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discrimination in relation to Palestinian refugees</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Claims_of_discrimination_in_relation_to_Palestinian_refugees-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Same-sex_relationships" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Same-sex_relationships"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Same-sex relationships</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Same-sex_relationships-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Support_for_the_Law_of_Return" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Support_for_the_Law_of_Return"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Support for the Law of Return</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Support_for_the_Law_of_Return-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Debate_in_Israel" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Debate_in_Israel"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Debate in Israel</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Debate_in_Israel-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Applicability_of_the_law" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Applicability_of_the_law"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Applicability of the law</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Applicability_of_the_law-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Law of Return</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 31 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-31" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">31 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terugkeerwet" title="Terugkeerwet – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Terugkeerwet" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D9%88%D8%AF%D8%A9_(%D8%A5%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A%D9%84)" title="قانون العودة (إسرائيل) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="قانون العودة (إسرائيل)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qay%C4%B1d%C4%B1%C5%9F_qanunu" title="Qayıdış qanunu – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Qayıdış qanunu" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llei_del_Retorn" title="Llei del Retorn – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Llei del Retorn" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z%C3%A1kon_o_n%C3%A1vratu" title="Zákon o návratu – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Zákon o návratu" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loven_om_tilbagevending" title="Loven om tilbagevending – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Loven om tilbagevending" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%BCckkehrgesetz" title="Rückkehrgesetz – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Rückkehrgesetz" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ley_del_Retorno" title="Ley del Retorno – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Ley del Retorno" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le%C4%9Do_de_Reveno" title="Leĝo de Reveno – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Leĝo de Reveno" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88%D9%86_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B2%DA%AF%D8%B4%D8%AA" title="قانون بازگشت – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="قانون بازگشت" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loi_du_retour" title="Loi du retour – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Loi du retour" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B7%80%ED%99%98%EB%B2%95" title="귀환법 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="귀환법" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dokar_Komawa" title="Dokar Komawa – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Dokar Komawa" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Undang-Undang_Kepulangan" title="Undang-Undang Kepulangan – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Undang-Undang Kepulangan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legge_del_ritorno" title="Legge del ritorno – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Legge del ritorno" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%97%D7%95%D7%A7_%D7%94%D7%A9%D7%91%D7%95%D7%AA" title="חוק השבות – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="חוק השבות" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lesg_del_retorn" title="Lesg del retorn – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Lesg del retorn" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wet_op_de_Terugkeer" title="Wet op de Terugkeer – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Wet op de Terugkeer" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B8%B0%E9%82%84%E6%B3%95" title="帰還法 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="帰還法" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loven_om_tilbakevending" title="Loven om tilbakevending – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Loven om tilbakevending" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prawo_powrotu" title="Prawo powrotu – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Prawo powrotu" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lei_do_retorno" title="Lei do retorno – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Lei do retorno" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legea_re%C3%AEntoarcerii" title="Legea reîntoarcerii – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Legea reîntoarcerii" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%BE_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%89%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B8" title="Закон о возвращении – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Закон о возвращении" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z%C3%A1kon_o_n%C3%A1vrate" title="Zákon o návrate – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Zákon o návrate" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paluulaki" title="Paluulaki – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Paluulaki" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geri_D%C3%B6n%C3%BC%C5%9F_Kanunu" title="Geri Dönüş Kanunu – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Geri Dönüş Kanunu" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F" title="Закон про повернення – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Закон про повернення" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%A7%D7%A2%D7%A8_%D7%92%D7%A2%D7%96%D7%A2%D7%A5" title="אומקער געזעץ – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="אומקער געזעץ" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9B%9E%E6%AD%B8%E6%B3%95_(%E4%BB%A5%E8%89%B2%E5%88%97)" title="回歸法 (以色列) – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="回歸法 (以色列)" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9B%9E%E6%AD%B8%E6%B3%95" title="回歸法 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="回歸法" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q950320#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div 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For similar laws in other countries, see <a href="/wiki/Right_of_return" title="Right of return">Right of return</a>.</div> <p class="PIA-flag" style="display:none; visibility:hidden;">This page is subject to the extended confirmed restriction related to the Arab-Israeli conflict.</p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul 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.sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Aliyah" title="Category:Aliyah">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Aliyah" title="Aliyah">Aliyah</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PikiWiki_Israel_20841_The_Palmach.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/PikiWiki_Israel_20841_The_Palmach.jpg/220px-PikiWiki_Israel_20841_The_Palmach.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/PikiWiki_Israel_20841_The_Palmach.jpg/330px-PikiWiki_Israel_20841_The_Palmach.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/PikiWiki_Israel_20841_The_Palmach.jpg/440px-PikiWiki_Israel_20841_The_Palmach.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2127" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Concepts</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Promised_Land" title="Promised Land">Promised Land</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gathering_of_Israel" title="Gathering of Israel">Gathering of Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_diaspora" title="Jewish diaspora">Diaspora</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Negation_of_the_Diaspora" title="Negation of the Diaspora">Negation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_Jews" title="Palestinian Jews">Jews who remained in the Land of Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homeland_for_the_Jewish_people" title="Homeland for the Jewish people">Homeland for the Jewish people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zionism" title="Zionism">Zionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_question" title="Jewish question">Jewish question</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Law of Return</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Pre-Modern_Aliyah" class="mw-redirect" title="Pre-Modern Aliyah">Pre-Modern Aliyah</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Return_to_Zion" title="Return to Zion">Return to Zion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Yishuv" title="Old Yishuv">Old