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class="vector-toc-link" href="#Physical_remains"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Physical remains</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Physical_remains-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Linguistic_influence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Linguistic_influence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Linguistic influence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Linguistic_influence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cultural_influence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cultural_influence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Cultural influence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cultural_influence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Political_influence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_influence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Political influence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Political_influence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Qocho" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Qocho"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Qocho</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Qocho-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Modern culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gallery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gallery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Gallery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gallery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc 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غرب" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protectorat_g%C3%A9n%C3%A9ral_pour_pacifier_l%27Ouest" title="Protectorat général pour pacifier l'Ouest – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Protectorat général pour pacifier l'Ouest" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%95%88%EC%84%9C%EB%8F%84%ED%98%B8%EB%B6%80" title="안서도호부 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="안서도호부" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generalni_Protektorat_da_Umiri_Zapad" title="Generalni Protektorat da Umiri Zapad – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Generalni Protektorat da Umiri Zapad" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protektorat_Umum_untuk_Mendamaikan_Barat" title="Protektorat Umum untuk Mendamaikan Barat – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Protektorat Umum untuk Mendamaikan Barat" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ansi_protektoratas" title="Ansi protektoratas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Ansi protektoratas" 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data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-coordinates" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span id="coordinates"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Protectorate_General_to_Pacify_the_West&params=41_39_N_82_54_E_"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">41°39′N</span> <span class="longitude">82°54′E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">41.650°N 82.900°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">41.650; 82.900</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Anxi_Protectorate&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Anxi Protectorate">Anxi Protectorate</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Protectorate in ancient China</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="color: #202122;background-color:#b0c4de">Protectorate General to Pacify the West</th></tr><tr style="display:none;"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">Traditional Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant" style="font-size: 1rem;">安西大都護府</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">Simplified Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hans" style="font-size: 1rem;">安西大都护府</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;">Literal meaning</th><td class="infobox-data">Pacify-West Grand Metropolitan-Protection Prefecture/Office</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox-subbox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="display:inline-table; text-align: left;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%; text-align: left;color: #202122; background-color: #f9ffbc;">Transcriptions</th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Standard_Chinese" title="Standard Chinese">Standard Mandarin</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hanyu_Pinyin" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanyu Pinyin">Hanyu Pinyin</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">Ānxī Dàdūhù Fǔ</span></span></td></tr></tbody></table></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #b0c4de;">Protectorate to Pacify the West</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">Traditional Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant" style="font-size: 1rem;">安西都護府</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">Simplified Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hans" style="font-size: 1rem;">安西都护府</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;">Literal meaning</th><td class="infobox-data">Pacify-West Metropolitan-Protection Prefecture/Office</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox-subbox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="display:inline-table; text-align: left;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%; text-align: left;color: #202122; background-color: #f9ffbc;">Transcriptions</th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Standard_Chinese" title="Standard Chinese">Standard Mandarin</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a 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0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile vcard plainlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><div class="sidebar-pretitle" style="margin: -0.2em 0; font-size:69%; font-weight:normal;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_Xinjiang" title="Category:History of Xinjiang">a series</a> on the</div></th> </tr><tr> <th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style=""><a href="/wiki/History_of_Xinjiang" title="History of Xinjiang">History of <span class="fn org label">Xinjiang</span></a></th> </tr><tr><td style="padding-bottom: 0.4em; border-bottom: 1px solid #ccc;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Museum_f%C3%BCr_Indische_Kunst_Dahlem_Berlin_Mai_2006_063.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Museum_f%C3%BCr_Indische_Kunst_Dahlem_Berlin_Mai_2006_063.jpg/100px-Museum_f%C3%BCr_Indische_Kunst_Dahlem_Berlin_Mai_2006_063.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="102" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Museum_f%C3%BCr_Indische_Kunst_Dahlem_Berlin_Mai_2006_063.jpg/150px-Museum_f%C3%BCr_Indische_Kunst_Dahlem_Berlin_Mai_2006_063.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Museum_f%C3%BCr_Indische_Kunst_Dahlem_Berlin_Mai_2006_063.jpg/200px-Museum_f%C3%BCr_Indische_Kunst_Dahlem_Berlin_Mai_2006_063.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1731" data-file-height="1774" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color:#000000; background: #eeeeee; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Ancient period</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tocharians" title="Tocharians">Tocharians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuezhi" title="Yuezhi">Yuezhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiongnu" title="Xiongnu">Xiongnu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Regions" title="Western Regions">Western Regions</a> <ul><li>(<a href="/wiki/Protectorate_of_the_Western_Regions" title="Protectorate of the Western Regions">Han Protectorate</a>; <a href="/wiki/Chief_Official_of_the_Western_Regions" title="Chief Official of the Western Regions">Chief Officials</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Khotan" title="Kingdom of Khotan">Kingdom of Khotan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Former_Liang" title="Former Liang">Former Liang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Former_Qin" title="Former Qin">Former Qin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Later_Liang_(Sixteen_Kingdoms)" title="Later Liang (Sixteen Kingdoms)">Later Liang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Liang_(Sixteen_Kingdoms)" title="Western Liang (Sixteen Kingdoms)">Western Liang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaochang" title="Gaochang">Gaochang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rouran" class="mw-redirect" title="Rouran">Rouran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Turkic_Khaganate" title="First Turkic Khaganate">First Turkic Khaganate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Turkic_Khaganate" title="Western Turkic Khaganate">Western Turkic Khaganate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Turkic_Khaganate" title="Eastern Turkic Khaganate">Eastern Turkic Khaganate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Turkic_Khaganate" title="Second Turkic Khaganate">Second Turkic Khaganate</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color:#000000; background: #eeeeee; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Medieval and early modern period</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty_in_Inner_Asia" title="Tang dynasty in Inner Asia">Tang Protectorates</a> (<a class="mw-selflink selflink">West</a>; <a href="/wiki/Beiting_Protectorate" title="Beiting Protectorate">Beiting</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Empire" title="Tibetan Empire">Tibetan Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uyghur_Khaganate" title="Uyghur Khaganate">Uyghur Khaganate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kara-Khanid_Khanate" title="Kara-Khanid Khanate">Kara-Khanid Khanate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Qocho" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Qocho">Kingdom of Qocho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qara_Khitai" title="Qara Khitai">Qara Khitai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_Empire" title="Mongol Empire">Mongol Empire</a> (<a href="/wiki/Yuan_dynasty_in_Inner_Asia" title="Yuan dynasty in Inner Asia">Yuan</a>; <a href="/wiki/Chagatai_Khanate" title="Chagatai Khanate">Chagatai Khanate</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moghulistan" title="Moghulistan">Moghulistan</a> (<a href="/wiki/Turpan_Khanate" title="Turpan Khanate">Turpan</a>; <a href="/wiki/Yarkent_Khanate" title="Yarkent Khanate">Yarkent</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kara_Del" title="Kara Del">Ming ruled Kara Del</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dzungar_Khanate" title="Dzungar Khanate">Dzungar Khanate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumul_Khanate" title="Kumul Khanate">Kumul Khanate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yettishar" title="Yettishar">Yettishar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xinjiang_under_Qing_rule" title="Xinjiang under Qing rule">Qing rule</a> <ul><li>(<a href="/wiki/Dzungar_genocide" title="Dzungar genocide">Dzungar genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dungan_Revolt_(1862%E2%80%931877)" title="Dungan Revolt (1862–1877)">Dungan Revolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qing_reconquest_of_Xinjiang" title="Qing reconquest of Xinjiang">Qing reconquest</a>)</li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color:#000000; background: #eeeeee; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Modern period</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Xinjiang_Province,_Republic_of_China" title="Xinjiang Province, Republic of China">Xinjiang Province, Republic of China</a> <ul><li>(<a href="/wiki/Xinjiang_clique" title="Xinjiang clique">Xinjiang clique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_East_Turkestan_Republic" title="First East Turkestan Republic">1st East Turkestan Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_East_Turkestan_Republic" title="Second East Turkestan Republic">2nd East Turkestan Republic</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incorporation_of_Xinjiang_into_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Incorporation of Xinjiang into the People's Republic of China">Xinjiang Province, People's Republic of China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xinjiang" title="Xinjiang">Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region</a> <ul><li>(<a href="/wiki/Xinjiang_Production_and_Construction_Corps" title="Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps">Production and Construction Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xinjiang_conflict" title="Xinjiang conflict">Xinjiang conflict</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Xinjiang_internment_camps" title="Xinjiang internment camps">Xinjiang internment camps</a> / <a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Uyghurs_in_China" title="Persecution of Uyghurs in China">Persecution of Uyghurs in China</a>)</li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_Xinjiang" title="Template:History of Xinjiang"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_Xinjiang" title="Template talk:History of Xinjiang"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_Xinjiang" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of Xinjiang"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Protectorate General to Pacify the West</b> (<b>Anxi Grand Protectorate</b>), initially the <b>Protectorate to Pacify the West</b> (<b>Anxi Protectorate</b>), was a <a href="/wiki/Protectorate_(imperial_China)" title="Protectorate (imperial China)">protectorate</a> (640 – <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 790</span>) established by the Chinese <a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang dynasty</a> in 640 to control the <a href="/wiki/Tarim_Basin" title="Tarim Basin">Tarim Basin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDrompp2005103_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrompp2005103-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The head office was first established at the <a href="/wiki/Zhou_(country_subdivision)" class="mw-redirect" title="Zhou (country subdivision)">prefecture</a> of Xi, now known as <a href="/wiki/Turpan" title="Turpan">Turpan</a>, but was later shifted to Qiuci (<a href="/wiki/Kucha" title="Kucha">Kucha</a>) and situated there for most of the period.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDrompp2005104_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrompp2005104-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Four_Garrisons_of_Anxi" title="Four Garrisons of Anxi">Four Garrisons of Anxi</a> in <a href="/wiki/Kucha" title="Kucha">Kucha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Khotan" class="mw-redirect" title="Khotan">Khotan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kashgar" title="Kashgar">Kashgar</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Karashahr" class="mw-redirect" title="Karashahr">Karashahr</a> were installed between 648 and 658 as garrisons under the western protectorate. In 659, <a href="/wiki/Sogdia" title="Sogdia">Sogdia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ferghana" class="mw-redirect" title="Ferghana">Ferghana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tashkent" title="Tashkent">Tashkent</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bukhara" title="Bukhara">Bukhara</a>, <a href="/wiki/Samarkand" title="Samarkand">Samarkand</a>, <a href="/wiki/Balkh" title="Balkh">Balkh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Herat" title="Herat">Herat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kashmir" title="Kashmir">Kashmir</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Pamirs" class="mw-redirect" title="Pamirs">Pamirs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tokharistan" title="Tokharistan">Tokharistan</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Kabul" title="Kabul">Kabul</a> all submitted to the protectorate under <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Gaozong_of_Tang" title="Emperor Gaozong of Tang">Emperor Gaozong of Tang</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaywood19983.2_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaywood19983.2-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Tanner2009_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tanner2009-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Tanner2010_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tanner2010-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Derven2000_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Derven2000-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Grousset1970_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grousset1970-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the <a href="/wiki/An_Lushan_Rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="An Lushan Rebellion">An Lushan Rebellion</a> (755–763) was suppressed, the office of Protector General was given to Guo Xin, who defended the area and the four garrisons even after communication had been cut off from <a href="/wiki/Chang%27an" title="Chang'an">Chang'an</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Empire" title="Tibetan Empire">Tibetan Empire</a>. The last five years of the protectorate are regarded as an uncertain period in its history, but most sources agree that the last vestiges of the protectorate and its garrisons were defeated by Tibetan forces by 790, ending nearly 150 years of Tang influence in <a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central Asia</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Protectorate_General_to_Pacify_the_West&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="7th_century">7th century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Protectorate_General_to_Pacify_the_West&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: 7th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Tang_dynasty" title="Timeline of the Tang dynasty">Timeline of the Tang dynasty</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_the_Tang_Empire_and_its_Protectorates_circa_660_CE.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Map_of_the_Tang_Empire_and_its_Protectorates_circa_660_CE.png/400px-Map_of_the_Tang_Empire_and_its_Protectorates_circa_660_CE.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="245" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Map_of_the_Tang_Empire_and_its_Protectorates_circa_660_CE.png/600px-Map_of_the_Tang_Empire_and_its_Protectorates_circa_660_CE.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Map_of_the_Tang_Empire_and_its_Protectorates_circa_660_CE.png/800px-Map_of_the_Tang_Empire_and_its_Protectorates_circa_660_CE.png 2x" data-file-width="2777" data-file-height="1703" /></a><figcaption>Map of the major protectorates of the Tang dynasty <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 660</span>, following the campaigns against the <a href="/wiki/Tang_campaign_against_the_Eastern_Turks" title="Tang campaign against the Eastern Turks">Eastern Turks (629)</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Taizong%27s_campaign_against_the_Western_Regions" title="Emperor Taizong's campaign against the Western Regions">Western city-states (640-648)</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Tang_campaigns_against_the_Western_Turks" title="Tang campaigns against the Western Turks">Western Turks (657)</a>. The Protectorate General to Pacify the West is marked as "Anxi Protectorate".<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMillward200733_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMillward200733-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Emperor_Taizong%27s_campaign_against_Xiyu_states.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Emperor_Taizong%27s_campaign_against_Xiyu_states.svg/400px-Emperor_Taizong%27s_campaign_against_Xiyu_states.svg.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="263" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Emperor_Taizong%27s_campaign_against_Xiyu_states.svg/600px-Emperor_Taizong%27s_campaign_against_Xiyu_states.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Emperor_Taizong%27s_campaign_against_Xiyu_states.svg/800px-Emperor_Taizong%27s_campaign_against_Xiyu_states.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1026" data-file-height="674" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Taizong%27s_campaign_against_Xiyu_states" class="mw-redirect" title="Emperor Taizong's campaign against Xiyu states">Emperor Taizong's campaign against Xiyu states</a></figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Historical_xinjiang.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Historical_xinjiang.png/400px-Historical_xinjiang.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="328" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Historical_xinjiang.png/600px-Historical_xinjiang.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Historical_xinjiang.png/800px-Historical_xinjiang.png 2x" data-file-width="1088" data-file-height="891" /></a><figcaption>Historical cities of the <a href="/wiki/Tarim_Basin" title="Tarim Basin">Tarim Basin</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The Western Regions during the Tang era were known as Qixi (磧西). Qi refers to the <a href="/wiki/Gobi_Desert" title="Gobi Desert">Gobi Desert</a> while Xi refers to the west. In 632 the oasis kingdoms of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Khotan" title="Kingdom of Khotan">Khotan</a> (Yutian) and <a href="/wiki/Shule_Kingdom" title="Shule Kingdom">Shule</a> (Kashgar) submitted to the Tang dynasty as vassals.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWang201340_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWang201340-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 635 <a href="/wiki/Yarkant_County" title="Yarkant County">Yarkand</a> (Shache) submitted to the Tang dynasty.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWang201340_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWang201340-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 19 September 640 <a href="/wiki/Hou_Junji" title="Hou Junji">Hou Junji</a> of Tang conquered <a href="/wiki/Gaochang" title="Gaochang">Gaochang</a> and set up Xi Prefecture (西州) in its place.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEXiong2008cix_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEXiong2008cix-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEXiong200845_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEXiong200845-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Xi Prefecture became the seat of the Anxi Protectorate on 11 October. Qiao Shiwang became the first protector general of the Anxi and served from 640 to 642. Guo Xiaoke received the next post and served from 640 to 648. By 644 <a href="/wiki/Karasahr" title="Karasahr">Karasahr</a> was also conquered, and was known to the Chinese as Yanqi. <a href="/wiki/Aksu,_Xinjiang" class="mw-redirect" title="Aksu, Xinjiang">Aksu</a> (Gumo) was garrisoned by Tang troops.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBregel200316_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBregel200316-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 648, the Tang conquered <a href="/wiki/Kucha" title="Kucha">Kucha</a>, known to the Chinese as Qiuci, and made it the new seat of Anxi under the governance of Chai Zhewei from 649 to 651.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEXiong200845_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEXiong200845-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 650 the entire Western Region had submitted to Tang authority.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBregel200316_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBregel200316-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 651 the seat was moved back to Xi Prefecture where it remained under the governance of Qu Zhizhan from 651 to 658.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEXiong200845_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEXiong200845-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 656 the <a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Empire" title="Tibetan Empire">Tibetan Empire</a> attacked <a href="/wiki/Patola_Shahis" title="Patola Shahis">Lesser Bolü</a> in <a href="/wiki/Gilgit" title="Gilgit">Gilgit</a> southwest of the protectorate.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBregel200317_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBregel200317-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 658 the seat was moved back to Qiuci after <a href="/wiki/Su_Dingfang" title="Su Dingfang">Su Dingfang</a> defeated the <a href="/wiki/Western_Turkic_Khaganate" title="Western Turkic Khaganate">Western Turkic Khaganate</a>. Its title was changed to "Grand Protectorate" and granted governorship of former Western Turkic territories, which were further separated into the Mengchi and Kunling protectorates.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEXiong200845_12-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEXiong200845-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 660 the Tibetan Empire and their Turkic allies attacked Shule. The Tibetan Empire also attacked <a href="/wiki/Wakhan_Corridor" title="Wakhan Corridor">Wakhan</a> to the protectorate's southwest.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBregel200317_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBregel200317-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When the Tang general boasted of the size of his army, <a href="/wiki/Gar_Tongtsen_Yulsung" title="Gar Tongtsen Yulsung">Gar Tongtsen Yulsung</a>'s son responded in the following manner: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>There is no disputing the matter of numbers. But many small birds are the food of a single hawk, and many small fish are the food of a single otter. A pine tree has been growing for a hundred years, but a single axe is its enemy. Although a river runs ceaselessly, it can be crossed in a moment by a boat six feet long. Although barley and rice grow over a whole plain, it is all the grist of a single mill. Although the sky is filled with stars, in the light of a single sun they are nothing.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvan_Schaik201117_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvan_Schaik201117-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>In 663 the Tibetan Empire conquered <a href="/wiki/Tuyuhun" title="Tuyuhun">Tuyuhun</a> southeast of the protectorate.