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</li> <li id="toc-Publications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Publications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Publications</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Publications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" 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class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Unbalanced_scales.svg/45px-Unbalanced_scales.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Unbalanced_scales.svg/68px-Unbalanced_scales.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Unbalanced_scales.svg/90px-Unbalanced_scales.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="354" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">The <b>political <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Neutral_point_of_view" title="Wikipedia:Neutral point of view">neutrality</a> of this article is <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NPOV_dispute" title="Wikipedia:NPOV dispute">disputed</a></b>. This article may contain biased or partisan political opinions about a political party, event, person or government stated as facts.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Relevant discussion may be found on the <a href="/wiki/Talk:Social_Democrats,_USA##" title="Talk:Social Democrats, USA">talk page</a>. Please do not remove this message until <a href="/wiki/Template:Political_POV#When_to_remove" title="Template:Political POV">conditions to do so are met</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">November 2021</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unbalanced plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-unbalanced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Unbalanced_scales.svg/45px-Unbalanced_scales.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Unbalanced_scales.svg/68px-Unbalanced_scales.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Unbalanced_scales.svg/90px-Unbalanced_scales.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="354" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>may be <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Neutral_point_of_view#Undue_weight" title="Wikipedia:Neutral point of view">unbalanced</a> toward certain viewpoints</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Social_Democrats,_USA&action=edit">improve the article</a> by adding information on neglected viewpoints, or discuss the issue on the <a href="/wiki/Talk:Social_Democrats,_USA" title="Talk:Social Democrats, USA">talk page</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">November 2021</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 125%;"><div style="padding-top:0.3em; padding-bottom:0.3em; border-top:2px solid #DE2139; border-bottom:2px solid #DE2139; line-height: 1;"><div class="fn org">Social Democrats, USA</div> </div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image logo" style="padding-top:.4em;padding-bottom:.3em;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Logo_of_Social_Democrats,_USA.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/7/70/Logo_of_Social_Democrats%2C_USA.svg/180px-Logo_of_Social_Democrats%2C_USA.svg.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="178" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/7/70/Logo_of_Social_Democrats%2C_USA.svg/270px-Logo_of_Social_Democrats%2C_USA.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/7/70/Logo_of_Social_Democrats%2C_USA.svg/360px-Logo_of_Social_Democrats%2C_USA.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="317" data-file-height="314" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Abbreviation</th><td class="infobox-data nickname" style="line-height:1.3em;">SDUSA</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Founded</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">December 30, 1972<span class="noprint"> (51 years ago)</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">1972-12-30</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party_of_America" title="Socialist Party of America">Socialist Party of America</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Newspaper</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><i><a href="/wiki/New_America_(newspaper)" title="New America (newspaper)">New America</a></i> (until 1985)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Youth_wing" title="Youth wing">Youth wing</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">Young Social Democrats</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_ideologies" title="List of political ideologies">Ideology</a></th><td class="infobox-data category" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Social_democracy" title="Social democracy">Social democracy</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Political_spectrum" title="Political spectrum">Political position</a></th><td class="infobox-data category" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Centre-left_politics" title="Centre-left politics">Center-left</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">International affiliation</th><td class="infobox-data category" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Socialist_International" title="Socialist International">Socialist International</a> (1973–2005)<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Colors</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#DE2139; color:white;border:1px solid darkgray;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Red" title="Red">Red</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="line-height: 0.8em;">Website</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://socialistcurrents.org/">socialistcurrents.org</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="padding-top:0;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist" style="line-height:1.3em; 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padding-top:0.25em; font-size:160%; font-weight:normal; color:white; line-height:1em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_socialist_movement_in_the_United_States" title="History of the socialist movement in the United States"><span style="color: #FFF;">Socialism<br />in the United States</span></a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:American_Socialism_Flags_Symbol.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/American_Socialism_Flags_Symbol.svg/120px-American_Socialism_Flags_Symbol.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/American_Socialism_Flags_Symbol.svg/180px-American_Socialism_Flags_Symbol.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/American_Socialism_Flags_Symbol.svg/240px-American_Socialism_Flags_Symbol.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="520" data-file-height="292" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #AAA; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">History</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"><b><a href="/wiki/Utopian_socialism" title="Utopian socialism">Utopian socialism</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bishop_Hill,_Illinois#History" title="Bishop Hill, Illinois">Bishop Hill Commune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brook_Farm" title="Brook Farm">Brook Farm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icarians" title="Icarians">Icarians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonestown" title="Jonestown">Jonestown</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Looking_Backward" title="Looking Backward">Looking Backward</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Harmony,_Indiana" title="New Harmony, Indiana">New Harmony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oneida_Community" title="Oneida Community">Oneida Community</a></li></ul> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Era" title="Progressive Era">Progressive Era</a></b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1877_St._Louis_general_strike" title="1877 St. Louis general strike">1877 St. Louis general strike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1912_Lawrence_textile_strike" title="1912 Lawrence textile strike">1912 Lawrence textile strike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Worker_Movement" title="Catholic Worker Movement">Catholic Worker Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_Corn_Rebellion" title="Green Corn Rebellion">Green Corn Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor_history_of_the_United_States" title="Labor history of the United States">Labor unionization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haymarket_affair" title="Haymarket affair">Haymarket affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Workers%27_Day" title="International Workers' Day">May Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_the_United_States" title="Women's suffrage in the United States">Women's suffrage</a></li></ul> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Red_Scare" title="Red Scare">Repression and persecution</a></b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Defense_Society" title="American Defense Society">American Defense Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Protective_League" title="American Protective League">American Protective League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_USA_and_African_Americans" title="Communist Party USA and African Americans">Communist Party USA and African Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_USA" title="Communist Party USA">Communist Party USA</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Labor_history_of_the_United_States" title="Labor history of the United States">labor movement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_USA_and_American_labor_movement_(1919%E2%80%931937)" title="Communist Party USA and American labor movement (1919–1937)">1919–1937</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_USA_and_American_labor_movement_(1937%E2%80%931950)" title="Communist Party USA and American labor movement (1937–1950)">1937–1957</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Espionage_Act_of_1917" title="Espionage Act of 1917">Espionage Act of 1917</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Red_Scare" title="First Red Scare">First Red Scare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Birch_Society" title="John Birch Society">John Birch Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McCarthyism" title="McCarthyism">McCarthyism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seattle_General_Strike" title="Seattle General Strike">Seattle General Strike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smith_Act" title="Smith Act">Smith Act</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Smith_Act_trials_of_Communist_Party_leaders" title="Smith Act trials of Communist Party leaders">Smith Act trials</a></li></ul></li></ul> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Opposition_to_United_States_involvement_in_the_Vietnam_War" title="Opposition to United States involvement in the Vietnam War">Anti-war</a> and <a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement" title="Civil rights movement">civil rights</a> movements</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_power_movement" title="Black power movement">Black power movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COINTELPRO" title="COINTELPRO">COINTELPRO</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/I_Have_a_Dream" title="I Have a Dream">I Have a Dream</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_on_Washington" class="mw-redirect" title="March on Washington">March on Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Left" title="New Left">New Left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poor_People%27s_Campaign" title="Poor People's Campaign">Poor People's Campaign</a></li></ul> <p><b>Contemporary</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1999_Seattle_WTO_protests" title="1999 Seattle WTO protests">1999 Seattle WTO protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2007%E2%80%932008_financial_crisis" title="2007–2008 financial crisis">2007–2008 financial crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupy_Wall_Street" title="Occupy Wall Street">Occupy Wall Street</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #AAA; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">People</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Abern" title="Martin Abern">Abern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashanti_Alston" title="Ashanti Alston">Alston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Pearl_Andrews" title="Stephen Pearl Andrews">Andrews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Avrich" title="Paul Avrich">Avrich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuwasi_Balagoon" title="Kuwasi Balagoon">Balagoon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Bellamy" title="Edward Bellamy">Bellamy (Edward)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Bellamy" title="Francis Bellamy">Bellamy (Francis)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_L._Berger" title="Victor L. Berger">Berger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Berkman" title="Alexander Berkman">Berkman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murray_Bookchin" title="Murray Bookchin">Bookchin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamaal_Bowman" title="Jamaal Bowman">Bowman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Bruenig" title="Elizabeth Bruenig">Bruenig (Elizabeth)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matt_Bruenig" title="Matt Bruenig">Bruenig (Matt)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Brisbane" title="Albert Brisbane">Brisbane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Brooks_(political_commentator)" title="Michael Brooks (political commentator)">Brooks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earl_Browder" title="Earl Browder">Browder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cori_Bush" title="Cori Bush">Bush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judith_Butler" title="Judith Butler">Butler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_Cabet" title="Étienne Cabet">Cabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_P._Cannon" title="James P. Cannon">Cannon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dan_Cantor" title="Dan Cantor">Cantor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stokely_Carmichael" title="Stokely Carmichael">Carmichael</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noam_Chomsky" title="Noam Chomsky">Chomsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_H._Clark" title="Peter H. Clark">Clark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Cockburn" title="Alexander Cockburn">Cockburn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angela_Davis" title="Angela Davis">Davis (Angela)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Davis_(scholar)" title="Mike Davis (scholar)">Davis (Mike)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Day" title="Dorothy Day">Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jodi_Dean" title="Jodi Dean">Dean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugene_V._Debs" title="Eugene V. Debs">Debs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_De_Leon" title="Daniel De Leon">De Leon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugene_Dennis" title="Eugene Dennis">Dennis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Dreiser" title="Theodore Dreiser">Dreiser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._E._B._Du_Bois" title="W. E. B. Du Bois">Du Bois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Ehrenreich" title="Barbara Ehrenreich">Ehrenreich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lorenzo_Kom%27boa_Ervin" title="Lorenzo Kom'boa Ervin">Ervin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Fearing" title="Kenneth Fearing">Fearing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leslie_Feinberg" title="Leslie Feinberg">Feinberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Gurley_Flynn" title="Elizabeth Gurley Flynn">Flynn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_W._Ford" title="James W. Ford">Ford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Z._Foster" title="William Z. Foster">Foster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruth_Wilson_Gilmore" title="Ruth Wilson Gilmore">Gilmore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Gitlow" title="Benjamin Gitlow">Gitlow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emma_Goldman" title="Emma Goldman">Goldman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Graeber" title="David Graeber">Graeber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Batchelder_Greene" title="William Batchelder Greene">Greene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woody_Guthrie" title="Woody Guthrie">Guthrie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gus_Hall" title="Gus Hall">Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dashiell_Hammett" title="Dashiell Hammett">Hammett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_Hampton" title="Fred Hampton">Hampton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yip_Harburg" title="Yip Harburg">Harburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Harrington" title="Michael Harrington">Harrington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hubert_Harrison" title="Hubert Harrison">Harrison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Hay" title="Harry Hay">Hay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Haywood" title="Bill Haywood">Haywood (Bill)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Haywood" title="Harry Haywood">Haywood (Harry)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howie_Hawkins" title="Howie Hawkins">Hawkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chris_Hedges" title="Chris Hedges">Hedges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angela_Heywood" title="Angela Heywood">Heywood (Angela)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ezra_Heywood" title="Ezra Heywood">Heywood (Ezra)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Hill_(activist)" title="Joe Hill (activist)">Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morris_Hillquit" title="Morris Hillquit">Hillquit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Hoan" title="Daniel Hoan">Hoan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abbie_Hoffman" title="Abbie Hoffman">Hoffman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fredric_Jameson" title="Fredric Jameson">Jameson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mother_Jones" title="Mother Jones">Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helen_Keller" title="Helen Keller">Keller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr." title="Martin Luther King Jr.">King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jo_Labadie" title="Jo Labadie">Labadie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_London" title="Jack London">London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jay_Lovestone" title="Jay Lovestone">Lovestone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dyer_Lum" title="Dyer Lum">Lum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sam_Marcy" title="Sam Marcy">Marcy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_McReynolds" title="David McReynolds">McReynolds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlene_Mitchell" title="Charlene Mitchell">Mitchell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Moore" title="Michael Moore">Moore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Morello" title="Tom Morello">Morello</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Most" title="Johann Most">Most</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huey_P._Newton" title="Huey P. Newton">Newton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Humphrey_Noyes" title="John Humphrey Noyes">Noyes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandria_Ocasio-Cortez" title="Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez">Ocasio-Cortez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phil_Ochs" title="Phil Ochs">Ochs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacob_Panken" title="Jacob Panken">Panken</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Parenti" title="Michael Parenti">Parenti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Parsons" title="Albert Parsons">Parsons (Albert)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucy_Parsons" title="Lucy Parsons">Parsons (Lucy)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hasan_Piker" title="Hasan Piker">Piker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frances_Fox_Piven" title="Frances Fox Piven">Piven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._Philip_Randolph" title="A. Philip Randolph">Randolph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Reed_(journalist)" title="John Reed (journalist)">Reed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Ripley_(transcendentalist)" title="George Ripley (transcendentalist)">Ripley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matilda_Robbins" title="Matilda Robbins">Robbins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathan_J._Robinson" title="Nathan J. Robinson">Robinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zack_de_la_Rocha" title="Zack de la Rocha">Rocha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Rocker" title="Rudolf Rocker">Rocker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Roediger" title="David Roediger">Roediger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bayard_Rustin" title="Bayard Rustin">Rustin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Ruthenberg" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Ruthenberg">Ruthenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacco_and_Vanzetti" title="Sacco and Vanzetti">Sacco and Vanzetti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Sandburg" title="Carl Sandburg">Sandburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernie_Sanders" title="Bernie Sanders">Sanders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kshama_Sawant" title="Kshama Sawant">Sawant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bobby_Seale" title="Bobby Seale">Seale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pete_Seeger" title="Pete Seeger">Seeger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emil_Seidel" title="Emil Seidel">Seidel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Shachtman" title="Max Shachtman">Shachtman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assata_Shakur" title="Assata Shakur">Shakur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/I._F._Stone" title="I. F. Stone">Stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhaskar_Sunkara" title="Bhaskar Sunkara">Sunkara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Sweezy" title="Paul Sweezy">Sweezy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serj_Tankian" title="Serj Tankian">Tankian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_Thomas" title="Norman Thomas">Thomas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rashida_Tlaib" title="Rashida Tlaib">Tlaib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nina_Turner" title="Nina Turner">Turner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornel_West" title="Cornel West">West</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_D._Wolff" title="Richard D. Wolff">Wolff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ellen_Meiksins_Wood" title="Ellen Meiksins Wood">Wood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erik_Olin_Wright" title="Erik Olin Wright">Wright</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Zeidler" title="Frank Zeidler">Zeidler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Zerzan" title="John Zerzan">Zerzan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_Zinn" title="Howard Zinn">Zinn</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #AAA; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Active organizations</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_Riders_Liberation_Party" title="Black Riders Liberation Party">Black Riders Liberation Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Socialists_in_America" title="Black Socialists in America">Black Socialists in America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_USA" title="Communist Party USA">Communist Party USA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Socialists_of_America" title="Democratic Socialists of America">Democratic Socialists of America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_Party_of_New_York_(2010)" title="Freedom Party of New York (2010)">Freedom Party of New York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_Road_Socialist_Organization" title="Freedom Road Socialist Organization">Freedom Road Socialist Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_Socialist_Party" title="Freedom Socialist Party">Freedom Socialist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_Mountain_Peace_and_Justice_Party" title="Green Mountain Peace and Justice Party">Green Mountain Peace and Justice Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_Party_of_the_United_States" title="Green Party of the United States">Green Party of the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_Workers_of_the_World" title="Industrial Workers of the World">Industrial Workers of the World</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_Marijuana_Now" class="mw-redirect" title="Legal Marijuana Now">Legal Marijuana Now</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:National_Progressive_Party_(United_States)_state_affiliates" title="Category:National Progressive Party (United States) state affiliates">National Progressive Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Afrikan_Black_Panther_Party" title="New Afrikan Black Panther Party">New Afrikan Black Panther Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Party_for_Socialism_and_Liberation" title="Party for Socialism and Liberation">Party for Socialism and Liberation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_and_Freedom_Party" title="Peace and Freedom Party">Peace and Freedom Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Dane" title="Progressive Dane">Progressive Dane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Labor_Party_(United_States)" title="Progressive Labor Party (United States)">Progressive Labor Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redneck_Revolt" title="Redneck Revolt">Redneck Revolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Communist_Party,_USA" title="Revolutionary Communist Party, USA">Revolutionary Communist Party, USA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Action_(United_States)" title="Socialist Action (United States)">Socialist Action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Alternative_(United_States)" title="Socialist Alternative (United States)">Socialist Alternative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Carolina_Workers_Party" title="South Carolina Workers Party">South Carolina Workers Party</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Social Democrats, USA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Equality_Party_(United_States)" title="Socialist Equality Party (United States)">Socialist Equality Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party_USA" title="Socialist Party USA">Socialist Party USA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Rifle_Association" title="Socialist Rifle Association">Socialist Rifle Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Workers_Party_(United_States)" title="Socialist Workers Party (United States)">Socialist Workers Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solidarity_(United_States)" title="Solidarity (United States)">Solidarity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spark_(U.S._organization)" class="mw-redirect" title="Spark (U.S. organization)">Spark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spartacist_League_(US)" class="mw-redirect" title="Spartacist League (US)">Spartacist League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Working_Families_Party" title="Working Families Party">Working Families Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workers_World_Party" title="Workers World Party">Workers World Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Working_Class_Party" title="Working Class Party">Working Class Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Socialist_Party_of_the_United_States" title="World Socialist Party of the United States">World Socialist Party of the United States</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #AAA; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Inactive or defunct organizations</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Indian_Movement" title="American Indian Movement">American Indian Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Labor_Party" title="American Labor Party">American Labor Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Union_of_Associationists" title="American Union of Associationists">American Union of Associationists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Workers_Party" title="American Workers Party">American Workers Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Panther_Party" title="Black Panther Party">Black Panther Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citizens_Party_(United_States)" title="Citizens Party (United States)">Citizens Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_League_of_America" title="Communist League of America">Communist League of America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_League_of_Struggle" title="Communist League of Struggle">Communist League of Struggle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Workers%27_Party_(United_States)" title="Communist Workers' Party (United States)">Communist Workers' Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Socialist_Federation" title="Democratic Socialist Federation">Democratic Socialist Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Socialist_Organizing_Committee" title="Democratic Socialist Organizing Committee">Democratic Socialist Organizing Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farmer%E2%80%93Labor_Party" title="Farmer–Labor Party">Farmer–Labor Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_Party_(United_States)" title="Human Rights Party (United States)">Human Rights Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workers_Party_(United_States)" title="Workers Party (United States)">Independent Socialist League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Socialists_(United_States)" title="International Socialists (United States)">International Socialists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Socialist_Organization" title="International Socialist Organization">International Socialist Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Workingmen%27s_Association_in_America" title="International Workingmen's Association in America">International Workingmen's Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justice_Party_(United_States)" title="Justice Party (United States)">Justice Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor_Party_of_the_United_States" title="Labor Party of the United States">Labor Party of the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor_Party_(United_States,_1996)" title="Labor Party (United States, 1996)">Labor Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maoist_Internationalist_Movement" title="Maoist Internationalist Movement">Maoist Internationalist Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Guards_(United_States)" title="Red Guards (United States)">Red Guards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_American_Movement" title="New American Movement">New American Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Party_(United_States)" title="New Party (United States)">New Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonpartisan_League" title="Nonpartisan League">Nonpartisan League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriot_Party_(1970s)" title="Patriot Party (1970s)">Patriot Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Party_(United_States,_1971)" title="People's Party (United States, 1971)">People's Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proletarian_Party_of_America" title="Proletarian Party of America">Proletarian Party of America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Socialist_League_(U.S.)" title="Revolutionary Socialist League (U.S.)">Revolutionary Socialist League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Youth_Movement" title="Revolutionary Youth Movement">Revolutionary Youth Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_Democracy_of_America" title="Social Democracy of America">Social Democracy of America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Federation_(United_States)" title="Social Democratic Federation (United States)">Social Democratic Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_of_America" title="Social Democratic Party of America">Social Democratic Party of America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Labor_Party_of_America" title="Socialist Labor Party of America">Socialist Labor Party of America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party_of_America" title="Socialist Party of America">Socialist Party of America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Students_for_a_Democratic_Society" title="Students for a Democratic Society">SDS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weather_Underground" title="Weather Underground">Weather Underground</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Panther_Party" title="White Panther Party">White Panther Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workers_Party_of_the_United_States" title="Workers Party of the United States">Workers Party of the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_Lords" title="Young Lords">Young Lords</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_Patriots_Organization" title="Young Patriots Organization">Young Patriots Organization</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #AAA; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Literature</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="font-style:italic"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Appeal_to_Reason_(newspaper)" title="Appeal to Reason (newspaper)">Appeal to Reason</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Current_Affairs_(magazine)" title="Current Affairs (magazine)">Current Affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daily_Worker" title="Daily Worker">Daily Worker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dissent_(American_magazine)" title="Dissent (American magazine)">Dissent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Socialist_Review_(1900)" title="International Socialist Review (1900)">International Socialist Review</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacobin_(magazine)" title="Jacobin (magazine)">Jacobin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Jungle" title="The Jungle">The Jungle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Looking_Backward" title="Looking Backward">Looking Backward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monopoly_Capital" title="Monopoly Capital">Monopoly Capital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monthly_Review" title="Monthly Review">Monthly Review</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Other_America" title="The Other America">The Other America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_People%27s_History_of_the_United_States" title="A People's History of the United States">A People's History of the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Settlers:_The_Mythology_of_the_White_Proletariat" title="Settlers: The Mythology of the White Proletariat">Settlers: The Mythology of the White Proletariat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voluntary_Socialism" title="Voluntary Socialism">Voluntary Socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Why_Socialism%3F" title="Why Socialism?">Why Socialism?