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class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Engineering sciences</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Engineering_sciences-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Engineering sciences subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Engineering_sciences-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Mechanical_and_electrical_engineering" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mechanical_and_electrical_engineering"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Mechanical and electrical engineering</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mechanical_and_electrical_engineering-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Electronics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Electronics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Electronics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Electronics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Computer_programming_and_computer_science" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Computer_programming_and_computer_science"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Computer programming and computer science</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Computer_programming_and_computer_science-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Computer programming and computer science subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Computer_programming_and_computer_science-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Other_programming/computing_concepts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_programming/computing_concepts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Other programming/computing concepts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_programming/computing_concepts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Data_prototyping" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Data_prototyping"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Data prototyping</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Data_prototyping-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prototyping_for_Human-Computer_Interaction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prototyping_for_Human-Computer_Interaction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Prototyping for Human-Computer Interaction</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prototyping_for_Human-Computer_Interaction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Scale_modeling" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Scale_modeling"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Scale modeling</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Scale_modeling-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Architecture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Architecture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Architecture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Architecture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Metrology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Metrology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Metrology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Metrology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Natural_sciences" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Natural_sciences"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Natural sciences</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Natural_sciences-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet 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Available in 47 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-47" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">47 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prototipe" title="Prototipe – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Prototipe" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B0%D8%AC_%D9%85%D8%A8%D8%AF%D8%A6%D9%8A" title="نموذج مبدئي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="نموذج مبدئي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BF" title="Прототип – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Прототип" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prototip" title="Prototip – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Prototip" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prototip" title="Prototip – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Prototip" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prototyp" title="Prototyp – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Prototyp" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prototype" title="Prototype – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Prototype" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prototyp_(Technik)" title="Prototyp (Technik) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Prototyp (Technik)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protot%C3%BC%C3%BCp" title="Prototüüp – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Prototüüp" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prototipo" title="Prototipo – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Prototipo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prototipo" title="Prototipo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Prototipo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prototipo" title="Prototipo – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Prototipo" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%85%D9%88%D9%86%D9%87_%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%87" title="نمونه اولیه – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="نمونه اولیه" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prototype" title="Prototype – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Prototype" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%94%84%EB%A1%9C%ED%86%A0%ED%83%80%EC%9E%85" title="프로토타입 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="프로토타입" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%AA" title="आदिरूप – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="आदिरूप" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prototip" title="Prototip – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Prototip" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etalono" title="Etalono – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Etalono" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purwarupa" title="Purwarupa – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Purwarupa" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulunyanyali" title="Ulunyanyali – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="Ulunyanyali" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiZulu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prototipo" title="Prototipo – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Prototipo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%91_%D7%98%D7%99%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%A1" title="אב טיפוס – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אב טיפוס" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9E%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98%E1%83%9E%E1%83%98" title="პროტოტიპი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="პროტოტიპი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prototipas" title="Prototipas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Prototipas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protot%C3%ADpus" title="Prototípus – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Prototípus" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prototaip" title="Prototaip – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Prototaip" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prototype" title="Prototype – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Prototype" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%97%E3%83%AD%E3%83%88%E3%82%BF%E3%82%A4%E3%83%97" title="プロトタイプ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="プロトタイプ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prototyp" title="Prototyp – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Prototyp" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prototyp" title="Prototyp – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Prototyp" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escandau_(mod%C3%A8l)" title="Escandau (modèl) – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Escandau (modèl)" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prototyp" title="Prototyp – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Prototyp" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prot%C3%B3tipo" title="Protótipo – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Protótipo" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prototip" title="Prototip – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Prototip" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5" title="Прототипирование – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Прототипирование" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prototype" title="Prototype – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Prototype" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prototip" title="Prototip – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Prototip" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BF" title="Прототип – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Прототип" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prototip" title="Prototip – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Prototip" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prototyyppi" title="Prototyyppi – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Prototyyppi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prototyp" title="Prototyp – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Prototyp" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="முன்வடிவம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="முன்வடிவம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prototip" title="Prototip – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Prototip" 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i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Prototype_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Prototype (disambiguation)">Prototype (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PrototypeBoiseGreenbeltSignageExplanation.