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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">flytta till sidofältet</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">dölj</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Inledning</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Mikrobiologins_historia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mikrobiologins_historia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Mikrobiologins historia</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Mikrobiologins_historia-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Växla underavsnittet Mikrobiologins historia</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Mikrobiologins_historia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Mikrobiologins_guldålder" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mikrobiologins_guldålder"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Mikrobiologins guldålder</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mikrobiologins_guldålder-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tillämpning_av_mikrobiologi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tillämpning_av_mikrobiologi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Tillämpning av mikrobiologi</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Tillämpning_av_mikrobiologi-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Växla underavsnittet Tillämpning av mikrobiologi</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Tillämpning_av_mikrobiologi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Livsmedel" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Livsmedel"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Livsmedel</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Livsmedel-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Medicin" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Medicin"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Medicin</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Medicin-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Se_även" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Se_även"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Se även</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Se_även-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Referenser" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Referenser"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Referenser</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Referenser-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Innehåll" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Växla innehållsförteckningen" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Växla innehållsförteckningen</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Mikrobiologi</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Gå till en artikel på ett annat språk. Tillgänglig på 110 språk" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-110" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">110 språk</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikrobiologie" title="Mikrobiologie – afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Mikrobiologie" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikrobiologie" title="Mikrobiologie – schweizertyska" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Mikrobiologie" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="schweizertyska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%AD%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%A1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82%D8%A9" title="علم الأحياء الدقيقة – arabiska" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="علم الأحياء الدقيقة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microbioloch%C3%ADa" title="Microbiolochía – aragonesiska" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Microbiolochía" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="aragonesiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%85%E0%A6%A3%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%80%E0%A7%B1%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9E%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8" title="অণুজীৱবিজ্ঞান – assamesiska" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="অণুজীৱবিজ্ঞান" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="assamesiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microbiolox%C3%ADa" title="Microbioloxía – asturiska" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Microbioloxía" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="asturiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikrobiologiya" title="Mikrobiologiya – azerbajdzjanska" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Mikrobiologiya" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="azerbajdzjanska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A8%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%84%D9%88%DA%98%DB%8C" title="میکروبیولوژی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="میکروبیولوژی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%85%E0%A6%A3%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9E%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8" title="অণুজীববিজ্ঞান – bengali" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="অণুজীববিজ্ঞান" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%AE-seng-bu%CC%8Dt-ha%CC%8Dk" title="Bî-seng-bu̍t-ha̍k – min nan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Bî-seng-bu̍t-ha̍k" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="min nan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Микробиология – basjkiriska" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Микробиология" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="basjkiriska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%96%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D1%96%D1%8F%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Мікрабіялогія – belarusiska" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Мікрабіялогія" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="belarusiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%96%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D1%96%D1%8F%D0%BB%D1%91%D0%B3%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Мікрабіялёгія – belarusiska (tarasjkevitsa)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Мікрабіялёгія" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="belarusiska (tarasjkevitsa)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikrobiyolohiya" title="Mikrobiyolohiya – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Mikrobiyolohiya" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Микробиология – bulgariska" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Микробиология" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bulgariska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikrobiologija" title="Mikrobiologija – bosniska" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Mikrobiologija" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="bosniska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microbiologia" title="Microbiologia – katalanska" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Microbiologia" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="katalanska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8" title="Микробиологи – tjuvasjiska" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Микробиологи" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="tjuvasjiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikrobiologie" title="Mikrobiologie – tjeckiska" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Mikrobiologie" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="tjeckiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microbioleg" title="Microbioleg – walesiska" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Microbioleg" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="walesiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikrobiologi" title="Mikrobiologi – danska" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Mikrobiologi" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="danska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikrobiologie" title="Mikrobiologie – tyska" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Mikrobiologie" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="tyska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikrobioloogia" title="Mikrobioloogia – estniska" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Mikrobioloogia" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estniska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%81%CE%BF%CE%B2%CE%B9%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%BF%CE%B3%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Μικροβιολογία – grekiska" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μικροβιολογία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="grekiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microbiology" title="Microbiology – engelska" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Microbiology" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="engelska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microbiolog%C3%ADa" title="Microbiología – spanska" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Microbiología" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="spanska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikrobiologio" title="Mikrobiologio – esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Mikrobiologio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikrobiologia" title="Mikrobiologia – baskiska" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Mikrobiologia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="baskiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A8%E2%80%8C%D8%B4%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C" title="میکروب‌شناسی – persiska" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="میکروب‌شناسی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sm%C3%A1verul%C3%ADvfr%C3%B8%C3%B0i" title="Smáverulívfrøði – färöiska" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Smáverulívfrøði" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="färöiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microbiologie" title="Microbiologie – franska" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Microbiologie" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="franska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micribhitheola%C3%ADocht" title="Micribhitheolaíocht – iriska" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Micribhitheolaíocht" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="iriska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myn-vioagh-oaylleeaght" title="Myn-vioagh-oaylleeaght – manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Myn-vioagh-oaylleeaght" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microbiolox%C3%ADa" title="Microbioloxía – galiciska" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Microbioloxía" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galiciska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%AF%B8%EC%83%9D%EB%AC%BC%ED%95%99" title="미생물학 – koreanska" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="미생물학" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="koreanska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilimin_halittu" title="Ilimin halittu – hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Ilimin halittu" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%A1%D5%B6%D6%80%D5%A7%D5%A1%D5%A2%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Մանրէաբանություն – armeniska" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Մանրէաբանություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="armeniska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="utmärkt artikel"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80" title="सूक्ष्मजैविकी – hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="सूक्ष्मजैविकी" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikrobiologija" title="Mikrobiologija – kroatiska" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Mikrobiologija" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="kroatiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikrobiologio" title="Mikrobiologio – ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Mikrobiologio" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikrobiolohia" title="Mikrobiolohia – iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Mikrobiolohia" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikrobiologi" title="Mikrobiologi – indonesiska" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Mikrobiologi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonesiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%96rverufr%C3%A6%C3%B0i" title="Örverufræði – isländska" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Örverufræði" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="isländska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microbiologia" title="Microbiologia – italienska" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Microbiologia" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italienska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%91%D7%99%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%92%D7%99%D7%94" title="מיקרוביולוגיה – hebreiska" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מיקרוביולוגיה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="hebreiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikrobiologi" title="Mikrobiologi – javanesiska" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Mikrobiologi" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="javanesiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%82%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B7%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AE_%E0%B2%9C%E0%B3%80%E0%B2%B5_%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%9C%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%9E%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%A8" title="ಸೂಕ್ಷ್ಮ ಜೀವ ವಿಜ್ಞಾನ – kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಸೂಕ್ಷ್ಮ ಜೀವ ವಿಜ್ಞಾನ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%91%E1%83%98%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D%E1%83%92%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="მიკრობიოლოგია – georgiska" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="მიკრობიოლოგია" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="georgiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Микробиология – kazakiska" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Микробиология" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="kazakiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikrobiolojia" title="Mikrobiolojia – swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Mikrobiolojia" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%BBrj%C3%AEnewernas%C3%AE" title="Hûrjînewernasî – kurdiska" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Hûrjînewernasî" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="kurdiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Микробиология – kirgiziska" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Микробиология" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="kirgiziska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microbiologia" title="Microbiologia – latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Microbiologia" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikrobiolo%C4%A3ija" title="Mikrobioloģija – lettiska" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Mikrobioloģija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="lettiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikrobiologija" title="Mikrobiologija – litauiska" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Mikrobiologija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="litauiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microbiulug%C3%ACa" title="Microbiulugìa – lombardiska" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Microbiulugìa" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="lombardiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikrobiol%C3%B3gia" title="Mikrobiológia – ungerska" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Mikrobiológia" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="ungerska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B5_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9E%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="सुक्ष्मजीव विज्ञान – maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="सुक्ष्मजीव विज्ञान" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मैथिली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Микробиологија – makedonska" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Микробиологија" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="makedonska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%82%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B7%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%9C%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%B6%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%82" title="സൂക്ഷ്മജീവശാസ്ത്രം – malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="സൂക്ഷ്മജീവശാസ്ത്രം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0" title="सूक्ष्मजीवशास्त्र – marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="सूक्ष्मजीवशास्त्र" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%91%E1%83%98%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D%E1%83%92%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="მიკრობიოლოგია – mingrelianska" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="მიკრობიოლოგია" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="mingrelianska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%83%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%84%D9%88%DA%86%D9%89" title="مايكربيولوچى – egyptisk arabiska" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="مايكربيولوچى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="egyptisk arabiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikrobiologi" title="Mikrobiologi – malajiska" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Mikrobiologi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malajiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%A1%E1%80%8F%E1%80%AF%E1%80%87%E1%80%AE%E1%80%9D%E1%80%97%E1%80%B1%E1%80%92" title="အဏုဇီဝဗေဒ – burmesiska" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="အဏုဇီဝဗေဒ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="burmesiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microbiologie" title="Microbiologie – nederländska" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Microbiologie" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="nederländska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B5_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9E%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="शूक्ष्मजीव विज्ञान – nepalesiska" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="शूक्ष्मजीव विज्ञान" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="nepalesiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80" title="माइक्रोबायोलोजी – newariska" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="माइक्रोबायोलोजी" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="newariska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BE%AE%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%A6" title="微生物学 – japanska" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="微生物学" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japanska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pih mw-list-item"><a href="https://pih.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miikrobiologii" title="Miikrobiologii – Norfuk / Pitkern" lang="pih" hreflang="pih" data-title="Miikrobiologii" data-language-autonym="Norfuk / Pitkern" data-language-local-name="Norfuk / Pitkern" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norfuk / Pitkern</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikrobiologi" title="Mikrobiologi – norskt bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Mikrobiologi" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="norskt bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikrobiologi" title="Mikrobiologi – nynorska" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Mikrobiologi" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="nynorska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikrobiologia" title="Mikrobiologia – novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Mikrobiologia" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="novial" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Novial</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microbiologia" title="Microbiologia – occitanska" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Microbiologia" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="occitanska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikrobiologiya" title="Mikrobiologiya – uzbekiska" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Mikrobiologiya" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="uzbekiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%A6%DA%A9%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D8%AC%DB%8C" title="مائکروبیالوجی – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="مائکروبیالوجی" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%B1%D9%88_%D8%A8%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%84%D9%88%DA%98%D9%8A" title="مایکرو بیولوژي – pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="مایکرو بیولوژي" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikrobiologia" title="Mikrobiologia – polska" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Mikrobiologia" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="polska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microbiologia" title="Microbiologia – portugisiska" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Microbiologia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugisiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microbiologie" title="Microbiologie – rumänska" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Microbiologie" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="rumänska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%27i%C3%B1i_kawsay_yachay" title="Ch'iñi kawsay yachay – quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Ch'iñi kawsay yachay" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Микробиология – rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Микробиология" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Микробиология – ryska" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Микробиология" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="ryska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikrobiologjia" title="Mikrobiologjia – albanska" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Mikrobiologjia" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="albanska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B7%82%E0%B7%94%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BB%E0%B6%A2%E0%B7%93%E0%B7%80_%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%80" title="ක්‍ෂුද්‍රජීව විද්‍යාව – singalesiska" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ක්‍ෂුද්‍රජීව විද්‍යාව" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="singalesiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microbiology" title="Microbiology – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Microbiology" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%A6%DA%AA%D8%B1%D9%88_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AC%D9%8A" title="مائڪرو بائيولاجي – sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="مائڪرو بائيولاجي" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikrobiol%C3%B3gia" title="Mikrobiológia – slovakiska" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Mikrobiológia" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="slovakiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikrobiologija" title="Mikrobiologija – slovenska" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Mikrobiologija" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="slovenska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%B1%DB%86%D8%A8%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C" title="میکرۆبناسی – centralkurdiska" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="میکرۆبناسی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="centralkurdiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Микробиологија – serbiska" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Микробиологија" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serbiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikrobiologija" title="Mikrobiologija – serbokroatiska" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Mikrobiologija" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="serbokroatiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikrobiologi" title="Mikrobiologi – sundanesiska" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Mikrobiologi" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="sundanesiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikrobiologia" title="Mikrobiologia – finska" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Mikrobiologia" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikrobiyolohiya" title="Mikrobiyolohiya – tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Mikrobiyolohiya" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D" title="நுண்ணுயிரியல் – tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="நுண்ணுயிரியல்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Микробиология – tatariska" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Микробиология" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="tatariska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%82%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B7%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AE%E0%B0%9C%E0%B1%80%E0%B0%B5_%E0%B0%B6%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A4%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%82" title="సూక్ష్మజీవ శాస్త్రం – telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="సూక్ష్మజీవ శాస్త్రం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B2" title="จุลชีววิทยา – thailändska" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="จุลชีววิทยา" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="thailändska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Микробиология – tadzjikiska" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Микробиология" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="tadzjikiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikrobiyoloji" title="Mikrobiyoloji – turkiska" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Mikrobiyoloji" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turkiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%96%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%96%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Мікробіологія – ukrainska" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Мікробіологія" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ukrainska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%A8%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%AD%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%AA%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="خردوبینی حیاتیات – urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="خردوبینی حیاتیات" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vi_sinh_v%E1%BA%ADt_h%E1%BB%8Dc" title="Vi sinh vật học – vietnamesiska" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Vi sinh vật học" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnamesiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacterolodjeye" title="Bacterolodjeye – vallonska" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Bacterolodjeye" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="vallonska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikrobiyolohiya" title="Mikrobiyolohiya – waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Mikrobiyolohiya" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BE%AE%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%A6" title="微生物学 – wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="微生物学" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%91%D7%99%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%90%D7%92%D7%99%D7%A2" title="מיקראביאלאגיע – jiddisch" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="מיקראביאלאגיע" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="jiddisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BE%AE%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%B8" title="微生物學 – kantonesiska" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="微生物學" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="kantonesiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BE%AE%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%A6" title="微生物学 – kinesiska" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="微生物学" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="kinesiska" 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/E_coli_at_10000x%2C_original.jpg/300px-E_coli_at_10000x%2C_original.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="218" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/E_coli_at_10000x%2C_original.jpg/450px-E_coli_at_10000x%2C_original.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/E_coli_at_10000x%2C_original.jpg/600px-E_coli_at_10000x%2C_original.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2598" data-file-height="1889" /></a><figcaption>En klunga av bakterien <i><a href="/wiki/Escherichia_coli" title="Escherichia coli">Escherichia coli</a></i></figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fil:Alice_C._Evans,_National_Photo_Company_portrait,_circa_1915.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Mikrobiolog" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Alice_C._Evans%2C_National_Photo_Company_portrait%2C_circa_1915.jpg/300px-Alice_C._Evans%2C_National_Photo_Company_portrait%2C_circa_1915.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Alice_C._Evans%2C_National_Photo_Company_portrait%2C_circa_1915.jpg/450px-Alice_C._Evans%2C_National_Photo_Company_portrait%2C_circa_1915.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Alice_C._Evans%2C_National_Photo_Company_portrait%2C_circa_1915.jpg/600px-Alice_C._Evans%2C_National_Photo_Company_portrait%2C_circa_1915.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6015" data-file-height="5008" /></a><figcaption>Den amerikanska mikrobiologen <a href="/wiki/Alice_C._Evans" class="mw-redirect" title="Alice C. Evans">Alice C. Evans</a> undersöker ett prov.</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Mikrobiologi</b> är läran om <a href="/wiki/Mikroorganismer" class="mw-redirect" title="Mikroorganismer">mikroorganismer</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Begreppet mikrobiologi infördes av den franske kemisten <a href="/wiki/Louis_Pasteur" title="Louis Pasteur">Louis Pasteur</a> (1822–1895).<sup id="cite_ref-:1_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-2"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mikroorganismer definierar <a href="/wiki/Organism" title="Organism">organismer</a>, vars diameter är mindre än 1 millimeter, samt är osynliga för det blotta ögat.