</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ZNetwork" title="ZNetwork">ZNetwork</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #AAA; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Related topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Left" title="American Left">American Left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism" title="Anarchism">Anarchism</a> (<a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_the_United_States" title="Anarchism in the United States">in the US</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarcho-communism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anarcho-communism">Anarcho-communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarcho-syndicalism" title="Anarcho-syndicalism">Anarcho-syndicalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_of_Rights_socialism" title="Bill of Rights socialism">Bill of Rights socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_socialism" title="Democratic socialism">Democratic socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_anarchism" title="Green anarchism">Green anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Individualist_anarchism" title="Individualist anarchism">Individualist anarchism</a> (<a href="/wiki/Individualist_anarchism_in_the_United_States" title="Individualist anarchism in the United States">in the US</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor_history_of_the_United_States" title="Labor history of the United States">Labor history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_labor_law" title="United States labor law">Labor laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor_unions_in_the_United_States" title="Labor unions in the United States">Labor unions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_socialism" title="Libertarian socialism">Libertarian socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market_socialism" title="Market socialism">Market socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxism" title="Marxism">Marxism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism" title="Marxism–Leninism">Marxism–Leninism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minimum_wage_in_the_United_States" title="Minimum wage in the United States">Minimum wage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutualism_(economic_theory)" title="Mutualism (economic theory)">Mutualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressivism" title="Progressivism">Progressivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-left_anarchy" class="mw-redirect" title="Post-left anarchy">Post-left anarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_socialism" title="Scientific socialism">Scientific socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_democracy" title="Social democracy">Social democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">Socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trotskyism" title="Trotskyism">Trotskyism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utopian_socialism" title="Utopian socialism">Utopian socialism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below plainlist" style="padding-bottom:0.22em; border-top:1px solid #AAA; border-bottom:1px solid #AAA"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Red_flag_II.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Red_flag_II.svg/16px-Red_flag_II.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Red_flag_II.svg/24px-Red_flag_II.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Red_flag_II.svg/32px-Red_flag_II.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="466" data-file-height="411" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Socialism" 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class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Social_democracy" title="Category:Social democracy">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Social_democracy" title="Social democracy">Social democracy</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image" style="padding:0.65em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Rose_(symbolism)#Socialism_and_social_democracy" title="Rose (symbolism)"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Pu%C3%B1o_y_rosa.svg/50px-Pu%C3%B1o_y_rosa.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="73" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Pu%C3%B1o_y_rosa.svg/75px-Pu%C3%B1o_y_rosa.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Pu%C3%B1o_y_rosa.svg/100px-Pu%C3%B1o_y_rosa.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="581" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B60202;background:transparent;padding-left:0.3em;text-align:center;color:black;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_social_democracy" title="History of social democracy">History</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="margin-top:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.6em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Age of Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankfurt_Declaration" title="Frankfurt Declaration">Frankfurt Declaration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Godesberg_Program" title="Godesberg Program">Godesberg Program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanism" title="Humanism">Humanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internationalist%E2%80%93defencist_schism" title="Internationalist–defencist schism">Internationalist–defencist schism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keynesian_economics" title="Keynesian economics">Keynesianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labour_movement" title="Labour movement">Labor movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxism" title="Marxism">Marxism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Marxism" title="Orthodox Marxism">Orthodox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revisionism_(Marxism)" title="Revisionism (Marxism)">Revisionist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordic_model" title="Nordic model">Nordic model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_democracy#Second_International_era_and_reform_or_revolution_dispute_(1889–1914)" title="Social democracy">Reformist–revolutionary dispute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_socialism" title="History of socialism">Socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1848" title="Revolutions of 1848">Revolutions of 1848</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utopian_socialism" title="Utopian socialism">Utopian socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welfare_capitalism" title="Welfare capitalism">Welfare capitalism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B60202;background:transparent;padding-left:0.3em;text-align:center;color:black;;color: var(--color-base)">Concepts</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="margin-top:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.6em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civil_liberties" title="Civil liberties">Civil liberties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critical_theory" title="Critical theory">Critical theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democracy" title="Democracy">Democracy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economic_democracy" title="Economic democracy">Economic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_democracy" title="Industrial democracy">Industrial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Representative_democracy" title="Representative democracy">Representative</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dirigisme" title="Dirigisme">Dirigisme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmentalism" title="Environmentalism">Environmentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_protection" title="Environmental protection">Environmental protection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fair_trade" title="Fair trade">Fair trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gradualism" title="Gradualism">Gradualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institutional_abuse" title="Institutional abuse">Institutional abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internationalism_(politics)#Socialism" title="Internationalism (politics)">Internationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_reform" title="Land reform">Land reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor_rights" title="Labor rights">Labor rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Left-wing_nationalism" title="Left-wing nationalism">Left-wing nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixed_economy" title="Mixed economy">Mixed economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalization" title="Nationalization">Nationalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Negative_and_positive_rights" title="Negative and positive rights">Negative and positive rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressivism" title="Progressivism">Progressivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformism" title="Reformism">Reformism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reformist_Left" class="mw-redirect" title="Reformist Left">Left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformism" title="Reformism">Socialism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_socialism" title="Revolutionary socialism">Revolutionary socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secularism" title="Secularism">Secularism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_corporatism" title="Social corporatism">Social corporatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_justice" title="Social justice">Social justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_market_economy" title="Social market economy">Social market economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_state" title="Socialist state">Socialist state</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/State_capitalism" title="State capitalism">Capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_socialism" title="State socialism">Socialism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structural_abuse" title="Structural abuse">Structural abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structural_violence" title="Structural violence">Structural violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_union" title="Trade union">Trade union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripartism" title="Tripartism">Tripartism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welfare" class="mw-redirect" title="Welfare">Welfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welfare_state" title="Welfare state">Welfare state</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B60202;background:transparent;padding-left:0.3em;text-align:center;color:black;;color: var(--color-base)">Variants</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="margin-top:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.6em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_socialism" title="Democratic socialism">Democratic socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethical_socialism" title="Ethical socialism">Ethical socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eduard_Bernstein#Opinions" title="Eduard Bernstein">Evolutionary socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_socialism" title="Liberal socialism">Liberal socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_of_the_21st_century" title="Socialism of the 21st century">Socialism of the 21st century</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Way" title="Third Way">Third Way</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B60202;background:transparent;padding-left:0.3em;text-align:center;color:black;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/List_of_social_democrats" title="List of social democrats">People</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="margin-top:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.6em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/B._R._Ambedkar" title="B. R. Ambedkar">Ambedkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvador_Allende" title="Salvador Allende">Allende</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacinda_Ardern" title="Jacinda Ardern">Ardern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clement_Attlee" title="Clement Attlee">Attlee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obafemi_Awolowo" title="Obafemi Awolowo">Awolowo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Batlle_y_Ord%C3%B3%C3%B1ez" title="José Batlle y Ordóñez">Batlle y Ordóñez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_Bebel" title="August Bebel">Bebel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Ben-Gurion" title="David Ben-Gurion">Ben-Gurion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eduard_Bernstein" title="Eduard Bernstein">Bernstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%B3mulo_Betancourt" title="Rómulo Betancourt">Betancourt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zulfikar_Ali_Bhutto" title="Zulfikar Ali Bhutto">Bhutto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tony_Blair" title="Tony Blair">Blair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Blanc" title="Louis Blanc">Blanc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willy_Brandt" title="Willy Brandt">Brandt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hjalmar_Branting" title="Hjalmar Branting">Branting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gordon_Brown" title="Gordon Brown">Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Callaghan" title="James Callaghan">Callaghan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A1zaro_C%C3%A1rdenas" title="Lázaro Cárdenas">Cárdenas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helen_Clark" title="Helen Clark">Clark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bettino_Craxi" title="Bettino Craxi">Craxi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Crosland" title="Anthony Crosland">Crosland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Corbyn" title="Jeremy Corbyn">Corbyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Curtin" title="John Curtin">Curtin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignacy_Daszy%C5%84ski" title="Ignacy Daszyński">Daszyński</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugene_V._Debs" title="Eugene V. Debs">Debs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tommy_Douglas" title="Tommy Douglas">Douglas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willem_Drees" title="Willem Drees">Drees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Ebert" title="Friedrich Ebert">Ebert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%BClent_Ecevit" title="Bülent Ecevit">Ecevit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Engels" title="Friedrich Engels">Engels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Fraser" title="Peter Fraser">Fraser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Gaitskell" title="Hugh Gaitskell">Gaitskell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indira_Gandhi" title="Indira Gandhi">Gandhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Felipe_Gonz%C3%A1lez" title="Felipe González">González</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jo%C3%A3o_Goulart" title="João Goulart">Goulart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keir_Hardie" title="Keir Hardie">Hardie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Hilferding" title="Rudolf Hilferding">Hilferding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erdal_%C4%B0n%C3%B6n%C3%BC" title="Erdal 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portal</a></b></li> <li><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/16px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/24px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/32px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Politics portal</a></b></li> <li><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Red_flag_II.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Red_flag_II.svg/16px-Red_flag_II.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Red_flag_II.svg/24px-Red_flag_II.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Red_flag_II.svg/32px-Red_flag_II.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="466" data-file-height="411" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Socialism" title="Portal:Socialism">Socialism portal</a></b></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar" style="border-top:1px solid #B60202;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Social_democracy_sidebar" title="Template:Social democracy sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Social_democracy_sidebar" title="Template talk:Social democracy sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Social_democracy_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Social democracy sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Social Democrats, USA</b> (<b>SDUSA</b>) is a <a href="/wiki/Social_democracy" title="Social democracy">social democratic</a> organization established in 1972 as the successor of the <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party_of_America" title="Socialist Party of America">Socialist Party of America</a> (SPA). The SPA had stopped running independent presidential candidates though retains the term "party" in their name. </p><p>SDUSA, which was fiercely <a href="/wiki/Anti-communism" title="Anti-communism">anti-communist</a>, pursued a strategy of <a href="/wiki/Political_realignment" title="Political realignment">political realignment</a> intended to organize labor unions, civil rights organizations and other constituencies into a coalition that would transform the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic Party</a> into a social democratic party. The realignment strategy emphasized working with unions and especially the <a href="/wiki/AFL%E2%80%93CIO" class="mw-redirect" title="AFL–CIO">AFL–CIO</a>, putting an emphasis on economic issues that would unite working class voters. SDUSA opposed the Senator <a href="/wiki/George_McGovern" title="George McGovern">George McGovern</a>'s "New Leftist" approach, pointing to the rout suffered in the <a href="/wiki/1972_United_States_presidential_election" title="1972 United States presidential election">1972 presidential election</a>. As a result, some SDUSA members, like <a href="/wiki/Penn_Kemble" title="Penn Kemble">Penn Kemble</a> and <a href="/wiki/Joshua_Muravchik" title="Joshua Muravchik">Joshua Muravchik</a>, were associated with <a href="/wiki/Neoconservatism" title="Neoconservatism">neoconservatism</a>. SDUSA's activities have included sponsoring discussions and issuing position papers. SDUSA has included civil rights activists and leaders of labor unions such as <a href="/wiki/Bayard_Rustin" title="Bayard Rustin">Bayard Rustin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Norman_Hill" title="Norman Hill">Norman Hill</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tom_Kahn" title="Tom Kahn">Tom Kahn</a> of the AFL–CIO as well as <a href="/wiki/Sandra_Feldman" title="Sandra Feldman">Sandra Feldman</a> and Rachelle Horowitz of the <a href="/wiki/American_Federation_of_Teachers" title="American Federation of Teachers">American Federation of Teachers</a> (AFT). Internationally, the group supported the dissident Polish labor organization <a href="/wiki/Solidarity_(Polish_trade_union)" title="Solidarity (Polish trade union)">Solidarity</a> and several anti-communist political movements in global hot spots. Using the "social democrat" label rather than "socialist" was meant to disassociate the group from the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-NYTimes2_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYTimes2-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> SDUSA, while social democratic, is also still "committed to the vibrant <a href="/wiki/Democratic_socialism" title="Democratic socialism">democratic socialist</a> movement".<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>SDUSA's politics were criticized by former SPA chairman <a href="/wiki/Michael_Harrington" title="Michael Harrington">Michael Harrington</a>, who in 1972 announced that he favored an immediate pull-out of American forces from Vietnam and coined the term "neoconservative". After losing all votes at the 1972 convention that changed the SPA to SDUSA, Harrington resigned in 1973 to form the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Socialist_Organizing_Committee" title="Democratic Socialist Organizing Committee">Democratic Socialist Organizing Committee</a>, the forerunner of the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Socialists_of_America" title="Democratic Socialists of America">Democratic Socialists of America</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Socialist_Party_of_America">Socialist Party of America</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_Democrats,_USA&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Socialist Party of America"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party_of_America" title="Socialist Party of America">Socialist Party of America</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Socialist_Organizing_Committee" title="Democratic Socialist Organizing Committee">Democratic Socialist Organizing Committee</a> and <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party_USA" title="Socialist Party USA">Socialist Party USA</a></div> <p>By the early 1970s, the Socialist Party of America (SPA) was publicly associated with <a href="/wiki/A._Philip_Randolph" title="A. Philip Randolph">A. Philip Randolph</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement" title="Civil rights movement">civil rights</a> and <a href="/wiki/Trade_union" title="Trade union">labor union</a> leader; and with <a href="/wiki/Michael_Harrington" title="Michael Harrington">Michael Harrington</a>, the author of <i><a href="/wiki/The_Other_America" title="The Other America">The Other America</a></i>. Even before the 1972 convention, Harrington had resigned as an Honorary Chairperson of the SPA<sup id="cite_ref-NYTimes_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYTimes-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "because he was upset about the group’s failure to enthusiastically support <a href="/wiki/George_McGovern" title="George McGovern">George McGovern</a> and because of its views on the <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In its 1972 Convention, the SPA had two Co-Chairmen, <a href="/wiki/Bayard_Rustin" title="Bayard Rustin">Bayard Rustin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Charles_S._Zimmerman" title="Charles S. Zimmerman">Charles S. Zimmerman</a> of the <a href="/wiki/International_Ladies%27_Garment_Workers%27_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="International Ladies' Garment Workers' Union">International Ladies' Garment Workers' Union</a> (ILGWU);<sup id="cite_ref-Sorin149_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sorin149-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and a First National Vice Chairman, James S. Glaser, who were re-elected by acclamation.<sup id="cite_ref-NYTimes_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYTimes-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In his opening speech to the Convention, Co-Chairman Bayard Rustin called for SDUSA to organize against the "reactionary policies of the Nixon Administration" and Rustin also criticized the "irresponsibility and élitism of the 'New Politics' liberals".<sup id="cite_ref-NYTimes_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYTimes-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The party changed its name to Social Democrats, USA, by a vote of 73 to 34.<sup id="cite_ref-NYTimes_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYTimes-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Changing the name of the Socialist Party of America to Social Democrats, USA, was intended to be "realistic" as the intention was to respond to the end of the running of actual SPA candidates for office and to respond to the confusions of Americans. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i> observed that the Socialist Party had last sponsored <a href="/wiki/Darlington_Hoopes" title="Darlington Hoopes">Darlington Hoopes</a> as <a href="/wiki/1956_United_States_presidential_election" title="1956 United States presidential election">candidate for President in 1956</a> and who received only 2,121 votes, which were cast in only six states. Because the SPA no longer sponsored party candidates in elections, continued use of the name "party" was "misleading" and hindered the recruiting of activists who participated in the Democratic Party according to the majority report. The name "Socialist" was replaced by "Social Democrats" because many American associated the term "<a href="/wiki/Democratic_socialism" title="Democratic socialism">socialism</a>" with <a href="/wiki/Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism" title="Marxism–Leninism">Marxism–Leninism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-NYTimes_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYTimes-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Moreover, the organization sought to distinguish itself from two small Marxist parties, the <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Workers_Party_(United_States)" title="Socialist Workers Party (United States)">Socialist Workers Party</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Labor_Party_of_America" title="Socialist Labor Party of America">Socialist Labor Party</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-NYT27_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT27-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the 1972 Convention, the majority (Unity Caucus) won every vote by a ratio of two to one. The Convention elected a national committee of 33 members, with 22 seats for the majority caucus, eight seats for the Coalition Caucus of Harrington, two for the left-wing Debs Caucus and one for the independent <a href="/wiki/Samuel_H._Friedman" title="Samuel H. Friedman">Samuel H. Friedman</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-NYT73_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT73-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Friedman and the minority caucuses had opposed the name change.<sup id="cite_ref-NYTimes_4-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYTimes-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The convention voted on and adopted proposals for its program by a two-one vote. On foreign policy, the program called for "firmness toward Communist aggression". However, on the Vietnam War the program opposed "any efforts to bomb Hanoi into submission" and instead it endorsed negotiating a peace agreement, which should protect communist political cadres in <a href="/wiki/South_Vietnam" title="South Vietnam">South Vietnam</a> from further military or police reprisals. Harrington's proposal for a <a href="/wiki/Ceasefire" title="Ceasefire">ceasefire</a> and immediate withdrawal of American forces was defeated.<sup id="cite_ref-NYT73_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT73-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Harrington complained that after its convention the SPA had endorsed George McGovern only with a statement loaded with "constructive criticism" and that it had not mobilized enough support for McGovern. The majority caucus's <a href="/w/index.php?title=Arch_Puddington&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arch Puddington (page does not exist)">Arch Puddington</a> replied that the California branch was especially active in supporting McGovern while the New York branch were focusing on a congressional race.<sup id="cite_ref-NYT27_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT27-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When the SPA changed its name to SDUSA, <a href="/wiki/Bayard_Rustin" title="Bayard Rustin">Bayard Rustin</a> became its public spokesman. According to Rustin, SDUSA aimed to transform the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic Party</a> into a <a href="/wiki/Social_democracy" title="Social democracy">social democratic</a> party. A strategy of re-alignment was particularly associated with Max Shachtman.