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/PrototypeBoiseGreenbeltSignageExplanation.jpg/220px-PrototypeBoiseGreenbeltSignageExplanation.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/PrototypeBoiseGreenbeltSignageExplanation.jpg/330px-PrototypeBoiseGreenbeltSignageExplanation.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/PrototypeBoiseGreenbeltSignageExplanation.jpg/440px-PrototypeBoiseGreenbeltSignageExplanation.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3480" data-file-height="4640" /></a><figcaption>A sign explaining prototype signage</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PrototypeBoiseGreenbeltSignage.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/PrototypeBoiseGreenbeltSignage.jpg/220px-PrototypeBoiseGreenbeltSignage.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/PrototypeBoiseGreenbeltSignage.jpg/330px-PrototypeBoiseGreenbeltSignage.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/PrototypeBoiseGreenbeltSignage.jpg/440px-PrototypeBoiseGreenbeltSignage.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3480" data-file-height="4640" /></a><figcaption>Prototype signage on the <a href="/wiki/Boise_Greenbelt" class="mw-redirect" title="Boise Greenbelt">Boise Greenbelt</a>, testing for <a href="/wiki/Rust" title="Rust">rust</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paint" title="Paint">paint</a>-fastness, durability, etc.</figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>prototype</b> is an early sample, model, or release of a product built to test a concept or process.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is a term used in a variety of contexts, including <a href="/wiki/Semantics" title="Semantics">semantics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Design" title="Design">design</a>, <a href="/wiki/Electronics" title="Electronics">electronics</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Software_prototyping" title="Software prototyping">software programming</a>. A prototype is generally used to evaluate a new design to enhance precision by system analysts and users.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Prototyping serves to provide specifications for a real, working system rather than a theoretical one.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Physical prototyping has a long history, and <a href="/wiki/Paper_prototyping" title="Paper prototyping">paper prototyping</a> and <a href="/wiki/Virtual_prototyping" title="Virtual prototyping">virtual prototyping</a> now extensively complement it. In some design workflow models, creating a prototype (a process sometimes called <b>materialization</b>) is the step between the <a href="/wiki/Formal_specification" title="Formal specification">formalization</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Evaluation" title="Evaluation">evaluation</a> of an idea.<sup id="cite_ref-SoaresRebelo2012_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SoaresRebelo2012-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A <b>prototype</b> can also mean a typical example of something such as in the use of the derivation '<b>prototypical</b>'.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is a useful term in identifying objects, behaviours and concepts which are considered the accepted norm and is analogous with terms such as <a href="/wiki/Stereotype" title="Stereotype">stereotypes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Archetype" title="Archetype">archetypes</a>. </p><p>The word <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/prototype" class="extiw" title="wikt:prototype">prototype</a></i> derives from the <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a> <span title="Greek-language text"><span lang="el" style="font-style: normal;">πρωτότυπον</span></span> <span title="Greek-language romanization"><i lang="el-Latn">prototypon</i></span>, "primitive form", neutral of <span title="Greek-language text"><span lang="el" style="font-style: normal;">πρωτότυπος</span></span> <span title="Greek-language romanization"><i lang="el-Latn">prototypos</i></span>, "original, primitive", from πρῶτος <i>protos</i>, "first" and τύπος <i>typos</i>, "impression" (originally in the sense of a mark left by a blow, then by a stamp struck by a die (note "typewriter"); by implication a scar or mark; by analogy a shape i.e. a statue, (figuratively) style, or resemblance; a model for imitation or illustrative example—note "typical").<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types">Types</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prototype&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Types"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Prototypes explore different aspects of an intended design:<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>A <b>proof-of-principle prototype</b> serves to verify some key functional aspects of the intended design, but usually does not have all the functionality of the final product.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>A <b>working prototype</b> represents all or nearly all of the functionality of the final product.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>A <b>visual prototype</b> represents the size and appearance, but not the functionality, of the intended design. A <b>form study prototype</b> is a preliminary type of visual prototype in which the geometric features of a design are emphasized, with less concern for color, texture, or other aspects of the final appearance.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>A <b>user experience prototype</b> represents enough of the appearance and function of the product that it can be used for <a href="/wiki/User_Research" class="mw-redirect" title="User Research">user research</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>A <b>functional prototype</b> captures both function and appearance of the intended design, though it may be created with different techniques and even different scale from final design.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>A <b><a href="/wiki/Paper_prototype" class="mw-redirect" title="Paper prototype">paper prototype</a></b> is a printed or hand-drawn representation of the user interface of a software product. Such prototypes are commonly used for early testing of a software design, and can be part of a <a href="/wiki/Software_walkthrough" title="Software walkthrough">software walkthrough</a> to confirm design decisions before more costly levels of design effort are expended.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Differences_in_creating_a_prototype_vs._a_final_product">Differences in creating a prototype vs. a final product</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prototype&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Differences in creating a prototype vs. a final product"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Prototype" title="Special:EditPage/Prototype">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">August 2014</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In general, the creation of prototypes will differ from creation of the final product in some fundamental ways: </p> <ul><li><b>Material</b>: The materials that will be used in a final product may be expensive or difficult to fabricate, so prototypes may be made from different materials than the final product. In some cases, the final production materials may still be undergoing development themselves and not yet available for use in a prototype.</li> <li><b>Process</b>: Mass-production processes are often unsuitable for making a small number of parts, so prototypes may be made using different fabrication processes than the final product. For example, a final product that will be made by plastic injection molding will require expensive custom tooling, so a prototype for this product may be fabricated by machining or stereolithography instead. Differences in fabrication process may lead to differences in the appearance of the prototype as compared to the final product.</li> <li><b>Verification</b>: The final product may be subject to a number of quality assurance tests to verify conformance with drawings or specifications. These tests may involve custom inspection fixtures, statistical sampling methods, and other techniques appropriate for ongoing production of a large quantity of the final product. Prototypes are generally made with much closer individual inspection and the assumption that some adjustment or <a href="/wiki/Rework_(electronics)" title="Rework (electronics)">rework</a> will be part of the fabrication process. Prototypes may also be exempted from some requirements that will apply to the final product.</li></ul> <p>Engineers and prototype specialists attempt to minimize the impact of these differences on the intended role for the prototype. For example, if a visual prototype is not able to use the same materials as the final product, they will attempt to substitute materials with properties that closely simulate the intended final materials. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Characteristics_and_limitations_of_prototypes">Characteristics and limitations of prototypes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prototype&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Characteristics and limitations of prototypes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PL_Beskid106_car.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/PL_Beskid106_car.jpg/220px-PL_Beskid106_car.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/PL_Beskid106_car.jpg/330px-PL_Beskid106_car.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/PL_Beskid106_car.jpg/440px-PL_Beskid106_car.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="900" /></a><figcaption>A prototype of the <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Polish</a> economy <a href="/wiki/Hatchback" title="Hatchback">hatchback</a> <a href="/wiki/Car" title="Car">car</a> <a href="/wiki/Beskid_(car)" class="mw-redirect" title="Beskid (car)">Beskid 106</a> designed in the 1980s</figcaption></figure> <p>Engineers and prototyping specialists seek to understand the limitations of prototypes to exactly simulate the characteristics of their intended design. </p><p>Prototypes represent some compromise from the final production design. This is due to the skill and choices of the designer(s), and the inevitable inherent limitations of a prototype. Due to differences in materials, processes and design fidelity, it is possible that a prototype may fail to perform acceptably although the production design may have been sound. Conversely, prototypes may perform acceptably but the production design and outcome may prove unsuccessful. </p><p>In general, it can be expected that individual prototype costs will be substantially greater than the final production costs due to inefficiencies in materials and processes. Prototypes are also used to revise the design for the purposes of <a href="/wiki/Cost_reduction" title="Cost reduction">reducing costs</a> through optimization and refinement.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It is possible to use prototype testing to reduce the risk that a design may not perform as intended, however prototypes generally cannot eliminate all risk. </p><p>Building the full design is often expensive and can be time-consuming, especially when repeated several times—building the full design, figuring out what the problems are and how to solve them, then building another full design. As an alternative, <a href="/wiki/Rapid_prototyping" title="Rapid prototyping">rapid prototyping</a> or <a href="/wiki/Rapid_application_development" title="Rapid application development">rapid application development</a> techniques are used for the initial prototypes, which implement part, but not all, of the complete design. This allows designers and manufacturers to rapidly and inexpensively test the parts of the design that are most likely to have problems, solve those problems, and then build the full design. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Engineering_sciences">Engineering sciences</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prototype&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Engineering sciences"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In technology research, a <a href="/wiki/Technology_demonstrator" class="mw-redirect" title="Technology demonstrator">technology demonstrator</a> is a prototype serving as <a href="/wiki/Proof-of-concept" class="mw-redirect" title="Proof-of-concept">proof-of-concept</a> and demonstration model for a new technology or future product, proving its viability and illustrating conceivable applications. </p><p>In large development projects, a <a href="/wiki/Testbed" title="Testbed">testbed</a> is a platform and prototype development environment for rigorous experimentation and testing of new technologies, components, scientific theories and computational tools.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>With recent advances in computer modeling it is becoming practical to eliminate the creation of a physical prototype (except possibly at greatly reduced scales for promotional purposes), instead modeling all aspects of the final product as a <a href="/wiki/Computer_model" class="mw-redirect" title="Computer model">computer model</a>. An example of such a development can be seen in <a href="/wiki/Boeing_787_Dreamliner" title="Boeing 787 Dreamliner">Boeing 787 Dreamliner</a>, in which the first full sized physical realization is made on the series production line. Computer modeling is now being extensively used in automotive design, both for form (in the <a href="/wiki/Automotive_design" title="Automotive design">styling and aerodynamics</a> of the vehicle) and in function—especially for improving vehicle <a href="/wiki/Crashworthiness" title="Crashworthiness">crashworthiness</a> and in weight reduction to improve mileage. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mechanical_and_electrical_engineering">Mechanical and electrical engineering</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prototype&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Mechanical and electrical engineering"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The most common use of the word prototype is a functional, although experimental, version of a non-military machine (e.g., automobiles, domestic appliances, consumer electronics) whose designers would like to have built by <a href="/wiki/Mass_production" title="Mass production">mass production</a> means, as opposed to a <a href="/wiki/Mockup" title="Mockup">mockup</a>, which is an inert representation of a machine's appearance, often made of some non-durable substance. </p><p>An electronics designer often builds the first prototype from <a href="/wiki/Breadboard" title="Breadboard">breadboard</a> or <a href="/wiki/Stripboard" title="Stripboard">stripboard</a> or <a href="/wiki/Perfboard" title="Perfboard">perfboard</a>, typically using "DIP" packages. </p><p>However, more and more often the first functional prototype is built on a "prototype <a href="/wiki/Printed_circuit_board" title="Printed circuit board">PCB</a>" almost identical to the production PCB, as PCB manufacturing prices fall and as many components are not available in <a href="/wiki/Dual_in-line_package" title="Dual in-line package">DIP</a> packages, but only available in <a href="/wiki/Surface-mount_technology" title="Surface-mount technology">SMT</a> packages optimized for placing on a PCB. </p><p>Builders of military machines and aviation prefer the terms "experimental" and "service test".<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Electronics">Electronics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prototype&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Electronics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="excerpt-block"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1066933788">.mw-parser-output .excerpt-hat .mw-editsection-like{font-style:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Electronics_prototyping" title="Electronics prototyping">Electronics prototyping</a>.<span class="mw-editsection-like plainlinks"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Electronics_prototyping&action=edit">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><div class="excerpt"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Protoboard_circuito_multivibradores.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Protoboard_circuito_multivibradores.jpg/220px-Protoboard_circuito_multivibradores.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Protoboard_circuito_multivibradores.jpg/330px-Protoboard_circuito_multivibradores.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Protoboard_circuito_multivibradores.jpg/440px-Protoboard_circuito_multivibradores.jpg 2x" data-file-width="650" data-file-height="487" /></a><figcaption>A simple electronic circuit prototype on a breadboard</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Texas_Instruments,_DLP_Cinema_Prototype_System,_Mark_V,_Paris,_2000_-_Philippe_Binant_Archives.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Texas_Instruments%2C_DLP_Cinema_Prototype_System%2C_Mark_V%2C_Paris%2C_2000_-_Philippe_Binant_Archives.jpg/220px-Texas_Instruments%2C_DLP_Cinema_Prototype_System%2C_Mark_V%2C_Paris%2C_2000_-_Philippe_Binant_Archives.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="218" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Texas_Instruments%2C_DLP_Cinema_Prototype_System%2C_Mark_V%2C_Paris%2C_2000_-_Philippe_Binant_Archives.jpg/330px-Texas_Instruments%2C_DLP_Cinema_Prototype_System%2C_Mark_V%2C_Paris%2C_2000_-_Philippe_Binant_Archives.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Texas_Instruments%2C_DLP_Cinema_Prototype_System%2C_Mark_V%2C_Paris%2C_2000_-_Philippe_Binant_Archives.jpg/440px-Texas_Instruments%2C_DLP_Cinema_Prototype_System%2C_Mark_V%2C_Paris%2C_2000_-_Philippe_Binant_Archives.jpg 2x" data-file-width="608" data-file-height="602" /></a><figcaption>Example of prototype in optoelectronics (<a href="/wiki/Texas_Instruments" title="Texas Instruments">Texas Instruments</a>, DLP Cinema Prototype System)</figcaption></figure> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Electronics" title="Electronics">electronics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prototyping" class="mw-redirect" title="Prototyping">prototyping</a> means building an actual circuit to a theoretical <a href="/wiki/Electronic_circuit_design" title="Electronic circuit design">design</a> to verify that it works, and to provide a physical platform for debugging it if it does not. The prototype is often constructed using techniques such as <a href="/wiki/Wire_wrap" title="Wire wrap">wire wrapping</a> or using a <a href="/wiki/Breadboard" title="Breadboard">breadboard</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stripboard" title="Stripboard">stripboard</a> or <a href="/wiki/Perfboard" title="Perfboard">perfboard</a>, with the result being a circuit that is electrically identical to the design but not physically identical to the final product.