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</button> <ul id="toc-Suggested_locations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Jabal_Musa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jabal_Musa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Jabal Musa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jabal_Musa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mount_Serbal,_Southern_Sinai_Peninsula" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mount_Serbal,_Southern_Sinai_Peninsula"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Mount Serbal, Southern Sinai Peninsula</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mount_Serbal,_Southern_Sinai_Peninsula-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Northern_Sinai_Peninsula" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Northern_Sinai_Peninsula"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Northern Sinai Peninsula</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Northern_Sinai_Peninsula-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Edom/Nabatea" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Edom/Nabatea"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Edom/Nabatea</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Edom/Nabatea-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Arabian_Peninsula" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arabian_Peninsula"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Arabian Peninsula</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Arabian_Peninsula-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-A_volcano" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#A_volcano"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5.1</span> <span>A volcano</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-A_volcano-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Jabal_al-Lawz" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jabal_al-Lawz"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5.2</span> <span>Jabal al-Lawz</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jabal_al-Lawz-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Negev" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Negev"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6</span> <span>The Negev</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Negev-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mount_Hermon" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mount_Hermon"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.7</span> <span>Mount Hermon</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mount_Hermon-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_art" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_art"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>In art</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-In_art-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle In art subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-In_art-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Unidentified_or_imagined_location" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Unidentified_or_imagined_location"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Unidentified or imagined location</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Unidentified_or_imagined_location-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Jabal_Musa_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jabal_Musa_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Jabal Musa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jabal_Musa_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Footnotes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Footnotes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Footnotes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Footnotes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Mount Sinai (Bible)</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 21 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-21" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">21 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A8%D9%84_%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%A1_(%D9%85%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%85%D9%82%D8%AF%D8%B3)" title="جبل سيناء (مكان مقدس) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="جبل سيناء (مكان مقدس)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%87-%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%A4" title="সিনাই-পর্বত – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="সিনাই-পর্বত" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinaj_(biblick%C3%A1_hora)" title="Sinaj (biblická hora) – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Sinaj (biblická hora)" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinaibjerget_(Biblen)" title="Sinaibjerget (Biblen) – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Sinaibjerget (Biblen)" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinai_(Bibel)" title="Sinai (Bibel) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Sinai (Bibel)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sina%C3%AF_(Bible)" title="Sinaï (Bible) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Sinaï (Bible)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%8B%9C%EB%82%B4%EC%82%B0" title="시내산 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="시내산" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gunung_Sinai_dalam_Alkitab" title="Gunung Sinai dalam Alkitab – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Gunung Sinai dalam Alkitab" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monte_Sinai_(Bibbia)" title="Monte Sinai (Bibbia) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Monte Sinai (Bibbia)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%A8_%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%99" title="הר סיני – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="הר סיני" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tendrombohitra_Sinay_(Baiboly)" title="Tendrombohitra Sinay (Baiboly) – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Tendrombohitra Sinay (Baiboly)" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A8%D9%84_%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%A1_(%D9%85%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%85%D9%82%D8%AF%D8%B3)" title="جبل سيناء (مكان مقدس) – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="جبل سيناء (مكان مقدس)" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sina%C3%AF_(Bijbel)" title="Sinaï (Bijbel) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Sinaï (Bijbel)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monte_Sinai" title="Monte Sinai – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Monte Sinai" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biblical_Mount_Sinai" title="Biblical Mount Sinai – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Biblical Mount Sinai" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinaj_(vrch_v_Biblii)" title="Sinaj (vrch v Biblii) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Sinaj (vrch v Biblii)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF_%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AF%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%88" title="விவிலிய சீனாய் மலை – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="விவிலிய சீனாய் மலை" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B9%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A2_(%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%9A%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A5)" title="ภูเขาซีนาย (คัมภีร์ไบเบิล) – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ภูเขาซีนาย (คัมภีร์ไบเบิล)" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%96%D0%B1%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0_%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B9" title="Біблійна гора Синай – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Біблійна гора Синай" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%88%DB%81_%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%A1_(%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%A8%D9%84)" title="کوہ سیناء (بائبل) – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="کوہ سیناء (بائبل)" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%A8_%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%99" title="הר סיני – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="הר סיני" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q169924#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> 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class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Mountain at which the Ten Commandments were given to Moses by God</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses of Mount Sinai, see <a href="/wiki/Mount_Sinai_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Mount Sinai (disambiguation)">Mount Sinai (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width: 402px;"> <div class="thumbimage" style="width: 400px; height: 400px; overflow: hidden;"> <div style="position: relative; top: -0px; left: -400px; width: 800px"><div class="noresize"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night 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href="/wiki/File:Egypt_adm_location_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Mount Sinai (Bible) is located in Egypt"><img alt="Mount Sinai (Bible) is located in Egypt" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Egypt_adm_location_map.svg/800px-Egypt_adm_location_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="800" height="738" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Egypt_adm_location_map.svg/1200px-Egypt_adm_location_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Egypt_adm_location_map.svg/1600px-Egypt_adm_location_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1055" data-file-height="973" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:32.438%;left:85.004%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-8px;top:-8px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Jabal Maqla"><img alt="Jabal Maqla" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/City_locator_Montagne.svg/15px-City_locator_Montagne.svg.png" 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//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/City_locator_Montagne.svg/30px-City_locator_Montagne.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></span></span></div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:9px"><div><a href="/wiki/Hala-%27l_Badr" title="Hala-'l Badr">Hala-'l Badr</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:31.978%;left:72.15%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-8px;top:-8px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Mount Serbal"><img alt="Mount Serbal" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/City_locator_Montagne.svg/15px-City_locator_Montagne.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/City_locator_Montagne.svg/23px-City_locator_Montagne.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/City_locator_Montagne.svg/30px-City_locator_Montagne.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></span></span></div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:9px"><div><a href="/wiki/Mount_Serbal" title="Mount Serbal">Mount Serbal</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:33.225%;left:74.447%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-8px;top:-8px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Mount Catherine"><img alt="Mount Catherine" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/City_locator_Montagne.svg/15px-City_locator_Montagne.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/City_locator_Montagne.svg/23px-City_locator_Montagne.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/City_locator_Montagne.svg/30px-City_locator_Montagne.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></span></span></div><div class="pv" style="width:6em;bottom:9px;left:-3em"><div><a href="/wiki/Mount_Catherine" title="Mount Catherine">Mount Catherine</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:32.968%;left:74.622%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-8px;top:-8px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Mount Sinai"><img alt="Mount Sinai" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/City_locator_Montagne.svg/15px-City_locator_Montagne.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/City_locator_Montagne.svg/23px-City_locator_Montagne.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/City_locator_Montagne.svg/30px-City_locator_Montagne.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></span></span></div><div class="pv" style="width:6em;top:9px;left:-3em"><div><a href="/wiki/Mount_Sinai" title="Mount Sinai">Mount Sinai</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:23.156%;left:83.538%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-8px;top:-8px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Jabal Ahmad al Baqir"><img alt="Jabal Ahmad al Baqir" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/City_locator_Montagne.svg/15px-City_locator_Montagne.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/City_locator_Montagne.svg/23px-City_locator_Montagne.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/City_locator_Montagne.svg/30px-City_locator_Montagne.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:9px"><div><a href="/wiki/Jabal_Ahmad_al_Baqir" title="Jabal Ahmad al Baqir">Jabal Ahmad al Baqir</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:16.463%;left:85.859%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-8px;top:-8px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Jebel al-Madhbah"><img alt="Jebel al-Madhbah" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/City_locator_Montagne.svg/15px-City_locator_Montagne.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/City_locator_Montagne.svg/23px-City_locator_Montagne.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/City_locator_Montagne.svg/30px-City_locator_Montagne.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:9px"><div><a href="/wiki/Jebel_al-Madhbah" title="Jebel al-Madhbah">Jebel al-Madhbah</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:22.491%;left:66.878%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-8px;top:-8px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Mount Sin Bishar"><img alt="Mount Sin Bishar" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/City_locator_Montagne.svg/15px-City_locator_Montagne.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/City_locator_Montagne.svg/23px-City_locator_Montagne.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/City_locator_Montagne.svg/30px-City_locator_Montagne.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></span></span></div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:9px"><div><a href="/wiki/Mount_Sin_Bishar" class="mw-redirect" title="Mount Sin Bishar">Mount Sin Bishar</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:13.398%;left:75.029%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-8px;top:-8px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Mount Helal"><img alt="Mount Helal" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/City_locator_Montagne.svg/15px-City_locator_Montagne.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/City_locator_Montagne.svg/23px-City_locator_Montagne.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/City_locator_Montagne.svg/30px-City_locator_Montagne.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></span></span></div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:9px"><div><a href="/wiki/Mount_Helal" title="Mount Helal">Mount Helal</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:22.507%;left:79.644%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-8px;top:-8px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Hashem el-Tarif"><img alt="Hashem el-Tarif" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/City_locator_Montagne.svg/15px-City_locator_Montagne.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/City_locator_Montagne.svg/23px-City_locator_Montagne.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/City_locator_Montagne.svg/30px-City_locator_Montagne.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></span></span></div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:9px"><div><a href="/wiki/Hashem_el-Tarif" class="mw-redirect" title="Hashem el-Tarif">Hashem el-Tarif</a></div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em"></div></div></div></div></div> </div> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a class="mw-selflink selflink"> </a></div>Possible locations of biblical Mount Sinai </div> </div> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output 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1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse 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.sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks plainlist" style="width:auto; border-spacing:0;"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle" style="padding:0.3em;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Ten_Commandments" title="Category:Ten Commandments">a series</a> on the</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="font-size: 145%; background-color:#cdf; padding:0.3em"><a href="/wiki/Ten_Commandments" title="Ten Commandments">Ten Commandments</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:MCC-31231_Mozes_toont_de_wetstafelen_(1).tif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/MCC-31231_Mozes_toont_de_wetstafelen_%281%29.tif/lossy-page1-144px-MCC-31231_Mozes_toont_de_wetstafelen_%281%29.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="144" height="182" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/MCC-31231_Mozes_toont_de_wetstafelen_%281%29.tif/lossy-page1-216px-MCC-31231_Mozes_toont_de_wetstafelen_%281%29.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/MCC-31231_Mozes_toont_de_wetstafelen_%281%29.tif/lossy-page1-288px-MCC-31231_Mozes_toont_de_wetstafelen_%281%29.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2550" data-file-height="3216" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:1.0em 0.3em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/I_am_the_Lord_thy_God" title="I am the Lord thy God">I am the L<span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">ORD</span> thy God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thou_shalt_have_no_other_gods_before_me" title="Thou shalt have no other gods before me">No other gods before me</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thou_shalt_not_make_unto_thee_any_graven_image" title="Thou shalt not make unto thee any graven image">No graven images or likenesses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thou_shalt_not_take_the_name_of_the_Lord_thy_God_in_vain" title="Thou shalt not take the name of the Lord thy God in vain">Not take the L<span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">ORD</span>'s name in vain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remember_the_sabbath_day,_to_keep_it_holy" title="Remember the sabbath day, to keep it holy">Remember the sabbath day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honour_thy_father_and_thy_mother" title="Honour thy father and thy mother">Honour thy father and thy mother</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thou_shalt_not_kill" title="Thou shalt not kill">Thou shalt not kill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thou_shalt_not_commit_adultery" title="Thou shalt not commit adultery">Thou shalt not commit adultery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thou_shalt_not_steal" title="Thou shalt not steal">Thou shalt not steal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thou_shalt_not_bear_false_witness_against_thy_neighbour" title="Thou shalt not bear false witness against thy neighbour">Thou shalt not bear false witness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thou_shalt_not_covet" title="Thou shalt not covet">Thou shalt not covet</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background: #cdf"> Related articles</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:1.0em 0.3em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tablets_of_Stone" title="Tablets of Stone">Tablets of Stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ritual_Decalogue" title="Ritual Decalogue">Ritual Decalogue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finger_of_God" title="Finger of God">Finger of God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moses" title="Moses">Moses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ark_of_the_Covenant" title="Ark of the Covenant">Ark of the Covenant</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mount Sinai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ten_Commandments_in_Catholic_theology" title="Ten Commandments in Catholic theology">In Catholic theology</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar" style="padding:0 0.5em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ten_Commandments_series" title="Template:Ten Commandments series"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ten_Commandments_series" title="Template talk:Ten Commandments series"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ten_Commandments_series" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ten Commandments series"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Mount Sinai</b> (<a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>: <span lang="he" dir="rtl"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1241449095">.mw-parser-output .script-hebrew,.mw-parser-output .script-Hebr{font-family:"Ezra SIL SR","Ezra SIL","SBL Hebrew","Taamey Frank CLM","SBL BibLit","Taamey Ashkenaz","Frank Ruehl CLM","Keter Aram Tsova","Taamey David CLM","Keter YG","Shofar","David CLM","Hadasim CLM","Simple CLM","Nachlieli",Cardo,Alef,"Noto Serif Hebrew","Noto Sans Hebrew","David Libre",David,"Times New Roman",Gisha,Arial,FreeSerif,FreeSans}</style><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">הַר סִינַי‬</span>‎</span>, <i>Har Sīnay</i>) is the <a href="/wiki/Mountain" title="Mountain">mountain</a> at which the <a href="/wiki/Ten_Commandments" title="Ten Commandments">Ten Commandments</a> were given to <a href="/wiki/Moses" title="Moses">Moses</a> by <a href="/wiki/Tetragrammaton" title="Tetragrammaton">God</a>, according to the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Exodus" title="Book of Exodus">Book of Exodus</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Bible" title="Hebrew Bible">Hebrew Bible</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Deuteronomy" title="Book of Deuteronomy">Book of Deuteronomy</a>, these events are described as having transpired at <a href="/wiki/Mount_Horeb" title="Mount Horeb">Mount Horeb</a>. "Sinai" and "Horeb" are generally considered by scholars to refer to the same place.