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBregel200317_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBregel200317-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They also attacked Yutian but were repelled.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWang2013146_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWang2013146-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 665 the Tibetan Empire and Turkic allies attacked Yutian.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBregel200317_14-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBregel200317-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The conflict between the Tang and Tibetans was the primary context under which the story of a Khotanese princess striving to rescue Khotan from destruction was formulated. One passage of the story in prayer form reads: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>When the red-faced ones and the Chinese battle each other, may Khotan not be destroyed. When monks come from other countries to Khotan, may they not be treated dishonourably. May those who flee here from other countries find a place to stay here and help to rebuild the great stupas and monastic gardens that have been burned by the red-faced ones.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvan_Schaik201118_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvan_Schaik201118-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>In 670 the Tibetan Empire routed a Tang army at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Dafei_River" title="Battle of Dafei River">Battle of Dafei River</a> and attacked Gumo as well as captured Qiuci. The protectorate's seat was moved to <a href="/wiki/Suyab" title="Suyab">Suyab</a>, known as Suiye to the Chinese, in modern <a href="/wiki/Kyrgyzstan" title="Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEXiong200845_12-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEXiong200845-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBregel200317_14-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBregel200317-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 673 the Tang consolidated control over the Wuduolu Turks living in the area that came to be known as <a href="/wiki/Dzungaria" title="Dzungaria">Dzungaria</a>. The Tang also captured Qiuci and established control over the Western Regions in the same year.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWang2013147_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWang2013147-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 677 the Tibetan Empire captured Qiuci. In the same year Ashina Duzhi, previously a Tang general tasked with controlling the Wuduolu Turks, rebelled and declared himself Onoq Khagan, ruler of all Turks.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWang2013148_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWang2013148-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 679 the Tang general, Pei Xingjian, defeated Ashina Duzhi as well as the Tibetans and established control over the Western Regions.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWang2013149_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWang2013149-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 686 Tang troops withdrew from the Four Garrisons after elements within the court argued for the decrease of military expenditures.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWang2013149-150_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWang2013149-150-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 687 the Tibetan Empire established control over the Western Regions.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWang2013150_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWang2013150-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 690 the Tibetan Empire defeated a Tang army at <a href="/wiki/Issyk-Kul" title="Issyk-Kul">Issyk-Kul</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWang2013150_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWang2013150-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 692 Tang troops under <a href="/wiki/Wang_Xiaojie" title="Wang Xiaojie">Wang Xiaojie</a> pacified the Western Regions and established the Anxi Protectorate at Qiuci, where it would remain until the protectorate's demise around 790.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBregel200316_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBregel200316-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWang2013150_22-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWang2013150-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEXiong200845_12-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEXiong200845-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The importance of the Western Regions was well understood by the Tang court at this point. Its strategic significance is summarized by Cui Rong, an Imperial Diarist of the court: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>If we cannot defend these garrisons, barbarians will surely come to destabilize the Western Regions. And various tribes south of the Nanshan Mountain [i.e., the Qilian and the Kunlun Mountains] would feel threatened. If they link up with one another, they would pose a threat to regions west of the Yellow River [i.e., present-day Gansu and Qinghai provinces]. Moreover, if they get in touch with the Turks in the north, our soldiers will be unable to crush them by crossing the Moheyan Desert [the desert northwest of Dunhuang] that extends over 2,000 li, where neither water nor grass can be found. The tribes [loyal to China] in Yizhou, Xiyzhou, Beiting [Beshbalik], and Anxi protectorates will all be eliminated.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWang2013150_22-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWang2013150-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Cui Rong</cite></div></blockquote> <p>In 694 the <a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Empire" title="Tibetan Empire">Tibetan Empire</a> attacked the Stone City (<a href="/wiki/Charklik_(ancient_settlement)" title="Charklik (ancient settlement)">Charklik</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWang2013151_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWang2013151-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="8th_century">8th century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Protectorate_General_to_Pacify_the_West&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: 8th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hephthalites.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Hephthalites.png/220px-Hephthalites.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Hephthalites.png/330px-Hephthalites.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Hephthalites.png/440px-Hephthalites.png 2x" data-file-width="717" data-file-height="450" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Hephthalite" class="mw-redirect" title="Hephthalite">Hephthalite</a> envoys 6th century AD.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Qiemo.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Qiemo.png/220px-Qiemo.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="230" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Qiemo.png/330px-Qiemo.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a6/Qiemo.png 2x" data-file-width="426" data-file-height="445" /></a><figcaption>Tributary envoys from <a href="/wiki/Qiemo_Town" title="Qiemo Town">Qiemo</a>, 6-7th centuries AD.</figcaption></figure> <p>In 702 Wu Zetian set up the <a href="/wiki/Beiting_Protectorate" title="Beiting Protectorate">Beiting Protectorate</a> in Ting Prefecture (<a href="/wiki/Jimsar_County" title="Jimsar County">Jimsar County</a>) and granted it governorship over Yi Prefecture (<a href="/wiki/Hami_City" class="mw-redirect" title="Hami City">Hami</a>) and Xi Prefecture.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEXiong200858_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEXiong200858-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 708 the <a href="/wiki/Turgesh" class="mw-redirect" title="Turgesh">Turgesh</a> attacked Qiuci.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBregel200318_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBregel200318-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 710 the Tibetan Empire conquered Lesser Bolü.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWang2013157–8_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWang2013157–8-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Arab sources claim <a href="/wiki/Qutayba_ibn_Muslim" title="Qutayba ibn Muslim">Qutayba ibn Muslim</a> briefly took Kashgar from China and withdrew after an agreement<sup id="cite_ref-Olimat2015_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Olimat2015-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but modern historians entirely dismiss this claim.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 715 the Tibetan Empire attacked <a href="/wiki/Fergana" title="Fergana">Fergana</a>, a Tang vassal.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBregel200318_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBregel200318-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 717 the Tibetan Empire attacked Gumo and the Stone City.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBregel200319_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBregel200319-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWang2013158_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWang2013158-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Arab <a href="/wiki/Umayyad_Caliphate" title="Umayyad Caliphate">Umayyad Caliphate</a> in 715 AD deposed <a href="/wiki/Ikhshid" title="Ikhshid">Ikhshid</a>, the king the <a href="/wiki/Fergana_Valley" title="Fergana Valley">Fergana Valley</a>, and installed a new king Alutar on the throne. The deposed king fled to <a href="/wiki/Kucha" title="Kucha">Kucha</a> (seat of <a href="/wiki/Anxi_Protectorate" class="mw-redirect" title="Anxi Protectorate">Anxi Protectorate</a>) and sought Chinese intervention. The Chinese sent 10,000 troops under <a href="/w/index.php?title=Zhang_Xiaosong&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zhang Xiaosong (page does not exist)">Zhang Xiaosong</a> to <a href="/wiki/Ferghana" class="mw-redirect" title="Ferghana">Ferghana</a>. He defeated Alutar and the Arab occupation force at <a href="/wiki/Namangan" title="Namangan">Namangan</a> and reinstalled Ikhshid on the throne.<sup id="cite_ref-bai_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bai-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>General Tang Jiahui led the Chinese to defeat the following Arab-Tibetan attack in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Aksu_(717)" title="Battle of Aksu (717)">Battle of Aksu (717)</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Guides2017_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Guides2017-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The attack on Aksu was joined by <a href="/wiki/Turgesh" class="mw-redirect" title="Turgesh">Turgesh</a> Khan <a href="/wiki/Suluk_(Turgesh_khagan)" class="mw-redirect" title="Suluk (Turgesh khagan)">Suluk</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Grousset1970_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grousset1970-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both <a href="/wiki/Uqturpan_County" title="Uqturpan County">Uch Turfan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aksu_City" title="Aksu City">Aksu</a> were attacked by the Turgesh, Arab, and Tibetan force on 15 August 717. Qarluqs serving under Chinese command, under Arsila Xian, a Western Turkic Qaghan serving under the Chinese Assistant Grand Protector General Tang Jiahui defeated the attack. Al-Yashkuri, the Arab commander and his army fled to Tashkent after they were defeated.<sup id="cite_ref-Beckwith1993_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Beckwith1993-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Whiting2002_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Whiting2002-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 719 the Turgesh captured Suiye.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBregel200318_26-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBregel200318-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 720 the Tibetan Empire seized the Stone City.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWang2013159_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWang2013159-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the same year Tang bestowed titles upon the kings of <a href="/wiki/Khuttal" title="Khuttal">Khuttal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chitral" title="Chitral">Chitral</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Oddiyana" title="Oddiyana">Oddiyana</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeckwith198791_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeckwith198791-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 722 Tang restored the king of Lesser Bolü to his throne.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWang2013159_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWang2013159-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 725 the king of Khotan (Yutian) rebelled but was immediately replaced with a Tang puppet by protectorate forces.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWang2013159_38-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWang2013159-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 726 the Turgesh attempted to engage in horse trade at Qiuci without prior authorization. The Turgesh Khagan <a href="/wiki/Suluk_(Turgesh_khagan)" class="mw-redirect" title="Suluk (Turgesh khagan)">Suluk</a> used his marital relation with Princess Jiaohe to issue a decree ordering the Protector-General to engage in trade. However Princess Jiaohe was actually the daughter of <a href="/wiki/Ashina_Huaidao" title="Ashina Huaidao">Ashina Huaidao</a>, and the Protector-General retorted: "How can an Ashina woman proclaim a decree to me, a military commissioner?!"<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESkaff2012279_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESkaff2012279-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In response Suluk attacked Qiuci.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBregel200318_26-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBregel200318-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 727 and 728 the Tibetan Empire attacked Qiuci.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBregel200318_26-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBregel200318-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 737 the Tibetan Empire conquered Lesser Bolü.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBregel200319_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBregel200319-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 741 the Tibetan Empire sacked the Stone City.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWang2013166_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWang2013166-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 745 the Tang general <a href="/w/index.php?title=Huangfu_Weiming&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Huangfu Weiming (page does not exist)">Huangfu Weiming</a> attacked the Stone City but suffered a major defeat.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeckwith1987129_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeckwith1987129-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Huangfu, the Stone City was one of the most heavily defended bastions of the Tibetan Empire: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Shih-pao is strongly defended. The whole Tibetan nation is guarding it. Now if we array our troops below it, we cannot capture it without several tens of thousands of [our] men being killed. I am afraid that what would be gained is not comparable to what would be lost.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeckwith1987129-30_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeckwith1987129-30-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Huangfu Weiming</cite></div></blockquote> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="locmap noviewer noresize thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:302px;border-color:lightgrey"><div style="position:relative;width:300px;border:1px solid lightgray"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_Asia_physical_(continental).png" class="mw-file-description" title="Protectorate General to Pacify the West is located in Continental Asia"><img alt="Protectorate General to Pacify the West is located in Continental Asia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Map_Asia_physical_%28continental%29.png/300px-Map_Asia_physical_%28continental%29.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Map_Asia_physical_%28continental%29.png/450px-Map_Asia_physical_%28continental%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Map_Asia_physical_%28continental%29.png/600px-Map_Asia_physical_%28continental%29.png 2x" data-file-width="3196" data-file-height="1840" /></a></span><div id="annotation_119x107" style="position:absolute; 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left:113px; top:70px; font-size:5px; font-weight:bold; font-size:5; line-height:7px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Ikhshids_of_Sogdia" title="Ikhshids of Sogdia"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF">IKHSHIDS</span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_120x86" style="position:absolute; left:120px; top:86px; font-size:6px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6; line-height:8px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Turk_Shahis" title="Turk Shahis"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF">TURK<br />SHAHIS</span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_150x113" style="position:absolute; left:150px; top:113px; font-size:6px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6; line-height:8px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Varman_dynasty_of_Kannauj" class="mw-redirect" title="Varman dynasty of Kannauj"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF">VARMANS</span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_230x90" style="position:absolute; left:230px; top:90px; font-size:7px; font-weight:bold; font-size:7; line-height:9px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF">TANG<br />EMPIRE</span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_10x70" style="position:absolute; left:10px; top:70px; font-size:6px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6; line-height:8px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF">BYZANTINE<br />EMPIRE</span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_40x50" style="position:absolute; left:40px; top:50px; font-size:5px; font-weight:bold; font-size:5; line-height:7px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Khazar_Khanate" class="mw-redirect" title="Khazar Khanate"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF">KHAZAR<br />KHANATE</span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_205x135" style="position:absolute; left:205px; top:135px; font-size:5px; font-weight:bold; font-size:5; line-height:7px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Dvaravati" title="Dvaravati"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:rgba(79,49,28,1)">DVARA-<br />VATI</span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_2x40" style="position:absolute; left:2px; top:40px; font-size:6px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6; line-height:8px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Pannonian_Avars" title="Pannonian Avars"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF">AVARS</span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_145x73" style="position:absolute; left:145px; top:73px; font-size:7px; font-weight:bold; font-size:7; line-height:9px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Anxi_Protectorate" class="mw-redirect" title="Anxi Protectorate"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF">Anxi Protectorate</span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_155x85" style="position:absolute; left:155px; top:85px; font-size:7px; font-weight:bold; font-size:7; line-height:9px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Empire" title="Tibetan Empire"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF">TIBETAN<br />EMPIRE</span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_217x152" style="position:absolute; left:217px; top:152px; font-size:5px; font-weight:bold; font-size:5; line-height:7px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Chenla" title="Chenla"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF">CHENLA</span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_205x164" style="position:absolute; left:205px; top:164px; font-size:6px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6; line-height:8px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Srivijaya" title="Srivijaya"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF">SRIVIJAYA</span></a></span></div></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_Asia_physical_(continental).png" title="File:Map Asia physical (continental).png">class=notpageimage| </a></div>The Anxi Protectorate and main contemporary Asian polities, circa 720</div></div></div> <p>In 747 the Tang general <a href="/wiki/Gao_Xianzhi" title="Gao Xianzhi">Gao Xianzhi</a> captured Lesser Bolü.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBregel200318_26-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBregel200318-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 748 the Tang recaptured Suiye and destroyed it.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBregel200318_26-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBregel200318-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 749 Tang recovered the Stone City.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWang2013166_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWang2013166-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 750 the Tang intervened in a dispute between their vassal Fergana and the neighboring kingdom of Chach, located in modern <a href="/wiki/Tashkent" title="Tashkent">Tashkent</a>. The kingdom of Chach was sacked and their king was taken back to Chang'an, where he was executed.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBregel200318_26-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBregel200318-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the same year Tang also defeated Qieshi in <a href="/wiki/Chitral" title="Chitral">Chitral</a> and the Turgesh.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWang2013167_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWang2013167-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 751 Tang forces suffered a major defeat at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Talas" title="Battle of Talas">Battle of Talas</a> against <a href="/wiki/Abbasid" class="mw-redirect" title="Abbasid">Abbasid</a> and <a href="/wiki/Karluks" title="Karluks">Karluk</a> forces.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBregel200318_26-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBregel200318-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although the Battle of Talas saw the limit of Tang expansion to the west, the importance of the defeat at the Battle of Talas has sometimes been exaggerated. Although the Tang army was defeated, the Arabs did not extend their influence into Xinjiang, and the Karluks remained amiable to the Tang. Some Karluks converted to Islam, but the vast majority did not until the mid 10th century under <a href="/wiki/Sultan_Satuq_Bughra_Khan" title="Sultan Satuq Bughra Khan">Sultan Satuq Bughra Khan</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Kara-Khanid_Khanate" title="Kara-Khanid Khanate">Kara-Khanid Khanate</a>. The long-term strategic importance of Talas was overshadowed later on by the An Lushan Rebellion, which devastated the Tang homeland. It is now understood as the primary cause for the Tang retreat from Central Asia.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWink200268–_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWink200268–-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESoucek200084–_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESoucek200084–-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>My relative Huan followed Go Seonji [Tang general of Goguryeo (Korean) descent; Gao Xianzhi in Chinese, died 755], the military commissioner of Zhenxi (modern Xinjiang), to go on a western expedition. In the tenth year of Tianbao (751) he reached the Western Sea . At the beginning of the Baoying reign (761) he boarded a merchant ship and returned [to China] through Guangzhou, and wrote his Travel Record .<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPark201224_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPark201224-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Du You (735–812), a relative of <a href="/wiki/Du_Huan" title="Du Huan">Du Huan</a></cite></div></blockquote> <p>In 754 Tang forces defeated <a href="/wiki/Baltistan" title="Baltistan">Baltistan</a> (Greater Bolü) and Tibetan forces.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWang2013167_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWang2013167-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 755 the <a href="/wiki/An_Lushan_Rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="An Lushan Rebellion">An Lushan Rebellion</a> occurred and the Tang dynasty withdrew 200,000 soldiers from the Western Regions to protect the capital.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWang2013167_44-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWang2013167-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 763 the Tibetan Empire conquered Yanqi.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBregel200321_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBregel200321-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the same year the Tang capital was briefly taken by the Tibetans before they were forced to retreat.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEXiong2009cxii_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEXiong2009cxii-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dignitary_seized_by_soldiers._Kumtura_painting,_8th-9th_century_CE.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Dignitary_seized_by_soldiers._Kumtura_painting%2C_8th-9th_century_CE.jpg/220px-Dignitary_seized_by_soldiers._Kumtura_painting%2C_8th-9th_century_CE.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Dignitary_seized_by_soldiers._Kumtura_painting%2C_8th-9th_century_CE.jpg/330px-Dignitary_seized_by_soldiers._Kumtura_painting%2C_8th-9th_century_CE.