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class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Late career </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Late_career-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Political_controversies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_controversies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Political controversies </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Political_controversies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Assessment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Assessment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Assessment </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Assessment-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Assessment subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Assessment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Playing_strength_and_style" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Playing_strength_and_style"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 Playing strength and style </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Playing_strength_and_style-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Influence_on_the_game" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Influence_on_the_game"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2 Influence on the game </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Influence_on_the_game-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_achievements" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_achievements"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Other achievements </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Other_achievements-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Other achievements subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Other_achievements-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Electrical_engineering" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Electrical_engineering"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.1 Electrical engineering </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Electrical_engineering-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Computer_chess" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Computer_chess"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.2 Computer chess </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Computer_chess-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Writings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Writings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Writings </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Writings-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Writings subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Writings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Chess" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chess"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.1 Chess </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chess-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Computers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Computers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.2 Computers </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Computers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tournament_results" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tournament_results"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Tournament results </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Tournament_results-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Tournament results subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Tournament_results-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Match_results" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Match_results"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.1 Match results </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Match_results-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_games" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_games"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 Notable games </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_games-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 16 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 17 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Mikhail Botvinnik</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 68 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-68" aria-hidden="true" > 68 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A%D9%84_%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%AA%D9%81%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%83" title="ميخائيل بوتفنيك – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ميخائيل بوتفنيك" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mixail_Botvinnik" title="Mixail Botvinnik – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Mixail Botvinnik" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%96%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%B2_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95" title="মিখাইল বোতভিনিক – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="মিখাইল বোতভিনিক" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA_%D0%9C%D0%B8%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%BB_%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87" title="Ботвинник Михаил Моисеевич – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Ботвинник Михаил Моисеевич" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%96%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%96%D0%BB_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%87_%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%BA" title="Міхаіл Майсеевіч Бацвіннік – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Міхаіл Майсеевіч Бацвіннік" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%BB_%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Михаил Ботвиник – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Михаил Ботвиник" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mihail_Botvinik" title="Mihail Botvinik – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Mihail Botvinik" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mic%27hail_Botvinnik" title="Mic'hail Botvinnik – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Mic'hail Botvinnik" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikha%C3%AFl_Botv%C3%ADnnik" title="Mikhaïl Botvínnik – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Mikhaïl Botvínnik" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michail_Botvinnik" title="Michail Botvinnik – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Michail Botvinnik" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikhail_Botvinnik" title="Mikhail Botvinnik – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Mikhail Botvinnik" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michail_Moissejewitsch_Botwinnik" title="Michail Moissejewitsch Botwinnik – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Michail Moissejewitsch Botwinnik" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mihhail_Botvinnik" title="Mihhail Botvinnik – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Mihhail Botvinnik" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CE%B9%CF%87%CE%B1%CE%AE%CE%BB_%CE%9C%CF%80%CE%BF%CF%84%CE%B2%CE%AF%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%BA" title="Μιχαήλ Μποτβίνικ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μιχαήλ Μποτβίνικ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mija%C3%ADl_Botv%C3%ADnnik" title="Mijaíl Botvínnik – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Mijaíl Botvínnik" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mi%C4%A5ail_Botvinnik" title="Miĥail Botvinnik – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Miĥail Botvinnik" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikhail_Botvinnik" title="Mikhail Botvinnik – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Mikhail Botvinnik" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%8C%D9%84_%D8%A8%D8%AA%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C%DA%A9" title="میخائیل بتوینیک – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="میخائیل بتوینیک" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikha%C3%AFl_Botvinnik" title="Mikhaïl Botvinnik – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Mikhaïl Botvinnik" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikhail_Botvinnik" title="Mikhail Botvinnik – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Mikhail Botvinnik" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikhail_Botvinnik" title="Mikhail Botvinnik – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Mikhail Botvinnik" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%AF%B8%ED%95%98%EC%9D%BC_%EB%B3%B4%ED%8A%B8%EB%B9%88%EB%8B%88%ED%81%AC" title="미하일 보트빈니크 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="미하일 보트빈니크" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%AB%D5%AD%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB%D5%AC_%D4%B2%D5%B8%D5%BF%D5%BE%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%B6%D5%AB%D5%AF" title="Միխայիլ Բոտվիննիկ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Միխայիլ Բոտվիննիկ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mihail_Botvinik" title="Mihail Botvinik – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Mihail Botvinik" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mihail_Moiseyevich_Botvinnik" title="Mihail Moiseyevich Botvinnik – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Mihail Moiseyevich Botvinnik" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikhail_Botvinnik" title="Mikhail Botvinnik – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Mikhail Botvinnik" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%ADkha%C3%ADl_Botv%C3%ADnn%C3%ADk" title="Míkhaíl Botvínník – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Míkhaíl Botvínník" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michail_Botvinnik" title="Michail Botvinnik – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Michail Botvinnik" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%9B%D7%90%D7%9C_%D7%91%D7%95%D7%98%D7%91%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%A7" title="מיכאל בוטביניק – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מיכאל בוטביניק" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%BB_%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87_%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Михаил Моисеевич Ботвинник – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Михаил Моисеевич Ботвинник" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA_%D0%9C%D0%B8%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%BB_%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87" title="Ботвинник Михаил Моисеевич – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Ботвинник Михаил Моисеевич" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Botvinnik" title="Michael Botvinnik – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Michael Botvinnik" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mihails_Botvi%C5%86%C5%86iks" title="Mihails Botviņņiks – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Mihails Botviņņiks" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michailas_Botvinikas" title="Michailas Botvinikas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Michailas Botvinikas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mihail_Moiszejevics_Botvinnik" title="Mihail Moiszejevics Botvinnik – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Mihail Moiszejevics Botvinnik" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%BB_%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Михаил Ботвиник – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Михаил Ботвиник" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikha%C3%AFl_Botvinnik" title="Mikhaïl Botvinnik – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Mikhaïl Botvinnik" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%96%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%87%E0%B5%BD_%E0%B4%AC%E0%B5%8A%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D%E2%80%8C%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D" title="മിഖായേൽ ബൊട്‌വിനിക് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="മിഖായേൽ ബൊട്‌വിനിക്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95" title="मिखाइल बोट्विनिक – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="मिखाइल बोट्विनिक" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%83%D9%84_%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%AA%D9%81%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%83" title="مايكل بوتفنيك – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="مايكل بوتفنيك" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%BB_%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Михаил Ботвинник – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Михаил Ботвинник" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michail_Botvinnik" title="Michail Botvinnik – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Michail Botvinnik" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%9F%E3%83%8F%E3%82%A4%E3%83%AB%E3%83%BB%E3%83%9C%E3%83%88%E3%83%B4%E3%82%A3%E3%83%8B%E3%82%AF" title="ミハイル・ボトヴィニク – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ミハイル・ボトヴィニク" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikhail_Botvinnik" title="Mikhail Botvinnik – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Mikhail Botvinnik" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikhail_Botvinnik" title="Mikhail Botvinnik – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Mikhail Botvinnik" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mixail_Botvinnik" title="Mixail Botvinnik – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Mixail Botvinnik" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michail_Moissejewitsch_Botwinnik" title="Michail Moissejewitsch Botwinnik – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Michail Moissejewitsch Botwinnik" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michai%C5%82_Botwinnik" title="Michaił Botwinnik – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Michaił Botwinnik" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikhail_Botvinnik" title="Mikhail Botvinnik – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Mikhail Botvinnik" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mihail_Botvinnik" title="Mihail Botvinnik – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Mihail Botvinnik" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikhail_Botvinnik" title="Mikhail Botvinnik – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Mikhail Botvinnik" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA,_%D0%9C%D0%B8%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%BB_%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87" title="Ботвинник, Михаил Моисеевич – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Ботвинник, Михаил Моисеевич" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikhail_Botvinnik" title="Mikhail Botvinnik – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Mikhail Botvinnik" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikhail_Botvinnik" title="Mikhail Botvinnik – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Mikhail Botvinnik" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michail_Moisejevi%C4%8D_Botvinnik" title="Michail Moisejevič Botvinnik – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Michail Moisejevič Botvinnik" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mihail_Botvinik" title="Mihail Botvinik – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Mihail Botvinik" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%BB_%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Михаил Ботвиник – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Михаил Ботвиник" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mihail_Botvinjik" title="Mihail Botvinjik – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Mihail Botvinjik" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mihail_Botvinnik" title="Mihail Botvinnik – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Mihail Botvinnik" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michail_Botvinnik" title="Michail Botvinnik – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Michail Botvinnik" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%BB_%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Михаил Ботвйник – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Михаил Ботвйник" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mihail_Botvinnik" title="Mihail Botvinnik – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Mihail Botvinnik" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mihail_Botwinnik" title="Mihail Botwinnik – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Mihail Botwinnik" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkmençe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA_%D0%9C%D0%B8%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB%D0%BE_%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87" title="Ботвинник Михайло Мойсейович – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Ботвинник Михайло Мойсейович" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%8C%D9%84_%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%AA_%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%86_%D9%86%DA%A9" title="میخائیل بوت وین نک – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="میخائیل بوت وین نک" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikhail_Moiseyevich_Botvinnik" title="Mikhail Moiseyevich Botvinnik – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Mikhail Moiseyevich Botvinnik" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B1%B3%E5%93%88%E4%BC%8A%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E8%8E%AB%E4%BC%8A%E8%B0%A2%E8%80%B6%E7%BB%B4%E5%A5%87%C2%B7%E9%B2%8D%E7%89%B9%E7%BB%B4%E5%B0%BC%E5%85%8B" title="米哈伊尔·莫伊谢耶维奇·鲍特维尼克 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="米哈伊尔·莫伊谢耶维奇·鲍特维尼克" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B1%B3%E5%93%88%E4%BC%8A%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E8%8E%AB%E4%BC%8A%E8%B0%A2%E8%80%B6%E7%BB%B4%E5%A5%87%C2%B7%E5%8D%9A%E7%89%B9%E6%B8%A9%E5%B0%BC%E5%85%8B" title="米哈伊尔·莫伊谢耶维奇·博特温尼克 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="米哈伊尔·莫伊谢耶维奇·博特温尼克" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q178865#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" 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.hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">In this name that follows <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Slavic_naming_customs" title="Eastern Slavic naming customs">Eastern Slavic naming customs</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Patronymic" title="Patronymic">patronymic</a> is Moiseyevich and the <a href="/wiki/Surname" title="Surname">family name</a> is Botvinnik.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 125%;"><div class="fn">Mikhail Botvinnik</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Mikhail_Botvinnik_1962.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Mikhail_Botvinnik_1962.jpg/220px-Mikhail_Botvinnik_1962.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="273" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Mikhail_Botvinnik_1962.jpg/330px-Mikhail_Botvinnik_1962.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Mikhail_Botvinnik_1962.jpg/440px-Mikhail_Botvinnik_1962.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1265" data-file-height="1568" /></a><div class="infobox-caption">Botvinnik in 1962</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Full name</th><td class="infobox-data">Mikhail Moiseyevich Botvinnik</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Country</th><td class="infobox-data adr">Soviet Union</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data">(1911-08-17)August 17, 1911 <a href="/wiki/Repino,_Saint_Petersburg" title="Repino, Saint Petersburg">Kuokkala</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Finland" title="Grand Duchy of Finland">Grand Duchy of Finland</a>, Russian Empire</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">May 5, 1995(1995-05-05) (aged 83) Moscow, Russia</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Title</th><td class="infobox-data note"><a href="/wiki/Grandmaster_(chess)" title="Grandmaster (chess)">Grandmaster</a> (1950)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/World_Chess_Championship" title="World Chess Championship">World Champion</a></th><td class="infobox-data note">1948–1957 1958–1960 1961–1963</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_chess_players_by_peak_FIDE_rating" title="List of chess players by peak FIDE rating">Peak rating</a></th><td class="infobox-data">2630 (July 1971)<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Peak ranking</th><td class="infobox-data">No. 7 (July 1971)</td></tr></tbody></table> Mikhail Moiseyevich Botvinnik (<a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>: Михаи́л Моисе́евич Ботви́нник; <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style>IPA: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Russian" title="Help:IPA/Russian">[mʲɪxɐˈil məɪˈsʲejɪvʲɪdʑ bɐˈtvʲinʲːɪk]</a>; August 17 [<a href="/wiki/Old_Style_and_New_Style_dates" title="Old Style and New Style dates">O.S.</a> August 4] 1911 – May 5, 1995) was a Soviet and Russian <a href="/wiki/Chess_grandmaster" class="mw-redirect" title="Chess grandmaster">chess grandmaster</a> who held five world titles in three different reigns. The sixth <a href="/wiki/World_Chess_Champion" class="mw-redirect" title="World Chess Champion">World Chess Champion</a>, he also worked as an <a href="/wiki/Electrical_engineer" class="mw-redirect" title="Electrical engineer">electrical engineer</a> and <a href="/wiki/Computer_scientist" title="Computer scientist">computer scientist</a> and was a pioneer in <a href="/wiki/Computer_chess" title="Computer chess">computer chess</a>. He also had a mathematics degree (honorary). Botvinnik was the first world-class player to develop within the Soviet Union. He also played a major role in the organization of <a href="/wiki/Chess" title="Chess">chess</a>, making a significant contribution to the design of the World Chess Championship system after World War II and becoming a leading member of the coaching system that enabled the Soviet Union to dominate top-class chess during that time. His pupils include World Champions <a href="/wiki/Anatoly_Karpov" title="Anatoly Karpov">Anatoly Karpov</a>, <a href="/wiki/Garry_Kasparov" title="Garry Kasparov">Garry Kasparov</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Kramnik" title="Vladimir Kramnik">Vladimir Kramnik</a>. He is often described as the patriarch of the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_chess_school" title="Soviet chess school">Soviet chess school</a> and is revered for his analytical approach to chess. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_years">Early years</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mikhail_Botvinnik&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early years">edit</a>]</div> Botvinnik was born on August 17, 1911,<a href="#cite_note-NYTBotvinnikObit-2">[2]</a> in what was then <a href="/wiki/Repino,_Saint_Petersburg" title="Repino, Saint Petersburg">Kuokkala</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vyborg_Governorate" title="Vyborg Governorate">Vyborg Governorate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Finland" title="Grand Duchy of Finland">Grand Duchy of Finland</a>,<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> now the district of Repino in <a href="/wiki/Saint_Petersburg" title="Saint Petersburg">Saint Petersburg</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Beizer2007SovietMetropolis-5">[5]</a> His parents were <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Russia" title="History of the Jews in Russia">Russian Jews</a>; his father, Moisei Botvinnik (1878–1931),<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> was a <a href="/wiki/Dental_technician" title="Dental technician">dental technician</a> and his mother, Shifra (Serafima) Rabinovich (1876–1952),<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> a dentist, which allowed the family to live outside the <a href="/wiki/Pale_of_Settlement" title="Pale of Settlement">Pale of Settlement</a>, to which most Jews in the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a> were restricted at the time. As a result, Botvinnik grew up in Saint Petersburg's <a href="/wiki/Nevsky_Prospect" title="Nevsky Prospect">Nevsky Prospect</a>. His father forbade speaking <a href="/wiki/Yiddish" title="Yiddish">Yiddish</a> at home, and Mikhail and his older brother Isaak "Issy" attended Soviet schools.<a href="#cite_note-Beizer2007SovietMetropolis-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-BotvinnikFirstMoves-10">[10]</a> Botvinnik later recounted, "I was asked once, "What do you consider yourself to be from the point of view of nationality?" My reply was, "Yes, my position is 'complicated'. I am a Jew by blood, a Russian by culture, Soviet by upbringing.""<a href="#cite_note-AchievingTheAim-11">[11]</a> On his religious views, he called himself an atheist.