-4&rft.date=2020&rft.aulast=Bose&rft.aufirst=Saikat&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhasp.ub.uni-heidelberg.de%2Fjournals%2Fejvs%2Farticle%2Fview%2F11333%2F11118&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAshvamedha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBose202016-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBose202016_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBose2020">Bose 2020</a>, p. 16.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBose202018,_20-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBose202018,_20_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBose2020">Bose 2020</a>, pp. 18, 20.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_14-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_14-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_14-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_14-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_14-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRenou1957" class="citation book cs1">Renou, Louis (1957). <i>Vedic India</i>. 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V. S. Apte's: The practical Sanskrit-English dictionary</i>. Vol. 3. Poona: Prasad Prakashan. p. 251.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Revised+and+enlarged+edition+of+Prin.+V.+S.+Apte%27s%3A+The+practical+Sanskrit-English+dictionary&rft.place=Poona&rft.pages=251&rft.pub=Prasad+Prakashan&rft.date=1957%2F1959&rft.aulast=Apte&rft.aufirst=Vaman+Shivaram&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAshvamedha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERenou1957100,_105–106,_108–109-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERenou1957100,_105–106,_108–109_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRenou1957">Renou 1957</a>, pp. 100, 105–106, 108–109.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERenou1957100,_105–106,_108-109-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERenou1957100,_105–106,_108-109_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRenou1957">Renou 1957</a>, p. 100, 105–106, 108-109.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMonier-WilliamsLeumannCappeller2005178-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMonier-WilliamsLeumannCappeller2005178_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMonier-WilliamsLeumannCappeller2005">Monier-Williams, Leumann & Cappeller 2005</a>, p. 178.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoldstücker1856" class="citation book cs1">Goldstücker, Theodor (1856). <i>A Dictionary, Sanskrit and English</i>. A. Asher and Co. p. 137.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Dictionary%2C+Sanskrit+and+English&rft.pages=137&rft.pub=A.+Asher+and+Co.&rft.date=1856&rft.aulast=Goldst%C3%BCcker&rft.aufirst=Theodor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAshvamedha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEApte1957–19591363-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEApte1957–19591363_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFApte1957–1959">Apte 1957–1959</a>, p. 1363.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStutley1969259-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStutley1969259_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStutley1969">Stutley 1969</a>, p. 259.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBose202040-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBose202040_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBose2020">Bose 2020</a>, p. 40.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKarmakar1949" class="citation journal cs1">Karmakar, R. D. (1949). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/41784542">"The Aśvamedha: Its Original Signification"</a>. <i>Annals of the Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute</i>. <b>30</b> (3/4): 333. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/41784542">41784542</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annals+of+the+Bhandarkar+Oriental+Research+Institute&rft.atitle=The+A%C5%9Bvamedha%3A+Its+Original+Signification&rft.volume=30&rft.issue=3%2F4&rft.pages=333&rft.date=1949&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F41784542%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Karmakar&rft.aufirst=R.+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F41784542&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAshvamedha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStutley1969258-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStutley1969258_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStutley1969">Stutley 1969</a>, p. 258.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKarmarkar1949" class="citation journal cs1">Karmarkar, R. D. (1949). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/41784542">"The Aśvamedha: its Original Signification"</a>. <i>Annals of the Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute</i>. <b>30</b> (3/4): 334–339. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/41784542">41784542</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annals+of+the+Bhandarkar+Oriental+Research+Institute&rft.atitle=The+A%C5%9Bvamedha%3A+its+Original+Signification&rft.volume=30&rft.issue=3%2F4&rft.pages=334-339&rft.date=1949&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F41784542%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Karmarkar&rft.aufirst=R.