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Dignitary_seized_by_soldiers._Kumtura_painting%2C_8th-9th_century_CE.jpg/440px-Dignitary_seized_by_soldiers._Kumtura_painting%2C_8th-9th_century_CE.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2038" data-file-height="1626" /></a><figcaption>Dignitary seized by soldiers. <a href="/wiki/Kumtura" class="mw-redirect" title="Kumtura">Kumtura</a> painting, 8th-9th century CE.</figcaption></figure> <p>In 764 the Tibetan Empire invaded the <a href="/wiki/Hexi_Corridor" title="Hexi Corridor">Hexi Corridor</a> and conquered <a href="/wiki/Wuwei,_Gansu" title="Wuwei, Gansu">Liang Prefecture</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeckwith1987149_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeckwith1987149-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> cutting off the Anxi and Beiting protectorates from the Tang dynasty. However Anxi and Beiting were left relatively unmolested under the leadership of Guo Xin and Li Yuanzhong.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 780 Guo Xin and Li Yuanzhong were officially made protectorate generals after sending secret messages to <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Dezong_of_Tang" title="Emperor Dezong of Tang">Emperor Dezong of Tang</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 787 the Tibetan Empire conquered Qiuci.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBregel200321_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBregel200321-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 789 the monk <a href="/wiki/Wukong_(monk)" title="Wukong (monk)">Wukong</a> passed through Shule, Yutian, Gumo, Qiuci, Yanqi, and Ting Prefecture and found that they all had Chinese commanders and were free from Tibetan or Uyghur control. This contradicts the previous conquests of Yanqi and Qiuci by the Tibetan Empire in 763 and 787, assertions made by Yuri Bregel in his <i>An Historical Atlas of Central Asia</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 792 the Tibetan Empire conquered Yutian.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBregel200321_48-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBregel200321-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is unclear what happened to Shule (<a href="/wiki/Kashgar" title="Kashgar">Kashgar</a>), Shache (<a href="/wiki/Yarkant_County" title="Yarkant County">Yarkand</a>), or Gumo (<a href="/wiki/Aksu_Prefecture" title="Aksu Prefecture">Aksu</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBregel200321_48-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBregel200321-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to O. Pritsak, Kashgar came under <a href="/wiki/Karluks" title="Karluks">Karluk</a> domination around this time, but this is disputed by Christopher I. Beckwith.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeckwith1987153_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeckwith1987153-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Post-Tibetan_domination">Post-Tibetan domination</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Protectorate_General_to_Pacify_the_West&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Post-Tibetan domination"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Guiyi_Circuit.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Guiyi_Circuit.png/300px-Guiyi_Circuit.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="207" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Guiyi_Circuit.png/450px-Guiyi_Circuit.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Guiyi_Circuit.png/600px-Guiyi_Circuit.png 2x" data-file-width="1044" data-file-height="721" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Qocho" title="Qocho">Qocho</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guiyi_Circuit" title="Guiyi Circuit">Guiyi Circuit</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Ganzhou_Uyghur_Kingdom" title="Ganzhou Uyghur Kingdom">Ganzhou Uyghur Kingdom</a> post-Tibetan Empire.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Regarding Khurasan and its proximity to the land of China, between the latter and Sogdiana there is a journey of two months. The way, however, is via a forbidding desert of unbroken sand dunes in which there are no water sources and no river valleys, with no habitation nearby. That is what prevents the people of Khurasan from launching an assault on China. Turning to the part of China lying in the direction of the setting sun, namely the place known as Bamdhu, this is located on the borders of Tibet, and fighting never ceases there between the Chinese and the Tibetans.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEal-Sirafi2014104-5_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEal-Sirafi2014104-5-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abu_Zayd_Al-Sirafi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abu Zayd Al-Sirafi (page does not exist)">Abu Zayd Al-Sirafi</a></cite></div></blockquote> <p>Of the four garrisons that made up the defunct Anxi Protectorate, all eventually ended up freeing themselves or coming under the dominion of other powers by the mid-9th century. Karasahr and Kucha were occupied by the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Qocho" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Qocho">Kingdom of Qocho</a> in 843.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeckwith1987168_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeckwith1987168-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kashgar came under the dominion of the <a href="/wiki/Kara-Khanid_Khanate" title="Kara-Khanid Khanate">Kara-Khanid Khanate</a>. The earliest approximate date of around the late 8th or early 9th century is disputed, but it was likely before 980.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBregel198723_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBregel198723-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Khotan regained its independence in 851.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeckwith1987171_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeckwith1987171-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 1006 it was also conquered by the Kara-Khanid Khanate.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBregel200326_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBregel200326-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="List_of_protector_generals">List of protector generals</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Protectorate_General_to_Pacify_the_West&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: List of protector generals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>List of grand and assistant protector generals of the Protectorate General to Pacify the West (Anxi):<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Protectorate: </p> <ul><li>Qiao Shiwang (喬師望) 640–642</li> <li>Guo Xiaoke (郭孝恪) 642–649</li> <li>Chai Zhewei (柴哲威) 649–651</li> <li>Qu Zhizhan (麴智湛) 651–658</li></ul> <p>Grand Protectorate: </p> <ul><li>Yang Zhou (楊胄) 658–662</li> <li>Su Haizheng (蘇海政) 662</li> <li>Gao Xian (高賢) 663</li> <li>Pilou Shiche (匹婁武徹) 664</li> <li>Pei Xingjian (裴行儉) 665–667</li></ul> <p>Protectorate: </p> <ul><li>Tao Dayou (陶大有) 667–669</li> <li>Dong Baoliang (董寶亮) 669–671</li> <li>Yuan Gongyu (袁公瑜) 671–677</li> <li>Du Huanbao (杜懷寶) 677–679,</li> <li>Wang Fangyi (王方翼) 679–681</li> <li>Du Huanbao (杜懷寶) 681–682</li> <li>Li Zulong (李祖隆) 683–685</li></ul> <p>Grand Protectorate: </p> <ul><li>Wang Shiguo (王世果) 686–687</li> <li>Yan Wengu (閻溫古) 687–689</li></ul> <p>Protectorate: </p> <ul><li>Jiu Bin (咎斌) 689–690</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tang_Xiujing" title="Tang Xiujing">Tang Xiujing</a> (唐休璟) 690–693</li></ul> <p>Grand Protectorate: </p> <ul><li>Xu Qinming (許欽明) 693–695</li> <li>Gongsun Yajing (公孫雅靖) 696–698</li> <li>Tian Yangming (田揚名) 698–704</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guo_Yuanzhen" title="Guo Yuanzhen">Guo Yuanzhen</a> (郭元振) 705–708,</li> <li>Zhou Yiti (周以悌) 708–709</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guo_Yuanzhen" title="Guo Yuanzhen">Guo Yuanzhen</a> (郭元振) 709–710</li> <li>Zhang Xuanbiao (張玄表) 710–711</li> <li>Lu Xuanjing (呂玄璟) 712–716</li> <li>Guo Qianguan (郭虔瓘) 715–717,</li> <li>Li Cong (李琮) 716</li> <li>Tang Jiahui (湯嘉惠) 717–719,</li> <li>Guo Qianguan (郭虔瓘) 720–721</li> <li>Zhang Xiaosong (張孝嵩) 721–724</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Du_Xian_(Tang_dynasty)" title="Du Xian (Tang dynasty)">Du Xian</a> (杜暹) 724–726</li> <li>Zhao Yizhen (趙頤貞) 726–728</li> <li>Xie Zhixin (謝知信) 728</li> <li>Li Fen (李玢) 727–735</li> <li>Zhao Hanzhang (趙含章) 728–729</li> <li>Lu Xiulin (吕休琳) 729–730</li> <li>Tang Jiahui (湯嘉惠) 730</li> <li>Lai Yao (萊曜) 730–731</li> <li>Xu Qinshi (徐欽識) 731–733</li> <li>Wang Husi (王斛斯) 733–738</li> <li>Ge Jiayun (蓋嘉運) 738–739</li> <li>Tian Renwan (田仁琬) 740–741</li> <li>Fumeng Lingcha (夫蒙靈詧) 741–747</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gao_Xianzhi" title="Gao Xianzhi">Gao Xianzhi</a> (高仙芝) 747–751</li> <li>Wang Zhengjian (王正見) 751–752</li></ul> <p>Protectorate: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feng_Changqing" title="Feng Changqing">Feng Changqing</a> (封常清) 752–755</li> <li>Liang Zai (梁宰) 755–756</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Siye" title="Li Siye">Li Siye</a> (李嗣業) 756–759</li> <li>Lifei Yuanli (荔非元禮) 759–761</li> <li>Bai Xiaode (白孝德) 761–762</li> <li>Sun Zhizhi (孫志直) 762–765</li> <li>Zhu Mou (朱某) 765–?</li> <li>Er Zhumou (爾朱某) 765–778</li> <li>Guo Xin (郭昕) 762–808</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Protectorate_General_to_Pacify_the_West&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dinastia_tang,_shanxi,_straniero_dal_volto_velato,_600-750_ca.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Dinastia_tang%2C_shanxi%2C_straniero_dal_volto_velato%2C_600-750_ca.JPG/300px-Dinastia_tang%2C_shanxi%2C_straniero_dal_volto_velato%2C_600-750_ca.JPG" decoding="async" width="300" height="424" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Dinastia_tang%2C_shanxi%2C_straniero_dal_volto_velato%2C_600-750_ca.JPG/450px-Dinastia_tang%2C_shanxi%2C_straniero_dal_volto_velato%2C_600-750_ca.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Dinastia_tang%2C_shanxi%2C_straniero_dal_volto_velato%2C_600-750_ca.JPG/600px-Dinastia_tang%2C_shanxi%2C_straniero_dal_volto_velato%2C_600-750_ca.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1336" data-file-height="1888" /></a><figcaption>An 8th-century <a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang dynasty</a> <a href="/wiki/Chinese_ceramics" title="Chinese ceramics">Chinese clay figurine</a> of a <a href="/wiki/Sogdia" title="Sogdia">Sogdian</a> man (an <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Iranian_languages" title="Eastern Iranian languages">Eastern Iranian person</a>) wearing a distinctive cap and face veil, possibly a camel rider or even a <a href="/wiki/Zoroastrian" class="mw-redirect" title="Zoroastrian">Zoroastrian</a> priest engaging in a ritual at a <a href="/wiki/Fire_temple" title="Fire temple">fire temple</a>, since face veils were used to avoid contaminating the holy fire with breath or saliva; <a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Oriental_Art_(Turin)" title="Museum of Oriental Art (Turin)">Museum of Oriental Art (Turin)</a>, Italy.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%E9%A8%8E%E5%B0%84%E5%9C%96.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/%E9%A8%8E%E5%B0%84%E5%9C%96.jpg/350px-%E9%A8%8E%E5%B0%84%E5%9C%96.jpg" decoding="async" width="350" height="194" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/%E9%A8%8E%E5%B0%84%E5%9C%96.jpg/525px-%E9%A8%8E%E5%B0%84%E5%9C%96.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/26/%E9%A8%8E%E5%B0%84%E5%9C%96.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="388" /></a><figcaption>A painting of <a href="/wiki/Yel%C3%BC_Bei" title="Yelü Bei">Yelü Bei</a>, eldest son of <a href="/wiki/Abaoji" title="Abaoji">Abaoji</a>, the founder of the <a href="/wiki/Liao_dynasty" title="Liao dynasty">Liao dynasty</a>.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Physical_remains">Physical remains</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Protectorate_General_to_Pacify_the_West&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Physical remains"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Xinjiang and the Chu valley in Central Asia, Tang era Chinese coins continued to be copied and minted after the Chinese left the area.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBelyaev20143_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBelyaev20143-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMillward200741-_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMillward200741--63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Coins with both Chinese and Karoshthi inscriptions have been found in the southern Tarim Basin.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMillward200723-_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMillward200723--64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Linguistic_influence">Linguistic influence</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Protectorate_General_to_Pacify_the_West&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Linguistic influence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The military dominance of the Tang in Central Asia has been used as an explanation for the Turkic word for China, "Tamghaj", possibly derived from the "House of Tang" (Tangjia) instead of Tabgatch.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFiaschetti201427-28_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFiaschetti201427-28-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cultural_influence">Cultural influence</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Protectorate_General_to_Pacify_the_West&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Cultural influence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Chinese arts and crafts such as the <a href="/wiki/Sancai" title="Sancai">sancai</a> "three color" glaze left a long lasting impression in Central Asia and Western Eurasia.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMillward200741-_63-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMillward200741--63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the Persian epic <a href="/wiki/Shahnameh" title="Shahnameh">Shahnameh</a> the Chin refers to China or <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Turkestan" title="Chinese Turkestan">Chinese Turkestan</a> which was under Tang control. The Khan of Turkestan was referred to as the Khan of Chin.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPavry201586_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPavry201586-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWinchester193086_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWinchester193086-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Aladdin#Sources_and_setting" title="Aladdin">Aladdin</a>, an Arabic Islamic story which is set in China, may have been referring to Central Asia under Tang influence.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoon200523_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoon200523-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Political_influence">Political influence</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Protectorate_General_to_Pacify_the_West&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Political influence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Steppe empires often utilized the prestige of the Tang by connecting themselves to the defunct dynasty. The Qara Khitan khans used the title of "Chinese emperor" while the Khara-Khanid khans called themselves <a href="/wiki/Tabgach" class="mw-redirect" title="Tabgach">Tabgach</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMillward200742-_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMillward200742--70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tabgach Khan, or "Khan of China" was a common appellation among Khara-Khanid rulers.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMillward200751-_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMillward200751--71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Persian, Arab and other western Asian writers came to call China by the name "Tamghaj".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYule191533-_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYule191533--72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1124 the westward migration of the Khitans under Yelü Dashi also consisted of a large population of Han Chinese, Balhae, Jurchen, Mongols, Khitan, in addition to the Xiao consort clan and the Yelü royal family<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBiran2005146-_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBiran2005146--73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 12th century, the <a href="/wiki/Qara_Khitai" title="Qara Khitai">Qara Khitai</a> defeated the <a href="/wiki/Kara-Khanid_Khanate" title="Kara-Khanid Khanate">Kara-Khanid Khanate</a> and conquered their territory in Central Asia. The Khitan rulers, called "the Chinese" by Muslims, governed using Chinese as their official language as well as the Chinese style of imperial government. The effect of their administration was seen with respect and esteem due in part to China's status in Central Asia at the time.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBiran200593_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBiran200593-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Chinese characteristics appealed to the Muslim Central Asians and helped validate Qara Khitai rule. Han Chinese population among them was comparatively small so it is unlikely that the Chinese characteristics were kept to appease them. Later the Mongols moved more Chinese into Beshbalik, Almaliq and Samarqand in Central Asia to work as artisans and farmers.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBiran200596-_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBiran200596--78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The "image of China" played a key role in legitimizing the Khitan rule to the Central Asian Muslims. Prior to the Mongol invasions, the perception of China among Central Asian Muslims was an extremely civilized society, known for its unique script, its expert artisans, justice and religious tolerance. The Chinese, Turk, Arab, Byzantine, and Indian rulers were known as the world's "five great kings". The historical memory of Tang China was powerful enough that anachronistic expressions appeared in Muslim writings long after the end of the Tang. China was known as chīn (چين) in Persian and as ṣīn (صين) in Arabic while the Tang dynasty capital Changan was known as Ḥumdān (خُمدان).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBiran200597-_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBiran200597--79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some Muslim writers like Marwazī, Mahmud Kashghārī and Kashgari viewed Kashgar as part of China. <i>Ṣīn [i.e., China] is originally threefold; Upper, in the east which is called Tawjāch; middle which is Khitāy, lower which is Barkhān in the vicinity of Kashgar. But know Tawjāch is known as Maṣīn and Khitai as Ṣīn"</i> China was called after the Tuoba rulers of the Northern Wei by the Turks, pronounced by them as Tamghāj, Tabghāj, Tafghāj or Tawjāch. India introduced the name Maha Chin (greater China) which influenced the two different names for China in Persian as chīn and māchīn (چين ماچين) and Arabic ṣīn and māṣīn (صين ماصين), Southern China at Guangzhou was known as Chin while Northern China's Chang'an was known as Machin, but the definition switched and the south was referred to as Machin and the north as Chin after the Tang dynasty. As a result of Tang China's control over Kashgar, some Kashghārī placed Kashgar within the definition of China, Ṣīn, whose emperor was titled as Tafghāj or Tamghāj, Yugur (yellow Uighurs or Western Yugur) and Khitai or Qitai were all classified as "China" by Marwazī while he wrote that Ṣīnwas was bordered by placed SNQU and Maṣīn.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBiran200598-_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBiran200598--80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Machin, Mahachin, Chin, and Sin were all names of China.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Fakhr al-Dīn Mubārak Shāh, "Turkestan", Balasagun, and Kashghar were identified with where Chīn (China) was located.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBiran2005102-_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBiran2005102--82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Marwazī considered Transoxania to be a former part of China, retaining the legacy of Tang Chinese rule over Transoxania in Muslim writings, <i>In ancient times all the districts of Transoxania had belonged to the kingdom of China [Ṣīn], with the district of Samarqand as its centre. When Islam appeared and God delivered the said district to the Muslims, the Chinese migrated to their [original] centers, but there remained in Samarqand, as a vestige of them, the art of making paper of high quality. And when they migrated to Eastern parts their lands became disjoined and their provinces divided, and there was a king in China and a king in Qitai and a king in Yugur.</i> Some Muslim writers considered the Qara Khitai, the Ganzhou Uighur Kingdom and Kashgar as all parts of "China".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBiran200599-_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBiran200599--83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchluessel201413_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchluessel201413-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After Yusuf Qadir Khan's conquest of new land in Altishahr towards the east, he adopted the title "King of the East and China".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThumb2012633_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThumb2012633-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Qocho">Qocho</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Protectorate_General_to_Pacify_the_West&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Qocho"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Tang era of Gaochang, later Qocho and Turpan, left a lasting legacy upon the Buddhist Uyghur <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Qocho" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Qocho">Kingdom of Qocho</a>. Tang names appear on more than 50 Buddhist temples. Emperor Taizong's edicts were stored in the "Imperial Writings Tower" and Chinese dictionaries like the <i>Jingyun</i>, <i>Yuian</i>, <i>Tang yun</i>, and <i>da zang jing</i> (Buddhist scriptures) were also stored inside the Buddhist temples. Persian monks also maintained a Manichaean temple in the Qocho. The Persian Hudud al-'Alam referred to Qocho as the "Chinese town".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMillward200749-_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMillward200749--86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Turpan Buddhist Uyghurs of the Kingdom of Qocho continued to produce the Chinese <a href="/wiki/Qieyun" title="Qieyun">Qieyun</a> rime dictionary and developed their own pronunciations of Chinese characters, left over from the Tang influence over the area.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETakata20157-9_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETakata20157-9-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Central Asia the Uyghurs viewed the Chinese script as "very prestigious" so when they developed the <a href="/wiki/Old_Uyghur_alphabet" title="Old Uyghur alphabet">Old Uyghur alphabet</a>, based on the Syriac script, they deliberately wrote it vertically like with Chinese writing.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBorelova200249_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBorelova200249-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Modern_culture">Modern culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Protectorate_General_to_Pacify_the_West&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Modern culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Anxi Protectorate is featured in the Jade Dragon expansion for the <a href="/wiki/Grand_strategy_game" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand strategy game">grand strategy game</a> <a href="/wiki/Crusader_Kings_II" title="Crusader Kings II">Crusader Kings II</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gallery">Gallery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Protectorate_General_to_Pacify_the_West&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Gallery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pipa_player_from_Kizil.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A feitian playing pipa, wall painting from Kizil, pigment on stucco, Tang dynasty, 600–800."><img alt="A feitian playing pipa, wall painting from Kizil, pigment on stucco, Tang dynasty, 600–800." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Pipa_player_from_Kizil.jpg/176px-Pipa_player_from_Kizil.jpg" decoding="async" width="176" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Pipa_player_from_Kizil.jpg/264px-Pipa_player_from_Kizil.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Pipa_player_from_Kizil.jpg/352px-Pipa_player_from_Kizil.jpg 2x" data-file-width="417" data-file-height="427" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A feitian playing pipa, wall painting from Kizil, pigment on stucco, Tang dynasty, 600–800.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A_statue_depicting_Buddha_giving_sermon,_from_Sarnath,_now_at_Museum_of_Asian_Art,_Dahem_Berlin.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A Buddha statue from Shorchuk."><img alt="A Buddha statue from Shorchuk." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/A_statue_depicting_Buddha_giving_sermon%2C_from_Sarnath%2C_now_at_Museum_of_Asian_Art%2C_Dahem_Berlin.jpg/135px-A_statue_depicting_Buddha_giving_sermon%2C_from_Sarnath%2C_now_at_Museum_of_Asian_Art%2C_Dahem_Berlin.jpg" decoding="async" width="135" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/A_statue_depicting_Buddha_giving_sermon%2C_from_Sarnath%2C_now_at_Museum_of_Asian_Art%2C_Dahem_Berlin.jpg/202px-A_statue_depicting_Buddha_giving_sermon%2C_from_Sarnath%2C_now_at_Museum_of_Asian_Art%2C_Dahem_Berlin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/A_statue_depicting_Buddha_giving_sermon%2C_from_Sarnath%2C_now_at_Museum_of_Asian_Art%2C_Dahem_Berlin.jpg/270px-A_statue_depicting_Buddha_giving_sermon%2C_from_Sarnath%2C_now_at_Museum_of_Asian_Art%2C_Dahem_Berlin.jpg 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="1200" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A Buddha statue from Shorchuk.