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-2"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Exempel på detta är <a href="/wiki/Bakterier" title="Bakterier">bakterier</a>, <a href="/wiki/Protozoer" title="Protozoer">protozoer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ark%C3%A9er" title="Arkéer">arkéer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alger" title="Alger">alger</a>, <a href="/wiki/Svampar" title="Svampar">svampar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prion" title="Prion">prioner</a> och <a href="/wiki/Virus" title="Virus">virus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dessa mikrober kan sedan delas in i tre olika kategorier: <a href="/wiki/Encelliga_organismer" title="Encelliga organismer">encelliga</a>, <a href="/wiki/Djur" title="Djur">flercelliga</a> och <a href="/w/index.php?title=Acellul%C3%A4ra&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Acellulära [inte skriven än]">acellulära</a> organismer.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-4"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Läran om individuella mikroorganismer kan delas in i olika underavdelningar: <a href="/wiki/Virologi" title="Virologi">virologi</a> (virus), bakteriologi (bakterier), <a href="/wiki/Mykologi" title="Mykologi">mykologi</a> (svampar), <a href="/wiki/Fykologi" title="Fykologi">fykologi</a> (alger) och <a href="/w/index.php?title=Protozoologi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Protozoologi [inte skriven än]">protozoologi</a> (protozoer).<sup id="cite_ref-:1_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-2"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Bakterier tillhör den <a href="/wiki/Prokaryoter" title="Prokaryoter">prokaryota</a> grenen, medan svampar tillhör de <a href="/wiki/Eukaryoter" title="Eukaryoter">eukaryota</a> organismerna. Virus är i strikt mening inte levande och kan därför inte passas in i någon av organismvärldens tre grenar.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Inom mikrobiologin är <i><a href="/wiki/Escherichia_coli" title="Escherichia coli">Escherichia coli</a></i> och <i><a href="/wiki/Saccharomyces_cerevisiae" title="Saccharomyces cerevisiae">Saccharomyces cerevisiae</a></i> viktiga <a href="/wiki/Modellorganism" title="Modellorganism">modellorganismer</a>. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r47621189">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-2,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-3,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-4,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-5,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-6,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-7{display:none}</style><div style=""><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mikrobiologins_historia">Mikrobiologins historia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mikrobiologi&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Redigera avsnitt: Mikrobiologins historia" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mikrobiologi&action=edit&section=1" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Mikrobiologins historia"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Innan formella mikrobiologiska studier gjordes misstänkte en del vetenskapsmän att mikrober var förknippade med sjukdomar.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-6"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Studier av mikroorganismer började före <a href="/wiki/Mikroskop" title="Mikroskop">mikroskopets</a> existens när den romanska filosofen <a href="/wiki/Lucretius" title="Lucretius">Lucretius</a> (98–55 f.v.t) och <a href="/wiki/Girolamo_Fracastoro" title="Girolamo Fracastoro">Girolamo Fracastoro</a> på 1500-talet föreslog att sjukdomar orsakades av osynliga, levande organismer.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-6"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:7_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-7"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> De tidigaste mikroskopiska observationerna gjordes på bin och vivlar av <a href="/w/index.php?title=Francesco_Stelluti&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Francesco Stelluti [inte skriven än]">Francesco Stelluti</a> (1625–1630).<sup id="cite_ref-:7_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-7"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Under 1600-talet gjordes de allra första mikroskopiska iakttagelserna, då <a href="/wiki/Robert_Hooke" title="Robert Hooke">Robert Hooke</a> noterade viktiga observationer.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-8"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Under 1600-talet använde Robert Hooke en lins i sitt mikroskop som kunde förstora objekt upp till 30 gånger.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-2"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hooke var bland annat känd för sina studier av svamp.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-8"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dessutom publicerade Hooke boken <a href="/w/index.php?title=Micrographia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Micrographia [inte skriven än]">Micrographia</a> år 1665, där han myntade begreppet <a href="/wiki/Cell" title="Cell">cell</a> när han observerade skivor av kork under ett mikroskop.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Robert Hooke ritade en bild av den mikroskopiska strukturen av korken där cellen bestod av väggar som inneslöt ett tomrum. Hookes arbete fortsattes av <a href="/wiki/Matthias_Jacob_Schleiden" title="Matthias Jacob Schleiden">Matthias Schleiden</a> och <a href="/wiki/Theodor_Schwann" title="Theodor Schwann">Theodor Schwann</a> som senare formulerade <a href="/wiki/Cellteorin" title="Cellteorin">cellteorin</a> (1838–1839).<sup id="cite_ref-:1_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-2"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>En annan vetenskapsman som studerade mikroorganismer var den holländske <a href="/wiki/Antonie_van_Leeuwenhoek" title="Antonie van Leeuwenhoek">Antonie van Leeuwenhoek</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-8"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Leeuwenhoek tillverkade över 250 mikroskop som bestod av två konvexa linser som hade en kortare brännvidd för att noggrant studera mikrobernas karaktäristiska drag och struktur.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-2"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-10"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dessa hundratals mikroskop kunde förstora objekt upp till 50 till 300 gånger<sup id="cite_ref-:1_2-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-2"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Även om vetenskapsmannens studier saknade formalitet för en vetenskaplig forskning, utgjorde hans studier en grundläggande betydelse för mikrobiologin. Anton Van Leeuwenhoek var den första vetenskapsmannen som producerade korrekta beskrivningar av bakterier och protozoer från regnvatten, brunnsvatten och dammar (1674).<sup id="cite_ref-:1_2-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-2"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-10"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Leeuwenhoeks observationer av bakterier och protozoer finns dokumenterade i brev som skrevs till den dåvarande <a href="/wiki/Royal_Society" title="Royal Society">Royal Society</a> i <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-6"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mikrobiologins_guldålder"><span id="Mikrobiologins_guld.C3.A5lder"></span>Mikrobiologins guldålder</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mikrobiologi&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Redigera avsnitt: Mikrobiologins guldålder" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mikrobiologi&action=edit&section=2" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Mikrobiologins guldålder"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="noprint" style="font-style:italic; ;"> <dl><dd>Se även: <a href="/wiki/Mikrobteorin" title="Mikrobteorin">Mikrobteorin</a></dd></dl></div> <p>Den senare hälften av 1800-talet kallas ofta för mikrobiologins guldålder.