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some months after the convention, Harrington resigned his membership in SDUSA and he and some of his supporters from the Coalition Caucus soon formed the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Socialist_Organizing_Committee" title="Democratic Socialist Organizing Committee">Democratic Socialist Organizing Committee</a> (DSOC).<sup id="cite_ref-SOHO_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SOHO-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many members of the Debs Caucus resigned from SDUSA and some of them formed the <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party_USA" title="Socialist Party USA">Socialist Party USA</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The changing of the name of the SPA to SDUSA and the 1973 formation of DSOC and the SPUSA represented a split in the <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_socialist_movement_in_the_United_States" title="History of the socialist movement in the United States">American socialist movement</a>. </p><p>In 1973, SDUSA claimed 1,800 members.<sup id="cite_ref-SOHO_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SOHO-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_years">Early years</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_Democrats,_USA&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Early years"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ElectoralCollege1972.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/ElectoralCollege1972.svg/300px-ElectoralCollege1972.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/ElectoralCollege1972.svg/450px-ElectoralCollege1972.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/ElectoralCollege1972.svg/600px-ElectoralCollege1972.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1020" data-file-height="593" /></a><figcaption>Social Democrats, USA, opposed the politics of <a href="/wiki/George_McGovern" title="George McGovern">George McGovern</a>, whose 1972 presidential campaign lost 49 of 50 states to <a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:93_us_house_membership.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/93_us_house_membership.png/300px-93_us_house_membership.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="186" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/93_us_house_membership.png/450px-93_us_house_membership.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6a/93_us_house_membership.png 2x" data-file-width="506" data-file-height="313" /></a><figcaption> <table> <tbody><tr> <td style="text-align:center;" colspan="2">In the 1972 Congressional election, the majority of Americans voted for Democratic Congressmen and this map shows the House seats by party holding plurality in state. </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#f00; color:black;"> </span> 80.1–100% Republican</div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#00f; color:white;"> </span> 80.1–100% Democratic</div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#f66; color:black;"> </span> 60.1–80% Republican</div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#09f; color:black;"> </span> 60.1–80% Democratic</div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#f99; color:black;"> </span> up to 60% Republican</div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#0ff; color:black;"> </span> up to 60% Democratic</div> </td></tr></tbody></table></figcaption></figure> <p>In domestic politics, the SDUSA leadership emphasized the role of the <a href="/wiki/American_labor_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="American labor movement">American labor movement</a> in advancing <a href="/wiki/Civil_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil rights">civil rights</a> and <a href="/wiki/Economic_justice" title="Economic justice">economic justice</a>. The domestic program followed the recommendations of Rustin's article "From Protest to Politics" in which Rustin analyzed the changing economy and its implications for African Americans. Rustin wrote that the rise of automation would reduce the demand for low-skill high-paying jobs, which would jeopardize the position of the urban black working class, particularly in the Northern United States. The needs of the black community demanded a shift in political strategy, where blacks would need to strengthen their political alliance with mostly white unions and other organizations (churches, synagogues and the like) to pursue a common economic agenda. It was time to move from protest to politics, wrote Rustin.<sup id="cite_ref-RustinFPTP_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RustinFPTP-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A particular danger facing the black community was the chimera of <a href="/wiki/Identity_politics" title="Identity politics">identity politics</a>, particularly the rise of <a href="/wiki/Black_Power" class="mw-redirect" title="Black Power">Black Power</a> which Rustin dismissed as a fantasy of middle-class African-Americans that repeated the political and moral errors of previous <a href="/wiki/Black_nationalism" title="Black nationalism">black nationalists</a> while alienating the white allies needed by the black community.<sup id="cite_ref-RustinSeparatism_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RustinSeparatism-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>SDUSA documents had similar criticisms of the agendas advanced by middle class activists increasing their role in the Democratic Party. SDUSA members stated concerns about an exaggerated role of middle-class <a href="/wiki/Opposition_to_the_U.S._involvement_in_the_Vietnam_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Opposition to the U.S. involvement in the Vietnam War">peace activists</a> in the Democratic Party, particularly associated with the "New Politics" of Senator <a href="/wiki/George_McGovern" title="George McGovern">George McGovern</a>, whose <a href="/wiki/George_McGovern_1972_presidential_campaign" title="George McGovern 1972 presidential campaign">presidential candidacy</a> was viewed as an ongoing disaster for the Democratic Party and for the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-NYTimes_4-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYTimes-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Bloodworth147_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bloodworth147-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In electoral politics, SDUSA aimed to transform the Democratic Party into a social democratic party.<sup id="cite_ref-NYT74_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT74-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In foreign policy, most of the founding SDUSA leadership called for an immediate cessation of the <a href="/wiki/Operation_Rolling_Thunder" title="Operation Rolling Thunder">bombing</a> of <a href="/wiki/North_Vietnam" title="North Vietnam">North Vietnam</a>. They demanded a negotiated peace treaty to end the <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a>, but the majority opposed a unilateral withdrawal of American forces from Vietnam, suggesting that such a withdrawal would lead to an annihilation of the free labor unions and of the political opposition.<sup id="cite_ref-NYTimes_4-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYTimes-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Gershman_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gershman-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the withdrawal of American forces from Vietnam and the victory of the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Vietnam" title="Communist Party of Vietnam">Communist Party of Vietnam</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Viet_Cong" title="Viet Cong">Viet Cong</a>, SDUSA supported humanitarian assistance to refugees and condemned Senator McGovern for his failure to support such assistance.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Organizational_activities">Organizational activities</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_Democrats,_USA&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Organizational activities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:BayardRustinAug1963-LibraryOfCongress_crop.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/BayardRustinAug1963-LibraryOfCongress_crop.jpg/170px-BayardRustinAug1963-LibraryOfCongress_crop.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/BayardRustinAug1963-LibraryOfCongress_crop.jpg/255px-BayardRustinAug1963-LibraryOfCongress_crop.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/BayardRustinAug1963-LibraryOfCongress_crop.jpg/340px-BayardRustinAug1963-LibraryOfCongress_crop.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1146" data-file-height="1349" /></a><figcaption>National Chairman <a href="/wiki/Bayard_Rustin" title="Bayard Rustin">Bayard Rustin</a>, who headed SDUSA</figcaption></figure> <p>SDUSA was governed by biannual conventions which invited the participation of interested observers. These gatherings featured discussions and debates over proposed resolutions, some of which were adopted as organizational statements. The group frequently made use of outside speakers at these events: non-SDUSA intellectuals ranged from <a href="/wiki/Neoconservative" class="mw-redirect" title="Neoconservative">neoconservatives</a> like <a href="/wiki/Jeane_Kirkpatrick" title="Jeane Kirkpatrick">Jeane Kirkpatrick</a> on the right to democratic socialists like <a href="/wiki/Paul_Berman" title="Paul Berman">Paul Berman</a> on the left and similarly a range of academic, political and labor-union leaders were invited. These meetings also functioned as reunions for political activists and intellectuals, some of whom worked together for decades.<sup id="cite_ref-MeyersonDissent_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MeyersonDissent-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> SDUSA also published a newsletter and occasional position papers, issued statements supporting labor unions and workers' interests at home and overseas, the existence of <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a> and the Israeli labor movement.<sup id="cite_ref-Challenge_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Challenge-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From 1979–1989, SDUSA members were organized to support of <a href="/wiki/Solidarity_(Polish_trade_union)" title="Solidarity (Polish trade union)">Solidarity</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Independent_union" title="Independent union">independent labor union</a> of <a href="/wiki/Polish_People%27s_Republic" title="Polish People's Republic">Poland</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Mahler_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mahler-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The organization also attempted to exert influence through endorsements of presidential candidates. The group's 1976 National Convention, held in New York City, formally endorsed the Democratic ticket of <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">Jimmy Carter</a> and <a href="/wiki/Walter_Mondale" title="Walter Mondale">Walter Mondale</a> and pledged the group to "work enthusiastically" for the election of the pair in November.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The organization took a less assertive approach during the divisive 1980 campaign, marked as it was by a heated primary challenge to President Carter by Senator <a href="/wiki/Edward_Kennedy" class="mw-redirect" title="Edward Kennedy">Edward Kennedy</a> and SDUSA chose not to hold its biannual convention until after the termination of the fall campaign. The election of conservative <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a> was chalked up to the failure of the Democrats to "appeal to their traditional working class constituency".<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Early in 1980, long-time National Director <a href="/wiki/Carl_Gershman" title="Carl Gershman">Carl Gershman</a> resigned his position to be replaced by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rita_Freedman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rita Freedman (page does not exist)">Rita Freedman</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-NewDir_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NewDir-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Freedman previously had served as organizer and chair of SDUSA's key New York local.<sup id="cite_ref-NewDir_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NewDir-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>SDUSA dues were paid annually in advance, with members receiving a copy of the organization's official organ, the tabloid-sized newspaper <i><a href="/wiki/New_America_(newspaper)" title="New America (newspaper)">New America</a></i>. The dues rate was $25 per year in 1983.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Hiatus_and_re-foundation">Hiatus and re-foundation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_Democrats,_USA&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Hiatus and re-foundation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Following the death of the organization's <i>Notesonline</i> editor <a href="/wiki/Penn_Kemble" title="Penn Kemble">Penn Kemble</a> of cancer on October 15, 2005,<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> SDUSA lapsed into a state of organizational hiatus, with no further issues of the online newsletter produced or updates to the group's website made.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Following several years of inactivity, an attempt was subsequently made to revive SDUSA. In 2008, a group composed initially mostly of Pennsylvania members of SDUSA emerged, determined to re-launch the organization.<sup id="cite_ref-Hacker_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hacker-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A re-founding convention of the SDUSA was held May 3, 2009, at which a National Executive Committee was elected.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Owing to factional disagreements, a group based in Johnstown, Pennsylvania, and the newly elected National Executive Committee parted company, with the former styling itself as the Social Democrats, USA – Socialist Party USA<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the latter as Social Democrats, USA.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Two additional conventions took place since the 2009 reformation, an internet <a href="/wiki/Teleconference" title="Teleconference">teleconference</a> on September 1, 2010, featuring presentations by guest speakers Herb Engstrom of the California Democratic Party Executive Committee and Roger Clayman, Executive Director of the Long Island Labor Federation;<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and a convention held August 26–27, 2012, in <a href="/wiki/Buffalo,_New_York" title="Buffalo, New York">Buffalo, New York</a>, with a keynote address delivered by Richard Lipsitz, executive director of Western New York Labor Federation.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Controversies">Controversies</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_Democrats,_USA&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Controversies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Anti-communism">Anti-communism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_Democrats,_USA&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Anti-communism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-POV plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-POV" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Unbalanced_scales.svg/45px-Unbalanced_scales.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Unbalanced_scales.svg/68px-Unbalanced_scales.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Unbalanced_scales.svg/90px-Unbalanced_scales.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="354" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">The <b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Neutral_point_of_view" title="Wikipedia:Neutral point of view">neutrality</a> of this section is <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NPOV_dispute" title="Wikipedia:NPOV dispute">disputed</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Relevant discussion may be found on the <a href="/wiki/Talk:Social_Democrats,_USA##" title="Talk:Social Democrats, USA">talk page</a>. Please do not remove this message until <a href="/wiki/Template:POV#When_to_remove" title="Template:POV">conditions to do so are met</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">November 2021</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><a href="/wiki/Michael_Harrington" title="Michael Harrington">Michael Harrington</a> charged that its "obsessive <a href="/wiki/Anti-communism" title="Anti-communism">anti-communism</a>" rendered SDUSA politically conservative.<sup id="cite_ref-Bloodworth148_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bloodworth148-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In contrast, Harrington's DSOC and DSA criticized <a href="/wiki/Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism" title="Marxism–Leninism">Marxism–Leninism</a>, but he opposed many defense-and-diplomatic policies against the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> and its <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Bloc" title="Eastern Bloc">Eastern Bloc</a>. Harrington voiced admiration for German Chancellor <a href="/wiki/Willy_Brandt" title="Willy Brandt">Willy Brandt</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Ostpolitik" title="Ostpolitik">Ostpolitik</a></i> which sought to reduce Western distrust of and hostility towards the Eastern Bloc and so entice the Soviet Union reciprocally to reduce its aggressive military posture.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Max_Shachtman_and_alleged_Trotskyism">Max Shachtman and alleged Trotskyism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_Democrats,_USA&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Max Shachtman and alleged Trotskyism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>SDUSA leaders have served in the administrations of Presidents since the 1980 and the service of some members in Republican administrations has been associated with controversy. SDUSA members like Gershman were called "State Department socialists" by <a href="#CITEREFMassing1987">Massing (1987)</a>, who wrote that the <a href="/wiki/Foreign_policy_of_the_Ronald_Reagan_administration" title="Foreign policy of the Ronald Reagan administration">foreign policy of the Reagan administration</a> was being run by <a href="/wiki/Trotskyism" title="Trotskyism">Trotskyists</a>, a claim that was called a "myth" by <a href="#CITEREFLipset1988">Lipset (1988</a>, p. 34).<sup id="cite_ref-Lip34_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lip34-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This "Trotskyist" charge has been repeated and even widened by journalist <a href="/wiki/Michael_Lind" title="Michael Lind">Michael Lind</a> in 2003 to assert a takeover of the <a href="/wiki/Foreign_policy_of_the_George_W._Bush_administration" title="Foreign policy of the George W. Bush administration">foreign policy of the George W. Bush administration</a> by former Trotskyists.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lind's "amalgamation of the defense intellectuals with the traditions and theories of "the largely Jewish-American Trotskyist movement [in Lind's words]" was criticized in 2003 by University of Michigan professor Alan M. Wald,<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who had discussed Trotskyism in his history of "<a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Intellectuals" class="mw-redirect" title="The New York Intellectuals">the New York intellectuals</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> SDUSA and allegations that "Trotskyists" subverted Bush's foreign policy have been mentioned by "self-styled" <a href="/wiki/Paleoconservatism" title="Paleoconservatism">paleoconservatives</a> (<a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Conservatism in the United States">conservative</a> opponents of <a href="/wiki/Neoconservatism" title="Neoconservatism">neoconservatism</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Harrington and Tom Kahn had been associated with <a href="/wiki/Max_Shachtman" title="Max Shachtman">Max Shachtman</a>, a Marxist theorist who had broken with <a href="/wiki/Leon_Trotsky" title="Leon Trotsky">Leon Trotsky</a><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> because of his criticism of the Soviet Union as being a totalitarian class-society after having supported Trotsky in the 1930s.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although Schachtman died in 1972 before the Socialist Party was renamed as SDUSA, Shachtman's ideas continued to influence <a href="/wiki/Albert_Shanker" title="Albert Shanker">Albert Shanker</a> and The American Federation of Teachers, which was often associated with SDUSA members. Decades later, conflicts in the AFL–CIO were roughly split in 1995 along the lines of the conflict between the "Shachtmanite Social Democrats and the Harringtonite Democratic Socialists of America, with the Social Democrats supporting Kirkland and Donahue and the Democratic Socialists supporting Sweeney".<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Alleged_conservatism_or_neoconservatism">Alleged conservatism or neoconservatism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_Democrats,_USA&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Alleged conservatism or neoconservatism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-POV plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-POV" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Unbalanced_scales.svg/45px-Unbalanced_scales.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Unbalanced_scales.svg/68px-Unbalanced_scales.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Unbalanced_scales.svg/90px-Unbalanced_scales.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="354" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">The <b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Neutral_point_of_view" title="Wikipedia:Neutral point of view">neutrality</a> of this section is <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NPOV_dispute" title="Wikipedia:NPOV dispute">disputed</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Relevant discussion may be found on the <a href="/wiki/Talk:Social_Democrats,_USA##" title="Talk:Social Democrats, USA">talk page</a>. Please do not remove this message until <a href="/wiki/Template:POV#When_to_remove" title="Template:POV">conditions to do so are met</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">November 2021</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Author Justin Vaisse considers some SDUSA members "right-wing social democrats",<sup id="cite_ref-Vaisse91_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vaisse91-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a taunt according to Wattenberg.<sup id="cite_ref-Wattenberg_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wattenberg-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>SDUSA members supported <a href="/wiki/Solidarity_(Polish_trade_union)" title="Solidarity (Polish trade union)">Solidarity</a>, the independent labor-union of Poland. The organizer of the AFL–CIO's support for Solidarity, SDUSA's Tom Kahn, criticized <a href="/wiki/Jeane_Kirkpatrick" title="Jeane Kirkpatrick">Jeane Kirkpatrick</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Dictatorships_and_Double_Standards" title="Dictatorships and Double Standards">Dictatorships and Double Standards</a></i>, arguing that <a href="/wiki/Democracy_promotion" title="Democracy promotion">democracy should be promoted</a> even in the countries dominated by Soviet Communism.<sup id="cite_ref-KahnDoubleStandards_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KahnDoubleStandards-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1981, leading Social Democrats and some moderate Republicans wanted to use economic aid to Poland as leverage to expand the freedom of association in 1981, whereas <a href="/wiki/Caspar_Weinberger" title="Caspar Weinberger">Caspar Weinberger</a> and neoconservative Jeane Kirkpatrick preferred to force the communist government of Poland to default on its international payments so they would lose credibility.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kahn argued for his position in a 1981 debate with neoconservative <a href="/wiki/Norman_Podhoretz" title="Norman Podhoretz">Norman Podhoretz</a>, who like Kirkpatrick and Weinberger opposed all credits.<sup id="cite_ref-KahnPodhoretz_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KahnPodhoretz-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-CG11_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CG11-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1982, Kirkpatrick called similarly for Western assistance to Poland to be used to help Solidarity.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i><a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a></i>, then owned by <a href="/wiki/Graham_Holdings" title="Graham Holdings">Graham Holdings</a>, had called some of SDUSA's former members <a href="/wiki/Neoconservative" class="mw-redirect" title="Neoconservative">neoconservatives</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Justin Vaisse listed five SDUSA associates as "second-generation neoconservatives" and "so-called Shachtmanites", including "Penn Kemble, Joshua Muravchik,<span class="nowrap"> </span>... and Bayard Rustin".<sup id="cite_ref-Vaisse2ndGen_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vaisse2ndGen-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Throughout his life, <a href="/wiki/Penn_Kemble" title="Penn Kemble">Penn Kemble</a> called himself a social democrat and objected to being called a neoconservative.<sup id="cite_ref-Holley_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Holley-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kemble and <a href="/wiki/Joshua_Muravchik" title="Joshua Muravchik">Joshua Muravchik</a> were never followers of Max Shachtman. On the contrary, Kemble was recruited by a non-Shachtmanite professor, according to Muravchik, who wrote: "Although Shachtman was one of the elder statesmen who occasionally made stirring speeches to us, no YPSL [Young People's Socialist League] of my generation was a Shachtmanite".<sup id="cite_ref-MuravchikComrades_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MuravchikComrades-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Besides objecting to being called a "neoconservative", Kemble "sharply criticized the Bush administration's approach on [Iraq]. 'The distinction between liberation and democratization, which requires a strategy and instruments, was an idea never understood by the administration,' he told the <i>New Republic</i>", wrote <i>The Washington Post</i> in Kemble's obituary.<sup id="cite_ref-Holley_57-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Holley-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Former_member_Joshua_Muravchik">Former member Joshua Muravchik</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_Democrats,_USA&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Former member Joshua Muravchik"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><p> Joshua Muravchik has identified himself as a neoconservative.<sup id="cite_ref-MuravchikWeNeoconservatives_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MuravchikWeNeoconservatives-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When Muravhchik appeared at the 2003 SDUSA conference, he was criticized by SDUSA members:<sup id="cite_ref-MeyersonDissent_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MeyersonDissent-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Marshall_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Marshall-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><blockquote><p>Rachelle Horowitz, another Social Democrats, USA, luminary and an event organizer, called Muravchik's comments "profoundly disturbing"—both his use of "us and them" rhetoric and the term "evil." The existence of evil in the world was something Horowitz was happy to concede, she said from the floor. But it was a word incapable of clear political definition and thus a producer of muddle rather than clarity, zeal rather than political action. Then Herf jumped in with similar criticisms. And then Berman. And Ibrahim. And before long, more or less everyone else in the room. There was still something, it seemed, that separated them from the neocons who hovered over the proceedings both as opponents and inspirations. Muravchik wanted to pull them somewhere most of the attendees—and organizers—were unwilling to go.<sup id="cite_ref-Marshall_60-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Marshall-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote><p> Among Joshua Muravchick's SDUSA critics was his own father <a href="/w/index.php?title=Emanuel_Muravchik&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Emanuel Muravchik (page does not exist)">Emanuel Muravchik</a> (a Norman Thomas socialist).<sup id="cite_ref-MeyersonDissent_20-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MeyersonDissent-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-revisits_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-revisits-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Manny_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Manny-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His mother was too upset with Joshua's <i>Heaven on Earth: The Rise and Fall of Socialism</i> to attend the discussion.<sup id="cite_ref-revisits_61-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-revisits-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the other hand, Joshua Muravchik was called a "second-generation neoconservative" by Vaisse.<sup id="cite_ref-Vaisse2ndGen_56-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vaisse2ndGen-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Conventions">Conventions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_Democrats,_USA&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Conventions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="Background:#fff;"> <tbody><tr> <th>Convention </th> <th>Location </th> <th>Date </th> <th>Notes and references </th></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;">1973 National Conference </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Hopewell_Junction,_New_York" title="Hopewell Junction, New York">Hopewell Junction, New York</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">September 21–23, 1973 </td> <td>From registration ad, <i>New America</i>, July 30, 1973, p. 7. </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;">1974 National Convention </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">September 6–8, 1974 </td> <td>125 delegates, keynote speaker Walter Laqueur. Per <i>New America</i>, August 20, 1974, p. 8. </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;">1976 National Convention </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">July 17–18, 1976 </td> <td>500 delegates and observers, keynote speaker Sidney Hook. Per <i>New America</i>, August–September 1976, p. 1. </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;">1978 National Convention </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">September 8–10, 1978 </td> <td>Introductory report by Carl Gershman. Per <i>New America</i>, October 1978, p. 1. </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;">1980 National Convention </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">November 21–23, 1980 </td> <td>Per <i>New America</i>, December 1980, p. 1. </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;">1982 National Convention </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">December 3–5, 1982 </td> <td>Keynote speech by Albert Shanker. Dates per <i>New America</i>, October 1982, p. 8. </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;">1985 National Convention </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">June 14–16, 1985 </td> <td>Keynote speech by Alfonso Robelo. Per <i>New America</i>, November–December 1985, p. 6. </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;">1987 National Convention </td> <td style="text-align:center;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;">1990 National Convention </td> <td style="text-align:center;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;">1994 National Convention </td> <td style="text-align:center;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="After_reorganization">After reorganization</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_Democrats,_USA&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: After reorganization"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-POV plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-POV" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Unbalanced_scales.svg/45px-Unbalanced_scales.