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Open-source tools like <a href="/wiki/Fritzing" title="Fritzing">Fritzing</a> exist to document electronic prototypes (especially the breadboard-based ones) and move toward physical production. Prototyping platforms such as <a href="/wiki/Arduino" title="Arduino">Arduino</a> also simplify the task of programming and interacting with a <a href="/wiki/Microcontroller" title="Microcontroller">microcontroller</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The developer can choose to deploy their invention as-is using the prototyping platform, or replace it with only the microcontroller chip and the circuitry that is relevant to their product. </p> A technician can quickly build a prototype (and make additions and modifications) using these techniques, but for volume production it is much faster and usually cheaper to mass-produce custom <a href="/wiki/Printed_circuit_board" title="Printed circuit board">printed circuit boards</a> than to produce these other kinds of prototype boards. The proliferation of quick-turn PCB fabrication and assembly companies has enabled the concepts of rapid prototyping to be applied to electronic circuit design. It is now possible, even with the smallest passive components and largest fine-pitch packages, to have boards fabricated, assembled, and even tested in a matter of days.</div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Computer_programming_and_computer_science">Computer programming and computer science</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prototype&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Computer programming and computer science"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Software_prototyping" title="Software prototyping">Software prototyping</a> and <a href="/wiki/Software_release_cycle" class="mw-redirect" title="Software release cycle">Software release cycle</a></div> <p>Prototype software is often referred to as <a href="/wiki/Alpha_test" class="mw-redirect" title="Alpha test">alpha grade</a>, meaning it is the first version to run. Often only a few functions are implemented, the primary focus of the alpha is to have a functional base code on to which features may be added. Once alpha grade software has most of the required features integrated into it, it becomes <a href="/wiki/Beta_test" class="mw-redirect" title="Beta test">beta software</a> for testing of the entire software and to adjust the program to respond correctly during situations unforeseen during development.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Often the end users may not be able to provide a complete set of application objectives, detailed input, processing, or output requirements in the initial stage. After the user evaluation, another prototype will be built based on feedback from users, and again the cycle returns to customer evaluation. The cycle starts by listening to the user, followed by building or revising a mock-up, and letting the user test the <a href="/wiki/Mock-up" class="mw-redirect" title="Mock-up">mock-up</a>, then back. There is now a new generation of tools called <a href="/wiki/Application_Simulation_Software" class="mw-redirect" title="Application Simulation Software">Application Simulation Software</a> which help quickly simulate application before their development.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Extreme_programming" title="Extreme programming">Extreme programming</a> uses <a href="/wiki/Iterative_design" title="Iterative design">iterative design</a> to gradually add one feature at a time to the initial prototype.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_programming/computing_concepts"><span id="Other_programming.2Fcomputing_concepts"></span>Other programming/computing concepts</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prototype&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Other programming/computing concepts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In many <a href="/wiki/Programming_language" title="Programming language">programming languages</a>, a <i><a href="/wiki/Function_prototype" title="Function prototype">function prototype</a></i> is the <a href="/wiki/Declaration_(computer_science)" class="mw-redirect" title="Declaration (computer science)">declaration</a> of a <a href="/wiki/Subroutine" class="mw-redirect" title="Subroutine">subroutine</a> or function (and should not be confused with software prototyping). This term is rather <a href="/wiki/C_(programming_language)" title="C (programming language)">C</a>/<a href="/wiki/C%2B%2B" title="C++">C++</a>-specific; other terms for this notion are <i>signature</i>, <i>type</i> and <i>interface</i>. In <a href="/wiki/Prototype-based_programming" title="Prototype-based programming">prototype-based programming</a> (a form of <a href="/wiki/Object-oriented_programming" title="Object-oriented programming">object-oriented programming</a>), new objects are produced by cloning existing objects, which are called prototypes.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The term may also refer to the <a href="/wiki/Prototype_Javascript_Framework" class="mw-redirect" title="Prototype Javascript Framework">Prototype Javascript Framework</a>. </p><p>Additionally, the term may refer to the <a href="/wiki/Prototype_pattern" title="Prototype pattern">prototype</a> design pattern. </p><p>Continuous learning approaches within organizations or businesses may also use the concept of business or process prototypes through software models. </p><p>The concept of prototypicality is used to describe how much a website deviates from the expected norm, and leads to a lowering of user preference for that site's design.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Data_prototyping">Data prototyping</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prototype&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Data prototyping"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A <i>data prototype</i> is a form of <i>functional </i>or <i>working</i> prototype.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The justification for its creation is usually a <a href="/wiki/Data_migration" title="Data migration">data migration</a>, <a href="/wiki/Data_integration" title="Data integration">data integration</a> or application implementation project and the raw materials used as input are an instance of all the relevant data which exists at the start of the project. </p><p>The objectives of <i>data prototyping</i> are to produce: </p> <ul><li>A set of data cleansing and transformation rules which have been <i>seen</i> to produce data which is all fit for purpose.</li> <li>A dataset which is the result of those rules being applied to an instance of the relevant raw (source) data.</li></ul> <p>To achieve this, a data architect uses a graphical interface to interactively develop and execute transformation and cleansing rules using raw data. The resultant data is then evaluated and the rules refined. Beyond the obvious visual checking of the data <i>on-screen</i> by the data architect, the usual evaluation and validation approaches are to use <a href="/wiki/Data_profiling" title="Data profiling">Data profiling</a> software<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and then to insert the resultant data into a test version of the target application and trial its use. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prototyping_for_Human-Computer_Interaction">Prototyping for Human-Computer Interaction</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prototype&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Prototyping for Human-Computer Interaction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>When developing software or digital tools that humans interact with, a prototype is an artifact that is used to ask and answer a design question. Prototypes provide the means for examining design problems and evaluating solutions.<sup id="cite_ref-Houde_367–381_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Houde_367–381-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>HCI practitioners can employ several different types of prototypes: </p> <ul><li><b>"Wizard of Oz" prototype:</b> named after the <a href="/wiki/Wizard_of_Oz_(character)" title="Wizard of Oz (character)">Wizard of Oz</a> in the film <a href="/wiki/The_Wizard_of_Oz_(1939_film)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Wizard of Oz (1939 film)"><i>The Wizard of Oz</i></a>. This is a prototyping method with which the computer-side of the interaction is faked by an offsite or hidden human.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This prototyping technique is particularly useful for demonstrating functionality that is difficult or lengthy to engineer, such as applications like <a href="/wiki/Voice_user_interface" title="Voice user interface">voice user interface</a>.</li> <li><b>role prototype</b>: this prototype may not be engineered or look and feel like a finished product, but the purpose of this type of prototype is to investigate and evaluation a user need, or what the prototype could do for the user. They can present features and functionality that the user might benefit from, to demonstrate what role an artifact like the prototype might fulfill for the user.