Yishuv</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perushim" title="Perushim">Perushim</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Chronology_of_Aliyah_in_modern_times" title="Chronology of Aliyah in modern times">Aliyah in modern times</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Aliyah" title="First Aliyah">First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Aliyah" title="Second Aliyah">Second</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aliyah_and_Yishuv_during_World_War_I" title="Aliyah and Yishuv during World War I">during World War I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Aliyah" title="Third Aliyah">Third</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Aliyah" title="Fourth Aliyah">Fourth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fifth_Aliyah" title="Fifth Aliyah">Fifth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aliyah_Bet" title="Aliyah Bet">Aliyah Bet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bricha" title="Bricha">Bricha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_exodus_from_the_Muslim_world" title="Jewish exodus from the Muslim world">from Muslim countries</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Magic_Carpet_(Yemen)" title="Operation Magic Carpet (Yemen)">Yemen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Ezra_and_Nehemiah" title="Operation Ezra and Nehemiah">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Migration_of_Moroccan_Jews_to_Israel" title="Migration of Moroccan Jews to Israel">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_migration_from_Lebanon_post-1948" title="Jewish migration from Lebanon post-1948">Lebanon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1970s_Soviet_Union_aliyah" title="1970s Soviet Union aliyah">from the Soviet Union</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1990s_post-Soviet_aliyah" title="1990s post-Soviet aliyah">post-Soviet</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1968_Polish_political_crisis" title="1968 Polish political crisis">from Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aliyah_from_Ethiopia" title="Aliyah from Ethiopia">from Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_emigration_from_Romania" title="Jewish emigration from Romania">from Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aliyah_from_Latin_America_in_the_2000s" title="Aliyah from Latin America in the 2000s">from Latin America</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Absorption</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Revival_of_the_Hebrew_language" title="Revival of the Hebrew language">Revival of the Hebrew language</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hebraization_of_surnames" title="Hebraization of surnames">Hebraization of surnames</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebraization_of_Palestinian_place_names" title="Hebraization of Palestinian place names">Hebraization of place names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulpan" title="Ulpan">Ulpan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kibbutz" title="Kibbutz">Kibbutz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Youth_village" title="Youth village">Youth village</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One_Million_Plan" title="One Million Plan">One Million Plan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Immigrant_camps_(Israel)" title="Immigrant camps (Israel)">Immigrant camps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma%27abarot" title="Ma'abarot">Ma'abarot</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Development_town" title="Development town">Development town</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austerity_in_Israel" title="Austerity in Israel">Austerity</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Organizations</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/World_Zionist_Organization" title="World Zionist Organization">World Zionist Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_National_Fund" title="Jewish National Fund">Jewish National Fund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Agency_for_Israel" title="Jewish Agency for Israel">Jewish Agency for Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Youth_Aliyah" title="Youth Aliyah">Youth Aliyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mossad_LeAliyah_Bet" title="Mossad LeAliyah Bet">Mossad LeAliyah Bet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Al" title="El Al">El Al</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Aliyah_and_Integration" title="Ministry of Aliyah and Integration">Ministry of Aliyah and Integration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nefesh_B%27Nefesh" title="Nefesh B'Nefesh">Nefesh B'Nefesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Am_Yisrael_Foundation" title="Am Yisrael Foundation">Am Yisrael Foundation</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Related topics</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yishuv" title="Yishuv">Yishuv</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabra_(person)" title="Sabra (person)">Sabra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yerida" title="Yerida">Yerida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expulsions_and_exoduses_of_Jews" title="Expulsions and exoduses of Jews">Jewish refugees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_and_Judaism_in_the_Land_of_Israel" title="History of the Jews and Judaism in the Land of Israel">History of the Jews in the Land of Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographic_history_of_Palestine_(region)" title="Demographic history of Palestine (region)">Demographic history of Palestine (region)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_Jewish_population" title="Historical Jewish population">Historical Jewish population</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yom_HaAliyah" title="Yom HaAliyah">Yom HaAliyah</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Aliyah" title="Template:Aliyah"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Aliyah" title="Template talk:Aliyah"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Aliyah" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Aliyah"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Law of Return</b> (<a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>: <span lang="he" dir="rtl">חוק השבות</span>, <i>ḥok ha-shvūt</i>) is an Israeli law, passed on 5 July 1950, which gives <a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jews</a>, people with one or more Jewish grandparent, and their spouses the right to <a href="/wiki/Aliyah" title="Aliyah">relocate to Israel</a> and acquire <a href="/wiki/Israeli_nationality_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Israeli nationality law">Israeli citizenship</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Section 1 of the Law of Return declares that "every Jew has the right to come to this country as an <i>oleh</i> [immigrant]". In the Law of Return, the <a href="/wiki/State_of_Israel" class="mw-redirect" title="State of Israel">State of Israel</a> gave effect to the <a href="/wiki/Zionist" class="mw-redirect" title="Zionist">Zionist</a> movement's "credo" which called for the establishment of Israel as a <a href="/wiki/Jewish_state" title="Jewish state">Jewish state</a>. In 1970, the right of entry and settlement was extended to people with at least one Jewish grandparent and a person who is married to a Jew, whether or not they are <a href="/wiki/Zera_Yisrael" title="Zera Yisrael">considered Jewish</a> under <a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Judaism" title="Orthodox Judaism">Orthodox</a> interpretations of <a href="/wiki/Halakha" title="Halakha">Jewish law</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-jpost_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jpost-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On the day of arrival in Israel, or occasionally at a later date, a person who enters Israel under the Law of Return as an <i>oleh</i> would receive a certificate confirming their <i>oleh</i> status. The person then has three months to decide whether they wish to become a citizen and can renounce their prior citizenship during this time. Since 2005, the right does not apply to residents of the <a href="/wiki/West_Bank" title="West Bank">West Bank</a> or the <a href="/wiki/Gaza_Strip" title="Gaza Strip">Gaza Strip</a> due to the <a href="/wiki/Citizenship_and_Entry_into_Israel_Law" title="Citizenship and Entry into Israel Law">Citizenship and Entry into Israel Law</a>. The right to an <i>oleh</i> certificate may be denied if the person is engaged in <a href="/wiki/Antisemitism" title="Antisemitism">anti-Jewish activity</a>, is a hazard to the public health or security of the state, or has a criminal past that may endanger public welfare.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:19450715_Buchenwald_survivors_arrive_in_Haifa.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/19450715_Buchenwald_survivors_arrive_in_Haifa.jpg/220px-19450715_Buchenwald_survivors_arrive_in_Haifa.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/19450715_Buchenwald_survivors_arrive_in_Haifa.jpg/330px-19450715_Buchenwald_survivors_arrive_in_Haifa.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/19450715_Buchenwald_survivors_arrive_in_Haifa.jpg/440px-19450715_Buchenwald_survivors_arrive_in_Haifa.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2508" data-file-height="2508" /></a><figcaption>Holocaust survivors arriving in Haifa in 1945, before the passage of the Law of Return</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Olim_from_morocco.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Olim_from_morocco.jpg/220px-Olim_from_morocco.