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kucha,_orante_inginocchiato,_da_kumtura,_vi-vii_sec.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Tang figurine from Kucha."><img alt="Tang figurine from Kucha." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Kucha%2C_orante_inginocchiato%2C_da_kumtura%2C_vi-vii_sec.JPG/85px-Kucha%2C_orante_inginocchiato%2C_da_kumtura%2C_vi-vii_sec.JPG" decoding="async" width="85" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Kucha%2C_orante_inginocchiato%2C_da_kumtura%2C_vi-vii_sec.JPG/128px-Kucha%2C_orante_inginocchiato%2C_da_kumtura%2C_vi-vii_sec.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Kucha%2C_orante_inginocchiato%2C_da_kumtura%2C_vi-vii_sec.JPG/170px-Kucha%2C_orante_inginocchiato%2C_da_kumtura%2C_vi-vii_sec.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1196" data-file-height="2524" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Tang figurine from Kucha.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tang_Warrior_and_Armored_Horse.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Tang armored horse rider."><img alt="Tang armored horse rider." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Tang_Warrior_and_Armored_Horse.jpg/180px-Tang_Warrior_and_Armored_Horse.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Tang_Warrior_and_Armored_Horse.jpg/270px-Tang_Warrior_and_Armored_Horse.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Tang_Warrior_and_Armored_Horse.jpg/360px-Tang_Warrior_and_Armored_Horse.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4752" data-file-height="3168" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Tang armored horse rider.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tang_Pottery_Cavalry_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Tang pottery cavalry."><img alt="Tang pottery cavalry." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Tang_Pottery_Cavalry_01.jpg/180px-Tang_Pottery_Cavalry_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Tang_Pottery_Cavalry_01.jpg/270px-Tang_Pottery_Cavalry_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Tang_Pottery_Cavalry_01.jpg/360px-Tang_Pottery_Cavalry_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3888" data-file-height="2592" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Tang pottery cavalry.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tang_Pottery_Warrior.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Tang pottery soldier."><img alt="Tang pottery soldier." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Tang_Pottery_Warrior.jpg/120px-Tang_Pottery_Warrior.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Tang_Pottery_Warrior.jpg/180px-Tang_Pottery_Warrior.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Tang_Pottery_Warrior.jpg/240px-Tang_Pottery_Warrior.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="3888" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Tang pottery soldier.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tang_Soldier_01.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Tang pottery soldier."><img alt="Tang pottery soldier." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Tang_Soldier_01.JPG/120px-Tang_Soldier_01.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Tang_Soldier_01.JPG/180px-Tang_Soldier_01.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Tang_Soldier_01.JPG/240px-Tang_Soldier_01.JPG 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="720" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Tang pottery soldier.</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Protectorate_General_to_Pacify_the_West&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shule_Kingdom" title="Shule Kingdom">Shule Kingdom</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Khotan" title="Kingdom of Khotan">Kingdom of Khotan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Qocho" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Qocho">Kingdom of Qocho</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shanshan" title="Shanshan">Shanshan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protectorate_General_to_Pacify_the_North" title="Protectorate General to Pacify the North">Protectorate General to Pacify the North</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protectorate_General_to_Pacify_the_East" title="Protectorate General to Pacify the East">Protectorate General to Pacify the East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protectorate_General_to_Pacify_the_South" class="mw-redirect" title="Protectorate General to Pacify the South">Protectorate General to Pacify the South</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Turkestan" title="Chinese Turkestan">Chinese Turkestan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_China_before_1912" title="Military history of China before 1912">Chinese military history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horses_in_East_Asian_warfare" title="Horses in East Asian warfare">Horses in East Asian warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tang%E2%80%93Tibet_relations" title="Tang–Tibet relations">Tang–Tibet relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty_in_Inner_Asia" title="Tang dynasty in Inner Asia">Tang dynasty in Inner Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Garrisons_of_Anxi" title="Four Garrisons of Anxi">Four Garrisons of Anxi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protectorate_of_the_Western_Regions" title="Protectorate of the Western Regions">Protectorate of the Western Regions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xinjiang_under_Qing_rule" title="Xinjiang under Qing rule">Xinjiang under Qing rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_the_Tang_dynasty" title="Administrative divisions of the Tang dynasty">Administrative divisions of the Tang dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beiting_Protectorate" title="Beiting Protectorate">Beiting Protectorate</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Protectorate_General_to_Pacify_the_West&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Protectorate_General_to_Pacify_the_West&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrompp2005103-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDrompp2005103_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDrompp2005">Drompp 2005</a>, p. 103.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrompp2005104-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDrompp2005104_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDrompp2005">Drompp 2005</a>, p. 104.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaywood19983.2-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaywood19983.2_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHaywood1998">Haywood 1998</a>, p. 3.2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tanner2009-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Tanner2009_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFHarold_Miles_Tanner2009" class="citation book cs1">Harold Miles Tanner (13 March 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VIWC9wCX2c8C&q=tang+dynasty+herat&pg=PA167"><i>China: A History</i></a>. Hackett Publishing. pp. 167–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87220-915-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87220-915-2"><bdi>978-0-87220-915-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=China%3A+A+History&rft.pages=167-&rft.pub=Hackett+Publishing&rft.date=2009-03-13&rft.isbn=978-0-87220-915-2&rft.au=Harold+Miles+Tanner&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVIWC9wCX2c8C%26q%3Dtang%2Bdynasty%2Bherat%26pg%3DPA167&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProtectorate+General+to+Pacify+the+West" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tanner2010-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Tanner2010_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarold_Miles_Tanner2010" class="citation book cs1">Harold Miles Tanner (12 March 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ePBeFRJnE_gC&q=northern+Vietnam+to+northern+Korea%2C+and+northwest+to+Samarkand+and+Bukhara+%28in+modern+Uzbekistan%29+and+Herat+%28in&pg=PA167"><i>China: A History: Volume 1: From Neolithic cultures through the Great Qing Empire 10,000 BCE–1799 CE</i></a>. Hackett Publishing Company. pp. 167–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60384-202-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-60384-202-0"><bdi>978-1-60384-202-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=China%3A+A+History%3A+Volume+1%3A+From+Neolithic+cultures+through+the+Great+Qing+Empire+10%2C000+BCE%E2%80%931799+CE&rft.pages=167-&rft.pub=Hackett+Publishing+Company&rft.date=2010-03-12&rft.isbn=978-1-60384-202-0&rft.au=Harold+Miles+Tanner&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DePBeFRJnE_gC%26q%3Dnorthern%2BVietnam%2Bto%2Bnorthern%2BKorea%252C%2Band%2Bnorthwest%2Bto%2BSamarkand%2Band%2BBukhara%2B%2528in%2Bmodern%2BUzbekistan%2529%2Band%2BHerat%2B%2528in%26pg%3DPA167&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProtectorate+General+to+Pacify+the+West" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Derven2000-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Derven2000_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFH._J._Van_Derven2000" class="citation book cs1">H. J. Van Derven (1 January 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IXKkCXDvYFYC&q=tang+dynasty+herat&pg=PA122"><i>Warfare in Chinese History</i></a>. BRILL. pp. 122–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-11774-1" title="Special:BookSources/90-04-11774-1"><bdi>90-04-11774-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Warfare+in+Chinese+History&rft.pages=122-&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=2000-01-01&rft.isbn=90-04-11774-1&rft.au=H.+J.+Van+Derven&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIXKkCXDvYFYC%26q%3Dtang%2Bdynasty%2Bherat%26pg%3DPA122&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProtectorate+General+to+Pacify+the+West" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Grousset1970-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Grousset1970_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Grousset1970_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRené_Grousset1970" class="citation book cs1">René Grousset (January 1970). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/empireofsteppes00grou"><i>The Empire of the Steppes: A History of Central Asia</i></a></span>. Rutgers University Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/empireofsteppes00grou/page/119">119</a>–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8135-1304-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8135-1304-1"><bdi>978-0-8135-1304-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Empire+of+the+Steppes%3A+A+History+of+Central+Asia&rft.pages=119-&rft.pub=Rutgers+University+Press&rft.date=1970-01&rft.isbn=978-0-8135-1304-1&rft.au=Ren%C3%A9+Grousset&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fempireofsteppes00grou&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProtectorate+General+to+Pacify+the+West" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVen2021" class="citation book cs1">Ven, Hans van de (26 July 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nSk7EAAAQBAJ&pg=PA119"><i>Warfare in Chinese History</i></a>. BRILL. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nSk7EAAAQBAJ&pg=PA119">119, map 2</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nSk7EAAAQBAJ&pg=PA131">p.131, map 3</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-48294-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-48294-4"><bdi>978-90-04-48294-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Warfare+in+Chinese+History&rft.pages=119%2C+map+2%2C+p.131%2C+map+3&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=2021-07-26&rft.isbn=978-90-04-48294-4&rft.aulast=Ven&rft.aufirst=Hans+van+de&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnSk7EAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA119&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProtectorate+General+to+Pacify+the+West" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMillward200733-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMillward200733_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMillward2007">Millward 2007</a>, p. 33.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWang201340-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWang201340_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWang201340_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWang2013">Wang 2013</a>, p. 40.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEXiong2008cix-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEXiong2008cix_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFXiong2008">Xiong 2008</a>, p. cix.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEXiong200845-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEXiong200845_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEXiong200845_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEXiong200845_12-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEXiong200845_12-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEXiong200845_12-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEXiong200845_12-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFXiong2008">Xiong 2008</a>, p. 45.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBregel200316-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBregel200316_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBregel200316_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBregel200316_13-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBregel2003">Bregel 2003</a>, p. 16.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBregel200317-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBregel200317_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBregel200317_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBregel200317_14-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBregel200317_14-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBregel200317_14-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBregel2003">Bregel 2003</a>, p. 17.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEvan_Schaik201117-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvan_Schaik201117_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFvan_Schaik2011">van Schaik 2011</a>, p. 17.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWang2013146-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWang2013146_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWang2013">Wang 2013</a>, p. 146.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEvan_Schaik201118-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvan_Schaik201118_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFvan_Schaik2011">van Schaik 2011</a>, p. 18.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWang2013147-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWang2013147_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWang2013">Wang 2013</a>, p. 147.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWang2013148-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWang2013148_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWang2013">Wang 2013</a>, p. 148.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWang2013149-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWang2013149_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWang2013">Wang 2013</a>, p. 149.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWang2013149-150-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWang2013149-150_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWang2013">Wang 2013</a>, p. 149-150.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWang2013150-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWang2013150_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWang2013150_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWang2013150_22-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWang2013150_22-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWang2013">Wang 2013</a>, p. 150.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ctext.org/wiki.pl?if=gb&res=456206&searchu=%E6%9D%8E%E5%85%83%E5%BF%A0"><bdi lang="zh">舊唐書</bdi></a> [<i><a href="/wiki/Old_Book_of_Tang" title="Old Book of Tang">Old Book of Tang</a></i>] (in Traditional Chinese)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 August</span> 2017</span>. <q>則天臨朝，長壽元年，武威軍總管王孝傑、阿史那忠節大破吐蕃，克復龜茲、于闐等四鎮，自此復於龜茲置安西都護府，用漢兵三萬人以鎮之。[In the first year of the Changshou era [692], under the reign of Zetian, Area Commander Wang Xiaojie of Wuwei Army and Ashina Zhongjie dealt a great blow to the Tibetans. Quici, Yutian, and the four garrisons were restored. From then on the Anxi Protectorate was restored to Qiuci with 30,000 Han soldiers.]</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E8%88%8A%E5%94%90%E6%9B%B8&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fctext.org%2Fwiki.pl%3Fif%3Dgb%26res%3D456206%26searchu%3D%25E6%259D%258E%25E5%2585%2583%25E5%25BF%25A0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProtectorate+General+to+Pacify+the+West" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">|website=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#periodical_ignored" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWang2013151-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWang2013151_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWang2013">Wang 2013</a>, p. 151.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEXiong200858-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEXiong200858_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFXiong2008">Xiong 2008</a>, p. 58.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBregel200318-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBregel200318_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBregel200318_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBregel200318_26-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBregel200318_26-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBregel200318_26-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBregel200318_26-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBregel200318_26-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBregel200318_26-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBregel200318_26-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBregel2003">Bregel 2003</a>, p. 18.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWang2013157–8-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWang2013157–8_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWang2013">Wang 2013</a>, pp. 157–8.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Olimat2015-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Olimat2015_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMuhamad_S._Olimat2015" class="citation book cs1">Muhamad S. Olimat (27 August 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cLqpCwAAQBAJ&q=715+Alutar+Ikhshid&pg=PA10"><i>China and Central Asia in the Post-Soviet Era: A Bilateral Approach</i></a>. Lexington Books. pp. 10–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4985-1805-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4985-1805-5"><bdi>978-1-4985-1805-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=China+and+Central+Asia+in+the+Post-Soviet+Era%3A+A+Bilateral+Approach&rft.pages=10-&rft.pub=Lexington+Books&rft.date=2015-08-27&rft.isbn=978-1-4985-1805-5&rft.au=Muhamad+S.+Olimat&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcLqpCwAAQBAJ%26q%3D715%2BAlutar%2BIkhshid%26pg%3DPA10&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProtectorate+General+to+Pacify+the+West" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLitvinskyJalilovKolesnikov1996" class="citation book cs1">Litvinsky, B. A.; Jalilov, A. H.; Kolesnikov, A. I. (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=883OZBe2sMYC&pg=PA458">"The Arab Conquest"</a>. In Litvinsky, B. A. (ed.). <i>History of civilizations of Central Asia, Volume III: The crossroads of civilizations: A.D. 250 to 750</i>. Paris: UNESCO Publishing. pp. 449–472. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/92-3-103211-9" title="Special:BookSources/92-3-103211-9"><bdi>92-3-103211-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Arab+Conquest&rft.btitle=History+of+civilizations+of+Central+Asia%2C+Volume+III%3A+The+crossroads+of+civilizations%3A+A.D.+250+to+750&rft.place=Paris&rft.pages=449-472&rft.pub=UNESCO+Publishing&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=92-3-103211-9&rft.aulast=Litvinsky&rft.aufirst=B.+A.&rft.au=Jalilov%2C+A.+H.&rft.au=Kolesnikov%2C+A.+I.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D883OZBe2sMYC%26pg%3DPA458&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProtectorate+General+to+Pacify+the+West" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBosworth1986" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Clifford_Edmund_Bosworth" title="Clifford Edmund Bosworth">Bosworth, C. E.</a> (1986). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-2/kutayba-b-muslim-SIM_4577">"Ḳutayba b. Muslim"</a></span>. In <a href="/wiki/C._E._Bosworth" class="mw-redirect" title="C. E. Bosworth">Bosworth, C. E.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Emeri_Johannes_van_Donzel" class="mw-redirect" title="Emeri Johannes van Donzel">van Donzel, E.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Bernard_Lewis" title="Bernard Lewis">Lewis, B.</a> & <a href="/wiki/Charles_Pellat" title="Charles Pellat">Pellat, Ch.</a> (eds.). <i><a href="/wiki/The_Encyclopaedia_of_Islam#2nd_edition,_EI2" class="mw-redirect" title="The Encyclopaedia of Islam">The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition</a>. </i>Volume V:<i> Khe–Mahi</i>. Leiden: E. J. Brill. pp. 541–542. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-07819-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-07819-2"><bdi>978-90-04-07819-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%E1%B8%B2utayba+b.+Muslim&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopaedia+of+Islam%2C+Second+Edition.+Volume+V%3A+Khe%E2%80%93Mahi&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pages=541-542&rft.pub=E.+J.+Brill&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=978-90-04-07819-2&rft.aulast=Bosworth&rft.aufirst=C.+E.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Freferenceworks.brillonline.com%2Fentries%2Fencyclopaedia-of-islam-2%2Fkutayba-b-muslim-SIM_4577&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProtectorate+General+to+Pacify+the+West" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGibb1923" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/H.A.R._Gibb" class="mw-redirect" title="H.A.R. Gibb">Gibb, H. A. R.</a> (1923). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/arabconquestsinc00gibbuoft"><i>The Arab Conquests in Central Asia</i></a>. London: The Royal Asiatic Society. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/arabconquestsinc00gibbuoft/page/48">48</a>–51. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/685253133">685253133</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Arab+Conquests+in+Central+Asia&rft.place=London&rft.pages=48-51&rft.pub=The+Royal+Asiatic+Society&rft.date=1923&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F685253133&rft.aulast=Gibb&rft.aufirst=H.+A.+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Farabconquestsinc00gibbuoft&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProtectorate+General+to+Pacify+the+West" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBregel200319-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBregel200319_32-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBregel200319_32-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBregel2003">Bregel 2003</a>, p. 19.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWang2013158-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWang2013158_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWang2013">Wang 2013</a>, p. 158.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bai-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-bai_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Bai_Shouyi" title="Bai Shouyi">Bai, Shouyi</a> et al. (2003). <i>A History of Chinese Muslim (Vol.2)</i>. Beijing: Zhonghua Book Company. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/7-101-02890-X" title="Special:BookSources/7-101-02890-X">7-101-02890-X</a>. pp. 235–236.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Guides2017-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Guides2017_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFInsight_Guides2017" class="citation book cs1">Insight Guides (1 April 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=X4mPDgAAQBAJ&q=715+Alutar+Ikhshid&pg=PT120"><i>Insight Guides Silk Road</i></a>. APA. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78671-699-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78671-699-6"><bdi>978-1-78671-699-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Insight+Guides+Silk+Road&rft.pub=APA&rft.date=2017-04-01&rft.isbn=978-1-78671-699-6&rft.au=Insight+Guides&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DX4mPDgAAQBAJ%26q%3D715%2BAlutar%2BIkhshid%26pg%3DPT120&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProtectorate+General+to+Pacify+the+West" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Beckwith1993-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Beckwith1993_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChristopher_I._Beckwith1993" class="citation book cs1">Christopher I. Beckwith (28 March 1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oeI9DwAAQBAJ&q=aksu+717&pg=PA88"><i>The Tibetan Empire in Central Asia: A History of the Struggle for Great Power Among Tibetans, Turks, Arabs, and Chinese During the Early Middle Ages</i></a>. Princeton University Press. pp. 88–89. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-691-02469-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-691-02469-3"><bdi>0-691-02469-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Tibetan+Empire+in+Central+Asia%3A+A+History+of+the+Struggle+for+Great+Power+Among+Tibetans%2C+Turks%2C+Arabs%2C+and+Chinese+During+the+Early+Middle+Ages&rft.pages=88-89&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1993-03-28&rft.isbn=0-691-02469-3&rft.au=Christopher+I.+Beckwith&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DoeI9DwAAQBAJ%26q%3Daksu%2B717%26pg%3DPA88&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProtectorate+General+to+Pacify+the+West" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Whiting2002-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Whiting2002_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarvin_C._Whiting2002" class="citation book cs1">Marvin C. Whiting (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JJQiAz3qTCgC&q=aksu+717&pg=PA277"><i>Imperial Chinese Military History: 8000 BC-1912 AD</i></a>. iUniverse. pp. 277–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-595-22134-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-595-22134-9"><bdi>978-0-595-22134-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Imperial+Chinese+Military+History%3A+8000+BC-1912+AD&rft.pages=277-&rft.pub=iUniverse&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-595-22134-9&rft.au=Marvin+C.