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url(https://www.omniglot.com/radio/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/cropped-bg_radio_omniglot.jpg)"> <div class="site-branding"> <h1 class="site-title"><a href="https://www.omniglot.com/radio/" rel="home">Radio Omniglot</a></h1> <h2 class="site-description">Podcasts about languages and words</h2> </div> <nav id="site-navigation" class="main-navigation" role="navigation"> <button id="menu-button" class="menu-toggle" aria-controls="primary-menu" aria-expanded="false">Primary Menu</button> <div class="menu-top-menu-container"><ul id="primary-menu" class="menu"><li id="menu-item-22" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-home menu-item-22"><a href="http://www.omniglot.com/radio/">Home</a></li> <li id="menu-item-23" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-23"><a href="https://www.omniglot.com/radio/?page_id=9">About</a></li> <li id="menu-item-2627" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-2627"><a 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class="page-title">Category: <span>Breton (Brezhoneg)</span></h1> </header> <article id="post-3836" class="post-3836 post type-post status-publish format-standard hentry category-breton category-catalan-catala category-celtic-pathways category-cornish category-czech category-english category-etymology category-french category-gaulish category-irish category-language category-manx category-music category-podcast category-polish-polski category-proto-celtic category-proto-indo-european category-russian category-scottish-gaelic category-swedish category-welsh tag-celtic tag-etymology tag-gaelic tag-language tag-linguistics tag-music tag-omniglot tag-podcast tag-soot tag-words"> <header class="entry-header"> <h1 class="entry-title"><a href="https://www.omniglot.com/radio/?p=3836" rel="bookmark">Celtic Pathways – Sooty Soot</a></h1> <div class="entry-meta"> <span class="posted-on"><a href="https://www.omniglot.com/radio/?p=3836" rel="bookmark"><time class="entry-date published" datetime="2025-03-15T17:24:20+00:00">15th March 2025</time><time class="updated" datetime="2025-03-15T17:31:36+00:00">15th March 2025</time></a></span><span class="byline"> By <span class="author vcard"><a class="url fn n" href="https://www.omniglot.com/radio/?author=1">Simon</a></span></span> </div> </header> <div class="entry-content"> <div itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/AudioObject"><meta itemprop="name" content="Celtic Pathways &#8211; Sooty Soot" /><meta itemprop="uploadDate" content="2025-03-15T17:24:20+00:00" /><meta itemprop="encodingFormat" content="audio/mpeg" /><meta itemprop="duration" content="PT1M38S" /><meta itemprop="description" content="In this episode we discover the possible Celtic roots of words for soot in English, French and various other languages. The Proto-Celtic word *sūdyā means soot and comes from Proto-Indo-European *suh₃d- (soot [?]), or from sed- (to sit) [source]. ..." /><meta itemprop="contentUrl" content="https://media.blubrry.com/radio_omniglot/www.omniglot.com/soundfiles/celticpathways/soot.mp3" /><meta itemprop="contentSize" content="1.3" /><div class="powerpress_player" id="powerpress_player_8459"> <audio class="wp-audio-shortcode" id="audio-3836-1" preload="none" style="width: 100%;" controls="controls"><source type="audio/mpeg" src="https://media.blubrry.com/radio_omniglot/www.omniglot.com/soundfiles/celticpathways/soot.mp3?_=1" /><a href="https://media.blubrry.com/radio_omniglot/www.omniglot.com/soundfiles/celticpathways/soot.mp3">https://media.blubrry.com/radio_omniglot/www.omniglot.com/soundfiles/celticpathways/soot.mp3</a></audio></div></div><p class="powerpress_links powerpress_links_mp3" style="margin-bottom: 1px !important;">Podcast: <a href="https://media.blubrry.com/radio_omniglot/www.omniglot.com/soundfiles/celticpathways/soot.mp3" class="powerpress_link_pinw" target="_blank" title="Play in new window" onclick="return powerpress_pinw('https://www.omniglot.com/radio/?powerpress_pinw=3836-podcast');" rel="nofollow">Play in new window</a> | <a href="https://media.blubrry.com/radio_omniglot/www.omniglot.com/soundfiles/celticpathways/soot.mp3" class="powerpress_link_d" title="Download" rel="nofollow" download="soot.mp3">Download</a></p><p>In this episode we discover the possible Celtic roots of words for <strong>soot</strong> in English, French and various other languages.</p> <p><a data-flickr-embed="true" href="https://www.flickr.com/photos/112261457@N06/33398368658/in/photolist-STinqo-rhtLns-3zST4N-ZQKjEN-FYFEaF-rc2XP-cWg4yh-5N4HUM-8MQyG-r4xL96-3gKWnK-bXdyCx-8mPt11-2icdrms-2o5t4Fv-2jAmL2D-96MEHr-8kxCq4-RD8DE5-6hKwm-2mrYiS4-aMmhPe-aEHEEY-2kQce4L-cRTwyY-wCcoe-bGP358-5Z2Anw-2icbfBL-dXkZ7c-FLWER6-ZvPDXA-2gnW1fU-2qtJLWe-2ktoevy-2kfynGR-5YXj5z-kiQE3r-UT91Tu-uioey-2onwm66-2mwK2QD-2ms5mCe-2mrZzcE-2qsSAFc-2ontA2E-2pUapfy-s8V3zd-28i8yuK-pZdYzi" title="Anybody else smell smoke??"><img fetchpriority="high" decoding="async" src="https://live.staticflickr.com/7903/33398368658_d79cd4108b_z.jpg" width="640" height="427" alt="Anybody else smell smoke??"/></a><script async src="//embedr.flickr.com/assets/client-code.js" charset="utf-8"></script></p> <p>The Proto-Celtic word <strong>*sūdyā</strong> means soot and comes from Proto-Indo-European <em>*suh₃d-</em> (soot [?]), or from <em>sed-</em> (to sit) [<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/huddygl#Welsh">source</a>].</p> <p>Related words in the modern Celtic languages include: </p> <ul> <li><strong>súiche</strong> [ˈsˠuːçɪ] = soot in Irish</li> <li><strong>sùith</strong> [suːj] = soot in Scottish Gaelic</li> <li><strong>sooie</strong> = smut, soot in Manx</li> <li><strong>huddygl</strong> [ˈhɨ̞ðɨ̞ɡl / ˈhɪðɪɡl] = soot in Welsh</li> <li><strong>hudhygel</strong> = soot in Cornish</li> <li><strong>huzil</strong> [ˈhyː(z)il] = soot in Breton</li> </ul> <p>For more about words for <strong>soot</strong> and related things in Celtic languages, see the Celtiadur post: <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/celtiadur/2025/03/15/soot/">Soot</a>.</p> <p>Words from the same Proto-Celtic root, via Gaulish <em>*sūdiā</em> (soot [?]), include <strong>sutge</strong> (soot) in Catalan, <strong>suie</strong> (soot) in French, and maybe <strong>soot</strong> in English, <strong>sot</strong> (soot) in Swedish, <strong>sadza</strong> (soot) in Polish, <strong>сажа</strong> (saža – soot) in Russian, and <strong>saze</strong> (soot) in Czech [<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Celtic/s%C5%ABdy%C4%81">source</a>].</p> <p>Incidentally, another Welsh word for soot is <strong>fflacs</strong>, which refers specifically to soot blown down a chimney on a windy day [<a href="https://welsh-dictionary.ac.uk/gpc/gpc.html">source</a>].</p> <p>Radio Omniglot podcasts are brought to you in association with <a href="https://blubrry.com/services/podcast-hosting/?code=omniglot">Blubrry Podcast Hosting</a>, a great place to host your podcasts. Get your first month free with the promo code <strong>omniglot</strong>.</p> <p><a href="http://www.japanesepod101.com/member/go.php?r=759259&i=b0" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img decoding="async" src="/images/banners/banner_japanesepod.jpg" alt="The Fastest Way to Learn Japanese Guaranteed with JapanesePod101.com" width="630" height="83"></a></p> <div class="addtoany_share_save_container addtoany_content addtoany_content_bottom"><div class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list" data-a2a-url="https://www.omniglot.com/radio/?p=3836" data-a2a-title="Celtic Pathways – Sooty Soot"><a class="a2a_button_facebook" href="https://www.addtoany.com/add_to/facebook?linkurl=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.omniglot.com%2Fradio%2F%3Fp%3D3836&linkname=Celtic%20Pathways%20%E2%80%93%20Sooty%20Soot" title="Facebook" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank"></a><a class="a2a_button_twitter" href="https://www.addtoany.com/add_to/twitter?linkurl=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.omniglot.com%2Fradio%2F%3Fp%3D3836&linkname=Celtic%20Pathways%20%E2%80%93%20Sooty%20Soot" title="Twitter" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank"></a><a class="a2a_button_pinterest" href="https://www.addtoany.com/add_to/pinterest?linkurl=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.omniglot.com%2Fradio%2F%3Fp%3D3836&linkname=Celtic%20Pathways%20%E2%80%93%20Sooty%20Soot" title="Pinterest" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank"></a><a class="a2a_dd addtoany_share_save addtoany_share" href="https://www.addtoany.com/share"></a></div></div> </div> <footer class="entry-footer"> <span class="cat-links">Posted in <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/radio/?cat=38" rel="category">Breton (Brezhoneg)</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/radio/?cat=115" rel="category">Catalan (català)</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/radio/?cat=122" rel="category">Celtic Pathways</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/radio/?cat=37" rel="category">Cornish (Kernewek)</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/radio/?cat=33" rel="category">Czech (čeština)</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/radio/?cat=20" rel="category">English</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/radio/?cat=56" rel="category">Etymology</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/radio/?cat=23" rel="category">French (français)</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/radio/?cat=117" rel="category">Gaulish</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/radio/?cat=6" rel="category">Irish (Gaeilge)</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/radio/?cat=4" rel="category">Language</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/radio/?cat=36" rel="category">Manx (Gaelg)</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/radio/?cat=11" rel="category">Music</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/radio/?cat=1" rel="category">Podcast</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/radio/?cat=63" rel="category">Polish (polski)</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/radio/?cat=94" rel="category">Proto-Celtic</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/radio/?cat=59" rel="category">Proto-Indo-European</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/radio/?cat=32" rel="category">Russian (Русский)</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/radio/?cat=5" rel="category">Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig)</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/radio/?cat=30" rel="category">Swedish (svenska)</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/radio/?cat=7" rel="category">Welsh (Cymraeg)</a></span><span class="tags-links">Tagged <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/radio/?tag=celtic" rel="tag">celtic</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/radio/?tag=etymology" rel="tag">etymology</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/radio/?tag=gaelic" rel="tag">gaelic</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/radio/?tag=language" rel="tag">language</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/radio/?tag=linguistics" rel="tag">linguistics</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/radio/?tag=music" rel="tag">music</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/radio/?tag=omniglot" rel="tag">omniglot</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/radio/?tag=podcast" rel="tag">podcast</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/radio/?tag=soot" rel="tag">soot</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/radio/?tag=words" rel="tag">words</a></span><span class="comments-link"><a href="https://www.omniglot.com/radio/?p=3836#respond">Leave a comment</a></span> </footer> </article> <article id="post-3809" class="post-3809 post type-post status-publish format-standard hentry category-breton category-bulgarian- category-celtic-pathways category-cornish category-english category-french category-galician-galego category-gaulish category-irish category-language category-latin category-music category-podcast category-portuguese category-proto-celtic category-proto-indo-european category-swedish category-welsh"> <header class="entry-header"> <h1 class="entry-title"><a href="https://www.omniglot.com/radio/?p=3809" rel="bookmark">Celtic Pathways – Quays</a></h1> <div class="entry-meta"> <span class="posted-on"><a href="https://www.omniglot.com/radio/?p=3809" rel="bookmark"><time class="entry-date published" datetime="2025-03-01T10:00:00+00:00">1st March 2025</time><time class="updated" datetime="2025-02-27T15:19:24+00:00">27th February 2025</time></a></span><span class="byline"> By <span class="author vcard"><a class="url fn n" href="https://www.omniglot.com/radio/?author=1">Simon</a></span></span> </div> </header> <div class="entry-content"> <div itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/AudioObject"><meta itemprop="name" content="Celtic Pathways &#8211; Quays" /><meta itemprop="uploadDate" content="2025-03-01T10:00:00+00:00" /><meta itemprop="encodingFormat" content="audio/mpeg" /><meta itemprop="duration" content="PT2M07S" /><meta itemprop="description" content="In this episode we discover the Celtic roots of words for quay, jetty, pier, etc. in English, French and other languages. Bangor Pier. Photo by Simon Ager The Proto-Celtic word *kagyom means pen or enclosure, and comes from the Proto-Indo-European..." /><meta itemprop="contentUrl" content="https://media.blubrry.com/radio_omniglot/www.omniglot.com/soundfiles/celticpathways/quays.mp3" /><meta itemprop="contentSize" content="1.8" /><div class="powerpress_player" id="powerpress_player_8460"><audio class="wp-audio-shortcode" id="audio-3809-2" preload="none" style="width: 100%;" controls="controls"><source type="audio/mpeg" src="https://media.blubrry.com/radio_omniglot/www.omniglot.com/soundfiles/celticpathways/quays.mp3?