<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> In 1920, his mother became ill and his father left the family, but maintained contact with the children, even after his second marriage to a Russian woman. At about the same time, Botvinnik started reading newspapers, and became a committed <a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">communist</a>.<a href="#cite_note-BotvinnikFirstMoves-10">[10]</a> In autumn 1923, at the age of twelve,<a href="#cite_note-NYTBotvinnikObit-2">[2]</a> Botvinnik was taught chess by a school friend of his older brother, using a home-made set, and instantly fell in love with the game.<a href="#cite_note-BotvinnikFirstMoves-10">[10]</a> He finished in mid-table in the school championship, sought advice from another of his brother's friends, and concluded that for him it was better to think out "concrete concepts" and then derive general principles from these – and went on to beat his brother's friend quite easily. In winter 1924, Botvinnik won his school's championship, and exaggerated his age by three years in order to become a member of the <a href="/wiki/Saint_Petersburg" title="Saint Petersburg">Petrograd</a> Chess Assembly – to which its president turned a blind eye.<a href="#cite_note-BotvinnikFirstMoves-10">[10]</a> Botvinnik won his first two tournaments organized by the Assembly. Shortly afterwards, <a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Krylenko" title="Nikolai Krylenko">Nikolai Krylenko</a>, a devoted chess player and leading member of the <a href="/wiki/Law_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Law of the Soviet Union">Soviet legal system</a> who later organized <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Moscow_Trials" class="mw-redirect" title="Moscow Trials">show trials</a>, began building a huge nationwide chess organization, and the Assembly was replaced by a club in the city's Palace of Labour.<a href="#cite_note-BotvinnikFirstMoves-10">[10]</a> To test the strength of Soviet chess masters, Krylenko organized the <a href="/wiki/Moscow_1925_chess_tournament" title="Moscow 1925 chess tournament">Moscow 1925 chess tournament</a>. On a rest day during the event, world champion <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Ra%C3%BAl_Capablanca" title="José Raúl Capablanca">José Raúl Capablanca</a> gave a <a href="/wiki/Simultaneous_exhibition" title="Simultaneous exhibition">simultaneous exhibition</a> in <a href="/wiki/Saint_Petersburg" title="Saint Petersburg">Leningrad</a>. Botvinnik was selected as one of his opponents, and won his game.<a href="#cite_note-BotvinnikFirstMoves-10">[10]</a> In 1926, he reached the final stage of the Leningrad championship. Later that year, he was selected for Leningrad's team in a match against <a href="/wiki/Stockholm" title="Stockholm">Stockholm</a>, held in Sweden, and scored +1=1 against the future <a href="/wiki/Grandmaster_(chess)" title="Grandmaster (chess)">grandmaster</a> <a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6sta_Stoltz" title="Gösta Stoltz">Gösta Stoltz</a>. On his return, he entertained his schoolmates with a vivid account of the rough sea journey back to Russia. Botvinnik was commissioned to annotate two games from the match, and the fact that his analyses were to be published made him aware of the need for objectivity. In December 1926, he became a candidate member of his school's <a href="/wiki/Komsomol" title="Komsomol">Komsomol</a> branch. Around this time his mother became concerned about his poor physique, and as a result he started a programme of daily exercise, which he maintained for most of his life.<a href="#cite_note-BotvinnikFirstMoves-10">[10]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Botvinnik_(1927).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/97/Botvinnik_%281927%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="288" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="288" /></a><figcaption>Botvinnik in 1927</figcaption></figure> When Botvinnik finished the school curriculum, he was below the minimum age for the entrance examinations for higher education.<a href="#cite_note-BotvinnikPolyEntrance-13">[13]</a> While waiting, he qualified for his first <a href="/wiki/USSR_Chess_Championship" title="USSR Chess Championship">USSR Championship</a> final stage in 1927 as the youngest player ever at that time,<a href="#cite_note-Fine1952Botvinnik-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> tied for fifth and sixth places and gained the title of master.<a href="#cite_note-BotvinnikPolyEntrance-13">[13]</a> He wanted to study Electrical Technology at the <a href="/wiki/Peter_the_Great_St._Petersburg_Polytechnic_University" title="Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University">Leningrad Polytechnical Institute</a> and passed the entrance examination; however, there was a persistent excess of applications for this course and the Proletstud, which controlled admissions, had a policy of admitting only children of engineers and industrial workers. After an appeal by a local chess official, he was admitted in 1928 to Leningrad University's Mathematics Department.<a href="#cite_note-BotvinnikPolyEntrance-13">[13]</a> In January 1929, Botvinnik played for Leningrad in the student team chess championship against Moscow. Leningrad won and the team manager, who was also deputy chairman of the Proletstud, secured Botvinnik a transfer to the Polytechnic's Electromechanical Department, where he was one of only four students who entered straight from school. As a result, he had to do a whole year's work in five months, and failed one of the examinations.<a href="#cite_note-BotvinnikPolyEntrance-13">[13]</a> Early in the same year he placed joint third in the semi-final stage of the USSR Championship, and thus failed to reach the final stage.<a href="#cite_note-BotvinnikPolyXXXXX-16">[16]</a> His early progress was fairly rapid, mostly under the training of Soviet Master and coach <a href="/wiki/Abram_Model" title="Abram Model">Abram Model</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Saint_Petersburg" title="Saint Petersburg">Leningrad</a>; Model taught Botvinnik the Winawer Variation of the <a href="/wiki/French_Defence" title="French Defence">French Defence</a>, which was then regarded as inferior for Black, but Botvinnik analysed it more deeply and played this variation with great success.<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> Botvinnik won the Leningrad Masters' tournament in 1930<a href="#cite_note-BotvinnikPolyEntrance-13">[13]</a> with a score of 6½/8,[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] following this up the next year by winning the <a href="/wiki/Leningrad_City_Chess_Championship" title="Leningrad City Chess Championship">championship of Leningrad</a> by 2½ points over former Soviet champion <a href="/wiki/Peter_Romanovsky" class="mw-redirect" title="Peter Romanovsky">Peter Romanovsky</a>.<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> In 1935, Botvinnik married Gayane Davidovna Ananova, of Armenian descent, who was the daughter of his algebra and geometry teacher. She was a student at the <a href="/wiki/Vaganova_Academy_of_Russian_Ballet" title="Vaganova Academy of Russian Ballet">Vaganova Academy of Russian Ballet</a> in Leningrad and, later, a <a href="/wiki/Ballet_dancer" title="Ballet dancer">ballerina</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Bolshoi_Theatre" title="Bolshoi Theatre">Bolshoi Theatre</a>. They had one daughter, named Olga, who was born in 1942.<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Soviet_champion">Soviet champion</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mikhail_Botvinnik&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Soviet champion">edit</a>]</div> <div class="chessboard thumb noviewer tright"><div class="center" style="line-height:130%;margin:0 auto;max-width:222px">Botvinnik vs. Yudovich, USSR Championship 1933<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> </div><div class="thumbinner" style="width:214px"><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody><tr><td></td><td style="height:18px;width:22px">a</td><td style="height:18px;width:22px">b</td><td style="height:18px;width:22px">c</td><td style="height:18px;width:22px">d</td><td style="height:18px;width:22px">e</td><td style="height:18px;width:22px">f</td><td style="height:18px;width:22px">g</td><td style="height:18px;width:22px">h</td><td></td></tr><tr><td style="width:18px;height:22px">8</td><td colspan="8" rowspan="8"><div class="chess-pieces notheme" style="position:relative"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Chessboard480.svg/176px-Chessboard480.svg.png" decoding="async" width="176" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Chessboard480.svg/264px-Chessboard480.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Chessboard480.svg/352px-Chessboard480.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="480" /><div style="top:0px;left:0px"><img alt="a8 black rook" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Chess_rdt45.svg/22px-Chess_rdt45.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Chess_rdt45.svg/33px-Chess_rdt45.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Chess_rdt45.svg/44px-Chess_rdt45.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="45" /></div><div style="top:0px;left:44px"><img alt="c8 black bishop" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Chess_bdt45.svg/22px-Chess_bdt45.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Chess_bdt45.svg/33px-Chess_bdt45.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Chess_bdt45.svg/44px-Chess_bdt45.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="45" /></div><div style="top:0px;left:110px"><img alt="f8 black rook" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Chess_rdt45.svg/22px-Chess_rdt45.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Chess_rdt45.svg/33px-Chess_rdt45.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Chess_rdt45.svg/44px-Chess_rdt45.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="45" /></div><div style="top:22px;left:22px"><img alt="b7 black pawn" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Chess_pdt45.svg/22px-Chess_pdt45.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Chess_pdt45.svg/33px-Chess_pdt45.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Chess_pdt45.svg/44px-Chess_pdt45.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="45" /></div><div style="top:22px;left:66px"><img alt="d7 black knight" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Chess_ndt45.svg/22px-Chess_ndt45.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Chess_ndt45.svg/33px-Chess_ndt45.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Chess_ndt45.svg/44px-Chess_ndt45.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="45" /></div><div style="top:22px;left:88px"><img alt="e7 black queen" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Chess_qdt45.svg/22px-Chess_qdt45.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Chess_qdt45.svg/33px-Chess_qdt45.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Chess_qdt45.svg/44px-Chess_qdt45.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="45" /></div><div style="top:22px;left:132px"><img alt="g7 black bishop" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Chess_bdt45.svg/22px-Chess_bdt45.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Chess_bdt45.svg/33px-Chess_bdt45.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Chess_bdt45.svg/44px-Chess_bdt45.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="45" /></div><div style="top:44px;left:22px"><img alt="b6 black knight" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Chess_ndt45.svg/22px-Chess_ndt45.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Chess_ndt45.svg/33px-Chess_ndt45.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Chess_ndt45.svg/44px-Chess_ndt45.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="45" /></div><div style="top:44px;left:44px"><img alt="c6 black pawn" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Chess_pdt45.svg/22px-Chess_pdt45.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Chess_pdt45.svg/33px-Chess_pdt45.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Chess_pdt45.svg/44px-Chess_pdt45.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="45" /></div><div style="top:44px;left:88px"><img alt="e6 black pawn" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Chess_pdt45.svg/22px-Chess_pdt45.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Chess_pdt45.svg/33px-Chess_pdt45.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Chess_pdt45.svg/44px-Chess_pdt45.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="45" /></div><div style="top:44px;left:132px"><img alt="g6 black king" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Chess_kdt45.svg/22px-Chess_kdt45.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Chess_kdt45.svg/33px-Chess_kdt45.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Chess_kdt45.svg/44px-Chess_kdt45.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="45" /></div><div style="top:44px;left:154px"><img alt="h6 black pawn" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Chess_pdt45.svg/22px-Chess_pdt45.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Chess_pdt45.svg/33px-Chess_pdt45.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Chess_pdt45.svg/44px-Chess_pdt45.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="45" /></div><div style="top:66px;left:0px"><img alt="a5 black pawn" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Chess_pdt45.svg/22px-Chess_pdt45.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Chess_pdt45.svg/33px-Chess_pdt45.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Chess_pdt45.svg/44px-Chess_pdt45.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="45" /></div><div style="top:88px;left:66px"><img alt="d4 white pawn" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Chess_plt45.svg/22px-Chess_plt45.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Chess_plt45.svg/33px-Chess_plt45.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Chess_plt45.svg/44px-Chess_plt45.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="45" /></div><div style="top:88px;left:88px"><img alt="e4 white knight" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Chess_nlt45.svg/22px-Chess_nlt45.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Chess_nlt45.svg/33px-Chess_nlt45.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Chess_nlt45.svg/44px-Chess_nlt45.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="45" /></div><div style="top:110px;left:22px"><img alt="b3 white pawn" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Chess_plt45.svg/22px-Chess_plt45.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Chess_plt45.svg/33px-Chess_plt45.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Chess_plt45.svg/44px-Chess_plt45.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="45" /></div><div style="top:110px;left:88px"><img alt="e3 white bishop" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Chess_blt45.svg/22px-Chess_blt45.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Chess_blt45.svg/33px-Chess_blt45.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Chess_blt45.svg/44px-Chess_blt45.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="45" /></div><div style="top:132px;left:44px"><img alt="c2 white queen" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Chess_qlt45.svg/22px-Chess_qlt45.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Chess_qlt45.svg/33px-Chess_qlt45.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Chess_qlt45.svg/44px-Chess_qlt45.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="45" /></div><div style="top:132px;left:88px"><img alt="e2 white bishop" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Chess_blt45.svg/22px-Chess_blt45.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Chess_blt45.svg/33px-Chess_blt45.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Chess_blt45.svg/44px-Chess_blt45.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="45" /></div><div style="top:132px;left:110px"><img alt="f2 white pawn" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Chess_plt45.svg/22px-Chess_plt45.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Chess_plt45.svg/33px-Chess_plt45.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Chess_plt45.svg/44px-Chess_plt45.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="45" /></div><div style="top:132px;left:132px"><img alt="g2 white pawn" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Chess_plt45.svg/22px-Chess_plt45.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Chess_plt45.svg/33px-Chess_plt45.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Chess_plt45.svg/44px-Chess_plt45.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="45" /></div><div style="top:132px;left:154px"><img alt="h2 white pawn" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Chess_plt45.svg/22px-Chess_plt45.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Chess_plt45.svg/33px-Chess_plt45.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Chess_plt45.svg/44px-Chess_plt45.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="45" /></div><div style="top:154px;left:44px"><img alt="c1 white rook" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Chess_rlt45.svg/22px-Chess_rlt45.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Chess_rlt45.svg/33px-Chess_rlt45.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Chess_rlt45.svg/44px-Chess_rlt45.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="45" /></div><div style="top:154px;left:66px"><img alt="d1 white rook" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Chess_rlt45.svg/22px-Chess_rlt45.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Chess_rlt45.svg/33px-Chess_rlt45.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Chess_rlt45.svg/44px-Chess_rlt45.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="45" /></div><div style="top:154px;left:132px"><img alt="g1 white king" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Chess_klt45.svg/22px-Chess_klt45.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Chess_klt45.svg/33px-Chess_klt45.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Chess_klt45.svg/44px-Chess_klt45.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="45" /></div></div></td><td style="width:18px;height:22px">8</td></tr><tr><td style="height:22px">7</td><td style="height:22px">7</td></tr><tr><td style="height:22px">6</td><td style="height:22px">6</td></tr><tr><td style="height:22px">5</td><td style="height:22px">5</td></tr><tr><td style="height:22px">4</td><td style="height:22px">4</td></tr><tr><td style="height:22px">3</td><td style="height:22px">3</td></tr><tr><td style="height:22px">2</td><td style="height:22px">2</td></tr><tr><td style="height:22px">1</td><td style="height:22px">1</td></tr><tr><td></td><td style="height:18px;width:22px">a</td><td style="height:18px;width:22px">b</td><td style="height:18px;width:22px">c</td><td style="height:18px;width:22px">d</td><td style="height:18px;width:22px">e</td><td style="height:18px;width:22px">f</td><td style="height:18px;width:22px">g</td><td style="height:18px;width:22px">h</td><td></td></tr></tbody></table><div class="thumbcaption"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1214851843">.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{box-sizing:border-box;width:100%;padding:5px;border:none;font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .hidden-title{font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .hidden-content{text-align:left}@media all and (max-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{width:auto!important;clear:none!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style=""><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="text-align:left; font-weight:normal;">White to move</div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style=""> After <a href="/wiki/Sacrifice_(chess)" title="Sacrifice (chess)">sacrificing</a> a piece to expose Black's king, Botvinnik played 1.Bh5+ and Yudovich <dfn><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_chess#resigned" title="Glossary of chess">resigned</a></dfn> since mate is inevitable, e.g. 1...Kxh5 2.Ng3+ Kg4 3.Qe4+ Rf4 4.Qxf4<a href="/wiki/Algebraic_notation_(chess)##" title="Algebraic notation (chess)">#</a></div></div> </div></div></div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1271734817">.mw-parser-output .chessboard table{font-size:88%;border:1px #c8ccd1 solid;padding:0;margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .chessboard table tr{vertical-align:middle}.mw-parser-output .chessboard table td{padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .chessboard table td[rowspan]{text-align:unset}.mw-parser-output .chessboard .chess-pieces div{position:absolute;z-index:3}</style> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><div role="note" class="side-box metadata side-box-right algebraic-notation"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">This example uses <a href="/wiki/Algebraic_notation_(chess)" title="Algebraic notation (chess)">algebraic notation</a>.</div></div> </div> In 1931, at the age of 20, Botvinnik won his first <a href="/wiki/USSR_Chess_Championship" title="USSR Chess Championship">Soviet Championship</a> in Moscow,<a href="#cite_note-NYTBotvinnikObit-2">[2]</a> scoring 13½ out of 17.<a href="#cite_note-CreeSovietChampionship1920To1991-21">[21]</a> He commented that the field was not very strong, as some of the pre-<a href="/wiki/Russian_Revolution" title="Russian Revolution">Revolution</a> masters were absent.<a href="#cite_note-BotvinnikPolyXXXXX-16">[16]</a> In late summer 1931, he graduated with a degree in <a href="/wiki/Electrical_engineering" title="Electrical engineering">electrical engineering</a>,[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Accuracy_dispute#Disputed_statement" title="Wikipedia:Accuracy dispute"><span title="In "Achieving the Aim", on page 26, Botvinnik just says ″In the summer of 1933, we did our practical at Dnieper Hydroelectric complex″ and goes on with his activities there, then his work in a laboratory where in ″winter 1932″ he was ″being supervised by two postgraduate students, my senior comrades [...] and [...]″. On page 28 he then says ″In December 1932 I too became a postgraduate of the Electro-Mechanical Department″. Soltis' chronology says ″Summer 1931—He performs student service at Dneprostroi Dam and Hydroelectric complex.″ That he graduated in the summer of 1933 cannot be clearly inferred from his autobiography, nor Soltis mention that. (January 2021)">dubious</a> – <a href="/wiki/Talk:Mikhail_Botvinnik#Dubious" title="Talk:Mikhail Botvinnik">discuss</a>] after completing a practical assignment on temporary transmission lines at the <a href="/wiki/Dnieper_Hydroelectric_Station" title="Dnieper Hydroelectric Station">Dnieper Hydroelectric Station</a>. He stayed on at the <a href="/wiki/Peter_the_Great_St._Petersburg_Polytechnic_University" title="Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University">Leningrad Polytechnical Institute</a> to study for a <a href="/wiki/Candidate_of_Sciences" title="Candidate of Sciences">Candidate of Sciences</a> degree.<a href="#cite_note-BotvinnikPolyXXXXX-16">[16]</a> In 1933, Botvinnik repeated his Soviet Championship win, in his home city of Leningrad, with 14/19,<a href="#cite_note-CreeSovietChampionship1920To1991-21">[21]</a> describing the results as evidence that <a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Krylenko" title="Nikolai Krylenko">Krylenko</a>'s plan to develop a new generation of Soviet masters had borne fruit. He and other young masters successfully requested the support of a senior Leningrad <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Communist Party</a> official in arranging contests involving both Soviet and foreign players, as there had been none since the <a href="/wiki/Moscow_1925_chess_tournament" title="Moscow 1925 chess tournament">Moscow 1925 chess tournament</a>.<a href="#cite_note-BotvinnikPolyXXXXX-16">[16]</a> Soon afterwards, Botvinnik was informed that <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Ilyin-Genevsky" title="Alexander Ilyin-Genevsky">Alexander Ilyin-Genevsky</a>, one of the older Soviet masters and a member of the Soviet embassy in <a href="/wiki/Prague" title="Prague">Prague</a>, had arranged a match between Botvinnik <a href="#cite_note-BotvinnikPolyXXXXX-16">[16]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Salo_Flohr" title="Salo Flohr">Salo Flohr</a>, a Czech grandmaster who was then regarded as one of the most credible contenders for <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Alekhine" title="Alexander Alekhine">Alexander Alekhine</a>'s <a href="/wiki/World_Chess_Championship" title="World Chess Championship">World Chess Championship</a> title.<a href="#cite_note-Fine1952Euwe-22">[22]</a> The highest-level chess officials in the Soviet Union opposed this on the grounds that Botvinnik stood little chance against such a strong international opponent. In spite of this attempt to dissuade him, Krylenko insisted on staging the match, saying that "We have to know our real strength."<a href="#cite_note-BotvinnikPolyXXXXX-16">[16]</a> Botvinnik used what he regarded as the first version of his method of preparing for a contest, but fell two games behind by the end of the first six, played in Moscow. However, aided by his old friend <a href="/wiki/Viacheslav_Ragozin" title="Viacheslav Ragozin">Ragozin</a> and coach Abram Model, he leveled the score in Leningrad and the match was drawn. When describing the post-match party, Botvinnik wrote that at the time he danced the <a href="/wiki/Foxtrot" title="Foxtrot">foxtrot</a> and <a href="/wiki/Charleston_(dance)" title="Charleston (dance)">Charleston</a> to a professional standard.