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Olim_from_morocco.jpg/330px-Olim_from_morocco.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Olim_from_morocco.jpg/440px-Olim_from_morocco.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2048" /></a><figcaption>Moroccan Jewish immigrants arriving in Israel under the Law of Return, 1954</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Welcoming.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Welcoming.jpg/220px-Welcoming.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Welcoming.jpg/330px-Welcoming.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Welcoming.jpg/440px-Welcoming.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2323" data-file-height="1417" /></a><figcaption>North American immigrants arriving in Israel under the auspices of <a href="/wiki/Nefesh_B%27Nefesh" title="Nefesh B'Nefesh">Nefesh B'Nefesh</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The Law of Return was passed unanimously by the <a href="/wiki/Knesset" title="Knesset">Knesset</a>, Israel's Parliament, on 5 July 1950.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The date chosen so that it would coincide with the anniversary of the death of Zionist visionary <a href="/wiki/Theodor_Herzl" title="Theodor Herzl">Theodor Herzl</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It declared: </p> <dl><dd>"Every Jew has the right to come to this country as an oleh."</dd></dl> <p>In a declaration to the Knesset, the then Israeli prime minister <a href="/wiki/David_Ben-Gurion" title="David Ben-Gurion">David Ben-Gurion</a> asserted that the law did not bestow a right but rather reaffirmed a right Jews already held:<sup id="cite_ref-edelman1998_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-edelman1998-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dd>"This law does not provide for the State to bestow the right to settle upon the Jew living abroad; it affirms that this right is inherent in him from the very fact of being a Jew; the State does not grant the right of return to the Jews of the diaspora. This right preceed [<i><a href="/wiki/Sic" title="Sic">sic</a></i>] the State; this right build [<i><a href="/wiki/Sic" title="Sic">sic</a></i>] the State; its source is to be found in the historic and never broken connection between the Jewish people and the homeland."</dd></dl> <p>Follow-up legislation on immigration matters was contained in the <a href="/wiki/Israeli_Nationality_Law_of_1952" class="mw-redirect" title="Israeli Nationality Law of 1952">Nationality Law of 1952</a>. </p><p>Originally, the rights under the Law of Return applied only to Jews.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, due to an inability on the lawmakers to agree on a definition of "who is a Jew", the Law did not define the term, relying instead on the issue to resolve itself over time. As a result, the Law relied in effect on the traditional <a href="/wiki/Halakhic" class="mw-redirect" title="Halakhic">halakhic</a> definition. But, the absence of a definition of who is a Jew, for the purpose of the Law, resulted in divergent views of the various streams of Judaism competing for recognition. </p><p>Those who immigrate to Israel under the Law of Return are immediately entitled to citizenship in Israel. However, differences of opinion have arisen as to whether a person who claims citizenship under the Law of Return should be automatically registered as "Jewish" for census purposes. According to the halakhic definition, a person is Jewish if their mother is Jewish, or if they convert to Judaism. Orthodox Jews do not recognize conversions performed by Reform or Conservative Judaism. However, the Law provides that any Jew regardless of affiliation may migrate to Israel and claim citizenship. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Jewish_ancestry_amendment">Jewish ancestry amendment</h3></div> <p>The Law of Return was amended in 1970 to extend the right of return to some non-Jews.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Amendment number 2, 4a, states: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The rights of a Jew under this Law and the rights of an oleh under the Nationality Law, 5712-1952***, as well as the rights of an oleh under any other enactment, are also vested in a child and a grandchild of a Jew, the spouse of a Jew, the spouse of a child of a Jew and the spouse of a grandchild of a Jew, except for a person who has been a Jew and has voluntarily changed his/her religion.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>The law since 1970 applies to the following groups: </p> <ul><li>Those <a href="/wiki/Who_is_a_Jew%3F" title="Who is a Jew?">born Jews</a> according to the Orthodox interpretation; having a Jewish mother or maternal grandmother.</li> <li>Those with Jewish ancestry – having a Jewish father or grandfather.</li> <li>Converts to Judaism (<a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Judaism" title="Orthodox Judaism">Orthodox</a>, <a href="/wiki/Reform_Judaism" title="Reform Judaism">Reform</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Judaism" title="Conservative Judaism">Conservative</a> denominations—not secular—though Reform and Conservative conversions must take place outside the state, similar to <a href="/wiki/Civil_marriage" title="Civil marriage">civil marriages</a>).</li></ul> <p>Jews who have <a href="/wiki/Who_is_a_Jew%3F#Jews_who_have_practiced_another_religion" title="Who is a Jew?">converted to another religion</a> are not eligible to immigrate under the Law of Return, even though they are still Jews according to halakha. </p><p>The 1970 amendment was induced by the debate on "<a href="/wiki/Who_is_a_Jew%3F" title="Who is a Jew?">who is a Jew?</a>". Until then the law did not refer to the question. There are several explanations for the decision to be so inclusive. One is that as the <a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_Laws" title="Nuremberg Laws">Nuremberg Laws</a> did not use a <i>halakhic</i> definition in its definition of "who is a Jew", the Law of Return definition for citizenship eligibility is not <i>halakhic</i> either. Another explanation is the 1968 wave of immigration from <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a>, following an <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Poland#1967–1989" title="History of the Jews in Poland">antisemitic campaign by the government</a>. These immigrants were very assimilated and had many non-Jewish family members.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A second explanation is that in order to increase immigration levels so as to offset the "<a href="/wiki/Demographic_threat" title="Demographic threat">demographic threat</a>" posed by the growth of the Arab population, the law expanded the base group of those eligible to immigrate to Israel.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A third explanation promoted by religious Jews is that the overwhelmingly secular leadership in Israel sought to undermine the influence of religious elements in Israeli politics and society by allowing more secular Jews and their non-Jewish spouses to immigrate.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Israeli Rabbinate is a purely Orthodox body that is far more strict in defining "who is a Jew". This creates a situation in which thousands of immigrants who are eligible for citizenship under the Law of Return's criteria, are ineligible for Jewish marriage by the Israeli Rabbinate.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As of 2021, 3,340,000 Jews have immigrated to Israel since its independence in 1948.<sup id="cite_ref-Jewish_Agency_JA_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jewish_Agency_JA-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hundreds of thousands of people who do not have Jewish status under Orthodox Jewish interpretations of halakha received Israeli citizenship, as the law confers citizenship to all offspring of a Jew (including grandchildren) and their spouses.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Denial_of_citizenship">Denial of citizenship</h2></div> <p>Section 2(b) of the Law of Return empowers the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Interior_(Israel)" title="Ministry of Interior (Israel)">Minister of Interior</a> to deny Israeli citizenship under the Law of Return on a number of grounds: For example, an applicant may be denied citizenship if they are considered a threat to the security of the State of Israel (e.g. treason against the Jewish State), or have a past criminal record involving a serious crime, such as murder, and pose a danger to the well-being of the State of Israel; or, for example, may be a fugitive in another country for any felony (unless they are persecution victims); or such persons who, by virtue of their illness, may pose a serious public health risk to the people of Israel; as also any person who may be actively engaged in any campaign that vociferously speaks out against the Jewish people and undermines their cause (such as demagoguery).<sup id="cite_ref-israelhayom2018_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-israelhayom2018-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This provision has been used to exclude applicants a handful of times since Israel's establishment. Notable cases include <a href="/wiki/Robert_Soblen" title="Robert Soblen">Robert Soblen</a>, an American Communist who spied for the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> and fled to Israel in an attempt to escape a life sentence; <a href="/wiki/Meyer_Lansky" title="Meyer Lansky">Meyer Lansky</a>, an American mobster who was initially granted entry to Israel but was expelled two years later; and <a href="/wiki/Victor_Vancier" class="mw-redirect" title="Victor Vancier">Victor Vancier</a>, an American <a href="/wiki/Kahanism" title="Kahanism">Kahanist</a> activist convicted of involvement in a series of bombings. </p><p>In 1962, the case of <a href="/wiki/Oswald_Rufeisen" title="Oswald Rufeisen">Oswald Rufeisen</a>, born a Polish Jew and later a Catholic convert, <a href="/wiki/Rufeisen_v._Minister_of_the_Interior" title="Rufeisen v. Minister of the Interior">came before the Israeli Supreme court</a>. The Supreme Court decided that "no one can regard an <a href="/wiki/Apostate" class="mw-redirect" title="Apostate">apostate</a> as belonging to the Jewish people".