+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F41784542&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAshvamedha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-thomas-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-thomas_30-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-thomas_30-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomas_V._GamkrelidzeVjaceslav_V._Ivanov1995" class="citation book cs1">Thomas V. Gamkrelidze; Vjaceslav V. Ivanov (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=M2aqp2n2mKkC&q=Ashvamedha"><i>Indo-European and the Indo-Europeans: A Reconstruction and Historical Analysis of a Proto-Language and Proto-Culture. Part I: The Text. Part II: Bibliography, Indexes</i></a>. Walter de Gruyter. pp. 402–403. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783110815030" title="Special:BookSources/9783110815030"><bdi>9783110815030</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Indo-European+and+the+Indo-Europeans%3A+A+Reconstruction+and+Historical+Analysis+of+a+Proto-Language+and+Proto-Culture.+Part+I%3A+The+Text.+Part+II%3A+Bibliography%2C+Indexes&rft.pages=402-403&rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=9783110815030&rft.au=Thomas+V.+Gamkrelidze&rft.au=Vjaceslav+V.+Ivanov&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DM2aqp2n2mKkC%26q%3DAshvamedha&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAshvamedha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBose20204–5-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBose20204–5_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBose2020">Bose 2020</a>, pp. 4–5.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDalal2014" class="citation book cs1">Dalal, Roshen (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zrk0AwAAQBAJ&dq=hinduism+dalal+spending+one+night&pg=PT223"><i>Hinduism: An Alphabetical Guide</i></a>. Penguin Books Limited. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788184752779" title="Special:BookSources/9788184752779"><bdi>9788184752779</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hinduism%3A+An+Alphabetical+Guide&rft.pub=Penguin+Books+Limited&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9788184752779&rft.aulast=Dalal&rft.aufirst=Roshen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dzrk0AwAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dhinduism%2Bdalal%2Bspending%2Bone%2Bnight%26pg%3DPT223&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAshvamedha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERick_F._Talbott2005123-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERick_F._Talbott2005123_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRick_F._Talbott2005">Rick F. Talbott 2005</a>, p. 123.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERenou1957104–105-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERenou1957104–105_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRenou1957">Renou 1957</a>, pp. 104–105.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Laws of Manu</i>, translated by Wendy Doniger with Brian K. Smith, p. 104. Penguin Books, London, 1991 <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="Please supply an ISBN for this book.">ISBN missing</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200629101242/https://imagesonline.bl.uk/?service=asset&action=show_zoom_window_popup&language=en&asset=7519&location=grid&asset_list=7714,7772,7773,10157,1868,1877,7511,7519,7520,7529,7531,7547,7766,7767,7768,7769,7770,7771,9098,9205,10021,11104,11106,11156,22261&basket_item_id=undefined">"Horse sacrifice Add. 15295, f.33"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://imagesonline.bl.uk/?service=asset&action=show_zoom_window_popup&language=en&asset=7519&location=grid&asset_list=7714,7772,7773,10157,1868,1877,7511,7519,7520,7529,7531,7547,7766,7767,7768,7769,7770,7771,9098,9205,10021,11104,11106,11156,22261&basket_item_id=undefined">the original</a> on 29 June 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-02-25</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Horse+sacrifice+Add.+15295%2C+f.33&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fimagesonline.bl.uk%2F%3Fservice%3Dasset%26action%3Dshow_zoom_window_popup%26language%3Den%26asset%3D7519%26location%3Dgrid%26asset_list%3D7714%2C7772%2C7773%2C10157%2C1868%2C1877%2C7511%2C7519%2C7520%2C7529%2C7531%2C7547%2C7766%2C7767%2C7768%2C7769%2C7770%2C7771%2C9098%2C9205%2C10021%2C11104%2C11106%2C11156%2C22261%26basket_item_id%3Dundefined&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAshvamedha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-kmg-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-kmg_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ganguli, K.M. (1883–1896) "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/m14/index.htm">Aswamedha Parva</a>" in <i>The Mahabharata of Krishna-Dwaipayana Vyasa</i> (12 Volumes). Calcutta</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mnd-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-mnd_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dutt, M.N. (1905) <i>The Mahabharata (Volume 14): Ashwamedha Parva</i>. Calcutta: Elysium Press</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">van Buitenen, J.A.B. (1973) <i>The Mahabharata: Book 1: The Book of the Beginning</i>. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, p. 478</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Debroy, B. (2010) <i>The Mahabharata, Volume 1</i>. Gurgaon: Penguin Books India, pp. xxiii–xxvi</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201126173929/https://www.valmiki.iitk.ac.in/sloka?field_kanda_tid=1&language=dv&field_sarga_value=14">"Sloka & Translation | Valmiki Ramayanam"</a>. <i>www.valmiki.iitk.ac.in</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.valmiki.iitk.ac.in/sloka?field_kanda_tid=1&language=dv&field_sarga_value=14">the original</a> on 26 November 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-02-25</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.valmiki.iitk.ac.in&rft.atitle=Sloka+%26+Translation+%7C+Valmiki+Ramayanam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.valmiki.iitk.ac.in%2Fsloka%3Ffield_kanda_tid%3D1%26language%3Ddv%26field_sarga_value%3D14&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAshvamedha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Glucklich, 111</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomas_V._GamkrelidzeVjaceslav_V._Ivanov1995" class="citation book cs1">Thomas V. Gamkrelidze; Vjaceslav V. Ivanov (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=M2aqp2n2mKkC"><i>Indo-European and the Indo-Europeans: A Reconstruction and Historical Analysis of a Proto-Language and Proto-Culture. Part I: The Text. Part II: Bibliography, Indexes</i></a>. Walter de Gruyter. p. 70. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783110815030" title="Special:BookSources/9783110815030"><bdi>9783110815030</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Indo-European+and+the+Indo-Europeans%3A+A+Reconstruction+and+Historical+Analysis+of+a+Proto-Language+and+Proto-Culture.+Part+I%3A+The+Text.+Part+II%3A+Bibliography%2C+Indexes&rft.pages=70&rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=9783110815030&rft.au=Thomas+V.+Gamkrelidze&rft.au=Vjaceslav+V.+Ivanov&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DM2aqp2n2mKkC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAshvamedha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERick_F._Talbott2005142-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERick_F._Talbott2005142_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRick_F._Talbott2005">Rick F. Talbott 2005</a>, p. 142.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERoshen_Dalal201044-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoshen_Dalal201044_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRoshen_Dalal2010">Roshen Dalal 2010</a>, p. 44.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavid_M._Knipe2015234-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavid_M._Knipe2015234_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDavid_M._Knipe2015">David M. Knipe 2015</a>, p. 234.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEK_M_Ganguly1896130–131-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEK_M_Ganguly1896130–131_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFK_M_Ganguly1896">K M Ganguly 1896</a>, pp. 130–131.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:0_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJamisonBrereton2014" class="citation book cs1">Jamison, Stephanie; Brereton, Joel (2014). <i>The Rigveda: The Earliest Religious Poetry of India</i>. Oxford University Press. pp. 619–626, 699. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199370184" title="Special:BookSources/9780199370184"><bdi>9780199370184</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rigveda%3A+The+Earliest+Religious+Poetry+of+India&rft.pages=619-626%2C+699&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9780199370184&rft.aulast=Jamison&rft.aufirst=Stephanie&rft.au=Brereton%2C+Joel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAshvamedha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_49-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_49-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFErdosyWitzel1995" class="citation book cs1">Erdosy, George; Witzel, Michael (1995). <i>Language, Material Culture and Ethnicity. The Indo-Aryans of Ancient South Asia: Rgvedic history: poets, chieftains and politics</i>. De Gruyter. pp. 237–242.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Language%2C+Material+Culture+and+Ethnicity.+The+Indo-Aryans+of+Ancient+South+Asia%3A+Rgvedic+history%3A+poets%2C+chieftains+and+politics&rft.pages=237-242&rft.pub=De+Gruyter&rft.date=1995&rft.aulast=Erdosy&rft.aufirst=George&rft.au=Witzel%2C+Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAshvamedha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:02-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:02_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWitzel1995" class="citation book cs1">Witzel, Michael (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/9783110816433-009/html">"4. Early Indian history: Linguistic and textual parametres"</a>. In Erdosy, George (ed.). <i>The Indo-Aryans of Ancient South Asia: Language, Material Culture and Ethnicity</i>. Indian Philology and South Asian Studies. De Gruyter. pp. 85–125. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2F9783110816433-009">10.1515/9783110816433-009</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-081643-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-081643-3"><bdi>978-3-11-081643-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:238465491">238465491</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=4.