<a href="#cite_note-BotvinnikPolyXXXXX-16">[16]</a> In his first tournament outside the USSR, the <a href="/wiki/Hastings_International_Chess_Congress" title="Hastings International Chess Congress">Hastings</a> 1934–35, Botvinnik achieved only a tie for 5th–6th places, with 5/9. He wrote that, in London after the tournament, <a href="/wiki/Emanuel_Lasker" title="Emanuel Lasker">Emanuel Lasker</a> said his arrival only two hours before the first round began was a serious mistake and that he should have allowed ten days for acclimatization.<a href="#cite_note-BotvinnikPostgradXXXXX-23">[23]</a> Botvinnik wrote that he did not make this mistake again.<a href="#cite_note-One_Hundred_Selected_Games_1946-24">[24]</a> Botvinnik placed first equal with Flohr, ½ point ahead of Lasker and one point ahead of <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Ra%C3%BAl_Capablanca" title="José Raúl Capablanca">José Raúl Capablanca</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Moscow_1935_chess_tournament" title="Moscow 1935 chess tournament">Moscow's second International Tournament</a>, held in 1935.<a href="#cite_note-Golombek1959Capas100BestReturn-25">[25]</a> After consulting Capablanca and Lasker, <a href="/wiki/Krylenko" class="mw-redirect" title="Krylenko">Krylenko</a> proposed to award Botvinnik the title <a href="/wiki/Grandmaster_(chess)" title="Grandmaster (chess)">Grandmaster</a>, but Botvinnik objected that "titles were not the point." However, he accepted a free car and a 67% increase in his postgraduate study <a href="/wiki/Grant_(money)" title="Grant (money)">grant</a>, both provided by the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Commissariat_of_Heavy_Industry" title="People's Commissariat of Heavy Industry">People's Commissariat of Heavy Industry</a>.<a href="#cite_note-BotvinnikPostgradXXXXX-23">[23]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Botvinnik-Lasker_1936.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Botvinnik-Lasker_1936.jpg/220px-Botvinnik-Lasker_1936.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="106" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Botvinnik-Lasker_1936.jpg/330px-Botvinnik-Lasker_1936.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Botvinnik-Lasker_1936.jpg/440px-Botvinnik-Lasker_1936.jpg 2x" data-file-width="563" data-file-height="270" /></a><figcaption>Botvinnik vs. Lasker, 1936</figcaption></figure> He later reported to Krylenko that the 1935 tournament made it difficult to judge the strength of the top Soviet players, as it included a mixture of top-class and weaker players. Botvinnik advocated a double <a href="/wiki/Round-robin_tournament" title="Round-robin tournament">round-robin</a> event featuring the top five Soviet players and the five strongest non-Soviet players available. Despite politicking over the Soviet choices, both Krylenko and the Central Committee of the <a href="/wiki/Komsomol" title="Komsomol">Komsomol</a> quickly authorised the tournament.<a href="#cite_note-BotvinnikPostgradXXXXX-23">[23]</a> This was played in Moscow in June 1936,<a href="#cite_note-BotvinnikPostgradXXXXX-23">[23]</a> and Botvinnik finished second, one point behind Capablanca and 2½ ahead of Flohr.<a href="#cite_note-Golombek1959Capas100BestReturn-25">[25]</a> However, he took consolation from the fact the Soviet Union's best had held their own against top-class competition.<a href="#cite_note-BotvinnikPostgradXXXXX-23">[23]</a> In early winter, 1936, Botvinnik was invited to play in a tournament at <a href="/wiki/Nottingham" title="Nottingham">Nottingham</a>, England. Krylenko authorised his participation and, to help Botvinnik play at his best, allowed Botvinnik's wife to accompany him – a privilege rarely extended to chess players at any time in Soviet history. Taking Lasker's advice, Botvinnik arrived ten days before play started. Although his Soviet rivals forecast disaster for him,<a href="#cite_note-BotvinnikPostgradXXXXX-23">[23]</a> he scored an undefeated shared first place (+6=8) with Capablanca, ½ point ahead of current World Champion <a href="/wiki/Max_Euwe" title="Max Euwe">Max Euwe</a> and rising American stars <a href="/wiki/Reuben_Fine" title="Reuben Fine">Reuben Fine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Reshevsky" title="Samuel Reshevsky">Samuel Reshevsky</a>, and 1 point ahead of ex-champion <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Alekhine" title="Alexander Alekhine">Alexander Alekhine</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Golombek1959Capas100BestReturn-25">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-ChernevTwelveGreatChessPlayers-26">[26]</a> This was the first tournament victory by a Soviet master outside his own country.<a href="#cite_note-One_Hundred_Selected_Games_1946-24">[24]</a> When the result reached Russia, Krylenko drafted a letter to be sent in Botvinnik's name to Stalin. On returning to Russia, Botvinnik discovered he had been awarded the "Mark of Honour".<a href="#cite_note-BotvinnikPostgradXXXXX-23">[23]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Botwinnik-Levenfish_1937.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Botwinnik-Levenfish_1937.jpg/220px-Botwinnik-Levenfish_1937.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b3/Botwinnik-Levenfish_1937.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="268" data-file-height="216" /></a><figcaption>Levenfish vs. Botvinnik (right), 1937</figcaption></figure> Three weeks later, Botvinnik began work on his <a href="/wiki/Thesis" title="Thesis">dissertation</a> for the Candidate's degree, obtaining this in June 1937, after his supervisor described the dissertation as "short and good", and the first work in its field.<a href="#cite_note-BotvinnikPostgradXXXXX-23">[23]</a> As a result of his efforts, he missed the 1937 Soviet championship, won by <a href="/wiki/Grigory_Levenfish" title="Grigory Levenfish">Grigory Levenfish</a>, who was then nearly fifty. Later in 1937, Botvinnik drew a match of thirteen games against Levenfish.<a href="#cite_note-BotvinnikAchievingChallengeToAlekhine-27">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-Botvinnik100SelectedResults-28">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-EndGameDotNLMatches-29">[29]</a> Botvinnik challenged Levenfish, writing that Krylenko, angered by Botvinnik's absence from the tournament, ordered the match.<a href="#cite_note-BotvinnikAchievingChallengeToAlekhine-27">[27]</a> Botvinnik won further Soviet Championship titles in 1939, 1944, 1945, and 1952, bringing his total to six. In 1945, he dominated the tournament, scoring 15/17;<a href="#cite_note-USSRChampionship1945-30">[30]</a> however, in 1952 he tied with <a href="/wiki/Mark_Taimanov" title="Mark Taimanov">Mark Taimanov</a> and won the play-off match.<a href="#cite_note-CreeSovietChampionship1920To1991-21">[21]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="World_title_contender">World title contender</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mikhail_Botvinnik&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: World title contender">edit</a>]</div> In 1938, the world's top eight players met in the Netherlands to compete in the <a href="/wiki/AVRO_1938_chess_tournament" title="AVRO 1938 chess tournament">AVRO tournament</a>, whose winner was supposed to get a title match with the World Champion, <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Alekhine" title="Alexander Alekhine">Alexander Alekhine</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Winter2003Interregnum-31">[31]</a> Botvinnik placed third, behind <a href="/wiki/Paul_Keres" title="Paul Keres">Paul Keres</a> and <a href="/wiki/Reuben_Fine" title="Reuben Fine">Reuben Fine</a>.<a href="#cite_note-endgameAVRO1938-32">[32]</a> According to Botvinnik, Alekhine was most interested in playing an opponent who could raise the funds.<a href="#cite_note-BotvinnikAchievingChallengeToAlekhine-27">[27]</a> After consulting the nearest available Soviet officials, Botvinnik discreetly challenged Alekhine, who promptly accepted, subject to conditions that would enable him to acclimatize in Russia and get some high-quality competitive practice a few months before the match.<a href="#cite_note-BotvinnikAchievingChallengeToAlekhine-27">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-KharitonBattleThatNeverWas-33">[33]</a> In Botvinnik's opinion, Alekhine was partly motivated by the desire for a reconciliation with the Soviet authorities, so that he could again visit his homeland.<a href="#cite_note-BotvinnikAchievingChallengeToAlekhine-27">[27]</a> The match, including funding, was authorised at the highest Soviet political level in January 1939; however, a letter of confirmation was only sent two months later – in Botvinnik's opinion, because of opposition by his Soviet rivals, especially those who had become prominent before the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Revolution" title="Russian Revolution">Russian Revolution</a><a href="#cite_note-BotvinnikAchievingChallengeToAlekhine-27">[27]</a> – and the outbreak of World War II prevented a World Championship match.<a href="#cite_note-Winter2003Interregnum-31">[31]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Capablanca-Botvinnik_1936.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Capablanca-Botvinnik_1936.jpg/220px-Capablanca-Botvinnik_1936.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="126" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Capablanca-Botvinnik_1936.jpg/330px-Capablanca-Botvinnik_1936.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Capablanca-Botvinnik_1936.jpg/440px-Capablanca-Botvinnik_1936.jpg 2x" data-file-width="571" data-file-height="327" /></a><figcaption>Capablanca vs. Botvinnik in 1936</figcaption></figure> In spring 1939, Botvinnik won the USSR Championship, and his book on the tournament described the approach to preparation which he had been developing since 1933. One striking feature of this was emphasis on opening preparation in order to gain a permanent positional advantage in the <a href="/wiki/Chess_middlegame" title="Chess middlegame">middlegame</a>, rather than seeking immediate tactical surprises that could only be used once.<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Botvinnik_1936.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Botvinnik_1936.jpg/170px-Botvinnik_1936.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="236" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Botvinnik_1936.jpg/255px-Botvinnik_1936.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Botvinnik_1936.jpg/340px-Botvinnik_1936.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2256" data-file-height="3138" /></a><figcaption>Botvinnik in 1936</figcaption></figure> Botvinnik took an early lead in the 1940 USSR Championship, but faded badly in the later stages, eventually sharing fifth place. He attributed this to the unaccustomed difficulty of concentrating in a party-like atmosphere filled with noise and tobacco smoke. Botvinnik wrote to a friendly official, commenting that the champion was to be the winner of a match between <a href="/wiki/Igor_Bondarevsky" title="Igor Bondarevsky">Igor Bondarevsky</a> and <a href="/wiki/Andor_Lilienthal" title="Andor Lilienthal">Andor Lilienthal</a>, who had tied for first place, but had no achievements in international competition. The official's efforts led to a tournament for the title of "Absolute Champion of the USSR", whose official aim was to identify a Soviet challenger for Alekhine's title. The contestants were the top six finishers in the Soviet Championship – Bondarevsky, Lilienthal, <a href="/wiki/Paul_Keres" title="Paul Keres">Paul Keres</a> (whose home country, Estonia, had recently been annexed by the Soviet Union), future World Champion <a href="/wiki/Vasily_Smyslov" title="Vasily Smyslov">Vasily Smyslov</a>, <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Boleslavsky" title="Isaac Boleslavsky">Isaac Boleslavsky</a> and Botvinnik – who were to play a quadruple <a href="/wiki/Round-robin_tournament" title="Round-robin tournament">round-robin</a>. Botvinnik's preparation with his second, <a href="/wiki/Viacheslav_Ragozin" title="Viacheslav Ragozin">Viacheslav Ragozin</a>, included training matches in noisy, smoky rooms and he slept in the playing room, without opening the window. He won the tournament, 2½ points ahead of Keres and three ahead of Smyslov; moreover, with plus scores in the "mini-matches" against all his rivals.<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> In June 1941, <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a> <a href="/wiki/Operation_Barbarossa" title="Operation Barbarossa">invaded the Soviet Union</a>. Botvinnik's wife Gayane, a ballerina,<a href="#cite_note-SportsIllustrated1960NodForATitle-36">[36]</a> told him that her colleagues at the <a href="/wiki/Mariinsky_Theatre" title="Mariinsky Theatre">Kirov Opera and Ballet Theatre</a> were being evacuated to the city of <a href="/wiki/Perm,_Russia" title="Perm, Russia">Perm</a>,<a href="#cite_note-BotvinnikAchievingPerm-37">[37]</a> then known as Molotov in honour of <a href="/wiki/Vyacheslav_Molotov" title="Vyacheslav Molotov">Vyacheslav Molotov</a>.<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> The family found an apartment there, and Botvinnik obtained a job with the local electricity supply organization – at the lowest pay rate and on condition that he did no research, as he had only a Candidate's degree. Botvinnik's only child, a daughter named Olya, was born in Perm in April 1942.<a href="#cite_note-BotvinnikAchievingPerm-37">[37]</a> In the evenings, Botvinnik wrote a book in which he annotated all the games of the "Absolute Championship of the USSR", in order to maintain his analytic skills in readiness for a match with Alekhine. His work included wood-cutting for fuel, which left him with insufficient energy for chess analysis. Botvinnik obtained from Molotov an order that he should be given three days off normal work in order to study chess.<a href="#cite_note-BotvinnikAchievingPerm-37">[37]</a> In 1943, after a two-year lay-off from competitive chess, Botvinnik won a tournament in <a href="/wiki/Yekaterinburg" title="Yekaterinburg">Sverdlovsk</a>, scoring 1½  out of 2 against each of his seven competitors – who included Smyslov, <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Makogonov" title="Vladimir Makogonov">Vladimir Makogonov</a>, Boleslavsky, and Ragozin.<a href="#cite_note-BotvinnikAchievingPerm-37">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> <a href="/wiki/Chessbase" class="mw-redirect" title="Chessbase">Chessbase</a> regards this as one of the fifty strongest tournaments between 1851 and 1986.<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> Shortly afterwards, Botvinnik was urged to return to Moscow by the People's <a href="/wiki/Commissar" title="Commissar">Commissar</a> for Power Stations, an admirer and subsequent good friend. On his return, Botvinnik suggested a match with <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Reshevsky" title="Samuel Reshevsky">Samuel Reshevsky</a> in order to strengthen his claim for a title match with Alekhine, but this received no political support. In December 1943, he won the Moscow Championship, ahead of Smyslov. At the same time, opposition to his plan for a match with Alekhine re-surfaced, on the grounds that Alekhine was a political enemy and the only proper course was to demand that he be stripped of the title. The dispute ended in Botvinnik's favor, and in the dismissal of a senior chess official, one of those to have opposed Botvinnik's plan, who was also a <a href="/wiki/KGB" title="KGB">KGB</a> colonel.<a href="#cite_note-BotvinnikAchievingMachinations1943To1946-41">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-name-42">[42]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/BOTWINNIK_WINT_HET_STAUNTON_WERELDSCHAAKTOURNOOI-PGM4011897.webm/220px-seek%3D61-BOTWINNIK_WINT_HET_STAUNTON_WERELDSCHAAKTOURNOOI-PGM4011897.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="176" data-durationhint="138" data-mwtitle="BOTWINNIK_WINT_HET_STAUNTON_WERELDSCHAAKTOURNOOI-PGM4011897.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:BOTWINNIK_WINT_HET_STAUNTON_WERELDSCHAAKTOURNOOI-PGM4011897.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/92/BOTWINNIK_WINT_HET_STAUNTON_WERELDSCHAAKTOURNOOI-PGM4011897.webm/BOTWINNIK_WINT_HET_STAUNTON_WERELDSCHAAKTOURNOOI-PGM4011897.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="600" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/92/BOTWINNIK_WINT_HET_STAUNTON_WERELDSCHAAKTOURNOOI-PGM4011897.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-width="720" data-height="576" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/92/BOTWINNIK_WINT_HET_STAUNTON_WERELDSCHAAKTOURNOOI-PGM4011897.webm/BOTWINNIK_WINT_HET_STAUNTON_WERELDSCHAAKTOURNOOI-PGM4011897.webm.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="180" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/92/BOTWINNIK_WINT_HET_STAUNTON_WERELDSCHAAKTOURNOOI-PGM4011897.webm/BOTWINNIK_WINT_HET_STAUNTON_WERELDSCHAAKTOURNOOI-PGM4011897.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="300" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/92/BOTWINNIK_WINT_HET_STAUNTON_WERELDSCHAAKTOURNOOI-PGM4011897.webm/BOTWINNIK_WINT_HET_STAUNTON_WERELDSCHAAKTOURNOOI-PGM4011897.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="450" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/92/BOTWINNIK_WINT_HET_STAUNTON_WERELDSCHAAKTOURNOOI-PGM4011897.webm/BOTWINNIK_WINT_HET_STAUNTON_WERELDSCHAAKTOURNOOI-PGM4011897.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="450" data-height="360" /></video><figcaption>Botvinnik speaks (1946).</figcaption></figure> After Botvinnik won the 1944 and 1945 Soviet championships, most top Soviet players supported his desire for a World Championship match with Alekhine. However, the allegations that Alekhine had written <a href="/wiki/Anti-Semitic" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Semitic">anti-Semitic</a> articles while in Nazi-occupied France made it difficult to host the match in the USSR. Botvinnik opened negotiations with the <a href="/wiki/British_Chess_Federation" class="mw-redirect" title="British Chess Federation">British Chess Federation</a> to host the match in England, but these were cut short by Alekhine's death in 1946.<a href="#cite_note-BotvinnikAchievingMachinations1943To1946-41">[41]</a> When the Second World War ended, Botvinnik won the first high-level post-war tournament, at <a href="/wiki/Groningen_1946_chess_tournament" title="Groningen 1946 chess tournament">Groningen in 1946</a>, with 14½ points from nineteen games, ½ point ahead of former World Champion <a href="/wiki/Max_Euwe" title="Max Euwe">Max Euwe</a> and two ahead of Smyslov.<a href="#cite_note-Pachman1987Groningen1946-43">[43]</a> He and Euwe both struggled in the last few rounds,<a href="#cite_note-Botvinnik100SelectedGroningen1946-44">[44]</a> and Botvinnik had a narrow escape against Euwe, who he acknowledged had always been a difficult opponent for him.<a href="#cite_note-BotvinnikAchieving1946-45">[45]</a> This was Botvinnik's first outright victory in a tournament outside the Soviet Union.<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> Botvinnik also won the very strong <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Chigorin_Memorial" class="mw-redirect" title="Mikhail Chigorin Memorial">Mikhail Chigorin Memorial</a> tournament held at Moscow 1947. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="World_Champion">World Champion</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mikhail_Botvinnik&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: World Champion">edit</a>]</div> Botvinnik strongly influenced the design of the system which would be used for World Championship competition from 1948 to 1963.<a href="#cite_note-Winter2003Interregnum-31">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-Sorcerer-47">[47]</a> Viktor Baturinsky wrote: "Now came Botvinnik's turn to defend his title in accordance with the new qualifying system which he himself had outlined in 1946." (This statement referred to Botvinnik's 1951 title defence.)<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> On the basis of his strong results during and just after World War II, Botvinnik was one of five players to contest the <a href="/wiki/World_Chess_Championship_1948" title="World Chess Championship 1948">1948 World Chess Championship</a>, which was held at <a href="/wiki/The_Hague" title="The Hague">The Hague</a> and Moscow. He won the 1948 tournament convincingly—with a score of 14/20, three points clear—becoming the sixth World Champion.<a href="#cite_note-Weeks1948WorldChampionshipTournament-49">[49]</a> While he was on vacation in <a href="/wiki/Riga" title="Riga">Riga</a> after the tournament, an eleven-year-old boy called <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Tal" title="Mikhail Tal">Mikhail Tal</a> paid a visit, hoping to play a game against the new champion. Tal was met by Botvinnik's wife, who said the champion was asleep, and that she had made him take a rest from chess.<a href="#cite_note-SportsIllustrated1960NodForATitle-36">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> In 1950, Botvinnik was one of the inaugural recipients of the <a href="/wiki/International_grandmaster" class="mw-redirect" title="International grandmaster">international grandmaster</a> title from FIDE. Botvinnik held the world title, with two brief interruptions, for the next fifteen years, during which he played seven world championship matches. In 1951, he drew with <a href="/wiki/David_Bronstein" title="David Bronstein">David Bronstein</a> over 24 games in Moscow, +5−5=14, keeping the world title, but it was a struggle for Botvinnik, who won the second-last game and drew the last in order to tie the match.<a href="#cite_note-WeeksBotvinnikBronstein1951-51">[51]</a> In 1954, he drew with <a href="/wiki/Vasily_Smyslov" title="Vasily Smyslov">Vasily Smyslov</a> over 24 games in Moscow, +7−7=10, again retaining the title.<a href="#cite_note-WeeksBotvinnikSmyslov1954-52">[52]</a> In 1957, he lost to Smyslov by 9½–12½ in Moscow,<a href="#cite_note-WeeksSmyslovBotvinnik1957-53">[53]</a> but the rules then in force allowed him a rematch without having to go through the <a href="/wiki/Candidates%27_Tournament" class="mw-redirect" title="Candidates' Tournament">Candidates' Tournament</a>, and in 1958 he won the rematch in Moscow;<a href="#cite_note-WeeksBotvinnikSmyslov1958-54">[54]</a> Smyslov said his health was poor during the return match.<a href="#cite_note-JWatsonBkRev81-55">[55]</a> In 1960, Botvinnik was convincingly beaten 8½–12½ at Moscow by Tal, now 23 years old,<a href="#cite_note-WeeksTalBotvinnik1960-56">[56]</a> but again exercised his right to a rematch in 1961, and won by 13–8 in Moscow.<a href="#cite_note-WeeksBotvinnikTal1961a-57">[57]</a> Commentators agreed that Tal's play was weaker in the rematch, probably due to his health, but also that Botvinnik's play was better than in the 1960 match, largely due to thorough preparation. Botvinnik changed his style in the rematch, avoiding the tactical complications in which Tal excelled and aiming for closed positions and endgames, where Tal's technique was not outstanding.<a href="#cite_note-chessgamesTalBotvinnik1961-58">[58]</a><a href="#cite_note-KeeneDivinskyWarriors-59">[59]</a> Finally, in 1963, he lost the title to <a href="/wiki/Tigran_Petrosian" title="Tigran Petrosian">Tigran Petrosian</a>, by 9½–12½ in Moscow.<a href="#cite_note-WeeksBotvinnikTal1961b-60">[60]</a> <a href="/wiki/FIDE" title="FIDE">FIDE</a> had by then altered the rules, and he was not allowed a rematch. The rematch rule had been nicknamed the "Botvinnik rule" because he twice benefited from it. Though ranking as formal World Champion, Botvinnik had a relatively poor playing record in the early 1950s: he played no formal competitive games after winning the 1948 match tournament until he defended his title, then struggled to draw his 1951 championship match with Bronstein, placed only fifth in the 1951 Soviet Championship, and tied for third in the 1952 <a href="/wiki/G%C3%A9za_Mar%C3%B3czy" title="Géza Maróczy">Géza Maróczy</a> Memorial tournament in <a href="/wiki/Budapest" title="Budapest">Budapest</a>; and he had also performed poorly in Soviet training contests.<a href="#cite_note-CreeSovietChampionship1920To1991-21">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-avlerchessChessOlympiad1952-61">[61]</a> However, he lost only five of over thirty games in the two tournaments; three of the four who finished ahead of him in the 1951 championship were future world champions Smyslov and Petrosian and a leading world championship contender (and winner in both tournaments) Paul Keres; and he finished ahead of Petrosian and even with Smyslov in 1952. Botvinnik did not play in the Soviet team that won the 1952 <a href="/wiki/Chess_Olympiad" title="Chess Olympiad">Chess Olympiad</a> in Helsinki: the players voted for the line-up and placed Botvinnik on second board, with Keres on top board; Botvinnik protested and refused to play.<a href="#cite_note-Bronstein2007ChessforDadsJailers-62">[62]</a><a href="#cite_note-BotvinniksBestGames1947To1970-63">[63]</a> Keres' playing record from 1950 to early 1952 had been outstanding.<a href="#cite_note-CreeSovietChampionship1920To1991-21">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-avlerchessChessOlympiad1952-61">[61]</a> Botvinnik won the 1952 Soviet Championship (joint first with <a href="/wiki/Mark_Taimanov" title="Mark Taimanov">Mark Taimanov</a> in the tournament, won the play-off match).