_=2" /><a href="https://media.blubrry.com/radio_omniglot/www.omniglot.com/soundfiles/celticpathways/quays.mp3">https://media.blubrry.com/radio_omniglot/www.omniglot.com/soundfiles/celticpathways/quays.mp3</a></audio></div></div><p class="powerpress_links powerpress_links_mp3" style="margin-bottom: 1px !important;">Podcast: <a href="https://media.blubrry.com/radio_omniglot/www.omniglot.com/soundfiles/celticpathways/quays.mp3" class="powerpress_link_pinw" target="_blank" title="Play in new window" onclick="return powerpress_pinw('https://www.omniglot.com/radio/?powerpress_pinw=3809-podcast');" rel="nofollow">Play in new window</a> | <a href="https://media.blubrry.com/radio_omniglot/www.omniglot.com/soundfiles/celticpathways/quays.mp3" class="powerpress_link_d" title="Download" rel="nofollow" download="quays.mp3">Download</a></p><p>In this episode we discover the Celtic roots of words for <strong>quay</strong>, <strong>jetty</strong>, <strong>pier</strong>, etc. in English, French and other languages.</p> <p><a data-flickr-embed="true" href="https://www.flickr.com/photos/omniglot/48032341046/in/photolist-2pT9vJo-2pT9vW2-2pT9XPf-2pT9XSg-2pUH4Ya-2pUKdkv-2pUKdpy-2hGP5Xs-2hGSNow-2jGzSq8-2jGEbMz-2jGEbN1-2krazqm-2kGSqHE-2kGSqT9-2kGSqVy-2kGWCnT-2kGWCt9-2kGWCtz-2kGWCAt-2mBgg2m-2mBgg4L-2mBoRiv-2mUr65v-2mUzHwR-2nyKeUi-2nBBMqj-2nBGJaa-2nBGRkE-2nBGRsi-2nBJbEA-2nBKgzK-Gs7Hrx-He83FJ-HguAjP-HjBaY7-KDZNws-KVXoyh-KYtBPn-L2XdFF-PUdhsc-Ts2ddx-Wjvyuo-XLnXQL-YNtEmJ-252DzHv-252YuYt-2a3gdsZ-2gbsiz9-2gbswgD" title="Bangor Pier"><img decoding="async" src="https://live.staticflickr.com/65535/48032341046_0eceb2f69d_z.jpg" width="640" height="361" alt="Bangor Pier"/></a><script async src="//embedr.flickr.com/assets/client-code.js" charset="utf-8"></script><br /> <em>Bangor Pier. Photo by Simon Ager</em></p> <p>The Proto-Celtic word <strong>*kagyom</strong> means pen or enclosure, and comes from the Proto-Indo-European <em>*kagʰyóm</em> (enclosure, hedge), from <em>*kagʰ-</em> (to keep, hold, close, enclose, fence, hedge, barrier, field, pasture) [<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Celtic/kagyom">source</a>].</p> <p>Related words in the modern Celtic languages include: </p> <ul> <li><strong>cae</strong> [kaːɨ̯ / kai̯] = hedge, fence, field, enclosure, circle, sphere, barrier, obstruction in Welsh</li> <li><strong>ke</strong> = hedge, fence in Cornish</li> <li><strong>kae</strong> [kɛː] = hedge, quay in Breton</li> </ul> <p>For more about words for <strong>field</strong> and related things in Celtic languages, see the Celtiadur post: <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/celtiadur/2019/07/31/fields-meadows-and-pastures/">Fields, Meadows and Pastures</a>.</p> <p>Words from the same Proto-Celtic root, via Gaulish <em>*kagyom</em> (enclosure) and Latin <em>caium</em> (storehouse, shop, workshop, quay, wharf) include <strong>quai</strong> (quay, wharf, platform) in French, <strong>quay</strong> in English, <strong>caes</strong> (quay, pier, wharf, breakwater) in Galician, <strong>cais</strong> (quay, pier, wharf, platform) in Portuguese, <strong>кей</strong> (kej – quay, pier, wharf, jetty) in Bulgarian, and <strong>cé</strong> (quay, wharf, pier) in Irish [<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/caium#Latin">source</a>].</p> <p>Words from the same PIE roots include <strong>hedge</strong> and <strong>inchoate</strong> (chaotic, disordered, confused) in English, <strong>haie</strong> (hedge, obstacle, line, row) and <strong>age</strong> (beam, shaft) in French, <strong>cael</strong> (to get, receive, have) and <strong>caer</strong> (fort[ress], castle, citadel) in Welsh, and <strong>häck</strong> (hedge, hurdle) in Swedish [<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/kag%CA%B0-">source</a>].</p> <p>Radio Omniglot podcasts are brought to you in association with <a href="https://blubrry.com/services/podcast-hosting/?code=omniglot">Blubrry Podcast Hosting</a>, a great place to host your podcasts. Get your first month free with the promo code <strong>omniglot</strong>.</p> <p><a href="http://www.japanesepod101.com/member/go.php?r=759259&i=b0" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" src="/images/banners/banner_japanesepod.jpg" alt="The Fastest Way to Learn Japanese Guaranteed with JapanesePod101.com" width="630" height="83"></a></p> <div class="addtoany_share_save_container addtoany_content addtoany_content_bottom"><div class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list" data-a2a-url="https://www.omniglot.com/radio/?p=3809" data-a2a-title="Celtic Pathways – Quays"><a class="a2a_button_facebook" href="https://www.addtoany.com/add_to/facebook?linkurl=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.omniglot.com%2Fradio%2F%3Fp%3D3809&linkname=Celtic%20Pathways%20%E2%80%93%20Quays" title="Facebook" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank"></a><a class="a2a_button_twitter" href="https://www.addtoany.com/add_to/twitter?linkurl=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.omniglot.com%2Fradio%2F%3Fp%3D3809&linkname=Celtic%20Pathways%20%E2%80%93%20Quays" title="Twitter" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank"></a><a class="a2a_button_pinterest" href="https://www.addtoany.com/add_to/pinterest?linkurl=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.omniglot.com%2Fradio%2F%3Fp%3D3809&linkname=Celtic%20Pathways%20%E2%80%93%20Quays" title="Pinterest" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank"></a><a class="a2a_dd addtoany_share_save addtoany_share" href="https://www.addtoany.com/share"></a></div></div> </div> <footer class="entry-footer"> <span class="cat-links">Posted in <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/radio/?cat=38" rel="category">Breton (Brezhoneg)</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/radio/?cat=121" rel="category">Bulgarian (Български)</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/radio/?cat=122" rel="category">Celtic Pathways</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/radio/?cat=37" rel="category">Cornish (Kernewek)</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/radio/?cat=20" rel="category">English</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/radio/?cat=23" rel="category">French (français)</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/radio/?cat=143" rel="category">Galician (galego)</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/radio/?cat=117" rel="category">Gaulish</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/radio/?cat=6" rel="category">Irish (Gaeilge)</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/radio/?cat=4" rel="category">Language</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/radio/?cat=50" rel="category">Latin (Lingua Latina)</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/radio/?cat=11" rel="category">Music</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/radio/?cat=1" rel="category">Podcast</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/radio/?cat=27" rel="category">Portuguese (português)</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/radio/?cat=94" rel="category">Proto-Celtic</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/radio/?cat=59" rel="category">Proto-Indo-European</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/radio/?cat=30" rel="category">Swedish (svenska)</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/radio/?cat=7" rel="category">Welsh (Cymraeg)</a></span><span class="comments-link"><a href="https://www.omniglot.com/radio/?p=3809#respond">Leave a comment</a></span> </footer> </article> <article id="post-3782" class="post-3782 post type-post status-publish format-standard hentry category-breton category-celtic-pathways category-cornish category-dutch category-english category-etymology category-french category-german category-irish category-language category-manx category-middle-english category-middle-french category-music category-old-english-aenglisc category-podcast category-proto-celtic category-proto-germanic category-proto-indo-european category-scottish-gaelic category-welsh tag-celtic tag-etymology tag-gulls tag-language tag-music tag-omniglot tag-podcast tag-seagulls tag-words"> <header class="entry-header"> <h1 class="entry-title"><a href="https://www.omniglot.com/radio/?p=3782" rel="bookmark">Celtic Pathways – Gulls</a></h1> <div class="entry-meta"> <span class="posted-on"><a href="https://www.omniglot.com/radio/?p=3782" rel="bookmark"><time class="entry-date published updated" datetime="2025-02-15T16:31:58+00:00">15th February 2025</time></a></span><span class="byline"> By <span class="author vcard"><a class="url fn n" href="https://www.omniglot.com/radio/?author=1">Simon</a></span></span> </div> </header> <div class="entry-content"> <div itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/AudioObject"><meta itemprop="name" content="Celtic Pathways &#8211; Gulls" /><meta itemprop="uploadDate" content="2025-02-15T16:31:58+00:00" /><meta itemprop="encodingFormat" content="audio/mpeg" /><meta itemprop="duration" content="PT2M14S" /><meta itemprop="description" content="In this episode we discover the possible Celtic roots of English and French words for seagull. The Proto-Celtic word *wailannā means seagull, and possibly comes from the Proto-Indo-European *wáy (oh! ah! woe! alas!), and maybe related to *waylos (..." /><meta itemprop="contentUrl" content="https://media.blubrry.com/radio_omniglot/www.omniglot.com/soundfiles/celticpathways/gulls.mp3" /><meta itemprop="contentSize" content="2.5" /><div class="powerpress_player" id="powerpress_player_8461"><audio class="wp-audio-shortcode" id="audio-3782-3" preload="none" style="width: 100%;" controls="controls"><source type="audio/mpeg" src="https://media.blubrry.com/radio_omniglot/www.omniglot.com/soundfiles/celticpathways/gulls.mp3?_=3" /><a href="https://media.blubrry.com/radio_omniglot/www.omniglot.com/soundfiles/celticpathways/gulls.mp3">https://media.blubrry.com/radio_omniglot/www.omniglot.com/soundfiles/celticpathways/gulls.mp3</a></audio></div></div><p class="powerpress_links powerpress_links_mp3" style="margin-bottom: 1px !important;">Podcast: <a href="https://media.blubrry.com/radio_omniglot/www.omniglot.com/soundfiles/celticpathways/gulls.mp3" class="powerpress_link_pinw" target="_blank" title="Play in new window" onclick="return powerpress_pinw('https://www.omniglot.com/radio/?powerpress_pinw=3782-podcast');" rel="nofollow">Play in new window</a> | <a href="https://media.blubrry.com/radio_omniglot/www.omniglot.com/soundfiles/celticpathways/gulls.mp3" class="powerpress_link_d" title="Download" rel="nofollow" download="gulls.mp3">Download</a></p><p>In this episode we discover the possible Celtic roots of English and French words for <strong>seagull</strong>.</p> <p><a data-flickr-embed="true" href="https://www.flickr.com/photos/omniglot/8669890780/in/photolist-CK25VS-CK27Kd-CK28Ab-CK2bh3-FUqCZZ-FUqDKr-RnJ5aY-VmySKU-WzcBBq-WQihiY-Xeg1VF-Xeg49Z-XFjAgk-XVbVC5-Ybi4Te-YfJGDe-YRhzKA-ZLgxUY-ZLgzc7-ZLgDqN-ZLgFxU-ZQZeZg-23DSofy-2hfkDSr-2jEus7W-nwQjkH-Q9JBGu-Qcx3CB-ed8stw" title="Gulls"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" src="https://live.staticflickr.com/8263/8669890780_4edd1de330_z.jpg" width="640" height="480" alt="Gulls"/></a><script async src="//embedr.flickr.com/assets/client-code.js" charset="utf-8"></script></p> <p>The Proto-Celtic word <strong>*wailannā</strong> means seagull, and possibly comes from the Proto-Indo-European <em>*wáy</em> (oh! ah! woe! alas!), and maybe related to <em>*waylos</em> (howler, wolf) [<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Celtic/wailann%C4%81">source</a>].</p> <p>Related words in the modern Celtic languages include: </p> <ul> <li><strong>faoileán</strong> = gull, seagull in Irish</li> <li><strong>faoileann</strong> [fɯːlən̪ˠ] = gull, seagull, common gull in Scottish Gaelic</li> <li><strong>foillan</strong> = gull, seagull in Manx</li> <li><strong>gwylan</strong> [ˈɡʊɨ̯lan / ˈɡʊi̯lan] = sea-gull, fair maiden, glutton in Welsh</li> <li><strong>golan</strong> [ˈɡoːlan / ˈɡʊlɐn] = gull, seagull in Cornish</li> <li><strong>gouelan</strong> [ˈɡweːlãn] = seagull in Breton</li> </ul> <p>For more about words for <strong>gulls</strong> and related things in Celtic languages, see the Celtiadur post: <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/celtiadur/2020/08/15/gulls/">Gulls</a></p> <p>The English word <strong>gull</strong> comes from Middle English <strong>gulle</strong> (gull, water bird), which was probably borrowed from a Brythonic language (Welsh or Cornish) [<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/gull#English">source</a>].