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Unbalanced_scales.svg/68px-Unbalanced_scales.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Unbalanced_scales.svg/90px-Unbalanced_scales.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="354" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">The <b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Neutral_point_of_view" title="Wikipedia:Neutral point of view">neutrality</a> of this section is <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NPOV_dispute" title="Wikipedia:NPOV dispute">disputed</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Relevant discussion may be found on the <a href="/wiki/Talk:Social_Democrats,_USA##" title="Talk:Social Democrats, USA">talk page</a>. Please do not remove this message until <a href="/wiki/Template:POV#When_to_remove" title="Template:POV">conditions to do so are met</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">November 2021</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable" style="Background:#fff;"> <tbody><tr> <th>Convention </th> <th>Location </th> <th>Date </th> <th>Notes and references </th></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;">2009 Reorganization Convention </td> <td style="text-align:center;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">May 3, 2009 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;">2010 Convention </td> <td style="text-align:center;">Internet teleconference </td> <td style="text-align:center;">September 1, 2010 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;">2012 National Convention </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Buffalo,_New_York" title="Buffalo, New York">Buffalo, New York</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">August 26–27, 2012 </td> <td>Keynote speech by Richard Lipsitz, Executive Director of Western New York Labor Federation. </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;">2014 Convention </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh,_Pennsylvania" class="mw-redirect" title="Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania">Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">October 23–24, 2014 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2023 National Convention </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Buffalo,_New_York" title="Buffalo, New York">Buffalo</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">New York</a> </td> <td>September 1-6, 2023 </td> <td>Speakers included Imre Komjáthi, co-chair of the <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Socialist_Party" title="Hungarian Socialist Party">Hungarian Socialist Party</a>, former Democratic statehouse representative in <a href="/wiki/Topeka,_Kansas" title="Topeka, Kansas">Topeka</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aaron_Coleman" title="Aaron Coleman">Aaron Coleman</a>, and Godden Zama, representative of the <a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Front_(Cameroon)" title="Social Democratic Front (Cameroon)">Social Democratic Front (Cameroon)</a><sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Prominent_members">Prominent members</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_Democrats,_USA&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Prominent members"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Leading_members_of_Social_Democrats,_USA" title="Leading members of Social Democrats, USA">Leading members of Social Democrats, USA</a></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_J._Alexander" title="Robert J. Alexander">Robert J. Alexander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Feldman" title="Paul Feldman">Paul Feldman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandra_Feldman" title="Sandra Feldman">Sandra Feldman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Gershman" title="Carl Gershman">Carl Gershman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Glotzer" title="Albert Glotzer">Albert Glotzer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_Hill" title="Norman Hill">Norman Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidney_Hook" title="Sidney Hook">Sidney Hook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Kahn" title="Tom Kahn">Tom Kahn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penn_Kemble" title="Penn Kemble">Penn Kemble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._Philip_Randolph" title="A. Philip Randolph">A. Philip Randolph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bayard_Rustin" title="Bayard Rustin">Bayard Rustin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_Tyler" class="mw-redirect" title="August Tyler">August Tyler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_S._Zimmerman" title="Charles S. Zimmerman">Charles S. Zimmerman</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_Democrats,_USA&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://socialistcurrents.org/?page_id=18">"Principles"</a>. Social Democrats USA. Retrieved February 10, 2020.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NYTimes2-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NYTimes2_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1972/12/31/archives/socialist-party-now-the-social-democrats-usa.html?_r=0">"Socialist Party now the Social Democrats, U.S.A."</a> <i>The New York Times</i>. December 31, 1972. p. 36<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 8,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Socialist+Party+now+the+Social+Democrats%2C+U.S.A.&rft.pages=36&rft.date=1972-12-31&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1972%2F12%2F31%2Farchives%2Fsocialist-party-now-the-social-democrats-usa.html%3F_r%3D0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+Democrats%2C+USA" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hacker, David (2008–2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://socialistcurrents.org/?page_id=621">"Heritage"</a>. Social Democrats USA. Retrieved February 10, 2020. "While concentrating on developing social democratic programs for the here and now, we have not given up our vision of the new socialist society that incremental change would eventually bring. We are still committed to the vibrant democratic socialist movement of the near future and our socialist vision of the far future beyond our lifetime and our children’s lifetime.<span class="nowrap"> </span>... We view the terms "social democracy" and "democratic socialism" as being interchangeable."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NYTimes-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NYTimes_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NYTimes_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NYTimes_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NYTimes_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NYTimes_4-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NYTimes_4-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NYTimes_4-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NYTimes_4-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1972/12/31/archives/socialist-party-now-the-social-democrats-usa.html?_r=0">"Socialist Party now the Social Democrats, U.S.A."</a> <i>The New York Times</i>. December 31, 1972. p. 36<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 8,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Socialist+Party+now+the+Social+Democrats%2C+U.S.A.&rft.pages=36&rft.date=1972-12-31&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1972%2F12%2F31%2Farchives%2Fsocialist-party-now-the-social-democrats-usa.html%3F_r%3D0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+Democrats%2C+USA" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GZM2AAAAQBAJ&q=social+democrats+usa">Richard D. Kahlenberg, Tough Liberal: Albert Shanker and the Battles Over Schools, Unions, Race and Democracy (Columbia University Press, August 13, 2013), p. 157–158</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sorin149-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Sorin149_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gerald Sorin, <i>The Prophetic Minority: American Jewish Immigrant Radicals, 1880–1920.</i> Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1985; p. 155.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NYT27-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NYT27_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NYT27_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnonymous1972" class="citation news cs1">Anonymous (December 27, 1972). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1972/12/27/archives/young-socialists-open-parley-to-weigh-new-politics-split.html?sq=Young+socialists&scp=7&st=p">"Young Socialists open parley; to weigh 'New Politics' split"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. p. 25.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Young+Socialists+open+parley%3B+to+weigh+%27New+Politics%27+split&rft.pages=25&rft.date=1972-12-27&rft.au=Anonymous&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1972%2F12%2F27%2Farchives%2Fyoung-socialists-open-parley-to-weigh-new-politics-split.html%3Fsq%3DYoung%2Bsocialists%26scp%3D7%26st%3Dp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+Democrats%2C+USA" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NYT73-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NYT73_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NYT73_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnonymous1973" class="citation news cs1">Anonymous (January 1, 1973). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F50C15F73F551A7493C3A9178AD85F478785F9">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Firmness' urged on Communists: Social Democrats reach end of U.S. Convention here"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. p. 11.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=%27Firmness%27+urged+on+Communists%3A+Social+Democrats+reach+end+of+U.S.+Convention+here&rft.pages=11&rft.date=1973-01-01&rft.au=Anonymous&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fselect.nytimes.com%2Fgst%2Fabstract.html%3Fres%3DF50C15F73F551A7493C3A9178AD85F478785F9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+Democrats%2C+USA" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/otheramericanlif0000isse/page/300">Maurice Isserman, The Other American: The Life Of Michael Harrington (Public Affairs, 2001), p.290-304</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/savingremnantrad00dube/page/84">Martin Duberman, A Saving Remnant: The Radical Lives of Barbara Deming and David McReynolds (The New Press, 2013)</a></li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-SOHO-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SOHO_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SOHO_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFO'Rourke1993">O'Rourke (1993</a>, pp. 195–196): <div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'Rourke1993" class="citation book cs1">O'Rourke, William (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5iUJfPxlTCcC&pg=PA195">"L: Michael Harrington"</a>. <i>Signs of the literary times: Essays, reviews, profiles, 1970-1992'<span></span></i>. The Margins of Literature (SUNY Series). SUNY Press. pp. 192–196. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7914-1681-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-7914-1681-X"><bdi>0-7914-1681-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=L%3A+Michael+Harrington&rft.btitle=Signs+of+the+literary+times%3A+Essays%2C+reviews%2C+profiles%2C+1970-1992%27&rft.series=The+Margins+of+Literature+%28SUNY+Series%29&rft.pages=192-196&rft.pub=SUNY+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=0-7914-1681-X&rft.aulast=O%27Rourke&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5iUJfPxlTCcC%26pg%3DPA195&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+Democrats%2C+USA" class="Z3988"></span> <div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div>Originally: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'Rourke1973" class="citation journal cs1">O'Rourke, William (November 13, 1973). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5iUJfPxlTCcC&q=Michael+Harrington&pg=PA197">"Michael Harrington: Beyond Watergate, Sixties, and reform"</a>. <i>SoHo Weekly News</i>. <b>3</b> (2): 6–7. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780791416815" title="Special:BookSources/9780791416815"><bdi>9780791416815</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=SoHo+Weekly+News&rft.atitle=Michael+Harrington%3A+Beyond+Watergate%2C+Sixties%2C+and+reform&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=6-7&rft.date=1973-11-13&rft.isbn=9780791416815&rft.aulast=O%27Rourke&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5iUJfPxlTCcC%26q%3DMichael%2BHarrington%26pg%3DPA197&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+Democrats%2C+USA" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Busky 2000, pp. 165. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBusky2000" class="citation book cs1">Busky, Donald F. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3joQKjDtn4wC&q=Union+for+Democratic+Socialism+%22Union+for+Democratic+Socialism%22"><i>Democratic socialism: A global survey</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Greenwood_Publishing_Group" title="Greenwood Publishing Group">Greenwood Publishing Group</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-275-96886-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-275-96886-1"><bdi>978-0-275-96886-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Democratic+socialism%3A+A+global+survey&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-275-96886-1&rft.aulast=Busky&rft.aufirst=Donald+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3joQKjDtn4wC%26q%3DUnion%2Bfor%2BDemocratic%2BSocialism%2B%2522Union%2Bfor%2BDemocratic%2BSocialism%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+Democrats%2C+USA" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-RustinFPTP-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-RustinFPTP_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rustin wrote the following reports: <ul><li><i>Civil rights: the true frontier</i> New York, N.Y.: Donald Press, 1963</li> <li><i>From protest to politics: the future of the civil rights movement</i> New York: League for Industrial Democracy, 1965</li> <li><i>The labor-Negro coalition, a new beginning</i> [Washington? D.C. : American Federationist?, 1968</li> <li><i>Conflict or coalition?: the civil rights struggle and the trade union movement today</i> New York, A. Philip Randolph Institute, 1969.</li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-RustinSeparatism-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-RustinSeparatism_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rustin wrote the following reports: <ul><li><i>The Watts "Manifesto" & the McCone report.</i> New York, League for Industrial Democracy 1966</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://solomon.bltc.alexanderstreet.com/cgi-bin/asp/philo/bltc/getvolume.pl?S8273"><i>Separatism or integration, which way for America?: a dialogue</i></a> (with <a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Browne_(professor)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Robert Browne (professor) (page does not exist)">Robert Browne</a>) New York, A. Philip Randolph Educational Fund, 1968</li> <li><i>Black studies: myths & realities</i> (contributor) New York, A. Philip Randolph Educational Fund, 1969</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://solomon.bltc.alexanderstreet.com/cgi-bin/asp/philo/bltc/getvolume.pl?S8274"><i>Three essays</i></a> New York, A. Philip Randolph Institute, 1969</li> <li><i>A word to black students</i> New York, A. Philip Randolph Institute, 1970</li> <li><i>The failure of black separatism</i> New York, A. Philip Randolph Institute, 1970</li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-Bloodworth147-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bloodworth147_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBloodworth2013">Bloodworth (2013</a>, p. 147)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NYT74-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NYT74_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFraser1974" class="citation news cs1">Fraser, C. Gerald (September 7, 1974). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1974/09/07/80424252.pdf">"Socialists seek to transform the Democratic Party"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>The New York Times</i>. p. 11.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Socialists+seek+to+transform+the+Democratic+Party&rft.pages=11&rft.date=1974-09-07&rft.aulast=Fraser&rft.aufirst=C.+Gerald&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesmachine.nytimes.com%2Ftimesmachine%2F1974%2F09%2F07%2F80424252.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+Democrats%2C+USA" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">These positions had been advanced by organizations like "<a href="/wiki/Penn_Kemble#Negotiations_Now!" title="Penn Kemble">Negotiations Now!</a>" since the 1960s.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gershman-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Gershman_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGershman1980" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Carl_Gershman" title="Carl Gershman">Gershman, Carl</a> (November 3, 1980). "Totalitarian menace (Controversies: Detente and the left after Afghanistan)". <i>Society</i>. <b>18</b> (1): 9–15. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF02694835">10.1007/BF02694835</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0147-2011">0147-2011</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:189883991">189883991</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Society&rft.atitle=Totalitarian+menace+%28Controversies%3A+Detente+and+the+left+after+Afghanistan%29&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=9-15&rft.date=1980-11-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A189883991%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0147-2011&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2FBF02694835&rft.aulast=Gershman&rft.aufirst=Carl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+Democrats%2C+USA" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1">"The View from Washington". <i>Asian Affairs</i>. <b>6</b> (2): 134–135. November–December 1978. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00927678.1978.10553935">10.1080/00927678.1978.10553935</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/30171704">30171704</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Asian+Affairs&rft.atitle=The+View+from+Washington&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=134-135&rft.date=1978-11%2F1978-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00927678.1978.10553935&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F30171704%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+Democrats%2C+USA" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGershman1978" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Carl_Gershman" title="Carl Gershman">Gershman, Carl</a> (May 1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/AfterTheDominoesFell">"After the dominoes fell"</a>. <i>Commentary</i>. SD papers. <b>3</b>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Commentary&rft.atitle=After+the+dominoes+fell&rft.volume=3&rft.date=1978-05&rft.aulast=Gershman&rft.aufirst=Carl&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FAfterTheDominoesFell&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+Democrats%2C+USA" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MeyersonDissent-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MeyersonDissent_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MeyersonDissent_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MeyersonDissent_20-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeyerson2002" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Harold_Meyerson" title="Harold Meyerson">Meyerson, Harold</a> (Fall 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100620144233/http://dissentmagazine.org/article/?article=552">"Solidarity, Whatever"</a>. <i>Dissent</i>. <b>49</b> (4): 16. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dissentmagazine.org/article/?article=552">the original</a> on June 20, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Dissent&rft.atitle=Solidarity%2C+Whatever&rft.ssn=fall&rft.volume=49&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=16&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Meyerson&rft.aufirst=Harold&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dissentmagazine.org%2Farticle%2F%3Farticle%3D552&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+Democrats%2C+USA" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Challenge-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Challenge_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSocial_Democrats,_USA1973" class="citation cs2">Social Democrats, USA (1973), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/TheAmericanChallengeASocial-democraticProgramForTheSeventies"><i>The American challenge: A social-democratic program for the seventies</i></a>, New York: SDUSA</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+American+challenge%3A+A+social-democratic+program+for+the+seventies&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=SDUSA&rft.date=1973&rft.au=Social+Democrats%2C+USA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FTheAmericanChallengeASocial-democraticProgramForTheSeventies&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+Democrats%2C+USA" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mahler-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Mahler_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMahler1997" class="citation cs2">Mahler, Jonathan (November 19, 1997), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.laborers.org/WJS_11-19a-97.html">"Labor's crisis—and its opportunity"</a>, <i>The Wall Street Journal</i></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Wall+Street+Journal&rft.atitle=Labor%27s+crisis%E2%80%94and+its+opportunity&rft.date=1997-11-19&rft.aulast=Mahler&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.laborers.org%2FWJS_11-19a-97.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+Democrats%2C+USA" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Freedom, Economic Justice Themes of SD Convention," <i>New America</i> [New York], vol. 13, no. 15 (Aug.-Sept. 1976), pg. 1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Social Democracy Faces Crucial Era," <i>New America</i> [New York], vol 17, no. 11 (December 1980), pg. 1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NewDir-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NewDir_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NewDir_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">"Rita Freedman New SD Director," <i>New America</i> [New York], vol. 17, no. 2 (Feb. 1980), pg. 12.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Wanted: Dues Cheaters" (ad), <i>New America</i> [New York], vol. 20, no. 5 (September–October 1983), pg. 7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/10/18/AR2005101801743.html">"Political Activist Penn Kemble Dies at 64,"</a> <i>The Washington Post</i>, October 19, 2005, pg. B07.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.socialdemocratsusa.org/oldsite/index-2.html">Social Democrats, USA, official website</a>, www.socialdemocratsusa.org/ Retrieved May 26, 2011, currently broken.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hacker-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hacker_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">David Hacker, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://socialistcurrents.org/?page_id=621">"Heritage: Learning from Our Past,"</a> www.socialistcurrents.org/ Retrieved February 27, 2014.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://socialistcurrents.org/?page_id=6">"Organization,"</a> www.socialistcurrents.org/ Retrieved February 27, 2014.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.socialdemocratsusa.org/">Social Democrats-Socialist Party USA official website</a>, www.socialdemocratsusa.org/ Retrieved May 26, 2011 (Dead link).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://socialdemocrats.org/">Social Democrats, USA, official website</a>, www.socialdemocrats.org/ Retrieved February 27, 2014.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://socialistcurrents.org/?p=264">"2010 National Convention,"</a> Socialist Currents, www.socialistcurrents.org/</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://socialistcurrents.org/?p=1102">"2012 Convention Report,"</a> Socialist Currents, www.socialistcurrents.org/</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bloodworth148-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bloodworth148_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBloodworth2013">Bloodworth (2013</a>, p. 148)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Isserman, <i>The Other American</i>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/otheramericanlif0000isse">pp. 351–352</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">As co-chairman of DSA, Michael Harrington wrote that Willy Brandt "launched his famous <i>ostpolitik</i> (Eastern policy), and moved toward detente with the Soviets and Eastern Europeans—a strategy that was to win him the Nobel Peace Prize.<span class="nowrap"> </span>... Disaster came in 1974. There was a spy scandal—a member of Brandt's inner circle turned out to be an East German agent—and the chancellor resigned his office.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarrington1987" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Harrington" title="Michael Harrington">Harrington, Michael</a> (March 31, 1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1987-03-31-me-1327-story.html">"Willy Brandt May Even Yet Manage Resurrection No. 5"</a>. <i>Los Angeles Times</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=Willy+Brandt+May+Even+Yet+Manage+Resurrection+No.+5&rft.date=1987-03-31&rft.aulast=Harrington&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Farchives%2Fla-xpm-1987-03-31-me-1327-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+Democrats%2C+USA" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lip34-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Lip34_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"A 1987 article in <i>The New Republic</i> described these developments as a Trotskyist takeover of the Reagan administration" wrote <a href="#CITEREFLipset1988">Lipset (1988</a>, p. 34).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLind2003" class="citation journal cs1">Lind, Michael (April 7, 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110927131121/http://www.oss.net/dynamaster/file_archive/030408/d431cc57ce9014da63b65ea39c1fd657/8%20Apr%2003%20The%20weird%20men%20behind%20George%20W%20Bush.doc">"The weird men behind George W. Bush's war"</a>. <i>New Statesman</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oss.net/dynamaster/file_archive/030408/d431cc57ce9014da63b65ea39c1fd657/8%20Apr%2003%20The%20weird%20men%20behind%20George%20W%20Bush.doc">the original</a> on September 27, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+Statesman&rft.atitle=The+weird+men+behind+George+W.+Bush%27s+war&rft.date=2003-04-07&rft.aulast=Lind&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oss.net%2Fdynamaster%2Ffile_archive%2F030408%2Fd431cc57ce9014da63b65ea39c1fd657%2F8%2520Apr%252003%2520The%2520weird%2520men%2520behind%2520George%2520W%2520Bush.doc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+Democrats%2C+USA" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWald2003" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Alan_M._Wald" title="Alan M. Wald">Wald, Alan</a> (June 27, 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hnn.us/articles/1514.html">"Are Trotskyites Running the Pentagon?"</a>. <i>History News Network</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=History+News+Network&rft.atitle=Are+Trotskyites+Running+the+Pentagon%3F&rft.date=2003-06-27&rft.aulast=Wald&rft.aufirst=Alan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhnn.us%2Farticles%2F1514.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+Democrats%2C+USA" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWald1987" class="citation book cs1">Wald, Alan M. (1987). <i>The New York intellectuals: The rise and decline of the anti-Stalinist left from the 1930s to the 1980s'<span></span></i>. University of North Carolina Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8078-4169-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8078-4169-3"><bdi>978-0-8078-4169-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+New+York+intellectuals%3A+The+rise+and+decline+of+the+anti-Stalinist+left+from+the+1930s+to+the+1980s%27&rft.pub=University+of+North+Carolina+Press&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-0-8078-4169-3&rft.aulast=Wald&rft.aufirst=Alan+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+Democrats%2C+USA" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKing2004" class="citation journal cs1">King, William (2004). "Neoconservatives and 'Trotskyism'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>". <i>American Communist History</i>. <b>3</b> (2): 247–266. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F1474389042000309817">10.1080/1474389042000309817</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1474-3906">1474-3906</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162356558">162356558</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Communist+History&rft.atitle=Neoconservatives+and+%27Trotskyism%27&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=247-266&rft.date=2004&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A162356558%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1474-3906&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F1474389042000309817&rft.aulast=King&rft.aufirst=William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+Democrats%2C+USA" class="Z3988"></span><p><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKing2004" class="citation journal cs1">King, Bill (March 22, 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.enterstageright.com/archive/articles/0304/0304neocontrotp1.htm">"Neoconservatives and Trotskyism. The question of 'Shachtmanism'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>Enter Stage Right: Politics, Culture, Economics</i> (3): 1–2. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1488-1756">1488-1756</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Enter+Stage+Right%3A+Politics%2C+Culture%2C+Economics&rft.atitle=Neoconservatives+and+Trotskyism.+The+question+of+%27Shachtmanism%27&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=1-2&rft.date=2004-03-22&rft.issn=1488-1756&rft.aulast=King&rft.aufirst=Bill&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.enterstageright.com%2Farchive%2Farticles%2F0304%2F0304neocontrotp1.