<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2024, Leo Franks, a Jewish Briton who was in the process of applying for Israeli citizenship, had his citizenship application closed and his deportation from the country ordered by the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Interior_(Israel)" title="Ministry of Interior (Israel)">Ministry of the Interior</a>. This came after he was arrested at an anti-war protest in Jerusalem and after having been detained twice in the West Bank, once when accompanying Palestinian shepherds and once when "filming settler violence against Palestinians". Franks interpreted his deportation and denial of citizenship as a change to the Law of Return, saying to the <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Telegraphic_Agency" title="Jewish Telegraphic Agency">Jewish Telegraphic Agency</a>: "the courts have given the Ministry of Interior free rein to make decisions about who can be a Jew in Israel on the basis of his politics".<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The lead editorial of both the English and Hebrew editions of the Israeli broadsheet <a href="/wiki/Haaretz" title="Haaretz">Haaretz</a> made the same claim about the political significance of Franks' case, titling the English-language version of the editorial as "Only the Right Jews Can Make Aliyah in Today's Increasingly Undemocratic Israel".<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The granting of citizenship under the Law of Return does not prevent a person from being <a href="/wiki/Extradition" title="Extradition">extradited</a> back to another country under an <a href="/wiki/Extradition_treaty" class="mw-redirect" title="Extradition treaty">extradition treaty</a> with that other country. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Controversy">Controversy</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Followers_of_Messianic_Judaism">Followers of Messianic Judaism</h3></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Israel" title="Supreme Court of Israel">Supreme Court of Israel</a> ruled in 1989 that <a href="/wiki/Messianic_Judaism" title="Messianic Judaism">Messianic Judaism</a> constituted <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">another religion</a>, and that people who had become Messianic Jews were not therefore eligible for Aliyah under the law.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On April 16, 2008, the Supreme Court ruled in a case brought by a number of people with Jewish fathers and grandfathers whose applications for citizenship had been rejected on the grounds that they were Messianic Jews. The argument was made by the applicants that they had never been Jews according to halakha, and were not therefore excluded by the conversion clause. This argument was upheld in the ruling,<sup id="cite_ref-JPost_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JPost-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-CBN_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CBN-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the government agreed to reprocess their applications. Despite this, Messianic Jews are considered to be eligible for the law if they can claim Jewish ancestry (having a Jewish father or grandfather). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Claims_of_discrimination_in_relation_to_Palestinian_refugees">Claims of discrimination in relation to Palestinian refugees</h3></div> <p>Critics claim that the Law of Return runs counter to the claims of a democratic state.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Palestinians" title="Palestinians">Palestinians</a> and advocates for <a href="/wiki/Palestinian_refugee" class="mw-redirect" title="Palestinian refugee">Palestinian refugee</a> rights criticize the Law of Return, which they compare with the Palestinian claim to a <a href="/wiki/Palestinian_right_of_return" title="Palestinian right of return">Palestinian right of return</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These critics consider the Law, as contrasted against the denial of the right of return, offensive and institutionalized <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_discrimination" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic discrimination">ethnic discrimination</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A report by the <a href="/wiki/UN_Economic_and_Social_Commission_for_Western_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="UN Economic and Social Commission for Western Asia">UN Economic and Social Commission for Western Asia</a> (ESCWA) slammed the Law of Return, "conferring on Jews worldwide the right to enter Israel and obtain Israeli citizenship regardless of their countries of origin and whether or not they can show links to Israel-Palestine, while withholding any comparable right from Palestinians, including those with documented ancestral homes in the country," as a policy of "demographic engineering" meant to uphold Israel's status as "the <a href="/wiki/Jewish_state" title="Jewish state">Jewish state</a>". The report was later withdrawn following controversy.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Same-sex_relationships">Same-sex relationships</h3></div> <p>On June 10, 2011, the Law of Return was tested when a gay male couple, one Jewish and one Catholic, made Aliyah to Israel. This couple was the first same-sex, different religion married couple to request joint Aliyah status, although opposite-sex married couples of different religions receive joint Aliyah as a matter of course. The Jewish man quickly received citizenship but the decision of citizenship for his husband was delayed by the Ministry of the Interior despite the clause in the law saying the spouse of the Jewish returnee must also be granted citizenship.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On August 10, 2011, the Ministry of the Interior granted citizenship to the non-Jewish husband as required by the Law of Return.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2014, Interior Minister <a href="/wiki/Gideon_Sa%27ar" title="Gideon Sa'ar">Gideon Sa'ar</a> announced that Jews in same-sex relationships who got married abroad but wished to immigrate to Israel were allowed to do so under the Law of Return, even with a non-Jewish spouse, and that both spouses would receive Israeli citizenship.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Support_for_the_Law_of_Return">Support for the Law of Return</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Law_of_Return_Passport_wikicomm.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Law_of_Return_Passport_wikicomm.jpg/220px-Law_of_Return_Passport_wikicomm.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="240" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Law_of_Return_Passport_wikicomm.jpg/330px-Law_of_Return_Passport_wikicomm.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Law_of_Return_Passport_wikicomm.jpg/440px-Law_of_Return_Passport_wikicomm.jpg 2x" data-file-width="501" data-file-height="546" /></a><figcaption>A stamp in a passport issuing holder Israeli citizenship based on Law of Return</figcaption></figure> <p>Supporters of the law say that it is very similar to those in many European states, which also employ an ethnic component.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Supporters argue that: </p> <ol><li>The Law of Return is not the only way of acquiring citizenship. For example, non-Jews can become citizens by <a href="/wiki/Naturalization" title="Naturalization">naturalization</a>, residence, or marrying an Israeli citizen. Naturalization, for instance, is available under certain circumstances for the non-Jewish parents of a citizen who has completed their army service.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The right granted to Jews along with their relatives under the Law does not necessarily or automatically discriminate against non-Jews, but is a form of "positive" discrimination. Israel has residency and citizenship laws for non-Jews that are equivalent to those in other liberal democracies. <a href="/wiki/Committee_for_Accuracy_in_Middle_East_Reporting_in_America" title="Committee for Accuracy in Middle East Reporting in America">Committee for Accuracy in Middle East Reporting in America</a> (CAMERA) argues that the Law of Return is consistent with <a href="/wiki/Convention_on_the_Elimination_of_All_Forms_of_Racial_Discrimination" class="mw-redirect" title="Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination">Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination</a> Article I(3), which CAMERA says allows for preferential immigration treatment of some groups without discrimination against a particular group.<sup id="cite_ref-Camera_Convention_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Camera_Convention-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thus, CAMERA<sup id="cite_ref-Camera_Convention_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Camera_Convention-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and others<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> argue that other countries, including <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>, provide immigration privileges to individuals with ethnic ties to these countries (See <a href="/wiki/Right_of_return" title="Right of return">Right of return</a> and <a href="/wiki/Repatriation_laws" class="mw-redirect" title="Repatriation laws">Repatriation laws</a>).