+Early+Indian+history%3A+Linguistic+and+textual+parametres&rft.btitle=The+Indo-Aryans+of+Ancient+South+Asia%3A+Language%2C+Material+Culture+and+Ethnicity&rft.series=Indian+Philology+and+South+Asian+Studies&rft.pages=85-125&rft.pub=De+Gruyter&rft.date=1995&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A238465491%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2F9783110816433-009&rft.isbn=978-3-11-081643-3&rft.aulast=Witzel&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.degruyter.com%2Fdocument%2Fdoi%2F10.1515%2F9783110816433-009%2Fhtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAshvamedha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRaychaudhuri2006" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Hem_Chandra_Raychaudhuri" title="Hem Chandra Raychaudhuri">Raychaudhuri, Hemchandra</a> (2006), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=h1KObc_qaXYC"><i>Political History of Ancient India</i></a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cosmo_Publications&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cosmo Publications (page does not exist)">Cosmo Publications</a>, p. 14,39, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-307-0291-6" title="Special:BookSources/81-307-0291-6"><bdi>81-307-0291-6</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Political+History+of+Ancient+India&rft.pages=14%2C39&rft.pub=Cosmo+Publications&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=81-307-0291-6&rft.aulast=Raychaudhuri&rft.aufirst=Hemchandra&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dh1KObc_qaXYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAshvamedha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pruthi_2004-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Pruthi_2004_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPruthi2004" class="citation book cs1">Pruthi, Raj (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=z3ksBrWoZm0C&q=Janamejaya+in+vedas&pg=PA86"><i>Vedic Civilization</i></a>. Discovery Publishing House. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788171418756" title="Special:BookSources/9788171418756"><bdi>9788171418756</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vedic+Civilization&rft.pub=Discovery+Publishing+House&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=9788171418756&rft.aulast=Pruthi&rft.aufirst=Raj&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dz3ksBrWoZm0C%26q%3DJanamejaya%2Bin%2Bvedas%26pg%3DPA86&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAshvamedha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDineshchandra_Sircar1971175-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDineshchandra_Sircar1971175_53-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDineshchandra_Sircar1971175_53-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDineshchandra_Sircar1971175_53-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDineshchandra_Sircar1971175_53-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDineshchandra_Sircar1971175_53-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDineshchandra_Sircar1971175_53-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDineshchandra_Sircar1971">Dineshchandra Sircar 1971</a>, p. 175.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDinesh_Chandra_Shukla1978" class="citation book cs1">Dinesh Chandra Shukla (1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RMoBAAAAMAAJ"><i>Early history of Rajasthan</i></a>. Bharatiya Vidya Prakashan. p. 30.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Early+history+of+Rajasthan&rft.pages=30&rft.pub=Bharatiya+Vidya+Prakashan&rft.date=1978&rft.au=Dinesh+Chandra+Shukla&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRMoBAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAshvamedha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavid_M._Knipe20158-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavid_M._Knipe20158_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDavid_M._Knipe2015">David M. Knipe 2015</a>, p. 8.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJayantanuja_Bandyopadhyaya2007203-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJayantanuja_Bandyopadhyaya2007203_56-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJayantanuja_Bandyopadhyaya2007203_56-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJayantanuja_Bandyopadhyaya2007203_56-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJayantanuja_Bandyopadhyaya2007203_56-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJayantanuja_Bandyopadhyaya2007">Jayantanuja Bandyopadhyaya 2007</a>, p. 203.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDineshchandra_Sircar1971176-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDineshchandra_Sircar1971176_57-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDineshchandra_Sircar1971176_57-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDineshchandra_Sircar1971176_57-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDineshchandra_Sircar1971176_57-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDineshchandra_Sircar1971176_57-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDineshchandra_Sircar1971176_57-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDineshchandra_Sircar1971">Dineshchandra Sircar 1971</a>, p. 176.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEUpinder_Singh2008510-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUpinder_Singh2008510_58-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUpinder_Singh2008510_58-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUpinder_Singh2008510_58-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFUpinder_Singh2008">Upinder Singh 2008</a>, p. 510.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTony_WhittenGreg_S._HendersonMuslimin_Mustafa2012" class="citation book cs1">Tony Whitten; Greg S. Henderson; Muslimin Mustafa (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Q__PAgAAQBAJ"><i>The Ecology of Sulawesi (The Ecology of Indonesia Series, Volume IV)</i></a>. Tuttle Publishing. p. 76. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781462905072" title="Special:BookSources/9781462905072"><bdi>9781462905072</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ecology+of+Sulawesi+%28The+Ecology+of+Indonesia+Series%2C+Volume+IV%29&rft.pages=76&rft.pub=Tuttle+Publishing&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9781462905072&rft.au=Tony+Whitten&rft.au=Greg+S.