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+Democrats%2C+USA" class="Z3988"></span></p></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMuravchik2006">Muravchik (2006)</a>. Addressing the allegation that SDUSUA was a "Trotskyist" organization, Muravchik wrote that in the early 1960s, two future members of SDUSA, <a href="/wiki/Tom_Kahn" title="Tom Kahn">Tom Kahn</a> and <a href="/wiki/Paul_Feldman" title="Paul Feldman">Paul Feldman</a>: <blockquote><p>"became devotees of a former Trotskyist named Max Shachtman—a fact that today has taken on a life of its own. Tracing forward in lineage through me and a few other ex-YPSL's [members of the <a href="/wiki/Young_People%27s_Socialist_League_(1907)" title="Young People's Socialist League (1907)">Young Peoples Socialist League</a>] turned neoconservatives, this happenstance has fueled the accusation that neoconservatism itself, and through it the foreign policy of the Bush administration, are somehow rooted in 'Trotskyism.' I am more inclined to laugh than to cry over this, but since the myth has traveled so far, let me briefly try once more, as I have done at greater length in the past, to set the record straight.[See "The Neoconservative Cabal," <i>Commentary</i>, September 2003] The alleged connective chain is broken at every link. The falsity of its more recent elements is readily ascertainable by anyone who cares for the truth—namely, that George Bush was never a neoconservative and that most neoconservatives were never YPSL's. The earlier connections are more obscure but no less false. Although Shachtman was one of the elder statesmen who occasionally made stirring speeches to us, no YPSL of my generation was a Shachtmanite. What is more, our mentors, Paul and Tom, had come under Shachtman’s sway years after he himself had ceased to be a Trotskyite.</p></blockquote></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.org/details/savingremnantrad00dube">"A saving remnant"</a>. New Press. January 8, 2011 – via Internet Archive.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+saving+remnant&rft.pub=New+Press&rft.date=2011-01-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsavingremnantrad00dube&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+Democrats%2C+USA" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIsserman2000" class="citation web cs1">Isserman, Maurice (January 8, 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.org/details/otheramericanlif0000isse">"The other American : the life of Michael Harrington"</a>. New York : PublicAffairs – via Internet Archive.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+other+American+%3A+the+life+of+Michael+Harrington&rft.pub=New+York+%3A+PublicAffairs&rft.date=2000-01-08&rft.aulast=Isserman&rft.aufirst=Maurice&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fotheramericanlif0000isse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+Democrats%2C+USA" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKahlenberg2007" class="citation book cs1">Kahlenberg, Richard D. (August 30, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GZM2AAAAQBAJ&q=social+democrats+usa"><i>Tough Liberal: Albert Shanker and the Battles Over Schools, Unions, Race, and Democracy</i></a>. Columbia University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780231509091" title="Special:BookSources/9780231509091"><bdi>9780231509091</bdi></a> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tough+Liberal%3A+Albert+Shanker+and+the+Battles+Over+Schools%2C+Unions%2C+Race%2C+and+Democracy&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2007-08-30&rft.isbn=9780231509091&rft.aulast=Kahlenberg&rft.aufirst=Richard+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGZM2AAAAQBAJ%26q%3Dsocial%2Bdemocrats%2Busa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+Democrats%2C+USA" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In 1982 Harrington's <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Socialist_Organizing_Committee" title="Democratic Socialist Organizing Committee">Democratic Socialist Organizing Committee</a> reformed as the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Socialists_of_America" title="Democratic Socialists of America">Democratic Socialists of America</a>. <ul><li>John Haer, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=QwgOAAAAIBAJ&sjid=l20DAAAAIBAJ&pg=5206,38030&dq=democratic+socialists+of+america+democratic-socialists-of-america&hl=en">"Reviving Socialism,"</a> <i>Pittsburgh Post-Gazette,</i> May 1, 1982. Retrieved November 9, 2009.</li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-Vaisse91-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Vaisse91_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=z3b7syYOqskC&q=%22Social+Democrats%22+OR+SDUSA%2C+right">Vaisse, op cit. p. 91</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wattenberg-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Wattenberg_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWattenberg1992" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ben_Wattenberg" title="Ben Wattenberg">Wattenberg, Ben</a> (April 22, 1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.baltimoresun.com/1992/04/22/a-man-whose-ideas-helped-change-the-world/">"A man whose ideas helped change the world"</a>. <i>Baltimore Sun</i>. Syndicated: (Thursday April 23, 1993). "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newspaperarchive.com/SiteMap/FreePdfPreview.aspx?img=110504812">Remembering a man who mattered</a>". <i>The Indiana Gazette</i> p. 2 (pdf format)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 19,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Baltimore+Sun&rft.atitle=A+man+whose+ideas+helped+change+the+world&rft.date=1992-04-22&rft.aulast=Wattenberg&rft.aufirst=Ben&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.baltimoresun.com%2F1992%2F04%2F22%2Fa-man-whose-ideas-helped-change-the-world%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+Democrats%2C+USA" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-KahnDoubleStandards-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-KahnDoubleStandards_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKahn1985" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Tom_Kahn" title="Tom Kahn">Kahn, Tom</a> (July 1985), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dissentmagazine.org/wp-content/files_mf/1389820828d12Kahn.pdf">"Beyond the double standard: A social democratic view of the authoritarianism versus totalitarianism debate"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, <i>New America</i>, January 1985 speech to the 'Democratic Solidarity Conference' organized by the Young Social Democrats (YSD) under the auspices of the Foundation for Democratic Education, Social Democrats, USA</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+America&rft.atitle=Beyond+the+double+standard%3A+A+social+democratic+view+of+the+authoritarianism+versus+totalitarianism+debate&rft.date=1985-07&rft.aulast=Kahn&rft.aufirst=Tom&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dissentmagazine.org%2Fwp-content%2Ffiles_mf%2F1389820828d12Kahn.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+Democrats%2C+USA" class="Z3988"></span> <dl><dd>Reprinted: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKahn2008" class="citation journal cs1">Kahn, Tom (2008) [1985]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dissentmagazine.org/wp-content/files_mf/1389820828d12Kahn.pdf">"Beyond the double standard: A social democratic view of the authoritarianism versus totalitarianism debate"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Democratiya (Merged into Dissent in 2009)</i>. <b>12</b> (Spring): 152–160.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Democratiya+%28Merged+into+Dissent+in+2009%29&rft.atitle=Beyond+the+double+standard%3A+A+social+democratic+view+of+the+authoritarianism+versus+totalitarianism+debate&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=Spring&rft.pages=152-160&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Kahn&rft.aufirst=Tom&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dissentmagazine.org%2Fwp-content%2Ffiles_mf%2F1389820828d12Kahn.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+Democrats%2C+USA" class="Z3988"></span></dd></dl> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Domber <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Grtub61ScTgC&q=kirkpatrick">[1]</a>, with revision and typeset <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Hlk7BAAAQBAJ&q=Kirkpatrick">[2]</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-KahnPodhoretz-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-KahnPodhoretz_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(<a href="#CITEREFKahnPodhoretz2008">Kahn & Podhoretz 2008</a>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CG11-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CG11_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGershman2011" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Carl_Gershman" title="Carl Gershman">Gershman, Carl</a> (August 29, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ned.org/about/board/meet-our-president/archived-presentations-and-articles/the-phenomenon-of-solidarity-pict">"Remarks by Carl Gershman at a photo exhibition commemorating the 30th anniversary of the founding of Solidarity (The phenomenon of Solidarity: Pictures from the history of Poland, 1980–1981; Woodrow Wilson Center)"</a> (html). Washington D.C.: National Endowment for Democracy.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Remarks+by+Carl+Gershman+at+a+photo+exhibition+commemorating+the+30th+anniversary+of+the+founding+of+Solidarity+%28The+phenomenon+of+Solidarity%3A+Pictures+from+the+history+of+Poland%2C+1980%E2%80%931981%3B+Woodrow+Wilson+Center%29&rft.date=2011-08-29&rft.aulast=Gershman&rft.aufirst=Carl&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ned.org%2Fabout%2Fboard%2Fmeet-our-president%2Farchived-presentations-and-articles%2Fthe-phenomenon-of-solidarity-pict&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+Democrats%2C+USA" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Cite journal requires <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJeane_J._Kirkpatrick1988" class="citation book cs1">Jeane J. Kirkpatrick (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Gf7aaCPwa_UC&pg=PA164"><i>Political and moral dimensions</i></a>. Transaction Publishers. p. 164ff. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780887380990" title="Special:BookSources/9780887380990"><bdi>9780887380990</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Political+and+moral+dimensions&rft.pages=164ff&rft.pub=Transaction+Publishers&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=9780887380990&rft.au=Jeane+J.+Kirkpatrick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGf7aaCPwa_UC%26pg%3DPA164&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+Democrats%2C+USA" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMatthews2013" class="citation news cs1">Matthews, Dylan (August 28, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/wonk/wp/2013/08/28/meet-the-gay-socialist-pacifist-who-planned-the-1963-march-on-washington/">"Meet Bayard Rustin, the gay socialist pacifist who planned the 1963 March on Washington"</a>. <i>The Washington Post</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Meet+Bayard+Rustin%2C+the+gay+socialist+pacifist+who+planned+the+1963+March+on+Washington&rft.date=2013-08-28&rft.aulast=Matthews&rft.aufirst=Dylan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fnews%2Fwonk%2Fwp%2F2013%2F08%2F28%2Fmeet-the-gay-socialist-pacifist-who-planned-the-1963-march-on-washington%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+Democrats%2C+USA" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Vaisse2ndGen-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Vaisse2ndGen_56-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Vaisse2ndGen_56-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVaïsse2010" class="citation book cs1">Vaïsse, Justin (January 8, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=z3b7syYOqskC&q=bayard+rustin"><i>Neoconservatism: The Biography of a Movement</i></a>. Harvard University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780674050518" title="Special:BookSources/9780674050518"><bdi>9780674050518</bdi></a> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Neoconservatism%3A+The+Biography+of+a+Movement&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2010-01-08&rft.isbn=9780674050518&rft.aulast=Va%C3%AFsse&rft.aufirst=Justin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dz3b7syYOqskC%26q%3Dbayard%2Brustin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+Democrats%2C+USA" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Holley-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Holley_57-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Holley_57-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHolley2005" class="citation news cs1">Holley, Joe (October 19, 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/10/18/AR2005101801743_pf.html">"Political activist Penn Kemble dies at 64"</a>. <i>The Washington Post</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Political+activist+Penn+Kemble+dies+at+64&rft.date=2005-10-19&rft.aulast=Holley&rft.aufirst=Joe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fwp-dyn%2Fcontent%2Farticle%2F2005%2F10%2F18%2FAR2005101801743_pf.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+Democrats%2C+USA" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MuravchikComrades-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-MuravchikComrades_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMuravchik2006">Muravchik (2006)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MuravchikWeNeoconservatives-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-MuravchikWeNeoconservatives_59-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Joshua_Muravchik" title="Joshua Muravchik">Muravchik, Joshua</a> (November–December 2006), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.icpcolombia.org/carteleras/cartelera_08/g/operation_comeback.pdf">"Operation comeback"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, <i>Foreign Policy</i></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Foreign+Policy&rft.atitle=Operation+comeback&rft.date=2006-11%2F2006-12&rft.aulast=Muravchik&rft.aufirst=Joshua&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.icpcolombia.org%2Fcarteleras%2Fcartelera_08%2Fg%2Foperation_comeback.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+Democrats%2C+USA" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Marshall-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Marshall_60-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Marshall_60-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://forward.com/articles/8856/debs-s-heirs-reassemble-to-seek-renewed-role-as/#ixzz3UBpBsMXF">Joshua Micah Marshall, "Debs’s Heirs Reassemble To Seek Renewed Role as Hawks of Left" The Jewish Daily Forward, May 23, 2003</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-revisits-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-revisits_61-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-revisits_61-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMuravchik2002" class="citation journal cs1">Muravchik, Joshua (May 8, 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nationalreview.com/article/206776/joshua-muravchik-revisits-communism-williumrex">"Joshua Muravchik revisits communism: Where socialism lives on"</a>. <i>National Review Online</i> (May 2, 2003, 10:45 A.M. ed.).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=National+Review+Online&rft.atitle=Joshua+Muravchik+revisits+communism%3A+Where+socialism+lives+on&rft.date=2002-05-08&rft.aulast=Muravchik&rft.aufirst=Joshua&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nationalreview.com%2Farticle%2F206776%2Fjoshua-muravchik-revisits-communism-williumrex&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+Democrats%2C+USA" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Manny-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Manny_62-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMuravchik2002" class="citation book cs1">Muravchik, Manny (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.socialdemocratsusa.org/oldsite/manny.html"><i>Socialism in my life and my life in socialism</i></a> (html). Private (hosted by Social Democrats, USA). A Letter to my children, grandchildren and beyond and to my comrades, ex-comrades and anti-comrades gathering on May Day 2002<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 14,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Socialism+in+my+life+and+my+life+in+socialism&rft.pub=Private+%28hosted+by+Social+Democrats%2C+USA%29&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Muravchik&rft.aufirst=Manny&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.socialdemocratsusa.org%2Foldsite%2Fmanny.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+Democrats%2C+USA" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://socialistcurrents.org/?p=4240">"OUR NATIONAL CONVENTION SCHEDULE | Socialist Currents"</a>. August 25, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 23,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=OUR+NATIONAL+CONVENTION+SCHEDULE+%7C+Socialist+Currents&rft.date=2023-08-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsocialistcurrents.org%2F%3Fp%3D4240&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+Democrats%2C+USA" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_Democrats,_USA&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBernstein1992" class="citation magazine cs1"><a href="/wiki/Carl_Bernstein" title="Carl Bernstein">Bernstein, Carl</a> (February 24, 1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.carlbernstein.com/magazine_holy_alliance.php">"The holy alliance: Ronald Reagan and John Paul II; How Reagan and the Pope conspired to assist Poland's Solidarity movement and hasten the demise of Communism (Cover story)"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">Time</a></i> (U.S. ed.). pp. 28–35.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=The+holy+alliance%3A+Ronald+Reagan+and+John+Paul+II%3B+How+Reagan+and+the+Pope+conspired+to+assist+Poland%27s+Solidarity+movement+and+hasten+the+demise+of+Communism+%28Cover+story%29&rft.pages=28-35&rft.date=1992-02-24&rft.aulast=Bernstein&rft.aufirst=Carl&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.carlbernstein.com%2Fmagazine_holy_alliance.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+Democrats%2C+USA" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBloodworth2013" class="citation book cs1">Bloodworth, Jeffrey (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IVgyIh320sUC"><i>Losing the center: The decline of American liberalism, 1968–1992</i></a>. Lexington, Kentucky: The University Press of Kentucky. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0813142296" title="Special:BookSources/978-0813142296"><bdi>978-0813142296</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Losing+the+center%3A+The+decline+of+American+liberalism%2C+1968%E2%80%931992&rft.place=Lexington%2C+Kentucky&rft.pub=The+University+Press+of+Kentucky&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0813142296&rft.aulast=Bloodworth&rft.aufirst=Jeffrey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIVgyIh320sUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+Democrats%2C+USA" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDomber2008" class="citation book cs1">Domber, Gregory F. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Grtub61ScTgC"><i>Supporting the revolution: America, democracy, and the end of the Cold War in Poland, 1981–1989</i></a> (Ph.D. dissertation (September 12, 2007), <a href="/wiki/George_Washington_University" title="George Washington University">George Washington University</a>). pp. 1–506. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-549-38516-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-549-38516-5"><bdi>978-0-549-38516-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gwu.edu/~history/graduate_programs/Achievements.cfm">Winner of the "2009 Betty M. Unterberger Prize for Best Dissertation on United States Foreign Policy from the Society for Historians of American Foreign Relations"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Supporting+the+revolution%3A+America%2C+democracy%2C+and+the+end+of+the+Cold+War+in+Poland%2C+1981%E2%80%931989&rft.pages=1-506&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-549-38516-5&rft.aulast=Domber&rft.aufirst=Gregory+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGrtub61ScTgC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+Democrats%2C+USA" class="Z3988"></span> Revised and incorporated in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDomber2014" class="citation book cs1">Domber, Gregory F. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Hlk7BAAAQBAJ&q=Gershman%20OR%20Kemble%20OR%20Kahn%20OR%20Horowitz%20OR%20Chenoweth"><i>Empowering Revolution: America, Poland, and the End of the Cold War</i></a>. The New Cold War History. University of North Carolina Press books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781469618517" title="Special:BookSources/9781469618517"><bdi>9781469618517</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Empowering+Revolution%3A+America%2C+Poland%2C+and+the+End+of+the+Cold+War&rft.series=The+New+Cold+War+History&rft.pub=University+of+North+Carolina+Press+books&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9781469618517&rft.aulast=Domber&rft.aufirst=Gregory+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHlk7BAAAQBAJ%26q%3DGershman%2520OR%2520Kemble%2520OR%2520Kahn%2520OR%2520Horowitz%2520OR%2520Chenoweth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+Democrats%2C+USA" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGershman1980" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Carl_Gershman" title="Carl Gershman">Gershman, Carl</a> (November 3, 1980). "Totalitarian menace (Controversies: Detente and the left after Afghanistan)". <i>Society</i>. <b>18</b> (1): 9–15. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF02694835">10.1007/BF02694835</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0147-2011">0147-2011</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:189883991">189883991</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Society&rft.atitle=Totalitarian+menace+%28Controversies%3A+Detente+and+the+left+after+Afghanistan%29&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=9-15&rft.date=1980-11-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A189883991%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0147-2011&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2FBF02694835&rft.aulast=Gershman&rft.aufirst=Carl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+Democrats%2C+USA" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarrington1980" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Harrington" title="Michael Harrington">Harrington, Michael</a> (November 3, 1980). "Nuclear threat (Controversies: Detente and the left after Afghanistan)". <i>Society</i>. <b>18</b> (1): 16–21. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF02694836">10.1007/BF02694836</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0147-2011">0147-2011</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:189885851">189885851</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Society&rft.atitle=Nuclear+threat+%28Controversies%3A+Detente+and+the+left+after+Afghanistan%29&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=16-21&rft.date=1980-11-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A189885851%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0147-2011&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2FBF02694836&rft.aulast=Harrington&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+Democrats%2C+USA" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHorowitz2007" class="citation journal cs1">Horowitz, Rachelle (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dissentmagazine.org/wp-content/files_mf/1389822103d11Horowitz.pdf">"Tom Kahn and the Fight for Democracy: A Political Portrait and Personal Recollection"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Democratiya (Merged with Dissent in 2009)</i>. <b>11</b> (Winter): 204–251.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Democratiya+%28Merged+with+Dissent+in+2009%29&rft.atitle=Tom+Kahn+and+the+Fight+for+Democracy%3A+A+Political+Portrait+and+Personal+Recollection&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=Winter&rft.pages=204-251&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Horowitz&rft.aufirst=Rachelle&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dissentmagazine.org%2Fwp-content%2Ffiles_mf%2F1389822103d11Horowitz.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+Democrats%2C+USA" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKahnPodhoretz2008" class="citation journal cs1">Kahn, Tom; <a href="/wiki/Norman_Podhoretz" title="Norman Podhoretz">Podhoretz, Norman</a> (Summer 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111117203844/http://dissentmagazine.org/democratiya/docs/d13Whole.pdf">"How to support <i>Solidarnosc</i>: A debate"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Democratiya (Merged with Dissent in 2009)</i>. <b>13</b>. sponsored by the <a href="/wiki/Committee_for_the_Free_World" title="Committee for the Free World">Committee for the Free World</a> and the <a href="/wiki/League_for_Industrial_Democracy" title="League for Industrial Democracy">League for Industrial Democracy</a>, with introduction by <a href="/wiki/Midge_Decter" title="Midge Decter">Midge Decter</a> and moderation by <a href="/wiki/Carl_Gershman" title="Carl Gershman">Carl Gershman</a>, held at the Polish Institute for Arts and Sciences, New York City in March 1981: 230–261. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dissentmagazine.org/democratiya/docs/d13Whole.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on November 17, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Democratiya+%28Merged+with+Dissent+in+2009%29&rft.atitle=How+to+support+Solidarnosc%3A+A+debate&rft.ssn=summer&rft.volume=13&rft.pages=230-261&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Kahn&rft.aufirst=Tom&rft.au=Podhoretz%2C+Norman&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dissentmagazine.org%2Fdemocratiya%2Fdocs%2Fd13Whole.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+Democrats%2C+USA" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLipset1988" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Seymour_Martin_Lipset" title="Seymour Martin Lipset">Lipset, Seymour</a> (July 4, 1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://refubium.fu-berlin.de/handle/fub188/18451">"Neoconservatism: Myth and reality"</a>. <i>Society</i>. <b>25</b> (5): 29–37. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF02695739">10.1007/BF02695739</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0147-2011">0147-2011</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144110677">144110677</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Society&rft.atitle=Neoconservatism%3A+Myth+and+reality&rft.volume=25&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=29-37&rft.date=1988-07-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144110677%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0147-2011&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2FBF02695739&rft.aulast=Lipset&rft.aufirst=Seymour&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frefubium.fu-berlin.de%2Fhandle%2Ffub188%2F18451&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+Democrats%2C+USA" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMassing1987" class="citation magazine cs1"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Massing" title="Michael Massing">Massing, Michael</a> (1987). "Trotsky's orphans: From Bolshevism to Reaganism". <i>The New Republic</i>. pp. 18–22.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+Republic&rft.atitle=Trotsky%27s+orphans%3A+From+Bolshevism+to+Reaganism&rft.pages=18-22&rft.date=1987&rft.aulast=Massing&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+Democrats%2C+USA" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMuravchik2006" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Joshua_Muravchik" title="Joshua Muravchik">Muravchik, Joshua</a> (January 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.commentarymagazine.com/article/comrades/">"Comrades"</a>. <i>Commentary Magazine</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 15,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Commentary+Magazine&rft.atitle=Comrades&rft.date=2006-01&rft.aulast=Muravchik&rft.aufirst=Joshua&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.commentarymagazine.com%2Farticle%2Fcomrades%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+Democrats%2C+USA" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPuddington2005" class="citation journal cs1">Puddington, Arch (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aft.org/newspubs/periodicals/ae/summer2005/puddington.cfm">"Surviving the underground: How American unions helped solidarity win"</a>. <i>American Educator</i> (Summer)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 4,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Educator&rft.atitle=Surviving+the+underground%3A+How+American+unions+helped+solidarity+win&rft.issue=Summer&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Puddington&rft.aufirst=Arch&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aft.org%2Fnewspubs%2Fperiodicals%2Fae%2Fsummer2005%2Fpuddington.cfm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+Democrats%2C+USA" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShevis1981" class="citation journal cs1">Shevis, James M. (Summer 1981). "The AFL-CIO and Poland's Solidarity". <i>World Affairs</i>. <b>144</b> (1): 31–35. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20671880">20671880</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=World+Affairs&rft.atitle=The+AFL-CIO+and+Poland%27s+Solidarity&rft.ssn=summer&rft.volume=144&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=31-35&rft.date=1981&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F20671880%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Shevis&rft.aufirst=James+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+Democrats%2C+USA" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Publications">Publications</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_Democrats,_USA&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Publications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSocial_Democrats,_USA1972" class="citation book cs1">Social Democrats, USA (December 1972) [copyright 1973]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/TheAmericanChallengeASocial-democraticProgramForTheSeventies"><i>The American challenge: A social-democratic program for the seventies</i></a>. New York: S.D. U.S. and <a href="/wiki/Young_People%27s_Socialist_League_(1907)" title="Young People's Socialist League (1907)">YPSL</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+American+challenge%3A+A+social-democratic+program+for+the+seventies&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=S.D.+U.S.+and+YPSL&rft.date=1972-12&rft.au=Social+Democrats%2C+USA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FTheAmericanChallengeASocial-democraticProgramForTheSeventies&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+Democrats%2C+USA" class="Z3988"></span><small> "The following program was adopted at the Social Democrats, U.S.A. and Young People's Socialist League conventions at the end of December, 1972".</small></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHook2005" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Sidney_Hook" title="Sidney Hook">Hook, Sidney</a> (2005) [July 17–18, 1976], <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dissentmagazine.org/democratiya/docs/d3Whole.pdf">"The social democratic prospect"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, <i>Democratiya, Archived by Dissent</i>, <b>3</b> (Winter), originally entitled "The social  democratic prospect: Social democracy and America": 63–76, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/TheSocialDemocraticProspect">Alternative source</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Democratiya%2C+Archived+by+Dissent&rft.atitle=The+social+democratic+prospect&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=Winter&rft.pages=63-76&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Hook&rft.aufirst=Sidney&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdissentmagazine.org%2Fdemocratiya%2Fdocs%2Fd3Whole.