<a href="#cite_note-CreeSovietChampionship1920To1991-21">[21]</a> He included several wins from that tournament over the 1952 Soviet team members in his book Botvinnik's Best Games 1947–1970, writing "these games had a definite significance for me".<a href="#cite_note-BotvinniksBestGames1947To1970-63">[63]</a> In 1956, he tied for first place with Smyslov in the 1956 Alexander Alekhine Memorial in Moscow, despite a last-round loss to Keres. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Team_tournaments">Team tournaments</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mikhail_Botvinnik&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Team tournaments">edit</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Szabo_Botwinnik_Oberhausen_1961_high-quality.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Szabo_Botwinnik_Oberhausen_1961_high-quality.jpg/340px-Szabo_Botwinnik_Oberhausen_1961_high-quality.jpg" decoding="async" width="340" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Szabo_Botwinnik_Oberhausen_1961_high-quality.jpg/510px-Szabo_Botwinnik_Oberhausen_1961_high-quality.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Szabo_Botwinnik_Oberhausen_1961_high-quality.jpg/680px-Szabo_Botwinnik_Oberhausen_1961_high-quality.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2996" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>Botvinnik (right) vs. <a href="/wiki/L%C3%A1szl%C3%B3_Szab%C3%B3_(chess_player)" title="László Szabó (chess player)">Szabo</a>, Oberhausen 1961</figcaption></figure> Botvinnik was selected for the Soviet Olympiad team from 1954 to 1964 inclusively, and helped his team to gold medal finishes each of those six times. At <a href="/wiki/11th_Chess_Olympiad" title="11th Chess Olympiad">Amsterdam 1954</a> he was on board one and won the gold medal with 8½/11. Then at home for Moscow 1956, he was again board one, and scored 9½/13 for the bronze medal. For <a href="/wiki/13th_Chess_Olympiad" title="13th Chess Olympiad">Munich 1958</a>, he scored 9/12 for the silver medal on board one. At <a href="/wiki/14th_Chess_Olympiad" title="14th Chess Olympiad">Leipzig 1960</a>, he played board two behind Mikhail Tal, having lost his title to Tal earlier that year, but he won the board two gold medal with 10½/13. He was back on board one for <a href="/wiki/15th_Chess_Olympiad" title="15th Chess Olympiad">Varna 1962</a>, scored 8/12, but failed to win a medal for the only time at an Olympiad. His final Olympiad was <a href="/wiki/16th_Chess_Olympiad" title="16th Chess Olympiad">Tel Aviv 1964</a>, where he won the bronze with 9/12, playing board 2 as he had lost his title to Petrosian. Overall, in six Olympiads, he scored 54½/73 for an outstanding 74.6 percent.<a href="#cite_note-olimpbasePlayerList-64">[64]</a> Botvinnik also played twice for the USSR in the European Team Championship. At <a href="/wiki/Oberhausen" title="Oberhausen">Oberhausen</a> 1961, he scored 6/9 for the gold medal on board one. But at <a href="/wiki/Hamburg" title="Hamburg">Hamburg</a> 1965, he struggled on board two with only 3½/8. Both times the Soviet Union won the team gold medals. Botvinnik played one of the final events of his career at the <a href="/wiki/Russia_(USSR)_vs_Rest_of_the_World" class="mw-redirect" title="Russia (USSR) vs Rest of the World">Russia (USSR) vs Rest of the World</a> match in <a href="/wiki/Belgrade" title="Belgrade">Belgrade</a> 1970, scoring 2½/4 against <a href="/wiki/Milan_Matulovi%C4%87" title="Milan Matulović">Milan Matulović</a>, as the USSR narrowly triumphed. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Late_career">Late career</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mikhail_Botvinnik&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Late career">edit</a>]</div> After losing the world title for the final time, to <a href="/wiki/Tigran_Petrosian" title="Tigran Petrosian">Tigran Petrosian</a> in Moscow in 1963, Botvinnik withdrew from the following World Championship cycle after <a href="/wiki/FIDE" title="FIDE">FIDE</a> declined, at its annual congress in 1965, to grant a losing champion the automatic right to a rematch. He remained involved with competitive chess, appearing in several highly rated tournaments and continuing to produce memorable games. Botvinnik retired from competitive play in 1970, aged 59, preferring instead to occupy himself with the development of <a href="/wiki/Computer_chess" title="Computer chess">computer chess</a> programs and to assist with the training of younger Soviet players, earning him the nickname of "Patriarch of the Soviet Chess School" (see below). Botvinnik's autobiography, K Dostizheniyu Tseli, was published in Russian in 1978, and in English translation as Achieving the Aim (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-08-024120-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-08-024120-4">0-08-024120-4</a>) in 1981. A staunch Communist, he was noticeably shaken by the collapse of the Soviet Union and lost some of his standing in Russian chess during the <a href="/wiki/Boris_Yeltsin" title="Boris Yeltsin">Boris Yeltsin</a> era. In the 1980s, Botvinnik proposed a computer program to manage the Soviet economy. However, his proposals did not receive significant attention from the Soviet government. During the last few years of his life, Botvinnik personally financed his economic computer project that he hoped would be used to manage the Russian economy. He kept actively working on the program until his death and financing the work from the money he made for the lectures and seminars he attended, despite prominent health problems. Botvinnik died of <a href="/wiki/Pancreatic_cancer" title="Pancreatic cancer">pancreatic cancer</a> in May 1995.<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> According to his daughter, Botvinnik remained active until the last few months of his life, and continued to go to work until March 1995 despite blindness in one of his eyes (and extremely poor vision in the other). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Political_controversies">Political controversies</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mikhail_Botvinnik&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Political controversies">edit</a>]</div> The Soviet Union regarded chess as a symbol of Communist superiority, and hence the Soviet chess world was extremely politicized.<a href="#cite_note-Kingston2001BotvinnikKeresRevisited-66">[66]</a><a href="#cite_note-MouleNye2006DidSovietsCollude-67">[67]</a> As Botvinnik was the first world-class player produced by the Soviet Union, everything he said or did (or did not say or do) had political repercussions, and there were rumors that Soviet opponents were given hints that they should not beat him. <a href="/wiki/David_Bronstein" title="David Bronstein">David Bronstein</a> wrote that <a href="/wiki/Boris_Verlinsky" title="Boris Verlinsky">Boris Verlinsky</a> had won the 1929 Soviet Championship and was granted the first Soviet <a href="/wiki/Grandmaster_(chess)" title="Grandmaster (chess)">Grandmaster</a> title for this achievement, yet he was later stripped of it, when it was thought more politically correct to make Botvinnik the first official Soviet GM (as distinct from the then-nonexistent <a href="/wiki/FIDE" title="FIDE">FIDE</a> grandmaster title).<a href="#cite_note-Sorcerer-47">[47]</a> Botvinnik wrote that before the last round of the 1935 Moscow tournament, Soviet Commissar of Justice <a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Krylenko" title="Nikolai Krylenko">Nikolai Krylenko</a>, who was also in charge of Soviet chess, proposed that Ilya Rabinovich should deliberately lose to Botvinnik, to ensure that Botvinnik took first place. Botvinnik refused, saying "... then I will myself put a piece en prise and resign".<a href="#cite_note-Botvinnik1981AchievingAim-68">[68]</a> The game was drawn, and Botvinnik shared first place with <a href="/wiki/Salo_Flohr" title="Salo Flohr">Salo Flohr</a>. Botvinnik sent an effusive telegram of thanks to <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a> after his victory at the great tournament in Nottingham in 1936.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Botvinnik played relatively poorly in the very strong 1940 Soviet Championship, finishing in a tie for fifth/sixth places, with 11½/19, two full points behind <a href="/wiki/Igor_Bondarevsky" title="Igor Bondarevsky">Igor Bondarevsky</a> and <a href="/wiki/Andor_Lilienthal" title="Andor Lilienthal">Andor Lilienthal</a>. With World War II under way by this time, and the strong possibility of little or no chess practice for some time in the future, Botvinnik seems to have prevailed upon the Soviet chess leadership to hold another tournament "in order to clarify the situation".<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> This wound up being the 1941 Absolute Championship of the USSR, which featured the top six finishers from the 1940 event, playing each other four times. After a personal appeal to the defence minister, <a href="/wiki/Vyacheslav_Molotov" title="Vyacheslav Molotov">Vyacheslav Molotov</a>, Botvinnik was exempted from war work for three days a week in order to concentrate on chess preparations.<a href="#cite_note-Hartston1995BotvinnikObit-70">[70]</a> He won this tournament convincingly, and thus reclaimed his position as the USSR's top player. Bronstein claimed that at the end of the 1946 Groningen tournament, a few months after the death of reigning world champion <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Alekhine" title="Alexander Alekhine">Alexander Alekhine</a>, Botvinnik personally invited <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Reshevsky" title="Samuel Reshevsky">Samuel Reshevsky</a>, <a href="/wiki/Reuben_Fine" title="Reuben Fine">Reuben Fine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Max_Euwe" title="Max Euwe">Max Euwe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vasily_Smyslov" title="Vasily Smyslov">Vasily Smyslov</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Paul_Keres" title="Paul Keres">Paul Keres</a> to join him in a tournament to decide the new world champion,<a href="#cite_note-Sorcerer-47">[47]</a> but other evidence suggests that <a href="/wiki/FIDE" title="FIDE">FIDE</a> (the "<a href="/wiki/Sports_governing_body" title="Sports governing body">governing body</a>" of chess), had already proposed a World Championship tournament before the Groningen tournament began, and at this stage the Soviet Union was not a member and therefore took no part in framing that proposal.<a href="#cite_note-Winter2003Interregnum-31">[31]</a> Since Keres lost his first four games against Botvinnik in the <a href="/wiki/World_Chess_Championship_1948" title="World Chess Championship 1948">1948 World Championship tournament</a>, winning only in the final cycle after the outcome of the tournament had been decided, suspicions have sometimes been raised that Keres was forced to "throw" games to allow Botvinnik to win the Championship. Chess historian Taylor Kingston investigated all the available evidence and arguments, and concluded that: Soviet chess officials gave Keres strong hints that he should not hinder Botvinnik's attempt to win the World Championship; Botvinnik only discovered this about half-way through the tournament and protested so strongly that he angered Soviet officials; Keres probably did not deliberately lose games to Botvinnik or anyone else in the tournament.<a href="#cite_note-KingstonBotvinnikKeres-71">[71]</a> Bronstein insinuated that Soviet officials pressured him to lose in the 1951 world championship match so that Botvinnik would keep the title,<a href="#cite_note-Sorcerer-47">[47]</a> but comments by Botvinnik's second, <a href="/wiki/Salo_Flohr" title="Salo Flohr">Salo Flohr</a>, and Botvinnik's own annotations to the critical 23rd game indicate that Botvinnik knew of no such plot.<a href="#cite_note-chessbaseBronstein23rd-72">[72]</a> In 1956, FIDE changed the world championship rules so that a defeated champion would have the right to a return match. <a href="/wiki/Yuri_Averbakh" title="Yuri Averbakh">Yuri Averbakh</a> alleged that this was done at the urging of the two Soviet representatives in FIDE, who were personal friends of Botvinnik. Averbakh also claims that Botvinnik's friends were behind FIDE's decision in 1956 to limit the number of players from the same country that could compete in the Candidates Tournament, and that this was to Botvinnik's advantage as it reduced the number of Soviet players he might have to meet in the title match.<a href="#cite_note-Kingston2002InterviewAverbakhPart2-73">[73]</a> Botvinnik asked to be allowed to play in the 1956 <a href="/wiki/Candidates_Tournament" title="Candidates Tournament">Candidates Tournament</a>, as he wanted to use the event as part of his warm-up for the next year's title match, but his request was refused.<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a> <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Tal" title="Mikhail Tal">Mikhail Tal</a>'s chronic kidney problems contributed to his defeat in his 1961 return match with Botvinnik, and his doctors in Riga advised that he should postpone the match for health reasons. Averbakh claimed that Botvinnik would agree to a postponement only if Tal was certified unfit by Moscow doctors, and that Tal then decided to play.<a href="#cite_note-Kingston2002InterviewAverbakhPart2-73">[73]</a> The 1961 world championship lasted 21 games and Botvinnik won ten of them, for a total score of +10−5=6, reclaiming the title he had lost a year earlier and becoming the oldest winner of a FIDE world championship match at 50. In 1963, Botvinnik played his last world championship match against <a href="/wiki/Tigran_Petrosian" title="Tigran Petrosian">Tigran Petrosian</a>, in a 22-game series. Petrosian, almost 20 years younger, wore out the 52 year old Botvinnik in a series of protracted games, most of them over 40 moves, including six consecutive draws. The defending champion played poorly in games 18 and 19, and the match ended with three short draws. Petrosian thus claimed the world championship with a score of +5−2=15. In 1954, he wrote an article about inciting socialist revolution in western countries, aiming to spread communism without a third world war.<a href="#cite_note-Kingston2002InterviewAverbakhPart2-73">[73]</a> And in 1960 Botvinnik wrote a letter to the Soviet Government proposing economic reforms that were contrary to party policy.<a href="#cite_note-KharitonOrwellOrBotvinnik-75">[75]</a> In 1976, Soviet grandmasters were asked to sign a letter condemning <a href="/wiki/Viktor_Korchnoi" title="Viktor Korchnoi">Viktor Korchnoi</a> as a "traitor" after Korchnoi <a href="/wiki/Defection" title="Defection">defected</a>. Botvinnik evaded this "request" by saying that he wanted to write his own letter denouncing Korchnoi. By this time, however, his importance had waned and officials would not give him this "privilege", so Botvinnik's name did not appear on the group letter – an outcome Botvinnik may have foreseen.<a href="#cite_note-KharitonRememberingBotvinnik-76">[76]</a> Bronstein and <a href="/wiki/Boris_Spassky" title="Boris Spassky">Boris Spassky</a> openly refused to sign the letter.<a href="#cite_note-Bronstein2007ChessforDadsJailers-62">[62]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Assessment">Assessment</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mikhail_Botvinnik&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Assessment">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Playing_strength_and_style">Playing strength and style</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mikhail_Botvinnik&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Playing strength and style">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_top_chess_players_throughout_history" title="Comparison of top chess players throughout history">Comparison of top chess players throughout history</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Reuben_Fine" title="Reuben Fine">Reuben Fine</a>, writing in 1976, observed that Botvinnik was at or near the top of the chess world for thirty years—from 1933, when he drew a match against Flohr, to 1963, when he lost the world championship for the final time, to Petrosian—"a feat equaled historically only by <a href="/wiki/Emanuel_Lasker" title="Emanuel Lasker">Emanuel Lasker</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Steinitz" title="Wilhelm Steinitz">Wilhelm Steinitz</a>".<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a> The statistical rating system used in <a href="/wiki/Raymond_Keene" title="Raymond Keene">Raymond Keene</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nathan_Divinsky" title="Nathan Divinsky">Nathan Divinsky</a>'s book Warriors of the Mind concludes that Botvinnik was the fourth strongest player of all time: behind <a href="/wiki/Garry_Kasparov" title="Garry Kasparov">Garry Kasparov</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anatoly_Karpov" title="Anatoly Karpov">Anatoly Karpov</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bobby_Fischer" title="Bobby Fischer">Bobby Fischer</a> but ahead of <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Ra%C3%BAl_Capablanca" title="José Raúl Capablanca">José Raúl Capablanca</a>, Lasker, <a href="/wiki/Viktor_Korchnoi" title="Viktor Korchnoi">Viktor Korchnoi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Boris_Spassky" title="Boris Spassky">Boris Spassky</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vasily_Smyslov" title="Vasily Smyslov">Vasily Smyslov</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tigran_Petrosian" title="Tigran Petrosian">Tigran Petrosian</a>.<a href="#cite_note-KeeneDivinskyWarriors-59">[59]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Chessmetrics" title="Chessmetrics">Chessmetrics</a> system is sensitive to the length of the periods being compared but places Botvinnik third in a comparison of players' best individual years (1946 for Botvinnik) and sixth in a comparison of fifteen-year periods (1935–1949 in Botvinnik's case).<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a><a href="#cite_note-chessmetrics15Years-79">[79]</a> In 2005, Chessmetrics' creator Jeff Sonas wrote an article which examined various ways of comparing the strength of "world number one" players, some not based on Chessmetrics; and Botvinnik generally emerged as one of the top six (the greatest exceptions were in criteria related to tournament results).<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a> <a href="/wiki/FIDE" title="FIDE">FIDE</a> did not adopt the <a href="/wiki/Elo_rating_system" title="Elo rating system">Elo rating system</a> until 1970, by which time Botvinnik's strength had been declining for several years. According to unofficial calculations by <a href="/wiki/Arpad_Elo" title="Arpad Elo">Arpad Elo</a>, Botvinnik was the highest-rated player from 1937 to 1954, peaking about 2730 in 1946.<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a> This may seem surprising in the light of Botvinnik's results in the 1950s and early 1960s, when he failed to win a world championship match outright (as reigning champion) and his tournament results were patchy. But after the FIDE <a href="/wiki/World_Chess_Championship" title="World Chess Championship">world championship cycle</a> was established in 1948, reigning champions had to play the strongest contender every three years, and successful title defenses became less common than in the pre-World War II years, when the titleholder could select his challenger. Despite this, Botvinnik held the world title for a longer period than any of his successors except <a href="/wiki/Garry_Kasparov" title="Garry Kasparov">Garry Kasparov</a>. Botvinnik also became world champion at the relatively late age of 37, because World War II brought international competition to a virtual halt for six years; and he was 52 years old when he finally lost his title (only <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Steinitz" title="Wilhelm Steinitz">Wilhelm Steinitz</a> and Emanuel Lasker were older when they were defeated). Botvinnik's best years were from 1935 to 1946;<a href="#cite_note-chessmetrics15Years-79">[79]</a> during that period he dominated Soviet chess;<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a> and the USSR's 15½–4½ win in the <a href="/wiki/US_vs._USSR_radio_chess_match_1945" class="mw-redirect" title="US vs. USSR radio chess match 1945">1945 radio match against the US</a> proved that the USSR's top players were considerably better than those from the US (who had dominated <a href="/wiki/Chess_Olympiad" title="Chess Olympiad">international team competitions</a> in the 1930s).<a href="#cite_note-WallUSAVsUSSRRadioMatch1945-83">[83]</a> <div class="chessboard thumb noviewer tright"><div class="center" style="line-height:130%;margin:0 auto;max-width:222px"> Stolberg vs. Botvinnik, USSR Ch. 1940 </div><div class="thumbinner" style="width:214px"><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody><tr><td></td><td style="height:18px;width:22px">h</td><td style="height:18px;width:22px">g</td><td style="height:18px;width:22px">f</td><td style="height:18px;width:22px">e</td><td style="height:18px;width:22px">d</td><td style="height:18px;width:22px">c</td><td style="height:18px;width:22px">b</td><td style="height:18px;width:22px">a</td><td></td></tr><tr><td style="width:18px;height:22px">1</td><td colspan="8" rowspan="8"><div class="chess-pieces notheme" style="position:relative"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Chessboard480.svg/176px-Chessboard480.svg.png" decoding="async" width="176" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Chessboard480.svg/264px-Chessboard480.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Chessboard480.svg/352px-Chessboard480.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="480" /><div style="top:0px;left:0px"><img alt="h1 white king" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Chess_klt45.svg/22px-Chess_klt45.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Chess_klt45.svg/33px-Chess_klt45.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Chess_klt45.svg/44px-Chess_klt45.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="45" /></div><div style="top:0px;left:88px"><img alt="d1 white rook" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Chess_rlt45.svg/22px-Chess_rlt45.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Chess_rlt45.svg/33px-Chess_rlt45.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Chess_rlt45.svg/44px-Chess_rlt45.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="45" /></div><div style="top:0px;left:110px"><img alt="c1 white queen" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Chess_qlt45.svg/22px-Chess_qlt45.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Chess_qlt45.svg/33px-Chess_qlt45.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Chess_qlt45.svg/44px-Chess_qlt45.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="45" /></div><div style="top:22px;left:22px"><img alt="g2 white pawn" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Chess_plt45.svg/22px-Chess_plt45.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Chess_plt45.svg/33px-Chess_plt45.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Chess_plt45.svg/44px-Chess_plt45.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="45" /></div><div style="top:22px;left:66px"><img alt="e2 black rook" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Chess_rdt45.svg/22px-Chess_rdt45.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Chess_rdt45.svg/33px-Chess_rdt45.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Chess_rdt45.svg/44px-Chess_rdt45.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="45" /></div><div style="top:22px;left:88px"><img alt="d2 white bishop" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Chess_blt45.svg/22px-Chess_blt45.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Chess_blt45.svg/33px-Chess_blt45.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Chess_blt45.svg/44px-Chess_blt45.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="45" /></div><div style="top:22px;left:132px"><img alt="b2 white knight" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Chess_nlt45.svg/22px-Chess_nlt45.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Chess_nlt45.svg/33px-Chess_nlt45.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Chess_nlt45.svg/44px-Chess_nlt45.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="45" /></div><div style="top:22px;left:154px"><img alt="a2 white rook" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Chess_rlt45.svg/22px-Chess_rlt45.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Chess_rlt45.svg/33px-Chess_rlt45.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Chess_rlt45.svg/44px-Chess_rlt45.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="45" /></div><div style="top:44px;left:0px"><img alt="h3 white pawn" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Chess_plt45.svg/22px-Chess_plt45.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Chess_plt45.svg/33px-Chess_plt45.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Chess_plt45.svg/44px-Chess_plt45.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="45" /></div><div style="top:44px;left:132px"><img alt="b3 black rook" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Chess_rdt45.svg/22px-Chess_rdt45.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Chess_rdt45.svg/33px-Chess_rdt45.