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The location of the Mount Sinai described in the Bible remains disputed. The high point of the dispute was in the mid-nineteenth century.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Bible" title="Hebrew Bible">Hebrew Bible</a> texts describe the <a href="/wiki/Theophany" title="Theophany">theophany</a> at Mount Sinai in terms which a minority of scholars, following <a href="/wiki/Charles_Beke" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Beke">Charles Beke</a> (1873), have suggested may literally describe the mountain as a <a href="/wiki/Volcano" title="Volcano">volcano</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mount Sinai is one of the most sacred locations in <a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> and <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-SharifHerklots1832_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SharifHerklots1832-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Abbas1984_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Abbas1984-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biblical_description">Biblical description</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mount_Sinai_(Bible)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Biblical description"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Camels_and_members_of_the_artists%27_travelling_party_resting_Wellcome_V0049455.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Camels_and_members_of_the_artists%27_travelling_party_resting_Wellcome_V0049455.jpg/260px-Camels_and_members_of_the_artists%27_travelling_party_resting_Wellcome_V0049455.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Camels_and_members_of_the_artists%27_travelling_party_resting_Wellcome_V0049455.jpg/390px-Camels_and_members_of_the_artists%27_travelling_party_resting_Wellcome_V0049455.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Camels_and_members_of_the_artists%27_travelling_party_resting_Wellcome_V0049455.jpg/520px-Camels_and_members_of_the_artists%27_travelling_party_resting_Wellcome_V0049455.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3212" data-file-height="2184" /></a><figcaption><i>Mount Sinai</i>, showing the approach to Mount Sinai, 1839 painting by <a href="/wiki/David_Roberts_(painter)" title="David Roberts (painter)">David Roberts</a>, in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Holy_Land,_Syria,_Idumea,_Arabia,_Egypt,_and_Nubia" title="The Holy Land, Syria, Idumea, Arabia, Egypt, and Nubia">The Holy Land, Syria, Idumea, Arabia, Egypt, and Nubia</a></i></figcaption></figure> <p>The biblical account of the giving of the instructions and teachings of the Ten Commandments was given in the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Exodus" title="Book of Exodus">Book of Exodus</a>, primarily between chapters 19 and 24, during which Sinai is mentioned by name twice, in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Exodus%2019:2&version=nrsv">Exodus 19:2; 24:16</a>. In the story Sinai was enveloped in a cloud,<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated2_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated2-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> it quaked and was filled with smoke,<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while lightning-flashes shot forth, and the roar of thunder mingled with the blasts of a trumpet;<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated2_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated2-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the account later adds that fire was seen burning at the summit of the mountain.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated3_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated3-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the biblical account, the fire and clouds are a direct consequence of the arrival of <a href="/wiki/Yahweh" title="Yahweh">God</a> upon the mountain.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated9_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated9-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the biblical story, Moses departed to the mountain and stayed there for 40 days and nights in order to receive the Ten Commandments and he did so twice because he broke the first set of the <a href="/wiki/Tablets_of_stone" class="mw-redirect" title="Tablets of stone">tablets of stone</a> after returning from the mountain for the first time. </p><p>The biblical description of God's descent<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated9_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated9-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> seems to be in conflict with the statement shortly after that God spoke to the Israelites from <a href="/wiki/Heaven" title="Heaven">Heaven</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While <a href="/wiki/Biblical_criticism" title="Biblical criticism">biblical scholars</a> argue that these passages are from different sources, the <i><a href="/wiki/Mekhilta" title="Mekhilta">Mekhilta</a></i> argues that God had lowered the heavens and spread them over Sinai,<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <i><a href="/wiki/Pirke_De-Rabbi_Eliezer" class="mw-redirect" title="Pirke De-Rabbi Eliezer">Pirke De-Rabbi Eliezer</a></i> argues that a hole was torn in the heavens, and Sinai was torn away from the earth and the summit pushed through the hole. "The heavens" could be a metaphor for clouds and the "lake of fire" could be a metaphor for the lava-filled crater.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Several <a href="/wiki/Biblical_criticism" title="Biblical criticism">bible critics</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag possibly uses too-vague attribution or weasel words. (August 2017)">who?</span></a></i>]</sup> have indicated that the smoke and fire reference from the Bible suggests that Mount Sinai was a <a href="/wiki/Volcano" title="Volcano">volcano</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated4_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated4-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> despite the absence of ash.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated4_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated4-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other <a href="/wiki/Biblical_scholarship" class="mw-redirect" title="Biblical scholarship">bible scholars</a> have suggested that the description fits a storm<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated4_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated4-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> especially as the <a href="/wiki/Deborah#The_Song_of_Deborah" title="Deborah">Song of Deborah</a> seems to allude to rain having occurred at the time.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated8_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated8-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the biblical account, God spoke directly to the Israelite nation as a whole.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sinai is mentioned by name in ten other locations in the <a href="/wiki/Torah" title="Torah">Torah</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Exodus%2031:18&version=nrsv">Exodus 31:18; 34:2</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Leviticus%207:38&version=nrsv">Leviticus 7:38; 25:1; 26:46; 27:34</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Numbers%201:1&version=nrsv">Numbers 1:1; 3:1; 9:1</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Deuteronomy%2033:2&version=nrsv">Deuteronomy 33:2</a>. Sinai was also mentioned once by name in the rest of the Hebrew Bible in <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Nehemiah#9:13" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/Nehemiah">Nehemiah 9:13</a>. In the <a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paul_the_Apostle" title="Paul the Apostle">Paul the Apostle</a> referred directly to Sinai in <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Galatians#4:24" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/Galatians">Galatians 4:24</a>; <a href="/wiki/Galatians_4:25" class="mw-redirect" title="Galatians 4:25">4:25</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology_and_other_names">Etymology and other names</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mount_Sinai_(Bible)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Etymology and other names"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The oldest reference to Sinai is found on a stele of the 11th Dynasty Egyptian official Khety, who mentions an area called <i>Ṯnht</i>, probably an early transliteration of Sinai.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Scholars suggested that <a href="/wiki/Biblical_Hebrew_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Biblical Hebrew language">Biblical Hebrew</a>: <span lang="hbo" dir="rtl">חֹרֵב</span> <i>Ḥōrēḇ</i> meant "glowing/heat," which seems to be a reference to the <a href="/wiki/Sun" title="Sun">sun</a>, while <span title="Standard Tibetan-language text"><span lang="bo" dir="rtl">סיני‎</span></span> <i>Sinay</i> may have derived from the name of <i><a href="/wiki/Sin_(mythology)" title="Sin (mythology)">Sin</a></i>, the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Mesopotamian_religion" title="Ancient Mesopotamian religion">Mesopotamian deity</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Moon" title="Moon">moon</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-JE_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JE-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Peake_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Peake-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and thus Sinai and Horeb would be the mountains of the moon and sun, respectively. However, <a href="/wiki/William_F._Albright" title="William F. Albright">William F. Albright</a>, an American biblical scholar, has argued:<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>... there is nothing that requires us to explain Him as a modified moon-god. It is improbable that the name <i>Sinai</i> is derived from that of the Sumerian <i>Zen</i> (older <i>Zu-en</i>), Akkadian <i>Sin</i>, the moon-god worshiped at Ur (in his form Nannar) and at Harran, since there is no indication that the name <i>Sin</i> was ever employed by the Canaanites or the Semitic nomads of Palestine. It is much more likely that the name <i>Sinai</i> is connected with the place-name <i>Sin</i>, which belongs to a desert plain in Sinai as well as to a Canaanite city in Syria and perhaps to a city in the northeast Delta of <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>. It has also been recognized that it may somehow be connected with <i>seneh</i> (Aram. <i>sanya</i>), the name of a kind of bush where Moses is said to have first witnessed the theophany of Yahweh.</p></blockquote> <p>According to the <a href="/wiki/Documentary_hypothesis" title="Documentary hypothesis">Documentary hypothesis</a>, the name "Sinai" is only used in the <a href="/wiki/Torah" title="Torah">Torah</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Jahwist" title="Jahwist">Jahwist</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Priestly_source" title="Priestly source">Priestly source</a>, whereas <i>Horeb</i> is only used by the <a href="/wiki/Elohist" title="Elohist">Elohist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Deuteronomist" title="Deuteronomist">Deuteronomist</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-hastings_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hastings-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The incongruity detween the two names would be resolved, however, if Sinai and Horeb refer to two peaks of the same mountain formation. </p><p>In his book <i>Sinai and Zion</i>, American Hebrew Bible scholar <a href="/wiki/Jon_D._Levenson" title="Jon D. Levenson">Jon D. Levenson</a> discusses the link between Sinai and the <a href="/wiki/Burning_bush" title="Burning bush">burning bush</a> (Biblical Hebrew: <span lang="hbo" dir="rtl">סנה</span>, <small>romanized: </small><span title="Biblical Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="hbo-Latn">səne</i></span>) that Moses encountered at Mount Horeb in verses 3:1–6 of Exodus. He asserts that the similarity of <i>Sinay</i> and <i>səne</i> is not coincidental; the wordplay might derive "from the notion that the emblem of the Sinai deity was a tree of some sort."<sup id="cite_ref-:0_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Deuteronomy 33:16 identifies <a href="/wiki/YHWH" class="mw-redirect" title="YHWH">YHWH</a> with "the one who dwells in the bush."<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Consequently, Levenson argues that if the use of "bush" is not a scribal error for "Sinai," Deuteronomy might support the connection between the origins of the word Sinai and tree.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Classical <a href="/wiki/Rabbinic_literature" title="Rabbinic literature">rabbinic literature</a> mentions the mountain having other names:<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <ul><li><i>Har HaElohim</i> (<span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">הר האלהים</span></span>), meaning "the mountain of God" or "the mountain of the gods"</li> <li><i>Har Horeb</i> (<span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">הר חורב</span></span>), see <a href="/wiki/Mount_Horeb" title="Mount Horeb">Mount Horeb</a>.</li></ul> <p>Also mentioned in most Islamic sources: </p> <ul><li><i>ṭūr Sīnāʾ</i> and <i>ṭūr Sīnīn</i> (<span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">طور سيناء / سينين</span></span>) are terms that appear in the <a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a>; they mean "the mount of Sinay".<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Jabal Mūsa</i> (<span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">جبل موسى</span></span>), is another term that means "Mountain of Moses"<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated7_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated7-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Religious_traditions">Religious traditions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mount_Sinai_(Bible)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Religious traditions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Christianity">Christianity</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mount_Sinai_(Bible)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Christianity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Saint_Catherine%27s_Monastery" title="Saint Catherine's Monastery">Saint Catherine's Monastery</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%B1_%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AA_%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%80%D9%80%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%86.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%B1_%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AA_%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%80%D9%80%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%86.jpg/260px-%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%B1_%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AA_%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%80%D9%80%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%86.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%B1_%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AA_%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%80%D9%80%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%86.jpg/390px-%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%B1_%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AA_%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%80%D9%80%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%86.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%B1_%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AA_%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%80%D9%80%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%86.jpg/520px-%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%B1_%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AA_%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%80%D9%80%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%86.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3872" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>View down to the <a href="/wiki/Saint_Catherine%27s_Monastery" title="Saint Catherine's Monastery">Saint Catherine's Monastery</a> from the trail to the summit</figcaption></figure> <p>The earliest Christian traditions place this event at the nearby <a href="/wiki/Mount_Serbal" title="Mount Serbal">Mount Serbal</a>, at the foot of which a monastery was founded in the 4th century; it was only in the 6th century that the monastery moved to the foot of <a href="/wiki/Mount_Catherine" title="Mount Catherine">Mount Catherine</a>, following the guidance of <a href="/wiki/Josephus" title="Josephus">Josephus</a>' earlier claim that Sinai was the highest mountain in the area.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The earliest references to Jabal Musa as Mount Sinai in the present-day <a href="/wiki/Sinai_peninsula" class="mw-redirect" title="Sinai peninsula">Sinai peninsula</a> are inconclusive. There is evidence that before 100 <a href="/wiki/Common_Era" title="Common Era">CE</a>, well before the Christian monastic period, Jewish sages equated Jabal Musa with Mount Sinai. Graham Davies of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Cambridge" title="University of Cambridge">University of Cambridge</a> argues that early Jewish pilgrimages identified Jabal Musa as Mount Sinai so Christian pilgrims adopted this identification.<sup id="cite_ref-Davies-1979-Wilderness_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Davies-1979-Wilderness-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceB_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> R.K. Harrison states that "Jebel Musa ... seems to have enjoyed special sanctity long before Christian times, culminating in its identification with Mt. Sinai."<sup id="cite_ref-Harrison-Hoffmeier-nd-BibEnc_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harrison-Hoffmeier-nd-BibEnc-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="A complete citation is needed. (October 2021)">full citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Saint_Catherine%27s_Monastery" title="Saint Catherine's Monastery">Saint Catherine's Monastery</a> lies on the <a href="/wiki/Sinai_Peninsula" title="Sinai Peninsula">Sinai Peninsula</a>, at the mouth of an inaccessible gorge at the foot of modern Mount Sinai in Saint Catherine at 1,550 metres (5,090 ft). The monastery is an <a href="/wiki/Autonomy_(Eastern_Orthodoxy)" title="Autonomy (Eastern Orthodoxy)">autonomous Eastern Orthodox church</a> called the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Sinai" title="Church of Sinai">Church of Sinai</a> and is a <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">World Heritage Site</a>. According to the UNESCO report (60 100 <a href="/wiki/Hectare" title="Hectare">ha</a> / Ref: 954) and website below, this monastery has been called the 'oldest working Christian monastery' in the world – although the <a href="/wiki/Monastery_of_Saint_Anthony" title="Monastery of Saint Anthony">Monastery of Saint Anthony</a>, situated across the Red Sea in the desert south of Cairo, also lays claim to that title. </p><p>Christians settled upon this mountain in the <a href="/wiki/3rd_century" title="3rd century">3rd century</a>. <a href="/wiki/Georgians" title="Georgians">Georgians</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Caucasus" title="Caucasus">Caucasus</a> moved to the <a href="/wiki/Sinai_Peninsula" title="Sinai Peninsula">Sinai Peninsula</a> in the fifth century, and a Georgian colony was formed there in the ninth century. Georgians erected churches in the area of Mount Sinai. The construction of one such church was connected with the name of <a href="/wiki/David_IV" title="David IV">King David IV</a> (d. January 1125), who contributed to the erection of churches in the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Georgia" title="Kingdom of Georgia">Kingdom of Georgia</a> as well as abroad. There were political, cultural, and religious motives for locating the church on Mount Sinai. Georgian monks living there were deeply connected with their motherland. The church had its own plots<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (February 2009)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> in <a href="/wiki/Kartli" title="Kartli">Kartli</a>. Some of the Georgian manuscripts of Sinai remain there, but others are kept in <a href="/wiki/Tbilisi" title="Tbilisi">Tbilisi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saint_Petersburg" title="Saint Petersburg">Saint Petersburg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prague" title="Prague">Prague</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a>, or in private collections.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Islam">Islam</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mount_Sinai_(Bible)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Islam"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Holiest_sites_in_Islam" title="Holiest sites in Islam">Holiest sites in Islam</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MasjidMountSinai.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/MasjidMountSinai.jpg/220px-MasjidMountSinai.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/MasjidMountSinai.jpg/330px-MasjidMountSinai.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/MasjidMountSinai.jpg/440px-MasjidMountSinai.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1632" data-file-height="1224" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Mosque" title="Mosque">mosque</a> at the top</figcaption></figure> <p>The peninsula is associated with <a href="/wiki/Aaron_in_Islam" title="Aaron in Islam">Aaron</a> and <a href="/wiki/Moses_in_Islam" title="Moses in Islam">Moses</a>, who are also regarded as <a href="/wiki/Prophets_and_messengers_in_Islam" title="Prophets and messengers in Islam">Prophets</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-JE_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JE-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In particular, numerous references to the mount exist in the Quran,<sup id="cite_ref-SharifHerklots1832_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SharifHerklots1832-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Abbas1984_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Abbas1984-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> where it is called <i>Ṭūr Sīnā’</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-Cite_quran|23|20|t=y|s=ns_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cite_quran|23|20|t=y|s=ns-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Ṭūr Sīnīn</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-Cite_quran|95|2|t=y|s=ns_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cite_quran|95|2|t=y|s=ns-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <i>aṭ-Ṭūr</i><sup id="cite_ref-Cite_quran|2|63|e=93|s=ns_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cite_quran|2|63|e=93|s=ns-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Cite_quran|28|3|e=86|s=ns_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cite_quran|28|3|e=86|s=ns-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <i>al-Jabal</i> (both meaning "the Mount").