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+Democrats%2C+USA" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHookRustinGershmanKemble1978" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Sidney_Hook" title="Sidney Hook">Hook, Sidney</a>; <a href="/wiki/Bayard_Rustin" title="Bayard Rustin">Rustin, Bayard</a>; <a href="/wiki/Carl_Gershman" title="Carl Gershman">Gershman, Carl</a>; <a href="/wiki/Penn_Kemble" title="Penn Kemble">Kemble, Penn</a> (1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/CapitalismSocialismAndDemocracy"><i>Capitalism, socialism, and democracy</i></a>. SD Papers. Vol. 1. New York: Social Democrats, USA. Reprinted from <i><a href="/wiki/Commentary_(magazine)" title="Commentary (magazine)">Commentary</a></i> (April 1978) pp. 29–71.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Capitalism%2C+socialism%2C+and+democracy&rft.place=New+York&rft.series=SD+Papers&rft.pub=Social+Democrats%2C+USA&rft.date=1978&rft.aulast=Hook&rft.aufirst=Sidney&rft.au=Rustin%2C+Bayard&rft.au=Gershman%2C+Carl&rft.au=Kemble%2C+Penn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FCapitalismSocialismAndDemocracy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+Democrats%2C+USA" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bayard_Rustin" title="Bayard Rustin">Bayard Rustin</a> and Carl Gershman, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/AfricaSovietImperialismAndTheRetreatOfAmericanPower"><i>Africa, Soviet imperialism and the retreat of American power.</i></a> New York: Social Democrats, USA, 1978. <small>(SD papers #2).</small></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGershman1978" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Carl_Gershman" title="Carl Gershman">Gershman, Carl</a> (May 1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/AfterTheDominoesFell">"After the dominoes fell"</a>. <i>Commentary</i>. SD papers. <b>3</b>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Commentary&rft.atitle=After+the+dominoes+fell&rft.volume=3&rft.date=1978-05&rft.aulast=Gershman&rft.aufirst=Carl&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FAfterTheDominoesFell&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+Democrats%2C+USA" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Carl Gershman <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/TheWorldAccordiingToAndrewYoung"><i>The world according to Andrew Young.</i></a> New York: Social Democrats, USA, 1978. <small>(SD papers #4).</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leszek_Ko%C5%82akowski" title="Leszek Kołakowski">Leszek Kołakowski</a> and Sidney Hook, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/TheSocialDemocraticChallengeAResponseToConservatism"><i>The social democratic challenge.</i></a> New York: Social Democrats, USA, 1978. <small>(SD papers #5).</small></li> <li>Carl Gershman, <i>Selling them the rope: Business and the Soviets.</i> New York: Social Democrats, USA, 1979. <small>(SD papers #6).</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lane_Kirkland" title="Lane Kirkland">Lane Kirkland</a> and Rita Freedman, <i>Building on the past for the future.</i> New York: Social Democrats, USA, 1981.</li> <li><i>Social Democrats, USA: Standard bearers for freedom, democracy, and economic justice.</i> New York: Social Democrats, USA, n.d. [1980s].</li> <li><i>A challenge to the Democratic Party.</i> New York: Social Democrats, USA, 1983.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfonso_Robelo" title="Alfonso Robelo">Alfonso Robelo</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/TheNicaraguanDemocraticStruggleOurUnfinishedRevolution"><i>The Nicaraguan democratic struggle: Our unfinished revolution.</i></a> New York: Social Democrats, USA, 1983. <small>(SD papers #8).</small></li> <li><i>Scabs renamed, permanent replacements. </i> New York: Social Democrats, USA, 1990.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/OnForeignPolicyAndDefense"><i>On foreign policy and defense.</i></a> Washington, D.C. : Social Democrats, USA, 1990.</li> <li><i>SD, USA statement on the economy.</i> New York: Social Democrats, USA, 1991.</li> <li><i>Child labor, US style.</i> New York: Social Democrats, USA, 1991.</li> <li><i>Child labor, an international abuse.</i> New York: Social Democrats, USA, 1991.</li> <li>John T. Joyce, <i>Expanding economic democracy.</i> New York: Social Democrats, USA, 1991.</li> <li>Rita Freedman, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/DoesAmericaNeedASocialDemocraticMovement"><i>Does America need a social democratic movement?</i></a> Washington, DC: Social Democrats, USA, 1993.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.socialdemocratsusa.org/oldsite/whyintro.html"><i>Why America needs a social democratic movement.</i></a> Washington, DC : Social Democrats, USA, 1993.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/TheFutureOfSocialism"><i>The future of socialism.</i></a> San Jose, CA: San Francisco Bay Area Local of Social Democrats, USA, 1994.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_Democrats,_USA&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChenoweth2010" class="citation cs2">Chenoweth, Eric (October 2010), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.idee.org/AFLCIO%20Support%20for%20Solidarity_FN.doc"><i>AFL-CIO support for Solidarity: Political, financial, moral</i></a>, Washington DC: Institute for Democracy in Eastern Europe (IDEE)</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=AFL-CIO+support+for+Solidarity%3A+Political%2C+financial%2C+moral&rft.place=Washington+DC&rft.pub=Institute+for+Democracy+in+Eastern+Europe+%28IDEE%29&rft.date=2010-10&rft.aulast=Chenoweth&rft.aufirst=Eric&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.idee.org%2FAFLCIO%2520Support%2520for%2520Solidarity_FN.doc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+Democrats%2C+USA" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorris1976" class="citation book cs1">Morris, George (1976). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/SocialDemocrats-usaInTheServiceOfReactionARecordOfRacismLow"><i>"Social Democrats-USA" in the service of reaction: A record of racism, low wages, bureaucracy and betrayal of socialism</i></a>. New York: New Outlook Publishers. <small>—"A polemic against the SDUSA published by the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party,_USA" class="mw-redirect" title="Communist Party, USA">Communist Party, USA</a>"</small>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%22Social+Democrats-USA%22+in+the+service+of+reaction%3A+A+record+of+racism%2C+low+wages%2C+bureaucracy+and+betrayal+of+socialism&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=New+Outlook+Publishers&rft.date=1976&rft.aulast=Morris&rft.aufirst=George&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FSocialDemocrats-usaInTheServiceOfReactionARecordOfRacismLow&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+Democrats%2C+USA" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSocial_Democrats,_USA1973" class="citation cs2">Social Democrats, USA (1973), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ForTheRecord1973"><i>For the record: The report by the Social Democrats, USA on the resignation of Michael Harrington and his attempt to split the American socialist movement</i></a>, New York: Social Democrats USA, undated pamphlet, certainly no earlier than 1973</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=For+the+record%3A+The+report+by+the+Social+Democrats%2C+USA+on+the+resignation+of+Michael+Harrington+and+his+attempt+to+split+the+American+socialist+movement&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Social+Democrats+USA&rft.date=1973&rft.au=Social+Democrats%2C+USA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FForTheRecord1973&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+Democrats%2C+USA" class="Z3988"></span>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_Democrats,_USA&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output 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peaks of the United States">peaks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountain_ranges#United_States" title="List of mountain ranges">ranges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Appalachian_Mountains" title="Appalachian Mountains">Appalachian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rocky_Mountains" title="Rocky Mountains">Rocky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Nevada" title="Sierra Nevada">Sierra Nevada</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Park_Service" title="National Park Service">National Park Service</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_areas_in_the_United_States_National_Park_System" title="List of areas in the United States National Park System">National Parks</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_regions_of_the_United_States" title="List of regions of the United States">Regions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_Coast_of_the_United_States" title="East Coast of the United States">East Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Coast_of_the_United_States" title="West Coast of the United States">West Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Plains" title="Great Plains">Great Plains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_Coast_of_the_United_States" title="Gulf Coast of the United States">Gulf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mid-Atlantic_(United_States)" title="Mid-Atlantic (United States)">Mid-Atlantic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midwestern_United_States" title="Midwestern United States">Midwestern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_England" title="New England">New England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Coast_of_the_United_States" title="West Coast of the United States">Pacific</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_United_States" title="Central United States">Central</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_United_States" title="Eastern United States">Eastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_United_States" title="Northern United States">Northern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northeastern_United_States" title="Northeastern United States">Northeastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwestern_United_States" title="Northwestern United States">Northwestern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_United_States" title="Southern United States">Southern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeastern_United_States" title="Southeastern United States">Southeastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southwestern_United_States" title="Southwestern United States">Southwestern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_United_States" title="Western United States">Western</a></li></ul></li> <li>Longest <a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_the_United_States" title="List of rivers of the United States">rivers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arkansas_River" title="Arkansas River">Arkansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colorado_River" title="Colorado River">Colorado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbia_River" title="Columbia River">Columbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mississippi_River" title="Mississippi River">Mississippi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missouri_River" title="Missouri River">Missouri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_River_of_the_South" title="Red River of the South">Red (South)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rio_Grande" title="Rio Grande">Rio Grande</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yukon_River" title="Yukon River">Yukon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_in_the_United_States" title="Time in the United States">Time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_the_United_States" title="Water supply and sanitation in the United States">Water supply and sanitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_the_United_States" title="List of World Heritage Sites in the United States">World Heritage Sites</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_United_States" title="Politics of the United States">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Federal_government_of_the_United_States" title="Federal government of the United States">Federal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Executive</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President of the United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Powers_of_the_president_of_the_United_States" title="Powers of the president of the United States">powers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executive_Office_of_the_President_of_the_United_States" title="Executive Office of the President of the United States">Executive Office</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States" title="Vice President of the United States">Vice President</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_the_United_States" title="Cabinet of the United States">Cabinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_federal_executive_departments" title="United States federal executive departments">Executive departments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_agencies_of_the_United_States_government" title="Independent agencies of the United States government">Independent agencies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Intelligence_Community" title="United States Intelligence Community">Intelligence Community</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Director_of_National_Intelligence" title="Director of National Intelligence">Director of National Intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Security_Agency" title="National Security Agency">National Security Agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Reconnaissance_Office" title="National Reconnaissance Office">National Reconnaissance Office</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_law_enforcement_in_the_United_States" title="Federal law enforcement in the United States">Law enforcement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Alcohol,_Tobacco,_Firearms_and_Explosives" title="Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives">ATF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U.S._Customs_and_Border_Protection" title="U.S. Customs and Border Protection">CBP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Diplomatic_Security" title="Bureau of Diplomatic Security">Diplomatic Security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_Enforcement_Administration" title="Drug Enforcement Administration">DEA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation" title="Federal Bureau of Investigation">FBI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U.S._Immigration_and_Customs_Enforcement" title="U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement">ICE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Marshals_Service" title="United States Marshals Service">Marshals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secret_Service" title="United States Secret Service">Secret Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transportation_Security_Administration" title="Transportation Security Administration">TSA</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_Inspector_General_(United_States)" title="Office of Inspector General (United States)">Inspector generals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_federal_civil_service" title="United States federal civil service">Civil service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_policy_of_the_United_States" title="Public policy of the United States">Public policy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">Legislative</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">House of Representatives</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_members_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="List of current members of the United States House of Representatives">current members</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speaker_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Speaker of the United States House of Representatives">Speaker</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">Senate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_United_States_senators" title="List of current United States senators">current members</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_pro_tempore_of_the_United_States_Senate" title="President pro tempore of the United States Senate">President pro tempore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States#President_of_the_United_States_Senate" title="Vice President of the United States">President</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Capitol_Police" title="United States Capitol Police">Capitol Police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congressional_Budget_Office" title="Congressional Budget Office">Congressional Budget Office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_Accountability_Office" title="Government Accountability Office">Government Accountability Office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Government_Publishing_Office" title="United States Government Publishing Office">Government Publishing Office</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Federal_judiciary_of_the_United_States" title="Federal judiciary of the United States">Judicial</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">Supreme Court</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_the_United_States" title="Chief Justice of the United States">Chief Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Associate_Justice_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States">Associate Justices</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_justices_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="List of justices of the Supreme Court of the United States">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_courts_of_appeals" title="United States courts of appeals">Courts of appeals</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_United_States_circuit_judges" title="List of current United States circuit judges">list of judges</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_district_court" title="United States district court">District courts</a>/<a href="/wiki/United_States_territorial_court" title="United States territorial court">Territorial courts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_district_and_territorial_courts" title="List of United States district and territorial courts">list of courts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_United_States_district_judges" title="List of current United States district judges">list of judges</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_tribunals_in_the_United_States" title="Federal tribunals in the United States">Other tribunals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Attorney" title="United States Attorney">U.S. attorney</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Law_of_the_United_States" title="Law of the United States">Law</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Bill_of_Rights" title="United States Bill of Rights">Bill of Rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civil_liberties_in_the_United_States" title="Civil liberties in the United States">civil liberties</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_of_Federal_Regulations" title="Code of Federal Regulations">Code of Federal Regulations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_United_States" title="Constitution of the United States">Constitution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Federalism_in_the_United_States" title="Federalism in the United States">federalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_preemption" title="Federal preemption">preemption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Separation of powers under the United States Constitution">separation of powers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement" title="Civil rights movement">civil rights</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Code" title="United States Code">United States Code</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Uniformed_services_of_the_United_States" title="Uniformed services of the United States">Uniformed</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Armed_Forces" title="United States Armed Forces">Armed Forces</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Army" title="United States Army">Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps" title="United States Marine Corps">Marine Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy" title="United States Navy">Navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Air_Force" title="United States Air Force">Air Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Space_Force" title="United States Space Force">Space Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Coast_Guard" title="United States Coast Guard">Coast Guard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Guard_(United_States)" title="National Guard (United States)">National Guard</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NOAA_Commissioned_Officer_Corps" title="NOAA Commissioned Officer Corps">NOAA Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Public_Health_Service_Commissioned_Corps" title="United States Public Health Service Commissioned Corps">Public Health Service Corps</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/State_governments_of_the_United_States" title="State governments of the United States">State</a>,<br /><a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_District_of_Columbia" title="Government of the District of Columbia">Federal District</a>,<br />and <a href="/wiki/Territories_of_the_United_States" title="Territories of the United States">Territorial</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/State_constitutional_officer" title="State constitutional officer">Executive</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Governor_(United_States)" title="Governor (United States)">Governor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_United_States_governors" title="List of current United States governors">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_governor_(United_States)" title="Lieutenant governor (United States)">Lieutenant governor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_United_States_lieutenant_governors" title="List of current United States lieutenant governors">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_state_(U.S._state_government)" title="Secretary of state (U.S. state government)">Secretary of state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_attorney_general" title="State attorney general">Attorney general</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_treasurer" title="State treasurer">Treasurer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_auditor" title="State auditor">Auditor/Comptroller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_commissioner" title="Agriculture commissioner">Agriculture commissioner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurance_commissioner" title="Insurance commissioner">Insurance commissioner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_utilities_commission" title="Public utilities commission">Public utilities commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_police_(United_States)" title="State police (United States)">State police</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_state_and_local_law_enforcement_agencies" title="List of United States state and local law enforcement agencies">list</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/State_legislature_(United_States)" title="State legislature (United States)">Legislative</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_state_legislatures" title="List of United States state legislatures">List of legislatures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._state_legislators" title="List of U.S. state legislators">List of legislators</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/State_court_(United_States)" title="State court (United States)">Judicial</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/State_supreme_court" title="State supreme court">Supreme courts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_state_chief_justices" title="List of state chief justices">Chief justices</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/District_attorney" title="District attorney">District attorney</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_district_attorneys_by_county" class="mw-redirect" title="List of district attorneys by county">list</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/State_law_(United_States)" title="State law (United States)">Law</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/State_constitutions_in_the_United_States" title="State constitutions in the United States">State constitutions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._state_statutory_codes" title="List of U.S. state statutory codes">Statutory codes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uniform_act" title="Uniform act">Uniform act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_U.S._state_and_territory_governments" title="Comparison of U.S. state and territory governments">Comparison of governments</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Tribe_(Native_American)" title="Tribe (Native American)">Tribal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tribal_sovereignty_in_the_United_States" title="Tribal sovereignty in the United States">Tribal sovereignty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_recognition_in_the_United_States" title="Native American recognition in the United States">Native American recognition in the United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_federally_recognized_tribes_in_the_contiguous_United_States" title="List of federally recognized tribes in the contiguous United States">Federally recognized tribes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Alaska_Native_tribal_entities" title="List of Alaska Native tribal entities">Federally recognized Alaska Native tribes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State-recognized_tribes_in_the_United_States" title="State-recognized tribes in the United States">State-recognized tribes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_reservation" title="Indian reservation">Indian reservation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_reservations_in_the_United_States" title="List of Indian reservations in the United States">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_home_land" title="Hawaiian home land">Hawaiian home land</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Local_government_in_the_United_States" title="Local government in the United States">Local</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/County_(United_States)" title="County (United States)">County</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_counties_and_county_equivalents" title="List of United States counties and county equivalents">List of counties and county equivalents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_executive" title="County executive">County executive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheriffs_in_the_United_States" title="Sheriffs in the United States">Sheriff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipal_clerk" title="Municipal clerk">Clerk</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Cities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Consolidated_city-county" title="Consolidated city-county">Consolidated city-county</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_city_(United_States)" title="Independent city (United States)">Independent city</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coterminous_municipality" title="Coterminous municipality">Coterminous municipality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipal_charter#United_States" title="Municipal charter">Charter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayor%E2%80%93council_government" title="Mayor–council government">Mayor–council government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council%E2%80%93manager_government" title="Council–manager government">Council–manager government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_commission_government" title="City commission government">City commission government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayoralty_in_the_United_States" title="Mayoralty in the United States">Mayor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_manager" title="City manager">City manager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipal_council#United_States" title="Municipal council">City council</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Minor_civil_division" title="Minor civil division">Minor divisions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civil_township" title="Civil township">Township</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Town_meeting" title="Town meeting">Town meeting</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Special_district_(United_States)" title="Special district (United States)">Special district</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/School_district" title="School district">School district</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_school_districts_in_the_United_States" title="Lists of school districts in the United States">list</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_the_United_States" title="Corruption in the United States">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_the_United_States" title="Elections in the United States">Elections</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Electoral_College" title="United States Electoral College">Electoral College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_states_and_blue_states" title="Red states and blue states">Red states and blue states</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_the_United_States" title="Foreign relations of the United States">Foreign relations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_policy_of_the_United_States" title="Foreign policy of the United States">foreign policy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_presidency" title="Imperial presidency">Imperial presidency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_ideologies_in_the_United_States" title="Political ideologies in the United States">Ideologies</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Americanism" title="Anti-Americanism">Anti-Americanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_exceptionalism" title="American exceptionalism">exceptionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_nationalism" title="American nationalism">nationalism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_parties_in_the_United_States" title="Political parties in the United States">Parties</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_party_(U.S._politics)" title="Third party (U.S. politics)">Third parties</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_federal_political_scandals_in_the_United_States" title="List of federal political scandals in the United States">Scandals</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_United_States" title="Economy of the United States">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_United_States_by_sector" title="Economy of the