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-6"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Under guldåldern utvecklades mikrobiologin till en modern disciplin av biologi,<sup id="cite_ref-:1_2-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-2"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:3_6-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-6"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> samt var omgiven av fyra centrala frågor: (1) kan liv uppstå från icke-liv, (2) kan mikrober orsaka sjukdomar, (3) hur stor är den mikrobiologiska mångfalden och (4) kan jord- och vattenmikrober utföra gynnsamma aktiviteter.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-11"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Den franska mikrobiologen Louis Pasteur (1822–1895) påbörjade sina studier om processer bakom fermentation av alkohol.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-11"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Denna typ av kemisk procedur ansågs vara strikt i mitten av 1900-talet. Pasteur lyckades bevisa att jäsningsprocessen orsakades av metaboliska aktiviteter av <a href="/w/index.php?title=J%C3%A4stceller&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jästceller [inte skriven än]">jästceller</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-11"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mikrobiologen använde dessa insikter för att sedan motbevisa den rådande populära teorin om spontan generering.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_11-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-11"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Teorin om spontan generering var en tanke av den grekiske <a href="/wiki/Aristoteles" title="Aristoteles">Aristoteles</a>, som trodde att enkla <a href="/wiki/Ryggradsl%C3%B6sa_djur" title="Ryggradslösa djur">ryggradslösa djur</a> kunde uppstå av död materia. <sup id="cite_ref-:7_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-7"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Teorin ifrågasattes av <a href="/wiki/Francesco_Redi" title="Francesco Redi">Francesco Redi</a> som utförde experiment med ruttna köttbitar för att undersöka om fluglarver uppstod av köttet.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-7"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-8"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Resultatet motbevisade teorin eftersom det inte uppstod liv hos köttbitarna.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_7-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-7"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_8-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-8"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Studier om sambandet mellan sjukdomar och mikroorganismer gjordes av mikrobiologen <a href="/wiki/Robert_Koch" title="Robert Koch">Robert Koch</a> (1843–1910).<sup id="cite_ref-:5_11-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-11"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mikrobiologen undersökte infektionssjukdomar och var intresserad av att identifiera dess orsaksämnen. Koch lyckades 1876 isolera en bakteriekultur, med en förfinad renodlingsteknik, av <i>Bacillus anthracis</i> som orsakar mjältbrand.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_2-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-2"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> År 1882 upptäckte Robert Koch <i>Mycobacterium tuberculosis,</i> vilket orsakar tuberkulos.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_11-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-11"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Två år senare publicerades <a href="/wiki/Kochs_postulat" title="Kochs postulat">Kochs postulat</a> som utgör en viktig hörnsten av <a href="/wiki/Bakterieteorin" class="mw-redirect" title="Bakterieteorin">bakterieteorin</a>, <i>germ theory,</i> om sjukdomar. Dessa postulater används fortfarande idag för att bevisa specifika orsaker till infektiösa sjukdomar.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_11-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-11"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tillämpning_av_mikrobiologi"><span id="Till.C3.A4mpning_av_mikrobiologi"></span>Tillämpning av mikrobiologi</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mikrobiologi&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Redigera avsnitt: Tillämpning av mikrobiologi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mikrobiologi&action=edit&section=3" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Tillämpning av mikrobiologi"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Även om mikroorganismer huvudsakligen associeras med sjukdomar, finns det mikrober som är nödvändiga för allt liv på jorden.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dessa mikroorganismer är en avgörande faktor för viktiga biokemiska processer som näringscykler, nedbrytning av organiskt material, <a href="/wiki/Klimatf%C3%B6r%C3%A4ndring" title="Klimatförändring">klimatförändringar</a>, matsvinn, <a href="/wiki/Epidemiologi" title="Epidemiologi">epidemiologi</a> och <a href="/wiki/Bioteknik" title="Bioteknik">bioteknik</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-4"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tack vare mikroorganismers mångsidighet kan de användas till att producera mediciner och <a href="/wiki/Biobr%C3%A4nsle" title="Biobränsle">biobränslen</a>, samt motverka föroreningar. Bland annat kan mikroorganismer möjliggöra industriella processer som <a href="/wiki/J%C3%A4sning" title="Jäsning">fermentation</a>, vilket används för att tillverka <a href="/wiki/Alkoholdryck" title="Alkoholdryck">alkohol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vin%C3%A4ger" title="Vinäger">vinäger</a> och mjölkprodukter. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Livsmedel">Livsmedel</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mikrobiologi&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Redigera avsnitt: Livsmedel" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mikrobiologi&action=edit&section=4" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Livsmedel"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Mikroorganismer används i dagens livsmedel och är betydande för livsmedel av olika skäl: (1) mikrober kan orsaka matsvinn, (2) mikroorganismer kan användas för att producera olika livsmedelsprodukter, (3) mikrobiella sjukdomar kan överföras via livsmedel.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-13"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Jästceller är ett exempel på en viktig mikrob som är en <a href="/wiki/Katalysator" title="Katalysator">katalysator</a> i produktionen av <a href="/wiki/Bakverk" title="Bakverk">bakverk</a> och alkoholdrycker. <sup id="cite_ref-:5_11-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-11"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Inom bakning används jästceller för att producera <a href="/wiki/Koldioxid" title="Koldioxid">koldioxid</a> i syfte att expandera degens storlek. Den kemiska processen av degens höjning och alkoholjäsning är följande:<sup id="cite_ref-:5_11-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-11"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>C<sub>6</sub>H<sub>12</sub>O<sub>6</sub> → 2C<sub>2</sub>H<sub>5</sub>OH + 2CO<sub>2</sub>(g) </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Medicin">Medicin</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mikrobiologi&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Redigera avsnitt: Medicin" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mikrobiologi&action=edit&section=5" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Medicin"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Inom medicinsk mikrobiologi anses majoriteten av mikroberna vara gynnsamma för den mänskliga hälsan.