+Henderson&rft.au=Muslimin+Mustafa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQ__PAgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAshvamedha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavid_M._Knipe20159-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavid_M._Knipe20159_60-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDavid_M._Knipe2015">David M. Knipe 2015</a>, p. 9.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAshvini_Agrawal1989139-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAshvini_Agrawal1989139_61-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAshvini_Agrawal1989">Ashvini Agrawal 1989</a>, p. 139.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDineshchandra_Sircar1971179-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDineshchandra_Sircar1971179_62-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDineshchandra_Sircar1971179_62-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDineshchandra_Sircar1971179_62-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDineshchandra_Sircar1971179_62-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDineshchandra_Sircar1971179_62-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDineshchandra_Sircar1971179_62-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDineshchandra_Sircar1971">Dineshchandra Sircar 1971</a>, p. 179.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavid_M._Knipe201510-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavid_M._Knipe201510_63-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDavid_M._Knipe2015">David M. Knipe 2015</a>, p. 10.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKarl_J._Schmidt2015" class="citation book cs1">Karl J. Schmidt (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vKZzCQAAQBAJ&pg=PT77"><i>An Atlas and Survey of South Asian History</i></a>. Taylor & Francis. p. 77. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-47680-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-47680-1"><bdi>978-1-317-47680-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Atlas+and+Survey+of+South+Asian+History&rft.pages=77&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-317-47680-1&rft.au=Karl+J.+Schmidt&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvKZzCQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT77&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAshvamedha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESnigdha_Tripathy199767-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESnigdha_Tripathy199767_65-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSnigdha_Tripathy1997">Snigdha Tripathy 1997</a>, p. 67.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESnigdha_Tripathy199774–75-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESnigdha_Tripathy199774–75_66-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSnigdha_Tripathy1997">Snigdha Tripathy 1997</a>, pp. 74–75.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRama_Shankar_Tripathi1942" class="citation book cs1">Rama Shankar Tripathi (1942). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rOVpOG6MPMcC&pg=PA466"><i>History of Ancient India</i></a>. Motilal Banarsidass. p. 466. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0018-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0018-2"><bdi>978-81-208-0018-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Ancient+India&rft.pages=466&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=1942&rft.isbn=978-81-208-0018-2&rft.au=Rama+Shankar+Tripathi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrOVpOG6MPMcC%26pg%3DPA466&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAshvamedha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFP._K._Gode1953" class="citation book cs1">P. K. Gode (1953). "Some contemporary Evidence regarding the aśvamedha Sacrifice performed by Sevai Jayasing of Amber (1699–1744 A.D.)". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oXZHtgEACAAJ"><i>Studies in Indian Literary History</i></a>. Vol. 2. Singhi Jain Shastra Sikshapith. pp. 288–291. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/2499291">2499291</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Some+contemporary+Evidence+regarding+the+a%C5%9Bvamedha+Sacrifice+performed+by+Sevai+Jayasing+of+Amber+%281699%E2%80%931744+A.D.%29&rft.btitle=Studies+in+Indian+Literary+History&rft.pages=288-291&rft.pub=Singhi+Jain+Shastra+Sikshapith&rft.date=1953&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F2499291&rft.au=P.+K.+Gode&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DoXZHtgEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAshvamedha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCatherine_B_Asher2008" class="citation book cs1">Catherine B Asher (2008). "Rethinking a Millennium: Perspectives on Indian History from the Eighth to the Eighteenth Century : Essays for Harbans Mukhia". In Rajat Datta (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2H4PGhFB9ScC&pg=PA232"><i>Excavating Communalism: Kachhwaha Rajadharma and Mughal Sovereignty</i></a>. Aakar Books. p. 232. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-89833-36-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-89833-36-7"><bdi>978-81-89833-36-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Rethinking+a+Millennium%3A+Perspectives+on+Indian+History+from+the+Eighth+to+the+Eighteenth+Century+%3A+Essays+for+Harbans+Mukhia&rft.btitle=Excavating+Communalism%3A+Kachhwaha+Rajadharma+and+Mughal+Sovereignty&rft.pages=232&rft.pub=Aakar+Books&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-81-89833-36-7&rft.au=Catherine+B+Asher&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2H4PGhFB9ScC%26pg%3DPA232&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAshvamedha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kishore-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kishore_70-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gKKaDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA24">Ayodhya Revisited by Kunal Kishore p. 24</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDineshchandra_Sircar1962263-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDineshchandra_Sircar1962263_71-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDineshchandra_Sircar1962">Dineshchandra Sircar 1962</a>, p. 263.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">as a <a href="/wiki/Bahuvrihi" title="Bahuvrihi">bahuvrihi</a>, <i>saptāśva</i> "having seven horses" is another name of the <a href="/wiki/Surya" title="Surya">Sun</a>, referring to the horses of <a href="/wiki/Sun_chariot" class="mw-redirect" title="Sun chariot">his chariot</a>.; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.akhandjyoti.org/marapr05/article12.html?Akhand-Jyoti/2005/Jul-Aug/Ashvamedha/">akhandjyoti.org</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070929080441/http://www.akhandjyoti.org/marapr05/article12.html?Akhand-Jyoti%2F2005%2FJul-Aug%2FAshvamedha%2F">Archived</a> September 29, 2007, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> glosses 'ashva' as "the symbol of mobility, valour and strength" and 'medha' as "the symbol of supreme wisdom and intelligence", yielding a meaning of 'ashvamedha' of "the combination of the valour and strength and illumined power of intellect"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-crit-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-crit_73-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-crit_73-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Critical and Cultural Study of the Shatapatha Brahmana by Swami Satya Prakash Saraswati</i>, p. 415; 476</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hinduismtoday.com/archives/1994/6/1994-6-04.shtml">Hinduism Today, June 1994</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061213233624/http://www.hinduismtoday.com/archives/1994/6/1994-6-04.shtml">Archived</a> December 13, 2006, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051214083253/http://www.hindu.com/2005/10/13/stories/2005101316990400.htm">"Ashwamedha Yagam in city"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Hindu" title="The Hindu">The Hindu</a></i>. Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh. Oct 13, 2005. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hindu.com/2005/10/13/stories/2005101316990400.htm">the original</a> on December 14, 2005<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 September</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.atitle=Ashwamedha+Yagam+in+city&rft.date=2005-10-13&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hindu.com%2F2005%2F10%2F13%2Fstories%2F2005101316990400.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAshvamedha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ashwamedhayaagam.org/whyamy.html">Ashwamedhayagnam.org</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070929082350/http://www.ashwamedhayaagam.org/whyamy.html">Archived</a> September 29, 2007, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Madhavacarya, <i>Sarvadarsana-sangraha</i>, English translation by E. B. Cowell and A. E. Gough, 1904 quoted in Debiprasad Chattopadhyaya (ed.), <i>Carvaka/Lokayata: An Anthology of Source Materials and Some Recent Studies</i> (New Delhi: Indian Council of Philosophical Research, 1990)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRosen2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Steven_J._Rosenn&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Steven J. Rosenn (page does not exist)">Rosen, Steven</a> (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Z-WKuYt0MogC&pg=PA212"><i>Holy Cow: The Hare Krishna Contribution to Vegetarianism and Animal Rights</i></a>. Lantern Books. p. 212. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781590560662" title="Special:BookSources/9781590560662"><bdi>9781590560662</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Holy+Cow%3A+The+Hare+Krishna+Contribution+to+Vegetarianism+and+Animal+Rights&rft.pages=212&rft.pub=Lantern+Books&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=9781590560662&rft.aulast=Rosen&rft.aufirst=Steven&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZ-WKuYt0MogC%26pg%3DPA212&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAshvamedha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>The Vedas: With Illustrative Extracts</i>. Book Tree. p. 62. <q>horse sacrifice was prohibited in the Kali Yuga</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Vedas%3A+With+Illustrative+Extracts&rft.pages=62&rft.pub=Book+Tree&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAshvamedha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar, Writings and Speeches</i>. p. 1376.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dr.+Babasaheb+Ambedkar%2C+Writings+and+Speeches&rft.pages=1376&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAshvamedha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"History of Indian Theatre, Volume 1" by Manohar Laxman Varadpande, p. 46</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Sacred Sacrifice: Ritual Paradigms in Vedic Religion and Early Christianity" by Rick F. Talbott, p. 133</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAshvini_Agrawal1989" class="citation book cs1">Ashvini Agrawal (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hRjC5IaJ2zcC&pg=PA193"><i>Rise and Fall of the Imperial Guptas</i></a>. Motilal Banarsidass. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0592-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0592-7"><bdi>978-81-208-0592-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rise+and+Fall+of+the+Imperial+Guptas&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-81-208-0592-7&rft.au=Ashvini+Agrawal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhRjC5IaJ2zcC%26pg%3DPA193&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAshvamedha" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCharles_Drekmeier1962" class="citation book cs1">Charles Drekmeier (1962). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/kingshipcommunit0000drek"><i>Kingship and Community in Early India</i></a></span>. Stanford University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/kingshipcommunit0000drek/page/46">46</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-0114-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-0114-3"><bdi>978-0-8047-0114-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kingship+and+Community+in+Early+India&rft.pages=46&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=1962&rft.isbn=978-0-8047-0114-3&rft.au=Charles+Drekmeier&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fkingshipcommunit0000drek&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAshvamedha" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavid_M._Knipe2015" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_M._Knipe" title="David M. Knipe">David M. Knipe</a> (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6RxcBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA234"><i>Vedic Voices: Intimate Narratives of a Living Andhra Tradition</i></a>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199397709" title="Special:BookSources/9780199397709"><bdi>9780199397709</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vedic+Voices%3A+Intimate+Narratives+of+a+Living+Andhra+Tradition&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=9780199397709&rft.au=David+M.+Knipe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6RxcBgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA234&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAshvamedha" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDineshchandra_Sircar1962" class="citation book cs1">Dineshchandra Sircar (1962). Ramesh Chandra Majumdar (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2J0fAAAAIAAJ"><i>The History and Culture of the Indian People: The classical age</i></a>. Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+and+Culture+of+the+Indian+People%3A+The+classical+age&rft.pub=Bharatiya+Vidya+Bhavan&rft.date=1962&rft.au=Dineshchandra+Sircar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2J0fAAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAshvamedha" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDineshchandra_Sircar1971" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Dineshchandra_Sircar" title="Dineshchandra Sircar">Dineshchandra Sircar</a> (1971). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mh1y1eMgGBMC&pg=PA175"><i>Studies in the Religious Life of Ancient and Medieval India</i></a>. Motilal Banarsidass. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-2790-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-2790-5"><bdi>978-81-208-2790-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Studies+in+the+Religious+Life+of+Ancient+and+Medieval+India&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=1971&rft.isbn=978-81-208-2790-5&rft.au=Dineshchandra+Sircar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dmh1y1eMgGBMC%26pg%3DPA175&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAshvamedha" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJayantanuja_Bandyopadhyaya2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jayantanuja_Bandyopadhyaya" title="Jayantanuja Bandyopadhyaya">Jayantanuja Bandyopadhyaya</a> (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gwUF11NRyT4C&pg=PA203"><i>Class and Religion in Ancient India</i></a>. Anthem. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84331-332-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84331-332-8"><bdi>978-1-84331-332-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Class+and+Religion+in+Ancient+India&rft.pub=Anthem&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-84331-332-8&rft.au=Jayantanuja+Bandyopadhyaya&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgwUF11NRyT4C%26pg%3DPA203&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAshvamedha" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFK_M_Ganguly1896" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Kisari_Mohan_Ganguli" title="Kisari Mohan Ganguli">K M Ganguly</a> (1896). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/m07/m07065.htm"><i>The Mahabharata of Krishna Dwaipayana Vyasa</i></a>. Sacred Texts.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Mahabharata+of+Krishna+Dwaipayana+Vyasa&rft.pub=Sacred+Texts&rft.date=1896&rft.au=K+M+Ganguly&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sacred-texts.com%2Fhin%2Fm07%2Fm07065.