United States by sector">By sector</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_the_United_States" title="Agriculture in the United States">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banking_in_the_United_States" title="Banking in the United States">Banking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communications_in_the_United_States" title="Communications in the United States">Communications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_of_the_United_States_by_state" title="List of companies of the United States by state">Companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_the_United_States" title="Energy in the United States">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurance_in_the_United_States" title="Insurance in the United States">Insurance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manufacturing_in_the_United_States" title="Manufacturing in the United States">Manufacturing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mining_in_the_United_States" title="Mining in the United States">Mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_the_United_States" title="Science and technology in the United States">Science and technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_the_United_States" title="Tourism in the United States">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_trade_of_the_United_States" title="Foreign trade of the United States">Trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_of_the_United_States_by_state" title="List of companies of the United States by state">by state</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_dollar" title="United States dollar">Currency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_exports_of_the_United_States" title="List of exports of the United States">Exports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_federal_budget" title="United States federal budget">Federal budget</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas_emissions_by_the_United_States" title="Greenhouse gas emissions by the United States">Greenhouse gas emissions by the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Reserve" title="Federal Reserve">Federal Reserve System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Financial_position_of_the_United_States" title="Financial position of the United States">Financial position</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor_unions_in_the_United_States" title="Labor unions in the United States">Labor unions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_debt_of_the_United_States" title="National debt of the United States">Public debt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_programs_in_the_United_States" title="Social programs in the United States">Social welfare programs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_the_United_States" title="Taxation in the United States">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unemployment_in_the_United_States" title="Unemployment in the United States">Unemployment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wall_Street" title="Wall Street">Wall Street</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Transport in the United States">Transport</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aviation_in_the_United_States" title="Aviation in the United States">Aviation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Driving_in_the_United_States" title="Driving in the United States">Driving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_transportation_in_the_United_States" title="Public transportation in the United States">Public transportation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rail_transportation_in_the_United_States" title="Rail transportation in the United States">Rail transportation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transportation_policy_of_the_United_States" title="Transportation policy of the United States">Transportation policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transportation_safety_in_the_United_States" title="Transportation safety in the United States">Transportation safety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trucking_industry_in_the_United_States" title="Trucking industry in the United States">Trucking industry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_the_United_States" title="Category:Society of the United States">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_the_United_States" title="Culture of the United States">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Americana_(culture)" title="Americana (culture)">Americana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_in_the_United_States" title="Architecture in the United States">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_the_United_States" title="Cinema of the United States">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_the_United_States" title="Crime in the United States">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_cuisine" title="American cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dance_in_the_United_States" title="Dance in the United States">Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_the_United_States" title="Demographics of the United States">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_United_States" title="Economy of the United States">Economic issues</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Affluence_in_the_United_States" title="Affluence in the United States">affluence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eviction_in_the_United_States" title="Eviction in the United States">eviction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homeownership_in_the_United_States" title="Homeownership in the United States">homeownership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Household_income_in_the_United_States" title="Household income in the United States">household income</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Income_inequality_in_the_United_States" title="Income inequality in the United States">income inequality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_middle_class" title="American middle class">middle class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_income_in_the_United_States" title="Personal income in the United States">personal income</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_the_United_States" title="Poverty in the United States">poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_of_living_in_the_United_States" title="Standard of living in the United States">standard of living</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Affluence_in_the_United_States" title="Affluence in the United States">wealth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Working_class_in_the_United_States" title="Working class in the United States">working class</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_the_United_States" title="Education in the United States">Education</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Educational_attainment_in_the_United_States" title="Educational attainment in the United States">attainment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literacy_in_the_United_States" title="Literacy in the United States">literacy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_in_the_United_States" title="Family in the United States">Family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fashion_in_the_United_States" title="Fashion in the United States">Fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_United_States" title="Flag of the United States">Flag</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_flags_of_the_United_States" title="List of flags of the United States">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folklore_of_the_United_States" title="Folklore of the United States">Folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_the_United_States" title="Public holidays in the United States">Holidays</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Federal_holidays_in_the_United_States" title="Federal holidays in the United States">Federal holidays</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homelessness_in_the_United_States" title="Homelessness in the United States">Homelessness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Housing_in_the_United_States" title="Housing in the United States">Housing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_the_United_States" title="Human rights in the United States">Human rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_United_States" title="Languages of the United States">Languages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">American English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_languages_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous languages of the Americas">Indigenous languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Sign_Language" title="American Sign Language">ASL</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_literature" title="American literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_the_United_States" title="Mass media in the United States">Media</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_American_journalism" title="History of American journalism">journalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_in_the_United_States" title="Internet in the United States">internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_American_newspapers" title="History of American newspapers">newspapers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_in_the_United_States" title="Radio in the United States">radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_the_United_States" title="Television in the United States">television</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_United_States" title="Music of the United States">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naming_in_the_United_States" title="Naming in the United States">Names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Star-Spangled_Banner" title="The Star-Spangled Banner">National anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_the_United_States" title="National symbols of the United States">National symbols</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Columbia_(personification)" title="Columbia (personification)">Columbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Rushmore" title="Mount Rushmore">Mount Rushmore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Liberty" title="Statue of Liberty">Statue of Liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uncle_Sam" title="Uncle Sam">Uncle Sam</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Americans" title="Americans">People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_philosophy" title="American philosophy">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_ideologies_in_the_United_States" title="Political ideologies in the United States">Political ideologies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Race_and_ethnicity_in_the_United_States" title="Race and ethnicity in the United States">Race</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_United_States" title="Religion in the United States">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexuality_in_the_United_States" title="Sexuality in the United States">Sexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_the_United_States" title="Social class in the United States">Social class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_of_the_United_States" title="Society of the United States">Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_in_the_United_States" title="Sports in the United States">Sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theater_in_the_United_States" title="Theater in the United States">Theater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transportation_in_the_United_States" title="Transportation in the United States">Transportation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_games_in_the_United_States" title="Video games in the United States">Video games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_art_of_the_United_States" title="Visual art of the United States">Visual art</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_the_United_States" title="Social class in the United States">Social class</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Affluence_in_the_United_States" title="Affluence in the United States">Affluence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Dream" title="American Dream">American Dream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Educational_attainment_in_the_United_States" title="Educational attainment in the United States">Educational attainment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homelessness_in_the_United_States" title="Homelessness in the United States">Homelessness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homeownership_in_the_United_States" title="Homeownership in the United States">Homeownership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Household_income_in_the_United_States" title="Household income in the United States">Household income</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Income_inequality_in_the_United_States" title="Income inequality in the United States">Income inequality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_middle_class" title="American middle class">Middle class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_income_in_the_United_States" title="Personal income in the United States">Personal income</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_the_United_States" title="Poverty in the United States">Poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_of_living_in_the_United_States" title="Standard of living in the United States">Standard of living</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Health_in_the_United_States" title="Health in the United States">Health</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aging_of_the_United_States" title="Aging of the United States">Aging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_the_United_States" title="Healthcare in the United States">Healthcare</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_the_United_States" title="Abortion in the United States">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birth_control_in_the_United_States" title="Birth control in the United States">Birth control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prenatal_care_in_the_United_States" title="Prenatal care in the United States">Prenatal care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hospice_care_in_the_United_States" title="Hospice care in the United States">Hospice care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigrant_health_care_in_the_United_States" title="Immigrant health care in the United States">Immigrant health care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_rationing_in_the_United_States" title="Healthcare rationing in the United States">Rationing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_care_finance_in_the_United_States" title="Health care finance in the United States">Health care finance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Health_insurance_costs_in_the_United_States" title="Health insurance costs in the United States">Health insurance costs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_care_prices_in_the_United_States" title="Health care prices in the United States">Health care prices</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prescription_drug_prices_in_the_United_States" title="Prescription drug prices in the United States">Prescription drug prices</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disability_in_the_United_States" title="Disability in the United States">Disability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_insurance_in_the_United_States" title="Health insurance in the United States">Health insurance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_safety_in_the_United_States" title="Food safety in the United States">Food safety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physician_shortage_in_the_United_States" title="Physician shortage in the United States">Physician shortage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_and_health_in_the_United_States" title="Poverty and health in the United States">Poverty and health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Race_and_health_in_the_United_States" title="Race and health in the United States">Race and health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obesity_in_the_United_States" title="Obesity in the United States">Obesity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_deserts_in_the_United_States" title="Medical deserts in the United States">Medical deserts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_reproductive_health_in_the_United_States" title="Women's reproductive health in the United States">Women's reproductive health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._states_and_territories_by_life_expectancy" title="List of U.S. states and territories by life expectancy">Life expectancy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Issues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_the_United_States" title="Capital punishment in the United States">Capital punishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_the_United_States" title="Crime in the United States">Crime</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Incarceration_in_the_United_States" title="Incarceration in the United States">incarceration</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_the_United_States_government" title="Criticism of the United States government">Criticism of government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_in_the_United_States" title="Discrimination in the United States">Discrimination</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States" title="Affirmative action in the United States">affirmative action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_the_United_States" title="Antisemitism in the United States">antisemitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intersex_rights_in_the_United_States" title="Intersex rights in the United States">intersex rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamophobia_in_the_United_States" title="Islamophobia in the United States">Islamophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in the United States">LGBT rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_the_United_States" title="Racism in the United States">racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_against_Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Racism against Native Americans in the United States">Native American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_against_African_Americans" title="Racism against African Americans">African American</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_policy_of_the_United_States" title="Energy policy of the United States">Energy policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_the_United_States" title="Environmental issues in the United States">Environmental issues</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_movement_in_the_United_States" title="Environmental movement in the United States">Environmental movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_the_United_States" title="Climate change in the United States">Climate change</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gun_politics_in_the_United_States" title="Gun politics in the United States">Gun politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_shootings_in_the_United_States" title="Mass shootings in the United States">Mass shootings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunger_in_the_United_States" title="Hunger in the United States">Hunger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tobacco_in_the_United_States" title="Tobacco in the United States">Smoking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_the_United_States" title="Human rights in the United States">Human rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_the_United_States" title="Immigration to the United States">Immigration</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_immigration_to_the_United_States" title="Illegal immigration to the United States">illegal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_security_of_the_United_States" title="National security of the United States">National security</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Terrorism_in_the_United_States" title="Terrorism in the United States">Terrorism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opioid_epidemic_in_the_United_States" title="Opioid epidemic in the United States">Opioid epidemic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States" title="Separation of church and state in the United States">Separation of church and state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenophobia_in_the_United_States" title="Xenophobia in the United States">Xenophobia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="text-align:center;;font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_the_United_States" title="Outline of the United States">Outline</a></span></li><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_the_United_States" title="Outline of the United States">Index</a></span></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:United_States" title="Category:United States">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:United_States" title="Portal:United States">Portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Social_democracy" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Social_democracy" title="Template:Social democracy"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Social_democracy" class="mw-redirect" title="Template talk:Social democracy"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Social_democracy" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Social democracy"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Social_democracy" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="vertical-align:1px;"><a href="/wiki/Social_democracy" title="Social democracy">Social democracy</a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span style="vertical-align:1px;"><a href="/wiki/History_of_social_democracy" title="History of social democracy">History</a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Age of Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankfurt_Declaration" title="Frankfurt Declaration">Frankfurt Declaration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Godesberg_Program" title="Godesberg Program">Godesberg Program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanism" title="Humanism">Humanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internationalist%E2%80%93defencist_schism" title="Internationalist–defencist schism">Internationalist–defencist schism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keynesian_economics" title="Keynesian economics">Keynesianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labour_movement" title="Labour movement">Labor movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxism" title="Marxism">Marxism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Marxism" title="Orthodox Marxism">Orthodox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revisionism_(Marxism)" title="Revisionism (Marxism)">Revisionist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordic_model" title="Nordic model">Nordic model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_democracy#Second_International_era_and_reform_or_revolution_dispute_(1889–1914)" title="Social democracy">Reformist–revolutionary dispute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_socialism" title="History of socialism">Socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1848" title="Revolutions of 1848">Revolutions of 1848</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utopian_socialism" title="Utopian socialism">Utopian socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welfare_capitalism" title="Welfare capitalism">Welfare capitalism</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="7" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px;padding: 0.5em;"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Rose_(symbolism)#Socialism_and_social_democracy" title="Rose (symbolism)"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Red_rose_02.svg/75px-Red_rose_02.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="71" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Red_rose_02.svg/113px-Red_rose_02.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Red_rose_02.svg/150px-Red_rose_02.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="611" data-file-height="579" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civil_liberties" title="Civil liberties">Civil liberties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democracy" title="Democracy">Democracy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economic_democracy" title="Economic democracy">Economic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_democracy" title="Industrial democracy">Industrial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Representative_democracy" title="Representative democracy">Representative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democracy_in_Marxism" title="Democracy in Marxism">Marxist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dirigisme" title="Dirigisme">Dirigisme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmentalism" title="Environmentalism">Environmentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_protection" title="Environmental protection">Environmental protection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fair_trade" title="Fair trade">Fair trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gradualism" title="Gradualism">Gradualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internationalism_(politics)#Socialism" title="Internationalism (politics)">Internationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_reform" title="Land reform">Land reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor_rights" title="Labor rights">Labor rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Left-wing_nationalism" title="Left-wing nationalism">Left-wing nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixed_economy" title="Mixed economy">Mixed economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalization" title="Nationalization">Nationalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Negative_and_positive_rights" title="Negative and positive rights">Negative and positive rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressivism" title="Progressivism">Progressivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformism" title="Reformism">Reformism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reformist_Left" class="mw-redirect" title="Reformist Left">Left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformism" title="Reformism">Socialism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_socialism" title="Revolutionary socialism">Revolutionary socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secularism" title="Secularism">Secularism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_corporatism" title="Social corporatism">Social corporatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_justice" title="Social justice">Social justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_market_economy" title="Social market economy">Social market economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_state" title="Socialist state">Socialist state</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/State_capitalism" title="State capitalism">Capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_socialism" title="State socialism">Socialism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_union" title="Trade union">Trade union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripartisme" title="Tripartisme">Tripartisme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welfare" class="mw-redirect" title="Welfare">Welfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welfare_state" title="Welfare state">Welfare state</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span style="vertical-align:1px;">Variants</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_socialism" title="Democratic socialism">Democratic socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethical_socialism" title="Ethical socialism">Ethical socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eduard_Bernstein#Opinions" title="Eduard Bernstein">Evolutionary socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_socialism" title="Liberal socialism">Liberal socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_of_the_21st_century" title="Socialism of the 21st century">Socialism of the 21st century</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Way" title="Third Way">Third Way</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span style="vertical-align:1px;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_social_democrats" title="List of social democrats">People</a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/B._R._Ambedkar" title="B. R. Ambedkar">Ambedkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvador_Allende" title="Salvador Allende">Allende</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacinda_Ardern" title="Jacinda Ardern">Ardern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clement_Attlee" title="Clement Attlee">Attlee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obafemi_Awolowo" title="Obafemi Awolowo">Awolowo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Batlle_y_Ord%C3%B3%C3%B1ez" title="José Batlle y Ordóñez">Batlle y Ordóñez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_Bebel" title="August Bebel">Bebel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Ben-Gurion" title="David Ben-Gurion">Ben-Gurion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eduard_Bernstein" title="Eduard Bernstein">Bernstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%B3mulo_Betancourt" title="Rómulo Betancourt">Betancourt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zulfikar_Ali_Bhutto" title="Zulfikar Ali Bhutto">Bhutto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tony_Blair" title="Tony Blair">Blair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Blanc" title="Louis Blanc">Blanc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willy_Brandt" title="Willy Brandt">Brandt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hjalmar_Branting" title="Hjalmar Branting">Branting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gordon_Brown" title="Gordon Brown">Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Callaghan" title="James Callaghan">Callaghan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A1zaro_C%C3%A1rdenas" title="Lázaro Cárdenas">Cárdenas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez" title="Hugo Chávez">Chávez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helen_Clark" title="Helen Clark">Clark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bettino_Craxi" title="Bettino Craxi">Craxi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Crosland" title="Anthony Crosland">Crosland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Corbyn" title="Jeremy Corbyn">Corbyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Curtin" title="John Curtin">Curtin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignacy_Daszy%C5%84ski" title="Ignacy Daszyński">Daszyński</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugene_V._Debs" title="Eugene V. Debs">Debs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tommy_Douglas" title="Tommy Douglas">Douglas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willem_Drees" title="Willem Drees">Drees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Ebert" title="Friedrich Ebert">Ebert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%BClent_Ecevit" title="Bülent Ecevit">Ecevit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Engels" title="Friedrich