</p> <p>The French word <strong>goéland</strong> [ɡɔ.e.lɑ̃] (gull, herring gull) was borrowed from Middle Breton <strong>goelan</strong> (gull, seagull) in the 15th century [<a href="https://fr.wiktionary.org/wiki/go%C3%A9land">source</a>].</p> <p>A more common French word for (sea)gull is <strong>mouette</strong> [mwɛt], which comes from Middle French <em>mouette</em> (seagull) from Old French <em>moette</em> (seagull), from <em>maoe</em> (seagull), from Old English <em>mǣw</em> (seagull) [<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/kelh%E2%82%82-">source</a>]. </p> <p>The Old Englsh word <em>mǣw</em>, comes from Proto-Germanic <em>*maiwiz</em> (seagull), from a non-Indo-European substrate, or is of imitative origin. It’s also found in Middle English as <em>mewe</em> (gull, seagull), in the archaic / dialectal English word <strong>mew</strong> (gull, seagull), in Dutch as <strong>meeuw</strong> (seagull), and in German as <strong>Möwe</strong> (seagull) [<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/m%C3%A6w#Old_English">source</a>]. </p> <p>Radio Omniglot podcasts are brought to you in association with <a href="https://blubrry.com/services/podcast-hosting/?code=omniglot">Blubrry Podcast Hosting</a>, a great place to host your podcasts. Get your first month free with the promo code <strong>omniglot</strong>.</p> <p><a href="http://www.japanesepod101.com/member/go.php?r=759259&i=b0" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" src="/images/banners/banner_japanesepod.jpg" alt="The Fastest Way to Learn Japanese Guaranteed with JapanesePod101.com" width="630" height="83"></a></p> <div class="addtoany_share_save_container addtoany_content addtoany_content_bottom"><div class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list" data-a2a-url="https://www.omniglot.com/radio/?p=3782" data-a2a-title="Celtic Pathways – Gulls"><a class="a2a_button_facebook" href="https://www.addtoany.com/add_to/facebook?linkurl=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.omniglot.com%2Fradio%2F%3Fp%3D3782&linkname=Celtic%20Pathways%20%E2%80%93%20Gulls" title="Facebook" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank"></a><a class="a2a_button_twitter" href="https://www.addtoany.com/add_to/twitter?linkurl=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.omniglot.com%2Fradio%2F%3Fp%3D3782&linkname=Celtic%20Pathways%20%E2%80%93%20Gulls" title="Twitter" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank"></a><a class="a2a_button_pinterest" href="https://www.addtoany.com/add_to/pinterest?linkurl=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.omniglot.com%2Fradio%2F%3Fp%3D3782&linkname=Celtic%20Pathways%20%E2%80%93%20Gulls" title="Pinterest" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank"></a><a class="a2a_dd addtoany_share_save addtoany_share" href="https://www.addtoany.com/share"></a></div></div> </div> <footer class="entry-footer"> <span class="cat-links">Posted in <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/radio/?cat=38" rel="category">Breton (Brezhoneg)</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/radio/?cat=122" rel="category">Celtic Pathways</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/radio/?cat=37" rel="category">Cornish (Kernewek)</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/radio/?cat=47" rel="category">Dutch (Nederlands)</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/radio/?cat=20" rel="category">English</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/radio/?cat=56" rel="category">Etymology</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/radio/?cat=23" rel="category">French (français)</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/radio/?cat=24" rel="category">German (Deutsch)</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/radio/?cat=6" rel="category">Irish (Gaeilge)</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/radio/?cat=4" rel="category">Language</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/radio/?cat=36" rel="category">Manx (Gaelg)</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/radio/?cat=58" rel="category">Middle English (Englisch)</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/radio/?cat=140" rel="category">Middle French (françois)</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/radio/?cat=11" rel="category">Music</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/radio/?cat=55" rel="category">Old English (Ænglisc)</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/radio/?cat=1" rel="category">Podcast</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/radio/?cat=94" rel="category">Proto-Celtic</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/radio/?cat=57" rel="category">Proto-Germanic</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/radio/?cat=59" rel="category">Proto-Indo-European</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/radio/?cat=5" rel="category">Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig)</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/radio/?cat=7" rel="category">Welsh (Cymraeg)</a></span><span class="tags-links">Tagged <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/radio/?tag=celtic" rel="tag">celtic</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/radio/?tag=etymology" rel="tag">etymology</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/radio/?tag=gulls" rel="tag">gulls</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/radio/?tag=language" rel="tag">language</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/radio/?tag=music" rel="tag">music</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/radio/?tag=omniglot" rel="tag">omniglot</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/radio/?tag=podcast" rel="tag">podcast</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/radio/?tag=seagulls" rel="tag">seagulls</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/radio/?tag=words" rel="tag">words</a></span><span class="comments-link"><a href="https://www.omniglot.com/radio/?p=3782#respond">Leave a comment</a></span> </footer> </article> <article id="post-3761" class="post-3761 post type-post status-publish format-standard hentry category-breton category-bulgarian- category-catalan-catala category-celtic-pathways category-cornish category-croatian-hrvatski category-czech category-etymology category-french category-gaulish category-german category-irish category-italian category-language category-latin category-manx category-music category-podcast category-polish-polski category-portuguese category-proto-celtic category-proto-indo-european category-scottish-gaelic category-slovak-slovencina category-slovenian-slovenscina category-welsh"> <header class="entry-header"> <h1 class="entry-title"><a href="https://www.omniglot.com/radio/?p=3761" rel="bookmark">Celtic Pathways – Calamitous Swords</a></h1> <div class="entry-meta"> <span class="posted-on"><a href="https://www.omniglot.com/radio/?p=3761" rel="bookmark"><time class="entry-date published updated" datetime="2025-01-25T14:45:04+00:00">25th January 2025</time></a></span><span class="byline"> By <span class="author vcard"><a class="url fn n" href="https://www.omniglot.com/radio/?author=1">Simon</a></span></span> </div> </header> <div class="entry-content"> <div itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/AudioObject"><meta itemprop="name" content="Celtic Pathways &#8211; Calamitous Swords" /><meta itemprop="uploadDate" content="2025-01-25T14:45:04+00:00" /><meta itemprop="encodingFormat" content="audio/mpeg" /><meta itemprop="duration" content="PT2M29S" /><meta itemprop="description" content="In this episode we discover the possible Celtic roots of some words for sword, hammer and related things in Romance and Slavic languages. The Proto-Celtic word *kladiwos means sword, and comes from Proto-Celtic *kladeti (to stab, dig), from Proto..." /><meta itemprop="contentUrl" content="https://media.blubrry.com/radio_omniglot/www.omniglot.com/soundfiles/celticpathways/calamitousswords.mp3" /><meta itemprop="contentSize" content="2.7" /><div class="powerpress_player" id="powerpress_player_8462"><audio class="wp-audio-shortcode" id="audio-3761-4" preload="none" style="width: 100%;" controls="controls"><source type="audio/mpeg" src="https://media.blubrry.com/radio_omniglot/www.omniglot.com/soundfiles/celticpathways/calamitousswords.mp3?_=4" /><a href="https://media.blubrry.com/radio_omniglot/www.omniglot.com/soundfiles/celticpathways/calamitousswords.mp3">https://media.blubrry.com/radio_omniglot/www.omniglot.com/soundfiles/celticpathways/calamitousswords.mp3</a></audio></div></div><p class="powerpress_links powerpress_links_mp3" style="margin-bottom: 1px !important;">Podcast: <a href="https://media.blubrry.com/radio_omniglot/www.omniglot.com/soundfiles/celticpathways/calamitousswords.mp3" class="powerpress_link_pinw" target="_blank" title="Play in new window" onclick="return powerpress_pinw('https://www.omniglot.com/radio/?powerpress_pinw=3761-podcast');" rel="nofollow">Play in new window</a> | <a href="https://media.blubrry.com/radio_omniglot/www.omniglot.com/soundfiles/celticpathways/calamitousswords.mp3" class="powerpress_link_d" title="Download" rel="nofollow" download="calamitousswords.mp3">Download</a></p><p>In this episode we discover the possible Celtic roots of some words for <strong>sword</strong>, <strong>hammer</strong> and related things in Romance and Slavic languages.</p> <p><a data-flickr-embed="true" href="https://www.flickr.com/photos/squage/26001024422/in/photolist-FBC3Gw-dTyQc-8uREX4-61r772-fCjHAV-22i9dUP-2j8zaaF-fXxpQg-ahqBzA-5kmX2G-eqyNzo-qmWEs4-orWuG-d97GK7-fC5q6Q-4vsims-ivas39-4ktch9-8rShYs-i2WYkb-8rPcHD-2gCdKV2-bsnyGL-5Jdbcy-VDm53d-AiujQB-p2mxSL-27L7HcB-7wQuNL-Tfati-obZmpX-igb8ut-ehBaGr-9UnGWs-bUFnmy-dtDTac-doagYm-b6fHJx-HrGTKQ-9DM3eq-YpPMmy-hoYAkN-b6fGbP-fPzccZ-7ArGfi-G2j2m8-b6fF68-Xp3S13-4gDGVY-b6fGqg" title="Swords"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" src="https://live.staticflickr.com/1583/26001024422_76880e9047_z.jpg" width="640" height="427" alt="Swords"/></a><script async src="//embedr.flickr.com/assets/client-code.js" charset="utf-8"></script></p> <p>The Proto-Celtic word <strong>*kladiwos</strong> means sword, and comes from Proto-Celtic <em>*kladeti</em> (to stab, dig), from Proto-Indo-European <em>*kl̥h₂dʰ-é-ti</em>, from <em>*kelh₂-</em> (to beat, strike) [<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Celtic/kladiwos">source</a>].</p> <p>Related words in the modern Celtic languages include: </p> <ul> <li><strong>claíomh</strong> [kl̪ˠiːvˠ/kl̪ˠiːw] = sword in Irish</li> <li><strong>claidheamh</strong> [kl̪ˠajəv] = sword in Scottish Gaelic</li> <li><strong>cliwe</strong> = sword in Manx</li> <li><strong>cleddyf</strong> [ˈklɛðɨ̞v/ˈkleːðɪv] = sword, blade, brace (<em>on a door or wall</em>) in Welsh</li> <li><strong>kledha</strong> = sword in Cornish</li> <li><strong>kleze</strong> [ˈkleː.ze] = sword, glaive (a light lance with a long, sharp-pointed head) in Breton</li> </ul> <p>For more about words for <strong>sword</strong> and related things in Celtic languages, see the Celtiadur post: <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/celtiadur/2024/12/20/swords-spikes/">Swords & Spikes</a></p> <p>Words directly from the same Proto-Celtic root <em>*kladiwos</em> (sword) include <strong>kladivo</strong> (hammer, gavel) in Croatian, <strong>kladivo</strong> (hammer, sledgehammer) in Czech, <strong>kladivo</strong> (hammer, stamp, maul, hammerhead) in Slovak, <strong>kladivo</strong> (hammer, sledgehammer) in Slovenian [<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Celtic/kladiwos">source</a>].</p> <p>Words from the same Proto-Celtic root <em>*kladiwos</em> (sword), via Gaulish <em>*kladyos</em> (sword), and Latin <em>gladius</em> (sword, death, a gladiatorial contest), possibly include <strong>gladiator</strong>, <strong>gladiolus</strong> and <strong>glaive</strong> in English, <strong>esglai</strong> (fright) in Catalan, <strong>ghiado</strong> (sword, dagger, knife, frost, cold), and <strong>giaggiolo</strong> (iris [flower]) in Italian, <strong>gládio</strong> (sword, power, strength) in Portuguese and <strong>glaïeul</strong> (gladiolus) in French [<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/gladius#Latin">source</a>].</p> <p>Words from the same PIE roots include <strong>calamity</strong>, <strong>clade</strong>, <strong>clergy</strong>, <strong>cleric</strong>, <strong>clerk</strong>, <strong>coup</strong>, and <strong>glaive</strong> in English, <strong>коля</strong> (kolja – to slaughter, butcher) in Bulgarian, <strong>kłoda </strong> (log, trunk, beehive, barrel) in Polish, and <strong>Holz</strong> (wood) in German [<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/kelh%E2%82%82-">source</a>]. </p> <p>Radio Omniglot podcasts are brought to you in association with <a href="https://blubrry.com/services/podcast-hosting/?code=omniglot">Blubrry Podcast Hosting</a>, a great place to host your podcasts. Get your first month free with the promo code <strong>omniglot</strong>.