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_11-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-11"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Däremot anses en minoritet, bestående av <a href="/wiki/Patogen" title="Patogen">patogener</a>, vara skadliga för människan. Sedan bakterieteorin om sjukdomar etablerades i samband med utvecklade renodlingstekniker, upptäcktes successivt orsakerna till sjukdomarna.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-13"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> En av de främsta anmärkningsvärda framgångar som gjordes inom medicin var utvecklingen av <a href="/wiki/Vaccination" title="Vaccination">vacciner</a> på 1790-talet.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-13"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Däröver upptäcktes antibiotika eller <i>Penicillium notatum</i> år 1928 Alexander Flemming.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Se_även"><span id="Se_.C3.A4ven"></span>Se även</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mikrobiologi&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Redigera avsnitt: Se även" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mikrobiologi&action=edit&section=6" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Se även"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cellbiologi" title="Cellbiologi">Cellbiologi</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Referenser">Referenser</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mikrobiologi&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Redigera avsnitt: Referenser" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mikrobiologi&action=edit&section=7" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Referenser"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="book"> <i><span>Nationalencyklopedin. Bd 13</span></i>. Höganäs: Bra böcker. 1994. sid. 300–302 "mikrobiologi". <a href="/wiki/Special:Bokk%C3%A4llor/91-7024-619-X" title="Special:Bokkällor/91-7024-619-X">ISBN 91-7024-619-X</a></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nationalencyklopedin.+Bd+13&rft.date=1994&rft.pages=sid.%26nbsp%3B300%E2%80%93302+%22mikrobiologi%22&rft.place=H%C3%B6gan%C3%A4s&rft.pub=Bra+b%C3%B6cker&rft.isbn=91-7024-619-X&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Mikrobiologi"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-2">^ [<a href="#cite_ref-:1_2-0"><small>a</small></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_2-1"><small>b</small></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_2-2"><small>c</small></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_2-3"><small>d</small></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_2-4"><small>e</small></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_2-5"><small>f</small></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_2-6"><small>g</small></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_2-7"><small>h</small></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_2-8"><small>i</small></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_2-9"><small>j</small></a>] <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="book" id="CITEREFTrivedi2010">Trivedi, Pravin Chandra (1 januari 2010). <i><span>Text book of Microbiology</span></i>. sid. ss. 12 - 17<span class="reference-accessdate">. Läst 3 maj 2022</span></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Text+book+of+Microbiology&rft.aulast=Trivedi&rft.aufirst=Pravin+Chandra&rft.au=Trivedi%2C+Pravin+Chandra&rft.date=1+januari+2010&rft.pages=sid.%26nbsp%3Bss.+12+-+17&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Mikrobiologi"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="book"> <i><span>Nationalencyklopedin. Bd 13</span></i>. Höganäs: Bra böcker. 1994. sid. 307 "mikroorganism". <a href="/wiki/Special:Bokk%C3%A4llor/91-7024-619-X" title="Special:Bokkällor/91-7024-619-X">ISBN 91-7024-619-X</a></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nationalencyklopedin.+Bd+13&rft.date=1994&rft.pages=sid.%26nbsp%3B307+%22mikroorganism%22&rft.place=H%C3%B6gan%C3%A4s&rft.pub=Bra+b%C3%B6cker&rft.isbn=91-7024-619-X&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Mikrobiologi"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:4-4">^ [<a href="#cite_ref-:4_4-0"><small>a</small></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_4-1"><small>b</small></a>] <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.verywellhealth.com/what-is-microbiology-1958833">”Are You Familiar With the Study of Microbiology?”</a> (på engelska). <i><span>Verywell Health</span></i><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.verywellhealth.com/what-is-microbiology-1958833">https://www.verywellhealth.com/what-is-microbiology-1958833</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Läst 11 maj 2022</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Are+You+Familiar+With+the+Study+of+Microbiology%3F&rft.atitle=Verywell+Health&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.verywellhealth.com%2Fwhat-is-microbiology-1958833&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Mikrobiologi"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="book"> <i><span>Nationalencyklopedin. Bd 19</span></i>. Höganäs: Bra böcker. 1996. sid. 519–521 "virus". <a href="/wiki/Special:Bokk%C3%A4llor/91-7024-619-X" title="Special:Bokkällor/91-7024-619-X">ISBN 91-7024-619-X</a></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nationalencyklopedin.+Bd+19&rft.date=1996&rft.pages=sid.%26nbsp%3B519%E2%80%93521+%22virus%22&rft.place=H%C3%B6gan%C3%A4s&rft.pub=Bra+b%C3%B6cker&rft.isbn=91-7024-619-X&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Mikrobiologi"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-6">^ [<a href="#cite_ref-:3_6-0"><small>a</small></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_6-1"><small>b</small></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_6-2"><small>c</small></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_6-3"><small>d</small></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_6-4"><small>e</small></a>] <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="web" id="CITEREFKarsten_Pedersen">Karsten Pedersen. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ne.se/uppslagsverk/encyklopedi/l%C3%A5ng/mikrobiologi">”mikrobiologi - Uppslagsverk - NE.se”</a>. <i><span>www.ne.se</span></i><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.ne.se/uppslagsverk/encyklopedi/l%C3%A5ng/mikrobiologi">https://www.ne.se/uppslagsverk/encyklopedi/l%C3%A5ng/mikrobiologi</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Läst 11 maj 2022</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=mikrobiologi+-+Uppslagsverk+-+NE.se&rft.atitle=www.ne.se&rft.aulast=Karsten+Pedersen&rft.au=Karsten+Pedersen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ne.se%2Fuppslagsverk%2Fencyklopedi%2Fl%25C3%25A5ng%2Fmikrobiologi&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Mikrobiologi"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:7-7">^ [<a href="#cite_ref-:7_7-0"><small>a</small></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:7_7-1"><small>b</small></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:7_7-2"><small>c</small></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:7_7-3"><small>d</small></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:7_7-4"><small>e</small></a>] <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://microbiollogy.blogspot.com/2013/01/introduction-to-microbiology.html">”Introduction To Microbiology”</a>. <i><span>Introduction To Microbiology</span></i><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://microbiollogy.blogspot.com/2013/01/introduction-to-microbiology.html">http://microbiollogy.blogspot.com/2013/01/introduction-to-microbiology.html</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Läst 11 maj 