</li> <li>While the purpose of the Law of Return is perhaps to keep Israel predominantly Jewish, an argument states that a world where Jews have been <a href="/wiki/Persecution" title="Persecution">persecuted</a>, the concept of maintaining a <a href="/wiki/Jewish_state" title="Jewish state">Jewish state</a> is necessary for the survival of the Jewish people generally and to provide a safe haven for Jewish refugees in specific cases. CAMERA argues the Law of Return is justified under the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination Article I(4), which CAMERA argues allows for <a href="/wiki/Affirmative_action" title="Affirmative action">affirmative action</a>, because of the discrimination Jews faced during the <a href="/wiki/Holocaust" class="mw-redirect" title="Holocaust">Holocaust</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Camera_Convention_38-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Camera_Convention-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Pogrund" title="Benjamin Pogrund">Benjamin Pogrund</a>, director of Yakar's Center for Social Concern in Jerusalem and member of the Israeli delegation to the United Nations <a href="/wiki/World_Conference_against_Racism" title="World Conference against Racism">World Conference against Racism</a>, calls the law "unfair" from the Palestinian refugees' point of view, but sees the unfairness as having happened in other places too. Pogrund compares the flight/expulsion of Palestinians (both in 1948 and 1967) to Germany, Poland, the Czech Republic, India and Pakistan.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Debate_in_Israel">Debate in Israel</h2></div> <p>Among Israeli Jews, continued Jewish immigration enjoys strong support. According to a 2016 poll conducted by <a href="/wiki/Pew_Forum" class="mw-redirect" title="Pew Forum">Pew Forum</a>, 98% of all Jewish Israelis wanted the law to continue to allow Jewish immigration.<sup id="cite_ref-harpaz2018p2_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-harpaz2018p2-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, some argue that the law permits the entry of too many non-Jews, undermining its purpose.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Support for the law among Israeli Arabs is much less. According to a poll overseen by Haifa University sociologist Sammy Smooha among 700 Jews and 700 Arabs conducted in 2017 only 25.2% "accepted" the Law of Return, down from 39% in 2015.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In September 2007, the <a href="/wiki/Neo-Nazism#Israel" title="Neo-Nazism">discovery of a violent Israeli Neo-Nazi cell</a> (<a href="/wiki/Patrol_36" title="Patrol 36">Patrol 36</a>) in <a href="/wiki/Petah_Tikva" title="Petah Tikva">Petah Tikva</a>, made up of teenage immigrants from the <a href="/wiki/Former_Soviet_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Former Soviet Union">former Soviet Union</a>, led to renewed calls amongst politicians to amend the Law of Return.<sup id="cite_ref-Stoil_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stoil-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Effi_Eitam" title="Effi Eitam">Effi Eitam</a> of the <a href="/wiki/National_Religious_Party" title="National Religious Party">National Religious Party</a> and the <a href="/wiki/National_Union_(Israel)" title="National Union (Israel)">National Union</a>, which represent the religious <a href="/wiki/Zionism" title="Zionism">Zionist</a> movement and have previously attempted to advance bills to amend the Law of Return, stated that Israel has become "a haven for people who hate Israel, hate Jews, and exploit the Law of Return to act on this hatred."<sup id="cite_ref-Singer_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Singer-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the other end of the political spectrum, MK <a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Tibi" class="mw-redirect" title="Ahmed Tibi">Ahmed Tibi</a> of <a href="/wiki/United_Arab_List" title="United Arab List">United Arab List</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ta%27al" title="Ta'al">Ta'al</a> criticized the system's double standard, stating that "people immigrated to Israel and received automatic citizenship under the Law of Return, while citizens of <a href="/wiki/Nazareth" title="Nazareth">Nazareth</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tayibe" title="Tayibe">Tayibe</a> are not allowed to visit their own relatives merely due to the fact that they are <a href="/wiki/Arab" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab">Arabs</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-Singer_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Singer-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Thirty-seven percent of Israelis polled said that deeper background checks on new immigrants would amount to racism against Jews from Russian-speaking countries.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Applicability_of_the_law">Applicability of the law</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Law_of_Return" title="Special:EditPage/Law of Return">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Law+of+Return%22">"Law of Return"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Law+of+Return%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Law+of+Return%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Law+of+Return%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Law+of+Return%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Law+of+Return%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">July 2017</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Amongst those who are in favor of retaining the Law, controversy exists over its wording. The Law's definition of a "Jew" and "Jewish people" are subject to debate. Israeli and Diaspora Jews differ with each other as groups and among themselves as to what this definition should be for the purposes of the Law of Return. Additionally, there is a lively debate over the meaning of the terms "Jewish State" and "State of the Jews". </p><p>It is not only the Knesset, however, which has been repeatedly obliged to directly or indirectly address these issues. Over the years, many of Israel's interior ministers have examined the issue of the Law of Return and wavered as to how to apply it. The judiciary has also been called upon to express an opinion on matters relating to the Law. This burning and recurrent question in the country's political dialogue not only reveals but also exacerbates differences of opinion between Israelis. </p><p>One central issue is who has the authority over determining the validity of conversions to Judaism for purposes of immigration and citizenship. For historical reasons, the <a href="/wiki/Chief_Rabbinate_of_Israel" title="Chief Rabbinate of Israel">Chief Rabbinate of Israel</a>, under the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Religious_Services" title="Ministry of Religious Services">Israeli Ministry of Religious Affairs</a>, made this determination, but this arrangement is in question. This practice has met opposition among non-Orthodox religious leaders both within Israel and in the diaspora. Several attempts have been made to resolve the issue, the most recent being the Ne'eman Commission, but an impasse persists. </p><p>On March 31, 2005, the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Israel" title="Supreme Court of Israel">Israeli Supreme Court</a> ruled 7–4 that all conversions performed outside of Israel would be recognized by the authorities under the Law of Return, notwithstanding the Ne'eman Commission's view that a single body should determine eligibility for immigration. The court had already ruled in 1989 that conversions performed outside of Israel were valid for the Law of Return (regardless of whether they were Orthodox, Conservative, or Reform). The 2005 ruling extended this, finding that overseas conversions were still valid even if the individuals did the preparatory work for the conversions while residing in Israel.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/32px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="23" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/48px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/64px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="800" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Israel" title="Portal:Israel">Israel portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Balance,_by_David.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Balance%2C_by_David.svg/30px-Balance%2C_by_David.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Balance%2C_by_David.svg/46px-Balance%2C_by_David.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Balance%2C_by_David.svg/61px-Balance%2C_by_David.