</p> <p><a href="http://www.japanesepod101.com/member/go.php?r=759259&i=b0" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" src="/images/banners/banner_japanesepod.jpg" alt="The Fastest Way to Learn Japanese Guaranteed with JapanesePod101.com" width="630" height="83"></a></p> <div class="addtoany_share_save_container addtoany_content addtoany_content_bottom"><div class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list" data-a2a-url="https://www.omniglot.com/radio/?p=3761" data-a2a-title="Celtic Pathways – Calamitous Swords"><a class="a2a_button_facebook" href="https://www.addtoany.com/add_to/facebook?linkurl=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.omniglot.com%2Fradio%2F%3Fp%3D3761&linkname=Celtic%20Pathways%20%E2%80%93%20Calamitous%20Swords" title="Facebook" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank"></a><a class="a2a_button_twitter" href="https://www.addtoany.com/add_to/twitter?linkurl=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.omniglot.com%2Fradio%2F%3Fp%3D3761&linkname=Celtic%20Pathways%20%E2%80%93%20Calamitous%20Swords" title="Twitter" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank"></a><a class="a2a_button_pinterest" href="https://www.addtoany.com/add_to/pinterest?linkurl=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.omniglot.com%2Fradio%2F%3Fp%3D3761&linkname=Celtic%20Pathways%20%E2%80%93%20Calamitous%20Swords" title="Pinterest" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank"></a><a class="a2a_dd addtoany_share_save addtoany_share" href="https://www.addtoany.com/share"></a></div></div> </div> <footer class="entry-footer"> <span class="cat-links">Posted in <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/radio/?cat=38" rel="category">Breton (Brezhoneg)</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/radio/?cat=121" rel="category">Bulgarian (Български)</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/radio/?cat=115" rel="category">Catalan (català)</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/radio/?cat=122" rel="category">Celtic Pathways</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/radio/?cat=37" rel="category">Cornish (Kernewek)</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/radio/?cat=202" rel="category">Croatian (hrvatski)</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/radio/?cat=33" rel="category">Czech (čeština)</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/radio/?cat=56" rel="category">Etymology</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/radio/?cat=23" rel="category">French (français)</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/radio/?cat=117" rel="category">Gaulish</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/radio/?cat=24" rel="category">German (Deutsch)</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/radio/?cat=6" rel="category">Irish (Gaeilge)</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/radio/?cat=12" rel="category">Italian (italiano)</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/radio/?cat=4" rel="category">Language</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/radio/?cat=50" rel="category">Latin (Lingua Latina)</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/radio/?cat=36" rel="category">Manx (Gaelg)</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/radio/?cat=11" rel="category">Music</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/radio/?cat=1" rel="category">Podcast</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/radio/?cat=63" rel="category">Polish (polski)</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/radio/?cat=27" rel="category">Portuguese (português)</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/radio/?cat=94" rel="category">Proto-Celtic</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/radio/?cat=59" rel="category">Proto-Indo-European</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/radio/?cat=5" rel="category">Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig)</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/radio/?cat=72" rel="category">Slovak (slovenčina)</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/radio/?cat=203" rel="category">Slovenian (slovenščina)</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/radio/?cat=7" rel="category">Welsh (Cymraeg)</a></span><span class="comments-link"><a href="https://www.omniglot.com/radio/?p=3761#respond">Leave a comment</a></span> </footer> </article> <article id="post-3707" class="post-3707 post type-post status-publish format-standard hentry category-breton category-celtic-pathways category-cimbrian-tzimbrisch category-cornish category-danish category-french category-gaulish category-german category-irish category-italian category-language category-latin category-manx category-music category-podcast category-proto-celtic category-proto-indo-european category-scottish-gaelic category-welsh tag-bro tag-broch tag-brugh tag-celtic tag-etymology tag-gaelic tag-language tag-linguistics tag-music tag-omniglot tag-pathways tag-podcast"> <header class="entry-header"> <h1 class="entry-title"><a href="https://www.omniglot.com/radio/?p=3707" rel="bookmark">Celtic Pathways – Country Gardens</a></h1> <div class="entry-meta"> <span class="posted-on"><a href="https://www.omniglot.com/radio/?p=3707" rel="bookmark"><time class="entry-date published updated" datetime="2024-12-08T15:03:50+00:00">8th December 2024</time></a></span><span class="byline"> By <span class="author vcard"><a class="url fn n" href="https://www.omniglot.com/radio/?author=1">Simon</a></span></span> </div> </header> <div class="entry-content"> <div itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/AudioObject"><meta itemprop="name" content="Celtic Pathways &#8211; Country Gardens" /><meta itemprop="uploadDate" content="2024-12-08T15:03:50+00:00" /><meta itemprop="encodingFormat" content="audio/mpeg" /><meta itemprop="duration" content="PT2M09S" /><meta itemprop="description" content="In this episode we uncover links between words for country and land in Celtic languages, and words for garden, wood and related things in other languages. Bodnant Garden / Gardd Bodnant The Proto-Celtic word *mrogis means border(land), march, mar..." /><meta itemprop="contentUrl" content="https://media.blubrry.com/radio_omniglot/www.omniglot.com/soundfiles/celticpathways/countrygardens.mp3" /><meta itemprop="contentSize" content="1.8" /><div class="powerpress_player" id="powerpress_player_8463"><audio class="wp-audio-shortcode" id="audio-3707-5" preload="none" style="width: 100%;" controls="controls"><source type="audio/mpeg" src="https://media.blubrry.com/radio_omniglot/www.omniglot.com/soundfiles/celticpathways/countrygardens.mp3?_=5" /><a href="https://media.blubrry.com/radio_omniglot/www.omniglot.com/soundfiles/celticpathways/countrygardens.mp3">https://media.blubrry.com/radio_omniglot/www.omniglot.com/soundfiles/celticpathways/countrygardens.mp3</a></audio></div></div><p class="powerpress_links powerpress_links_mp3" style="margin-bottom: 1px !important;">Podcast: <a href="https://media.blubrry.com/radio_omniglot/www.omniglot.com/soundfiles/celticpathways/countrygardens.mp3" class="powerpress_link_pinw" target="_blank" title="Play in new window" onclick="return powerpress_pinw('https://www.omniglot.com/radio/?powerpress_pinw=3707-podcast');" rel="nofollow">Play in new window</a> | <a href="https://media.blubrry.com/radio_omniglot/www.omniglot.com/soundfiles/celticpathways/countrygardens.mp3" class="powerpress_link_d" title="Download" rel="nofollow" download="countrygardens.mp3">Download</a></p><p>In this episode we uncover links between words for <strong>country</strong> and <strong>land</strong> in Celtic languages, and words for <strong>garden</strong>, <strong>wood</strong> and related things in other languages.</p> <p><a data-flickr-embed="true" href="https://www.flickr.com/photos/omniglot/27480012075/in/album-72157680530437275" title="Bodnant"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" src="https://live.staticflickr.com/7447/27480012075_d092212376_z.jpg" width="640" height="360" alt="Bodnant"/></a><script async src="//embedr.flickr.com/assets/client-code.js" charset="utf-8"></script><br /> <em>Bodnant Garden / Gardd Bodnant </em></p> <p>The Proto-Celtic word <strong>*mrogis</strong> means border(land), march, mark, region, country, territory or province, and comes from Proto-Indo-European <em>*mórǵs</em> (frontier, border) [<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Celtic/mrogis">source</a>]</p> <p>Related words in the modern Celtic languages include:</p> <ul> <li><strong>brugh</strong> = dwelling, mansion in Irish</li> <li><strong>brugh</strong> [bruh] = broch (a type of Iron Age stone tower with hollow double-layered walls – see below), fortified tower, large house, mansion, fairy mound in Scottish Gaelic</li> <li><strong>brogh</strong> = broch in Manx</li> <li><strong>bro</strong> [broː] = region, country, land, neighbourhood, border, limit, boundary in Welsh</li> <li><strong>bro</strong> = country, land in Cornish</li> <li><strong>bro</strong> [broː] = counry(-side) in Breton</li> </ul> <p>For more about words for <strong>border</strong>, <strong>land</strong>, <strong>country</strong> and related things in Celtic languages, see the Celtiadur post: <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/celtiadur/2023/01/25/region-and-country/">Region and Country</a></p> <p><a data-flickr-embed="true" href="https://www.flickr.com/photos/duncan/2275224652/in/photolist-4t482f-4tNDxn-4tSGh1-Gb1qbP-4KRvsQ-538mci-8XUDm5-5hbALx-8XRDgX-8XUHK1-5hbCix-d1uEMA-8xWZjV-8xQixU-5hbEbX-ajcVDM-d1uFDq-Ks2p7U-8XRDJD-d1uFdj-9nVPBx-8wfw2c-95SGNF-b4tChZ-95TDbT-jZCWc-9nVPBD-5Tfu18-jZDop-ajBp4N-8XV7to-qvijq-FZJfJz-Pto-Ptm-KwpnGf-qJBPzW-P3Mz9m-8Vu8e4-799eNm-8WjM3X-795Eht-8WjLNB-2gk1xph-8WjLW2-qviha-LzBxNk-pVQ94V-qvihZ-9srkUN" title="Mousa Broch"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" src="https://live.staticflickr.com/2092/2275224652_5374218295_z.jpg" width="640" height="480" alt="Mousa Broch"/></a><script async src="//embedr.flickr.com/assets/client-code.js" charset="utf-8"></script></p> <p>Words from the same Proto-Celtic root, via Gaulish <em>*brogis</em> and Latin <em>brogi-/broges</em>, include <strong>brolo</strong> (vegetable garden, orchard, grove) in Italian, and <strong>breuil</strong> (wood, copse, coppice) in French, <strong>bröol</strong> (a lawn or vegetable garden surrounding house) in Cimbrian, and <strong>Brühl</strong> (enclosed land, (wet/swampy) meadow) in German (<em>found mainly in place names</em>).</p> <p>Words from the same PIE root include <strong>margin</strong>, and <strong>march</strong> (a border region; formal, rhythmic way of walking) in English, and <strong>marge</strong> (margin, markup) in French, <strong>marca</strong> (brand, make, trademark) in Italian [<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/margo#Latin">source</a>], <strong>Mark</strong> (a fortified border area, marches) in German, and <strong>mark</strong> (field) in Danish, as in <strong>Denmark</strong> [<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/mark%C5%8D">source</a>].</p> <p>Radio Omniglot podcasts are brought to you in association with <a href="https://blubrry.com/services/podcast-hosting/?code=omniglot">Blubrry Podcast Hosting</a>, a great place to host your podcasts. Get your first month free with the promo code <strong>omniglot</strong>.