+Whiting&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJJQiAz3qTCgC%26q%3Daksu%2B717%26pg%3DPA277&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProtectorate+General+to+Pacify+the+West" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWang2013159-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWang2013159_38-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWang2013159_38-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWang2013159_38-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWang2013">Wang 2013</a>, p. 159.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeckwith198791-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeckwith198791_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBeckwith1987">Beckwith 1987</a>, p. 91.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESkaff2012279-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESkaff2012279_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSkaff2012">Skaff 2012</a>, p. 279.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWang2013166-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWang2013166_41-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWang2013166_41-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWang2013">Wang 2013</a>, p. 166.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeckwith1987129-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeckwith1987129_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBeckwith1987">Beckwith 1987</a>, p. 129.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeckwith1987129-30-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeckwith1987129-30_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBeckwith1987">Beckwith 1987</a>, p. 129-30.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWang2013167-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWang2013167_44-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWang2013167_44-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWang2013167_44-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWang2013">Wang 2013</a>, p. 167.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWink200268–-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWink200268–_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWink2002">Wink 2002</a>, pp. 68–.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESoucek200084–-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESoucek200084–_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSoucek2000">Soucek 2000</a>, pp. 84–.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPark201224-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPark201224_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPark2012">Park 2012</a>, p. 24.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBregel200321-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBregel200321_48-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBregel200321_48-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBregel200321_48-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBregel200321_48-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBregel2003">Bregel 2003</a>, p. 21.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEXiong2009cxii-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEXiong2009cxii_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFXiong2009">Xiong 2009</a>, p. cxii.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFXiong2009 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeckwith1987149-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeckwith1987149_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBeckwith1987">Beckwith 1987</a>, p. 149.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ctext.org/wiki.pl?if=gb&res=456206&searchu=%E6%9D%8E%E5%85%83%E5%BF%A0"><bdi lang="zh">舊唐書</bdi></a> [<i><a href="/wiki/Old_Book_of_Tang" title="Old Book of Tang">Old Book of Tang</a></i>] (in Traditional Chinese)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 August</span> 2017</span>. <q>上元元年，河西軍鎮多為吐蕃所陷。有舊將李元忠守北庭，郭昕守安西府，二鎮與沙陀、回鶻相依，吐蕃久攻之不下。[In the first year of the Shangyuan era [760], the Hexi Army Defense Command fell to the Tibetans. Beiting and Anxi were guarded by Li Yuanzhong and the old general Guo Xin, who along with the Shatuo and Uyghurs, were able to prevent the Tibetans from taking the two garrisons.]</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E8%88%8A%E5%94%90%E6%9B%B8&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fctext.org%2Fwiki.pl%3Fif%3Dgb%26res%3D456206%26searchu%3D%25E6%259D%258E%25E5%2585%2583%25E5%25BF%25A0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProtectorate+General+to+Pacify+the+West" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">|website=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#periodical_ignored" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ctext.org/wiki.pl?if=gb&res=456206&searchu=%E6%9D%8E%E5%85%83%E5%BF%A0"><bdi lang="zh">舊唐書</bdi></a> [<i><a href="/wiki/Old_Book_of_Tang" title="Old Book of Tang">Old Book of Tang</a></i>] (in Traditional Chinese)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 August</span> 2017</span>. <q>建中元年，元忠、昕遣使間道奏事，德宗嘉之，以元忠為北庭都護，昕為安西都護。[In the first year of the Jianzhong era [780], Yuanzhong and Xin dispatched envoys through a remote path to memorialize the emperor. Dezong commended them and Yuanzhong became protector-general of Beiting while Xin became protector-general of Anxi.]</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E8%88%8A%E5%94%90%E6%9B%B8&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fctext.org%2Fwiki.pl%3Fif%3Dgb%26res%3D456206%26searchu%3D%25E6%259D%258E%25E5%2585%2583%25E5%25BF%25A0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProtectorate+General+to+Pacify+the+West" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">|website=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#periodical_ignored" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://suttacentral.net/lzh/t780a">"佛說十力經"</a>. <i>Sutta Central</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 September</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Sutta+Central&rft.atitle=%E4%BD%9B%E8%AA%AA%E5%8D%81%E5%8A%9B%E7%B6%93&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsuttacentral.net%2Flzh%2Ft780a&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProtectorate+General+to+Pacify+the+West" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeckwith1987153-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeckwith1987153_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBeckwith1987">Beckwith 1987</a>, p. 153.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEal-Sirafi2014104-5-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEal-Sirafi2014104-5_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFal-Sirafi2014">al-Sirafi 2014</a>, p. 104-5.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFal-Sirafi2014 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeckwith1987168-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeckwith1987168_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBeckwith1987">Beckwith 1987</a>, p. 168.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBregel198723-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBregel198723_57-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBregel1987">Bregel 1987</a>, p. 23.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFBregel1987 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeckwith1987171-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeckwith1987171_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBeckwith1987">Beckwith 1987</a>, p. 171.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBregel200326-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBregel200326_59-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBregel2003">Bregel 2003</a>, p. 26.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Xue, p. 589-593</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lee Lawrence. (3 September 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424053111904332804576540533071105892">"A Mysterious Stranger in China"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal" title="The Wall Street Journal">The Wall Street Journal</a></i>. Accessed on 31 August 2016.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBelyaev20143-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBelyaev20143_62-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBelyaev2014">Belyaev 2014</a>, p. 3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMillward200741--63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMillward200741-_63-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMillward200741-_63-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMillward2007">Millward 2007</a>, p. 41-.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMillward200723--64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMillward200723-_64-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMillward2007">Millward 2007</a>, p. 23-.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFiaschetti201427-28-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFiaschetti201427-28_65-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFiaschetti2014">Fiaschetti 2014</a>, p. 27-28.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPavry201586-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPavry201586_66-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPavry2015">Pavry 2015</a>, p. 86.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FWs3AAAAIAAJ&q=gurdya+china&pg=PA86"><i>the heroines of ancient persia</i></a>. CUP Archive. 1930. pp. 86–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-00-128789-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-00-128789-8"><bdi>978-1-00-128789-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=the+heroines+of+ancient+persia&rft.pages=86-&rft.pub=CUP+Archive&rft.date=1930&rft.isbn=978-1-00-128789-8&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFWs3AAAAIAAJ%26q%3Dgurdya%2Bchina%26pg%3DPA86&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProtectorate+General+to+Pacify+the+West" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWinchester193086-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWinchester193086_68-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWinchester1930">Winchester 1930</a>, p. 86.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoon200523-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoon200523_69-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMoon2005">Moon 2005</a>, p. 23.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMillward200742--70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMillward200742-_70-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMillward2007">Millward 2007</a>, p. 42-.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMillward200751--71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMillward200751-_71-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMillward2007">Millward 2007</a>, p. 51-.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEYule191533--72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYule191533-_72-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFYule1915">Yule 1915</a>, p. 33-.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBiran2005146--73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBiran2005146-_73-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBiran2005">Biran 2005</a>, p. 146-.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMichal_Biran" class="citation web cs1">Michal Biran. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/3806884">"Michal Biran. "Khitan Migrations in Inner Asia," Central Eurasian Studies, 3 (2012), 85-108. - Michal Biran – Academia.edu"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Michal+Biran.+%22Khitan+Migrations+in+Inner+Asia%2C%22+Central+Eurasian+Studies%2C+3+%282012%29%2C+85-108.+-+Michal+Biran+%E2%80%93+Academia.edu&rft.au=Michal+Biran&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F3806884&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProtectorate+General+to+Pacify+the+West" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cces.snu.ac.kr/article/jces3_4biran.pdf">Biran 2012, p. 90.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140414060414/http://cces.snu.ac.kr/article/jces3_4biran.pdf">Archived</a> 2014-04-14 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStary2006" class="citation book cs1">Stary, Giovanni (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LbmP_1KIQ_8C&pg=PA114"><i>Tumen Jalafun Jecen Aku</i></a>. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783447053785" title="Special:BookSources/9783447053785"><bdi>9783447053785</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tumen+Jalafun+Jecen+Aku&rft.pub=Otto+Harrassowitz+Verlag&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9783447053785&rft.aulast=Stary&rft.aufirst=Giovanni&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLbmP_1KIQ_8C%26pg%3DPA114&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProtectorate+General+to+Pacify+the+West" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBiran200593-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBiran200593_77-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBiran2005">Biran 2005</a>, p. 93.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBiran200596--78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBiran200596-_78-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBiran2005">Biran 2005</a>, p. 96-.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBiran200597--79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBiran200597-_79-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBiran2005">Biran 2005</a>, p. 97-.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBiran200598--80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBiran200598-_80-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBiran2005">Biran 2005</a>, p. 98-.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cordier, Henri. "China." The Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 3. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1908. 14 Sept. 2015 <<a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/03663b.htm">http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/03663b.htm</a>>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBiran2005102--82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBiran2005102-_82-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBiran2005">Biran 2005</a>, p. 102-.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBiran200599--83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBiran200599-_83-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBiran2005">Biran 2005</a>, p. 99-.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchluessel201413-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchluessel201413_84-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchluessel2014">Schluessel 2014</a>, p. 13.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThumb2012633-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThumb2012633_85-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFThumb2012">Thumb 2012</a>, p. 633.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMillward200749--86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMillward200749-_86-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMillward2007">Millward 2007</a>, p. 49-.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETakata20157-9-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETakata20157-9_87-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTakata2015">Takata 2015</a>, p. 7-9.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBorelova200249-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBorelova200249_88-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBorelova2002">Borelova 2002</a>, p. 49.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://forum.paradoxplaza.com/forum/index.php?threads/ck2-dev-diary-61-the-dragon-throne.1038599/">"CK2 Dev Diary #61: The Dragon Throne"</a>. 7 August 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 August</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=CK2+Dev+Diary+%2361%3A+The+Dragon+Throne&rft.date=2017-08-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fforum.paradoxplaza.com%2Fforum%2Findex.php%3Fthreads%2Fck2-dev-diary-61-the-dragon-throne.1038599%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProtectorate+General+to+Pacify+the+West" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Protectorate_General_to_Pacify_the_West&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAl-Sirafi2014" class="citation cs2">Al-Sirafi, Abu Zayd (2014), <i>Two Arabic Travel Books</i>, New York University Press</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Two+Arabic+Travel+Books&rft.pub=New+York+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=Al-Sirafi&rft.aufirst=Abu+Zayd&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProtectorate+General+to+Pacify+the+West" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlgar1992" class="citation cs2">Algar, Ayla Esen (1992), <i>The Dervish Lodge: Architecture, Art, and Sufism in Ottoman Turkey</i>, University of California Press</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Dervish+Lodge%3A+Architecture%2C+Art%2C+and+Sufism+in+Ottoman+Turkey&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.aulast=Algar&rft.aufirst=Ayla+Esen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProtectorate+General+to+Pacify+the+West" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAsimov1998" class="citation cs2">Asimov, M.S. 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With Fourteen Illustrations</i>, The University Press</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Heroines+of+Ancient+Persia%3A+Stories+Retold+from+the+Sh%C4%81hn%C4%81ma+of+Firdausi.+With+Fourteen+Illustrations&rft.pub=The+University+Press&rft.date=1930&rft.aulast=Winchester&rft.aufirst=Bapsy+Pavry+Paulet+Marchioness&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProtectorate+General+to+Pacify+the+West" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWink1997" class="citation cs2">Wink, André (1997), <i>Al-Hind the Making of the Indo-Islamic World: The Slave Kings and the Islamic Conquest : 11th-13th Centuries</i>, BRILL</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Al-Hind+the+Making+of+the+Indo-Islamic+World%3A+The+Slave+Kings+and+the+Islamic+Conquest+%3A+11th-13th+Centuries&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=Wink&rft.aufirst=Andr%C3%A9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProtectorate+General+to+Pacify+the+West" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWink2002" class="citation cs2">Wink, André (2002), <i>Al-Hind: The Slavic Kings and the Islamic conquest, 11th-13th centuries</i>, BRILL</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Al-Hind%3A+The+Slavic+Kings+and+the+Islamic+conquest%2C+11th-13th+centuries&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Wink&rft.aufirst=Andr%C3%A9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProtectorate+General+to+Pacify+the+West" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFXiong2008" class="citation cs2">Xiong, Victor (2008), <i>Historical Dictionary of Medieval China</i>, United States of America: Scarecrow Press, Inc., <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0810860537" title="Special:BookSources/978-0810860537"><bdi>978-0810860537</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+Medieval+China&rft.place=United+States+of+America&rft.pub=Scarecrow+Press%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0810860537&rft.aulast=Xiong&rft.aufirst=Victor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProtectorate+General+to+Pacify+the+West" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xue_Zongzheng" title="Xue Zongzheng">Xue</a>, Zongzheng (薛宗正). (1992). <i>Turkic peoples</i> (突厥史). Beijing: 中国社会科学出版社. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-7-5004-0432-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-7-5004-0432-3">978-7-5004-0432-3</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldcat.org/wcpa/oclc/28622013">OCLC 28622013</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYakup2005" class="citation cs2">Yakup, Abdurishid (2005), <i>The Turfan Dialect of Uyghur</i>, Otto Harrassowitz Verlag</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Turfan+Dialect+of+Uyghur&rft.pub=Otto+Harrassowitz+Verlag&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Yakup&rft.aufirst=Abdurishid&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProtectorate+General+to+Pacify+the+West" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link 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#a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid 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.navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="History_of_Central_Asia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Central_Asian_history" title="Template:Central Asian history"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Central_Asian_history" title="Template talk:Central Asian history"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Central_Asian_history" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Central Asian history"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="History_of_Central_Asia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Central_Asia" title="History of Central Asia">History of Central Asia</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Polities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mal%27ta%E2%80%93Buret%27_culture" title="Mal'ta–Buret' culture">Mal'ta–Buret' culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yamnaya_culture" title="Yamnaya culture">Yamnaya culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afanasievo_culture" title="Afanasievo culture">Afanasievo culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sintashta_culture" title="Sintashta culture">Sintashta culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vakhsh_culture" title="Vakhsh culture">Vakhsh culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bactria%E2%80%93Margiana_Archaeological_Complex" title="Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex">Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saka" title="Saka">Saka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andronovo_culture" title="Andronovo culture">Andronovo culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tagar_culture" title="Tagar culture">Tagar culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uyuk_culture" title="Uyuk culture">Uyuk culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pazyryk_culture" title="Pazyryk culture">Pazyryk culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massagetae" title="Massagetae">Massagetae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medes" title="Medes">Median Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Macedonian Empire">Macedonian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seleucid_Empire" title="Seleucid Empire">Seleucid Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Bactrian_Kingdom" title="Greco-Bactrian Kingdom">Greco-Bactrian Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guiyi_Circuit" title="Guiyi Circuit">Guiyi Circuit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuezhi" title="Yuezhi">Yuezhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiongnu" title="Xiongnu">Xiongnu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kushan_Empire" title="Kushan Empire">Kushan Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kushano-Sasanian_Kingdom" title="Kushano-Sasanian Kingdom">Kushano-Sasanians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kidarites" title="Kidarites">Kidarites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alchon_Huns" title="Alchon Huns">Alchon Huns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hephthalites" title="Hephthalites">Hephthalites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tocharians" title="Tocharians">Tocharians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Ushrusana" title="Principality of Ushrusana">Ustrushana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Khuttal" title="Principality of Khuttal">Khuttal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferghana_Kingdom" title="Ferghana Kingdom">Ferghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Turkic_Khaganate" title="First Turkic Khaganate">First Turkic Khaganate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Turkic_Khaganate" title="Western Turkic Khaganate">Western Turks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang dynasty</a> (<a class="mw-selflink selflink">Anxi Protectorate</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ikhshids_of_Sogdia" title="Ikhshids of Sogdia">Ikhshids of Sogdia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tokhara_Yabghus" title="Tokhara Yabghus">Tokhara Yabghus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turk_Shahis" title="Turk Shahis">Turk Shahis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oghuz_Yabgu_State" title="Oghuz Yabgu State">Oghuz Yabgus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Turkic_Khaganate" title="Second Turkic Khaganate">Second Turkic Khaganate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uyghur_Khaganate" title="Uyghur Khaganate">Uyghur Khaganate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Abbasid Caliphate">Abbasid Caliphate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tahirid_dynasty" title="Tahirid dynasty">Tahirid dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saffarid_dynasty" title="Saffarid dynasty">Saffarid dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samanids" class="mw-redirect" title="Samanids">Samanids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma%27munids" title="Ma'munids">Ma'munids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farighunids" title="Farighunids">Farighunids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghaznavids" title="Ghaznavids">Ghaznavids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Seljuq_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Seljuq Empire">Great Seljuq Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghurid_dynasty" title="Ghurid dynasty">Ghurid Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khwarazmian_Empire" title="Khwarazmian Empire">Khwarazmian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_Empire" title="Mongol