<sup id="cite_ref-Cite_quran|7|103|e=156|s=ns_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cite_quran|7|103|e=156|s=ns-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As for the adjacent <i><a href="/wiki/Wadi" title="Wadi">Wādī</a> Ṭuwā</i>, it is considered <a href="/wiki/Q-D-%C5%A0" title="Q-D-Š"><i>muqaddas</i></a> "sacred",<sup id="cite_ref-Cite_quran|20|9|e=99|s=ns_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cite_quran|20|9|e=99|s=ns-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Cite_quran|79|15|e=25|s=ns_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cite_quran|79|15|e=25|s=ns-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-IbnKathir_Al-Ahmad_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IbnKathir_Al-Ahmad-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Elhadary2016_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Elhadary2016-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and a part of it is called <i>al-Buqʿa al-Mubāraka</i> (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">ٱلْبُقْعَة ٱلْمُبَارَكَة</span>, "The Blessed Place").<sup id="cite_ref-Cite_quran|28|3|e=86|s=ns_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cite_quran|28|3|e=86|s=ns-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some modern biblical scholars explain Mount Sinai as having been a sacred place dedicated to one of the <a href="/wiki/Canaanite_religion" title="Canaanite religion">Canaanitic deities</a> even before the <a href="/wiki/Israelites" title="Israelites">Israelites</a> encountered it.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated7_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated7-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="A complete citation is needed. (October 2021)">full citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Others regard the set of laws given on the mountain to have originated in different periods from one another, with the later ones mainly being the result of natural evolution over the centuries of the earlier ones, rather than all originating from a single moment in time.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated6_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated6-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="A complete citation is needed. (October 2021)">full citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Suggested_locations">Suggested locations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mount_Sinai_(Bible)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Suggested locations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Modern scholars differ as to the exact geographical position of Mount Sinai.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated7_30-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated7-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Sinai_peninsula" class="mw-redirect" title="Sinai peninsula">Sinai peninsula</a> has traditionally been considered Sinai's location by Christians, although the peninsula gained its name from this tradition, and was not called that in <a href="/wiki/Josephus" title="Josephus">Josephus</a>'s time or earlier.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated7_30-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated7-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (The Sinai was earlier inhabited by the Monitu and was called <i>Mafkat</i> or <i>Country of Turquoise</i>.) </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Elijah" title="Elijah">Elijah</a> narrative appears to suggest that when it was written, the location of <i>Horeb</i> was still known with some certainty, as Elijah is described as travelling to Horeb on one occasion,<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but there are no later biblical references to it that suggest the location remained known; <a href="/wiki/Josephus" title="Josephus">Josephus</a> specifies that it was "between Egypt and Arabia", and within <a href="/wiki/Arabia_Petraea" title="Arabia Petraea">Arabia Petraea</a> (a Roman Province encompassing modern <a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a>, southern modern <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a>, the Sinai Peninsula and northwestern <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a> with its capital in <a href="/wiki/Petra" title="Petra">Petra</a>). The <a href="/wiki/Pauline_Epistles" class="mw-redirect" title="Pauline Epistles">Pauline Epistles</a> are even more vague, specifying only that it was in <a href="/wiki/Arabia" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabia">Arabia</a>, which at the time referred to <a href="/wiki/Arabia_Petraea" title="Arabia Petraea">Arabia Petraea</a>. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="4" style="width: 300px;">Location </th> <th colspan="2" style="width: 300px;">Original identification </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="col">Name </th> <th scope="col">Region </th> <th scope="col">Height (m) </th> <th scope="col">Coordinates </th> <th scope="col">Year </th> <th scope="col">Author </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Jabal_Maqla" title="Jabal Maqla">Jabal Maqla</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tabuk_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Tabuk Region">Tabuk Region</a>, Saudi Arabia </td> <td>2,326 </td> <td><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Mount_Sinai_(Bible)&params=28.59674_N_35.33549_E_"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">28°35′48″N</span> <span class="longitude">35°20′08″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">28.59674°N 35.33549°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">28.59674; 35.33549</span></span></span></a></span></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Jabal_al-Lawz" title="Jabal al-Lawz">Jabal al-Lawz</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tabuk_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Tabuk Region">Tabuk Region</a>, Saudi Arabia </td> <td>2,580 </td> <td><span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Mount_Sinai_(Bible)&params=28.654167_N_35.305833_E_"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">28°39′15″N</span> <span class="longitude">35°18′21″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">28.654167°N 35.305833°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">28.654167; 35.305833</span></span></span></a></span></span> </td> <td>1984 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ron_Wyatt" title="Ron Wyatt">Ron Wyatt</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Hala-%27l_Badr" title="Hala-'l Badr">Hala-'l Badr</a> (volcano) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Al_Madinah_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Al Madinah Region">Al Madinah Region</a>, Saudi Arabia </td> <td>1,692<sup id="cite_ref-Hoffmeier-2005-AncIsr_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hoffmeier-2005-AncIsr-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page:  131">(p 131)</span></sup> </td> <td><span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Mount_Sinai_(Bible)&params=27.25_N_37.2_E_"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">27°15′N</span> <span class="longitude">37°12′E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">27.25°N 37.2°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">27.25; 37.2</span></span></span></a></span></span> </td> <td>1911 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Alois_Musil" title="Alois Musil">Alois Musil</a><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hoffmeier-2005-AncIsr_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hoffmeier-2005-AncIsr-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page:  131">(p 131)</span></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Mount_Serbal" title="Mount Serbal">Mount Serbal</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/South_Sinai_Governorate" title="South Sinai Governorate">South Sinai</a>, Egypt </td> <td>2,070 </td> <td><span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Mount_Sinai_(Bible)&params=28.646389_N_33.651667_E_"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">28°38′47″N</span> <span class="longitude">33°39′06″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">28.646389°N 33.651667°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">28.646389; 33.651667</span></span></span></a></span></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Mount_Catherine" title="Mount Catherine">Mount Catherine</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/South_Sinai_Governorate" title="South Sinai Governorate">South Sinai</a>, Egypt </td> <td>2,629 </td> <td><span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Mount_Sinai_(Bible)&params=28.511667_N_33.9525_E_"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">28°30′42″N</span> <span class="longitude">33°57′09″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">28.511667°N 33.9525°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">28.511667; 33.9525</span></span></span></a></span></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Mount_Sinai" title="Mount Sinai">Mount Sinai</a> (Jabal Musa) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/South_Sinai_Governorate" title="South Sinai Governorate">South Sinai</a>, Egypt </td> <td>2,285 </td> <td><span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Mount_Sinai_(Bible)&params=28.539417_N_33.975417_E_"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">28°32′22″N</span> <span class="longitude">33°58′32″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">28.539417°N 33.975417°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">28.539417; 33.975417</span></span></span></a></span></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Jabal_Ahmad_al_Baqir" title="Jabal Ahmad al Baqir">Jabal Ahmad al Baqir</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Aqaba_Governorate" title="Aqaba Governorate">Aqaba Governorate</a>, Jordan </td> <td>1,076 </td> <td><span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Mount_Sinai_(Bible)&params=29.59911_N_35.14342_E_"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">29°35′57″N</span> <span class="longitude">35°08′36″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">29.59911°N 35.14342°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">29.59911; 35.14342</span></span></span></a></span></span> </td> <td>1878 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Charles_Beke" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Beke">Charles Beke</a><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Jebel_al-Madhbah" title="Jebel al-Madhbah">Jebel al-Madhbah</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Petra" title="Petra">Petra</a>, Jordan </td> <td>1,070 </td> <td><span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Mount_Sinai_(Bible)&params=30.321944_N_35.4475_E_"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">30°19′19″N</span> <span class="longitude">35°26′51″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">30.321944°N 35.4475°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">30.321944; 35.4475</span></span></span></a></span></span> </td> <td>1927 </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ditlef_Nielsen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ditlef Nielsen (page does not exist)">Ditlef Nielsen</a><sup class="noprint" style="font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ditlef_Nielsen" class="extiw" title="sv:Ditlef Nielsen">sv</a>]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-Nielsen1927_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nielsen1927-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Mount_Sin_Bishar" class="mw-redirect" title="Mount Sin Bishar">Mount Sin Bishar</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/North_Sinai_Governorate" title="North Sinai Governorate">North Sinai</a>, Egypt </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Mount_Sinai_(Bible)&params=29.671_N_32.961_E_"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">29°40′16″N</span> <span class="longitude">32°57′40″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">29.671°N 32.961°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">29.671; 32.961</span></span></span></a></span></span> </td> <td>1983 </td> <td>Menashe Har-El<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Mount_Helal" title="Mount Helal">Mount Helal</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/North_Sinai_Governorate" title="North Sinai Governorate">North Sinai</a>, Egypt </td> <td>910 </td> <td><span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Mount_Sinai_(Bible)&params=30.653_N_34.028861_E_"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">30°39′11″N</span> <span class="longitude">34°01′44″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">30.653°N 34.028861°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">30.653; 34.028861</span></span></span></a></span></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Hashem_el-Tarif" class="mw-redirect" title="Hashem el-Tarif">Hashem el-Tarif</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/North_Sinai_Governorate" title="North Sinai Governorate">North Sinai</a>, Egypt </td> <td>881<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Mount_Sinai_(Bible)&params=29.669217_N_34.633411_E_"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">29°40′09″N</span> <span class="longitude">34°38′00″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">29.669217°N 34.633411°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">29.669217; 34.633411</span></span></span></a></span></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Mount_Hermon" title="Mount Hermon">Mount Hermon</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Anti-Lebanon_Mountains" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Lebanon Mountains">Anti-Lebanon</a>, Lebanon </td> <td>2,814 </td> <td><span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Mount_Sinai_(Bible)&params=33.4162_N_35.857_E_"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">33°24′58″N</span> <span class="longitude">35°51′25″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">33.4162°N 35.8570°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">33.4162; 35.8570</span></span></span></a></span></span> </td> <td>2010 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Israel_Knohl" title="Israel Knohl">Israel Knohl</a><sup id="cite_ref-:1_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Jabal_Musa">Jabal Musa</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mount_Sinai_(Bible)&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Jabal Musa"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Katharinenkloster_Sinai_BW_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Katharinenkloster_Sinai_BW_2.jpg/260px-Katharinenkloster_Sinai_BW_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Katharinenkloster_Sinai_BW_2.jpg/390px-Katharinenkloster_Sinai_BW_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Katharinenkloster_Sinai_BW_2.jpg/520px-Katharinenkloster_Sinai_BW_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3872" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Saint_Catherine%27s_Monastery" title="Saint Catherine's Monastery">Saint Catherine's Monastery</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The earliest references to <a href="/wiki/Mount_Sinai" title="Mount Sinai">Jabal Musa</a> as Mount Sinai or Mount Sinai being located in the present day Sinai Peninsula are inconclusive. There is evidence that prior to 100 CE, well before the Christian monastic period, Jewish sages equated Jabal Musa with Mount Sinai. Graham Davies of Cambridge University argues that early Jewish pilgrimages identified Jabal Musa as Mount Sinai and this identification was later adopted by the Christian pilgrims.<sup id="cite_ref-Davies-1979-Wilderness_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Davies-1979-Wilderness-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceB_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> R. K. Harrison states that, “Jabal Musa ... seems to have enjoyed special sanctity long before Christian times, culminating in its identification with Mt. Sinai."<sup id="cite_ref-Harrison-Hoffmeier-nd-BibEnc_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harrison-Hoffmeier-nd-BibEnc-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the second and third centuries BCE <a href="/wiki/Nabataeans" title="Nabataeans">Nabataeans</a> were making pilgrimages there, which is indicated in part by inscriptions discovered in the area.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="A complete citation is needed. Publisher, publ. date, edition (ISBN would be nice). (October 2021)">full citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> In the 6th century, <a href="/wiki/Saint_Catherine%27s_Monastery" title="Saint Catherine's Monastery">Saint Catherine's Monastery</a> was constructed at the base of this mountain at a site which is claimed to be the site of the biblical <a href="/wiki/Burning_bush" title="Burning bush">burning bush</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Josephus wrote that "Moses went up to a mountain that lay between Egypt and Arabia, which was called Sinai." Josephus says that Sinai is "the highest of all the mountains thereabout," and is "the highest of all the mountains that are in that country, and is not only very difficult to be ascended by men, on account of its vast altitude but because of the sharpness of its precipices".<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The traditional Mount Sinai, located in the Sinai Peninsula, is actually the name of a collection of peaks, sometimes referred to as the Holy Mountain peaks,<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="A complete citation is needed. (October 2021)">full citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> which consist of Jabal Musa, <a href="/wiki/Mount_Catherine" title="Mount Catherine">Mount Catherine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Willow_Peak" title="Willow Peak">Ras Sufsafeh</a>. <a href="/wiki/Egeria_(pilgrim)" title="Egeria (pilgrim)">Etheria</a> (circa 4th century CE) wrote, "The whole mountain group looks as if it were a single peak, but, as you enter the group, [you see that] there are more than one."<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The highest mountain peak is Mount Catherine, rising 2,610 metres (8,550 feet) above the sea and its sister peak, Jabal Musa (2,285 m [7,497 ft]), is not much further behind in height, but is more conspicuous because of the open plain called <i>er Rachah</i> ("the wide"). Mount Catherine and Jabal Musa are both much higher than any mountains in the Sinaitic desert, or in all of <a href="/wiki/Midian" title="Midian">Midian</a>. The highest tops in the Tih desert to the north are not much over 1,200 m (4,000 ft). Those in Midian, East of Elath, rise only to 1,300 m (4,200 ft). Even Jabal Serbal, 30 kilometres (20 mi) west of Sinai, is at its highest only 2,050 m (6,730 ft) above the sea.<sup id="cite_ref-bibleatlas.org_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bibleatlas.org-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some scholars<sup id="cite_ref-Ewald-Smith-Sayce-Burney-composite_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ewald-Smith-Sayce-Burney-composite-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> believe that Mount Sinai was of ancient sanctity prior to the ascent of Moses described in the Bible.<sup id="cite_ref-Ewald-Smith-Sayce-Burney-composite_58-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ewald-Smith-Sayce-Burney-composite-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="A complete citation is needed. (October 2021)">full citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Scholars have theorized that Sinai in part derived its name from the word for Moon which was "sin" (meaning "the moon" or "to shine").<sup id="cite_ref-The_Encyclopædia_Britannica_pg._139_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Encyclopædia_Britannica_pg._139-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="A complete citation is needed. (October 2021)">full citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> <a href="/wiki/Anonymous_pilgrim_of_Piacenza" title="Anonymous pilgrim of Piacenza">Antoninus Martyr</a> provides some support for the ancient sanctity of Jabal Musa by writing that Arabian heathens were still celebrating moon feasts there in the 6th century.<sup id="cite_ref-The_Encyclopædia_Britannica_pg._139_59-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Encyclopædia_Britannica_pg._139-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lina Eckenstien states that some of the artifacts discovered indicate that "the establishment of the moon-cult in the peninsula dates back to the pre-dynastic days of Egypt."<sup id="cite_ref-Sinai,_Eckenstien_P.C_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sinai,_Eckenstien_P.C-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She says the main center of Moon worship seems to have been concentrated in the southern Sinai peninsula which the Egyptians seized from the Semitic people who had built shrines and mining camps there.<sup id="cite_ref-Sinai,_Eckenstien_P.C_60-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sinai,_Eckenstien_P.C-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Robinson says that inscriptions with pictures of Moon worship objects are found all over the southern peninsula but are missing on Jabal Musa and Mount Catherine.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="A complete citation is needed. (October 2021)">full citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> This oddity may suggest religious cleansing.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="A complete citation is needed. (October 2021)">full citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Groups of <i><a href="/wiki/Nawamis" title="Nawamis">nawamis</a></i> have been discovered in southern Sinai, creating a kind of ring around Jabal Musa.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i>nawamis</i> were used over and over throughout the centuries for various purposes. <a href="/wiki/Egeria_(pilgrim)" title="Egeria (pilgrim)">Etheria</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> the 4th/5th century CE</span>, noted that her guides, who were the local "holy men", pointed out these round or circular stone foundations of temporary huts, claiming the children of Israel used them during their stay there.