</p> <p><a href="http://www.japanesepod101.com/member/go.php?r=759259&i=b0" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" src="/images/banners/banner_japanesepod.jpg" alt="The Fastest Way to Learn Japanese Guaranteed with JapanesePod101.com" width="630" height="83"></a></p> <div class="addtoany_share_save_container addtoany_content addtoany_content_bottom"><div class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list" data-a2a-url="https://www.omniglot.com/radio/?p=3707" data-a2a-title="Celtic Pathways – Country Gardens"><a class="a2a_button_facebook" href="https://www.addtoany.com/add_to/facebook?linkurl=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.omniglot.com%2Fradio%2F%3Fp%3D3707&linkname=Celtic%20Pathways%20%E2%80%93%20Country%20Gardens" title="Facebook" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank"></a><a class="a2a_button_twitter" 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rel="category">Cornish (Kernewek)</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/radio/?cat=31" rel="category">Danish (dansk)</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/radio/?cat=23" rel="category">French (français)</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/radio/?cat=117" rel="category">Gaulish</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/radio/?cat=24" rel="category">German (Deutsch)</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/radio/?cat=6" rel="category">Irish (Gaeilge)</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/radio/?cat=12" rel="category">Italian (italiano)</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/radio/?cat=4" rel="category">Language</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/radio/?cat=50" rel="category">Latin (Lingua Latina)</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/radio/?cat=36" rel="category">Manx (Gaelg)</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/radio/?cat=11" rel="category">Music</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/radio/?cat=1" rel="category">Podcast</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/radio/?cat=94" 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rel="tag">music</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/radio/?tag=omniglot" rel="tag">omniglot</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/radio/?tag=pathways" rel="tag">pathways</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/radio/?tag=podcast" rel="tag">podcast</a></span><span class="comments-link"><a href="https://www.omniglot.com/radio/?p=3707#respond">Leave a comment</a></span> </footer> </article> <article id="post-3683" class="post-3683 post type-post status-publish format-standard hentry category-albanian-shqip category-breton category-celtic-pathways category-cornish category-english category-etymology category-french category-gaulish category-german category-greek- category-irish category-language category-latin category-music category-podcast category-proto-celtic category-proto-indo-european category-sanskrit- category-scottish-gaelic category-spanish category-welsh tag-celtic tag-etymology tag-language tag-linguistics tag-music tag-oak tag-omniglot tag-podcast tag-tan tag-tannery tag-tannin tag-words"> <header class="entry-header"> <h1 class="entry-title"><a href="https://www.omniglot.com/radio/?p=3683" rel="bookmark">Celtic Pathways – Tan Oaks</a></h1> <div class="entry-meta"> <span class="posted-on"><a href="https://www.omniglot.com/radio/?p=3683" rel="bookmark"><time class="entry-date published" datetime="2024-11-23T13:51:25+00:00">23rd November 2024</time><time class="updated" datetime="2024-11-23T14:36:10+00:00">23rd November 2024</time></a></span><span class="byline"> By <span class="author vcard"><a class="url fn n" href="https://www.omniglot.com/radio/?author=1">Simon</a></span></span> </div> </header> <div class="entry-content"> <div itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/AudioObject"><meta itemprop="name" content="Celtic Pathways &#8211; Tan Oaks" /><meta itemprop="uploadDate" content="2024-11-23T13:51:25+00:00" /><meta itemprop="encodingFormat" content="audio/mpeg" /><meta itemprop="duration" content="PT1M44S" /><meta itemprop="description" content="In this episode we discover the possible Celtic roots of words such as tan, tannin and Tannenbaum. The Proto-Celtic word *tannos means green oak, and comes from Proto-Indo-European *(s)dʰnwos/*(s)dʰonu (fir). Related words in the Celtic language..." /><meta itemprop="contentUrl" content="https://media.blubrry.com/radio_omniglot/www.omniglot.com/soundfiles/celticpathways/tanoaks.mp3" /><meta itemprop="contentSize" content="1.9" /><div class="powerpress_player" id="powerpress_player_8464"><audio class="wp-audio-shortcode" id="audio-3683-6" preload="none" style="width: 100%;" controls="controls"><source type="audio/mpeg" src="https://media.blubrry.com/radio_omniglot/www.omniglot.com/soundfiles/celticpathways/tanoaks.mp3?_=6" /><a href="https://media.blubrry.com/radio_omniglot/www.omniglot.com/soundfiles/celticpathways/tanoaks.mp3">https://media.blubrry.com/radio_omniglot/www.omniglot.com/soundfiles/celticpathways/tanoaks.mp3</a></audio></div></div><p class="powerpress_links powerpress_links_mp3" style="margin-bottom: 1px !important;">Podcast: <a href="https://media.blubrry.com/radio_omniglot/www.omniglot.com/soundfiles/celticpathways/tanoaks.mp3" class="powerpress_link_pinw" target="_blank" title="Play in new window" onclick="return powerpress_pinw('https://www.omniglot.com/radio/?powerpress_pinw=3683-podcast');" rel="nofollow">Play in new window</a> | <a href="https://media.blubrry.com/radio_omniglot/www.omniglot.com/soundfiles/celticpathways/tanoaks.mp3" class="powerpress_link_d" title="Download" rel="nofollow" download="tanoaks.mp3">Download</a></p><p>In this episode we discover the possible Celtic roots of words such as <strong>tan</strong>, <strong>tannin</strong> and <strong>Tannenbaum</strong>.</p> <p><a data-flickr-embed="true" href="https://www.flickr.com/photos/treehouse1977/3978101840/in/photolist-74wP5L-8BjyYL-U5h1hU-qeY6Sr-qeY4Ui-qwjwZ9-24bjmU2-4wrr4-2oBmmJ6-J7pKYk-pxgvaP-2oMLYzF-2qdNpiC-2nD2Fh3-2pMiG9Q-25ivJZo-2qgj5X7-2qdG9hf-2pNUish-2oaao4D-2jJ38BR-2nSeimS-ovSnyy-2kJWsTG-2pN5Fx3-2kf4jwG-2kK1do9-2kJWtai-2izeouy-2iZtTAn-2mKaPC1-2kJWsX4-2pNTPJR-pzCcA4-2jz8f8m-2jz8f1Y-2izeozy-2BvRae-2jE6gGP-2ix3EpZ-qzkunt-bDEYrG-qeWpuX-4qiWna-8Qfjhc-2iujFii-2pgri8T-2jBTUvs-eQ4WN4-2jJ38xY" title="September"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" src="https://live.staticflickr.com/2566/3978101840_687f5419bf_z.jpg" width="640" height="509" alt="September"/></a><script async src="//embedr.flickr.com/assets/client-code.js" charset="utf-8"></script></p> <p>The Proto-Celtic word <strong>*tannos</strong> means green oak, and comes from Proto-Indo-European <em>*(s)dʰnwos/*(s)dʰonu</em> (fir). </p> <p>Related words in the Celtic languages include:</p> <ul> <li><strong>tinne</strong> = the letter t in the Ogham alphabet (ᚈ) in Irish</li> <li><strong>tinne</strong> [tʲenə] = the letter t (ᚈ) in Ogham; gorse, whin, furze (archaic) in Scottish Gaelic</li> <li><strong>taneru</strong> = to tan (hide) in Welsh</li> <li><strong>glastanen gelyn</strong> = holm oak in Cornish</li> <li><strong>tann</strong> = sessile oaks in Breton</li> </ul> <p>For more about words for <strong>oak</strong> and related things, see the Celtiadur post: <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/celtiadur/2019/08/21/oaks/">Oak (trees)</a></p> <p>Words from the same Proto-Celtic roots, via Gaulish <em>*tannos</em> (oak) and Latin <em>tannum</em> (oak bark), include <strong>tan</strong> (pulped oak bark used in the tanning process of leather) in French, <strong>tano</strong> (stem, slip) in Galician, <strong>tanería</strong> (tannery) in Spanish, <strong>Tannenbaum</strong> (fir tree, Christmas tree) in German, <strong>θάμνος</strong> (thámnos – bush) in Greek, and <strong>tan</strong>, <strong>tannery</strong>, <strong>tannin</strong> (tannic acid) in English.</p> <p>Words from the same PIE roots include <strong>thanë</strong> (cranberry bush) in Albanian, and <strong>धनु</strong> (dhanu – bow, Sagittarius) in Sanskrit. [<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Celtic/tannos">source</a>]. </p> <p>Radio Omniglot podcasts are brought to you in association with <a href="https://blubrry.com/services/podcast-hosting/?code=omniglot">Blubrry Podcast Hosting</a>, a great place to host your podcasts. Get your first month free with the promo code <strong>omniglot</strong>.</p> <p><a href="http://www.japanesepod101.com/member/go.php?r=759259&i=b0" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" src="/images/banners/banner_japanesepod.jpg" alt="The Fastest Way to Learn Japanese Guaranteed with JapanesePod101.com" width="630" height="83"></a></p> <div class="addtoany_share_save_container addtoany_content addtoany_content_bottom"><div class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list" data-a2a-url="https://www.omniglot.com/radio/?p=3683" data-a2a-title="Celtic Pathways – Tan Oaks"><a class="a2a_button_facebook" href="https://www.addtoany.com/add_to/facebook?linkurl=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.omniglot.com%2Fradio%2F%3Fp%3D3683&linkname=Celtic%20Pathways%20%E2%80%93%20Tan%20Oaks" title="Facebook" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank"></a><a class="a2a_button_twitter" href="https://www.addtoany.com/add_to/twitter?linkurl=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.omniglot.com%2Fradio%2F%3Fp%3D3683&linkname=Celtic%20Pathways%20%E2%80%93%20Tan%20Oaks" title="Twitter" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank"></a><a class="a2a_button_pinterest" href="https://www.addtoany.com/add_to/pinterest?linkurl=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.omniglot.com%2Fradio%2F%3Fp%3D3683&linkname=Celtic%20Pathways%20%E2%80%93%20Tan%20Oaks" title="Pinterest" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank"></a><a class="a2a_dd addtoany_share_save addtoany_share" href="https://www.addtoany.com/share"></a></div></div> </div> <footer class="entry-footer"> <span class="cat-links">Posted in <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/radio/?cat=126" rel="category">Albanian (shqip)</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/radio/?cat=38" rel="category">Breton (Brezhoneg)</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/radio/?cat=122" rel="category">Celtic Pathways</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/radio/?cat=37" rel="category">Cornish (Kernewek)</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/radio/?cat=20" rel="category">English</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/radio/?cat=56" rel="category">Etymology</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/radio/?cat=23" rel="category">French (français)</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/radio/?cat=117" rel="category">Gaulish</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/radio/?cat=24" rel="category">German (Deutsch)</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/radio/?cat=61" rel="category">Greek (ελληνικά)</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/radio/?cat=6" rel="category">Irish (Gaeilge)</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/radio/?cat=4" rel="category">Language</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/radio/?cat=50" rel="category">Latin (Lingua Latina)</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/radio/?cat=11" rel="category">Music</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/radio/?cat=1" rel="category">Podcast</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/radio/?cat=94" rel="category">Proto-Celtic</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/radio/?cat=59" rel="category">Proto-Indo-European</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/radio/?cat=65" rel="category">Sanskrit (संस्कृतम्)</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/radio/?cat=5" rel="category">Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig)</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/radio/?cat=28" rel="category">Spanish (español)</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/radio/?cat=7" rel="category">Welsh (Cymraeg)</a></span><span class="tags-links">Tagged <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/radio/?tag=celtic" rel="tag">celtic</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/radio/?tag=etymology" rel="tag">etymology</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/radio/?tag=language" rel="tag">language</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/radio/?tag=linguistics" rel="tag">linguistics</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/radio/?tag=music" rel="tag">music</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/radio/?tag=oak" rel="tag">oak</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/radio/?tag=omniglot" rel="tag">omniglot</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/radio/?tag=podcast" rel="tag">podcast</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/radio/?tag=tan" rel="tag">tan</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/radio/?tag=tannery" rel="tag">tannery</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/radio/?tag=tannin" rel="tag">tannin</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/radio/?tag=words" rel="tag">words</a></span><span class="comments-link"><a href="https://www.omniglot.com/radio/?p=3683#respond">Leave a comment</a></span> </footer> </article> <article id="post-3642" class="post-3642 post type-post status-publish format-standard hentry category-breton category-catalan-catala category-celtic-pathways category-cornish category-dutch category-english category-etymology category-finnish-suomi category-french category-gaulish category-german category-icelandic category-language category-latin category-lithuanian-lietuviu-kalba category-middle-english category-occitan category-old-english-aenglisc category-old-french-franceis category-podcast category-proto-celtic category-proto-indo-european category-proto-west-germanic category-spanish category-swedish category-welsh tag-celtic tag-etymology tag-language tag-linguistics tag-omniglot tag-words"> <header class="entry-header"> <h1 class="entry-title"><a href="https://www.omniglot.com/radio/?p=3642" rel="bookmark">Celtic Pathways – Grinding Pebbles</a></h1> <div class="entry-meta"> <span class="posted-on"><a href="https://www.omniglot.com/radio/?p=3642" rel="bookmark"><time class="entry-date published" datetime="2024-11-09T21:07:01+00:00">9th November 2024</time><time class="updated" datetime="2024-11-11T14:20:57+00:00">11th November 2024</time></a></span><span class="byline"> By <span class="author vcard"><a class="url fn n" href="https://www.omniglot.com/radio/?author=1">Simon</a></span></span> </div> </header> <div class="entry-content"> <div itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/AudioObject"><meta itemprop="name" content="Celtic Pathways &#8211; Grinding Pebbles" /><meta itemprop="uploadDate" content="2024-11-09T21:07:01+00:00" /><meta itemprop="encodingFormat" content="audio/mpeg" /><meta itemprop="duration" content="PT2M23S" /><meta itemprop="description" content="In this episode of the Celtic Pathways podcast, we discover the possible Celtic roots of words for gravel in English and other languages. Gravel [ˈɡɹævəl] is small fragments of rock, used for laying on the beds of roads and railways, and as ballas..." /><meta itemprop="contentUrl" content="https://media.blubrry.com/radio_omniglot/www.omniglot.com/soundfiles/celticpathways/grindingpebbles.mp3" /><meta itemprop="contentSize" content="2.0" /><div class="powerpress_player" id="powerpress_player_8465"><audio class="wp-audio-shortcode" id="audio-3642-7" preload="none" style="width: 100%;" controls="controls"><source type="audio/mpeg" src="https://media.blubrry.com/radio_omniglot/www.omniglot.com/soundfiles/celticpathways/grindingpebbles.mp3?