<sup id="cite_ref-Houde_367–381_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Houde_367–381-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A famous example of this kind of prototype would be the block of wood carried by <a href="/wiki/Jeff_Hawkins" title="Jeff Hawkins">Jeff Hawkins</a>, when developing the <a href="/wiki/PalmPilot" title="PalmPilot">Palm Pilot</a>.</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Paper_prototyping" title="Paper prototyping">paper prototype</a>:</b> this prototype may use cut paper, cardboard, or other inexpensive materials to demonstrate an interface. The purpose of this prototype is to test with users, without having to use a digital tool or develop a program to test functionality.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Recently, paper prototyping has fallen out of favor within certain design circles, particularly because the low-fidelity nature of this method and the lack of effectiveness when testing with users.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Scale_modeling">Scale modeling</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prototype&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Scale modeling"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NACA_Ames_7x10_Wind_Tunnel_-_GPN-2000-001822.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/NACA_Ames_7x10_Wind_Tunnel_-_GPN-2000-001822.jpg/220px-NACA_Ames_7x10_Wind_Tunnel_-_GPN-2000-001822.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/NACA_Ames_7x10_Wind_Tunnel_-_GPN-2000-001822.jpg/330px-NACA_Ames_7x10_Wind_Tunnel_-_GPN-2000-001822.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/NACA_Ames_7x10_Wind_Tunnel_-_GPN-2000-001822.jpg/440px-NACA_Ames_7x10_Wind_Tunnel_-_GPN-2000-001822.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2958" data-file-height="2125" /></a><figcaption>A scale model of an Douglas SB2D Destroyer in a wind tunnel for testing</figcaption></figure> <p>In the field of <a href="/wiki/Scale_model" title="Scale model">scale modeling</a> (which includes <a href="/wiki/Model_railroad" class="mw-redirect" title="Model railroad">model railroading</a>, vehicle modeling, <a href="/wiki/Model_aircraft#Flying_model_aircraft" title="Model aircraft">airplane modeling</a>, military modeling, etc.), a prototype is the real-world basis or source for a scale model—such as the real <a href="/wiki/EMD_GP38-2" title="EMD GP38-2">EMD GP38-2</a> locomotive—which is the prototype of <a href="/wiki/Athearn" title="Athearn">Athearn</a>'s (among other manufacturers) locomotive model. Technically, any non-living object can serve as a prototype for a model, including structures, equipment, and appliances, and so on, but generally prototypes have come to mean full-size real-world vehicles including automobiles (the prototype 1957 Chevy has spawned many models), military equipment (such as M4 Shermans, a favorite among US Military modelers), railroad equipment, motor trucks, motorcycles, and space-ships (real-world such as Apollo/Saturn Vs, or the ISS). As of 2014, basic rapid prototype machines (such as <a href="/wiki/3D_printers" class="mw-redirect" title="3D printers">3D printers</a>) cost about $2,000, but larger and more precise machines can cost as much as $500,000.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Architecture">Architecture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prototype&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Architecture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Architecture" title="Architecture">architecture</a>, prototyping refers to either <a href="/wiki/Architectural_model" title="Architectural model">architectural model making</a> (as form of <a href="/wiki/Scale_model" title="Scale model">scale modelling</a>) or as part of aesthetic or material <a href="/wiki/Experiment" title="Experiment">experimentation</a>, such as the <i>Forty Wall House</i> open source material prototyping centre in Australia.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Architects prototype to test ideas structurally, aesthetically and technically. Whether the prototype works or not is not the primary focus: architectural prototyping is the revelatory process through which the architect gains insight.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Metrology">Metrology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prototype&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Metrology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the science and practice of <a href="/wiki/Metrology" title="Metrology">metrology</a>, a <b>prototype</b> is a human-made object that is used as the standard of <a href="/wiki/Measurement" title="Measurement">measurement</a> of some <a href="/wiki/Physical_quantity" title="Physical quantity">physical quantity</a> to base all measurement of that physical quantity against. Sometimes this standard object is called an <b>artifact</b>. In the <a href="/wiki/International_System_of_Units" title="International System of Units">International System of Units</a> (<b>SI</b>), there remains no prototype standard <a href="/wiki/2019_revision_of_the_SI" title="2019 revision of the SI">since May 20, 2019</a>. Before that date, the last prototype used was the <a href="/wiki/International_prototype_of_the_kilogram" class="mw-redirect" title="International prototype of the kilogram">international prototype of the kilogram</a>, a solid <a href="/wiki/Platinum-iridium_alloy" class="mw-redirect" title="Platinum-iridium alloy">platinum-iridium</a> cylinder kept at the <a href="/wiki/Bureau_International_des_Poids_et_Mesures" class="mw-redirect" title="Bureau International des Poids et Mesures">Bureau International des Poids et Mesures</a> (International Bureau of Weights and Measures) in <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A8vres" title="Sèvres">Sèvres</a> <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> (a suburb of <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a>) that by <a href="/wiki/Definition" title="Definition">definition</a> was the mass of exactly one <a href="/wiki/Kilogram" title="Kilogram">kilogram</a>. Copies of this prototype are fashioned and issued to many nations to represent the national standard of the kilogram and are periodically compared to the Paris prototype. Now the kilogram is redefined in such a way that the <a href="/wiki/Planck_constant" title="Planck constant">Planck constant</a> <span class="texhtml mvar" style="font-style:italic;">h</span> is prescribed a value of exactly <span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6966662607015000000♠"></span>6.626<span style="margin-left:.25em;">070</span><span style="margin-left:.25em;">15</span><span style="margin-left:0.25em;margin-right:0.15em;">×</span>10<sup>−34</sup> joule-second (J⋅s)</span> </p><p>Until 1960, the <a href="/wiki/Metre" title="Metre">meter</a> was defined by a platinum-iridium prototype bar with two marks on it (that were, by definition, spaced apart by one meter), the <a href="/wiki/International_prototype_of_the_metre" class="mw-redirect" title="International prototype of the metre">international prototype of the metre</a>, and in 1983 the meter was redefined to be the distance in <a href="/wiki/Free_space" class="mw-redirect" title="Free space">free space</a> covered by <a href="/wiki/Speed_of_light" title="Speed of light">light</a> in 1/299,792,458 of a <a href="/wiki/Second" title="Second">second</a> (thus <i>defining</i> the speed of light to be 299,792,458 meters per second). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Natural_sciences">Natural sciences</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prototype&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Natural sciences"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In many sciences, from pathology to taxonomy, <i>prototype</i> refers to a disease, species, etc. which sets a good example for the whole category. In biology, <i>prototype</i> is the ancestral or primitive form of a species or other group; an archetype.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, the <a href="/wiki/Senegal_bichir" class="mw-redirect" title="Senegal bichir">Senegal bichir</a> is regarded as the prototypes of its genus, <i><a href="/wiki/Polypterus" title="Polypterus">Polypterus</a></i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prototype&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/3D_printing" title="3D printing">3D printing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clay_modeling" title="Clay modeling">Clay modeling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minimum_viable_product" title="Minimum viable product">Minimum viable product</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rapid_prototyping" title="Rapid prototyping">Rapid prototyping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Test_article_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Test article (disambiguation)">Test article (disambiguation)</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prototype&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:0-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBlackwellManar2015" class="citation journal cs1">Blackwell, A. H.; Manar, E., eds. (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ic.galegroup.com/ic/scic/ReferenceDetailsPage/ReferenceDetailsWindow?failOverType=&query=&prodId=SCIC&windowstate=normal&contentModules=&display-query=&mode=view&displayGroupName=Reference&limiter=&currPage=&disableHighlighting=false&displayGroups=&sortBy=&search_within_results=&p=SCIC&action=e&catId=&activityType=&scanId=&documentId=GALE%7CENKDZQ347975681&source=Bookmark&u=dclib_main&jsid=63ed7b4b8ba090d7346c2d926005d307">"Prototype"</a>. <i>UXL Encyclopedia of Science</i> (3rd ed.)