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="A complete citation is needed. (October 2021)">full citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The southern Sinai Peninsula contains archaeological discoveries but to place them with the exodus from Egypt is a daunting task inasmuch as the proposed dates of the Exodus vary widely. The Exodus has been dated from the early Bronze Age to the late Iron Age II.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="A complete citation is needed. (October 2021)">full citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Egyptian pottery in the southern Sinai during the late Bronze Age and early Iron Age I (Ramesside) periods has been discovered at the mining camps of Serabit el-Khadim and Timna. Objects which bore <a href="/wiki/Proto-Sinaitic_script" title="Proto-Sinaitic script">Proto-Sinaitic</a> inscriptions, the same as those found in Canaan, were discovered at Serabit el Khadim in the Southern Sinai. Several of these were dated in the later Bronze Age.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These encampments provide evidence of miners from southern Canaan.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The remote site of Serabit el-Khadem was used for a few months at a time, every couple of years at best, more often once in a generation. The journey to the mines was long, difficult and dangerous.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Expeditions headed by Professor Mazar examined the <a href="/wiki/Tell_Feiran" class="mw-redirect" title="Tell Feiran">tell of Feiran</a>, the principal <a href="/wiki/Oasis" title="Oasis">oasis</a>, of southern Sinai and discovered the site abounded not only in Nabatean <a href="/wiki/Sherd" class="mw-redirect" title="Sherd">sherds</a> but in wheel-burnished sherds typical of the Kingdom of Judah, belonging to Iron Age II.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Edward Robinson insisted that the Plain of ar-Raaha adjacent to Jabal Musa could have accommodated the Israelites. Edward Hull stated that, "this traditional Sinai in every way meets the requirements of the narrative of the Exodus." Hull agreed with Robinson and stated he had no further doubts after studying the great amphitheater leading to the base of the granite cliff of Ras Sufsafeh, that here indeed was the location of the camp and the mount from which the laws of God was delivered to the encampment of Israelites below.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceB_32-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>F. W. Holland stated<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="A complete citation is needed. (October 2021)">full citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> "With regard to water-supply there is no other spot in the whole Peninsula which is nearly so well supplied as the neighborhood of Jabal Musa. ... There is also no other district in the Peninsula which affords such excellent pasturage."<sup id="cite_ref-bibleatlas.org_57-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bibleatlas.org-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Calculating the travels of the Israelites, the <i>Bible Atlas</i> states, "These distances will not, however, allow of our placing Sinai farther East than Jabal Musa."<sup id="cite_ref-bibleatlas.org_57-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bibleatlas.org-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some point to the absence of material evidence left behind in the journey of the Israelites but Dr. Beit-Arieh wrote, "Perhaps it will be argued, by those who subscribe to the traditional account in the Bible, that the Israelite material culture was only of the flimsiest kind and left no trace. Presumably the Israelite dwellings and artifacts consisted only of perishable materials."<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="A complete citation is needed. (October 2021)">full citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Hoffmeier wrote, "None of the encampments of the wilderness wanderings can be meaningful if the Israelites went directly to either Kadesh or Midian ... a journey of eleven days from Kadesh to Horeb can be properly understood only in relationship to the southern portion of the Sinai Peninsula."<sup id="cite_ref-Harrison-Hoffmeier-nd-BibEnc_33-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harrison-Hoffmeier-nd-BibEnc-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Local Bedouins who have long inhabited the area have identified Jabal Musa as Mount Sinai. In the 4th century CE small settlements of monks set up places of worship around Jabal Musa. An Egyptian pilgrim named <a href="/wiki/Ammonius_the_Hermit" class="mw-redirect" title="Ammonius the Hermit">Ammonius</a>, who had in past times made various visits to the area, identified Jabal Musa as the Holy Mount in the 4th century. <a href="/wiki/Helena_(empress)" class="mw-redirect" title="Helena (empress)">Empress Helena</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 330 CE</span>, built a church to protect monks against raids from nomads. She chose the site for the church from the identification which had been handed down through generations through the Bedouins. She also reported the site was confirmed to her in a dream.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Egyptologist Julien Cooper has suggested that the name Sinai corresponds with a toponym <i>Ṯnht</i>, attested in the itinerary of an Egyptian official of the <a href="/wiki/11th_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="11th dynasty">11th Dynasty</a> (c. 2150–1990 BCE). He notes that this toponymn was located in the southern parts of the Sinai Peninsula, corresponding with the geographical location of Jabal Musa.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Bedouin" title="Bedouin">Bedouin</a> tradition considered <a href="/wiki/Jabal_Musa" class="mw-redirect" title="Jabal Musa">Jabal Musa</a>, which lies adjacent to Mount Catherine, to be the biblical mountain,<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated7_30-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated7-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and it is this mountain that local tour groups and religious groups presently advertise as the biblical Mount Sinai. Evidently this view was eventually taken up by Christian groups as well, as in the 16th century a church was constructed at the peak of this mountain, which was replaced by a Greek Orthodox chapel in 1954. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mount_Serbal,_Southern_Sinai_Peninsula"><span id="Mount_Serbal.2C_Southern_Sinai_Peninsula"></span>Mount Serbal, Southern Sinai Peninsula</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mount_Sinai_(Bible)&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Mount Serbal, Southern Sinai Peninsula"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In early Christian times, a number of <a href="/wiki/Anchorites" class="mw-redirect" title="Anchorites">Anchorites</a> settled on <a href="/wiki/Mount_Serbal" title="Mount Serbal">Mount Serbal</a>, considering it to be the biblical mountain, and in the 4th century a monastery was constructed at its base.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nevertheless, Josephus had stated that Mount Sinai was "the highest of all the mountains thereabout",<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which would imply that <a href="/wiki/Mount_Catherine" title="Mount Catherine">Mount Catherine</a> was actually the mountain in question, if Sinai was to be sited on the Sinai peninsula at all.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated7_30-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated7-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Northern_Sinai_Peninsula">Northern Sinai Peninsula</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mount_Sinai_(Bible)&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Northern Sinai Peninsula"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to textual scholars, in the <a href="/wiki/Documentary_hypothesis" title="Documentary hypothesis">JE</a> version of the Exodus narrative, the Israelites travel in a roughly straight line to <a href="/wiki/Kadesh_Barnea" class="mw-redirect" title="Kadesh Barnea">Kadesh Barnea</a> from the <i><a href="/wiki/Yam_Suph" title="Yam Suph">Yam Suph</a></i> (literally meaning "the <a href="/wiki/Reed_Sea" class="mw-redirect" title="Reed Sea">Reed Sea</a>", but considered traditionally to refer to the <a href="/wiki/Red_Sea" title="Red Sea">Red Sea</a>), and the detour via the south of the Sinai peninsula is only present in the <a href="/wiki/Priestly_Source" class="mw-redirect" title="Priestly Source">Priestly Source</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated4_16-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated4-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A number of scholars and commentators have therefore looked towards the more central and northern parts of the Sinai peninsula for the mountain. <a href="/wiki/Mount_Sin_Bishar" class="mw-redirect" title="Mount Sin Bishar">Mount Sin Bishar</a>, in the west-central part of the peninsula, was proposed to be the biblical Mount Sinai by Menashe Har-El, a biblical <a href="/wiki/Geographer" title="Geographer">geographer</a> at <a href="/wiki/Tel_Aviv_University" title="Tel Aviv University">Tel Aviv University</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Mount_Helal" title="Mount Helal">Mount Helal</a>, in the north of the peninsula has also been proposed.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another northern Sinai suggestion is <a href="/wiki/Hashem_el-Tarif" class="mw-redirect" title="Hashem el-Tarif">Hashem el-Tarif</a>, some 30 km west of <a href="/wiki/Eilat" title="Eilat">Eilat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Edom/Nabatea"><span id="Edom.2FNabatea"></span>Edom/Nabatea</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mount_Sinai_(Bible)&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Edom/Nabatea"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Petra_First_Glimpse.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Petra_First_Glimpse.jpg/220px-Petra_First_Glimpse.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Petra_First_Glimpse.jpg/330px-Petra_First_Glimpse.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Petra_First_Glimpse.jpg/440px-Petra_First_Glimpse.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1800" /></a><figcaption>The Siq, facing <a href="/wiki/Petra" title="Petra">Petra</a>'s <i>Treasury</i>, at the foot of <a href="/wiki/Jebel_al-Madhbah" title="Jebel al-Madhbah">Jebel al-Madhbah</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Since Moses is described by the Bible as encountering <a href="/wiki/Jethro_(Bible)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jethro (Bible)">Jethro</a>, a Kenite who was a Midianite priest, shortly before encountering Sinai, this suggests that Sinai would be somewhere near their territory in Saudi Arabia;<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated4_16-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated4-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated6_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated6-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the Kenites and Midianites appear to have resided east of the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Aqaba" title="Gulf of Aqaba">Gulf of Aqaba</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated4_16-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated4-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated6_43-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated6-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally, the <a href="/wiki/Song_of_Deborah" class="mw-redirect" title="Song of Deborah">Song of Deborah</a>, which some textual scholars consider one of the oldest parts of the Bible,<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated4_16-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated4-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> portrays God as having dwelt at <a href="/wiki/Mount_Seir" title="Mount Seir">Mount Seir</a>, and seems to suggest that this equates with Mount Sinai;<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated7_30-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated7-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated8_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated8-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mount Seir designates the mountain range in the centre of <a href="/wiki/Edom" title="Edom">Edom</a>. </p><p>Based on a number of local names and features, in 1927 Ditlef Nielsen identified the <i><a href="/wiki/Jebel_al-Madhbah" title="Jebel al-Madhbah">Jebel al-Madhbah</a></i> (meaning <i>mountain of the Altar</i>) at <a href="/wiki/Petra" title="Petra">Petra</a> as being identical to the biblical Mount Sinai;<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> since then other scholars<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag possibly uses too-vague attribution or weasel words. (January 2016)">who?</span></a></i>]</sup> have also made the identification. </p><p>The valley in which Petra resides is known as the <i><a href="/wiki/Wadi_Musa" title="Wadi Musa">Wadi Musa</a></i>, meaning <i>valley of Moses</i>, and at the entrance to the <a href="/wiki/Siq" title="Siq">Siq</a> is the Ain Musa, meaning <i>spring of Moses</i>; the 13th century Arab <a href="/wiki/Chronicle" title="Chronicle">chronicler</a> <a href="/wiki/Numari" class="mw-redirect" title="Numari">Numari</a> stated that Ain Musa was <a href="/wiki/Meribah" class="mw-redirect" title="Meribah">the location where Moses had brought water from the ground, by striking it with his rod</a>. The Jebel al-Madhbah was evidently considered particularly sacred, as the well known ritual building known as <i><a href="/wiki/Al_Khazneh" class="mw-redirect" title="Al Khazneh">The Treasury</a></i> is carved into its base, the mountain top is covered with a number of different altars, and over 8 metres of the original peak were carved away to leave a flat surface with two 8 metre tall <a href="/wiki/Obelisk" title="Obelisk">obelisks</a> sticking out of it; these obelisks, which frame the end of the path leading up to them, and are now only 6 metres tall, have led to the mountain being <a href="/wiki/Colloquial" class="mw-redirect" title="Colloquial">colloquially</a> known as <i>Zibb 'Atuf</i>, meaning <i>penis of love</i> in <a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a>. Archaeological artifacts discovered at the top of the mountain indicate that it was once covered by polished shiny blue <a href="/wiki/Slate" title="Slate">slate</a>, fitting with the biblical description of <i>paved work of sapphire stone</i>;<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> biblical references to <i>sapphire</i> are considered by scholars to be unlikely to refer to the stone called <i><a href="/wiki/Sapphire" title="Sapphire">sapphire</a></i> in modern times, as <i>sapphire</i> had a different meaning, and wasn't even mined, before the Roman era.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Unfortunately, the removal of the original peak has destroyed most other archaeological remains from the late Bronze Age (the standard dating of the Exodus) that might previously have been present. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Arabian_Peninsula">Arabian Peninsula</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mount_Sinai_(Bible)&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Arabian Peninsula"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Hijaz_Mountains" title="Hijaz Mountains">Hijaz Mountains</a> and <a href="/wiki/Midian_Mountains" class="mw-redirect" title="Midian Mountains">Midian Mountains</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Midian.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Midian.png/220px-Midian.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="323" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Midian.png/330px-Midian.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Midian.png/440px-Midian.png 2x" data-file-width="1716" data-file-height="2522" /></a><figcaption>Midian</figcaption></figure> <p>Some have suggested a site in Saudi Arabia, also noting the <a href="/wiki/Apostle_Paul" class="mw-redirect" title="Apostle Paul">Apostle Paul</a>'s assertion in the first century CE that Mount Sinai was in Arabia, although in Paul's time, the Roman administrative region of <a href="/wiki/Arabia_Petraea" title="Arabia Petraea">Arabia Petraea</a> would have included both the modern Sinai peninsula and northwestern Saudi Arabia. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="A_volcano">A volcano</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mount_Sinai_(Bible)&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: A volcano"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A suggested possible naturalistic explanation of the biblical <i>devouring fire</i> is that Sinai could have been an erupting <a href="/wiki/Volcano" title="Volcano">volcano</a>; this has been suggested by <a href="/wiki/Charles_Beke" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Beke">Charles Beke</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated5_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated5-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="A complete citation is needed. (March 2019)">full citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> <a href="/wiki/Sigmund_Freud" title="Sigmund Freud">Sigmund Freud</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="A complete citation is needed. (March 2019)">full citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> and <a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Velikovsky" title="Immanuel Velikovsky">Immanuel Velikovsky</a>, among others. This possibility would exclude all the peaks on the Sinai peninsula and Seir, but would make a number of locations in north western <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a> reasonable candidates. In 1873, C. Beke proposed <a href="/wiki/Jebel_Baggir" class="mw-redirect" title="Jebel Baggir">Jebel Baggir</a> which he called the <i>Jabal al-Nour</i> (meaning <i>mountain of light</i>), a volcanic mountain at the northern end of the Gulf of Aqaba, with Horeb being argued to be a different mountain – the nearby Jebel Ertowa.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Beke's suggestion has not found as much scholarly support as the suggestion that Mount Sinai is the el Jaww basin volcano <a href="/wiki/Hala-%27l_Badr" title="Hala-'l Badr">Hala-'l Badr</a>, as advocated by <a href="/wiki/Alois_Musil" title="Alois Musil">Alois Musil</a> in the early 20th century, J. Koenig,<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="A complete citation is needed. (March 2019)">full citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> and <a href="/wiki/Colin_Humphreys" title="Colin Humphreys">Colin Humphreys</a> in 2003.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="A complete citation is needed. (March 2019)">full citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Jabal_al-Lawz">Jabal al-Lawz</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mount_Sinai_(Bible)&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Jabal al-Lawz"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A possible candidate within the Arabia theory has been that of <i><a href="/wiki/Jabal_al-Lawz" title="Jabal al-Lawz">Jabal al-Lawz</a></i> (meaning 'mountain of almonds'). Advocates for Jabal al-Lawz include <a href="/wiki/Lennart_M%C3%B6ller" title="Lennart Möller">L. Möller</a><sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="A complete citation is needed. (March 2019)">full citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> as well as <a href="/wiki/Ron_Wyatt" title="Ron Wyatt">R. Wyatt</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Bob_Cornuke" title="Bob Cornuke">R. Cornuke</a>, and L. Williams.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A. Kerkeslager believes that the archaeological evidence is too tenuous to draw conclusions, but has stated that "Jabal al Lawz may also be the most convincing option for identifying the Mt. Sinai of biblical tradition" and should be researched.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A number of researchers support this hypothesis while others dispute it.<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One of the most recent developments has been the release of a documentary<sup id="cite_ref-Fndg-Mt-Moses_101-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fndg-Mt-Moses-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which identifies a peak within the Jabal al-Lawz mountain range, <a href="/wiki/Jabal_Maqla" title="Jabal Maqla">Jabal Maqla</a>, as Mount Sinai;<sup id="cite_ref-Fndg-Mt-Moses_101-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fndg-Mt-Moses-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the film includes video and photographic evidence in the project.<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Jabal al-Lawz has been rejected by scholars such as <a href="/wiki/James_K._Hoffmeier" title="James K. Hoffmeier">J. K. Hoffmeier</a> who details what he calls <a href="/wiki/Bob_Cornuke" title="Bob Cornuke">Cornuke's</a> "monumental blunders" and others.<sup id="cite_ref-Hoffmeier-2005-AncIsr_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hoffmeier-2005-AncIsr-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> G. Franz published a refutation of this hypothesis.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Negev">The Negev</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mount_Sinai_(Bible)&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: The Negev"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>While equating Sinai with <a href="/wiki/Petra" title="Petra">Petra</a> would indicate that the Israelites journeyed in roughly a straight line from Egypt via <a href="/wiki/Kadesh_Barnea" class="mw-redirect" title="Kadesh Barnea">Kadesh Barnea</a>, and locating Sinai in Saudi Arabia would suggest Kadesh Barnea was skirted to the south, some scholars have wondered whether Sinai was much closer to the vicinity of Kadesh Barnea itself. Halfway between Kadesh Barnea and Petra, in the southwest <a href="/wiki/Negev" title="Negev">Negev</a> desert in Israel, is <i><a href="/wiki/Har_Karkom" class="mw-redirect" title="Har Karkom">Har Karkom</a></i>, which <a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_Anati" title="Emmanuel Anati">Emmanuel Anati</a> excavated, and discovered to have been a major <a href="/wiki/Paleolithic" title="Paleolithic">Paleolithic</a> cult centre, with the surrounding plateau covered with shrines, altars, stone circles, stone pillars, and over 40,000 rock engravings; although the peak of religious activity at the site dates to 2350–2000 BCE, the exodus is dated 15 Nisan 2448 (<a href="/wiki/Hebrew_calendar" title="Hebrew calendar">Hebrew calendar</a>; 1313 BCE),<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the mountain appears to have been abandoned between 1950 and 1000 BCE, Anati proposed that <a href="/wiki/Jabal_Ideid" class="mw-redirect" title="Jabal Ideid">Jabal Ideid</a> was equatable with biblical Sinai.