Engels">Engels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Fraser" title="Peter Fraser">Fraser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Gaitskell" title="Hugh Gaitskell">Gaitskell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indira_Gandhi" title="Indira Gandhi">Gandhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Felipe_Gonz%C3%A1lez" title="Felipe González">González</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jo%C3%A3o_Goulart" title="João Goulart">Goulart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keir_Hardie" title="Keir Hardie">Hardie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Hilferding" title="Rudolf Hilferding">Hilferding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Jaur%C3%A8s" title="Jean Jaurès">Jaurès</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roy_Jenkins" title="Roy Jenkins">Jenkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carsun_Chang" title="Carsun Chang">Junmai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetsu_Katayama" title="Tetsu Katayama">Katayama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Kautsky" title="Karl Kautsky">Kautsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Kerensky" title="Alexander Kerensky">Kerensky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anna_K%C3%A9thly" title="Anna Kéthly">Kéthly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_Kirk" title="Norman Kirk">Kirk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ricardo_Lagos" title="Ricardo Lagos">Lagos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Lassalle" title="Ferdinand Lassalle">Lassalle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Layton" title="Jack Layton">Layton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin">Lenin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_L%C3%A9vesque" title="René Lévesque">Lévesque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Liebknecht" title="Wilhelm Liebknecht">Liebknecht (father)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Liebknecht" title="Karl Liebknecht">Liebknecht (son)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosa_Luxemburg" title="Rosa Luxemburg">Luxemburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramsay_MacDonald" title="Ramsay MacDonald">MacDonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nelson_Mandela" title="Nelson Mandela">Mandela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Marx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evo_Morales" title="Evo Morales">Morales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alva_Myrdal" title="Alva Myrdal">Myrdal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru" title="Jawaharlal Nehru">Nehru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olof_Palme" title="Olof Palme">Palme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgi_Plekhanov" title="Georgi Plekhanov">Plekhanov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romano_Prodi" title="Romano Prodi">Prodi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bertrand_Russell" title="Bertrand Russell">Russell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernie_Sanders" title="Bernie Sanders">Sanders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Joseph_Savage" title="Michael Joseph Savage">Savage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thorvald_Stauning" title="Thorvald Stauning">Stauning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_Thomas" title="Norman Thomas">Thomas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joop_den_Uyl" title="Joop den Uyl">Den Uyl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidney_Webb,_1st_Baron_Passfield" title="Sidney Webb, 1st Baron Passfield">Webb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gough_Whitlam" title="Gough Whitlam">Whitlam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Wilson" title="Harold Wilson">Wilson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._S._Woodsworth" title="J. S. Woodsworth">Woodsworth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noe_Zhordania" title="Noe Zhordania">Zhordania</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span style="vertical-align:1px;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_social_democratic_parties" title="List of social democratic parties">Organizations</a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Trade_Union_Confederation" title="International Trade Union Confederation">International Trade Union Confederation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Union_of_Socialist_Youth" title="International Union of Socialist Youth">International Union of Socialist Youth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Party_of_European_Socialists" title="Party of European Socialists">Party of European Socialists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Alliance" title="Progressive Alliance">Progressive Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_International" title="Socialist International">Socialist International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_European_Socialists" title="Young European Socialists">Young European Socialists</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By region</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Social_Democratic_Party_of_Austria" title="History of the Social Democratic Party of Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Social_Democratic_Party_of_Germany" title="History of the Social Democratic Party of Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_democracy_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Social democracy in the United States">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">Communism</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Internationale" title="The Internationale">The Internationale</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">Socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Types_of_socialism" title="Types of socialism">Types of socialism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Economics" title="Portal:Economics">Economics portal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Politics portal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Socialism" title="Portal:Socialism">Socialism portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Socialist_Party_of_America" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Socialist_Party_of_America" title="Template:Socialist Party of America"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Socialist_Party_of_America" title="Template talk:Socialist Party of America"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Socialist_Party_of_America" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Socialist Party of America"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Socialist_Party_of_America" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party_of_America" title="Socialist Party of America">Socialist Party of America</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Presidential tickets</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1904_United_States_presidential_election" title="1904 United States presidential election">1904</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eugene_V._Debs" title="Eugene V. Debs">Debs</a>/<a href="/wiki/Ben_Hanford" title="Ben Hanford">Hanford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1908_United_States_presidential_election" title="1908 United States presidential election">1908</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eugene_V._Debs" title="Eugene V. Debs">Debs</a>/<a href="/wiki/Ben_Hanford" title="Ben Hanford">Hanford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1912_United_States_presidential_election" title="1912 United States presidential election">1912</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eugene_V._Debs" title="Eugene V. Debs">Debs</a>/<a href="/wiki/Emil_Seidel" title="Emil Seidel">Seidel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1916_United_States_presidential_election" title="1916 United States presidential election">1916</a>, <a href="/wiki/Allan_L._Benson" title="Allan L. Benson">Benson</a>/<a href="/wiki/George_Ross_Kirkpatrick" title="George Ross Kirkpatrick">Kirkpatrick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1920_United_States_presidential_election" title="1920 United States presidential election">1920</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eugene_V._Debs" title="Eugene V. Debs">Debs</a>/<a href="/wiki/Seymour_Stedman" title="Seymour Stedman">Stedman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1924_United_States_presidential_election" title="1924 United States presidential election">1924</a>, Endorsed <a href="/wiki/Progressive_Party_(United_States,_1924%E2%80%931934)" title="Progressive Party (United States, 1924–1934)">Progressive Party ticket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1928_United_States_presidential_election" title="1928 United States presidential election">1928</a>, <a href="/wiki/Norman_Thomas" title="Norman Thomas">Thomas</a>/<a href="/wiki/James_H._Maurer" title="James H. Maurer">Maurer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1932_United_States_presidential_election" title="1932 United States presidential election">1932</a>, <a href="/wiki/Norman_Thomas" title="Norman Thomas">Thomas</a>/<a href="/wiki/James_H._Maurer" title="James H. Maurer">Maurer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1936_United_States_presidential_election" title="1936 United States presidential election">1936</a>, <a href="/wiki/Norman_Thomas" title="Norman Thomas">Thomas</a>/<a href="/wiki/George_A._Nelson" title="George A. Nelson">Nelson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1940_United_States_presidential_election" title="1940 United States presidential election">1940</a>, <a href="/wiki/Norman_Thomas" title="Norman Thomas">Thomas</a>/<a href="/wiki/Maynard_C._Krueger" title="Maynard C. Krueger">Krueger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1944_United_States_presidential_election" title="1944 United States presidential election">1944</a>, <a href="/wiki/Norman_Thomas" title="Norman Thomas">Thomas</a>/<a href="/wiki/Darlington_Hoopes" title="Darlington Hoopes">Hoopes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_United_States_presidential_election" title="1948 United States presidential election">1948</a>, <a href="/wiki/Norman_Thomas" title="Norman Thomas">Thomas</a>/<a href="/wiki/Tucker_P._Smith" title="Tucker P. Smith">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1952_United_States_presidential_election" title="1952 United States presidential election">1952</a>, <a href="/wiki/Darlington_Hoopes" title="Darlington Hoopes">Hoopes</a>/<a href="/wiki/Samuel_H._Friedman" title="Samuel H. Friedman">Friedman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1956_United_States_presidential_election" title="1956 United States presidential election">1956</a>, <a href="/wiki/Darlington_Hoopes" title="Darlington Hoopes">Hoopes</a>/<a href="/wiki/Samuel_H._Friedman" title="Samuel H. Friedman">Friedman</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Parties by state<br />and territory</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="State" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">State</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party_of_California" title="Socialist Party of California">California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party_of_Colorado" title="Socialist Party of Colorado">Colorado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party_of_Connecticut" title="Socialist Party of Connecticut">Connecticut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party_of_Florida" title="Socialist Party of Florida">Florida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party_of_Kansas" title="Socialist Party of Kansas">Kansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party_of_Louisiana" title="Socialist Party of Louisiana">Louisiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party_of_Maine" title="Socialist Party of Maine">Maine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party_of_Massachusetts" title="Socialist Party of Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party_of_Michigan" title="Socialist Party of Michigan">Michigan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party_of_Minnesota" title="Socialist Party of Minnesota">Minnesota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party_of_Missouri" title="Socialist Party of Missouri">Missouri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party_of_New_Jersey" title="Socialist Party of New Jersey">New Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party_of_New_York" title="Socialist Party of New York">New York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party_of_North_Carolina" title="Socialist Party of North Carolina">North Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party_of_North_Dakota" title="Socialist Party of North Dakota">North Dakota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party_of_Ohio" title="Socialist Party of Ohio">Ohio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party_of_Oklahoma" title="Socialist Party of Oklahoma">Oklahoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party_of_Oregon" title="Socialist Party of Oregon">Oregon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party_of_Pennsylvania" title="Socialist Party of Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party_of_Texas" title="Socialist Party of Texas">Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party_of_Washington" title="Socialist Party of Washington">Washington (state)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social-Democratic_Party_of_Wisconsin" title="Social-Democratic Party of Wisconsin">Wisconsin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_socialist_movement_in_the_United_States" title="History of the socialist movement in the United States">History of the socialist movement in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Federation_(United_States)" title="Social Democratic Federation (United States)">Social Democratic Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_of_America" title="Social Democratic Party of America">Social Democratic Party of America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party_USA" title="Socialist Party USA">Socialist Party USA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Committee_for_the_Preservation_of_the_Socialist_Party" title="Committee for the Preservation of the Socialist Party">Committee for the Preservation of the Socialist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Socialist_Organizing_Committee" title="Democratic Socialist Organizing Committee">Democratic Socialist Organizing Committee</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Social Democrats, USA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_People%27s_Socialist_League_(1907)" title="Young People's Socialist League (1907)">Young People's Socialist League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English-language_press_of_the_Socialist_Party_of_America" title="English-language press of the Socialist Party of America">English-language press of the Socialist Party of America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-English_press_of_the_Socialist_Party_of_America" title="Non-English press of the Socialist Party of America">Non-English press of the Socialist Party of America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_socialism" title="Democratic socialism">Democratic socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_democracy" title="Social democracy">Social democracy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="National_political_parties_in_the_United_States" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:United_States_political_parties" title="Template:United States political parties"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:United_States_political_parties" title="Template talk:United States political parties"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:United_States_political_parties" title="Special:EditPage/Template:United States political parties"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="National_political_parties_in_the_United_States" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">National <a href="/wiki/Political_parties_in_the_United_States" title="Political parties in the United States">political parties in the United States</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><div><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_the_United_States" title="List of political parties in the United States">List of political parties in the United States</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Major_party" title="Major party">Major parties</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Third_party_(U.S._politics)" title="Third party (U.S. politics)">Third parties</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Larger</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Green_Party_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="Green Party (United States)">Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Party_(United_States)" title="Libertarian Party (United States)">Libertarian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Smaller</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_People%27s_Socialist_Party" title="African People's Socialist Party">African People's Socialist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alliance_Party_(United_States)" title="Alliance Party (United States)">Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Freedom_Party" title="American Freedom Party">American Freedom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Solidarity_Party" title="American Solidarity Party">American Solidarity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Socialists_of_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Black Socialists of America">Black Socialists of America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Liberty_Party" title="Christian Liberty Party">Christian Liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citizens_Party_of_the_United_States" title="Citizens Party of the United States">Citizens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_USA" title="Communist Party USA">Communist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_Party_(United_States)" title="Constitution Party (United States)">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_Party_of_New_York_(2010)" title="Freedom Party of New York (2010)">Freedom Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_Road_Socialist_Organization" title="Freedom Road Socialist Organization">Freedom Road Socialist Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_Socialist_Party" title="Freedom Socialist Party">Freedom Socialist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forward_Party_(United_States)" title="Forward Party (United States)">Forward Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_Mountain_Peace_and_Justice_Party" title="Green Mountain Peace and Justice Party">Green Mountain Peace and Justice Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_Marijuana_Now_Party" title="Legal Marijuana Now Party">Legal Marijuana Now</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_USA" title="Liberal Party USA">Liberal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:National_Progressive_Party_(United_States)_state_affiliates" title="Category:National Progressive Party (United States) state affiliates">National Progressive Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Dane" title="Progressive Dane">Progressive Dane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U.S._Marijuana_Party" title="U.S. Marijuana Party">Marijuana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Pirate_Party" title="United States Pirate Party">Pirate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Party_(United_States,_2017)" title="People's Party (United States, 2017)">People's</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Labor_Party_(United_States)" title="Progressive Labor Party (United States)">Progressive Labor Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prohibition_Party" title="Prohibition Party">Prohibition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reform_Party_of_the_United_States_of_America" title="Reform Party of the United States of America">Reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renew_America_Movement" title="Renew America Movement">Renew America Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Party_for_Socialism_and_Liberation" title="Party for Socialism and Liberation">Socialism and Liberation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serve_America_Movement" title="Serve America Movement">Serve America Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party_USA" title="Socialist Party USA">Socialist (1973)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Action_(United_States)" title="Socialist Action (United States)">Socialist Action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Alternative_(United_States)" title="Socialist Alternative (United States)">Socialist Alternative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Carolina_Workers_Party" title="South Carolina Workers Party">South Carolina Workers Party</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Social Democrats, USA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Equality_Party_(United_States)" title="Socialist Equality Party (United States)">Socialist Equality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Labor_Party_of_America" title="Socialist Labor Party of America">Socialist Labor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Workers_Party_(United_States)" title="Socialist Workers Party (United States)">Socialist Workers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transhumanist_Party" title="Transhumanist Party">Transhumanist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unity_Party_of_America" title="Unity Party of America">Unity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Working_Class_Party" title="Working Class Party">Working Class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Working_Families_Party" title="Working Families Party">Working Families</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workers_World_Party" title="Workers World Party">Workers World</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Socialist_Party_of_the_United_States" title="World Socialist Party of the United States">World Socialist</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">Defunct parties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Major parties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Democratic-Republican_Party" title="Democratic-Republican Party">Democratic-Republican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_Party" title="Federalist Party">Federalist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Republican_Party" title="National Republican Party">National Republican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whig_Party_(United_States)" title="Whig Party (United States)">Whig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Union_Party_(United_States)" title="National Union Party (United States)">National Union</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Third parties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Know_Nothing" title="Know Nothing">American (Know Nothing)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Americans_Elect" title="Americans Elect">Americans Elect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Masonic_Party" title="Anti-Masonic Party">Anti-Masonic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Nazi_Party" title="American Nazi Party">American Nazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Party_(1924)" title="American Party (1924)">American (1924)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Party_(1969)" title="American Party (1969)">American (1969)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Vegetarian_Party" title="American Vegetarian Party">American Vegetarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Panther_Party" title="Black Panther Party">Black Panther</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boston_Tea_Party_(political_party)" title="Boston Tea Party (political party)">Boston Tea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citizens_Party_(United_States)" title="Citizens Party (United States)">Citizens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Workers%27_Party_(United_States)" title="Communist Workers' Party (United States)">Communist Workers'</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_Party_(United_States,_1952)" title="Constitution Party (United States, 1952)">Constitution (1952)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Union_Party_(United_States)" title="Constitutional Union Party (United States)">Constitutional Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic-Republican_Party_(1844)" class="mw-redirect" title="Democratic-Republican Party (1844)">Democratic-Republican (1844)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farmer%E2%80%93Labor_Party" title="Farmer–Labor Party">Farmer–Labor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Soil_Party" title="Free Soil Party">Free Soil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="National Democratic Party (United States)">Gold Democrats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenback_Party" title="Greenback Party">Greenback</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_Party_(United_States)" title="Human Rights Party (United States)">Human Rights Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independence_Party_(United_States)" title="Independence Party (United States)">Independence (1906)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independence_Party_of_America" title="Independence Party of America">Independence (2007)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justice_Party_(United_States)" title="Justice Party (United States)">Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor_Party_of_the_United_States" title="Labor Party of the United States">Labor (1919)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor_Party_(United_States,_1996)" title="Labor Party (United States, 1996)">Labor (1996)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Liberal Republican Party (United States)">Liberal Republican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty_Party_(United_States,_1840)" title="Liberty Party (United States, 1840)">Liberty (1840)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Party_(United_States)" title="National Party (United States)"> National (1917)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Renaissance_Party_(United_States)" title="National Renaissance Party (United States)">National Renaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Party_of_America" title="National Socialist Party of America">National Socialist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_States%27_Rights_Party" title="National States' Rights Party">National States' Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_Law_Party_(United_States)" title="Natural Law Party (United States)">Natural Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Alliance_Party" title="New Alliance Party">New Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Party_(United_States)" title="New Party (United States)">New Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Union_Party" title="New Union Party">New Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nullifier_Party" title="Nullifier Party">Nullifier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opposition_Party_(Southern_U.S.)" title="Opposition Party (Southern U.S.)">Opposition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriot_Party_(1970s)" title="Patriot Party (1970s)">Patriot Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Party_(United_States,_1971)" title="People's Party (United States, 1971)">People's Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Party_(United_States)" title="People's Party (United States)">Populist (People's)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_Choice_Party" title="Personal Choice Party">Personal Choice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Populist_Party_(United_States,_1984)" title="Populist Party (United States, 1984)">Populist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bull_Moose_Party" title="Bull Moose Party">Progressive (1912)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Party_(United_States,_1924%E2%80%931934)" title="Progressive Party (United States, 1924–1934)">Progressive (1924)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Party_(United_States,_1948)" class="mw-redirect" title="Progressive Party (United States, 1948)">Progressive (1948)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proletarian_Party_of_America" title="Proletarian Party of America">Proletarian Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_Democracy_Party_(United_States)" title="Radical Democracy Party (United States)">Radical Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raza_Unida_Party" title="Raza Unida Party">Raza Unida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Readjuster_Party" title="Readjuster Party">Readjuster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Guards_(United_States)" title="Red Guards (United States)">Red Guards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Guard_Party" title="Red Guard Party">Red Guard Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silver_Party" title="Silver Party">Silver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silver_Republican_Party" title="Silver Republican Party">Silver Republican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_of_America" title="Social Democratic Party of America">Social Democratic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party_of_America" title="Socialist Party of America">Socialist (1901)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dixiecrat" title="Dixiecrat">States Rights (Dixiecrat)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditionalist_Worker_Party" title="Traditionalist Worker Party">Traditionalist Worker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unconditional_Union_Party" title="Unconditional Union Party">Unconditional Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_Party_(United_States,_1850)" title="Union Party (United States, 1850)">Union (1850)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unionist_politician_(American_Civil_War)" title="Unionist politician (American Civil War)">Union (1861)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_Party_(United_States)" title="Union Party (United States)">Union (1936)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U.S._Labor_Party" title="U.S. Labor Party">U.S. Labor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Panthers" class="mw-redirect" title="White Panthers">White Panthers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Patriot_Party" title="White Patriot Party">White Patriot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_Patriots_Organization" title="Young Patriots Organization">Young Patriots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workers_Party_of_America" title="Workers Party of America">Workers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_Lords_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Young Lords Party">Young Lords</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Youth_International_Party" title="Youth International Party">Youth International</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow plainlist" colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><div> <ul><li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Template"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Symbol_template_class_pink.svg/16px-Symbol_template_class_pink.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Symbol_template_class_pink.svg/23px-Symbol_template_class_pink.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Symbol_template_class_pink.svg/31px-Symbol_template_class_pink.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a 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