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Chess_rdt45.svg/44px-Chess_rdt45.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="45" /></div><div style="top:88px;left:44px"><img alt="f5 white pawn" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Chess_plt45.svg/22px-Chess_plt45.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Chess_plt45.svg/33px-Chess_plt45.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Chess_plt45.svg/44px-Chess_plt45.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="45" /></div><div style="top:88px;left:66px"><img alt="e5 black knight" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Chess_ndt45.svg/22px-Chess_ndt45.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Chess_ndt45.svg/33px-Chess_ndt45.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Chess_ndt45.svg/44px-Chess_ndt45.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="45" /></div><div style="top:88px;left:88px"><img alt="d5 black pawn" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Chess_pdt45.svg/22px-Chess_pdt45.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Chess_pdt45.svg/33px-Chess_pdt45.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Chess_pdt45.svg/44px-Chess_pdt45.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="45" /></div><div style="top:88px;left:132px"><img alt="b5 black queen" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Chess_qdt45.svg/22px-Chess_qdt45.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Chess_qdt45.svg/33px-Chess_qdt45.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Chess_qdt45.svg/44px-Chess_qdt45.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="45" /></div><div style="top:88px;left:154px"><img alt="a5 white pawn" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Chess_plt45.svg/22px-Chess_plt45.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Chess_plt45.svg/33px-Chess_plt45.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Chess_plt45.svg/44px-Chess_plt45.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="45" /></div><div style="top:110px;left:44px"><img alt="f6 black pawn" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Chess_pdt45.svg/22px-Chess_pdt45.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Chess_pdt45.svg/33px-Chess_pdt45.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Chess_pdt45.svg/44px-Chess_pdt45.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="45" /></div><div style="top:110px;left:132px"><img alt="b6 white pawn" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Chess_plt45.svg/22px-Chess_plt45.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Chess_plt45.svg/33px-Chess_plt45.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Chess_plt45.svg/44px-Chess_plt45.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="45" /></div><div style="top:110px;left:154px"><img alt="a6 black pawn" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Chess_pdt45.svg/22px-Chess_pdt45.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Chess_pdt45.svg/33px-Chess_pdt45.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Chess_pdt45.svg/44px-Chess_pdt45.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="45" /></div><div style="top:132px;left:22px"><img alt="g7 black pawn" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Chess_pdt45.svg/22px-Chess_pdt45.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Chess_pdt45.svg/33px-Chess_pdt45.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Chess_pdt45.svg/44px-Chess_pdt45.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="45" /></div><div style="top:132px;left:132px"><img alt="b7 black pawn" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Chess_pdt45.svg/22px-Chess_pdt45.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Chess_pdt45.svg/33px-Chess_pdt45.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Chess_pdt45.svg/44px-Chess_pdt45.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="45" /></div><div style="top:154px;left:22px"><img alt="g8 black king" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Chess_kdt45.svg/22px-Chess_kdt45.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Chess_kdt45.svg/33px-Chess_kdt45.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Chess_kdt45.svg/44px-Chess_kdt45.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="45" /></div><div style="top:154px;left:44px"><img alt="f8 black bishop" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Chess_bdt45.svg/22px-Chess_bdt45.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Chess_bdt45.svg/33px-Chess_bdt45.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Chess_bdt45.svg/44px-Chess_bdt45.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="45" /></div></div></td><td style="width:18px;height:22px">1</td></tr><tr><td style="height:22px">2</td><td style="height:22px">2</td></tr><tr><td style="height:22px">3</td><td style="height:22px">3</td></tr><tr><td style="height:22px">4</td><td style="height:22px">4</td></tr><tr><td style="height:22px">5</td><td style="height:22px">5</td></tr><tr><td style="height:22px">6</td><td style="height:22px">6</td></tr><tr><td style="height:22px">7</td><td style="height:22px">7</td></tr><tr><td style="height:22px">8</td><td style="height:22px">8</td></tr><tr><td></td><td style="height:18px;width:22px">h</td><td style="height:18px;width:22px">g</td><td style="height:18px;width:22px">f</td><td style="height:18px;width:22px">e</td><td style="height:18px;width:22px">d</td><td style="height:18px;width:22px">c</td><td style="height:18px;width:22px">b</td><td style="height:18px;width:22px">a</td><td></td></tr></tbody></table><div class="thumbcaption"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214851843"><div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style=""><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="text-align:left; font-weight:normal;">Black to move</div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style=""> After tying up White's pieces on the <dfn><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_chess#queenside" title="Glossary of chess">queenside</a></dfn>, Botvinnik won with a sudden <dfn><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_chess#kingside" title="Glossary of chess">kingside</a></dfn> attack: 1...Rxh3+ 2.gxh3 d4 and White resigned, as he could not stop ...Qd5 and mate next move.</div></div> </div></div></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1271734817"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><div role="note" class="side-box metadata side-box-right algebraic-notation"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">This example uses <a href="/wiki/Algebraic_notation_(chess)" title="Algebraic notation (chess)">algebraic notation</a>.</div></div> </div> Botvinnik generally sought tense positions with chances for both sides;<a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a> hence his results were often better with the Black pieces as he could avoid lines that were likely to produce draws.<a href="#cite_note-Fine1952Botvinnik-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-ByrneNYTimesJan2006ImaginativeTactician-85">[85]</a> He had a strong grasp of long-term <a href="/wiki/Chess_strategy" title="Chess strategy">strategy</a>, and was often willing to accept weaknesses that his opponent could not exploit in exchange for some advantage that he could exploit.<a href="#cite_note-ByrneNYTimesJan2006ImaginativeTactician-85">[85]</a><a href="#cite_note-Golombek1954GameOfChess-86">[86]</a> He confessed that he was relatively weak in tactical calculation, yet many of his games feature <a href="/wiki/Sacrifice_(chess)" title="Sacrifice (chess)">sacrifices</a> – often long-term positional sacrifices whose purpose was not to force an immediate win, but to improve his position and undermine his opponent's. Botvinnik was also capable of all-out sacrificial attacks when he thought the position justified it.<a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a> Botvinnik saw himself as a "universal player" (all-rounder), in contrast to an all-out attacker like <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Tal" title="Mikhail Tal">Mikhail Tal</a> or a defender like <a href="/wiki/Tigran_Petrosian" title="Tigran Petrosian">Tigran Petrosian</a>.<a href="#cite_note-KeeneDivinskyWarriors-59">[59]</a> <a href="/wiki/Reuben_Fine" title="Reuben Fine">Reuben Fine</a> considered Botvinnik's collection of best games one of the three most beautiful up to the mid-1950s (the other two were <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Alekhine" title="Alexander Alekhine">Alexander Alekhine</a>'s and <a href="/wiki/Akiba_Rubinstein" title="Akiba Rubinstein">Akiba Rubinstein</a>'s).<a href="#cite_note-Fine1952Botvinnik-14">[14]</a> Kasparov quotes Tigran Petrosian as saying, "There was a very unpleasant feeling of inevitability. Once in a conversation with <a href="/wiki/Paul_Keres" title="Paul Keres">Keres</a> I mentioned this and even compared Botvinnik with a bulldozer, which sweeps away everything in its path. Keres smiled and said: 'But can you imagine what it was like to play him when he was young?'"<a href="#cite_note-KasparovGreatPredecessors2-88">[88]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Influence_on_the_game">Influence on the game</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mikhail_Botvinnik&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Influence on the game">edit</a>]</div> Botvinnik's example and teaching established the modern approach to preparing for competitive chess: regular but moderate physical exercise; analysing very thoroughly a relatively narrow repertoire of openings; annotating one's own games, those of past great players and those of competitors; publishing one's annotations so that others can point out any errors; studying strong opponents to discover their strengths and weaknesses; ruthless objectivity about one's own strengths and weaknesses.<a href="#cite_note-KramnikSteinitzToKasparov-89">[89]</a><a href="#cite_note-BotvinnikBotvinnikVsBronstein1951-90">[90]</a> Botvinnik also played many short training matches against strong grandmasters including <a href="/wiki/Salo_Flohr" title="Salo Flohr">Salo Flohr</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yuri_Averbakh" title="Yuri Averbakh">Yuri Averbakh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Viacheslav_Ragozin" title="Viacheslav Ragozin">Viacheslav Ragozin</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Semion_Furman" class="mw-redirect" title="Semion Furman">Semion Furman</a> – in noisy or smoky rooms if he thought he would have to face such conditions in actual competition.<a href="#cite_note-NYTBotvinnikObit-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-Timman2006Secret_Matches-91">[91]</a><a href="#cite_note-UnfortunateFateofSaloFlohr-92">[92]</a> <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Kramnik" title="Vladimir Kramnik">Vladimir Kramnik</a> said, "Botvinnik's chess career was the way of a genius, although he was not a genius", meaning that Botvinnik was brilliant at making the best use of his talents.<a href="#cite_note-KramnikSteinitzToKasparov-89">[89]</a> Botvinnik used almost exclusively <dfn><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_chess#queenside" title="Glossary of chess">queenside</a></dfn> pawn openings with the white pieces. In his eight World Championship matches, he never started a game with an e4-opening, and his usual choices as White were the <a href="/wiki/English_Opening" title="English Opening">English Opening</a> or <a href="/wiki/Queen%27s_Gambit" title="Queen's Gambit">Queen's Gambit</a>. When playing the black pieces, he preferred the <a href="/wiki/French_Defense" class="mw-redirect" title="French Defense">French Defense</a> or <a href="/wiki/Sicilian_Defense" class="mw-redirect" title="Sicilian Defense">Sicilian Defense</a> in response to 1.e4, and the <a href="/wiki/Slav_Defense" title="Slav Defense">Slav Defense</a> or <a href="/wiki/Nimzo-Indian_Defence" title="Nimzo-Indian Defence">Nimzo-Indian Defence</a> in response to 1.d4. While Botvinnik did not use a wide range of openings, he made major contributions to those he did use, for example: the Botvinnik Variation of the <a href="/wiki/Semi-Slav_Defense" title="Semi-Slav Defense">Semi-Slav Defense</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Queen%27s_Gambit_Declined" title="Queen's Gambit Declined">Queen's Gambit Declined</a>, the Kasparov/Botvinnik system in the Exchange Variation of the Queen's Gambit Declined, the <a href="/wiki/Caro%E2%80%93Kann_Defence" title="Caro–Kann Defence">Caro–Kann Defence</a> (both the Panov–Botvinnik Attack for White and various approaches for Black), the Winawer Variation of the French Defense, the Botvinnik System in the <a href="/wiki/English_Opening" title="English Opening">English Opening</a>. In his openings research Botvinnik did not aim to produce tactical tricks that would only be effective once, but rather systems in which he aimed to understand typical positions and their possibilities better than his rivals.<a href="#cite_note-KeeneDivinskyWarriors-59">[59]</a><a href="#cite_note-ByrneNYTimesJan2006ImaginativeTactician-85">[85]</a> His advice to his pupils included "My theory of the openings fitted into one notebook" and "You don't have to know that which everyone knows, but it is important to know that which not everyone knows." In fact he used different notebooks in different periods, and copied a few analyses from one notebook to the next.<a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a> The "Soviet School of Chess" that dominated competition from 1945 to about 2000 followed Botvinnik's approach to preparation and to openings research; and, although Soviet players had their own preferred styles of play, they adopted his combative approach and willingness to ignore "classical" principles if doing so offered credible prospects of a lasting advantage.<a href="#cite_note-Botvinnik100SelectedGames-94">[94]</a><a href="#cite_note-Goldberg2007StrategiesOfSovietSchool-95">[95]</a> In 1963, Botvinnik founded his own school within the Soviet coaching system, and its graduates include world champions <a href="/wiki/Anatoly_Karpov" title="Anatoly Karpov">Anatoly Karpov</a>, <a href="/wiki/Garry_Kasparov" title="Garry Kasparov">Garry Kasparov</a> and Vladimir Kramnik, and other top-class players such as <a href="/wiki/Alexei_Shirov" title="Alexei Shirov">Alexei Shirov</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Akopian" title="Vladimir Akopian">Vladimir Akopian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jaan_Ehlvest" title="Jaan Ehlvest">Jaan Ehlvest</a>.<a href="#cite_note-HendersonInterviewKramnik-96">[96]</a><a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a> Botvinnik was not an infallible spotter of chess talent: although he said of the 11-year-old Kasparov, "The future of chess lies in the hands of this young man", he said on first seeing Karpov, "The boy doesn't have a clue about chess, and there's no future at all for him in this profession."<a href="#cite_note-NYTBotvinnikObit-2">[2]</a> But Karpov recounts fondly his youthful memories of the Botvinnik school and credits Botvinnik's training, especially the homework he assigned, with a marked improvement in his own play.<a href="#cite_note-KarpovOnKarpov-98">[98]</a> Kasparov presents Botvinnik almost as a kind of father figure, going some way towards balancing the common public perception of Botvinnik as dour and aloof;<a href="#cite_note-KasparovGreatPredecessors2-88">[88]</a> and Kasparov inherited Botvinnik's emphasis on preparation, research and innovation.<a href="#cite_note-RussellInterviewKasparovPart1-99">[99]</a> Botvinnik was still playing a major teaching role in his late 70s, when Kramnik entered the school, and made a favorable impression on his pupil.<a href="#cite_note-KramnikSteinitzToKasparov-89">[89]</a><a href="#cite_note-HendersonInterviewKramnik-96">[96]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_achievements">Other achievements</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mikhail_Botvinnik&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Other achievements">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Electrical_engineering">Electrical engineering</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mikhail_Botvinnik&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Electrical engineering">edit</a>]</div> Engineering was as much of a passion for Botvinnik as chess – at Nottingham in 1936, where he had his first major tournament win outside the USSR, he said "I wish I could do what he's done in electrical engineering" (referring to <a href="/wiki/Milan_Vidmar" title="Milan Vidmar">Milan Vidmar</a>, another grandmaster).<a href="#cite_note-Fine1952Botvinnik-14">[14]</a> He was awarded the Order of the Badge of Honour for his work on power stations in the Urals during World War II (while he was also establishing himself as the world's strongest chess player). He earned his <a href="/wiki/Doctorate" title="Doctorate">doctorate</a> in electrical engineering in 1951.<a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a> In 1956, he joined the Research Institute for Electrical Energy as a senior research scientist.<a href="#cite_note-McCauley1997WhosWhoInRussia-101">[101]</a> In 1960 he published a book on Asynchronized Synchronous Machines <a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Computer_chess">Computer chess</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mikhail_Botvinnik&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Computer chess">edit</a>]</div> In the 1950s Botvinnik became interested in computers, at first mainly for playing <a href="/wiki/Computer_chess" title="Computer chess">computer chess</a> but he later also co-authored reports on the possible use of <a href="/wiki/Artificial_intelligence" title="Artificial intelligence">artificial intelligence</a> in managing the Soviet economy.<a href="#cite_note-unimaasPublicationsComputerGames-103">[103]</a> Botvinnik's research on chess-playing programs concentrated on "selective searches", which used general chess principles to decide which moves were worth considering. This was the only feasible approach for the primitive computers available in the Soviet Union in the early 1960s, which were only capable of searching three or four <a href="/wiki/Ply_(game_theory)" title="Ply (game theory)">half-moves</a> deep (i.e. A's move, B's move, A's move, B's move) if they tried to examine every variation. Botvinnik eventually developed an <a href="/wiki/Algorithm" title="Algorithm">algorithm</a> that was reasonably good at finding the right move in difficult positions, but it often missed the right move in simple positions, e.g. where it was possible to checkmate in two moves. This "selective" approach turned out to be a <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/dead_end" class="extiw" title="wikt:dead end">dead end</a>, as computers were powerful enough by the mid-1970s to perform a <a href="/wiki/Brute-force_search" title="Brute-force search">brute-force search</a> (checking all possible moves) several moves deep and today's vastly more powerful computers do this well enough to beat human world champions.<a href="#cite_note-Brudno2000Computer_Chess-104">[104]</a><a href="#cite_note-Laramée2000ChessProgrammingPart3-105">[105]</a> However, his PIONEER program contained a generalized method of decision-making that, with a few adjustments, enabled it to plan maintenance of power stations all over the USSR.<a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a> On September 7, 1991 Botvinnik was awarded an honorary degree in mathematics of the University of Ferrara (Italy) for his work on computer chess.<a href="#cite_note-UnProgrammaIntelligente-107">[107]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Writings">Writings</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mikhail_Botvinnik&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Writings">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chess">Chess</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mikhail_Botvinnik&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Chess">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBotvinnik1960" class="citation book cs1">Botvinnik, M.M. (1960). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Mwriu9JqfPQC&q=mikhail+botvinnik">One Hundred Selected Games</a>. Courier Dover. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-486-20620-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-486-20620-3"><bdi>0-486-20620-3</bdi></a>. Retrieved 2009-08-14.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=One+Hundred+Selected+Games&rft.pub=Courier+Dover&rft.date=1960&rft.isbn=0-486-20620-3&rft.aulast=Botvinnik&rft.aufirst=M.M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMwriu9JqfPQC%26q%3Dmikhail%2Bbotvinnik&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMikhail+Botvinnik" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBotvinnik1972" class="citation book cs1">Botvinnik, M.M. (1972). Cafferty, B. (ed.). Botvinnik's best games, 1947–1970. Batsford. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7134-0357-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-7134-0357-8"><bdi>0-7134-0357-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Botvinnik%27s+best+games%2C+1947%E2%80%931970&rft.pub=Batsford&rft.date=1972&rft.isbn=0-7134-0357-8&rft.aulast=Botvinnik&rft.aufirst=M.M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMikhail+Botvinnik" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBotvinnik1973" class="citation book cs1">Botvinnik, M.M. (1973). Garry, S. (ed.). Soviet chess championship, 1941: Complete text of games with detailed notes & an introduction. Dover Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-486-22184-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-486-22184-9"><bdi>0-486-22184-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Soviet+chess+championship%2C+1941%3A+Complete+text+of+games+with+detailed+notes+%26+an+introduction&rft.pub=Dover+Publications&rft.date=1973&rft.isbn=0-486-22184-9&rft.aulast=Botvinnik&rft.aufirst=M.M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMikhail+Botvinnik" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBotvinnik1973" class="citation book cs1">Botvinnik, M.M. (1973). World Championship: The Return Match Botvinnik vs. Smyslov 1958. Chess Digest Magazine.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=World+Championship%3A+The+Return+Match+Botvinnik+vs.+Smyslov+1958&rft.pub=Chess+Digest+Magazine&rft.date=1973&rft.aulast=Botvinnik&rft.aufirst=M.M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMikhail+Botvinnik" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBotvinnik1973" class="citation book cs1">Botvinnik, M.M. (1973). Alekhine vs. Euwe return match 1937. Chess Digest.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Alekhine+vs.+Euwe+return+match+1937&rft.pub=Chess+Digest&rft.date=1973&rft.aulast=Botvinnik&rft.aufirst=M.M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMikhail+Botvinnik" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMatanovicKazic,_B.Yudovich,_M.Botvinnik,_M.M.1974" class="citation book cs1">Matanovic, A.; Kazic, B.; Yudovich, M.; Botvinnik, M.M. (1974). Candidates' matches 1974. Centar Za Unapredivanje Saha.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Candidates%27+matches+1974&rft.pub=Centar+Za+Unapredivanje+Saha&rft.date=1974&rft.aulast=Matanovic&rft.aufirst=A.&rft.au=Kazic%2C+B.&rft.au=Yudovich%2C+M.&rft.au=Botvinnik%2C+M.M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMikhail+Botvinnik" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBotvinnik1978" class="citation book cs1">Botvinnik, M.M. (1978). Anatoly Karpov: His Road to the World Championship. Elsevier. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-08-021139-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-08-021139-9"><bdi>0-08-021139-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Anatoly+Karpov%3A+His+Road+to+the+World+Championship&rft.pub=Elsevier&rft.date=1978&rft.isbn=0-08-021139-9&rft.aulast=Botvinnik&rft.aufirst=M.M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMikhail+Botvinnik" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBotvinnikEstrin,_Y.1980" class="citation book cs1">Botvinnik, M.M.; Estrin, Y. (1980). The Gruenfeld Defense. Rhm Pr. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-89058-017-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-89058-017-0"><bdi>0-89058-017-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Gruenfeld+Defense&rft.pub=Rhm+Pr&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=0-89058-017-0&rft.aulast=Botvinnik&rft.aufirst=M.M.&rft.au=Estrin%2C+Y.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMikhail+Botvinnik" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBotvinnik,_M.M.1981" class="citation book cs1">Botvinnik, M.M. (1981). Achieving the Aim. Translated by Cafferty, B. Pergamon Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-08-024120-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-08-024120-4"><bdi>0-08-024120-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Achieving+the+Aim&rft.pub=Pergamon+Press&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=0-08-024120-4&rft.au=Botvinnik%2C+M.M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMikhail+Botvinnik" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBotvinnik1981" class="citation book cs1">Botvinnik, M.M. (1981). Selected Games: 1967–1970. Pergamon. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-08-024123-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-08-024123-9"><bdi>0-08-024123-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Selected+Games%3A+1967%E2%80%931970&rft.pub=Pergamon&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=0-08-024123-9&rft.aulast=Botvinnik&rft.aufirst=M.M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMikhail+Botvinnik" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBotvinnik1982" class="citation book cs1">Botvinnik, M.M. (1982). Marfia, J. (ed.). Fifteen Games and Their Stories. Coraopolis, Pennsylvania, U.S.A: Chess Enterprises. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-931462-15-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-931462-15-0"><bdi>0-931462-15-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fifteen+Games+and+Their+Stories&rft.place=Coraopolis%2C+Pennsylvania%2C+U.S.A&rft.pub=Chess+Enterprises&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=0-931462-15-0&rft.aulast=Botvinnik&rft.aufirst=M.M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMikhail+Botvinnik" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBotvinnik1985" class="citation book cs1">Botvinnik, M.M. (1985). Botvinnik on the Endgame. Chess Enterprises. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-931462-43-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-931462-43-6"><bdi>0-931462-43-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Botvinnik+on+the+Endgame&rft.pub=Chess+Enterprises&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=0-931462-43-6&rft.aulast=Botvinnik&rft.aufirst=M.M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMikhail+Botvinnik" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBotvinnik1996" class="citation book cs1">Botvinnik, M.M. (1996). Neat, K.; Stauss, E. (eds.). Half a Century of Chess. Cadogan Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85744-122-2" title="Special:BookSources/1-85744-122-2"><bdi>1-85744-122-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Half+a+Century+of+Chess&rft.pub=Cadogan+Books&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=1-85744-122-2&rft.aulast=Botvinnik&rft.aufirst=M.M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMikhail+Botvinnik" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBotvinnik2000" class="citation book cs1">Botvinnik, M.M. (2000). Neat, K. (ed.). Botvinnik's Best Games Volume 1: 1925–1941. Moravian Chess. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-80-7189-317-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-80-7189-317-2"><bdi>978-80-7189-317-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Botvinnik%27s+Best+Games+Volume+1%3A+1925%E2%80%931941&rft.pub=Moravian+Chess&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-80-7189-317-2&rft.aulast=Botvinnik&rft.aufirst=M.M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMikhail+Botvinnik" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBotvinnik2000" class="citation book cs1">Botvinnik, M.M. (2000). Neat, K. (ed.). Botvinnik's Best Games Volume 2: 1942–1956. Moravian Chess. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/80-7189-370-6" title="Special:BookSources/80-7189-370-6"><bdi>80-7189-370-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Botvinnik%27s+Best+Games+Volume+2%3A+1942%E2%80%931956&rft.pub=Moravian+Chess&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=80-7189-370-6&rft.aulast=Botvinnik&rft.aufirst=M.M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMikhail+Botvinnik" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBotvinnik2000" class="citation book cs1">Botvinnik, M.M. (2000). Neat, K. (ed.). Botvinnik's Best Games Volume 3: 1957–1970 – Analytical & Critical Works. Moravian Chess. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/80-7189-405-2" title="Special:BookSources/80-7189-405-2"><bdi>80-7189-405-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Botvinnik%27s+Best+Games+Volume+3%3A+1957%E2%80%931970+%E2%80%93+Analytical+%26+Critical+Works&rft.pub=Moravian+Chess&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=80-7189-405-2&rft.aulast=Botvinnik&rft.aufirst=M.M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMikhail+Botvinnik" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBotvinnik2002" class="citation book cs1">Botvinnik, M.M. (2002). Championship Chess : Match Tournament for the Absolute Chess Championship of the USSR, Leningrad-Moscow 1941. Hardinge Simpole. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84382-012-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84382-012-3"><bdi>978-1-84382-012-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Championship+Chess+%3A+Match+Tournament+for+the+Absolute+Chess+Championship+of+the+USSR%2C+Leningrad-Moscow+1941&rft.pub=Hardinge+Simpole&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-1-84382-012-3&rft.aulast=Botvinnik&rft.aufirst=M.M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMikhail+Botvinnik" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBotvinnik2004" class="citation book cs1">Botvinnik, M.M. (2004). Match for the World Chess Championship Mikhail Botvinnik-David Bronstein Moscow 1951. Edition Olms. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-283-00459-5" title="Special:BookSources/3-283-00459-5"><bdi>3-283-00459-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Match+for+the+World+Chess+Championship+Mikhail+Botvinnik-David+Bronstein+Moscow+1951&rft.pub=Edition+Olms&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=3-283-00459-5&rft.aulast=Botvinnik&rft.aufirst=M.M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMikhail+Botvinnik" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBotvinnik2004" class="citation book cs1">Botvinnik, M.M. (2004). Botvinnik, I. (ed.). World Championship Return Match: Botvinnik V. Tal, Moscow 1961. Olms. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-283-00461-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-283-00461-3"><bdi>978-3-283-00461-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=World+Championship+Return+Match%3A+Botvinnik+V.+Tal%2C+Moscow+1961&rft.pub=Olms&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-3-283-00461-3&rft.aulast=Botvinnik&rft.aufirst=M.M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMikhail+Botvinnik" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Computers">Computers</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mikhail_Botvinnik&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Computers">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBotvinnik1970" class="citation book cs1">Botvinnik, M.M. (1970). Computers, Chess and Long-Range Planning. Springer Verlag. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-387-90012-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-387-90012-8"><bdi>0-387-90012-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Computers%2C+Chess+and+Long-Range+Planning&rft.pub=Springer+Verlag&rft.date=1970&rft.isbn=0-387-90012-8&rft.aulast=Botvinnik&rft.aufirst=M.M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMikhail+Botvinnik" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBotvinnik1984" class="citation book cs1">Botvinnik, M.M. (1984). Computers in Chess: Solving Inexact Search Problems. Springer-Verlag. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-387-90869-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-387-90869-2"><bdi>0-387-90869-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Computers+in+Chess%3A+Solving+Inexact+Search+Problems&rft.pub=Springer-Verlag&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=0-387-90869-2&rft.aulast=Botvinnik&rft.aufirst=M.M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMikhail+Botvinnik" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tournament_results">Tournament results</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mikhail_Botvinnik&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Tournament results">edit</a>]</div> The following table gives Botvinnik's placings and scores in tournaments.<a href="#cite_note-Botvinnik100SelectedResults-28">[28]</a> The first "Score" column gives the number of points on the total possible. In the second "Score" column, "+" indicates the number of won games, "−" the number of losses, and "=" the number of draws. <table class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center; margin:1em auto 1em auto;"> <tbody><tr> <th>Date</th> <th>Location</th> <th>Tournament</th> <th>Placing</th> <th class="unsortable" colspan="2">Score</th> <th class="unsortable">Notes </th></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>1923</td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Leningrad" class="mw-redirect" title="Leningrad">Leningrad</a></td> <td align="left">School championship</td> <td>—</td> <td>—</td> <td>—</td> <td align="left">Botvinnik estimates "about 10th out of 16".<a href="#cite_note-Botvinnik100SelectedResults-28">[28]</a> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>1924</td> <td align="left">Leningrad</td> <td align="left">School championship</td> <td>1st</td> <td>5/6</td> <td>+5−1=0</td> <td>  </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>1924</td> <td align="left">Leningrad</td> <td align="left">non-category</td> <td>1st</td> <td>11½/13</td> <td>+11−1=1</td> <td>  </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>1924</td> <td align="left">Leningrad</td> <td align="left">2B and 3rd Categories</td> <td>1st</td> <td>11½/13</td> <td>+11−1=1</td> <td>  </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>1924</td> <td align="left">Leningrad</td> <td align="left">2A Category</td> <td>—</td> <td>—</td> <td>—</td> <td align="left">Tournament unfinished<a href="#cite_note-Botvinnik100SelectedResults-28">[28]</a> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>1925</td> <td align="left">Leningrad</td> <td align="left">2A and 1B Categories</td> <td>1st</td> <td>10/11</td> <td>+10−1=0</td> <td>  </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>1925</td> <td align="left">Leningrad</td> <td align="left">1st Category</td> <td>3rd</td> <td>7½/11</td> <td>+7−3=1</td> <td>  </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>1925</td> <td align="left">Leningrad</td> <td align="left">1st Category</td> <td>—</td> <td>—</td> <td>—</td> <td align="left">Tournament unfinished<a href="#cite_note-Botvinnik100SelectedResults-28">[28]</a> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>1926</td> <td align="left">Leningrad</td> <td align="left">Leningrad Championship, Semi-finals</td> <td>1st</td> <td>11½/12</td> <td>+11−0=1</td> <td>  </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>1926</td> <td align="left">Leningrad</td> <td align="left">Leningrad Championship</td> <td>2nd=</td> <td>7/9</td> <td>+6−1=2</td> <td>  </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>1926</td> <td align="left">Leningrad</td> <td align="left">Northwest Provincial Championship, Semi-finals</td> <td>2nd=</td> <td>9/11</td> <td>+8−1=2</td> <td>  </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>1926</td> <td align="left">Leningrad</td> <td align="left">Northwest Provincial Championship</td> <td>3rd</td> <td>6½/10</td> <td>+4−1=5</td> <td>  </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>1927</td> <td align="left">Leningrad</td> <td align="left">Tournament of "Six"</td> <td>2nd</td> <td>7½/10</td> <td>+6−1=3</td> <td>  </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>1927</td> <td align="left">Moscow</td> <td align="left">5th <a href="/wiki/USSR_Chess_Championship" title="USSR Chess Championship">USSR Chess Championship</a></td> <td>5th=</td> <td>12½/20</td> <td>+9−4=7</td> <td>  </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>1928</td> <td align="left">Leningrad</td> <td align="left">Regional Metalworkers' Committee Championship</td> <td>1st</td> <td>8½/11</td> <td>+7−1=3</td> <td>  </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>1929</td> <td align="left">Leningrad</td> <td align="left">Regional Committee of Educational Workers' Championship</td> <td>1st</td> <td>11½/14</td> <td>+9−0=5</td> <td>  </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>1929</td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Odessa" class="mw-redirect" title="Odessa">Odessa</a></td> <td align="left">6th USSR Chess Championship, Quarter-finals</td> <td>1st</td> <td>7/8</td> <td>+6−0=2</td> <td>  </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>1929</td> <td align="left">Odessa</td> <td align="left">6th USSR Chess Championship, Semi-finals</td> <td>3rd=</td> <td>2½/5</td> <td>+2−2=1</td> <td>  </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>1930</td> <td align="left">Leningrad</td> <td align="left">Masters' Tournament</td> <td>1st</td> <td>6½/8</td> <td>+6−1=1</td> <td>  </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>1931</td> <td align="left">Leningrad</td> <td align="left">Leningrad Championship</td> <td>1st</td> <td>14/17</td> <td>+12−1=4</td> <td>  </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>1931</td> <td align="left">Moscow</td> <td align="left">7th USSR Chess Championship, Semi-finals</td> <td>2nd</td> <td>6½/9</td> <td>+6−2=1</td> <td>  </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>1931</td> <td align="left">Moscow</td> <td align="left">7th USSR Chess Championship</td> <td>1st</td> <td>13½/17</td> <td>+12−2=3</td> <td>  </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>1932</td> <td align="left">Leningrad</td> <td align="left">Leningrad Championship</td> <td>1st</td> <td>10/11</td> <td>+9−0=2</td> <td>  </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>1932</td> <td align="left">Leningrad</td> <td align="left">Masters' Tournament in House of Scientists</td> <td>1st</td> <td>7/10</td> <td>+6−2=2</td> <td>  </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>1933</td> <td align="left">Leningrad</td> <td align="left">Masters' Tournament</td> <td>1st=</td> <td>10/13</td> <td>+7−0=6</td> <td>  </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>1933</td> <td align="left">Leningrad</td> <td align="left">8th USSR Chess Championship</td> <td>1st</td> <td>14/19</td> <td>+11−2=6</td> <td>  </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>1934</td> <td align="left">Leningrad</td> <td align="left">Tournament including Euwe and Kmoch</td> <td>1st</td> <td>7½/11</td> <td>+5−1=5</td> <td>  </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>1934</td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Hastings_International_Chess_Congress" title="Hastings International Chess Congress">Hastings</a></td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Hastings_International_Chess_Congress" title="Hastings International Chess Congress">Hastings International Chess Congress</a></td> <td>5th=</td> <td>5/9</td> <td>+3−2=4</td> <td>  </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>1935</td> <td align="left">Moscow</td> <td align="left">2nd International Tournament</td> <td>1st=</td> <td>13/19</td> <td>+9−2=8</td> <td>  </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>1936</td> <td align="left">Moscow</td> <td align="left">3rd International Tournament</td> <td>2nd</td> <td>12/18</td> <td>+7−1=10</td> <td>  </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>1936</td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Nottingham" title="Nottingham">Nottingham</a></td> <td align="left">International Tournament</td> <td>1st=</td> <td>10/14</td> <td>+6−0=8</td> <td>  </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>1938</td> <td align="left">Leningrad</td> <td align="left">11th USSR Chess Championship, Semi-finals</td> <td>1st</td> <td>14/17</td> <td>+12−1=4</td> <td>  </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>1938</td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Amsterdam" title="Amsterdam">Amsterdam</a>, etc.</td> <td align="left">AVRO tournament</td> <td>3rd</td> <td>7½/14</td> <td>+3−2=9</td> <td>  </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>1939</td> <td align="left">Leningrad</td> <td align="left">11th USSR Chess Championship</td> <td>1st</td> <td>12½/17</td> <td>+8−0=9</td> <td>  </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>1940</td> <td align="left">Moscow</td> <td align="left">12th USSR Chess Championship</td> <td>5th=</td> <td>11½/19</td> <td>+8−4=7</td> <td>  </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>1941</td> <td align="left">Leningrad, Moscow</td> <td align="left">Absolute Chess Championship of the USSR</td> <td>1st</td> <td>13½/20</td> <td>+9−2=9</td> <td>  </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>1943</td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Yekaterinburg" title="Yekaterinburg">Sverdlovsk</a></td> <td align="left">Masters' Tournament</td> <td>1st</td> <td>10½/14</td> <td>+7−0=7</td> <td>  </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>1943</td> <td align="left">Moscow</td> <td align="left">Moscow Championship</td> <td>1st</td> <td>13½/16</td> <td>+12−1=3</td> <td>  </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>1944</td> <td align="left">Moscow</td> <td align="left">13th USSR Chess Championship</td> <td>1st</td> <td>12½/16</td> <td>+11−2=3</td> <td>  </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>1945</td> <td align="left">Moscow</td> <td align="left">14th USSR Chess Championship</td> <td>1st</td> <td>15/17</td> <td>+13−0=4</td> <td>  </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>1946</td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Groningen_(city)" class="mw-redirect" title="Groningen (city)">Groningen</a></td> <td align="left">International Tournament</td> <td>1st</td> <td>14½/19</td> <td>+13−3=3</td> <td>  </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>1947</td> <td align="left">Moscow</td> <td align="left">Tchigorin Memorial Tournament</td> <td>1st</td> <td>11/15</td> <td>+8−1=6</td> <td>  </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>1948</td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/The_Hague" title="The Hague">The Hague</a>, Moscow</td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/World_Chess_Championship_1948" title="World Chess Championship 1948">World Chess Championship Tournament</a></td> <td>1st</td> <td>14/20</td> <td>+10−2=8</td> <td>  </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>1951</td> <td align="left">Moscow</td> <td align="left">19th USSR Chess Championship</td> <td>5th</td> <td>10/17</td> <td>+6−3=8</td> <td>  </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>1952</td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Budapest" title="Budapest">Budapest</a></td> <td align="left">Maroczy Jubilee</td> <td>3rd=</td> <td>11/17</td> <td>+7−2=8</td> <td>  </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>1952</td> <td align="left">Moscow</td> <td align="left">20th USSR Chess Championship</td> <td>1st=</td> <td>13½/19</td> <td>+9−1=9</td> <td align="left">Defeated Taimanov in a play-off for first place. </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>1955</td> <td align="left">Moscow</td> <td align="left">22nd USSR Chess Championship</td> <td>3rd=</td> <td>11½/19</td> <td>+7−3=9</td> <td>  </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>1956</td> <td align="left">Moscow</td> <td align="left">Alekhine Memorial</td> <td>1st=</td> <td>11/15</td> <td>+8−1=6</td> <td>  </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>1958</td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Wageningen" title="Wageningen">Wageningen</a></td> <td align="left">International Tournament</td> <td>1st</td> <td>4/5</td> <td>+3−0=2</td> <td>  </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>1961/2</td> <td align="left">Hastings</td> <td align="left">International Chess Congress (Premier)</td> <td>1st</td> <td>8/9</td> <td>+7−0=2</td> <td>  </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>1962</td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Stockholm" title="Stockholm">Stockholm</a></td> <td align="left">International Tournament</td> <td>1st</td> <td>8½/9</td> <td>+8−0=1</td> <td>  </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>1965</td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Noordwijk" title="Noordwijk">Noordwijk</a></td> <td align="left">International Tournament</td> <td>1st</td> <td>6/7</td> <td>+5−0=2</td> <td>  </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>1966</td> <td align="left">Amsterdam</td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/IBM_international_chess_tournament" title="IBM international chess tournament">IBM Tournament</a></td> <td>1st</td> <td>7½/9</td> <td>+7−1=1</td> <td>  </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>1966/7</td> <td align="left">Hastings</td> <td align="left">International Chess Congress (Premier)</td> <td>1st</td> <td>6½/9</td> <td>+5−1=3</td> <td>  </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>1967</td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Palma_de_Mallorca" title="Palma de Mallorca">Palma de Mallorca</a></td> <td align="left">International Tournament</td> <td>2nd=</td> <td>12½/17</td> <td>+9−1=7</td> <td>  </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>1968</td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Monte_Carlo" title="Monte Carlo">Monte Carlo</a></td> <td align="left">International Tournament</td> <td>2nd</td> <td>9/13</td> <td>+5−0=8</td> <td>  </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>1969</td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Wijk_aan_Zee" title="Wijk aan Zee">Wijk aan Zee</a></td> <td align="left">Hoogovens (Grandmaster Section)</td> <td>1st=</td> <td>10½/15</td> <td>+6−0=9</td> <td>  </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>1969</td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Belgrade" title="Belgrade">Belgrade</a></td> <td align="left">International Tournament</td> <td>7th</td> <td>8½/15</td> <td>+5−3=7</td> <td>  </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>1970</td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Leiden" title="Leiden">Leiden</a></td> <td align="left">Quadrangular Tournament</td> <td>3rd=</td> <td>5½/12</td> <td>+1−2=9</td> <td align="left">Four players. Each opponent was played four times. </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Match_results">Match results</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mikhail_Botvinnik&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Match results">edit</a>]</div> Here are Botvinnik's results in matches.<a href="#cite_note-Botvinnik100SelectedResults-28">[28]</a> In the second "Score" column, "+" indicates the number of won games, "−" the number of losses, and "=" the number of draws. <table class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center; margin:1em auto 1em auto;"> <tbody><tr> <th>Date</th> <th>Opponent</th> <th>Result</th> <th class="unsortable">Location</th> <th class="unsortable" colspan="2">Score</th> <th class="unsortable">Notes </th></tr> <tr> <td>1933</td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Salo_Flohr" title="Salo Flohr">Salo Flohr</a></td> <td>Tied</td> <td align="left">Moscow, <a href="/wiki/Leningrad" class="mw-redirect" title="Leningrad">Leningrad</a></td> <td>6/12</td> <td>+2−2=8</td> <td>Challenge </td></tr> <tr> <td>1937</td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Grigory_Levenfish" title="Grigory Levenfish">Grigory Levenfish</a></td> <td>Tied</td> <td align="left">Moscow, Leningrad</td> <td>6½/13</td> <td>+5−5=3</td> <td>Challenge </td></tr> <tr> <td>1940</td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Viacheslav_Ragozin" title="Viacheslav Ragozin">Viacheslav Ragozin</a></td> <td>Won</td> <td align="left">Moscow, Leningrad</td> <td>8½/12</td> <td>+5−0=7</td> <td>Training </td></tr> <tr> <td>1951</td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/David_Bronstein" title="David Bronstein">David Bronstein</a></td> <td>Tied</td> <td align="left">Moscow</td> <td>12/24</td> <td>+5−5=14</td> <td>World title </td></tr> <tr> <td>1952</td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Mark_Taimanov" title="Mark Taimanov">Mark Taimanov</a></td> <td>Won</td> <td align="left">Moscow</td> <td>3½/6</td> <td>+1−0=5</td> <td>USSR Ch playoff </td></tr> <tr> <td>1954</td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Vasily_Smyslov" title="Vasily Smyslov">Vasily Smyslov</a></td> <td>Tied</td> <td align="left">Moscow</td> <td>12/24</td> <td>+7−7=10</td> <td>World title </td></tr> <tr> <td>1957</td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Vasily_Smyslov" title="Vasily Smyslov">Vasily Smyslov</a></td> <td>Lost</td> <td align="left">Moscow</td> <td>9½/22</td> <td>+3−6=13</td> <td>World title </td></tr> <tr> <td>1958</td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Vasily_Smyslov" title="Vasily Smyslov">Vasily Smyslov</a></td> <td>Won</td> <td align="left">Moscow</td> <td>12½/23</td> <td>+7−5=11</td> <td>Rematch </td></tr> <tr> <td>1960</td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Tal" title="Mikhail Tal">Mikhail Tal</a></td> <td>Lost</td> <td align="left">Moscow</td> <td>8½/21</td> <td>+2−6=13</td> <td>World title </td></tr> <tr> <td>1961</td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Tal" title="Mikhail Tal">Mikhail Tal</a></td> <td>Won</td> <td align="left">Moscow</td> <td>13/21</td> <td>+10−5=6</td> <td>Rematch </td></tr> <tr> <td>1963</td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Tigran_Petrosian" title="Tigran Petrosian">Tigran Petrosian</a></td> <td>Lost</td> <td align="left">Moscow</td> <td>9½/21</td> <td>+2−5=14</td> <td>World title </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_games">Notable games</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mikhail_Botvinnik&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Notable games">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chessgames.com/perl/chessgame?gid=1031877">Botvinnik vs. Chekhover, Moscow 1935, Réti Opening, 1–0</a><a href="#cite_note-ChernevTwelveGreatChessPlayers-26">[26]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Botvinnik_versus_Capablanca" class="mw-redirect" title="Botvinnik versus Capablanca">Botvinnik vs. Capablanca, AVRO 1938, Nimzoindian Defense, 1–0</a><a href="#cite_note-Fine1952Botvinnik-14">[14]</a> At first sight Botvinnik's opening play looks unpromising, but he knew how his attack would develop.