<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-10-30</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Council+on+Foreign+Relations&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cfr.org%2Ftechnology-and-science%2F3d-printing-challenges-opportunities-international-relations%2Fp31709&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrototype" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1">"Open source architecture lab launched in Tasmania". <i>Architecture News</i>. 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Architecture+News&rft.atitle=Open+source+architecture+lab+launched+in+Tasmania&rft.date=2021&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrototype" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLev" class="citation web cs1">Lev, Jiri. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://40walls.org/forty-wall-house/">"Forty Wall House – 40walls.org"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-09-29</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Forty+Wall+House+%E2%80%93+40walls.org&rft.aulast=Lev&rft.aufirst=Jiri&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2F40walls.org%2Fforty-wall-house%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrototype" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurry2017" class="citation book cs1">Burry, Mark (2017). <i>Prototyping for Architects</i>. GB. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780500292495" title="Special:BookSources/9780500292495"><bdi>9780500292495</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Prototyping+for+Architects&rft.place=GB&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=9780500292495&rft.aulast=Burry&rft.aufirst=Mark&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrototype" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/prototype">prototype</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130121213815/http://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/prototype">Archived</a> 2013-01-21 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. CollinsDictionary.com. Collins English Dictionary - Complete & Unabridged 11th Edition. 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design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Production_designer" title="Production designer">Production design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sensory_design" title="Sensory design">Sensory design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Service_design" title="Service design">Service design</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Interaction_design" title="Interaction design">Interaction<br />design</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Experience_design" class="mw-redirect" title="Experience design">Experience design</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Employee_experience_design" title="Employee experience design">EED</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Game_design" title="Game design">Game design</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Level_(video_games)" title="Level (video games)">Level design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_game_design" title="Video game design">Video game design</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hardware_interface_design" title="Hardware interface design">Hardware interface design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icon_design" title="Icon design">Icon design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immersive_design" title="Immersive design">Immersive design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_design" title="Information design">Information design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonic_interaction_design" title="Sonic interaction design">Sonic interaction design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/User_experience_design" title="User experience design">User experience design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/User_interface_design" title="User interface design">User interface design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Web_design" title="Web design">Web design</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other<br /><a href="/wiki/Applied_arts" title="Applied arts">applied arts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Public_art" title="Public art">Public art design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceramic_art" title="Ceramic art">Ceramic</a> / <a href="/wiki/Glass_art" title="Glass art">glass design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fashion_design" title="Fashion design">Fashion design</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Costume_design" title="Costume design">Costume design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewellery_design" title="Jewellery design">Jewellery design</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floral_design" title="Floral design">Floral design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Game_art_design" title="Game art design">Game art design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Property_designer" class="mw-redirect" title="Property designer">Property design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scenic_design" title="Scenic design">Scenic design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sound_design" title="Sound design">Sound design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lighting_design" title="Lighting design">Stage/set lighting design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Textile_design" title="Textile design">Textile design</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other<br />design<br />& <a href="/wiki/Engineering" title="Engineering">engineering</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algorithm_design" class="mw-redirect" title="Algorithm design">Algorithm design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Behavioural_design" title="Behavioural design">Behavioural design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boiler_design" title="Boiler design">Boiler design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Database_design" title="Database design">Database design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_design" title="Drug design">Drug design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electrical_system_design" title="Electrical system design">Electrical system design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design_of_experiments" title="Design of experiments">Experimental design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filter_design" title="Filter design">Filter design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geometric_design" title="Geometric design">Geometric design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Work_design" title="Work design">Work design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrated_circuit_design" title="Integrated circuit design">Integrated circuit design</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Circuit_design" title="Circuit design">Circuit design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physical_design_(electronics)" title="Physical design (electronics)">Physical design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power_network_design_(IC)" title="Power network design (IC)">Power network design</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mechanism_design" title="Mechanism design">Mechanism design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_weapon_design" title="Nuclear weapon design">Nuclear weapon design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nucleic_acid_design" title="Nucleic acid design">Nucleic acid design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organizational_architecture" title="Organizational architecture">Organization design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Process_design" title="Process design">Process design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Processor_design" title="Processor design">Processor design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protein_design" title="Protein design">Protein design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Research_design" title="Research design">Research design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_design" title="Social design">Social design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_design" title="Software design">Software design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spacecraft_design" title="Spacecraft design">Spacecraft design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategic_design" title="Strategic design">Strategic design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systems_design" title="Systems design">Systems design</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Approaches" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Approaches</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Activity-centered_design" title="Activity-centered design">Activity-centered</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adaptive_web_design" title="Adaptive web design">Adaptive web</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Affective_design" title="Affective design">Affective</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brainstorming" title="Brainstorming">Brainstorming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design_by_committee" title="Design by committee">By committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design_by_contract" title="Design by contract">By contract</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C-K_theory" title="C-K theory">C-K theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design_closure" title="Design