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="606" data-file-height="558" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Law" title="Portal:Law">Law portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Basic_Laws_of_Israel" title="Basic Laws of Israel">Basic Laws of Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prevention_of_Infiltration_Law" title="Prevention of Infiltration Law">Prevention of Infiltration Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citizenship_and_Entry_into_Israel_Law" title="Citizenship and Entry into Israel Law">Citizenship and Entry into Israel Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_identity_card" title="Israeli identity card">Israeli identity card</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_passport" title="Israeli passport">Israeli passport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Israel" title="Politics of Israel">Politics of Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oswald_Rufeisen" title="Oswald Rufeisen">Oswald Rufeisen</a> (Brother Daniel)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/296740/Israel/219423/The-Ben-Gurion-era?anchor=ref741699">"Israel :: Armistice and refugees – Encyclopædia Britannica"</a>. <i>Britannica.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Stern & Netanel Fisher (2018), <i>Conversion in Israel: Vision, Achievements, and Challenges</i>, The Israeli Institute for Democracy: Jerusalem, p. 135 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-965-519-217-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-965-519-217-9">978-965-519-217-9</a> (Hebrew).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/MFAArchive/1950_1959/Law+of+Return+5710-1950.htm">"Law of Return 5710-1950"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-05-07</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Israeli+Court+Rules+Jews+for+Jesus+Cannot+Automatically+Be+Citizens&rft.date=1989-12-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fquery.nytimes.com%2Fgst%2Ffullpage.html%3Fres%3D950DEFDB1439F934A15751C1A96F948260&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaw+of+Return" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-JPost-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-JPost_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jpost.com/Israel/Article.aspx?id=98980">"Court applies Law of Return to Messianic Jews because of fathers"</a>. <i>jpost.com</i>. The Jerusalem Post. 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110115143037/http://www.jpost.com/Israel/Article.aspx?id=98980">Archived</a> from the original on 2011-01-15<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-11-22</span></span>. <q>the petitioners were entitled to automatic new immigrant status and citizenship precisely because...they were the offspring of Jewish fathers.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=jpost.com&rft.atitle=Court+applies+Law+of+Return+to+Messianic+Jews+because+of+fathers&rft.date=2008&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jpost.com%2FIsrael%2FArticle.aspx%3Fid%3D98980&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaw+of+Return" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CBN-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CBN_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cbn.com/CBNnews/359362.aspx">"Messianic Ruling"</a>. <i>cbn.com</i>. CBNnews.com. 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080420062953/http://www.cbn.com/CBNnews/359362.aspx">Archived</a> from the original on 2008-04-20<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-04-17</span></span>. <q>Myers told CBN News, "The bottom line is that if your father is Jewish or if any of your grandparents are Jewish from your father's side – even if you're a Messianic Jew – you can immigrate to Israel under the law of return or under the law of citizenship if you marry an Israeli citizen."<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=cbn.com&rft.atitle=Messianic+Ruling&rft.date=2008&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbn.com%2FCBNnews%2F359362.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaw+of+Return" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Permanent Observer Mission of Palestine to the United Nations. "UN Economic, Social and Cultural Committee Expresses Grave Concern Over Israel's Discriminatory Practices." <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20010520155246/http://www.palestine-un.org/news/may99_cult.html">[1]</a> accessed 2 October 2006.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.reliefweb.int/rw/rwb.nsf/0/6d4c59c0007fd772c1256be6004d2fb8?OpenDocument&Click=">"Press Releases: Occupied Palestinian Territory, The international community is bargaining with the rights of the Palestinians"</a>. <i>reliefweb.int</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080511094411/http://www.reliefweb.int/rw/rwb.nsf/0/6d4c59c0007fd772c1256be6004d2fb8?OpenDocument&Click=">Archived</a> from the original on 11 May 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 May</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=reliefweb.int&rft.atitle=Press+Releases%3A+Occupied+Palestinian+Territory%2C+The+international+community+is+bargaining+with+the+rights+of+the+Palestinians&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.reliefweb.int%2Frw%2Frwb.nsf%2F0%2F6d4c59c0007fd772c1256be6004d2fb8%3FOpenDocument%26Click%3D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaw+of+Return" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/MFAArchive/2000_2009/2001/8/The%20Law%20of%20Return-%201950">"Israeli Ministry of Foreign Affairs. The Law of Return"</a>. <i>mfa.gov.il</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180328231826/http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/MFAArchive/2000_2009/2001/8/The%20Law%20of%20Return-%201950">Archived</a> from the original on 28 March 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 May</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=mfa.gov.il&rft.atitle=Israeli+Ministry+of+Foreign+Affairs.+The+Law+of+Return&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mfa.gov.il%2FMFA%2FMFAArchive%2F2000_2009%2F2001%2F8%2FThe%2520Law%2520of%2520Return-%25201950&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaw+of+Return" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAli_AbunimahHussein_Ibish" class="citation web cs1">Ali Abunimah; Hussein Ibish. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20010906030431/http://www.adc.org/issue_papers/ror/issuepaper30.PDF">"The Palestinian Right of Return"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.adc.org/issue_papers/ror/issuepaper30.PDF">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on September 6, 2001.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Palestinian+Right+of+Return&rft.au=Ali+Abunimah&rft.au=Hussein+Ibish&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.adc.org%2Fissue_papers%2Fror%2Fissuepaper30.PDF&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaw+of+Return" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170316054753/https://www.unescwa.org/sites/www.unescwa.org/files/publications/files/israeli-practices-palestinian-people-apartheid-occupation-english.pdf">"Israeli Practices towards the Palestinian People and the Question of Apartheid"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unescwa.org/sites/www.unescwa.org/files/publications/files/israeli-practices-palestinian-people-apartheid-occupation-english.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 16 March 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 March</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Israeli+Practices+towards+the+Palestinian+People+and+the+Question+of+Apartheid&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.unescwa.org%2Fsites%2Fwww.unescwa.org%2Ffiles%2Fpublications%2Ffiles%2Fisraeli-practices-palestinian-people-apartheid-occupation-english.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaw+of+Return" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.timesofisrael.com/un-chief-requests-report-accusing-israel-of-apartheid-be-pulled-from-web/">"UN chief orders report accusing Israel of 'apartheid' pulled from web"</a>. <i>The Times of Israel</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170317174655/http://www.timesofisrael.com/un-chief-requests-report-accusing-israel-of-apartheid-be-pulled-from-web/">Archived</a> from the original on 2017-03-17.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+Israel&rft.atitle=UN+chief+orders+report+accusing+Israel+of+%27apartheid%27+pulled+from+web&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.timesofisrael.com%2Fun-chief-requests-report-accusing-israel-of-apartheid-be-pulled-from-web%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaw+of+Return" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLior2011" class="citation news cs1">Lior, Ilan (28 June 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.haaretz.com/print-edition/news/israel-refuses-citizenship-for-gay-man-married-to-jewish-immigrant-1.369936">"Israel Refuses Citizenship for Gay Man Married to Jewish Immigrant"</a>. <i>Haaretz</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150924223608/http://www.haaretz.com/print-edition/news/israel-refuses-citizenship-for-gay-man-married-to-jewish-immigrant-1.369936">Archived</a> from the original on 24 September 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 May</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Haaretz&rft.atitle=Israel+Refuses+Citizenship+for+Gay+Man+Married+to+Jewish+Immigrant&rft.date=2011-06-28&rft.aulast=Lior&rft.aufirst=Ilan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.haaretz.com%2Fprint-edition%2Fnews%2Fisrael-refuses-citizenship-for-gay-man-married-to-jewish-immigrant-1.369936&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaw+of+Return" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAhren2011" class="citation journal cs1">Ahren, Raphael (2 September 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.haaretz.com/weekend/anglo-file/ministry-grants-citizenship-to-gay-spouse-of-immigrant-1.382066">"Ministry Grants Citizenship to Gay Spouse of Immigrant"</a>. <i>TheMarker</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150924234700/http://www.haaretz.com/weekend/anglo-file/ministry-grants-citizenship-to-gay-spouse-of-immigrant-1.382066">Archived</a> from the original on 24 September 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 May</span> 2018</span> – via Haaretz.