<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other scholars have criticised this identification, as, in addition to being almost 1000 years too early, it also appears to require the wholesale relocation of the Midianites, Amalekites, and other ancient peoples, from the locations where the majority of scholars currently place them.<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mount_Hermon">Mount Hermon</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mount_Sinai_(Bible)&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Mount Hermon"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to contested research by <a href="/wiki/Israel_Knohl" title="Israel Knohl">I. Knohl</a> (2012)<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="A complete citation is needed. (October 2021)">full citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Mount Hermon is actually the Mount Sinai mentioned in the Hebrew Bible, with the biblical story reminiscent of an ancient battle of the northern tribes with the Egyptians somewhere in the Jordan valley or Golan heights.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_50-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_art">In art</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mount_Sinai_(Bible)&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: In art"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Unidentified_or_imagined_location">Unidentified or imagined location</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mount_Sinai_(Bible)&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Unidentified or imagined location"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:MountSinai1723.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="1723"><img alt="1723" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/MountSinai1723.jpg/120px-MountSinai1723.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="96" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/MountSinai1723.jpg/180px-MountSinai1723.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/MountSinai1723.jpg/240px-MountSinai1723.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2409" data-file-height="1921" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">1723</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:G%C3%A9r%C3%B4me,_Jean-L%C3%A9on_-_Moses_on_Mount_Sinai_Jean-L%C3%A9on_G%C3%A9r%C3%B4me_-1895-1900.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Moses on Mount Sinai, by Jean-Léon Gérôme, 1895–1900"><img alt="Moses on Mount Sinai, by Jean-Léon Gérôme, 1895–1900" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/G%C3%A9r%C3%B4me%2C_Jean-L%C3%A9on_-_Moses_on_Mount_Sinai_Jean-L%C3%A9on_G%C3%A9r%C3%B4me_-1895-1900.jpg/120px-G%C3%A9r%C3%B4me%2C_Jean-L%C3%A9on_-_Moses_on_Mount_Sinai_Jean-L%C3%A9on_G%C3%A9r%C3%B4me_-1895-1900.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="70" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/G%C3%A9r%C3%B4me%2C_Jean-L%C3%A9on_-_Moses_on_Mount_Sinai_Jean-L%C3%A9on_G%C3%A9r%C3%B4me_-1895-1900.jpg/180px-G%C3%A9r%C3%B4me%2C_Jean-L%C3%A9on_-_Moses_on_Mount_Sinai_Jean-L%C3%A9on_G%C3%A9r%C3%B4me_-1895-1900.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/G%C3%A9r%C3%B4me%2C_Jean-L%C3%A9on_-_Moses_on_Mount_Sinai_Jean-L%C3%A9on_G%C3%A9r%C3%B4me_-1895-1900.jpg/240px-G%C3%A9r%C3%B4me%2C_Jean-L%C3%A9on_-_Moses_on_Mount_Sinai_Jean-L%C3%A9on_G%C3%A9r%C3%B4me_-1895-1900.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1979" data-file-height="1148" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Moses on Mount Sinai</i>, by <a href="/wiki/Jean-L%C3%A9on_G%C3%A9r%C3%B4me" title="Jean-Léon Gérôme">Jean-Léon Gérôme</a>, 1895–1900</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Ten_Commandments_(Bible_Card).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Mass-revelation at Mount Sinai in an illustration from a Bible card published by the Providence Lithograph Company, 1907"><img alt="Mass-revelation at Mount Sinai in an illustration from a Bible card published by the Providence Lithograph Company, 1907" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/The_Ten_Commandments_%28Bible_Card%29.jpg/105px-The_Ten_Commandments_%28Bible_Card%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="105" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/The_Ten_Commandments_%28Bible_Card%29.jpg/158px-The_Ten_Commandments_%28Bible_Card%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/The_Ten_Commandments_%28Bible_Card%29.jpg/210px-The_Ten_Commandments_%28Bible_Card%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="775" data-file-height="885" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Mass-revelation at Mount Sinai in an illustration from a Bible card published by the Providence Lithograph Company, 1907</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Schnorr_von_Carolsfeld_Bibel_in_Bildern_1860_117.png" class="mw-file-description" title="God Appears to Elijah on Mount Horeb, 1860 woodcut by Julius Schnorr von Karolsfeld"><img alt="God Appears to Elijah on Mount Horeb, 1860 woodcut by Julius Schnorr von Karolsfeld" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Schnorr_von_Carolsfeld_Bibel_in_Bildern_1860_117.png/120px-Schnorr_von_Carolsfeld_Bibel_in_Bildern_1860_117.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="102" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Schnorr_von_Carolsfeld_Bibel_in_Bildern_1860_117.png/180px-Schnorr_von_Carolsfeld_Bibel_in_Bildern_1860_117.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Schnorr_von_Carolsfeld_Bibel_in_Bildern_1860_117.png/240px-Schnorr_von_Carolsfeld_Bibel_in_Bildern_1860_117.png 2x" data-file-width="1083" data-file-height="919" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>God Appears to Elijah on Mount Horeb</i>, 1860 woodcut by <a href="/wiki/Julius_Schnorr_von_Karolsfeld" class="mw-redirect" title="Julius Schnorr von Karolsfeld">Julius Schnorr von Karolsfeld</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Jabal_Musa_2">Jabal Musa</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mount_Sinai_(Bible)&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Jabal Musa"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mt._Sinai_(Georgian_MSS).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Mount Sinai depicted on late medieval Georgian manuscript"><img alt="Mount Sinai depicted on late medieval Georgian manuscript" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Mt._Sinai_%28Georgian_MSS%29.jpg/82px-Mt._Sinai_%28Georgian_MSS%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="82" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Mt._Sinai_%28Georgian_MSS%29.jpg/122px-Mt._Sinai_%28Georgian_MSS%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Mt._Sinai_%28Georgian_MSS%29.jpg/163px-Mt._Sinai_%28Georgian_MSS%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="311" data-file-height="457" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Mount Sinai depicted on late medieval Georgian manuscript</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:View_of_Mount_Sinai,_1719.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Published by French cartographer Alain Manesson Mallet, 1719"><img alt="Published by French cartographer Alain Manesson Mallet, 1719" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/View_of_Mount_Sinai%2C_1719.jpg/99px-View_of_Mount_Sinai%2C_1719.jpg" decoding="async" width="99" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/View_of_Mount_Sinai%2C_1719.jpg/148px-View_of_Mount_Sinai%2C_1719.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/View_of_Mount_Sinai%2C_1719.jpg/197px-View_of_Mount_Sinai%2C_1719.jpg 2x" data-file-width="839" data-file-height="1021" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Published by French <a href="/wiki/Cartographer" class="mw-redirect" title="Cartographer">cartographer</a> <a href="/wiki/Alain_Manesson_Mallet" title="Alain Manesson Mallet">Alain Manesson Mallet</a>, 1719</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mt_Sinai_(Georgian_miniature).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="16th century"><img alt="16th century" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Mt_Sinai_%28Georgian_miniature%29.jpg/84px-Mt_Sinai_%28Georgian_miniature%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="84" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Mt_Sinai_%28Georgian_miniature%29.jpg/127px-Mt_Sinai_%28Georgian_miniature%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Mt_Sinai_%28Georgian_miniature%29.jpg/169px-Mt_Sinai_%28Georgian_miniature%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="320" data-file-height="454" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">16th century</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:El_Greco_-_Mount_Sinai_-_WGA10419.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Mount Sinai, by El Greco, 1570–1572"><img alt="Mount Sinai, by El Greco, 1570–1572" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/El_Greco_-_Mount_Sinai_-_WGA10419.jpg/120px-El_Greco_-_Mount_Sinai_-_WGA10419.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="101" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/El_Greco_-_Mount_Sinai_-_WGA10419.jpg/180px-El_Greco_-_Mount_Sinai_-_WGA10419.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/El_Greco_-_Mount_Sinai_-_WGA10419.jpg/240px-El_Greco_-_Mount_Sinai_-_WGA10419.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1030" data-file-height="866" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Mount Sinai</i>, by <a href="/wiki/El_Greco" title="El Greco">El Greco</a>, 1570–1572</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mount_Sinai_(Bible)&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Law_given_to_Moses_at_Sinai" title="Law given to Moses at Sinai">Law given to Moses at Sinai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stations_of_the_Exodus" title="Stations of the Exodus">Stations of the Exodus</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Footnotes">Footnotes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mount_Sinai_(Bible)&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Footnotes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> "The years between the 1830s and the 1870s, which mark the highpoint of the Sinai controversy, witnessed the rise of European countries into worldwide economic and political prominence ... The 1856 Treaty of Paris ensured better access for Europeans into Ottoman territory and casual visitors collected intelligence alongside antiquities ... The peninsula was strategically situated on the sea route from the Mediterranean to India through the Suez Canal which opened to traffic in 1869, a few months after the conclusion of the Ordnance Survey" Manginis (2015)<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> "Now that Rameses is known to be located at Qantir in the Sharkiya province of the east Delta, this means that Beke's proposed site of ... Hermann Gunkel, Hugo Gressman, Martin Noth and Jean Koenig. They all thought that the biblical descriptions of the theophany at Mt. Sinai described volcanic activity, and since there was no evidence of volcanoes in Sinai, that northern Arabia was the more likely." Hoffmeier (2005)<sup id="cite_ref-Hoffmeier-2005-AncIsr_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hoffmeier-2005-AncIsr-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page:  131">(p 131)</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"The proponents of Jebel al-Lawz do not agree on the crossing site of the Red Sea in the Gulf of Akaba / Eilat. One group, consisting of R. Wyatt, J. Pinkoski, and L. Moller suggests that the Israelites crossed at Nuweiba. The other group, consisting of J. Irwin, R. Cornuke, L. Williams, R. Knuteson, K. Kluetz, and K. Durham argues for the Strait of Tiran." Franz (2007) § "Problems with the Gulf of Akaba / Eilat Crossings"<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mount_Sinai_(Bible)&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 25em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Exodus 19.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Coogan, Michael David. <i>The Old Testament: A Historical and Literary Introduction to the Hebrew Scriptures</i>. Oxford University Press, USA, 2017: p. 108.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFManginis2015" class="citation conference cs1">Manginis, George (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/12403526">"Pillar of Fire or Dust? Jabal Mūsā in the nineteenth century"</a>. <i>Proceedings of the Multidisciplinary Conference on the Sinai Desert</i>. Multidisciplinary Conference on the Sinai Desert. <i>Proceedings of the Multidisciplinary Conference on the Sinai Desert</i> – via Academia.edu.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=conference&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+Multidisciplinary+Conference+on+the+Sinai+Desert&rft.atitle=Proceedings+of+the+Multidisciplinary+Conference+on+the+Sinai+Desert&rft.date=2015&rft.aulast=Manginis&rft.aufirst=George&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F12403526&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMount+Sinai+%28Bible%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hoffmeier-2005-AncIsr-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hoffmeier-2005-AncIsr_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hoffmeier-2005-AncIsr_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hoffmeier-2005-AncIsr_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hoffmeier-2005-AncIsr_5-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoffmeier2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/James_K._Hoffmeier" title="James K. Hoffmeier">Hoffmeier, James K.</a> (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SMZnDgFxiTUC&q=Lawz+almonds&pg=PA132"><i>Ancient Israel in Sinai</i></a>. Oxford University Press. p. 133. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-515546-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-515546-4"><bdi>978-0-19-515546-4</bdi></a> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+Israel+in+Sinai&rft.pages=133&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-19-515546-4&rft.aulast=Hoffmeier&rft.aufirst=James+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSMZnDgFxiTUC%26q%3DLawz%2Balmonds%26pg%3DPA132&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMount+Sinai+%28Bible%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SharifHerklots1832-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SharifHerklots1832_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SharifHerklots1832_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSharīf,_J.Herklots,_G._A.1832" class="citation book cs1">Sharīf, J.; Herklots, G. A. (1832). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/b29338050"><i>Qanoon-e-Islam: Or, The Customs of the Moosulmans of India; Comprising a Full and Exact Account of Their Various Rites and Ceremonies, from the Moment of Birth Till the Hour of Death</i></a>. Parbury, Allen, and Company. <q>koh-e-toor.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Qanoon-e-Islam%3A+Or%2C+The+Customs+of+the+Moosulmans+of+India%3B+Comprising+a+Full+and+Exact+Account+of+Their+Various+Rites+and+Ceremonies%2C+from+the+Moment+of+Birth+Till+the+Hour+of+Death&rft.pub=Parbury%2C+Allen%2C+and+Company&rft.date=1832&rft.au=Shar%C4%ABf%2C+J.&rft.au=Herklots%2C+G.+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fb29338050&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMount+Sinai+%28Bible%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Abbas1984-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Abbas1984_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Abbas1984_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbbas,_K._A.1984" class="citation book cs1">Abbas, K. A. (1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ejkFAAAAMAAJ&q=koh-e-toor"><i>The World is My Village: A Novel with an Index</i></a>. Ajanta Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8364-1131-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8364-1131-7"><bdi>978-0-8364-1131-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+World+is+My+Village%3A+A+Novel+with+an+Index&rft.pub=Ajanta+Publications&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=978-0-8364-1131-7&rft.au=Abbas%2C+K.+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DejkFAAAAMAAJ%26q%3Dkoh-e-toor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMount+Sinai+%28Bible%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated2-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated2_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated2_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Exodus%2019:16&version=nrsv">Exodus 19:16</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Exodus%2019:18&version=nrsv">Exodus 19:18</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated3-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated3_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Exodus%2024:17&version=nrsv">Exodus 24:17</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated9-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated9_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated9_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Exodus%2019:20&version=nrsv">Exodus 19:20</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Exodus%2020:22&version=nrsv">Exodus 20:22</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sefaria.org/Exodus.19.20?lang=bi&with=Mekhilta+d%27Rabbi+Yishmael&lang2=en">"Exodus 19:20"</a>. <i>www.sefaria.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">Oct 14,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.sefaria.org&rft.atitle=Exodus+19%3A20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sefaria.org%2FExodus.19.20%3Flang%3Dbi%26with%3DMekhilta%2Bd%2527Rabbi%2BYishmael%26lang2%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMount+Sinai+%28Bible%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pirke De-Rabbi Eliezer, p. 41.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated4-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated4_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated4_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated4_16-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated4_16-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated4_16-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated4_16-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated4_16-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/wiki/Peake%27s_commentary_on_the_Bible" class="mw-redirect" title="Peake's commentary on the Bible">Peake's commentary on the Bible</a>.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated8-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated8_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated8_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Judges%205:4–5&version=nrsv">Judges 5:4–5</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Exodus%2020:18–19&version=nrsv">Exodus 20:18–19</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Deuteronomy%204:10–12&version=nrsv">Deuteronomy 4:10–12</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCooper2023" class="citation journal cs1">Cooper, Julien (2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.asor.org/anetoday/2023/02/sinai-journeys-khety/">"The Earliest Mention of the Placename Sinai: The Journeys of Khety"</a>. <i>Ancient Near East Today</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 December</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ancient+Near+East+Today&rft.atitle=The+Earliest+Mention+of+the+Placename+Sinai%3A+The+Journeys+of+Khety&rft.date=2023&rft.aulast=Cooper&rft.aufirst=Julien&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.asor.org%2Fanetoday%2F2023%2F02%2Fsinai-journeys-khety%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMount+Sinai+%28Bible%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-JE-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-JE_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-JE_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJacobsSeligsohnBacher1906" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Jacobs" title="Joseph Jacobs">Jacobs, J.</a>; <a href="/wiki/M._Seligsohn" class="mw-redirect" title="M. Seligsohn">Seligsohn, M.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Bacher" title="Wilhelm Bacher">Bacher, W.</a> (1906). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=817&letter=S&search=horeb">"Mount Horeb"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Encyclopedia" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish Encyclopedia">Jewish Encyclopedia</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Mount+Horeb&rft.btitle=Jewish+Encyclopedia&rft.date=1906&rft.aulast=Jacobs&rft.aufirst=J.&rft.au=Seligsohn%2C+M.&rft.au=Bacher%2C+W.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjewishencyclopedia.com%2Fview.jsp%3Fartid%3D817%26letter%3DS%26search%3Dhoreb&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMount+Sinai+%28Bible%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Peake-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Peake_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStalker1963" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Stalker, D. M. G. (1963). "Exodus". In Black, Matthew; Rowley, H. H. (eds.). <i><a href="/wiki/Peake%27s_Commentary_on_the_Bible" title="Peake's Commentary on the Bible">Peake's Commentary on the Bible</a></i> (2nd ed.). Thomas Nelson. §178c.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Exodus&rft.btitle=Peake%27s+Commentary+on+the+Bible&rft.pages=%C2%A7178c&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Thomas+Nelson&rft.date=1963&rft.aulast=Stalker&rft.aufirst=D.+M.+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMount+Sinai+%28Bible%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlbright1957" class="citation book cs1">Albright, William Foxwell (1957). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/fromstoneagetoch00will"><i>From Stone Age to Christianity</i></a></span>. Doubleday Anchor Book.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+Stone+Age+to+Christianity&rft.pub=Doubleday+Anchor+Book&rft.date=1957&rft.aulast=Albright&rft.aufirst=William+Foxwell&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffromstoneagetoch00will&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMount+Sinai+%28Bible%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hastings-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-hastings_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarris1902" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/J._Rendel_Harris" title="J. Rendel Harris">Harris, J. Rendel</a> (1902). "Sinai, Mount". In <a href="/wiki/James_Hastings" title="James Hastings">Hastings, J.