_=7" /><a href="https://media.blubrry.com/radio_omniglot/www.omniglot.com/soundfiles/celticpathways/grindingpebbles.mp3">https://media.blubrry.com/radio_omniglot/www.omniglot.com/soundfiles/celticpathways/grindingpebbles.mp3</a></audio></div></div><p class="powerpress_links powerpress_links_mp3" style="margin-bottom: 1px !important;">Podcast: <a href="https://media.blubrry.com/radio_omniglot/www.omniglot.com/soundfiles/celticpathways/grindingpebbles.mp3" class="powerpress_link_pinw" target="_blank" title="Play in new window" onclick="return powerpress_pinw('https://www.omniglot.com/radio/?powerpress_pinw=3642-podcast');" rel="nofollow">Play in new window</a> | <a href="https://media.blubrry.com/radio_omniglot/www.omniglot.com/soundfiles/celticpathways/grindingpebbles.mp3" class="powerpress_link_d" title="Download" rel="nofollow" download="grindingpebbles.mp3">Download</a></p><p>In this episode of the Celtic Pathways podcast, we discover the possible Celtic roots of words for <strong>gravel</strong> in English and other languages.</p> <p><a data-flickr-embed="true" href="https://www.flickr.com/photos/darinmarshall/12547168/in/photolist-27iQu-BmtWKw-cPWUsu-piaWrC-5fJiLD-5fJim4-a8Q7CG-bMcxv6-ftVV8L-gNivNy-bbwU1g-h6AJ1U-9mxe4n-42WtR-fyw8qx-8p5y4j-dfZV1Q-6Qv7rN-kYvcpk-cdVSiL-byhS6s-8J54Nt-49YCvc-4qSWLV-5MVDUm-nEbaoR-6jWL38-gv3eJ-73iGzN-9AXiUS-nWDLWH-KnCR-5a56Qm-uPeD9-J3Mn5-nEamcu-cbASx1-s2P5CW-86diCA-cVvnRf-59Kyy7-Huins-6q94iJ-8vYm4N-2quR9-LEGRU-96t7o8-4LzQTS-j8N3wP-9zUErP" title="Roof Gravel"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" src="https://live.staticflickr.com/10/12547168_adadb92964_z.jpg" width="640" height="470" alt="Roof Gravel"/></a><script async src="//embedr.flickr.com/assets/client-code.js" charset="utf-8"></script></p> <p><strong>Gravel</strong> [ˈɡɹævəl] is small fragments of rock, used for laying on the beds of roads and railways, and as ballast, and other things (other meanings are available).</p> <p>It comes from Middle English <strong>gravel / gravail(le)</strong> (sand, gravel, shingle, pebbles), from Old French <em>gravele</em> (gravel), a diminutive of <em>grave</em> (gravel, seashore), from Medieval Latin <em>grava</em>, possibly from Gaulish <em>grava</em>, from Proto-Celtic <em>grāwā</em> (gravel, pebbles), from Proto-Indo-European <em>*gʰroh₁weh₂</em>, from <em>*gʰreh₁w-</em> (to grind) [<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/gravel#English">source</a>].</p> <p>Words from the same Proto-Celtic roots in the modern Celtic languages include <strong>gro</strong> (gravel, shingle, gravelly shore, strand) in Welsh, <strong>grow</strong> (gravel) in Cornish, and <strong>grouan</strong> (gravel) in Breton [<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Celtic/gr%C4%81w%C4%81">source</a>].</p> <p>For more details of words for <strong>gravel</strong> and related things in Celtic languages, see the Celtiadur post <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/celtiadur/2024/11/11/gritty-gravel/">Gritty Gravel</a>.</p> <p>Words from the same Proto-Celtic roots in the non-Celtic languages include <strong>grava</strong> (gravel) in Catalan, <strong>grève</strong> (flat, sandy land along the sea or a large river) in French, <strong>grava</strong> (gravel) in Spanish, and <strong>grave</strong> (gravel, shore, gravelly ground) in Occitan [<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Celtic/gr%C4%81w%C4%81">source</a>].</p> <p>Words from the same PIE roots in other languages include: <strong>grit</strong>, <strong>groat</strong>, <strong>grout</strong> and <strong>gruel</strong> in English, <strong>Grieß</strong> (semolina) in German, <strong>grjót</strong> (coarse stones, rubble) in Icelandic, <strong>gryt</strong> (a badger’s sett, a fox’s den) in Swedish, <strong>riutta</strong> (reef) in Finnish, and <strong>grúodas</strong> (frozen mud or earth) in Lithuanian [<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/greut%C4%85">source</a>]. </p> <p>Incidentally, one Old English word for gravel was <em>ċeosol</em> [ˈtʃeo.sol], which comes from Proto-West-Germanic <em>*kesul</em> (small stone, pebble). This became <strong>chisel</strong> and <strong>chessil</strong> (gravel or pebbles) in modern English, and is cognate with <strong>Kiesel</strong> (pebble) in German, <strong>kiezel</strong> (pebble, flint, silicon) in Dutch, and <strong>kisel</strong> (silicon) in Swedish [<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/ceosol#Old_English">source</a>]. </p> <p>Radio Omniglot podcasts are brought to you in association with <a href="https://blubrry.com/services/podcast-hosting/?code=omniglot">Blubrry Podcast Hosting</a>, a great place to host your podcasts. Get your first month free with the promo code <strong>omniglot</strong>.</p> <p><a href="http://www.japanesepod101.com/member/go.php?r=759259&i=b0" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" src="/images/banners/banner_japanesepod.jpg" alt="The Fastest Way to Learn Japanese Guaranteed with JapanesePod101.com" width="630" height="83"></a></p> <div class="addtoany_share_save_container addtoany_content addtoany_content_bottom"><div class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list" data-a2a-url="https://www.omniglot.com/radio/?p=3642" data-a2a-title="Celtic Pathways – Grinding Pebbles"><a class="a2a_button_facebook" href="https://www.addtoany.com/add_to/facebook?linkurl=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.omniglot.com%2Fradio%2F%3Fp%3D3642&linkname=Celtic%20Pathways%20%E2%80%93%20Grinding%20Pebbles" title="Facebook" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank"></a><a class="a2a_button_twitter" href="https://www.addtoany.com/add_to/twitter?linkurl=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.omniglot.com%2Fradio%2F%3Fp%3D3642&linkname=Celtic%20Pathways%20%E2%80%93%20Grinding%20Pebbles" title="Twitter" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank"></a><a class="a2a_button_pinterest" href="https://www.addtoany.com/add_to/pinterest?linkurl=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.omniglot.com%2Fradio%2F%3Fp%3D3642&linkname=Celtic%20Pathways%20%E2%80%93%20Grinding%20Pebbles" title="Pinterest" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank"></a><a class="a2a_dd addtoany_share_save addtoany_share" href="https://www.addtoany.com/share"></a></div></div> </div> <footer class="entry-footer"> <span class="cat-links">Posted in <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/radio/?cat=38" rel="category">Breton (Brezhoneg)</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/radio/?cat=115" rel="category">Catalan (català)</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/radio/?cat=122" rel="category">Celtic Pathways</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/radio/?cat=37" rel="category">Cornish (Kernewek)</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/radio/?cat=47" rel="category">Dutch (Nederlands)</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/radio/?cat=20" rel="category">English</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/radio/?cat=56" rel="category">Etymology</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/radio/?cat=125" rel="category">Finnish (suomi)</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/radio/?cat=23" rel="category">French (français)</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/radio/?cat=117" rel="category">Gaulish</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/radio/?cat=24" rel="category">German (Deutsch)</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/radio/?cat=29" rel="category">Icelandic (Íslenska)</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/radio/?cat=4" rel="category">Language</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/radio/?cat=50" rel="category">Latin (Lingua Latina)</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/radio/?cat=156" rel="category">Lithuanian (lietuvių kalba)</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/radio/?cat=58" rel="category">Middle English (Englisch)</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/radio/?cat=154" rel="category">Occitan</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/radio/?cat=55" rel="category">Old English (Ænglisc)</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/radio/?cat=109" rel="category">Old French (Franceis)</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/radio/?cat=1" rel="category">Podcast</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/radio/?cat=94" rel="category">Proto-Celtic</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/radio/?cat=59" rel="category">Proto-Indo-European</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/radio/?cat=119" rel="category">Proto-West-Germanic</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/radio/?cat=28" rel="category">Spanish (español)</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/radio/?cat=30" rel="category">Swedish (svenska)</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/radio/?cat=7" rel="category">Welsh (Cymraeg)</a></span><span class="tags-links">Tagged <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/radio/?tag=celtic" rel="tag">celtic</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/radio/?tag=etymology" rel="tag">etymology</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/radio/?tag=language" rel="tag">language</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/radio/?tag=linguistics" rel="tag">linguistics</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/radio/?tag=omniglot" rel="tag">omniglot</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/radio/?tag=words" rel="tag">words</a></span><span class="comments-link"><a href="https://www.omniglot.com/radio/?p=3642#respond">Leave a comment</a></span> </footer> </article> <article id="post-3613" class="post-3613 post type-post status-publish format-standard hentry category-ancient-greek- category-breton category-catalan-catala category-celtic-pathways category-cornish category-danish category-dutch category-english category-etymology category-finnish-suomi category-gaulish category-german category-irish category-language category-latin category-manx category-music category-podcast category-proto-celtic category-proto-indo-european category-scottish-gaelic category-swedish category-welsh tag-celtic tag-etymology tag-language tag-linguistics tag-music tag-omniglot tag-podcast tag-words"> <header class="entry-header"> <h1 class="entry-title"><a href="https://www.omniglot.com/radio/?p=3613" rel="bookmark">Celtic Pathways – Oaken Larches</a></h1> <div class="entry-meta"> <span class="posted-on"><a href="https://www.omniglot.com/radio/?p=3613" rel="bookmark"><time class="entry-date published" datetime="2024-10-26T14:32:02+00:00">26th October 2024</time><time class="updated" datetime="2024-10-26T14:33:14+00:00">26th October 2024</time></a></span><span class="byline"> By <span class="author vcard"><a class="url fn n" href="https://www.omniglot.com/radio/?author=1">Simon</a></span></span> </div> </header> <div class="entry-content"> <div itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/AudioObject"><meta itemprop="name" content="Celtic Pathways &#8211; Oaken Larches" /><meta itemprop="uploadDate" content="2024-10-26T14:32:02+00:00" /><meta itemprop="encodingFormat" content="audio/mpeg" /><meta itemprop="duration" content="PT2M16S" /><meta itemprop="description" content="In this episode we discover the possible Celtic roots of words for larch (tree) in various non-Celtic languages. A larch [ˈlɑːtʃ/ˈlɑɹtʃ] is a confierous tree of the genus Larix having deciduous leaves in fascicles (bundles). The most common type o..." /><meta itemprop="contentUrl" content="https://media.blubrry.com/radio_omniglot/www.omniglot.com/soundfiles/celticpathways/oakenlarches.mp3" /><meta itemprop="contentSize" content="2.4" /><div class="powerpress_player" id="powerpress_player_8466"><audio class="wp-audio-shortcode" id="audio-3613-8" preload="none" style="width: 100%;" controls="controls"><source type="audio/mpeg" src="https://media.blubrry.com/radio_omniglot/www.omniglot.com/soundfiles/celticpathways/oakenlarches.mp3?