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=TheMarker&rft.atitle=Ministry+Grants+Citizenship+to+Gay+Spouse+of+Immigrant&rft.date=2011-09-02&rft.aulast=Ahren&rft.aufirst=Raphael&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.haaretz.com%2Fweekend%2Fanglo-file%2Fministry-grants-citizenship-to-gay-spouse-of-immigrant-1.382066&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaw+of+Return" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.israelnationalnews.com/News/News.aspx/183971">"Right of Return Extended to Gay Couples"</a>. <i>Israel National News</i>. 12 August 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170905215430/http://www.israelnationalnews.com/News/News.aspx/183971">Archived</a> from the original on 5 September 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 May</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Israel+National+News&rft.atitle=Right+of+Return+Extended+to+Gay+Couples&rft.date=2014-08-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.israelnationalnews.com%2FNews%2FNews.aspx%2F183971&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaw+of+Return" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOuzanGerstenfeld2014" class="citation book cs1">Ouzan, Françoise S.; Gerstenfeld, Manfred (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zU_3AwAAQBAJ"><i>Postwar Jewish Displacement and Rebirth: 1945–1967</i></a>. Brill. p. 36. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-27777-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-27777-9"><bdi>978-90-04-27777-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Postwar+Jewish+Displacement+and+Rebirth%3A+1945%E2%80%931967&rft.pages=36&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-90-04-27777-9&rft.aulast=Ouzan&rft.aufirst=Fran%C3%A7oise+S.&rft.au=Gerstenfeld%2C+Manfred&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzU_3AwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaw+of+Return" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101126182841/http://www.ajc.org/atf/cf/%7B42D75369-D582-4380-8395-D25925B85EAF%7D/YakobsonRubinstein2005.pdf">"Democratic Norms, Diasporas, and Israel's Law of Return, Alexander Yakobson and Amnon Rubinstein"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ajc.org/atf/cf/%7B42d75369-d582-4380-8395-d25925b85eaf%7D/yakobsonrubinstein2005.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on November 26, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Democratic+Norms%2C+Diasporas%2C+and+Israel%27s+Law+of+Return%2C+Alexander+Yakobson+and+Amnon+Rubinstein&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ajc.org%2Fatf%2Fcf%2F%257B42d75369-d582-4380-8395-d25925b85eaf%257D%2Fyakobsonrubinstein2005.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaw+of+Return" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sheleg, Y. 2004. "Not Halakhically Jewish: the Dilemma of Non-Jewish Immigrants in Israel." Jerusalem: Israeli Democracy Institute, working paper 51 (in Hebrew)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs, "Acquisition of Israeli Nationality".<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/Facts+About+Israel/State/Acquisition+of+Israeli+Nationality.htm">"Acquisition of Israeli Nationality"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070212233905/http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/Facts+About+Israel/State/Acquisition+of+Israeli+Nationality.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 2007-02-12<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-01-11</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Acquisition+of+Israeli+Nationality&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mfa.gov.il%2FMFA%2FFacts%2BAbout%2BIsrael%2FState%2FAcquisition%2Bof%2BIsraeli%2BNationality.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaw+of+Return" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unhchr.ch/tbs/doc.nsf/0/5100bc0e2f8ebf74c1257100004b9fde/$FILE/G0543809.pdf">International Convention on the Elimination of all forms of Racial Discrimination</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070630231307/http://www.unhchr.ch/tbs/doc.nsf/0/5100bc0e2f8ebf74c1257100004b9fde/$FILE/G0543809.pdf">Archived</a> 2007-06-30 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, CERD/C/471/Add.2, 1 September 2005.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Camera_Convention-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Camera_Convention_38-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Camera_Convention_38-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Camera_Convention_38-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.camera.org/index.asp?x_context=22&x_article=747">"From 'Ethnic Cleansing' to Casualty Count, Prof. Qumsiyeh Errs"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101005224914/http://camera.org/index.asp?x_context=22&x_article=747">Archived</a> 2010-10-05 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Committee for Accuracy in Middle East Reporting in America, August 20, 2004.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Christian Joppke & Zeev Rosenhek, "Contesting Ethnic Immigration: Germany and Israel Compared", <i>European Journal of Sociology</i>, 43, 301–335, 2003, also Nahshon Perez, "Israel's Law of Return: A Qualified Justification, Modern Judaism, vol 31 (1), 2011, pp: 59–84 "</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mideastweb.org/israel_apartheid.htm">Apartheid? Israel is a democracy in which Arabs vote</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061012034619/http://www.mideastweb.org/israel_apartheid.htm">Archived</a> 2006-10-12 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, by Benjamin Pogrund, Focus 40 (December 2005)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-harpaz2018p2-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-harpaz2018p2_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarpazHerzog2018" class="citation journal cs1">Harpaz, Yossi; Herzog, Ben (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cadmus.eui.eu/handle/1814/56024">"Report on citizenship law: Israel"</a>: 2.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Report+on+citizenship+law%3A+Israel&rft.pages=2&rft.date=2018&rft.aulast=Harpaz&rft.aufirst=Yossi&rft.au=Herzog%2C+Ben&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcadmus.eui.eu%2Fhandle%2F1814%2F56024&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaw+of+Return" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Cite journal requires <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">G David Clayman. "The Law of Return Reconsidered." <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jcpa.org/jl/hit01.htm">"The Law of Return Reconsidered by David Clayman"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090530084520/http://www.jcpa.org/jl/hit01.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 2009-05-30<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-09-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Law+of+Return+Reconsidered+by+David+Clayman&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jcpa.org%2Fjl%2Fhit01.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaw+of+Return" class="Z3988"></span> Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs. 16 July 1995.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thenational.ae/world/israel-s-jews-and-arab-minority-further-apart-than-ever-poll-says-1.711840">"Israel's Jews and Arab minority further apart than ever, poll says"</a>. 10 March 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-11-12</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Israel%27s+Jews+and+Arab+minority+further+apart+than+ever%2C+poll+says&rft.date=2018-03-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thenational.ae%2Fworld%2Fisrael-s-jews-and-arab-minority-further-apart-than-ever-poll-says-1.711840&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaw+of+Return" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stoil-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Stoil_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRebecca_Anna_Stoil,_Mark_Weiss_and_Matthew_Wagner2007" class="citation news cs1">Rebecca Anna Stoil, Mark Weiss and Matthew Wagner (9 September 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://fr.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?pagename=JPost/JPArticle/ShowFull&cid=1188392567423">"Sheetrit may deport alleged neo-Nazis"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Jerusalem_Post" title="The Jerusalem Post">The Jerusalem Post</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-09-10</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Jerusalem+Post&rft.atitle=Sheetrit+may+deport+alleged+neo-Nazis&rft.date=2007-09-09&rft.au=Rebecca+Anna+Stoil%2C+Mark+Weiss+and+Matthew+Wagner&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffr.jpost.com%2Fservlet%2FSatellite%3Fpagename%3DJPost%2FJPArticle%2FShowFull%26cid%3D1188392567423&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaw+of+Return" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged December 2017">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Singer-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Singer_45-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Singer_45-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoni_Singer-Heruti2007" class="citation news cs1">Roni Singer-Heruti (10 September 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/902093.html">"Interior Minister: I'll consider revoking neo-Nazis' citizenship"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Ha%27aretz" class="mw-redirect" title="Ha'aretz">Ha'aretz</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071102094647/http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/902093.