closure">Closure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Participatory_design" title="Participatory design">Co-design</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Concept-oriented_design&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Concept-oriented design (page does not exist)">Concept-oriented</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Configuration_design" title="Configuration design">Configuration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contextual_design" title="Contextual design">Contextual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continuous_design" title="Continuous design">Continuous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cradle-to-cradle_design" title="Cradle-to-cradle design">Cradle-to-cradle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creative_problem-solving" title="Creative problem-solving">Creative problem-solving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creativity_techniques" title="Creativity techniques">Creativity techniques</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critical_design" title="Critical design">Critical</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Design_fiction" title="Design fiction">Design fiction</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defensive_design" title="Defensive design">Defensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design%E2%80%93bid%E2%80%93build" title="Design–bid–build">Design–bid–build</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design%E2%80%93build" title="Design–build">Design–build</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architect-led_design%E2%80%93build" class="mw-redirect" title="Architect-led design–build">architect-led</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diffuse_design" title="Diffuse design">Diffuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domain-driven_design" title="Domain-driven design">Domain-driven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_design" title="Ecological design">Ecological design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_neutral_design" title="Energy neutral design">Energy neutral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engineering_design_process" title="Engineering design process">Engineering design process</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Probabilistic_design" title="Probabilistic design">Probabilistic design</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Error-tolerant_design" title="Error-tolerant design">Error-tolerant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fault-tolerant_design" class="mw-redirect" title="Fault-tolerant design">Fault-tolerant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Framework-oriented_design" title="Framework-oriented design">Framework-oriented</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design_for_assembly" title="Design for assembly">For assembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Behavioural_design" title="Behavioural design">For behaviour change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design_for_manufacturability" title="Design for manufacturability">For manufacturability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design_for_Six_Sigma" title="Design for Six Sigma">For Six Sigma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design_for_testing" title="Design for testing">For testing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design_for_X" title="Design for X">For X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Functional_design" title="Functional design">Functional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Generative_design" title="Generative design">Generative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geodesign" title="Geodesign">Geodesign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human-centered_design" title="Human-centered design">HCD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-level_design" title="High-level design">High-level</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inclusive_design" title="Inclusive design">Inclusive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrated_design" title="Integrated design">Integrated</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrated_topside_design" title="Integrated topside design">Integrated topside</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intelligence-based_design" title="Intelligence-based design">Intelligence-based</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iterative_design" title="Iterative design">Iterative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KISS_principle" title="KISS principle">KISS principle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low-level_design" title="Low-level design">Low-level</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metadesign" title="Metadesign">Metadesign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mind_map" title="Mind map">Mind mapping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modular_design" title="Modular design">Modular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Wave_(design)" title="New Wave (design)">New Wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Object-oriented_design" class="mw-redirect" title="Object-oriented design">Object-oriented</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open-design_movement" title="Open-design movement">Open</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parametric_design" title="Parametric design">Parametric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Participatory_design" title="Participatory design">Participatory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Platform-based_design" title="Platform-based design">Platform-based</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Policy-based_design" class="mw-redirect" title="Policy-based design">Policy-based</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Process-centered_design" title="Process-centered design">Process-centered</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_interest_design" title="Public interest design">Public interest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rational_design" title="Rational design">Rational</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regenerative_design" title="Regenerative design">Regenerative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reliability_engineering" title="Reliability engineering">Reliability engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Research-based_design" title="Research-based design">Research-based</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Responsibility-driven_design" title="Responsibility-driven design">Responsibility-driven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Responsive_web_design" title="Responsive web design">RWD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safe-life_design" title="Safe-life design">Safe-life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_design" title="Sustainable design">Sustainable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systemic_design" title="Systemic design">Systemic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Systems-oriented_design" title="Systems-oriented design">SOD</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tableless_web_design" title="Tableless web design">Tableless web</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theory_of_constraints" title="Theory of constraints">Theory of constraints</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Top-down_and_bottom-up_design" class="mw-redirect" title="Top-down and bottom-up design">Top-down and bottom-up</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transformation_design" title="Transformation design">Transformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgenerational_design" title="Transgenerational design">Transgenerational</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TRIZ" title="TRIZ">TRIZ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_design" title="Universal design">Universal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Design_for_All_(in_ICT)" title="Design for All (in ICT)">Design for All</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Usage-centered_design" title="Usage-centered design">Usage-centered</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Use-centered_design" title="Use-centered design">Use-centered</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/User-centered_design" title="User-centered design">User-centered</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Empathic_design" title="Empathic design">Empathic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/User_innovation" title="User innovation">User innovation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Value-driven_design" title="Value-driven design">Value-driven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Value_sensitive_design" title="Value sensitive design">Value sensitive</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Privacy_by_design" title="Privacy by design">Privacy by</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>Design <a href="/wiki/Design_choice" title="Design choice">choice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design_computing" title="Design computing">computing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design_controls" title="Design controls">controls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design_culture" title="Design culture">culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design_flow_(EDA)" title="Design flow (EDA)">flow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design_leadership" title="Design