Empire">Mongol Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chagatai_Khanate" title="Chagatai Khanate">Chagatai Khanate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Horde" title="Golden Horde">Golden Horde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilkhanate" title="Ilkhanate">Ilkhanate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sufi_dynasty" title="Sufi dynasty">Sufi dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kart_dynasty" title="Kart dynasty">Kart dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timurid_Empire" title="Timurid Empire">Timurid Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Fergana" title="Principality of Fergana">Principality of Fergana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khanate_of_Bukhara" title="Khanate of Bukhara">Khanate of Bukhara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durrani_Empire" title="Durrani Empire">Durrani Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khanate_of_Khiva" title="Khanate of Khiva">Khanate of Khiva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Turkestan" title="Chinese Turkestan">Chinese Turkestan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Turkestan" title="Russian Turkestan">Russian Turkestan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Central_Asia" title="Soviet Central Asia">Soviet Central Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Central_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese Central Asia">Chinese Central Asia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Asian_art" title="Central Asian art">Central Asian art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silk_Road" title="Silk Road">Silk Road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silk_Road_transmission_of_art" title="Silk Road transmission of art">Silk Road transmission of art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silk_Road_transmission_of_Buddhism" title="Silk Road transmission of Buddhism">Silk Road transmission of Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serindian_art" title="Serindian art">Serindian art</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Archaeology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Southern_Russia" title="Southern Russia">Southern Russia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sintashta" title="Sintashta">Sintashta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arzhan" class="mw-redirect" title="Arzhan">Arzhan kurgan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pazyryk_burials" title="Pazyryk burials">Pazyryk burials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salbyk_kurgan" title="Salbyk kurgan">Salbyk kurgan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filippovka_kurgans" title="Filippovka kurgans">Filippovka kurgans</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Western_China" title="Western China">Western China</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bulay%C3%AFq" title="Bulayïq">Bulayïq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kucha" title="Kucha">Kucha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kizil_Caves" title="Kizil Caves">Kizil Caves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kizilgaha_caves" title="Kizilgaha caves">Kizilgaha caves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumtura_Caves" title="Kumtura Caves">Kumtura Caves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subashi_Temple" title="Subashi Temple">Subashi Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dunhuang" title="Dunhuang">Dunhuang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miran_(Xinjiang)" title="Miran (Xinjiang)">Miran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niya_ruins" title="Niya ruins">Niya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rawak_Stupa" title="Rawak Stupa">Rawak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mogao_Caves" title="Mogao Caves">Mogao Caves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tumxuk" title="Tumxuk">Tumshuq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bezeklik_Caves" title="Bezeklik Caves">Bezeklik Caves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dunhuang_Caves" class="mw-redirect" title="Dunhuang Caves">Dunhuang Caves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loulan_Kingdom" title="Loulan Kingdom">Loulan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Khotan" title="Kingdom of Khotan">Khotan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashgar" title="Kashgar">Kashgar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beshbalik" title="Beshbalik">Beshbalik</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mongolia" title="Mongolia">Mongolia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Noin-Ula_burial_site" title="Noin-Ula burial site">Noin-Ula burial site</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Begash" title="Begash">Begash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Issyk_kurgan" title="Issyk kurgan">Issyk kurgan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jankent" title="Jankent">Jankent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karsakpay_inscription" title="Karsakpay inscription">Karsakpay inscription</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerderi" title="Kerderi">Kerderi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krasnyi_Yar_(Kazakhstan)" title="Krasnyi Yar (Kazakhstan)">Krasnyi Yar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merke_Turkic_Sanctuaries" title="Merke Turkic Sanctuaries">Merke Turkic Sanctuaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otrar" title="Otrar">Otrar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petroglyphs_of_Arpa-Uzen" title="Petroglyphs of Arpa-Uzen">Petroglyphs of Arpa-Uzen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petrovka_settlement" title="Petrovka settlement">Petrovka settlement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boralday_(archaeological_site)" title="Boralday (archaeological site)">Boralday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sawran_(Kazakhstan)" title="Sawran (Kazakhstan)">Sawran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shilikty" title="Shilikty">Shilikty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steppe_Geoglyphs" title="Steppe Geoglyphs">Steppe Geoglyphs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumbe_(ancient_settlement)" title="Sumbe (ancient settlement)">Sumbe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talapty_Settlement" title="Talapty Settlement">Talapty Settlement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkistan_(city)" title="Turkistan (city)">Turkistan (city)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urpek" title="Urpek">Urpek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mausoleum_of_Khoja_Ahmed_Yasawi" title="Mausoleum of Khoja Ahmed Yasawi">Mausoleum of Khoja Ahmed Yasawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Araltobe_kurgan" title="Araltobe kurgan">Araltobe kurgan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyzstan" title="Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aigyr-Zhal_2" title="Aigyr-Zhal 2">Aigyr-Zhal 2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balasagun" title="Balasagun">Balasagun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burana_Tower" title="Burana Tower">Burana Tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Issyk-Kul" title="Issyk-Kul">Issyk-Kul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koshoy_Korgon" title="Koshoy Korgon">Koshoy Korgon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manas_Ordo" title="Manas Ordo">Manas Ordo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navekat" title="Navekat">Navekat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%96zg%C3%B6n" title="Özgön">Özgön</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shakh_Fazil" title="Shakh Fazil">Shakh Fazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suyab" title="Suyab">Suyab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tash_Rabat" title="Tash Rabat">Tash Rabat</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afrasiyab_(Samarkand)" title="Afrasiyab (Samarkand)">Afrasiyab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akchakhan-Kala" title="Akchakhan-Kala">Akchakhan-Kala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akhsikath" title="Akhsikath">Akhsikath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Pap" title="Ancient Pap">Ancient Pap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayaz-Kala" title="Ayaz-Kala">Ayaz-Kala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balalyk_Tepe" title="Balalyk Tepe">Balalyk Tepe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burchmulla" class="mw-redirect" title="Burchmulla">Burchmulla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalverzin_Tepe" title="Dalverzin Tepe">Dalverzin Tepe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desert_castles_of_ancient_Khorezm" title="Desert castles of ancient Khorezm">Desert castles of ancient Khorezm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fayaz_Tepe" title="Fayaz Tepe">Fayaz Tepe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guldursun-Kala" title="Guldursun-Kala">Guldursun-Kala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazorasp" title="Hazorasp">Hazorasp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Itchan_Kala" title="Itchan Kala">Itchan Kala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kafir-kala_(Uzbekistan)" title="Kafir-kala (Uzbekistan)">Kafir-kala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kampir_Tepe" title="Kampir Tepe">Kampir Tepe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kara_Tepe" title="Kara Tepe">Kara Tepe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khalchayan" title="Khalchayan">Khalchayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khiva" title="Khiva">Khiva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koi_Krylgan_Kala" title="Koi Krylgan Kala">Koi Krylgan Kala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koktepe" title="Koktepe">Koktepe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyzyl-Kala" title="Kyzyl-Kala">Kyzyl-Kala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obi-Rakhmat_Grotto" title="Obi-Rakhmat Grotto">Obi-Rakhmat Grotto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poykent" class="mw-redirect" title="Poykent">Poykent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarmishsay" title="Sarmishsay">Sarmishsay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shahrukhiya" title="Shahrukhiya">Shahrukhiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siypantosh_Rock_Paintings" title="Siypantosh Rock Paintings">Siypantosh Rock Paintings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tavka_Kurgan" title="Tavka Kurgan">Tavka Kurgan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toprak-Kala" title="Toprak-Kala">Toprak-Kala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varakhsha" title="Varakhsha">Varakhsha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zarautsoy_Rock_Paintings" title="Zarautsoy Rock Paintings">Zarautsoy Rock Paintings</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tajikistan" title="Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bunjikat_(archeological_site)" title="Bunjikat (archeological site)">Bunjikat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penjikent" class="mw-redirect" title="Penjikent">Penjikent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ajina_tepe" class="mw-redirect" title="Ajina tepe">Ajina tepe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyropolis" title="Cyropolis">Cyropolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kafir-kala_(Tajikistan)" title="Kafir-kala (Tajikistan)">Kafir-kala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarazm" title="Sarazm">Sarazm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takht-i_Kuwad" title="Takht-i Kuwad">Takht-i Kuwad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takht-i_Sangin" title="Takht-i Sangin">Takht-i Sangin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalai_Kafirnigan" title="Kalai Kafirnigan">Kalai Kafirnigan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cave_of_Dzhebel" title="Cave of Dzhebel">Cave of Dzhebel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abiward" title="Abiward">Abiward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Altyndepe" title="Altyndepe">Altyndepe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anau_culture" title="Anau culture">Anau culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anau,_Turkmenistan" title="Anau, Turkmenistan">Anau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dev-Kesken" class="mw-redirect" title="Dev-Kesken">Dev-Kesken</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gonur_Depe" title="Gonur Depe">Gonur Depe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeitun" title="Jeitun">Jeitun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konye-Urgench" title="Konye-Urgench">Konye-Urgench</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kutlug_Timur_Minaret" title="Kutlug Timur Minaret">Kutlug Timur Minaret</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merv" title="Merv">Merv</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monjukli_Depe" title="Monjukli Depe">Monjukli Depe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namazga-Tepe" title="Namazga-Tepe">Namazga-Tepe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nisa,_Turkmenistan" title="Nisa, Turkmenistan">Nisa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Togolok" title="Togolok">Togolok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulug_Depe" title="Ulug Depe">Ulug Depe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tepe_Fullol" title="Tepe Fullol">Tepe Fullol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ai-Khanoum" title="Ai-Khanoum">Ai-Khanoum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dilberjin_Tepe" title="Dilberjin Tepe">Dilberjin Tepe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hadda,_Afghanistan" title="Hadda, Afghanistan">Hadda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tapa_Shotor" title="Tapa Shotor">Tapa Shotor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chakhil-i-Ghoundi_Stupa" title="Chakhil-i-Ghoundi Stupa">Chakhil-i-Ghoundi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shotorak_monastery" title="Shotorak monastery">Shotorak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paitava" title="Paitava">Paitava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bimaran" title="Bimaran">Bimaran</a></li> <li><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Tapa-i_Kafariha_Monastery" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Tapa-i Kafariha Monastery">Tapa-i Kafariha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mes_Aynak" title="Mes Aynak">Mes Aynak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fondukistan_monastery" title="Fondukistan monastery">Fondukistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khair_Khaneh" title="Khair Khaneh">Khair Khaneh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tapa_Sardar" class="mw-redirect" title="Tapa Sardar">Tapa Sardar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tepe_Narenj" title="Tepe Narenj">Tepe Narenj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takht-e_Rostam" title="Takht-e Rostam">Takht-e Rostam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tepe_Fullol" title="Tepe Fullol">Tepe Fullol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tillya_Tepe" title="Tillya Tepe">Tillya Tepe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemshi_Tepe" title="Yemshi Tepe">Yemshi Tepe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandria_Prophthasia" title="Alexandria Prophthasia">Alexandria Prophthasia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aq_Kupruk" title="Aq Kupruk">Aq Kupruk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asqalan,_Afghanistan" title="Asqalan, Afghanistan">Asqalan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bactria%E2%80%93Margiana_Archaeological_Complex" title="Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex">Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhas_of_Bamiyan" title="Buddhas of Bamiyan">Buddhas of Bamiyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chakhil-i-Ghoundi_Stupa" title="Chakhil-i-Ghoundi Stupa">Chakhil-i-Ghoundi Stupa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darra-e_Kur" title="Darra-e Kur">Darra-e Kur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dasht-e_Nawar" title="Dasht-e Nawar">Dasht-e Nawar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dokhtar-i-Noshirwan" title="Dokhtar-i-Noshirwan">Dokhtar-i-Noshirwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firozkoh" title="Firozkoh">Firozkoh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gawhar_Shad_Mausoleum" title="Gawhar Shad Mausoleum">Gawhar Shad Mausoleum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haji_Piyada" title="Haji Piyada">Haji Piyada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khair_Khaneh" title="Khair Khaneh">Khair Khaneh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mundigak" title="Mundigak">Mundigak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musalla_Complex" class="mw-redirect" title="Musalla Complex">Musalla Complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagara_(ancient_city)" title="Nagara (ancient city)">Nagara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qala-i-Jangi" title="Qala-i-Jangi">Qala-i-Jangi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rag-i-Bibi" title="Rag-i-Bibi">Rag-i-Bibi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surkh_Kotal" title="Surkh Kotal">Surkh Kotal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bandian_complex" title="Bandian complex">Bandian complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Khajeh" title="Mount Khajeh">Mount Khajeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shahr-e_Sukhteh" title="Shahr-e Sukhteh">Shahr-e Sukhteh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artifacts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sokh_snakes" title="Sokh snakes">Sokh snakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orlat_plaques" title="Orlat plaques">Orlat plaques</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hephthalite_silver_bowl" title="Hephthalite silver bowl">Hephthalite silver bowl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chilek_silver_bowl" title="Chilek silver bowl">Chilek silver bowl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gardez_Ganesha" title="Gardez Ganesha">Gardez Ganesha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mogao_Christian_painting" title="Mogao Christian painting">Mogao Christian painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murals_from_the_Christian_temple_at_Qocho" title="Murals from the Christian temple at Qocho">Murals from the Christian temple at Qocho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penjikent_murals" title="Penjikent murals">Penjikent murals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sampul_tapestry" title="Sampul tapestry">Sampul tapestry</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sogdian_Da%C4%93n%C4%81s" title="Sogdian Daēnās">Sogdian Daēnās</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxus_Treasure" title="Oxus Treasure">Oxus Treasure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bimaran_Casket" class="mw-redirect" title="Bimaran Casket">Bimaran Casket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhas_of_Bamiyan" title="Buddhas of Bamiyan">Buddhas of Bamiyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabul_hoard" title="Kabul hoard">Kabul hoard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aramaic_Inscription_of_Laghman" class="mw-redirect" title="Aramaic Inscription of Laghman">Aramaic Inscription of Laghman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kandahar_Aramaic_inscription" title="Kandahar Aramaic inscription">Kandahar Aramaic inscription</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pul-i-Darunteh_Aramaic_inscription" title="Pul-i-Darunteh Aramaic inscription">Pul-i-Darunteh Aramaic inscription</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kandahar_Bilingual_Rock_Inscription" title="Kandahar Bilingual Rock Inscription">Kandahar Bilingual Rock Inscription</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kandahar_Greek_Edicts_of_Ashoka" title="Kandahar Greek Edicts of Ashoka">Kandahar Greek Edicts of Ashoka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afrasiab_murals" title="Afrasiab murals">Afrasiab murals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stamp_seal_(BM_119999)" title="Stamp seal (BM 119999)">Stamp seal (BM 119999)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seal_of_Khingila" title="Seal of Khingila">Seal of Khingila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siberian_Ice_Maiden" title="Siberian Ice Maiden">Siberian Ice Maiden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ai-Khanoum_plaque" title="Ai-Khanoum plaque">Ai-Khanoum plaque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saksanokhur_gold_buckle" title="Saksanokhur gold buckle">Saksanokhur gold buckle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boar_hunter_(Hermitage_Museum)" title="Boar hunter (Hermitage Museum)">Boar hunter (Hermitage Museum)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siberian_Collection_of_Peter_the_Great" title="Siberian Collection of Peter the Great">Siberian Collection of Peter the Great</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Protectorates_and_Protectorates-General_of_the_Tang_dynasty" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Duhu" title="Template:Duhu"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Duhu" title="Template talk:Duhu"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Duhu" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Duhu"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Protectorates_and_Protectorates-General_of_the_Tang_dynasty" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Protectorate_(imperial_China)" title="Protectorate (imperial China)">Protectorates and Protectorates-General</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang dynasty</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Anxi ("Pacify the West")</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Four_Garrisons_of_Anxi" title="Four Garrisons of Anxi">Four Garrisons</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beiting_Protectorate" title="Beiting Protectorate">Beiting ("Northern Court")</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protectorate_General_to_Pacify_the_North" title="Protectorate General to Pacify the North">Yanran→Hanhai→Anbei→Zhenbei ("Pacify the North")</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annam_(province)" class="mw-redirect" title="Annam (province)">Annan ("Pacify the South")</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protectorate_General_to_Pacify_the_East" title="Protectorate General to Pacify the East">Andong ("Pacify the East")</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dongyi_Protectorate" title="Dongyi Protectorate">Dongyi ("Eastern Barbarians")</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chanyu_Protectorate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chanyu Protectorate (page does not exist)">Chanyu→Yunzhong</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baoning_Protectorate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Baoning Protectorate (page does not exist)">Baoning ("Peacekeeping")</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Tang_dynasty_topics" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Tang_dynasty_topics" title="Template:Tang dynasty topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Tang_dynasty_topics" title="Template talk:Tang dynasty topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Tang_dynasty_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Tang dynasty topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Tang_dynasty_topics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang dynasty</a> topics</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History (<a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Tang_dynasty" title="Timeline of the Tang dynasty">Timeline</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transition_from_Sui_to_Tang" title="Transition from Sui to Tang">Transition from Sui to Tang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xuanwu_Gate_Incident" title="Xuanwu Gate Incident">Xuanwu Gate Incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tang_campaign_against_the_Eastern_Turks" title="Tang campaign against the Eastern Turks">Tang–Eastern Turks War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Taizong%27s_campaign_against_Xueyantuo" title="Emperor Taizong's campaign against Xueyantuo">Tang–Xueyantuo War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goguryeo%E2%80%93Tang_War" title="Goguryeo–Tang War">Goguryeo–Tang War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baekje%E2%80%93Tang_War" title="Baekje–Tang War">Baekje–Tang War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silla%E2%80%93Tang_War" title="Silla–Tang War">Silla–Tang War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tang%E2%80%93Tibet_relations" title="Tang–Tibet relations">Tang–Tibet relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tang_campaigns_against_the_Western_Turks" title="Tang campaigns against the Western Turks">Tang–Western Turks War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tang_campaign_against_the_oasis_states" class="mw-redirect" title="Tang campaign against the oasis states">Oasis states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tang_campaign_against_Karakhoja" title="Tang campaign against Karakhoja">Karakhoja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tang_campaigns_against_Karasahr" title="Tang campaigns against Karasahr">Karasahr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tang_campaign_against_Kucha" title="Tang campaign against Kucha">Kucha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_the_Western_Turks" title="Conquest of the Western Turks">Conquest</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Talas" title="Battle of Talas">Battle of Talas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/An_Lushan_rebellion" title="An Lushan rebellion">An Lushan rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_treaty_between_China_and_Tibet_(783)" title="Peace treaty between China and Tibet (783)">Qingshui Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niu%E2%80%93Li_factional_strife" title="Niu–Li factional strife">Niu–Li factional strife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Changqing_Treaty" title="Changqing Treaty">Changqing Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sweet_Dew_incident" title="Sweet Dew incident">Sweet Dew incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanzhao#Territorial_expansion" title="Nanzhao">Tang-Nanzhao conflicts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tang-Nanzhao_conflicts_in_Annan" title="Tang-Nanzhao conflicts in Annan">Annan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Songping" title="Siege of Songping">Songping</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huang_Chao_Rebellion" title="Huang Chao Rebellion">Huang Chao Rebellion</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Joueuse_de_polo_Tang_Guimet_29101.