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chessgames.com/perl/chessgame?gid=1032050">Keres vs. Botvinnik, USSR Absolute Championship 1941, Nimzoindian Defense, 0–1</a><a href="#cite_note-Fine1952Botvinnik-14">[14]</a> Playing as <a href="/wiki/First-move_advantage_in_chess" title="First-move advantage in chess">Black</a>, Botvinnik demolishes a world title contender in 22 moves.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chessgames.com/perl/chessgame?gid=1032104">Tolush vs. Botvinnik, USSR Championship 1944, 0–1</a><a href="#cite_note-Fine1952Botvinnik-14">[14]</a> Long-term <dfn><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_chess#positional_sacrifices" title="Glossary of chess">positional sacrifices</a></dfn>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chessgames.com/perl/chessgame?gid=1032119">Denker vs. Botvinnik, US vs USSR radio match 1945, 0–1</a> Botvinnik uses the Botvinnik System in the <a href="/wiki/Semi-Slav_Defense" title="Semi-Slav Defense">Semi-Slav Defense</a> to bulldoze US champion <a href="/wiki/Arnold_Denker" title="Arnold Denker">Arnold Denker</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chessgames.com/perl/chessgame?gid=1032736">Botvinnik vs. Keres, Alekhine Memorial Tournament Moscow 1966, 1–0</a> Botvinnik shows his superior understanding of <dfn><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_chess#closed_game" title="Glossary of chess">closed positions</a></dfn>, and when to open them.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chessgames.com/perl/chessgame?gid=1032787">Botvinnik vs Portisch, Monaco 1968, 1–0</a> A fireworks display starting with an <a href="/wiki/Exchange_sacrifice" class="mw-redirect" title="Exchange sacrifice">exchange sacrifice</a> on the c-file, a tactic on which Botvinnik wrote the book.<a href="#cite_note-Botvinnik100SelectedGames-94">[94]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mikhail_Botvinnik&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.olimpbase.org/Elo/Elo197107e.html">Official Elo rating list published July 1971 – from Olimpbase</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-NYTBotvinnikObit-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NYTBotvinnikObit_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NYTBotvinnikObit_2-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NYTBotvinnikObit_2-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NYTBotvinnikObit_2-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NYTBotvinnikObit_2-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomas,_R._McG._Jr.1995" class="citation news cs1">Thomas, R. McG. Jr. (May 7, 1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=990CEEDC173BF934A35756C0A963958260">"Mikhail Botvinnik, Chess Champion and Teacher of Champions, Dies at 83"</a>. New York Times.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Mikhail+Botvinnik%2C+Chess+Champion+and+Teacher+of+Champions%2C+Dies+at+83&rft.date=1995-05-07&rft.au=Thomas%2C+R.+McG.+Jr.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fquery.nytimes.com%2Fgst%2Ffullpage.html%3Fres%3D990CEEDC173BF934A35756C0A963958260&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMikhail+Botvinnik" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jewishgen.org/Belarus/misc/JewishEncycRussia/b/index.html">"Russian Jewish Encyclopedia"</a>. Belarus SIG. 1995. Retrieved 2009-06-06.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Belarus+SIG&rft.atitle=Russian+Jewish+Encyclopedia&rft.date=1995&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishgen.org%2FBelarus%2Fmisc%2FJewishEncycRussia%2Fb%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMikhail+Botvinnik" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFService2000" class="citation book cs1">Service, R. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=frDGHIxc4EUC&q=kuokkala&pg=PA180">"Russia from Far and Near"</a>. Lenin: a biography. 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Retrieved 2021-01-22.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=centropa.org&rft.atitle=Vladimir+Rabinovich&rft.date=2002-01&rft.aulast=Kovalchuk&rft.aufirst=Svetlana&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.centropa.org%2Fbiography%2Fvladimir-rabinovich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMikhail+Botvinnik" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWinter" class="citation web cs1">Winter, Edward. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.chesshistory.com/winter/extra/graves.html">"Graves of Chess Masters"</a>. Chess Notes.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Chess+Notes&rft.atitle=Graves+of+Chess+Masters&rft.aulast=Winter&rft.aufirst=Edward&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.chesshistory.com%2Fwinter%2Fextra%2Fgraves.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMikhail+Botvinnik" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSosonko2009" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Genna_Sosonko" class="mw-redirect" title="Genna Sosonko">Sosonko, Genna</a> (2009). "A Journey to Immortality. Mikhail Botvinnik". Russian Silhouettes (3rd ed.). New In Chess. <q>My mother was two years older than my father.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=A+Journey+to+Immortality.+Mikhail+Botvinnik&rft.btitle=Russian+Silhouettes&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=New+In+Chess&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Sosonko&rft.aufirst=Genna&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMikhail+Botvinnik" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-BotvinnikFirstMoves-10">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BotvinnikFirstMoves_10-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-BotvinnikFirstMoves_10-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-BotvinnikFirstMoves_10-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-BotvinnikFirstMoves_10-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-BotvinnikFirstMoves_10-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-BotvinnikFirstMoves_10-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-BotvinnikFirstMoves_10-6">g</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBotvinnik" class="citation book cs1">Botvinnik, M.M. "First Moves". Achieving the Aim. Translated by Bernard Cafferty. pp. 1–16.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=First+Moves&rft.btitle=Achieving+the+Aim&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E16&rft.aulast=Botvinnik&rft.aufirst=M.M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMikhail+Botvinnik" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-AchievingTheAim-11"><a href="#cite_ref-AchievingTheAim_11-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBotvinnik1981" class="citation book cs1">Botvinnik, M.M (1981). "The Algorithm of Chess Play". Achieving the Aim. Translated by Bernard Cafferty. Pergamon Press. p. 178.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Algorithm+of+Chess+Play&rft.btitle=Achieving+the+Aim&rft.pages=178&rft.pub=Pergamon+Press&rft.date=1981&rft.aulast=Botvinnik&rft.aufirst=M.M&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMikhail+Botvinnik" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndy_Soltis2014" class="citation book cs1">Andy Soltis (2014). Mikhail Botvinnik: The Life and Games of a World Chess Champion. McFarland & Co. p. 74. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780786473373" title="Special:BookSources/9780786473373"><bdi>9780786473373</bdi></a>. <q>By character they were absolutely opposites," their only child, Olga, recalled in 2012. Gayane was religious, while Botvinnik was fond of saying, "I am an atheist and a communist in the spirit of the first communist on earth, Jesus Christ." He reveled in his "hard character." She was apolitical. He was an ardent Marxist. As time went by, she found it hard to deal with the stress that he seemed to thrive on.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mikhail+Botvinnik%3A+The+Life+and+Games+of+a+World+Chess+Champion&rft.pages=74&rft.pub=McFarland+%26+Co.&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9780786473373&rft.au=Andy+Soltis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMikhail+Botvinnik" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-BotvinnikPolyEntrance-13">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BotvinnikPolyEntrance_13-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-BotvinnikPolyEntrance_13-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-BotvinnikPolyEntrance_13-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-BotvinnikPolyEntrance_13-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-BotvinnikPolyEntrance_13-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBotvinnikCafferty,_B." class="citation book cs1">Botvinnik, M.M.; Cafferty, B. "The Polytechnic". Achieving the Aim. pp. 16–22.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Polytechnic&rft.btitle=Achieving+the+Aim&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E16-%3C%2Fspan%3E22&rft.aulast=Botvinnik&rft.aufirst=M.M.&rft.au=Cafferty%2C+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMikhail+Botvinnik" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fine1952Botvinnik-14">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Fine1952Botvinnik_14-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fine1952Botvinnik_14-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fine1952Botvinnik_14-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fine1952Botvinnik_14-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fine1952Botvinnik_14-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fine1952Botvinnik_14-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fine1952Botvinnik_14-6">g</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFine1952" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Reuben_Fine" title="Reuben Fine">Fine, Reuben</a> (1952). "Mikhail Botvinnik". The World's Great Chess Games. André Deutsch (now as paperback from Dover). pp. 234–43.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Mikhail+Botvinnik&rft.btitle=The+World%27s+Great+Chess+Games&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E234-%3C%2Fspan%3E43&rft.pub=Andr%C3%A9+Deutsch+%28now+as+paperback+from+Dover%29&rft.date=1952&rft.aulast=Fine&rft.aufirst=Reuben&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMikhail+Botvinnik" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://en.chessbase.com/post/mikhail-moiseyevich-botvinnik-hundredth-anniversary/20">"Mikhail Moiseyevich Botvinnik – hundredth anniversary"</a>. 17 August 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mikhail+Moiseyevich+Botvinnik+%E2%80%93+hundredth+anniversary&rft.date=2011-08-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fen.chessbase.com%2Fpost%2Fmikhail-moiseyevich-botvinnik-hundredth-anniversary%2F20&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMikhail+Botvinnik" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-BotvinnikPolyXXXXX-16">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BotvinnikPolyXXXXX_16-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-BotvinnikPolyXXXXX_16-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-BotvinnikPolyXXXXX_16-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-BotvinnikPolyXXXXX_16-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-BotvinnikPolyXXXXX_16-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-BotvinnikPolyXXXXX_16-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-BotvinnikPolyXXXXX_16-6">g</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBotvinnik" class="citation book cs1">Botvinnik, M.M. "The Polytechnic". Achieving the Aim. Translated by Bernard Cafferty. pp. 23–39.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Polytechnic&rft.btitle=Achieving+the+Aim&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E23-%3C%2Fspan%3E39&rft.aulast=Botvinnik&rft.aufirst=M.M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMikhail+Botvinnik" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> How to Play the French Defence, by <a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Uhlmann" title="Wolfgang Uhlmann">Wolfgang Uhlmann</a>, Mikhail Botvinnik, <a href="/wiki/Viktor_Korchnoi" title="Viktor Korchnoi">Viktor Korchnoi</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Anatoly_Karpov" title="Anatoly Karpov">Anatoly Karpov</a>, RHM Press, 1975, introduction </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlexey_Popovsky" class="citation web cs1">Alexey Popovsky. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://al20102007.narod.ru/ch_repub/1931/ch_len31.html">"8 Championship of Leningrad- 1931"</a>. Russian Chess Base.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Russian+Chess+Base&rft.atitle=8+Championship+of+Leningrad-+1931&rft.au=Alexey+Popovsky&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fal20102007.narod.ru%2Fch_repub%2F1931%2Fch_len31.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMikhail+Botvinnik" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndy_Soltis2014" class="citation book cs1">Andy Soltis (2014). Mikhail Botvinnik: The Life and Games of a World Chess Champion. McFarland & Co. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780786473373" title="Special:BookSources/9780786473373"><bdi>9780786473373</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mikhail+Botvinnik%3A+The+Life+and+Games+of+a+World+Chess+Champion&rft.pub=McFarland+%26+Co.&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9780786473373&rft.au=Andy+Soltis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMikhail+Botvinnik" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chessgames.com/perl/chessgame?gid=1031833">"Botvinnik vs. Yudovich, USSR Ch. 1933"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Chessgames.com" title="Chessgames.com">Chessgames.com</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Chessgames.com&rft.atitle=Botvinnik+vs.+Yudovich%2C+USSR+Ch.+1933&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chessgames.com%2Fperl%2Fchessgame%3Fgid%3D1031833&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMikhail+Botvinnik" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-CreeSovietChampionship1920To1991-21">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CreeSovietChampionship1920To1991_21-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CreeSovietChampionship1920To1991_21-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CreeSovietChampionship1920To1991_21-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CreeSovietChampionship1920To1991_21-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CreeSovietChampionship1920To1991_21-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CreeSovietChampionship1920To1991_21-5">f</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCree,_G." class="citation web cs1">Cree, G. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080128115927/http://members.aol.com/graemecree/chesschamps/ussr/index.htm">"The Soviet Chess Championship 1920–1991"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://members.aol.com/graemecree/chesschamps/ussr/index.htm">the original</a> on January 28, 2008. Retrieved 2009-06-07.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Soviet+Chess+Championship+1920%E2%80%931991&rft.au=Cree%2C+G.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmembers.aol.com%2Fgraemecree%2Fchesschamps%2Fussr%2Findex.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMikhail+Botvinnik" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fine1952Euwe-22"><a href="#cite_ref-Fine1952Euwe_22-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFine1952" class="citation book cs1">Fine, Reuben (1952). "Max Euwe". The World's Great Chess Games. André Deutsch. pp. 192–200.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Max+Euwe&rft.btitle=The+World%27s+Great+Chess+Games&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E192-%3C%2Fspan%3E200&rft.pub=Andr%C3%A9+Deutsch&rft.date=1952&rft.aulast=Fine&rft.aufirst=Reuben&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMikhail+Botvinnik" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-BotvinnikPostgradXXXXX-23">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BotvinnikPostgradXXXXX_23-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-BotvinnikPostgradXXXXX_23-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-BotvinnikPostgradXXXXX_23-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-BotvinnikPostgradXXXXX_23-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-BotvinnikPostgradXXXXX_23-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-BotvinnikPostgradXXXXX_23-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-BotvinnikPostgradXXXXX_23-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-BotvinnikPostgradXXXXX_23-7">h</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBotvinnikCafferty,_B." class="citation book cs1">Botvinnik, M.M.; Cafferty, B. "Postgraduate Study". Achieving the Aim. pp. 41–62.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Postgraduate+Study&rft.btitle=Achieving+the+Aim&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E41-%3C%2Fspan%3E62&rft.aulast=Botvinnik&rft.aufirst=M.M.&rft.au=Cafferty%2C+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMikhail+Botvinnik" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-One_Hundred_Selected_Games_1946-24">^ <a href="#cite_ref-One_Hundred_Selected_Games_1946_24-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-One_Hundred_Selected_Games_1946_24-1">b</a> One Hundred Selected Games (to 1946), by Mikhail Botvinnik, Dover Publishers </li> <li id="cite_note-Golombek1959Capas100BestReturn-25">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Golombek1959Capas100BestReturn_25-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Golombek1959Capas100BestReturn_25-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Golombek1959Capas100BestReturn_25-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGolombek,_H.1959" class="citation book cs1">Golombek, H. (1959). "Triumphant Return". Capablanca's Hundred Best Games of Chess. G. Bell & Sons. pp. 203–249.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Triumphant+Return&rft.btitle=Capablanca%27s+Hundred+Best+Games+of+Chess&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E203-%3C%2Fspan%3E249&rft.pub=G.+Bell+%26+Sons&rft.date=1959&rft.au=Golombek%2C+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMikhail+Botvinnik" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ChernevTwelveGreatChessPlayers-26">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ChernevTwelveGreatChessPlayers_26-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ChernevTwelveGreatChessPlayers_26-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChernev,_I.1995" class="citation book cs1">Chernev, I. (1995). Twelve Great Chess Players and Their Best Games. Courier Dover Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-486-28674-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-486-28674-6"><bdi>0-486-28674-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Twelve+Great+Chess+Players+and+Their+Best+Games&rft.pub=Courier+Dover+Publications&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=0-486-28674-6&rft.au=Chernev%2C+I.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMikhail+Botvinnik" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-BotvinnikAchievingChallengeToAlekhine-27">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BotvinnikAchievingChallengeToAlekhine_27-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-BotvinnikAchievingChallengeToAlekhine_27-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-BotvinnikAchievingChallengeToAlekhine_27-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-BotvinnikAchievingChallengeToAlekhine_27-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-BotvinnikAchievingChallengeToAlekhine_27-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-BotvinnikAchievingChallengeToAlekhine_27-5">f</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBotvinnikCafferty,_B." class="citation book cs1">Botvinnik, M.M.; Cafferty, B. "The Match that was Never Played". Achieving the Aim. pp. 69–74.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Match+that+was+Never+Played&rft.btitle=Achieving+the+Aim&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E69-%3C%2Fspan%3E74&rft.aulast=Botvinnik&rft.aufirst=M.M.&rft.au=Cafferty%2C+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMikhail+Botvinnik" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Botvinnik100SelectedResults-28">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Botvinnik100SelectedResults_28-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Botvinnik100SelectedResults_28-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Botvinnik100SelectedResults_28-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Botvinnik100SelectedResults_28-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Botvinnik100SelectedResults_28-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Botvinnik100SelectedResults_28-5">f</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBotvinnikGarry,_S.1960" class="citation book cs1">Botvinnik, M.M.; Garry, S. (1960) [1949; translation pub. 1960]. "Results in Tournaments and Matches". One Hundred Selected Games. Dover. pp. 269–270.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Results+in+Tournaments+and+Matches&rft.btitle=One+Hundred+Selected+Games&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E269-%3C%2Fspan%3E270&rft.pub=Dover&rft.date=1960&rft.aulast=Botvinnik&rft.aufirst=M.M.&rft.au=Garry%2C+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMikhail+Botvinnik" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-EndGameDotNLMatches-29"><a href="#cite_ref-EndGameDotNLMatches_29-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20121209031335/http://www.endgame.nl/match.htm">"Chess Matches: from Lopez to Kramnik"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.endgame.nl/match.htm">the original</a> on 2012-12-09. Retrieved 2009-06-11.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Chess+Matches%3A+from+Lopez+to+Kramnik&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.endgame.nl%2Fmatch.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMikhail+Botvinnik" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-USSRChampionship1945-30"><a href="#cite_ref-USSRChampionship1945_30-0">^</a> The sources agree that Botvinnik was only two points short of white-washing his opposition, but disagree about the number of games played. There is a full tournament table giving Botvinnik a score of 15/17 at <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080128115927/http://members.aol.com/graemecree/chesschamps/ussr/ussr14.htm">"14th USSR Championship, Moscow 1945"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://members.aol.com/graemecree/chesschamps/ussr/ussr14.htm">the original</a> on January 28, 2008. Retrieved 2009-06-11.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=14th+USSR+Championship%2C+Moscow+1945&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmembers.aol.com%2Fgraemecree%2Fchesschamps%2Fussr%2Fussr14.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMikhail+Botvinnik" class="Z3988"> But Chessmetrics says the score was 16/18, at <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://chessmetrics.com/cm/CM2/SingleEvent.asp?Params=199510SSSSS3S015154000000121100222100000010100">"Event Details: Moscow (URS Championship), 1945"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Event+Details%3A+Moscow+%28URS+Championship%29%2C+1945&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fchessmetrics.com%2Fcm%2FCM2%2FSingleEvent.asp%3FParams%3D199510SSSSS3S015154000000121100222100000010100&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMikhail+Botvinnik" class="Z3988"> The difference is that Chessmetrics says <a href="/wiki/Salo_Flohr" title="Salo Flohr">Salo Flohr</a> also competed, but scored only 1/3 as he then retired from the tournament. </li> <li id="cite_note-Winter2003Interregnum-31">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Winter2003Interregnum_31-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Winter2003Interregnum_31-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Winter2003Interregnum_31-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Winter2003Interregnum_31-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWinter,_E.2003–2004" class="citation web cs1">Winter, E. (2003–2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chesshistory.com/winter/extra/interregnum.html">"Interregnum"</a>. Chess Notes.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Interregnum&rft.pub=Chess+Notes&rft.date=2003%2F2004&rft.au=Winter%2C+E.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chesshistory.com%2Fwinter%2Fextra%2Finterregnum.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMikhail+Botvinnik" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-endgameAVRO1938-32"><a href="#cite_ref-endgameAVRO1938_32-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081020142455/http://www.endgame.nl/AVRO1938.htm">"AVRO 1938"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.endgame.nl/AVRO1938.htm">the original</a> on 2008-10-20.