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2 November 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-09-10</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ha%27aretz&rft.atitle=Interior+Minister%3A+I%27ll+consider+revoking+neo-Nazis%27+citizenship&rft.date=2007-09-10&rft.au=Roni+Singer-Heruti&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.haaretz.com%2Fhasen%2Fspages%2F902093.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaw+of+Return" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jpost.com/Home/Article.aspx?id=160312">"Israel News – The Jerusalem Post"</a>. <i>www.jpost.com</i>. 13 November 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101023020304/http://www.jpost.com/Home/Article.aspx?id=160312">Archived</a> from the original on 23 October 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 May</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.jpost.com&rft.atitle=Israel+News+%E2%80%93+The+Jerusalem+Post&rft.date=2009-11-13&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jpost.com%2FHome%2FArticle.aspx%3Fid%3D160312&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaw+of+Return" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Society_&_Culture/convert1.html">"Israel Supreme Court: Ruling on Conversions to Judaism Done Abroad"</a>. <i>Jewish Virtual Library</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160303202512/http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Society_%26_Culture/convert1.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2016-03-03.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Israel+Supreme+Court%3A+Ruling+on+Conversions+to+Judaism+Done+Abroad&rft.btitle=Jewish+Virtual+Library&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishvirtuallibrary.org%2Fjsource%2FSociety_%26_Culture%2Fconvert1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaw+of+Return" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://knesset.gov.il/laws/special/eng/return.htm">The Law of Return</a> – The text of the law and its various amendments</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101126182841/http://www.ajc.org/atf/cf/%7B42D75369-D582-4380-8395-D25925B85EAF%7D/YakobsonRubinstein2005.pdf">Democratic Norms, Diasporas, and Israel’s Law of Return</a> by <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Yakobson" title="Alexander Yakobson">Alexander Yakobson</a> and Amnon Rubinstein</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051127033448/http://www.irac.org/article_e.asp?artid=199">The problem is how to become an Israeli</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (archived November 27, 2005) by Amnon Rubenstein, <i><a href="/wiki/Ha%27aretz" class="mw-redirect" title="Ha'aretz">Ha'aretz</a></i></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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and customs of the Land of Israel in Judaism">Laws and customs of the Land of Israel in Judaism</a></li></ul> </div> <b><a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">The Jewish people</a></b><hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Jewish_history" title="Timeline of Jewish history">Timeline of Jewish history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_and_Judaism_in_the_Land_of_Israel" title="History of the Jews and Judaism in the Land of Israel">History of the Jews and Judaism in the Land of Israel</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Jewish_leaders_in_the_Land_of_Israel" title="List of Jewish leaders in the Land of Israel">leaders</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chronology_of_Aliyah_in_modern_times" title="Chronology of Aliyah in modern times">Modern Jewish settlement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Israel" title="History of Israel">History of Israel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Israeli_Jews" title="Israeli Jews">Israeli Jews</a>, <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Israel" title="Culture of Israel">Culture of Israel</a>, <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Law of Return</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> <b><a href="/wiki/History_of_Israel" title="History of Israel">History</a> to 1948</b><hr /> <p><a href="/wiki/Zionism" title="Zionism">Zionism</a> (<a href="/wiki/History_of_Zionism" title="History of Zionism">history</a>, <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Zionism" title="Timeline of Zionism">timeline</a>), <a href="/wiki/Aliyah" title="Aliyah">Aliyah</a>, <a href="/wiki/Balfour_Declaration" title="Balfour Declaration">Balfour Declaration</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mandate_for_Palestine" title="Mandate for Palestine">Mandate document</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mandatory_Palestine" title="Mandatory Palestine">Mandatory Palestine</a> </p> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;width:10em;"><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 2px 0 0;vertical-align:top;"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Is-map.PNG" class="mw-file-description" title="1949 cease-fire borders of Israel"><img alt="1949 cease-fire borders of Israel" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Is-map.PNG/100px-Is-map.PNG" decoding="async" width="100" height="217" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Is-map.PNG/150px-Is-map.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Is-map.PNG/200px-Is-map.PNG 2x" data-file-width="329" data-file-height="713" /></a></span></div></td><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd plainlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;vertical-align:top;line-height:1.45em;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div style="padding-bottom:1.2em;"> <b><a href="/wiki/History_of_Israel" title="History of Israel">History</a></b><hr /> <p><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Partition_Plan_for_Palestine" title="United Nations Partition Plan for Palestine">UN Partition Plan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Israeli_Declaration_of_Independence" title="Israeli Declaration of Independence">Declaration of Independence</a> </p> </div> <b>Politics</b><hr /> <p><a href="/wiki/Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_conflict" title="Arab–Israeli conflict">Arab–Israeli conflict</a>, <a href="/wiki/Israeli%E2%80%93Palestinian_conflict" title="Israeli–Palestinian conflict">Israeli–Palestinian conflict</a> (<small><a href="/wiki/Israeli%E2%80%93Palestinian_peace_process" title="Israeli–Palestinian peace process">Peace process</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Israel_proxy_conflict" title="Iran–Israel proxy conflict">Iran–Israel conflict</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_alliance" title="Arab–Israeli alliance">Arab–Israeli alliance</a></small> <br /> </p> <b>Society and economy</b><hr /><a href="/wiki/Kibbutz" title="Kibbutz">Kibbutzim</a> and <a href="/wiki/Moshav" title="Moshav">Moshavim</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jewish_exodus_from_the_Muslim_world" title="Jewish exodus from the Muslim world">Exodus from the Muslim world</a>, <a href="/wiki/Development_town" title="Development town">Development towns</a>, <a href="/wiki/Austerity_in_Israel" title="Austerity in Israel">Austerity</a>, <a href="/wiki/Agricultural_research_in_Israel" title="Agricultural research in Israel">Agriculture technology</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;width:10em;"><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 2px 0 0;vertical-align:top;"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Israel_location_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Contemporary Israel"><img alt="Contemporary Israel" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Israel_location_map.svg/100px-Israel_location_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="186" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Israel_location_map.svg/150px-Israel_location_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Israel_location_map.svg/200px-Israel_location_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="614" data-file-height="1141" /></a></span></div></td><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;vertical-align:top;line-height:1.45em;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Green_Line_(Israel)" title="Green Line (Israel)">Green Line</a> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Israeli_settlement" title="Israeli settlement">Israeli settlements</a></b><br /><a href="/wiki/Israeli_settlement_timeline" title="Israeli settlement timeline">Timeline</a>, <a href="/wiki/International_law_and_Israeli_settlements" class="mw-redirect" title="International law and Israeli settlements">International law</a> </p><p><b><a href="/wiki/West_Bank" title="West Bank">West Bank</a></b><br /><a href="/wiki/Judea_and_Samaria_Area" title="Judea and Samaria Area">Judea and Samaria Area</a> </p><p><b><a href="/wiki/Gaza_Strip" title="Gaza Strip">Gaza Strip</a></b><br /><a href="/wiki/Hof_Aza_Regional_Council" title="Hof Aza Regional Council">Hof Aza Regional Council</a> </p> <b><a href="/wiki/East_Jerusalem" title="East Jerusalem">East Jerusalem</a></b><br /><a href="/wiki/Status_of_Jerusalem" title="Status of Jerusalem">Status of Jerusalem</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Law_of_Return&oldid=1273582467">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Law_of_Return&oldid=1273582467</a>"</div></div> <div 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