2022</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Introduction+To+Microbiology&rft.atitle=Introduction+To+Microbiology&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmicrobiollogy.blogspot.com%2F2013%2F01%2Fintroduction-to-microbiology.html&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Mikrobiologi"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-8">^ [<a href="#cite_ref-:0_8-0"><small>a</small></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_8-1"><small>b</small></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_8-2"><small>c</small></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_8-3"><small>d</small></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_8-4"><small>e</small></a>] <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cliffsnotes.com/study-guides/biology/microbiology/introduction-to-microbiology/a-brief-history-of-microbiology">”A Brief History of Microbiology”</a>. <i><span>www.cliffsnotes.com</span></i>. cliffsnotes.com<span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.cliffsnotes.com/study-guides/biology/microbiology/introduction-to-microbiology/a-brief-history-of-microbiology">https://www.cliffsnotes.com/study-guides/biology/microbiology/introduction-to-microbiology/a-brief-history-of-microbiology</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Läst 1 maj 2022</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=A+Brief+History+of+Microbiology&rft.atitle=www.cliffsnotes.com&rft.pub=cliffsnotes.com&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cliffsnotes.com%2Fstudy-guides%2Fbiology%2Fmicrobiology%2Fintroduction-to-microbiology%2Fa-brief-history-of-microbiology&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Mikrobiologi"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/science/biology/The-discovery-of-cells">”biology - The discovery of cells | Britannica”</a> (på engelska). <i><span>www.britannica.com</span></i>. 26 juli 1999<span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.britannica.com/science/biology/The-discovery-of-cells">https://www.britannica.com/science/biology/The-discovery-of-cells</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Läst 29 april 2022</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=biology+-+The+discovery+of+cells+%7C+Britannica&rft.atitle=www.britannica.com&rft.date=26+juli+1999&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fscience%2Fbiology%2FThe-discovery-of-cells&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Mikrobiologi"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-10">^ [<a href="#cite_ref-:2_10-0"><small>a</small></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_10-1"><small>b</small></a>] <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Antonie-van-Leeuwenhoek">”Antonie van Leeuwenhoek | Biography, Discoveries, & Facts | Britannica”</a> (på engelska). <i><span>www.britannica.com</span></i>. 4 maj 1999<span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Antonie-van-Leeuwenhoek">https://www.britannica.com/biography/Antonie-van-Leeuwenhoek</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Läst 2 maj 2022</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Antonie+van+Leeuwenhoek+%7C+Biography%2C+Discoveries%2C+%26+Facts+%7C+Britannica&rft.atitle=www.britannica.com&rft.date=4+maj+1999&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fbiography%2FAntonie-van-Leeuwenhoek&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Mikrobiologi"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:5-11">^ [<a href="#cite_ref-:5_11-0"><small>a</small></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_11-1"><small>b</small></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_11-2"><small>c</small></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_11-3"><small>d</small></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_11-4"><small>e</small></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_11-5"><small>f</small></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_11-6"><small>g</small></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_11-7"><small>h</small></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_11-8"><small>i</small></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_11-9"><small>j</small></a>] <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="book" id="CITEREFSattleyMichael_T_Madigan2015">Sattley, Matthew; Michael T Madigan (14 augusti 2015) (på engelska). <i><span>Microbiology</span></i>. sid. 2<span class="reference-accessdate">. Läst 12 maj 2022</span></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Microbiology&rft.aulast=Sattley&rft.aufirst=Matthew&rft.au=Sattley%2C+Matthew&rft.au=Michael+T+Madigan&rft.date=14+augusti+2015&rft.pages=sid.%26nbsp%3B2&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Mikrobiologi"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220707015007/https://www.srgtalent.com/career-advice/roles-in-focus/microbiology">”What Is Microbiology and Why Is It Important?”</a> (på engelska). <i><span>SRG</span></i>. Arkiverad från <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.srgtalent.com/career-advice/roles-in-focus/microbiology">originalet</a> den 7 juli 2022<span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220707015007/https://www.srgtalent.com/career-advice/roles-in-focus/microbiology">https://web.archive.org/web/20220707015007/https://www.srgtalent.com/career-advice/roles-in-focus/microbiology</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Läst 11 maj 2022</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=What+Is+Microbiology+and+Why+Is+It+Important%3F&rft.atitle=SRG&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20220707015007%2Fhttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.srgtalent.com%2Fcareer-advice%2Froles-in-focus%2Fmicrobiology&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Mikrobiologi"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:6-13">^ [<a href="#cite_ref-:6_13-0"><small>a</small></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_13-1"><small>b</small></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_13-2"><small>c</small></a>] <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/science/microbiology/Applied-microbiology">”microbiology - Applied microbiology | Britannica”</a> (på engelska). <i><span>www.britannica.com</span></i><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.britannica.com/science/microbiology/Applied-microbiology">https://www.britannica.com/science/microbiology/Applied-microbiology</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Läst 12 maj 2022</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=microbiology+-+Applied+microbiology+%7C+Britannica&rft.atitle=www.britannica.com&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fscience%2Fmicrobiology%2FApplied-microbiology&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Mikrobiologi"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/science/antibiotic">”antibiotic | Definition, Types, Side Effects, Resistance, Classification, & Facts | Britannica”</a> (på engelska). <i><span>www.britannica.com</span></i><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.britannica.com/science/antibiotic">https://www.britannica.com/science/antibiotic</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Läst 12 maj 2022</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=antibiotic+%7C+Definition%2C+Types%2C+Side+Effects%2C+Resistance%2C+Classification%2C+%26+Facts+%7C+Britannica&rft.atitle=www.britannica.com&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fscience%2Fantibiotic&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Mikrobiologi"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r56287950">.mw-parser-output table.navbox{border:#aaa 1px solid;width:100%;margin:auto;margin-top:1em;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output link+table.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output table.navbox th{text-align:center;padding-left:1em;padding-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .navbox-thlinkcolor .navbox-title button,.mw-parser-output .navbox-thlinkcolor .navbox-title 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