</a> (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/Hastings%27_Dictionary_of_the_Bible" title="Hastings' Dictionary of the Bible">A Dictionary of the Bible</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Sinai%2C+Mount&rft.btitle=A+Dictionary+of+the+Bible&rft.date=1902&rft.aulast=Harris&rft.aufirst=J.+Rendel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMount+Sinai+%28Bible%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLevenson1985" class="citation book cs1">Levenson, Jon (1985). <i>Sinai and Zion: An entry into the Jewish Bible</i>. New York, New York: HarperOne. pp. <span class="nowrap">20–</span>21. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-254828-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-06-254828-3"><bdi>978-0-06-254828-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sinai+and+Zion%3A+An+entry+into+the+Jewish+Bible&rft.place=New+York%2C+New+York&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E20-%3C%2Fspan%3E21&rft.pub=HarperOne&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=978-0-06-254828-3&rft.aulast=Levenson&rft.aufirst=Jon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMount+Sinai+%28Bible%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoogan,_Michael_DavidBrettler,_Marc_ZviNewsom,_Carol_A.Perkins,_Pheme2001" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Coogan, Michael David; Brettler, Marc Zvi; Newsom, Carol A.; Perkins, Pheme, eds. (2001). <i>The new Oxford annotated Bible with the Apocryphal / Deuterocanonical books</i> (in Hebrew) (3rd ed.). New York: Oxford University Press. p. 306. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-528478-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-528478-X"><bdi>0-19-528478-X</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/46381226">46381226</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+new+Oxford+annotated+Bible+with+the+Apocryphal+%2F+Deuterocanonical+books&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=306&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F46381226&rft.isbn=0-19-528478-X&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMount+Sinai+%28Bible%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSharīf1832" class="citation book cs1">Sharīf, Jaʻfar (1832). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JXwOAAAAQAAJ&q=%22koh-e-toor%22&pg=RA2-PR95"><i>Qanoon-e-Islam: Or, the Customs of the Moosulmans of India</i></a>. Parbury, Allen, and Company<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 March</span> 2018</span> – via Google Books. <q>Comprising a full and exact account of their various rites and ceremonies, from the moment of birth till the hour of death.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Qanoon-e-Islam%3A+Or%2C+the+Customs+of+the+Moosulmans+of+India&rft.pub=Parbury%2C+Allen%2C+and+Company&rft.date=1832&rft.aulast=Shar%C4%ABf&rft.aufirst=Ja%CA%BBfar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJXwOAAAAQAAJ%26q%3D%2522koh-e-toor%2522%26pg%3DRA2-PR95&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMount+Sinai+%28Bible%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbbas1984" class="citation book cs1">Abbas, Khwaja Ahmad (19 March 1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ejkFAAAAMAAJ&q=%22koh-e-toor%22"><i>The World is My Village: A Novel with an Index</i></a>. Ajanta Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8364-1131-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8364-1131-7"><bdi>978-0-8364-1131-7</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 March</span> 2018</span> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+World+is+My+Village%3A+A+Novel+with+an+Index&rft.pub=Ajanta+Publications&rft.date=1984-03-19&rft.isbn=978-0-8364-1131-7&rft.aulast=Abbas&rft.aufirst=Khwaja+Ahmad&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DejkFAAAAMAAJ%26q%3D%2522koh-e-toor%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMount+Sinai+%28Bible%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=2008%5C11%5C30%5Cstory_30-11-2008_pg12_12">"Daily Times"</a>. <i>Daily Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 March</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Daily+Times&rft.atitle=Daily+Times&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dailytimes.com.pk%2Fdefault.asp%3Fpage%3D2008%255C11%255C30%255Cstory_30-11-2008_pg12_12&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMount+Sinai+%28Bible%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated7-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated7_30-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated7_30-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated7_30-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated7_30-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated7_30-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated7_30-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated7_30-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Jewish Encyclopedia.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Davies-1979-Wilderness-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Davies-1979-Wilderness_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Davies-1979-Wilderness_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavies1979" class="citation book cs1">Davies, Graham (1979). <i>Wilderness</i>. pp. <span class="nowrap">23–</span>24.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wilderness&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E23-%3C%2Fspan%3E24&rft.date=1979&rft.aulast=Davies&rft.aufirst=Graham&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMount+Sinai+%28Bible%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceB-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceB_32-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceB_32-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceB_32-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHobbs2014" class="citation book cs1">Hobbs, Joseph J. (19 February 2014). <i>Mount Sinai</i>. Social Science. University of Texas Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mount+Sinai&rft.series=Social+Science&rft.pub=University+of+Texas+Press&rft.date=2014-02-19&rft.aulast=Hobbs&rft.aufirst=Joseph+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMount+Sinai+%28Bible%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Harrison-Hoffmeier-nd-BibEnc-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Harrison-Hoffmeier-nd-BibEnc_33-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Harrison-Hoffmeier-nd-BibEnc_33-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Harrison-Hoffmeier-nd-BibEnc_33-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarrisonn.d." class="citation book cs1">Harrison, R. K. (n.d.). Hoffmeier, J. K. (ed.). <i>Bible Encyclopedia</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bible+Encyclopedia&rft.aulast=Harrison&rft.aufirst=R.+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMount+Sinai+%28Bible%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cite_quran|23|20|t=y|s=ns-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Cite_quran|23|20|t=y|s=ns_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A2002.02.0004%3Asura%3D23%3Averse%3D20">23:20</a> <sup>(<a href="/wiki/Quran_translations" title="Quran translations">Translated</a> by <a href="/wiki/Abdullah_Yusuf_Ali" title="Abdullah Yusuf Ali">Yusuf Ali</a>)</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cite_quran|95|2|t=y|s=ns-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Cite_quran|95|2|t=y|s=ns_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A2002.02.0004%3Asura%3D95%3Averse%3D2">95:2</a> <sup>(<a href="/wiki/Quran_translations" title="Quran translations">Translated</a> by <a href="/wiki/Abdullah_Yusuf_Ali" title="Abdullah Yusuf Ali">Yusuf Ali</a>)</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cite_quran|2|63|e=93|s=ns-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Cite_quran|2|63|e=93|s=ns_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A2002.02.0006%3Asura%3D2%3Averse%3D63">2:63–93</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cite_quran|28|3|e=86|s=ns-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Cite_quran|28|3|e=86|s=ns_37-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cite_quran|28|3|e=86|s=ns_37-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A2002.02.0006%3Asura%3D28%3Averse%3D3">28:3–86</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cite_quran|7|103|e=156|s=ns-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Cite_quran|7|103|e=156|s=ns_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A2002.02.0006%3Asura%3D7%3Averse%3D103">7:103–156</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cite_quran|20|9|e=99|s=ns-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Cite_quran|20|9|e=99|s=ns_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A2002.02.0006%3Asura%3D20%3Averse%3D9">20:9–99</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cite_quran|79|15|e=25|s=ns-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Cite_quran|79|15|e=25|s=ns_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A2002.02.0006%3Asura%3D79%3Averse%3D15">79:15–25</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-IbnKathir_Al-Ahmad-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-IbnKathir_Al-Ahmad_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIbn_Kathir2013" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Kathir" title="Ibn Kathir">Ibn Kathir</a> (2013-01-01). al-Ahmad, Mohammad Hilmi (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zx9LDwAAQBAJ"><i>Stories of the Prophets: [قصص الأنبياء [انكليزي</i></a>. Dar al Kotob al Ilmiyah (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">دَار الْـكُـتُـب الْـعِـلْـمِـيَّـة</span>). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2745151360" title="Special:BookSources/978-2745151360"><bdi>978-2745151360</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Stories+of+the+Prophets%3A+%5B%D9%82%D8%B5%D8%B5+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%86%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%A1+%5B%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%83%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%B2%D9%8A&rft.pub=Dar+al+Kotob+al+Ilmiyah+%28Arabic%3A+%3Cspan+lang%3D%22ar%22+dir%3D%22rtl%22%3E%D8%AF%D9%8E%D8%A7%D8%B1+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%92%D9%80%D9%83%D9%8F%D9%80%D8%AA%D9%8F%D9%80%D8%A8+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%92%D9%80%D8%B9%D9%90%D9%80%D9%84%D9%92%D9%80%D9%85%D9%90%D9%80%D9%8A%D9%8E%D9%91%D9%80%D8%A9%3C%2Fspan%3ECategory%3AArticles+containing+Arabic-language+text%29&rft.date=2013-01-01&rft.isbn=978-2745151360&rft.au=Ibn+Kathir&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dzx9LDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMount+Sinai+%28Bible%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Elhadary2016-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Elhadary2016_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFElhadary2016" class="citation book cs1">Elhadary, Osman (2016-02-08). "11, 15". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4-ReDQAAQBAJ"><i>Moses in the Holy Scriptures of Judaism, Christianity and Islam: A call for peace</i></a>. BookBaby. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1483563039" title="Special:BookSources/978-1483563039"><bdi>978-1483563039</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=11%2C+15&rft.btitle=Moses+in+the+Holy+Scriptures+of+Judaism%2C+Christianity+and+Islam%3A+A+call+for+peace&rft.pub=BookBaby&rft.date=2016-02-08&rft.isbn=978-1483563039&rft.aulast=Elhadary&rft.aufirst=Osman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4-ReDQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMount+Sinai+%28Bible%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated6-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated6_43-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated6_43-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated6_43-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Cheyne and Black, <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_Biblica" class="mw-redirect" title="Encyclopedia Biblica">Encyclopedia Biblica</a>.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=1%20Kings%2019:8&version=nrsv">1 Kings 19:8</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMusil1926" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Alois_Musil" title="Alois Musil">Musil, A.</a> (1926) [1911]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.234493"><i>Im nördlichen Hegaz</i></a> (English ed.). Wien. pp. 215 & 298.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Im+n%C3%B6rdlichen+Hegaz&rft.place=Wien&rft.pages=215+%26+298&rft.edition=English&rft.date=1926&rft.aulast=Musil&rft.aufirst=A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fin.ernet.dli.2015.234493&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMount+Sinai+%28Bible%29" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeke1878" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Beke" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Beke">Beke, C.</a> (1878). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/latedrcharlesbe01bekegoog"><i>Sinai in Arabia and of Median</i></a> – via Internet Archive (archive.org).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sinai+in+Arabia+and+of+Median&rft.date=1878&rft.aulast=Beke&rft.aufirst=C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flatedrcharlesbe01bekegoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMount+Sinai+%28Bible%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nielsen1927-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Nielsen1927_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNielsen1927" class="citation book cs1">Nielsen, Ditlef (1927). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xZPVAAAAMAAJ"><i>The Site of the Biblical Mount Sinai: A claim for Petra</i></a>. P. Geuthner – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Site+of+the+Biblical+Mount+Sinai%3A+A+claim+for+Petra&rft.pub=P.+Geuthner&rft.date=1927&rft.aulast=Nielsen&rft.aufirst=Ditlef&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxZPVAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMount+Sinai+%28Bible%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Menashe Har-El, <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vAoWtwAACAAJ">The Sinai Journeys: The Route of the Exodus</a></i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeakVisor" class="citation web cs1">PeakVisor. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://peakvisor.com/peak/hashem-el-tarif.html">"Hashem El Tarif"</a>. <i>PeakVisor</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-12-12</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=PeakVisor&rft.atitle=Hashem+El+Tarif&rft.au=PeakVisor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpeakvisor.com%2Fpeak%2Fhashem-el-tarif.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMount+Sinai+%28Bible%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_50-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_50-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://azure.org.il/include/print.php?id=543">"Pharaoh's war with the Israelites: The untold story"</a>. <i>Azure (azure.org.il)</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-01-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Azure+%28azure.org.il%29&rft.atitle=Pharaoh%27s+war+with+the+Israelites%3A+The+untold+story&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fazure.org.il%2Finclude%2Fprint.php%3Fid%3D543&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMount+Sinai+%28Bible%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBotterweckRinggrenFabry" class="citation book cs1">Botterweck, G. Johannes; Ringgren, Helmer; Fabry, Heinz-Josef (eds.). <i>Theological Dictionary of the Old Testament</i>. Vol. 10. p. 235.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Theological+Dictionary+of+the+Old+Testament&rft.pages=235&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMount+Sinai+%28Bible%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sinaimonastery.com/index.php/en/">"Home page"</a>. <i>Sinai Monastery (sinaimonastery.com)</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 March</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Sinai+Monastery+%28sinaimonastery.com%29&rft.atitle=Home+page&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sinaimonastery.com%2Findex.php%2Fen%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMount+Sinai+%28Bible%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJosephus" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Josephus" title="Josephus">Josephus, Flavius</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Antiquities_of_the_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="The Antiquities of the Jews">The Antiquities of the Jews</a></i>. II, xii, 1; III, v, 1.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Antiquities+of+the+Jews&rft.pages=II%2C+xii%2C+1%3B+III%2C+v%2C+1&rft.aulast=Josephus&rft.aufirst=Flavius&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMount+Sinai+%28Bible%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.touregypt.net/featurestories/mountsinai.htm#ixzz2vZeRh9hD">"Mount Sinai (and the Peak of Mount Musa or Mousa)"</a>. Touregypt.net<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-12-01</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mount+Sinai+%28and+the+Peak+of+Mount+Musa+or+Mousa%29&rft.pub=Touregypt.net&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.touregypt.net%2Ffeaturestories%2Fmountsinai.htm%23ixzz2vZeRh9hD&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMount+Sinai+%28Bible%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilsonFindenFinden" class="citation book cs1">Wilson, John Marius; Finden, Edward Francis; Finden, William (eds.). <i>Landscapes of Interesting Localities Mentioned in the Holy Scriptures</i>. p. 36.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Landscapes+of+Interesting+Localities+Mentioned+in+the+Holy+Scriptures&rft.pages=36&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMount+Sinai+%28Bible%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcClureFeltoe1919" class="citation book cs1">McClure, M. L.; Feltoe, C. L., eds. (1919). <i>The Pilgrimage of Etheria</i>. translators = editors. London, UK: Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge. p. 2.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Pilgrimage+of+Etheria&rft.place=London%2C+UK&rft.pages=2&rft.pub=Society+for+Promoting+Christian+Knowledge&rft.date=1919&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMount+Sinai+%28Bible%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bibleatlas.org-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bibleatlas.org_57-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bibleatlas.org_57-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bibleatlas.org_57-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bibleatlas.org/mount_sion.htm">"Bible Map: Mount Sion (Mount Sinai)"</a>. <i>Bible Atlas (bibleatlas.org)</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-12-01</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Bible+Atlas+%28bibleatlas.org%29&rft.atitle=Bible+Map%3A+Mount+Sion+%28Mount+Sinai%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbibleatlas.org%2Fmount_sion.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMount+Sinai+%28Bible%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ewald-Smith-Sayce-Burney-composite-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ewald-Smith-Sayce-Burney-composite_58-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ewald-Smith-Sayce-Burney-composite_58-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Ewald, Hist. ii. 43, 45, 103; Di.; W. R. Smith, Rel. Sem. 2 p. 117 f.; Sayce, EHH. 188; DB. iv. 536b; Burney, Journal of Theol. Studies, ix. (1908), p. 343 f.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_Encyclopædia_Britannica_pg._139-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-The_Encyclopædia_Britannica_pg._139_59-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-The_Encyclopædia_Britannica_pg._139_59-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChisholmn.d." class="citation book cs1">Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (n.d.). <i>The Encyclopædia Britannica: A Dictionary of Arts & Sciences</i>. Vol. 25. p. 139.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica%3A+A+Dictionary+of+Arts+%26+Sciences&rft.pages=139&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMount+Sinai+%28Bible%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sinai,_Eckenstien_P.C-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sinai,_Eckenstien_P.C_60-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sinai,_Eckenstien_P.C_60-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEckenstien1921" class="citation book cs1">Eckenstien, Lina (1921). <i>A History of Sinai</i>. London, UK: Society for the Propagation of Christian Knowledge. p. 13.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Sinai&rft.place=London%2C+UK&rft.pages=13&rft.pub=Society+for+the+Propagation+of+Christian+Knowledge&rft.date=1921&rft.aulast=Eckenstien&rft.aufirst=Lina&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMount+Sinai+%28Bible%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dr. Robinson’s Biblical Researches, vol. i., p. 188.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>The Jewish Nation</i>. Ulan Press. p. 352. <q>Containing an account of their manners and customs and rites.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Jewish+Nation&rft.pages=352&rft.pub=Ulan+Press&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMount+Sinai+%28Bible%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See also Deut. 12: 2–3, II Chron. 34:3–7 and Exodus 32:20.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160517154534/http://www.centre4sinai.com.eg/nawamis.htm">"Centre for Sinai"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.centre4sinai.com.eg/nawamis.htm">the original</a> on 2016-05-17<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-12-01</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Centre+for+Sinai&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.centre4sinai.com.eg%2Fnawamis.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMount+Sinai+%28Bible%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Egeria: Diary of a pilgrimage</i>. Translated by Gingas, George E. New York, New York / Mahwah, New Jersey: The Newman Press. 1970. p. 57.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Egeria%3A+Diary+of+a+pilgrimage&rft.place=New+York%2C+New+York+%2F+Mahwah%2C+New+Jersey&rft.pages=57&rft.pub=The+Newman+Press&rft.date=1970&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMount+Sinai+%28Bible%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBimsonLivingston1987" class="citation magazine cs1">Bimson, John J.; Livingston, David (September–October 1987). "Redating the Exodus". <i>Biblical Archaeology Review</i>. pp. <span class="nowrap">40–</span>48, <span class="nowrap">51–</span>53, <span class="nowrap">66–</span>68.