_=8" /><a href="https://media.blubrry.com/radio_omniglot/www.omniglot.com/soundfiles/celticpathways/oakenlarches.mp3">https://media.blubrry.com/radio_omniglot/www.omniglot.com/soundfiles/celticpathways/oakenlarches.mp3</a></audio></div></div><p class="powerpress_links powerpress_links_mp3" style="margin-bottom: 1px !important;">Podcast: <a href="https://media.blubrry.com/radio_omniglot/www.omniglot.com/soundfiles/celticpathways/oakenlarches.mp3" class="powerpress_link_pinw" target="_blank" title="Play in new window" onclick="return powerpress_pinw('https://www.omniglot.com/radio/?powerpress_pinw=3613-podcast');" rel="nofollow">Play in new window</a> | <a href="https://media.blubrry.com/radio_omniglot/www.omniglot.com/soundfiles/celticpathways/oakenlarches.mp3" class="powerpress_link_d" title="Download" rel="nofollow" download="oakenlarches.mp3">Download</a></p><p>In this episode we discover the possible Celtic roots of words for <strong>larch</strong> (tree) in various non-Celtic languages.</p> <p><a data-flickr-embed="true" href="https://www.flickr.com/photos/superdove/39870338794/in/photolist-23KcUEo-ztvVoC-db2dk8-2m73nzd-db2aTV-db2huJ-F9feA2-TcHPrj-dzE86X-7XUXMH-wkCZTk-zJZW6Y-eez89q-7XYdqb-r3r1e8-F7JWGg-zLMXrE-25Pm1bz-dzKCWW-6WK7Zy-yRFbHi-2i661mT-2jN1xo8-763k68-SbA7D8-SRz2J1-tAWSyh-Tryhk8-zu1QK3-2o1iJVp-AMSCed-7ShZPa-9D2G9D-HwfDiV-AjtmNw-tTx8H6-Hwf9mY-6WK7c1-FawhbW-njyE7c-7SmgQN-dzKBjY-dzE9CP-dzE8WM-9mbqQV-TgpinQ-24rgiH-7VLCRG-zMya6Z-e6rbT" title="Walk In A Larch Wood"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" src="https://live.staticflickr.com/4662/39870338794_0156c90dd3_z.jpg" width="640" height="427" alt="Walk In A Larch Wood"/></a><script async src="//embedr.flickr.com/assets/client-code.js" charset="utf-8"></script></p> <p>A <strong>larch</strong> [ˈlɑːtʃ/ˈlɑɹtʃ] is a confierous tree of the genus <em>Larix</em> having deciduous leaves in fascicles (bundles). The most common type of larch tree in Europe is the <strong>European larch</strong> (<em>Larix decidua</em>), which is native to northern Italy. Other types of larch are availble.</p> <p>The English word <strong>larch</strong> comes from early modern German <em>Larche/Lärche</em>, from Middle High German <em>larche</em>, from Old High German <em>larihha</em>, from Latin <em>larix</em> (larch), from Ancient Greek <em>λάριξ</em> (lárix – larch, Venice turpentine*), possibly from Gaulish <em>*devro</em> (oak?) from Proto-Celtic <em>*daru</em> (oak), from PIE <em>*dóru</em> (tree) [<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/larch#English">source</a>].</p> <p><em><strong>*Venice turpentine</strong> = A thick substance made from the tree resin of the European larch (<em>Larix decidua</em>), formerly used as a component in the oil paintings to create glossy, translucent glazes [<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Venice_turpentine#English">source</a>].</em></p> <p>Words in the modern Celtic languages from the same Proto-Celtic root include: <strong>dair</strong> [d̪ˠaɾʲ] (oak) in Irish, <strong>dair</strong> [darʲ] (oak) in Scottish Gaelic, <strong>darragh</strong> (oak) in Manx, <strong>dâr</strong> [ˈdaːr] (oak tree, leader, mighty lord) in Welsh, <strong>dar</strong> [daːr / dæːr] (oak) in Cornish, and <strong>dar</strong> [dɑːr] (oak) in Breton [<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Celtic/daru">source</a>].</p> <p>Words from the same Proto-Celtic root in other languages include: <strong>làrix</strong> in Catalan, <strong>lariks</strong> in Dutch <strong>learag</strong> in Scottish Gaelic, <strong>larch</strong> in English, <strong>Lärche</strong> in German, and <strong>lærk</strong> in Danish, all of which mean <strong>larch</strong> (tree) [<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/larix#Latin">source</a>].</p> <p>Incidentally, the French word <strong>mélèze</strong> (larch) has doubly Celtic roots: it comes from Franco-Provençal (Dauphinois) <em>melèzo</em> (larch tree), from Vulgar Latin <em>*melice</em> (larch), from Gaulish <em>*mel-</em> (larch) and Latin <em>larix</em> (larch). The Gaulish word <em>*mel-</em> comes from Proto-Celtic <em>*meli</em> (honey) [<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/m%C3%A9l%C3%A8ze">source</a>]. </p> <p>Words from the same PIE root include <strong>δόρυ</strong> (dóry – spear) in Greek, <strong>terva</strong> (tar) in Finnish, <strong>dearbh</strong> (sure, certain) in Irish, <strong>tree</strong>, <strong>trim</strong>, and <strong>trough</strong> and <strong>true</strong> in English, and <strong>trä</strong> (wood) in Swedish [<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/d%C3%B3ru">source</a>]. </p> <p>See the Celtiadur post <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/celtiadur/2019/08/21/oaks/">Oak (trees)</a> for more details of words for <strong>oak</strong> and related things in Celtic languages. I also write about words, etymology and other language-related topics on the <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/">Omniglot Blog</a>.</p> <p>Radio Omniglot podcasts are brought to you in association with <a href="https://blubrry.com/services/podcast-hosting/?code=omniglot">Blubrry Podcast Hosting</a>, a great place to host your podcasts. Get your first month free with the promo code <strong>omniglot</strong>.</p> <p><a href="http://www.japanesepod101.com/member/go.php?r=759259&i=b0" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" src="/images/banners/banner_japanesepod.jpg" alt="The Fastest Way to Learn Japanese Guaranteed with JapanesePod101.com" width="630" height="83"></a></p> <div class="addtoany_share_save_container addtoany_content addtoany_content_bottom"><div class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list" data-a2a-url="https://www.omniglot.com/radio/?p=3613" data-a2a-title="Celtic Pathways – Oaken Larches"><a class="a2a_button_facebook" href="https://www.addtoany.com/add_to/facebook?linkurl=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.omniglot.com%2Fradio%2F%3Fp%3D3613&linkname=Celtic%20Pathways%20%E2%80%93%20Oaken%20Larches" title="Facebook" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank"></a><a class="a2a_button_twitter" 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rel="category">Celtic Pathways</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/radio/?cat=37" rel="category">Cornish (Kernewek)</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/radio/?cat=31" rel="category">Danish (dansk)</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/radio/?cat=47" rel="category">Dutch (Nederlands)</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/radio/?cat=20" rel="category">English</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/radio/?cat=56" rel="category">Etymology</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/radio/?cat=125" rel="category">Finnish (suomi)</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/radio/?cat=117" rel="category">Gaulish</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/radio/?cat=24" rel="category">German (Deutsch)</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/radio/?cat=6" rel="category">Irish (Gaeilge)</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/radio/?cat=4" rel="category">Language</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/radio/?cat=50" rel="category">Latin (Lingua Latina)</a>, <a 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rel="tag">linguistics</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/radio/?tag=music" rel="tag">music</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/radio/?tag=omniglot" rel="tag">omniglot</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/radio/?tag=podcast" rel="tag">podcast</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/radio/?tag=words" rel="tag">words</a></span><span class="comments-link"><a href="https://www.omniglot.com/radio/?p=3613#comments">2 Comments</a></span> </footer> </article> <article id="post-3596" class="post-3596 post type-post status-publish format-standard hentry category-albanian-shqip category-ancient-greek- category-breton category-catalan-catala category-celtic-pathways category-cornish category-czech category-english category-etymology category-french category-gaulish category-language category-latin category-lithuanian-lietuviu-kalba category-music category-old-french-franceis category-podcast category-proto-celtic category-proto-indo-european category-spanish category-welsh"> <header class="entry-header"> <h1 class="entry-title"><a href="https://www.omniglot.com/radio/?p=3596" rel="bookmark">Celtic Pathways – Garters</a></h1> <div class="entry-meta"> <span class="posted-on"><a href="https://www.omniglot.com/radio/?p=3596" rel="bookmark"><time class="entry-date published updated" datetime="2024-10-12T13:00:54+00:00">12th October 2024</time></a></span><span class="byline"> By <span class="author vcard"><a class="url fn n" href="https://www.omniglot.com/radio/?author=1">Simon</a></span></span> </div> </header> <div class="entry-content"> <div itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/AudioObject"><meta itemprop="name" content="Celtic Pathways &#8211; Garters" /><meta itemprop="uploadDate" content="2024-10-12T13:00:54+00:00" /><meta itemprop="encodingFormat" content="audio/mpeg" /><meta itemprop="duration" content="PT2M07S" /><meta itemprop="description" content="In this episode, we discover the Celtic roots of words for garter in English and French. The English word garter refers to a band around the leg to hold up a sock or stocking. It comes from Old Northern French gartier (garter), from Old French gar..." /><meta itemprop="contentUrl" content="https://media.blubrry.com/radio_omniglot/www.omniglot.com/soundfiles/celticpathways/garters.mp3" /><meta itemprop="contentSize" content="2.3" /><div class="powerpress_player" id="powerpress_player_8467"><audio class="wp-audio-shortcode" id="audio-3596-9" preload="none" style="width: 100%;" controls="controls"><source type="audio/mpeg" src="https://media.blubrry.com/radio_omniglot/www.omniglot.com/soundfiles/celticpathways/garters.mp3?_=9" /><a href="https://media.blubrry.com/radio_omniglot/www.omniglot.com/soundfiles/celticpathways/garters.mp3">https://media.blubrry.com/radio_omniglot/www.omniglot.com/soundfiles/celticpathways/garters.mp3</a></audio></div></div><p class="powerpress_links powerpress_links_mp3" style="margin-bottom: 1px !important;">Podcast: <a href="https://media.blubrry.com/radio_omniglot/www.omniglot.com/soundfiles/celticpathways/garters.mp3" class="powerpress_link_pinw" target="_blank" title="Play in new window" onclick="return powerpress_pinw('https://www.omniglot.com/radio/?powerpress_pinw=3596-podcast');" rel="nofollow">Play in new window</a> | <a href="https://media.blubrry.com/radio_omniglot/www.omniglot.com/soundfiles/celticpathways/garters.mp3" class="powerpress_link_d" title="Download" rel="nofollow" download="garters.mp3">Download</a></p><p>In this episode, we discover the Celtic roots of words for <strong>garter</strong> in English and French.</p> <p><a data-flickr-embed="true" href="https://www.flickr.com/photos/quinnanya/4221450568/in/photolist-7r33bu-h9yGa-2oLr524-8NXCpB-7zoLZC-7zjZRV-6haL62-4MAvw1-bsqmR3-8auYn7-5nWWd9-8uD8jF-2q1qAro-bUAsqk-cbXFMU-km4Ve-ncwdq-eQ9Mu2-PXKfb-cbXFBo-oxRTYh-fht2dS-89h9FC-rpurih-KTUD-2wi7cA-aanjLD-quMPjo-LXqVK2-4GvbJz-cpUjwf-eQ9MH6-J96J7-8a8XkB-cceybE-6DrCgc-2m1yLV3-FhXMm9-aC3FVy-AtWsTX-XvgWRL-2fP4wEA-75HxjK-5uPVpU-FzGbj-bEYrji-cpUhZw-bUSiFF-Dc6oCd-ic5tm" title="Garter"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" src="https://live.staticflickr.com/4013/4221450568_3e2c92cddf_z.jpg" width="640" height="427" alt="Garter"/></a><script async src="//embedr.flickr.com/assets/client-code.js" charset="utf-8"></script></p> <p>The English word <strong>garter</strong> refers to a band around the leg to hold up a sock or stocking. It comes from Old Northern French <em>gartier</em> (garter), from Old French <em>garet</em> (knee, leg), from Vulgar Latin <em>*garra</em> (shank, calf), from Gaulish <em>*garrā</em> (leg), from Proto-Celtic <em>*garros</em> (calf, shank), possibly from PIE <em>*ǵʰes-</em> (hand, to take) [<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/garter#English">source</a>].</p> <p>Words in the modern Celtic languages from the same Proto-Celtic root include: <strong>gar</strong> [ɡar] (leg, shank, thigh, ham) in Welsh, <strong>garr</strong> [ɡarː/ɡɒr] (leg, stem) in Cornish, and <strong>gar</strong> [ɡɑːr] (leg, paw) in Breton [<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Celtic/garros">source</a>].</p> <p>Words from the same Proto-Celtic root in other languages include: <strong>jarret</strong> (hock) and <strong>jarretière</strong> (garter) in French, and possibly <strong>garra</strong> (claw, talon, hand, paw, spirit) in Spanish, and <strong>garra</strong> (shank, tail, claw) in Catalan [<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Latin/garra">source</a>]. </p> <p>Words from the same PIE root include <strong>chiropractor</strong>, <strong>million</strong> and <strong>surgeon</strong> in English; <strong>dorë</strong> (hand) in Albanian; <strong>paže</strong> (arm) in Czech, and <strong>pažastis</strong> (armpit) in Lithuanian [<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/%C7%B5%CA%B0es-">source</a>].