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A ceramic female polo player"><img alt="A ceramic female polo player" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Joueuse_de_polo_Tang_Guimet_29101.jpg/120px-Joueuse_de_polo_Tang_Guimet_29101.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="87" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Joueuse_de_polo_Tang_Guimet_29101.jpg/180px-Joueuse_de_polo_Tang_Guimet_29101.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Joueuse_de_polo_Tang_Guimet_29101.jpg/240px-Joueuse_de_polo_Tang_Guimet_29101.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2268" data-file-height="1640" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Government</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_of_China" title="Emperor of China">Emperor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_emperors_of_the_Tang_dynasty" title="List of emperors of the Tang dynasty">List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Li" title="House of Li">House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_tree_of_Chinese_monarchs_(middle)#Tang_and_Wu_Zhou_dynasties" class="mw-redirect" title="Family tree of Chinese monarchs (middle)">Family tree</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chancellor_of_the_Tang_dynasty" title="Chancellor of the Tang dynasty">Chancellor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_the_Tang_dynasty" title="Administrative divisions of the Tang dynasty">Administrative divisions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jimi_system" title="Jimi system">Jimi system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fanzhen" title="Fanzhen">Fanzhen</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Three_Fanzhen_of_Hebei" title="Three Fanzhen of Hebei">Hebei</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_examination#Tang_dynasty_(618–907)" title="Imperial examination">Imperial examinations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tang_official_headwear" title="Tang official headwear">Official headwear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_Tang_dynasty" title="Military history of the Tang dynasty">Military</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jiedushi" title="Jiedushi">Jiedushi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Guards_(Tang_dynasty)" title="Imperial Guards (Tang dynasty)">Imperial guards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shence_Army" title="Shence Army">Shence Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Military_Affairs" title="Bureau of Military Affairs">Shumiyuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turks_in_the_Tang_military" title="Turks in the Tang military">Turkic generals</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Three_Departments_and_Six_Ministries#Three_Departments" title="Three Departments and Six Ministries">Three Departments</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Department_of_State_Affairs" class="mw-redirect" title="Department of State Affairs">Department of State Affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhongshu_Sheng" title="Zhongshu Sheng">Secretariat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menxia_Sheng" title="Menxia Sheng">Chancellery</a></li> <li>(<a href="/wiki/Secretariat-Chancellery" title="Secretariat-Chancellery">Secretariat-Chancellery</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Three_Departments_and_Six_Ministries#Six_Ministries" title="Three Departments and Six Ministries">Six Ministries</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Personnel" title="Ministry of Personnel">Ministry of Personnel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Revenue_(imperial_China)" title="Ministry of Revenue (imperial China)">Ministry of Revenue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Rites" title="Ministry of Rites">Ministry of Rites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_War_(imperial_China)" title="Ministry of War (imperial China)">Ministry of War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Justice_(imperial_China)" title="Ministry of Justice (imperial China)">Ministry of Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Works_(imperial_China)" title="Ministry of Works (imperial China)">Ministry of Works</a></li></ol> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Protectorates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty_in_Inner_Asia" title="Tang dynasty in Inner Asia">Tang dynasty in Inner Asia</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Protectorate General to Pacify the West</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Four_Garrisons_of_Anxi" title="Four Garrisons of Anxi">Four Garrisons of Anxi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beiting_Protectorate" title="Beiting Protectorate">Beiting Protectorate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protectorate_General_to_Pacify_the_North" title="Protectorate General to Pacify the North">Protectorate General to Pacify the North</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protectorate_General_to_Pacify_the_South" class="mw-redirect" title="Protectorate General to Pacify the South">Protectorate General to Pacify the South</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protectorate_General_to_Pacify_the_East" title="Protectorate General to Pacify the East">Protectorate General to Pacify the East</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ungjin_Commandery" title="Ungjin Commandery">Ungjin Commandery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gyerim_Territory_Area_Command" title="Gyerim Territory Area Command">Gyerim Territory Area Command</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty_art" title="Tang dynasty art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sancai" title="Sancai">Sancai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tang_poetry" title="Tang poetry">Poetry</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Three_Hundred_Tang_Poems" title="Three Hundred Tang Poems">Three Hundred Tang Poems</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Playing_card#China" title="Playing card">Playing card</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Palace_Concert" title="A Palace Concert">A Palace Concert</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Taizong_Receiving_the_Tibetan_Envoy" title="Emperor Taizong Receiving the Tibetan Envoy">Emperor Taizong Receiving the Tibetan Envoy</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Huaisu%27s_Autobiography" title="Huaisu's Autobiography">Huaisu's Autobiography</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Night-Shining_White" title="Night-Shining White">Night-Shining White</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Companion_statues:_Kashyapa_and_Ananda" title="Companion statues: Kashyapa and Ananda">Kashyapa & Ananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Six_Steeds_of_Zhao_Mausoleum" title="Six Steeds of Zhao Mausoleum">Six Steeds of Zhao Mausoleum</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autumn_Dew" title="Autumn Dew">Autumn Dew</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dazu_Rock_Carvings" title="Dazu Rock Carvings">Dazu Rock Carvings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leshan_Giant_Buddha" title="Leshan Giant Buddha">Leshan Giant Buddha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rongxian_Giant_Buddha" title="Rongxian Giant Buddha">Rongxian Giant Buddha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thousand-Buddha_Cliff" title="Thousand-Buddha Cliff">Thousand-Buddha Cliff</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Writers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Daoxuan" title="Daoxuan">Daoxuan</a> (596–667) <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Standard_Design_for_Buddhist_Temple_Construction" title="Standard Design for Buddhist Temple Construction">Standard Design for Buddhist Temple Construction</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empress_Zhangsun" title="Empress Zhangsun">Empress Zhangsun</a> (601–636)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bianji" title="Bianji">Bianji</a> (7th c.) <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Great_Tang_Records_on_the_Western_Regions" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Tang Records on the Western Regions">Great Tang Records on the Western Regions</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Du_Huan" title="Du Huan">Du Huan</a> (751–762)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bai_Xingjian" title="Bai Xingjian">Bai Xingjian</a> (776–826) <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Tale_of_Li_Wa" title="The Tale of Li Wa">The Tale of Li Wa</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lu_Yu" title="Lu Yu">Lu Yu</a> (733–804) <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Classic_of_Tea" title="The Classic of Tea">The Classic of Tea</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Du_Guangting" title="Du Guangting">Du Guangting</a> (850–933)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yang_Yunsong" title="Yang Yunsong">Yang Yunsong</a> (9th c.) <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Green_Satchel_Classic" title="Green Satchel Classic">Green Satchel Classic</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Three_Hundred_Tang_Poems#Poets" title="Three Hundred Tang Poems">Poets</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Luo_Binwang" title="Luo Binwang">Luo Binwang</a> (619–684)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Du_Shenyan" title="Du Shenyan">Du Shenyan</a> (645–708)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Bo_(poet)" title="Wang Bo (poet)">Wang Bo</a> (650–676)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chen_Zi%27ang" title="Chen Zi'ang">Chen Zi'ang</a> (656–702)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/He_Zhizhang" title="He Zhizhang">He Zhizhang</a> (659–744)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhang_Jiuling" title="Zhang Jiuling">Zhang Jiuling</a> (673–740)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meng_Haoran" title="Meng Haoran">Meng Haoran</a> (689–740)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Qi_(poet)" title="Li Qi (poet)">Li Qi</a> (690–751)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Changling" title="Wang Changling">Wang Changling</a> (698–756)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Wei_(Tang_dynasty)" title="Wang Wei (Tang dynasty)">Wang Wei</a> (699–759)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Bai" title="Li Bai">Li Bai</a> (701–762)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gao_Shi" title="Gao Shi">Gao Shi</a> (704–765)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liu_Zhangqing" title="Liu Zhangqing">Liu Zhangqing</a> (709–785)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Du_Fu" title="Du Fu">Du Fu</a> (712–770)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhang_Ji_(poet_from_Hubei)" title="Zhang Ji (poet from Hubei)">Zhang Ji</a> (712–779)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cen_Shen" title="Cen Shen">Cen Shen</a> (715–770)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Bi" title="Li Bi">Li Bi</a> (722–789)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wei_Yingwu" title="Wei Yingwu">Wei Yingwu</a> (737–792)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lu_Lun" title="Lu Lun">Lu Lun</a> (739–799)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Han_Yu" title="Han Yu">Han Yu</a> (768–824)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liu_Yuxi" title="Liu Yuxi">Liu Yuxi</a> (772–842)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bai_Juyi" title="Bai Juyi">Bai Juyi</a> (772–846)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liu_Zongyuan" title="Liu Zongyuan">Liu Zongyuan</a> (773–819)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuan_Zhen" title="Yuan Zhen">Yuan Zhen</a> (779–831)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Ye_(poet)" title="Li Ye (poet)">Li Ye</a> (d. 784)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_He" title="Li He">Li He</a> (790–817)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niu_Yingzhen" title="Niu Yingzhen">Niu Yingzhen</a> (8th c.)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhang_Xu" title="Zhang Xu">Zhang Xu</a> (8th c.)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Du_Mu" title="Du Mu">Du Mu</a> (803–852)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wen_Tingyun" title="Wen Tingyun">Wen Tingyun</a> (812–866)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Shangyin" title="Li Shangyin">Li Shangyin</a> (813–858)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mo_Xuanqing" title="Mo Xuanqing">Mo Xuanqing</a> (834-?)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yu_Xuanji" title="Yu Xuanji">Yu Xuanji</a> (840–868)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Du_Qiuniang" title="Du Qiuniang">Du Qiuniang</a> (9th c.)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li%C3%AAu_H%E1%BB%AFu_Ph%C6%B0%C6%A1ng" title="Liêu Hữu Phương">Liêu Hữu Phương</a> (9th c.)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty_painting" title="Tang dynasty painting">Painters</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yan_Liben" title="Yan Liben">Yan Liben</a> (600–673)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wu_Daozi" title="Wu Daozi">Wu Daozi</a> (680–760)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Wei_(Tang_dynasty)" title="Wang Wei (Tang dynasty)">Wang Wei</a> (699–759)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vi%C5%9Ba_%C4%AArasang%C3%A4" title="Viśa Īrasangä">Viśa Īrasangä</a> (7th c.)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Han_Gan" title="Han Gan">Han Gan</a> (706–783)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhang_Xuan" title="Zhang Xuan">Zhang Xuan</a> (713–755)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Han_Huang" title="Han Huang">Han Huang</a> (723–787)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhou_Fang_(Tang_dynasty)" title="Zhou Fang (Tang dynasty)">Zhou Fang</a> (730–780)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guanxiu" title="Guanxiu">Guanxiu</a> (832–912)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jing_Hao" title="Jing Hao">Jing Hao</a> (855–915)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_Wei_(painter)" title="Sun Wei (painter)">Sun Wei</a> (9th c.)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Religion</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Buddhism#Tang_Dynasty_(618–907_CE)" title="Chinese Buddhism">Buddhism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jizang" title="Jizang">Jizang</a> (549–623)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daochuo" title="Daochuo">Daochuo</a> (562–645)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shandao" title="Shandao">Shandao</a> (613–681)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xuanzang" title="Xuanzang">Xuanzang</a> (fl 602–664)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuiji" title="Kuiji">Kuiji</a> (632–682)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yijing_(monk)" title="Yijing (monk)">Yijing</a> (635–713)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faru_(monk)" title="Faru (monk)">Faru</a> (638–689)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vajrabodhi" title="Vajrabodhi">Vajrabodhi</a> (671–741)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jianzhen" title="Jianzhen">Jianzhen</a> (688–763)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amoghavajra" title="Amoghavajra">Amoghavajra</a> (705–774)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mazu_Daoyi" title="Mazu Daoyi">Mazu Daoyi</a> (709–788)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baizhang_Huaihai" title="Baizhang Huaihai">Baizhang Huaihai</a> (720–814)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wukong_(monk)" title="Wukong (monk)">Wukong</a> (730–790)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaoshan_Weiyan" title="Yaoshan Weiyan">Yaoshan Weiyan</a> (745–827)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huiguo" title="Huiguo">Huiguo</a> (746–805)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puhua" title="Puhua">Puhua</a> (770–860)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhaozhou_Congshen" title="Zhaozhou Congshen">Zhaozhou Congshen</a> (778–897)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhisheng" title="Zhisheng">Zhisheng</a> (8th c.)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dongshan_Liangjie" title="Dongshan Liangjie">Dongshan Liangjie</a> (807–869)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yunmen_Wenyan" title="Yunmen Wenyan">Yunmen Wenyan</a> (862–949)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gik%C5%AB" title="Gikū">Gikū</a> (9th c.)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Taoism#Tang_Dynasty_(618–907)" title="History of Taoism">Taoism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cheng_Xuanying" title="Cheng Xuanying">Cheng Xuanying</a> (fl 631–655)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%BC_Dongbin" title="Lü Dongbin">Lü Dongbin</a> (796-?)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucianism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Confucianism" title="Neo-Confucianism">Neo-Confucianism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Han_Yu" title="Han Yu">Han Yu</a> (768–824)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Ao_(philosopher)" title="Li Ao (philosopher)">Li Ao</a> (772–841)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kong_Yingda" title="Kong Yingda">Kong Yingda</a> (574–648)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_East_in_China" title="Church of the East in China">Church of the East</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Xi%27an_Stele" title="Xi'an Stele">Xi'an Stele</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_during_the_Tang_dynasty" title="Islam during the Tang dynasty">Islam during the Tang dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Manichaeism" title="Chinese Manichaeism">Chinese Manichaeism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_of_the_Tang_dynasty" title="Science and technology of the Tang dynasty">Science and technology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Xiaotong" title="Wang Xiaotong">Wang Xiaotong</a> (580–640) <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Jigu_Suanjing" title="Jigu Suanjing">Jigu Suanjing</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xu_Jingzong" title="Xu Jingzong">Xu Jingzong</a> (592-672)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liang_Lingzan" title="Liang Lingzan">Liang Lingzan</a> <ul><li><i>The Five-Planet and Twenty-eight Constellation Deities</i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Chunfeng" title="Li Chunfeng">Li Chunfeng</a> (602–670) <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Ten_Computational_Canons" title="Ten Computational Canons">Ten Computational Canons</a></i></li></ul></li> <li>Su Jing <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Xinxiu_bencao" title="Xinxiu bencao">Xinxiu bencao</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_Simiao" title="Sun Simiao">Sun Simiao</a> (d. 682)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yi_Xing" title="Yi Xing">Yi Xing</a> (683–727)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gautama_Siddha" title="Gautama Siddha">Gautama Siddha</a> (fl 714–724) <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Treatise_on_Astrology_of_the_Kaiyuan_Era" title="Treatise on Astrology of the Kaiyuan Era">Treatise on Astrology of the Kaiyuan Era</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jia_Dan" title="Jia Dan">Jia Dan</a> (730–805)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toothbrush" title="Toothbrush">Toothbrush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woodblock_printing" title="Woodblock printing">Woodblock printing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Economy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diwu_Qi" title="Diwu Qi">Diwu Qi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liu_Yan_(Tang_dynasty)" title="Liu Yan (Tang dynasty)">Liu Yan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaiyuan_Tongbao" title="Kaiyuan Tongbao">Kaiyuan Tongbao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salt_Commission" title="Salt Commission">Salt Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flying_cash" title="Flying cash">Flying cash</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Historical_polities_in_Xinjiang" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Historical_polities_in_Xinjiang" title="Template:Historical polities in Xinjiang"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:Historical_polities_in_Xinjiang&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:Historical polities in Xinjiang (page does not exist)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Historical_polities_in_Xinjiang" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Historical polities in Xinjiang"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Historical_polities_in_Xinjiang" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Historical polities in Xinjiang</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Pre-Mongol Empire</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wusun" title="Wusun">Wusun</a> (5th century BC–5th century AD)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shule_Kingdom" title="Shule Kingdom">Shule Kingdom</a> (200 BC-709 AD)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loulan_Kingdom" title="Loulan Kingdom">Loulan Kingdom</a> (?–77 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protectorate_of_the_Western_Regions" title="Protectorate of the Western Regions">Protectorate of the Western Regions</a> (60 BC–107)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jushi_Kingdom" title="Jushi Kingdom">Jushi Kingdom</a> (?-460)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shanshan" title="Shanshan">Shanshan</a> (77 BC–630)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaochang" title="Gaochang">Gaochang</a> (460-640)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kucha" title="Kucha">Kucha</a> (?–789)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karasahr" title="Karasahr">Yanqi</a> (?–9th century)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Khotan" title="Kingdom of Khotan">Kingdom of Khotan</a> (?–1006)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Protectorate General to Pacify the West</a> (640-790)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kara-Khanid_Khanate" title="Kara-Khanid Khanate">Kara-Khanid Khanate</a> (840–1212)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qocho" title="Qocho">Qocho</a> (843–1209)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qara_Khitai" title="Qara Khitai">Qara Khitai</a> (1124–1218)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Mongol</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chagatai_Khanate" title="Chagatai Khanate">Chagatai Khanate</a> (1225–1370)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moghulistan" title="Moghulistan">Moghulistan</a> (1347–1680s)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kara_Del" title="Kara Del">Kara Del</a> (1389–1513)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turpan_Khanate" title="Turpan Khanate">Turpan Khanate</a> (1487-1660?)