leadership">leadership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design_management" title="Design management">management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design_marker" title="Design marker">marker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design_methods" title="Design methods">methods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design_pattern" title="Design pattern">pattern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design_research" title="Design research">research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design_science" title="Design science">science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design_sprint" title="Design sprint">sprint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design_strategy" class="mw-redirect" title="Design strategy">strategy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design_theory" title="Design theory">theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design_thinking" title="Design thinking">thinking</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="ToolsIntellectual_propertyOrganizationsAwards" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Tools</li><li>Intellectual property</li><li>Organizations</li><li>Awards</li></ul></div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Design_tool" title="Design tool">Tools</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algorithms-Aided_Design" title="Algorithms-Aided Design">AAD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architectural_model" title="Architectural model">Architectural model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blueprint" title="Blueprint">Blueprint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comprehensive_layout" title="Comprehensive layout">Comprehensive layout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer-aided_design" title="Computer-aided design">CAD</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Computer-aided_industrial_design" title="Computer-aided industrial design">CAID</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_home_design_software" title="Virtual home design software">Virtual home design software</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer-automated_design" title="Computer-automated design">CAutoD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design_quality_indicator" title="Design quality indicator">Design quality indicator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_design_automation" title="Electronic design automation">Electronic design automation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flowchart" title="Flowchart">Flowchart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mockup" title="Mockup">Mockup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design_specification" title="Design specification">Design specification</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Prototype</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sketch_(drawing)" title="Sketch (drawing)">Sketch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Storyboard" title="Storyboard">Storyboard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technical_drawing" title="Technical drawing">Technical drawing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HTML_editor" title="HTML editor">HTML editor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Website_wireframe" title="Website wireframe">Website wireframe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Intellectual<br />property</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Community_design" title="Community design">Community design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design_around" title="Design around">Design around</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design_infringement" title="Design infringement">Design infringement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design_patent" title="Design patent">Design patent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fashion_design_copyright" title="Fashion design copyright">Fashion design copyright</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Geschmacksmuster" title="Geschmacksmuster">Geschmacksmuster</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_design_right" title="Industrial design right">Industrial design rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_design_rights_in_the_European_Union" title="Industrial design rights in the European Union">European Union</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Institute_of_Graphic_Arts" title="American Institute of Graphic Arts">American Institute of Graphic Arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chartered_Society_of_Designers" title="Chartered Society of Designers">Chartered Society of Designers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design_and_Industries_Association" title="Design and Industries Association">Design and Industries Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design_Council" title="Design Council">Design Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Forum_Design" title="International Forum Design">International Forum Design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design_Research_Society" title="Design Research Society">Design Research Society</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Awards</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Design_Award" class="mw-redirect" title="European Design Award">European Design Award</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Design_Award" title="German Design Award">German Design Award</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Good_Design_Award_(Museum_of_Modern_Art)" title="Good Design Award (Museum of Modern Art)">Good Design Award (Museum of Modern Art)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Good_Design_Award_(Chicago_Athenaeum)" class="mw-redirect" title="Good Design Award (Chicago Athenaeum)">Good Design Award (Chicago Athenaeum)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graphex" class="mw-redirect" title="Graphex">Graphex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IF_Product_Design_Award" title="IF Product Design Award">IF Product Design Award</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Dyson_Award" title="James Dyson Award">James Dyson Award</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Philip_Designers_Prize" title="Prince Philip Designers Prize">Prince Philip Designers Prize</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Related_topics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Related topics</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agile_software_development" title="Agile software development">Agile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concept_art" title="Concept art">Concept art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conceptual_design" title="Conceptual design">Conceptual design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creative_industries" title="Creative industries">Creative industries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_icon" title="Cultural icon">Cultural icon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/.design" title=".design">.design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enterprise_architecture" title="Enterprise architecture">Enterprise architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Form_factor_(design)" title="Form factor (design)">Form factor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Futures_studies" title="Futures studies">Futures studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indie_design" title="Indie design">Indie design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Innovation_management" title="Innovation management">Innovation management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intelligent_design" title="Intelligent design">Intelligent design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lean_startup" title="Lean startup">Lean startup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_product_development" title="New product development">New product development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OODA_loop" title="OODA loop">OODA loop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_design" title="Philosophy of design">Philosophy of design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Process_simulation" title="Process simulation">Process simulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slow_design" class="mw-redirect" title="Slow design">Slow design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STEAM_fields" class="mw-redirect" title="STEAM fields">STEAM fields</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argument_from_poor_design" title="Argument from poor design">Unintelligent design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visualization_(graphics)" title="Visualization (graphics)">Visualization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wicked_problem" title="Wicked problem">Wicked problem</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Design <a href="/wiki/Design_brief" title="Design brief">brief</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design_change" title="Design change">change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design_classic" title="Design classic">classic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design_competition" title="Design competition">competition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architectural_design_competition" title="Architectural design competition">architectural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Student_design_competition" title="Student design 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