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Biblical+Archaeology+Review&rft.atitle=Redating+the+Exodus&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E40-%3C%2Fspan%3E48%2C+%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E51-%3C%2Fspan%3E53%2C+%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E66-%3C%2Fspan%3E68&rft.date=1987-09%2F1987-10&rft.aulast=Bimson&rft.aufirst=John+J.&rft.au=Livingston%2C+David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMount+Sinai+%28Bible%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRendsburg" class="citation book cs1">Rendsburg, Gary A. <i>The Bible and the Ancient Near East</i>. p. 171.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Bible+and+the+Ancient+Near+East&rft.pages=171&rft.aulast=Rendsburg&rft.aufirst=Gary+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMount+Sinai+%28Bible%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeit-Arieh1987" class="citation book cs1">Beit-Arieh, Itzhaq (1987). "Canaanites and Egyptians at Serabit el-Khadim". In Rainey, Anson F. (ed.). <i>Egypt, Israel, Sinai: Archaeological and historical relationships in the Biblical period</i>. Tel Aviv, Israel: Tel Aviv University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">63–</span>65.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Canaanites+and+Egyptians+at+Serabit+el-Khadim&rft.btitle=Egypt%2C+Israel%2C+Sinai%3A+Archaeological+and+historical+relationships+in+the+Biblical+period&rft.place=Tel+Aviv%2C+Israel&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E63-%3C%2Fspan%3E65&rft.pub=Tel+Aviv+University+Press&rft.date=1987&rft.aulast=Beit-Arieh&rft.aufirst=Itzhaq&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMount+Sinai+%28Bible%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMumford2001" class="citation book cs1">Mumford, Gregory D. (2001). "Sinai". In Redford, Donald B. (ed.). <i>The Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Egypt</i>. Vol. 3. p. 288.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Sinai&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Encyclopedia+of+Ancient+Egypt&rft.pages=288&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Mumford&rft.aufirst=Gregory+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMount+Sinai+%28Bible%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archaeology.tau.ac.il/?page_id=2206">"Serabit el-Khadem"</a>. Archaeology.tau.ac.il. 2012-08-05<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-12-01</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Serabit+el-Khadem&rft.pub=Archaeology.tau.ac.il&rft.date=2012-08-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchaeology.tau.ac.il%2F%3Fpage_id%3D2206&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMount+Sinai+%28Bible%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAharoni1962" class="citation book cs1">Aharoni, Yohanan (1962) [1961]. "Kadesh-Barnea and Mount Sinai". In Rothenberg, Beno (ed.). <i>God's Wilderness: Discoveries in Sinai</i>. 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W. <i>Recovery of Jerusalem</i>. p. 524.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Recovery+of+Jerusalem&rft.pages=524&rft.aulast=Holland&rft.aufirst=F.+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMount+Sinai+%28Bible%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeit-Arieh1988" class="citation journal cs1">Beit-Arieh, Itzhaq (May–June 1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cojs.org/the_route_through_sinai-_itzhaq_beit-arieh-_bar_14-03-_may-jun_1988/">"The route through Sinai"</a>. <i>Biblical Archaeology Review</i>. <b>14</b> (3): 37.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Biblical+Archaeology+Review&rft.atitle=The+route+through+Sinai&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=37&rft.date=1988-05%2F1988-06&rft.aulast=Beit-Arieh&rft.aufirst=Itzhaq&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcojs.org%2Fthe_route_through_sinai-_itzhaq_beit-arieh-_bar_14-03-_may-jun_1988%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMount+Sinai+%28Bible%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEckenstein1980" class="citation book cs1">Eckenstein, Lina (1980) [1921]. <i>A History of Sinai</i> (reprint ed.). 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New York, New York: Doubleday. p. 58.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Secrets+of+Mount+Sinai&rft.place=New+York%2C+New+York&rft.pages=58&rft.pub=Doubleday&rft.date=1986&rft.aulast=Bentley&rft.aufirst=James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMount+Sinai+%28Bible%29" class="Z3988"></span> [Orbis, London, 1985].</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeen1959" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Edith_Deen" title="Edith Deen">Deen, Edith</a> (1959). <i>Great Women of the Christian Faith</i> (reprint ed.). New York, New York / Westwood, New Jersey: Harper & Row / Barbour & Company. pp. <span class="nowrap">7–</span>10.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Great+Women+of+the+Christian+Faith&rft.place=New+York%2C+New+York+%2F+Westwood%2C+New+Jersey&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E7-%3C%2Fspan%3E10&rft.edition=reprint&rft.pub=Harper+%26+Row+%2F+Barbour+%26+Company&rft.date=1959&rft.aulast=Deen&rft.aufirst=Edith&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMount+Sinai+%28Bible%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCooper2020" class="citation book cs1">Cooper, Julien (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=znD-DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA254"><i>Toponymy on the Periphery: Placenames of the Eastern Desert, Red Sea, and South Sinai in Egyptian Documents from the Early Dynastic until the End of the New Kingdom</i></a>. BRILL. pp. <span class="nowrap">254–</span>255. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-42221-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-42221-6"><bdi>978-90-04-42221-6</bdi></a> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Toponymy+on+the+Periphery%3A+Placenames+of+the+Eastern+Desert%2C+Red+Sea%2C+and+South+Sinai+in+Egyptian+Documents+from+the+Early+Dynastic+until+the+End+of+the+New+Kingdom&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E254-%3C%2Fspan%3E255&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-90-04-42221-6&rft.aulast=Cooper&rft.aufirst=Julien&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DznD-DwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA254&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMount+Sinai+%28Bible%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCooper2023" class="citation journal cs1">Cooper, Julien (February 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.asor.org/anetoday/2023/02/sinai-journeys-khety/">"The Earliest Mention of the Placename Sinai: The Journeys of Khety"</a>. <i>The Ancient Near East Today</i>. <b>11</b> (2).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Ancient+Near+East+Today&rft.atitle=The+Earliest+Mention+of+the+Placename+Sinai%3A+The+Journeys+of+Khety&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=2&rft.date=2023-02&rft.aulast=Cooper&rft.aufirst=Julien&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.asor.org%2Fanetoday%2F2023%2F02%2Fsinai-journeys-khety%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMount+Sinai+%28Bible%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/14011a.htm">"Sinai"</a>. New Advent, The Catholic Encyclopedia.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sinai&rft.pub=New+Advent%2C+The+Catholic+Encyclopedia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newadvent.org%2Fcathen%2F14011a.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMount+Sinai+%28Bible%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Flavius_Josephus" class="mw-redirect" title="Flavius Josephus">Flavius Josephus</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Antiquities_of_the_Jews" title="Antiquities of the Jews">Antiquities of the Jews</a></i>, 2:12.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Elliott_Friedman" title="Richard Elliott Friedman">Richard Elliott Friedman</a>, <i>Who wrote the Bible?</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Menashe Har-El, <i>The Sinai Journeys: The Route of the Exodus.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJarvis1938" class="citation journal cs1">Jarvis, C. S. (1938). "The forty years' wandering of the Israelites". <i>Palestine Exploration Quarterly</i>. <b>70</b>: <span class="nowrap">25–</span>40. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1179%2Fpeq.1938.70.1.25">10.1179/peq.1938.70.1.25</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Palestine+Exploration+Quarterly&rft.atitle=The+forty+years%27+wandering+of+the+Israelites&rft.volume=70&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E25-%3C%2Fspan%3E40&rft.date=1938&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1179%2Fpeq.1938.70.1.25&rft.aulast=Jarvis&rft.aufirst=C.+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMount+Sinai+%28Bible%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFde_Geus1977" class="citation book cs1">de Geus, C. H. J. (1977). "Kadesh Barnea: Some geographical and historical remarks". In Brongers, Hendrik Antonie (ed.). <i>Instruction and Interpretation: Studies in Hebrew Language, Palestinian archaeology and biblical exegesis</i>. Leiden: Brill Archive. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-05433-2" title="Special:BookSources/90-04-05433-2"><bdi>90-04-05433-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Kadesh+Barnea%3A+Some+geographical+and+historical+remarks&rft.btitle=Instruction+and+Interpretation%3A+Studies+in+Hebrew+Language%2C+Palestinian+archaeology+and+biblical+exegesis&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pub=Brill+Archive&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=90-04-05433-2&rft.aulast=de+Geus&rft.aufirst=C.+H.+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMount+Sinai+%28Bible%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThe_Megalithic_Portal_and_Megalith_Map" class="citation web cs1">The Megalithic Portal and Megalith Map. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.megalithic.co.uk/article.php?sid=26792">"Gebel Khashm el Tarif [Jebel Hashem al Taref, Hashem el-Tarif, Mount Sinai (?)] Ancient Temple: The Megalithic Portal and Megalith Map"</a>. Megalithic.co.uk<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-12-01</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Gebel+Khashm+el+Tarif+%5BJebel+Hashem+al+Taref%2C+Hashem+el-Tarif%2C+Mount+Sinai+%28%3F%29%26%2393%3B+Ancient+Temple%3A+The+Megalithic+Portal+and+Megalith+Map&rft.pub=Megalithic.co.uk&rft.au=The+Megalithic+Portal+and+Megalith+Map&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.megalithic.co.uk%2Farticle.php%3Fsid%3D26792&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMount+Sinai+%28Bible%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJacobovici" class="citation web cs1">Jacobovici, Simcha. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.simchajtv.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/06/Jacobovici-The-Real-Mount-Sinaiwith-pictures.doc">"The Real Mount Sinai"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Real+Mount+Sinai&rft.aulast=Jacobovici&rft.aufirst=Simcha&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.simchajtv.com%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2013%2F06%2FJacobovici-The-Real-Mount-Sinaiwith-pictures.doc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMount+Sinai+%28Bible%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ditlef Nielsen, <i>The Site of the Biblical Mount Sinai – a claim for Petra</i> (1927).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Exodus%2024:10&version=nrsv">Exodus 24:10</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cheyne and Black, <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_Biblica" class="mw-redirect" title="Encyclopedia Biblica">Encyclopedia Biblica</a></i>, <i>Hoshen.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated5-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated5_90-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Charles Beke (1873), <i>Mount Sinai, a Volcano</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sigmund Freud, <i><a href="/wiki/Moses_and_Monotheism" title="Moses and Monotheism">Moses and Monotheism</a></i> (1939).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeke1878" class="citation book cs1">Beke, Charles (1878). <i>Sinai in Arabia and of Median</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sinai+in+Arabia+and+of+Median&rft.date=1878&rft.aulast=Beke&rft.aufirst=Charles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMount+Sinai+%28Bible%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKoenig1971" class="citation journal cs1">Koenig, Jean (1971). 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New York, New York: Wynwood Press. p. 182.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Mountain+of+Moses%3A+The+discovery+of+Mount+Sinai&rft.place=New+York%2C+New+York&rft.pages=182&rft.edition=reprint&rft.pub=Wynwood+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Larry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMount+Sinai+%28Bible%29" class="Z3988"></span> Reprint title: <i>The Discovery of Mount Sinai</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilson2006" class="citation news cs1">Wilson, Jennifer (11 August 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120707212938/http://deseretnews.com/dn/view/0,1249,645192466,00.html">"Is Noah's Ark on mount[ain] in Iran? Man scours the world looking for religious artifacts"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Deseret_Morning_News" class="mw-redirect" title="Deseret Morning News">Deseret Morning News</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://deseretnews.com/dn/view/0,1249,645192466,00.html">the original</a> on 2012-07-07<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 December</span> 2007</span>. <q>Bob Cornuke doesn't have a degree in archaeology; he holds a doctorate in Bible and theology from Louisiana Baptist University.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Deseret+Morning+News&rft.atitle=Is+Noah%27s+Ark+on+mount%5Bain%5D+in+Iran%3F+Man+scours+the+world+looking+for+religious+artifacts&rft.date=2006-08-11&rft.aulast=Wilson&rft.aufirst=Jennifer&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdeseretnews.com%2Fdn%2Fview%2F0%2C1249%2C645192466%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMount+Sinai+%28Bible%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKerkeslager1998" class="citation book cs1">Kerkeslager, Allen (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3yENB_dXAtwC&q=jebel&pg=PA99">"Jewish Pilgrimage and Jewish Identity"</a>. In Frankfurter, David (ed.). <i>Pilgrimage and Holy Space in Late Antique Egypt</i>. Brill. pp. <span class="nowrap">212–</span>213. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9004111271" title="Special:BookSources/978-9004111271"><bdi>978-9004111271</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 April</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Jewish+Pilgrimage+and+Jewish+Identity&rft.btitle=Pilgrimage+and+Holy+Space+in+Late+Antique+Egypt&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E212-%3C%2Fspan%3E213&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-9004111271&rft.aulast=Kerkeslager&rft.aufirst=Allen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3yENB_dXAtwC%26q%3Djebel%26pg%3DPA99&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMount+Sinai+%28Bible%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fndg-Mt-Moses-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Fndg-Mt-Moses_101-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fndg-Mt-Moses_101-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation audio-visual cs1"><i>Finding the Mountain of Moses: The Real Mount Sinai in Saudi Arabia</i> (documentary film). Doubting Thomas Research Foundation.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Finding+the+Mountain+of+Moses%3A+The+Real+Mount+Sinai+in+Saudi+Arabia&rft.pub=Doubting+Thomas+Research+Foundation&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMount+Sinai+%28Bible%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sinaiinarabia.com/">"Home"</a>. <i>Sinai in Arabia</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-03-04</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Sinai+in+Arabia&rft.atitle=Home&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sinaiinarabia.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMount+Sinai+%28Bible%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jabalmaqla.com/">"Home"</a>. <i>Jabal Maqla</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-03-04</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Jabal+Maqla&rft.atitle=Home&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jabalmaqla.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMount+Sinai+%28Bible%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJamesonEhrenhardFinn2003" class="citation book cs1">Jameson, John H.; Ehrenhard, John E.; Finn, Christine, eds. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3ewmpEW_Kq4C&q=wyatt&pg=PA180"><i>Ancient Muses: Archaeology and the arts</i></a>. University of Alabama Press. p. 179. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8173-1274-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8173-1274-9"><bdi>978-0-8173-1274-9</bdi></a> – via Google-books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+Muses%3A+Archaeology+and+the+arts&rft.pages=179&rft.pub=University+of+Alabama+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-8173-1274-9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3ewmpEW_Kq4C%26q%3Dwyatt%26pg%3DPA180&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMount+Sinai+%28Bible%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ex. 16:1, 7, 13; Tal. Kid. 38a.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Emmanuel Anati, <i>The riddle of Mount Sinai: Archaeological discoveries at Har Karkom</i> (2001).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.harkarkom.com">"Mount Sinai has been found: Archaeological discoveries at Har Karkom"</a>. <i>www.harkarkom.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 March</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.harkarkom.com&rft.atitle=Mount+Sinai+has+been+found%3A+Archaeological+discoveries+at+Har+Karkom&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.harkarkom.com&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMount+Sinai+%28Bible%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShanks2014" class="citation journal cs1">Shanks, Hershel (March–April 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://members.bib-arch.org/publication.asp?PubID=BSBA&Volume=40&Issue=2&ArticleID=2">"Where is Mount Sinai? The case for Har Karkom and the case for Saudi Arabia"</a>. <i>Biblical Archaeology Review</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 March</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Biblical+Archaeology+Review&rft.atitle=Where+is+Mount+Sinai%3F+The+case+for+Har+Karkom+and+the+case+for+Saudi+Arabia&rft.date=2014-03%2F2014-04&rft.aulast=Shanks&rft.aufirst=Hershel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmembers.bib-arch.org%2Fpublication.asp%3FPubID%3DBSBA%26Volume%3D40%26Issue%3D2%26ArticleID%3D2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMount+Sinai+%28Bible%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKnohl2012" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Israel_Knohl" title="Israel Knohl">Knohl, I.</a> (2012). <i>Ha-Shem: The secret numbers of the Hebrew Bible and the mystery of the Exodus from Egypt</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ha-Shem%3A+The+secret+numbers+of+the+Hebrew+Bible+and+the+mystery+of+the+Exodus+from+Egypt&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Knohl&rft.aufirst=I.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMount+Sinai+%28Bible%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mount_Sinai_(Bible)&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoffmeier2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/James_K._Hoffmeier" title="James K. Hoffmeier">Hoffmeier, James K.</a> (6 October 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VnHiBwAAQBAJ&pg=PT432"><i>Ancient Israel in Sinai: The evidence for the authenticity of the wilderness tradition</i></a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-988260-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-988260-1"><bdi>978-0-19-988260-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+Israel+in+Sinai%3A+The+evidence+for+the+authenticity+of+the+wilderness+tradition&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2005-10-06&rft.isbn=978-0-19-988260-1&rft.aulast=Hoffmeier&rft.aufirst=James+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVnHiBwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT432&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMount+Sinai+%28Bible%29" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mount_Sinai_(Bible)&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Mount_Sinai" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Mount Sinai">Mount Sinai</a> at Wikimedia Commons </p> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/14011a.htm">"Sinai"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Catholic_Encyclopedia" class="mw-redirect" title="The Catholic Encyclopedia">The Catholic Encyclopedia</a></i> – via NewAdvent.org.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Sinai&rft.btitle=The+Catholic+Encyclopedia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newadvent.org%2Fcathen%2F14011a.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMount+Sinai+%28Bible%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://content.time.com/time/subscriber/article/0,33009,808671,00.html">"The Lost Mountain"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">Time</a></i>. 1956-12-03.