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yarkent_Khanate" title="Yarkent Khanate">Yarkent Khanate</a> (1514–1705)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dzungar_Khanate" title="Dzungar Khanate">Dzungar Khanate</a> (1634–1758)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumul_Khanate" title="Kumul Khanate">Kumul Khanate</a> (1696–1930)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Modern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Xinjiang_under_Qing_rule" title="Xinjiang under Qing rule">Xinjiang under Qing rule</a> (1757-1912)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xinjiang_Province,_Republic_of_China" title="Xinjiang Province, Republic of China">Xinjiang (ROC)</a> (1912-1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xinjiang_Uygur_Autonomous_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region">Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region</a> (1949-)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Xinjiang_topics" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Xinjiang_topics" title="Template:Xinjiang topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Xinjiang_topics" title="Template talk:Xinjiang topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Xinjiang_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Xinjiang topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Xinjiang_topics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Xinjiang" title="Xinjiang">Xinjiang</a> topics</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/%C3%9Cr%C3%BCmqi" title="Ürümqi">Ürümqi</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_current_and_former_capitals_of_subnational_entities_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="List of current and former capitals of subnational entities of China">capital</a>)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Xinjiang" title="History of Xinjiang">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tocharians" title="Tocharians">Tocharians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuezhi" title="Yuezhi">Yuezhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiongnu" title="Xiongnu">Xiongnu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Han_dynasty" title="Han dynasty">Han dynasty</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Protectorate_of_the_Western_Regions" title="Protectorate of the Western Regions">Protectorate of the Western Regions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_Official_of_the_Western_Regions" title="Chief Official of the Western Regions">Chief Official of the Western Regions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Khotan" title="Kingdom of Khotan">Kingdom of Khotan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sixteen_Kingdoms" title="Sixteen Kingdoms">Sixteen Kingdoms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaochang" title="Gaochang">Gaochang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6kt%C3%BCrks" title="Göktürks">Göktürks</a>: <a href="/wiki/First_Turkic_Khaganate" title="First Turkic Khaganate">First</a>, <a href="/wiki/Western_Turkic_Khaganate" title="Western Turkic Khaganate">Western</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Turkic_Khaganate" title="Eastern Turkic Khaganate">Eastern</a> and <a href="/wiki/Second_Turkic_Khaganate" title="Second Turkic Khaganate">Second</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang dynasty</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Protectorate General to Pacify the West</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Four_Garrisons_of_Anxi" title="Four Garrisons of Anxi">Four Garrisons of Anxi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beiting_Protectorate" title="Beiting Protectorate">Beiting Protectorate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Empire" title="Tibetan Empire">Tibetan Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uyghur_Khaganate" title="Uyghur Khaganate">Uyghur Khaganate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qocho" title="Qocho">Qocho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kara-Khanid_Khanate" title="Kara-Khanid Khanate">Kara-Khanid Khanate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Turkic_settlement_of_the_Tarim_Basin" title="Turkic settlement of the Tarim Basin">Turkic settlement of the Tarim Basin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qara_Khitai" title="Qara Khitai">Qara Khitai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_Empire" title="Mongol Empire">Mongol Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuan_dynasty" title="Yuan dynasty">Yuan dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chagatai_Khanate" title="Chagatai Khanate">Chagatai Khanate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moghulistan" title="Moghulistan">Moghulistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kara_Del" title="Kara Del">Kara Del</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turpan_Khanate" title="Turpan Khanate">Turpan Khanate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yarkent_Khanate" title="Yarkent Khanate">Yarkent Khanate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dzungar_Khanate" title="Dzungar Khanate">Dzungar Khanate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dzungar_conquest_of_Altishahr" title="Dzungar conquest of Altishahr">Dzungar conquest of Altishahr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dzungar%E2%80%93Qing_Wars" title="Dzungar–Qing Wars">Dzungar–Qing Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dzungar_genocide" title="Dzungar genocide">Dzungar genocide</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumul_Khanate" title="Kumul Khanate">Kumul Khanate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing dynasty</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Xinjiang_under_Qing_rule" title="Xinjiang under Qing rule">Qing rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolt_of_the_Altishahr_Khojas" title="Revolt of the Altishahr Khojas">Revolt of the Altishahr Khojas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afaqi_Khoja_revolts" title="Afaqi Khoja revolts">Afaqi Khoja revolts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Holy_War_of_the_Seven_Khojas" title="Holy War of the Seven Khojas">Holy War of the Seven Khojas</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_of_Ili" title="General of Ili">General of Ili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qing_reconquest_of_Xinjiang" title="Qing reconquest of Xinjiang">Reconquest of Xinjiang</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China_(1912%E2%80%931949)" title="Republic of China (1912–1949)">Republic of China</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Xinjiang_Wars" title="Xinjiang Wars">Xinjiang Wars</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_East_Turkestan_Republic" title="First East Turkestan Republic">First East Turkestan Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_East_Turkestan_Republic" title="Second East Turkestan Republic">Second East Turkestan Republic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ili_Rebellion" title="Ili Rebellion">Ili Rebellion</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China" title="China">People's Republic of China</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Incorporation_of_Xinjiang_into_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Incorporation of Xinjiang into the People's Republic of China">PRC incorporation</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Geography_of_Xinjiang" title="Category:Geography of Xinjiang">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:#F4F0EC"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_China#Xinjiang" title="List of cities in China">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tian_Shan" title="Tian Shan">Tian Shan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Junggar_Basin" title="Junggar Basin">Junggar Basin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Dzungaria" title="Dzungaria">Dzungaria</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarim_Basin" title="Tarim Basin">Tarim Basin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Southern_Xinjiang" title="Southern Xinjiang">Southern Xinjiang</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gurbant%C3%BCngg%C3%BCt_Desert" title="Gurbantünggüt Desert">Gurbantünggüt Desert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumtag_Desert" title="Kumtag Desert">Kumtag Desert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taklamakan_Desert" title="Taklamakan Desert">Taklamakan Desert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turpan_Depression" title="Turpan Depression">Turpan Depression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karakoram" title="Karakoram">Karakoram Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Altai_Mountains" title="Altai Mountains">Altai Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kunlun_Mountains" title="Kunlun Mountains">Kunlun Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pamir_Mountains" title="Pamir Mountains">Pamir Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lanzhou%E2%80%93Xinjiang_railway" title="Lanzhou–Xinjiang railway">Lanzhou–Xinjiang railway</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_universities_and_colleges_in_Xinjiang" title="List of universities and colleges in Xinjiang">Education</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Xinjiang_University" title="Xinjiang University">Xinjiang University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xinjiang_Agricultural_University" title="Xinjiang Agricultural University">Xinjiang Agricultural University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xinjiang_Medical_University" title="Xinjiang Medical University">Xinjiang Medical University</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Xinjiang#Culture" title="Xinjiang">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:#F4F0EC"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Uyghur_Doppa_Cultural_Festival" title="Uyghur Doppa Cultural Festival">Doppa Festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Xinjiang" title="Music of Xinjiang">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meshrep" title="Meshrep">Meshrep gathering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muqam" title="Muqam">Muqam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tocharian_clothing" title="Tocharian clothing">Tocharian clothing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Uyghur_cuisine" title="Uyghur cuisine">Cuisine</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dapanji" title="Dapanji">Dapanji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tandyr_nan" title="Tandyr nan">Nan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sangza" title="Sangza">Sangza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samosa" title="Samosa">Samsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Youtazi" title="Youtazi">Youtazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pamirdin" class="mw-redirect" title="Pamirdin">Pamirdin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chorba" title="Chorba">Xurpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doner_kebab" title="Doner kebab">Tunurkawab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Islamic_cuisine" title="Chinese Islamic cuisine">Chinese Islamic cuisine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Economy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:#F4F0EC"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Xinjiang_cotton_industry" title="Xinjiang cotton industry">Cotton industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xinjiang_Production_and_Construction_Corps" title="Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps">Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Visitor attractions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afaq_Khoja_Mausoleum" title="Afaq Khoja Mausoleum">Apak Khoja and Xiang Fei Tomb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flaming_Mountains" title="Flaming Mountains">Flaming Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiaohe_ruins" title="Jiaohe ruins">Jiaohe ruins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaochang" title="Gaochang">Gaochang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Bazaar_(%C3%9Cr%C3%BCmqi)" title="Grand Bazaar (Ürümqi)">Grand Bazaar, Ürümqi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Id_Kah_Mosque" title="Id Kah Mosque">Id Kah Mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karakul_(Xinjiang)" title="Karakul (Xinjiang)">Karakul Lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kizil_Caves" title="Kizil Caves">Kizil Caves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niya_ruins" title="Niya ruins">Niya ruins</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Xinjiang_conflict" title="Xinjiang conflict">Xinjiang conflict</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:#F4F0EC"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1989_%C3%9Cr%C3%BCmqi_unrest" title="1989 Ürümqi unrest">1989 Ürümqi unrest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barin_uprising" title="Barin uprising">Barin uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1992_%C3%9Cr%C3%BCmqi_bombings" title="1992 Ürümqi bombings">1992 Ürümqi bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghulja_incident" title="Ghulja incident">Ghulja incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1997_%C3%9Cr%C3%BCmqi_bus_bombings" title="1997 Ürümqi bus bombings">1997 Ürümqi bus bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2007_Xinjiang_raid" title="2007 Xinjiang raid">2007 Xinjiang raid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_Uyghur_unrest" title="2008 Uyghur unrest">2008 Uyghur unrest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_Kashgar_attack" title="2008 Kashgar attack">2008 Kashgar attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaoguan_incident" title="Shaoguan incident">Shaoguan incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_2009_%C3%9Cr%C3%BCmqi_riots" title="July 2009 Ürümqi riots">July 2009 Ürümqi riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_2009_Xinjiang_unrest" title="September 2009 Xinjiang unrest">September 2009 Xinjiang unrest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2010_Aksu_bombing" title="2010 Aksu bombing">2010 Aksu bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_Hotan_attack" title="2011 Hotan attack">2011 Hotan attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_Kashgar_attacks" title="2011 Kashgar attacks">2011 Kashgar attacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pishan_hostage_crisis" title="Pishan hostage crisis">Pishan hostage crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_Yecheng_attack" title="2012 Yecheng attack">2012 Yecheng attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tianjin_Airlines_Flight_7554" title="Tianjin Airlines Flight 7554">Tianjin Airlines Flight 7554</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_2013_Bachu_unrest" title="April 2013 Bachu unrest">April 2013 Bachu unrest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_2013_Shanshan_riots" title="June 2013 Shanshan riots">June 2013 Shanshan riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2013_Tiananmen_Square_attack" title="2013 Tiananmen Square attack">2013 Tiananmen Square attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_Kunming_attack" title="2014 Kunming attack">2014 Kunming attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_China%E2%80%93Vietnam_border_shootout" title="2014 China–Vietnam border shootout">2014 China–Vietnam border shootout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_2014_%C3%9Cr%C3%BCmqi_attack" title="April 2014 Ürümqi attack">April 2014 Ürümqi attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_2014_%C3%9Cr%C3%BCmqi_attack" title="May 2014 Ürümqi attack">May 2014 Ürümqi attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Juma_Tayir" title="Assassination of Juma Tayir">Assassination of Juma Tayir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xinjiang_internment_camps" title="Xinjiang internment camps">Xinjiang internment camps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Uyghurs_in_China" title="Persecution of Uyghurs in China">Persecution of Uyghurs in China</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amursana" title="Amursana">Amursana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mingrui" title="Mingrui">Mingrui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jahangir_Khoja" title="Jahangir Khoja">Jahangir Khoja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakub_Beg_of_Yettishar" title="Yakub Beg of Yettishar">Yaqub Beg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zuo_Zongtang" title="Zuo Zongtang">Zuo Zongtang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yang_Zengxin" title="Yang Zengxin">Yang Zengxin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jin_Shuren" title="Jin Shuren">Jin Shuren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabit_Damolla" title="Sabit Damolla">Sabit Damolla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheng_Shicai" title="Sheng Shicai">Sheng Shicai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ehmetjan_Qasim" title="Ehmetjan Qasim">Ehmetjan Qasim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Zhen_(general)" title="Wang Zhen (general)">Wang Zhen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saifuddin_Azizi" title="Saifuddin Azizi">Saifuddin Azizi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebiya_Kadeer" title="Rebiya Kadeer">Rebiya Kadeer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nur_Bekri" title="Nur Bekri">Nur Bekri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Zhi_(politician)" title="Li Zhi (politician)">Li Zhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Lequan" title="Wang Lequan">Wang Lequan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhang_Chunxian" title="Zhang Chunxian">Zhang Chunxian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilham_Tohti" title="Ilham Tohti">Ilham Tohti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salih_Hudayar" title="Salih Hudayar">Salih Hudayar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sattar_Sawut" title="Sattar Sawut">Sattar Sawut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shirzat_Bawudun" title="Shirzat Bawudun">Shirzat Bawudun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghulam_Osman_Yaghma" title="Ghulam Osman Yaghma">Ghulam Osman Yaghma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rahile_Dawut" title="Rahile Dawut">Rahile Dawut</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:#F4F0EC"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Uyghurs" title="Uyghurs">Uyghur people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Migration_to_Xinjiang" title="Migration to Xinjiang">Migration to Xinjiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Altishahr" title="Altishahr">Altishahr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Turkestan" title="Chinese Turkestan">Chinese Turkestan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Turkestan" title="East Turkestan">East Turkestan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Turkistan_Government_in_Exile" title="East Turkistan Government in Exile">East Turkistan Government in Exile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Turkistan_National_Awakening_Movement" title="East Turkistan National Awakening Movement">East Turkistan National Awakening Movement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_Turkestan_independence_movement" title="East Turkestan independence movement">Independence movement</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Uyghur_Congress" title="World Uyghur Congress">World Uyghur Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Kazakhstan_relations" title="China–Kazakhstan relations">China–Kazakhstan relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Kyrgyzstan_relations" title="China–Kyrgyzstan relations">China–Kyrgyzstan relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Pakistan_relations" title="China–Pakistan relations">China–Pakistan relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="China–Turkey relations">China–Turkey relations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Xinjiang" title="Category:Xinjiang">Category</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Xinjiang" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Xinjiang">Commons</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Inner_Asia_history_series" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Inner_Asia" title="Template:Inner Asia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Inner_Asia" title="Template talk:Inner Asia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Inner_Asia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Inner Asia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Inner_Asia_history_series" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Inner_Asia" title="Inner Asia">Inner Asia</a> history series</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nomadic_empire" title="Nomadic empire">Nomadic empires</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Xiongnu" title="Xiongnu">Xiongnu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xianbei" title="Xianbei">Xianbei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rouran_Khaganate" title="Rouran Khaganate">Rouran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6kt%C3%BCrks" title="Göktürks">Göktürks</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Turkic_Khaganate" title="First Turkic Khaganate">First Turkic Khaganate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Turkic_Khaganate" title="Eastern Turkic Khaganate">Eastern Turkic Khaganate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Turkic_Khaganate" title="Western Turkic Khaganate">Western Turkic Khaganate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Turkic_Khaganate" title="Second Turkic Khaganate">Second Turkic Khaganate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Empire" title="Tibetan Empire">Tibetan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zubu" title="Zubu">Zubu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uyghur_Khaganate" title="Uyghur Khaganate">Uyghur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yenisei_Kyrgyz_Khaganate" class="mw-redirect" title="Yenisei Kyrgyz Khaganate">Kyrgyz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongols" title="Mongols">Mongol</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tatar_confederation" title="Tatar confederation">Tatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khamag_Mongol" title="Khamag Mongol">Khamag Mongol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_Empire" title="Mongol Empire">Mongol Empire</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chagatai_Khanate" title="Chagatai Khanate">Chagatai</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timurid_Empire" title="Timurid Empire">Timurid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dzungar_Khanate" title="Dzungar Khanate">Dzungar</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Greater_Mongolia_(orthographic_projection).png" class="mw-file-description" title="Approximate range of Inner Asia"><img alt="Approximate range of Inner Asia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Greater_Mongolia_%28orthographic_projection%29.png/120px-Greater_Mongolia_%28orthographic_projection%29.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Greater_Mongolia_%28orthographic_projection%29.png/180px-Greater_Mongolia_%28orthographic_projection%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Greater_Mongolia_%28orthographic_projection%29.png/240px-Greater_Mongolia_%28orthographic_projection%29.png 2x" data-file-width="484" data-file-height="484" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Empire" title="Chinese Empire">Chinese empires</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Han_dynasty_in_Inner_Asia" title="Han dynasty in Inner Asia">Han</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Han%E2%80%93Xiongnu_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Han–Xiongnu War">against Xiongnu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protectorate_of_the_Western_Regions" title="Protectorate of the Western Regions">Protectorate of the Western Regions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chief_Official_of_the_Western_Regions" title="Chief Official of the Western Regions">Chief Official</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty_in_Inner_Asia" title="Tang dynasty in Inner Asia">Tang</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tang_campaigns_against_the_Western_Turks" title="Tang campaigns against the Western Turks">against Western Turks</a> / <a href="/wiki/Tang_campaign_against_the_Eastern_Turks" title="Tang campaign against the Eastern Turks">Eastern Turks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tang%E2%80%93Tibet_relations" title="Tang–Tibet relations">against Tibet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protectorate_General_to_Pacify_the_North" title="Protectorate General to Pacify the North">Mongolian Plateau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beiting_Protectorate" title="Beiting Protectorate">Beiting</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Tarim Basin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Liao_dynasty" title="Liao dynasty">Liao</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Qara_Khitai" title="Qara Khitai">Western Liao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Liao" title="Northern Liao">Northern Liao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Liao" title="Eastern Liao">Eastern Liao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Later_Liao" title="Later Liao">Later Liao</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Yuan_dynasty_in_Inner_Asia" title="Yuan dynasty in Inner Asia">Yuan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kaidu%E2%80%93Kublai_war" title="Kaidu–Kublai war">against Northwest khanates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchuria_under_Yuan_rule" title="Manchuria under Yuan rule">Manchuria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolia_under_Yuan_rule" title="Mongolia under Yuan rule">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibet_under_Yuan_rule" title="Tibet under Yuan rule">Tibet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Yuan" title="Northern Yuan">Northern Yuan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Ming_dynasty_in_Inner_Asia" title="Ming dynasty in Inner Asia">Ming</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yongle_Emperor%27s_campaigns_against_the_Mongols" title="Yongle Emperor's campaigns against the Mongols">against Mongols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ming%E2%80%93Turpan_conflict" title="Ming–Turpan conflict">against Turpan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchuria_under_Ming_rule" title="Manchuria under Ming rule">Manchuria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ming%E2%80%93Tibet_relations" title="Ming–Tibet relations">Tibet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty_in_Inner_Asia" title="Qing dynasty in Inner Asia">Qing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dzungar%E2%80%93Qing_Wars" title="Dzungar–Qing Wars">against Dzungar</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dzungar_genocide" title="Dzungar genocide">genocide</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lifan_Yuan" title="Lifan Yuan">Lifan Yuan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amban" title="Amban">Amban</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchuria_under_Qing_rule" title="Manchuria under Qing rule">Manchuria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolia_under_Qing_rule" title="Mongolia under Qing rule">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibet_under_Qing_rule" title="Tibet under Qing rule">Tibet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xinjiang_under_Qing_rule" title="Xinjiang under Qing rule">Xinjiang</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Cambridge_History_of_Inner_Asia" title="The Cambridge History of Inner Asia">The Cambridge History of Inner Asia</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Central_Asia" title="Greater Central Asia">Greater Central Asia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central Asia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurasian_nomads" title="Eurasian nomads">Eurasian nomads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tartary" title="Tartary">Tartary</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Tartary" title="Chinese Tartary">Chinese Tartary</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Regions" title="Western Regions">Western Regions</a> (<a href="/wiki/Chinese_Turkestan" title="Chinese Turkestan">Chinese Turkestan</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_proper" title="China proper">China proper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinosphere" title="Sinosphere">Sinosphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_China" title="Greater China">Greater China</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p><span class="geo-inline-hidden noexcerpt"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Protectorate_General_to_Pacify_the_West&params=41_39_N_82_54_E_"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">41°39′N</span> <span class="longitude">82°54′E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">41.650°N 82.900°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">41.650; 82.900</span></span></span></a></span></span> </p>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Protectorate_General_to_Pacify_the_West&oldid=1253363253">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Protectorate_General_to_Pacify_the_West&oldid=1253363253</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" 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