</p> <p><strong>Chiropractor</strong> comes from Ancient Greek <em>χείρ</em> (kheír – hand) & <em>πρᾶξις</em> (prâxis – action, activity, practice) [<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/chiropractor">source</a>]; <strong>million</strong> comes ultimately from the PIE root <em>*ǵʰéslom</em> (thousand) or literally “full hand” [<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/%C7%B5%CA%B0%C3%A9slom">source</a>]; and <strong>surgeon</strong> comes from Ancient Greek <em>χειρουργός</em> (kheirourgós – craftsman, surgeon), from <em>χείρ</em> (kheír – hand) & <em>ἔργον</em> (érgon – work) [<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/surgeon#English">source</a>]</p> <p>Incidentally, the English word <strong>hock</strong> [hɒk/hɑk] (also written <strong>hough</strong>) can refer to the hollow behind the knee, the tarsal joint of an animal such as a horse or pig, and the meat from that part of an animal. It’s also the name of a type of wine from the Hochheim region of Germany [<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/hock#English">source</a>].</p> <p>See the Celtiadur post <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/celtiadur/2018/11/17/legs-feet/">Legs & Feet</a> for more details of words for <strong>shank</strong>, <strong>calf</strong>, <strong>leg</strong>, <strong>foot</strong> and related things in Celtic languages. I also write about words, etymology and other language-related topics on the <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/">Omniglot Blog</a>.</p> <p>Radio Omniglot podcasts are brought to you in association with <a href="https://blubrry.com/services/podcast-hosting/?code=omniglot">Blubrry Podcast Hosting</a>, a great place to host your podcasts. Get your first month free with the promo code <strong>omniglot</strong>.</p> <p><a href="http://www.japanesepod101.com/member/go.php?r=759259&i=b0" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" src="/images/banners/banner_japanesepod.jpg" alt="The Fastest Way to Learn Japanese Guaranteed with JapanesePod101.com" width="630" height="83"></a></p> <div class="addtoany_share_save_container addtoany_content addtoany_content_bottom"><div class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list" data-a2a-url="https://www.omniglot.com/radio/?p=3596" data-a2a-title="Celtic Pathways – Garters"><a class="a2a_button_facebook" href="https://www.addtoany.com/add_to/facebook?linkurl=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.omniglot.com%2Fradio%2F%3Fp%3D3596&linkname=Celtic%20Pathways%20%E2%80%93%20Garters" title="Facebook" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank"></a><a class="a2a_button_twitter" href="https://www.addtoany.com/add_to/twitter?linkurl=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.omniglot.com%2Fradio%2F%3Fp%3D3596&linkname=Celtic%20Pathways%20%E2%80%93%20Garters" title="Twitter" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank"></a><a class="a2a_button_pinterest" href="https://www.addtoany.com/add_to/pinterest?linkurl=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.omniglot.com%2Fradio%2F%3Fp%3D3596&linkname=Celtic%20Pathways%20%E2%80%93%20Garters" title="Pinterest" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank"></a><a class="a2a_dd addtoany_share_save addtoany_share" href="https://www.addtoany.com/share"></a></div></div> </div> <footer class="entry-footer"> <span class="cat-links">Posted in <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/radio/?cat=126" rel="category">Albanian (shqip)</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/radio/?cat=97" rel="category">Ancient Greek (Ἑλληνική)</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/radio/?cat=38" rel="category">Breton (Brezhoneg)</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/radio/?cat=115" rel="category">Catalan (català)</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/radio/?cat=122" rel="category">Celtic Pathways</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/radio/?cat=37" rel="category">Cornish (Kernewek)</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/radio/?cat=33" rel="category">Czech (čeština)</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/radio/?cat=20" rel="category">English</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/radio/?cat=56" rel="category">Etymology</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/radio/?cat=23" rel="category">French (français)</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/radio/?cat=117" rel="category">Gaulish</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/radio/?cat=4" rel="category">Language</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/radio/?cat=50" rel="category">Latin (Lingua Latina)</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/radio/?cat=156" rel="category">Lithuanian (lietuvių kalba)</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/radio/?cat=11" rel="category">Music</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/radio/?cat=109" rel="category">Old French (Franceis)</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/radio/?cat=1" rel="category">Podcast</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/radio/?cat=94" rel="category">Proto-Celtic</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/radio/?cat=59" rel="category">Proto-Indo-European</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/radio/?cat=28" rel="category">Spanish (español)</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/radio/?cat=7" rel="category">Welsh (Cymraeg)</a></span><span class="comments-link"><a href="https://www.omniglot.com/radio/?p=3596#respond">Leave a comment</a></span> </footer> </article> <article id="post-3570" class="post-3570 post type-post status-publish format-standard hentry category-afrikaans category-albanian-shqip category-breton category-celtic-pathways category-cornish category-dutch category-english category-etymology category-french category-greek- category-irish category-language category-latin category-middle-english category-music category-old-english-aenglisc category-podcast category-proto-celtic category-proto-indo-european category-welsh tag-celtic tag-etymology tag-geneva tag-genoa tag-jeans tag-language tag-music tag-omniglot tag-podcast"> <header class="entry-header"> <h1 class="entry-title"><a href="https://www.omniglot.com/radio/?p=3570" rel="bookmark">Celtic Pathways – Jeans</a></h1> <div class="entry-meta"> <span class="posted-on"><a href="https://www.omniglot.com/radio/?p=3570" rel="bookmark"><time class="entry-date published" datetime="2024-09-28T15:11:32+00:00">28th September 2024</time><time class="updated" datetime="2024-09-28T16:17:18+00:00">28th September 2024</time></a></span><span class="byline"> By <span class="author vcard"><a class="url fn n" href="https://www.omniglot.com/radio/?author=1">Simon</a></span></span> </div> </header> <div class="entry-content"> <div itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/AudioObject"><meta itemprop="name" content="Celtic Pathways &#8211; Jeans" /><meta itemprop="uploadDate" content="2024-09-28T15:11:32+00:00" /><meta itemprop="encodingFormat" content="audio/mpeg" /><meta itemprop="duration" content="PT2M03S" /><meta itemprop="description" content="In this episode we discover the possible Celtic roots of the word jeans, and also the place names Genoa and Geneva. Jeans are trousers made from denim cotton, traditionally dyed dark blue, and also known as blue jeans. The word jeans is an abbrevi..." /><meta itemprop="contentUrl" content="https://media.blubrry.com/radio_omniglot/www.omniglot.com/soundfiles/celticpathways/jeans.mp3" /><meta itemprop="contentSize" content="2.2" /><div class="powerpress_player" id="powerpress_player_8468"><audio class="wp-audio-shortcode" id="audio-3570-10" preload="none" style="width: 100%;" controls="controls"><source type="audio/mpeg" src="https://media.blubrry.com/radio_omniglot/www.omniglot.com/soundfiles/celticpathways/jeans.mp3?_=10" /><a href="https://media.blubrry.com/radio_omniglot/www.omniglot.com/soundfiles/celticpathways/jeans.mp3">https://media.blubrry.com/radio_omniglot/www.omniglot.com/soundfiles/celticpathways/jeans.mp3</a></audio></div></div><p class="powerpress_links powerpress_links_mp3" style="margin-bottom: 1px !important;">Podcast: <a href="https://media.blubrry.com/radio_omniglot/www.omniglot.com/soundfiles/celticpathways/jeans.mp3" class="powerpress_link_pinw" target="_blank" title="Play in new window" onclick="return powerpress_pinw('https://www.omniglot.com/radio/?powerpress_pinw=3570-podcast');" rel="nofollow">Play in new window</a> | <a href="https://media.blubrry.com/radio_omniglot/www.omniglot.com/soundfiles/celticpathways/jeans.mp3" class="powerpress_link_d" title="Download" rel="nofollow" download="jeans.mp3">Download</a></p><p>In this episode we discover the possible Celtic roots of the word <strong>jeans</strong>, and also the place names <strong>Genoa</strong> and <strong>Geneva</strong>.</p> <p><a data-flickr-embed="true" href="https://www.flickr.com/photos/russ2020/16739377478/in/photolist-rvcFJw-734gcT-99kG9r-22BxJQ-47WRPT-qLMY6i-4ofaBw-75Z1Xz-bC8sbt-734eec-7342Jn-734kDM-9aqaNM-Zf6ojF-738eHy-rvdPKb-c3VGB-bKuGLD-75YQqk-bKuJyX-734pb8-3EhmmP-9zvdEx-aLoUu6-c3ZrQQ-738cQ5-aq3tgx-bu95wb-fG93QV-aq67ZG-c3ZL7U-5DBkD-c3ZrTj-734aBc-aEidc6-738jeW-FZe9FV-734p7F-bwA2gj-6uLupe-UjKL-bKuJN6-bwzYBw-87nPiu-iPE8m5-xSZ7EJ-c3ZtoL-vxnFsD-3bSg6e-c3ZFN3" title="Boots and Jeans"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" src="https://live.staticflickr.com/8717/16739377478_0f0c900cae_z.jpg" width="640" height="427" alt="Boots and Jeans"/></a><script async src="//embedr.flickr.com/assets/client-code.js" charset="utf-8"></script></p> <p><strong>Jeans</strong> are trousers made from denim cotton, traditionally dyed dark blue, and also known as <strong>blue jeans</strong>. The word <strong>jeans</strong> is an abbreviation of <strong>jean fustian</strong>, from Middle English <em>Gene</em> (Genoa, Genovese) and <em>fustian</em> (a strong cotton fabric) [<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/jeans#English">source</a>]. </p> <p><em>Gene</em> comes from Latin <em>Genua</em> (Genoa), which like <strong>Geneva</strong>, possibly comes from the Proto-Celtic <em>*genwā</em> ([river] bend) from PIE <em>*ǵénw-eh₂</em>, from <em>*ǵónu</em> (knee), which is also the root of the Proto-Celtic word <em>*glūnos</em> (knee) [<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/%C7%B5%C3%B3nu">source</a>]. </p> <p>Related words in the modern Celtic languages include:</p> <ul> <li><strong>glúin</strong> [ɡl̪ˠuːnʲ] = knee, generation, step, node in Irish</li> <li><strong>glùin</strong> [ɡl̪ˠuːn̪ʲ] = knee, generation, lap in Scottish Gaelic</li> <li><strong>glioon</strong> [ɡlʲuːnʲ] = joint, knee in Manx</li> <li><strong>glin</strong> [ɡliːn] = knee in Welsh</li> <li><strong>glin</strong> [ɡliːn] = knee in Cornish</li> <li><strong>glin</strong> [ɡlĩːn] = knee in Breton</li> </ul> <p>Other words from the same PIE roots include <strong>genuflect</strong> (to bend the knee, grovel) and <strong>knee</strong> in English; <strong>genou</strong> (knee) in French; <strong>knie</strong> (knee) in Dutch and Afrikaans; <strong>gju</strong> [ɟu/ɡjũː] (knee) in Albanian, and <strong>γόνατο</strong> [ˈɣɔnatɔ] (knee) in Greek [<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/%C7%B5%C3%B3nu">source</a>].</p> <p>Incidentally, the <strong>k</strong> in <strong>knee</strong> was pronounced in Middle Engish <em>kne</em> [kneː] and Old English <em>cnēow</em> [kne͜oːw] [<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/kne#Middle_English">source</a>], and also in Early Modern English until about the 16th or 17th century, when it quietly disappeared in speech [<a href="https://ell.stackexchange.com/questions/151054/why-is-the-k-silent-in-know-and-knotty-etc">source</a>].</p> <p>See the Celtiadur post <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/celtiadur/2020/12/19/knees/">Knees</a> for more details of words for <strong>knee</strong> and related things in Celtic languages. I also write about words, etymology and other language-related topics on the <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/">Omniglot Blog</a>.</p> <p>Radio Omniglot podcasts are brought to you in association with <a href="https://blubrry.com/services/podcast-hosting/?code=omniglot">Blubrry Podcast Hosting</a>, a great place to host your podcasts. Get your first month free with the promo code <strong>omniglot</strong>.</p> <p><a href="http://www.japanesepod101.com/member/go.php?r=759259&i=b0" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" src="/images/banners/banner_japanesepod.jpg" alt="The Fastest Way to Learn Japanese Guaranteed with JapanesePod101.com" width="630" height="83"></a></p> <div class="addtoany_share_save_container addtoany_content addtoany_content_bottom"><div class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list" data-a2a-url="https://www.omniglot.com/radio/?p=3570" data-a2a-title="Celtic Pathways – Jeans"><a class="a2a_button_facebook" href="https://www.addtoany.com/add_to/facebook?linkurl=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.omniglot.com%2Fradio%2F%3Fp%3D3570&linkname=Celtic%20Pathways%20%E2%80%93%20Jeans" title="Facebook" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank"></a><a class="a2a_button_twitter" 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