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=The+Lost+Mountain&rft.date=1956-12-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcontent.time.com%2Ftime%2Fsubscriber%2Farticle%2F0%2C33009%2C808671%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMount+Sinai+%28Bible%29" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output 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rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ten_Commandments" title="Template:Ten Commandments"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ten_Commandments" title="Template talk:Ten Commandments"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ten_Commandments" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ten Commandments"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ten_Commandments121" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ten_Commandments" title="Ten Commandments">Ten Commandments</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Tablets_of_Stone" title="Tablets of Stone">Tablets of Stone</a> · <a href="/wiki/Finger_of_God" title="Finger of God">Finger of God</a> · <a href="/wiki/Ritual_Decalogue" title="Ritual Decalogue">Ritual Decalogue</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Commandments</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/I_am_the_Lord_thy_God" title="I am the Lord thy God">I am the Lord thy God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thou_shalt_have_no_other_gods_before_me" title="Thou shalt have no other gods before me">Thou shalt have no other gods before me</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thou_shalt_not_make_unto_thee_any_graven_image" title="Thou shalt not make unto thee any graven image">Thou shalt not make unto thee any graven image</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thou_shalt_not_take_the_name_of_the_Lord_thy_God_in_vain" title="Thou shalt not take the name of the Lord thy God in vain">Thou shalt not take the name of the Lord thy God in vain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remember_the_sabbath_day,_to_keep_it_holy" title="Remember the sabbath day, to keep it holy">Remember the sabbath day, to keep it holy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honour_thy_father_and_thy_mother" title="Honour thy father and thy mother">Honour thy father and thy mother</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thou_shalt_not_kill" title="Thou shalt not kill">Thou shalt not kill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thou_shalt_not_commit_adultery" title="Thou shalt not commit adultery">Thou shalt not commit adultery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thou_shalt_not_steal" title="Thou shalt not steal">Thou shalt not steal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thou_shalt_not_bear_false_witness_against_thy_neighbour" title="Thou shalt not bear false witness against thy neighbour">Thou shalt not bear false witness against thy neighbour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thou_shalt_not_covet" title="Thou shalt not covet">Thou shalt not covet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moses" title="Moses">Moses</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Biblical Mount Sinai</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Sinai" title="Mount Sinai">Mount Sinai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Horeb" title="Mount Horeb">Mount Horeb</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ark_of_the_Covenant" title="Ark of the Covenant">Ark of the Covenant</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mercy_seat" title="Mercy seat">lid</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Exodus" title="Book of Exodus">Book of Exodus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Exodus" title="The Exodus">The Exodus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">In art</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Descent_from_Mount_Sinai_(Sistine_Chapel)" title="Descent from Mount Sinai (Sistine Chapel)"><i>Descent from Mount Sinai</i> (Sistine Chapel, 1481-1482 painting)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moses_(Michelangelo)" title="Moses (Michelangelo)"><i>Moses</i> (c. 1513–1515 sculpture)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moses_and_his_Ethiopian_wife_Zipporah" title="Moses and his Ethiopian wife Zipporah"><i>Moses and his Ethiopian wife Zipporah</i> (c. 1645-1650 painting)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moses_Breaking_the_Tablets_of_the_Law" title="Moses Breaking the Tablets of the Law"><i>Moses Breaking the Tablets of the Law</i> (1659 painting)</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Total_Abstinence_Union_Fountain" title="Catholic Total Abstinence Union Fountain">Catholic Total Abstinence Union Fountain</a></i> (1876)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Moses_(University_of_Notre_Dame)" title="Statue of Moses (University of Notre Dame)"><i>Moses</i> (1962 sculpture)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moses_(1968)" title="Moses (1968)"><i>Moses</i> (1968 sculptures</a>, <a href="/wiki/Moses_(3/3)" title="Moses (3/3)">3/3</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Media</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Ten_Commandments_(1923_film)" title="The Ten Commandments (1923 film)"><i>The Ten Commandments</i> (1923 film)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Ten_Commandments_(1956_film)" title="The Ten Commandments (1956 film)"><i>The Ten Commandments</i> (1956 film)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Les_Dix_Commandements_(musical)" title="Les Dix Commandements (musical)"><i>Les Dix Commandements</i> (2000 musical)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Ten_Commandments:_The_Musical" title="The Ten Commandments: The Musical"><i>The Ten Commandments</i> (2004 musical)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Ten_Commandments_(miniseries)" title="The Ten Commandments (miniseries)"><i>The Ten Commandments</i> (2006 miniseries)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Ten_(film)" title="The Ten (film)"><i>The Ten</i> (2007 film)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Ten_Commandments_(2007_film)" title="The Ten Commandments (2007 film)"><i>The Ten Commandments</i> (2007 film) </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/I_Am_(2010_American_drama_film)" title="I Am (2010 American drama film)"><i>I Am</i> (2010 film)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Ten_Commandments:_The_Movie" title="The Ten Commandments: The Movie"><i>The Ten Commandments</i> (2016 film)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Joshua" title="Joshua">Joshua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ten_Commandments_in_Catholic_theology" title="Ten Commandments in Catholic theology">In Catholic theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabot" title="Tabot">Tabot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alternatives_to_the_Ten_Commandments" title="Alternatives to the Ten Commandments">Alternatives</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/613_commandments" title="613 commandments">613 commandments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Laws_of_Noah" title="Seven Laws of Noah">Seven Laws of Noah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Commandment" title="Great Commandment">Great Commandment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Rule" title="Golden Rule">Golden Rule</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethics_in_the_Bible" title="Ethics in the Bible">Ethics in the Bible</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ark_of_the_Covenant_topics63" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ark_of_the_Covenant" title="Template:Ark of the Covenant"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ark_of_the_Covenant" title="Template talk:Ark of the Covenant"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ark_of_the_Covenant" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ark of the Covenant"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ark_of_the_Covenant_topics63" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ark_of_the_Covenant" title="Ark of the Covenant">Ark of the Covenant</a> topics</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moses" title="Moses">Moses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kohen" title="Kohen">Kohanim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Priest_of_Israel" title="High Priest of Israel">High Priest of Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israelites" title="Israelites">Israelites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levite" title="Levite">Levites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bezalel" title="Bezalel">Bezalel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tribe_of_Judah" title="Tribe of Judah">Tribe of Judah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oholiab" title="Oholiab">Oholiab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kehath" title="Kehath">Kehath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tribe_of_Levi" title="Tribe of Levi">Tribe of Levi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremiah" title="Jeremiah">Jeremiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joshua" title="Joshua">Joshua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel" title="Samuel">Samuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uzzah" title="Uzzah">Uzzah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solomon" title="Solomon">Solomon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menelik_I" title="Menelik I">Menelik I</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lid</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mercy_seat" title="Mercy seat">Mercy seat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cherub" title="Cherub">Cherub</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Contents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tablets_of_Stone" title="Tablets of Stone">Tablets of Stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ten_Commandments" title="Ten Commandments">Ten Commandments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manna" title="Manna">Manna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aaron%27s_rod" title="Aaron's rod">Aaron's rod</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Locations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Sinai" title="Mount Sinai">Mount Sinai</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Sinai_(bible)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mount Sinai (bible)">Biblical Mount Sinai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Horeb" title="Mount Horeb">Mount Horeb</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jericho" title="Jericho">Jericho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordan_River" title="Jordan River">Jordan River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_of_Holies" title="Holy of Holies">Holy of Holies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabernacle" title="Tabernacle">Tabernacle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ai_(Canaan)" title="Ai (Canaan)">Ai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiloh_(biblical_city)" title="Shiloh (biblical city)">Shiloh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gibeah" title="Gibeah">Gibeah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilgal" title="Gilgal">Gilgal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eben-Ezer" title="Eben-Ezer">Eben-Ezer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philistine_captivity_of_the_Ark" title="Philistine captivity of the Ark">Philistia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beit_Shemesh" title="Beit Shemesh">Beth Shemesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiriath-Jearim" title="Kiriath-Jearim">Kiriath-Jearim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_Mount" title="Temple Mount">Temple Mount</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dome_of_the_Rock" title="Dome of the Rock">Dome of the Rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Well_of_Souls" title="Well of Souls">Well of Souls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chartres_Cathedral" title="Chartres Cathedral">Cathedral of Chartres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tana_Qirqos" title="Tana Qirqos">Tana Qirqos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_Our_Lady_Mary_of_Zion" title="Church of Our Lady Mary of Zion">Church of Our Lady Mary of Zion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Sign_and_the_Seal" title="The Sign and the Seal">The Sign and the Seal</a></i> (1992 book)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Book_of_Exodus222" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="font-weight:normal;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Book_of_Exodus_navbox" title="Template:Book of Exodus navbox"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Book_of_Exodus_navbox" title="Template talk:Book of Exodus navbox"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Book_of_Exodus_navbox" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Book of Exodus navbox"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Book_of_Exodus222" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Exodus" title="Book of Exodus">Book of Exodus</a></b></li></ul></div></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Chapters</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shemot_(parashah)" title="Shemot (parashah)">1–6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Va%27eira" title="Va'eira">6–9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bo_(parashah)" title="Bo (parashah)">10–13</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beshalach" title="Beshalach">13–17</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yitro" title="Yitro">18–20</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mishpatim" title="Mishpatim">21–24</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terumah_(parashah)" title="Terumah (parashah)">25–27</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetzaveh" title="Tetzaveh">27–30</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ki_Tissa" title="Ki Tissa">30–34</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vayakhel" title="Vayakhel">35–38</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pekudei" title="Pekudei">38–40</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moses" title="Moses">Moses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israelites" title="Israelites">Israelites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aaron" title="Aaron">Aaron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bezalel" title="Bezalel">Bezalel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eliezer#The_son_of_Moses" title="Eliezer">Eliezer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elim_(place)" title="Elim (place)">Elim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gershom" title="Gershom">Gershom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jethro_(biblical_figure)" title="Jethro (biblical figure)">Jethro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Priest_of_Israel" title="High Priest of Israel">High Priest of Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ithamar" title="Ithamar">Ithamar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marah_(Bible)" title="Marah (Bible)">Marah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miriam" title="Miriam">Miriam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nadab_and_Abihu" title="Nadab and Abihu">Nadab and Abihu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oholiab" title="Oholiab">Oholiab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharaohs_in_the_Bible" title="Pharaohs in the Bible">Pharaoh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharaoh%27s_daughter_(Exodus)" title="Pharaoh's daughter (Exodus)">Pharaoh's daughter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiphrah_and_Puah" title="Shiphrah and Puah">Shiphrah and Puah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zipporah" title="Zipporah">Zipporah</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Objects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aaron%27s_rod" title="Aaron's rod">Aaron's rod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ark_of_bulrushes" title="Ark of bulrushes">Ark of bulrushes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ark_of_the_Covenant" title="Ark of the Covenant">Ark of the Covenant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asherah_pole" title="Asherah pole">Asherah pole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bronze_laver" title="Bronze laver">Bronze laver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burning_bush" title="Burning bush">Burning bush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_calf" title="Golden calf">Golden calf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incense_offering" title="Incense offering">Incense offering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manna" title="Manna">Manna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercy_seat" title="Mercy seat">Mercy seat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pillars_of_fire_and_cloud" title="Pillars of fire and cloud">Pillars of fire and cloud</a></li> <li>Priestly clothing <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Priestly_breastplate" title="Priestly breastplate">breastplate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priestly_golden_head_plate" title="Priestly golden head plate">golden head plate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priestly_robe_(Judaism)" title="Priestly robe (Judaism)">robe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priestly_sash" title="Priestly sash">sash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priestly_tunic" title="Priestly tunic">tunic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priestly_turban" title="Priestly turban">turban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priestly_undergarments" title="Priestly undergarments">undergarments</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Showbread" title="Showbread">Showbread</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Staff_of_Moses" title="Staff of Moses">Staff of Moses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabernacle" title="Tabernacle">Tabernacle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tefillin" title="Tefillin">Tefillin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_menorah" title="Temple menorah">Temple menorah</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Places</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_Egypt" title="Biblical Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massah_and_Meribah" title="Massah and Meribah">Massah and Meribah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Horeb" title="Mount Horeb">Mount Horeb</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mount Sinai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stations_of_the_Exodus" title="Stations of the Exodus">Stations of the Exodus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pi-HaHiroth" title="Pi-HaHiroth">Pi-HaHiroth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pi-Ramesses" title="Pi-Ramesses">Pi-Ramesses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Refidim" title="Battle of Refidim">Battle of Refidim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shur_(Bible)" title="Shur (Bible)">Shur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilderness_of_Sin" title="Wilderness of Sin">Wilderness of Sin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yam_Suph" title="Yam Suph">Yam Suph (Reed Sea)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Weekly_Torah_portion" title="Weekly Torah portion">Torah readings</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shemot_(parashah)" title="Shemot (parashah)">Shemot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Va%27eira" title="Va'eira">Va'eira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bo_(parashah)" title="Bo (parashah)">Bo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beshalach" title="Beshalach">Beshalach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yitro" title="Yitro">Yitro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mishpatim" title="Mishpatim">Mishpatim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terumah_(parashah)" title="Terumah (parashah)">Terumah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetzaveh" title="Tetzaveh">Tetzaveh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ki_Tissa" title="Ki Tissa">Ki Tissa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vayakhel" title="Vayakhel">Vayakhel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pekudei" title="Pekudei">Pekudei</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sources</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Priestly_source" title="Priestly source">Priestly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jahwist" title="Jahwist">Jahwist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elohist" title="Elohist">Elohist</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Textual analysis</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sources_and_parallels_of_the_Exodus" title="Sources and parallels of the Exodus">Sources and parallels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Textual_variants_in_the_Book_of_Exodus" title="Textual variants in the Book of Exodus">Textual variations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Covenant_Code" title="Covenant Code">Covenant Code</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exodus_Rabbah" title="Exodus Rabbah">Exodus Rabbah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mekhilta_of_Rabbi_Ishmael" title="Mekhilta of Rabbi Ishmael">Mekhilta of Rabbi Ishmael</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mekhilta_of_Rabbi_Shimon_ben_Yochai" title="Mekhilta of Rabbi Shimon ben Yochai">Mekhilta of Rabbi Shimon ben Yochai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Song_of_the_Sea" title="Song of the Sea">Song of the Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exodus_narrative_in_Antebellum_America" title="Exodus narrative in Antebellum America">In Antebellum America</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Manuscripts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nash_Papyrus" title="Nash Papyrus">Nash Papyrus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_18" title="Papyrus 18">Papyrus 18</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Phrases</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/I_Am_that_I_Am" title="I Am that I Am">I Am that I Am</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baal-zephon" title="Baal-zephon">Baal-zephon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Shaddai" title="El Shaddai">El Shaddai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eye_for_an_eye" title="Eye for an eye">Eye for an eye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remember_the_sabbath_day,_to_keep_it_holy" title="Remember the sabbath day, to keep it holy">Remember the sabbath day, to keep it holy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/With_a_strong_hand_and_an_outstretched_arm" title="With a strong hand and an outstretched arm">With a strong hand and an outstretched arm</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Exodus" title="The Exodus">The Exodus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plagues_of_Egypt" title="Plagues of Egypt">Plagues of Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ten_Commandments" title="Ten Commandments">Ten Commandments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zipporah_at_the_inn" title="Zipporah at the inn">Zipporah at the inn</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mount_Sinai_(Bible)&oldid=1269021447">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mount_Sinai_(Bible)&oldid=1269021447</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" 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