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAshvamedha" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGlucklich2007" class="citation book cs1">Glucklich, Ariel (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KtLScrjrWiAC&pg=PA112"><i>The Strides of Vishnu: Hindu Culture in Historical Perspective</i></a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780195314052" title="Special:BookSources/9780195314052"><bdi>9780195314052</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Strides+of+Vishnu%3A+Hindu+Culture+in+Historical+Perspective&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9780195314052&rft.aulast=Glucklich&rft.aufirst=Ariel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKtLScrjrWiAC%26pg%3DPA112&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAshvamedha" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRick_F._Talbott2005" class="citation book cs1">Rick F. Talbott (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6XNLAwAAQBAJ"><i>Sacred Sacrifice: Ritual Paradigms in Vedic Religion and Early Christianity</i></a>. Wipf and Stock. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59752-340-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59752-340-0"><bdi>978-1-59752-340-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sacred+Sacrifice%3A+Ritual+Paradigms+in+Vedic+Religion+and+Early+Christianity&rft.pub=Wipf+and+Stock&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-59752-340-0&rft.au=Rick+F.+Talbott&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6XNLAwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAshvamedha" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoshen_Dalal2010" class="citation book cs1">Roshen Dalal (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DH0vmD8ghdMC&q=white+horse+hinduism&pg=PA399"><i>Hinduism: An Alphabetical Guide</i></a>. Penguin Books India. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780143414216" title="Special:BookSources/9780143414216"><bdi>9780143414216</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hinduism%3A+An+Alphabetical+Guide&rft.pub=Penguin+Books+India&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9780143414216&rft.au=Roshen+Dalal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDH0vmD8ghdMC%26q%3Dwhite%2Bhorse%2Bhinduism%26pg%3DPA399&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAshvamedha" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSnigdha_Tripathy1997" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Snigdha Tripathy (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XUiYu3XByNgC&pg=PR3"><i>Inscriptions of Orissa</i></a>. Vol. I – Circa 5th–8th centuries A.D. <a href="/wiki/Indian_Council_of_Historical_Research" title="Indian Council of Historical Research">Indian Council of Historical Research</a> and <a href="/wiki/Motilal_Banarsidass" title="Motilal Banarsidass">Motilal Banarsidass</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-1077-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-1077-8"><bdi>978-81-208-1077-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Inscriptions+of+Orissa&rft.pub=Indian+Council+of+Historical+Research+and+Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-81-208-1077-8&rft.au=Snigdha+Tripathy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXUiYu3XByNgC%26pg%3DPR3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAshvamedha" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStephanie_Jamison1996" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Stephanie_W._Jamison" title="Stephanie W. Jamison">Stephanie Jamison</a> (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Hs6mFZqBnGYC"><i>Sacrificed Wife / Sacrificer's Wife</i></a>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780195096637" title="Special:BookSources/9780195096637"><bdi>9780195096637</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sacrificed+Wife+%2F+Sacrificer%27s+Wife&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=9780195096637&rft.au=Stephanie+Jamison&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHs6mFZqBnGYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAshvamedha" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUpinder_Singh2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Upinder_Singh" title="Upinder Singh">Upinder Singh</a> (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=H3lUIIYxWkEC&pg=PA381"><i>A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India</i></a>. Pearson Education India. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788131711200" title="Special:BookSources/9788131711200"><bdi>9788131711200</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Ancient+and+Early+Medieval+India&rft.pub=Pearson+Education+India&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9788131711200&rft.au=Upinder+Singh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DH3lUIIYxWkEC%26pg%3DPA381&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAshvamedha" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTony_WhittenGreg_S._HendersonMuslimin_Mustafa2012" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Tony_Whitten" title="Tony Whitten">Tony Whitten</a>; Greg S. Henderson; Muslimin Mustafa (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Q__PAgAAQBAJ"><i>The Ecology of Sulawesi (The Ecology of Indonesia Series, Volume IV)</i></a>. Tuttle Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781462905072" title="Special:BookSources/9781462905072"><bdi>9781462905072</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ecology+of+Sulawesi+%28The+Ecology+of+Indonesia+Series%2C+Volume+IV%29&rft.pub=Tuttle+Publishing&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9781462905072&rft.au=Tony+Whitten&rft.au=Greg+S.+Henderson&rft.au=Muslimin+Mustafa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQ__PAgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAshvamedha" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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