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=AVRO+1938&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.endgame.nl%2FAVRO1938.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMikhail+Botvinnik" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-KharitonBattleThatNeverWas-33"><a href="#cite_ref-KharitonBattleThatNeverWas_33-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKhariton,_L.2004" class="citation web cs1">Khariton, L. (2004-12-29). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051123104452/http://ryxi.com/games/78-639-lev-khariton-the-battle-that-never-was-read.shtml">"Lev Khariton:The Battle That Never Was"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ryxi.com/games/78-639-lev-khariton-the-battle-that-never-was-read.shtml">the original</a> on 2005-11-23. Retrieved 2008-05-23.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Lev+Khariton%3AThe+Battle+That+Never+Was&rft.date=2004-12-29&rft.au=Khariton%2C+L.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fryxi.com%2Fgames%2F78-639-lev-khariton-the-battle-that-never-was-read.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMikhail+Botvinnik" class="Z3988"> Based on Botvinnik's memoirs. </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBotvinnikCafferty,_B." class="citation book cs1">Botvinnik, M.M.; Cafferty, B. "The Match that was Never Played". Achieving the Aim. pp. 75–76.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Match+that+was+Never+Played&rft.btitle=Achieving+the+Aim&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E75-%3C%2Fspan%3E76&rft.aulast=Botvinnik&rft.aufirst=M.M.&rft.au=Cafferty%2C+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMikhail+Botvinnik" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBotvinnikCafferty,_B." class="citation book cs1">Botvinnik, M.M.; Cafferty, B. "The Match that was Never Played". Achieving the Aim. pp. 78–80.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Match+that+was+Never+Played&rft.btitle=Achieving+the+Aim&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E78-%3C%2Fspan%3E80&rft.aulast=Botvinnik&rft.aufirst=M.M.&rft.au=Cafferty%2C+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMikhail+Botvinnik" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-SportsIllustrated1960NodForATitle-36">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SportsIllustrated1960NodForATitle_36-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SportsIllustrated1960NodForATitle_36-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStevens1960" class="citation magazine cs1">Stevens, E. (May 30, 1960). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://vault.si.com/vault/1960/05/30/a-nod-for-a-title">"A Nod For A Title"</a>. Sports Illustrated. Retrieved 2009-08-14.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sports+Illustrated&rft.atitle=A+Nod+For+A+Title&rft.date=1960-05-30&rft.aulast=Stevens&rft.aufirst=E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fvault.si.com%2Fvault%2F1960%2F05%2F30%2Fa-nod-for-a-title&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMikhail+Botvinnik" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-BotvinnikAchievingPerm-37">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BotvinnikAchievingPerm_37-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-BotvinnikAchievingPerm_37-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-BotvinnikAchievingPerm_37-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-BotvinnikAchievingPerm_37-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBotvinnikCafferty,_B." class="citation book cs1">Botvinnik, M.M.; Cafferty, B. "The Match that was Never Played". Achieving the Aim. pp. 81–86.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Match+that+was+Never+Played&rft.btitle=Achieving+the+Aim&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E81-%3C%2Fspan%3E86&rft.aulast=Botvinnik&rft.aufirst=M.M.&rft.au=Cafferty%2C+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMikhail+Botvinnik" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPenfield2006" class="citation book cs1">Penfield, M. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ffpPAYq7Kr0C&q=perm+molotov&pg=PA142">Horoscopes of Europe</a>. American Federation of Astrology. p. 142. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-86690-567-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-86690-567-7"><bdi>0-86690-567-7</bdi></a>. Retrieved 2009-06-11.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Horoscopes+of+Europe&rft.pages=142&rft.pub=American+Federation+of+Astrology&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0-86690-567-7&rft.aulast=Penfield&rft.aufirst=M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DffpPAYq7Kr0C%26q%3Dperm%2Bmolotov%26pg%3DPA142&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMikhail+Botvinnik" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chessgames.com/perl/chesscollection?cid=1009466">"Sverdlovsk 1943"</a>. Retrieved 2009-06-06.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sverdlovsk+1943&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chessgames.com%2Fperl%2Fchesscollection%3Fcid%3D1009466&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMikhail+Botvinnik" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFruth" class="citation web cs1">Fruth, M. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040603154818/http://www.chessbase.com/shop/product.asp?pid=197">"The Greatest Tournaments in the History of Chess"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chessbase.com/shop/product.asp?pid=197">the original</a> on 2004-06-03. Retrieved 2009-06-06.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Greatest+Tournaments+in+the+History+of+Chess&rft.aulast=Fruth&rft.aufirst=M.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chessbase.com%2Fshop%2Fproduct.asp%3Fpid%3D197&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMikhail+Botvinnik" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-BotvinnikAchievingMachinations1943To1946-41">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BotvinnikAchievingMachinations1943To1946_41-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-BotvinnikAchievingMachinations1943To1946_41-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBotvinnikCafferty,_B." class="citation book cs1">Botvinnik, M.M.; Cafferty, B. "The Match that was Never Played". Achieving the Aim. pp. 88–98.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Match+that+was+Never+Played&rft.btitle=Achieving+the+Aim&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E88-%3C%2Fspan%3E98&rft.aulast=Botvinnik&rft.aufirst=M.M.&rft.au=Cafferty%2C+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMikhail+Botvinnik" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-name-42"><a href="#cite_ref-name_42-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKingston,_T.2002" class="citation web cs1">Kingston, T. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chesscafe.com/text/skittles181.pdf">"Yuri Averbakh: An Interview with History – Part 1"</a> (PDF). The Chess Cafe.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Yuri+Averbakh%3A+An+Interview+with+History+%E2%80%93+Part+1&rft.pub=The+Chess+Cafe&rft.date=2002&rft.au=Kingston%2C+T.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chesscafe.com%2Ftext%2Fskittles181.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMikhail+Botvinnik" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pachman1987Groningen1946-43"><a href="#cite_ref-Pachman1987Groningen1946_43-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPachman1987" class="citation book cs1">Pachman, L. (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jlgJTCyonAgC&q=%22Decisive+Games+in+Chess+History%22+pachman+Groningen+1946&pg=PA118">"Groningen 1946: Defeat of the Two Leaders"</a>. Decisive Games in Chess History. Courier Dover. pp. 118–124. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-486-25323-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-486-25323-6"><bdi>0-486-25323-6</bdi></a>. Retrieved 2009-06-11.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Groningen+1946%3A+Defeat+of+the+Two+Leaders&rft.btitle=Decisive+Games+in+Chess+History&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E118-%3C%2Fspan%3E124&rft.pub=Courier+Dover&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=0-486-25323-6&rft.aulast=Pachman&rft.aufirst=L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjlgJTCyonAgC%26q%3D%2522Decisive%2BGames%2Bin%2BChess%2BHistory%2522%2Bpachman%2BGroningen%2B1946%26pg%3DPA118&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMikhail+Botvinnik" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Botvinnik100SelectedGroningen1946-44"><a href="#cite_ref-Botvinnik100SelectedGroningen1946_44-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBotvinnikGarry,_S.1960" class="citation book cs1">Botvinnik, M.M.; Garry, S. (1960) [1949; translation pub. 1960]. "Nineteen-Fortysix". One Hundred Selected Games. Dover. p. 242.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Nineteen-Fortysix&rft.btitle=One+Hundred+Selected+Games&rft.pages=242&rft.pub=Dover&rft.date=1960&rft.aulast=Botvinnik&rft.aufirst=M.M.&rft.au=Garry%2C+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMikhail+Botvinnik" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-BotvinnikAchieving1946-45"><a href="#cite_ref-BotvinnikAchieving1946_45-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBotvinnikCafferty,_B." class="citation book cs1">Botvinnik, M.M.; Cafferty, B. "The Match-tournament, 1848". Achieving the Aim. pp. 99–.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Match-tournament%2C+1848&rft.btitle=Achieving+the+Aim&rft.pages=99-&rft.aulast=Botvinnik&rft.aufirst=M.M.&rft.au=Cafferty%2C+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMikhail+Botvinnik" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrace1977" class="citation book cs1">Brace, E.R. (1977). An Illustrated Dictionary of Chess. Hamlyn Publishing Group. p. 123. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-55521-394-4" title="Special:BookSources/1-55521-394-4"><bdi>1-55521-394-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Illustrated+Dictionary+of+Chess&rft.pages=123&rft.pub=Hamlyn+Publishing+Group&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=1-55521-394-4&rft.aulast=Brace&rft.aufirst=E.R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMikhail+Botvinnik" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sorcerer-47">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sorcerer_47-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sorcerer_47-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sorcerer_47-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sorcerer_47-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBronstein,_D._and_Furstenberg,_T.1995" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Bronstein" title="David Bronstein">Bronstein, D.</a> and Furstenberg, T. (1995). The Sorcerer's Apprentice. London and New York: Cadogan Chess.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sorcerer%27s+Apprentice&rft.place=London+and+New+York&rft.pub=Cadogan+Chess&rft.date=1995&rft.au=Bronstein%2C+D.+and+Furstenberg%2C+T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMikhail+Botvinnik" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> Botvinnik's Best Games 1947–1970, by Mikhail Botvinnik, introduction by Viktor Baturinsky, p. 2, translated by Bernard Cafferty; Batsford Publishers, London 1972 </li> <li id="cite_note-Weeks1948WorldChampionshipTournament-49"><a href="#cite_ref-Weeks1948WorldChampionshipTournament_49-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeeks,_M." class="citation web cs1">Weeks, M. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mark-weeks.com/chess/48$c$wix.htm">"World Chess Championship: 1948 FIDE Title Tournament"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=World+Chess+Championship%3A+1948+FIDE+Title+Tournament&rft.au=Weeks%2C+M.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mark-weeks.com%2Fchess%2F48%24c%24wix.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMikhail+Botvinnik" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> Grandmaster Tal tells a different version of events in his autobiography, "The Life and Games of Mikhail Tal". 1997. Reprint ed. Everyman Chess, 2013, p. 21. </li> <li id="cite_note-WeeksBotvinnikBronstein1951-51"><a href="#cite_ref-WeeksBotvinnikBronstein1951_51-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeeks,_M." class="citation web cs1">Weeks, M. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mark-weeks.com/chess/4951$wix.htm">"World Chess Championship: 1951 Botvinnik–Bronstein Title Match"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=World+Chess+Championship%3A+1951+Botvinnik%E2%80%93Bronstein+Title+Match&rft.au=Weeks%2C+M.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mark-weeks.com%2Fchess%2F4951%24wix.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMikhail+Botvinnik" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-WeeksBotvinnikSmyslov1954-52"><a href="#cite_ref-WeeksBotvinnikSmyslov1954_52-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeeks,_M." class="citation web cs1">Weeks, M. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mark-weeks.com/chess/5254$wix.htm">"World Chess Championship: 1954 Botvinnik–Smyslov Title Match"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=World+Chess+Championship%3A+1954+Botvinnik%E2%80%93Smyslov+Title+Match&rft.au=Weeks%2C+M.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mark-weeks.com%2Fchess%2F5254%24wix.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMikhail+Botvinnik" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-WeeksSmyslovBotvinnik1957-53"><a href="#cite_ref-WeeksSmyslovBotvinnik1957_53-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeeks,_M." class="citation web cs1">Weeks, M. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mark-weeks.com/chess/55571wix.htm">"World Chess Championship: 1957 Smyslov–Botvinnik Title Match"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=World+Chess+Championship%3A+1957+Smyslov%E2%80%93Botvinnik+Title+Match&rft.au=Weeks%2C+M.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mark-weeks.com%2Fchess%2F55571wix.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMikhail+Botvinnik" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-WeeksBotvinnikSmyslov1958-54"><a href="#cite_ref-WeeksBotvinnikSmyslov1958_54-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeeks,_M." class="citation web cs1">Weeks, M. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mark-weeks.com/chess/55572wix.htm">"World Chess Championship: 1958 Botvinnik–Smyslov Title Match"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=World+Chess+Championship%3A+1958+Botvinnik%E2%80%93Smyslov+Title+Match&rft.au=Weeks%2C+M.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mark-weeks.com%2Fchess%2F55572wix.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMikhail+Botvinnik" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-JWatsonBkRev81-55"><a href="#cite_ref-JWatsonBkRev81_55-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWatson,_J." class="citation web cs1">Watson, J. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080509200543/http://www.chess.co.uk/twic/jwatsonbkrev81.html">"Book Reviews by John Watson"</a>. chess.co.uk. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chess.co.uk/twic/jwatsonbkrev81.html">the original</a> on 2008-05-09.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Book+Reviews+by+John+Watson&rft.pub=chess.co.uk&rft.au=Watson%2C+J.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chess.co.uk%2Ftwic%2Fjwatsonbkrev81.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMikhail+Botvinnik" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-WeeksTalBotvinnik1960-56"><a href="#cite_ref-WeeksTalBotvinnik1960_56-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeeks,_M." class="citation web cs1">Weeks, M. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mark-weeks.com/chess/58601wix.htm">"World Chess Championship: 1960 Tal–Botvinnik Title Match"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=World+Chess+Championship%3A+1960+Tal%E2%80%93Botvinnik+Title+Match&rft.au=Weeks%2C+M.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mark-weeks.com%2Fchess%2F58601wix.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMikhail+Botvinnik" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-WeeksBotvinnikTal1961a-57"><a href="#cite_ref-WeeksBotvinnikTal1961a_57-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeeks,_M." class="citation web cs1">Weeks, M. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mark-weeks.com/chess/58602wix.htm">"World Chess Championship: 1961 Botvinnik–Tal Title Match"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=World+Chess+Championship%3A+1961+Botvinnik%E2%80%93Tal+Title+Match&rft.au=Weeks%2C+M.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mark-weeks.com%2Fchess%2F58602wix.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMikhail+Botvinnik" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-chessgamesTalBotvinnik1961-58"><a href="#cite_ref-chessgamesTalBotvinnik1961_58-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chessgames.com/perl/chess.pl?tid=54393">"Tal vs. Botvinnik 1961"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Chessgames.com" title="Chessgames.com">Chessgames.com</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Chessgames.com&rft.atitle=Tal+vs.+Botvinnik+1961&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chessgames.com%2Fperl%2Fchess.pl%3Ftid%3D54393&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMikhail+Botvinnik" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-KeeneDivinskyWarriors-59">^ <a href="#cite_ref-KeeneDivinskyWarriors_59-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-KeeneDivinskyWarriors_59-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-KeeneDivinskyWarriors_59-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-KeeneDivinskyWarriors_59-3">d</a> Warriors of the Mind, <a href="/wiki/Raymond_Keene" title="Raymond Keene">Raymond Keene</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nathan_Divinsky" title="Nathan Divinsky">Nathan Divinsky</a>, 1989. </li> <li id="cite_note-WeeksBotvinnikTal1961b-60"><a href="#cite_ref-WeeksBotvinnikTal1961b_60-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeeks,_M." class="citation web cs1">Weeks, M. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mark-weeks.com/chess/6163$wix.htm">"World Chess Championship: 1963 Petrosian-Botvinnik Title Match"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=World+Chess+Championship%3A+1963+Petrosian-Botvinnik+Title+Match&rft.au=Weeks%2C+M.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mark-weeks.com%2Fchess%2F6163%24wix.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMikhail+Botvinnik" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-avlerchessChessOlympiad1952-61">^ <a href="#cite_ref-avlerchessChessOlympiad1952_61-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-avlerchessChessOlympiad1952_61-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-unfit"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081011195138/http://www.avlerchess.com/chess-misc/USSR_first_entered_Chess_Olympiad_in_1952_287587.html">"USSR first entered Chess Olympiad 1952"</a>. Archived from the original on October 11, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=USSR+first+entered+Chess+Olympiad+1952&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.avlerchess.com%2Fchess-misc%2FUSSR_first_entered_Chess_Olympiad_in_1952_287587.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMikhail+Botvinnik" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bronstein2007ChessforDadsJailers-62">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bronstein2007ChessforDadsJailers_62-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bronstein2007ChessforDadsJailers_62-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSaidy,_A.2007" class="citation web cs1">Saidy, A. (December 3, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://main.uschess.org/content/view/8042/365">"Bronstein: I Played Chess For My Dad's Jailers"</a>. United States Chess Federation.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bronstein%3A+I+Played+Chess+For+My+Dad%27s+Jailers&rft.pub=United+States+Chess+Federation&rft.date=2007-12-03&rft.au=Saidy%2C+A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmain.uschess.org%2Fcontent%2Fview%2F8042%2F365&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMikhail+Botvinnik" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-BotvinniksBestGames1947To1970-63">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BotvinniksBestGames1947To1970_63-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-BotvinniksBestGames1947To1970_63-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBotvinnik,_M.M.1972" class="citation book cs1">Botvinnik, M.M. (1972). Botvinnik's Best Games 1947–1970. Translated by Bernard Cafferty. Batsford. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7134-0537-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7134-0537-8"><bdi>978-0-7134-0537-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Botvinnik%27s+Best+Games+1947%E2%80%931970&rft.pub=Batsford&rft.date=1972&rft.isbn=978-0-7134-0537-8&rft.au=Botvinnik%2C+M.M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMikhail+Botvinnik" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-olimpbasePlayerList-64"><a href="#cite_ref-olimpbasePlayerList_64-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090219230247/http://www.olimpbase.org/players2.html">"Player list"</a>. olimpbase.org. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.olimpbase.org/players2.html">the original</a> on 2009-02-19.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Player+list&rft.pub=olimpbase.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.olimpbase.org%2Fplayers2.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMikhail+Botvinnik" class="Z3988"> Click Botvinnik's name and a pop-up appears that summarises his Olympiad playing record. </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110719083028/http://www.scr-kuppenheim.de/extra/sosonko.htm">"Extra Chess: Genna Sosonko, Russian Silhouettes"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scr-kuppenheim.de/extra/sosonko.htm">the original</a> on 2011-07-19. Retrieved 2008-11-25.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Extra+Chess%3A+Genna+Sosonko%2C+Russian+Silhouettes&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scr-kuppenheim.de%2Fextra%2Fsosonko.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMikhail+Botvinnik" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kingston2001BotvinnikKeresRevisited-66"><a href="#cite_ref-Kingston2001BotvinnikKeresRevisited_66-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKingston,_T.2001" class="citation web cs1">Kingston, T. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chesscafe.com/text/skittles165.pdf">"The Keres–Botvinnik Case Revisited: A Further Survey of the Evidence"</a> (PDF). The Chess Cafe.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Keres%E2%80%93Botvinnik+Case+Revisited%3A+A+Further+Survey+of+the+Evidence&rft.pub=The+Chess+Cafe&rft.date=2001&rft.au=Kingston%2C+T.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chesscafe.com%2Ftext%2Fskittles165.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMikhail+Botvinnik" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-MouleNye2006DidSovietsCollude-67"><a href="#cite_ref-MouleNye2006DidSovietsCollude_67-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoul,_C.Nye,_J.V.C.2006" class="citation web cs1">Moul, C.; Nye, J.V.C. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100612191439/http://weber.ucsd.edu/~jlbroz/PElunch/sovietchesscartel.pdf">"Did the Soviets Collude?: A Statistical Analysis of Championship Chess 1940–64"</a> (PDF). Washington University in St. Louis. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://weber.ucsd.edu/~jlbroz/PElunch/sovietchesscartel.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 2010-06-12.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Did+the+Soviets+Collude%3F%3A+A+Statistical+Analysis+of+Championship+Chess+1940%E2%80%9364&rft.pub=Washington+University+in+St.+Louis&rft.date=2006&rft.au=Moul%2C+C.&rft.au=Nye%2C+J.V.C.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fweber.ucsd.edu%2F~jlbroz%2FPElunch%2Fsovietchesscartel.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMikhail+Botvinnik" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Botvinnik1981AchievingAim-68"><a href="#cite_ref-Botvinnik1981AchievingAim_68-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBotvinnik,_M.M.1981" class="citation book cs1">Botvinnik, M.M. (1981). Achieving the Aim. Pergamon Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-08-024120-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-08-024120-4"><bdi>0-08-024120-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Achieving+the+Aim&rft.pub=Pergamon+Press&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=0-08-024120-4&rft.au=Botvinnik%2C+M.M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMikhail+Botvinnik" class="Z3988"> This is the English translation. The Rabinovich incident is summarized at <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKingston,_T.1998" class="citation web cs1">Kingston, T. (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chesscafe.com/text/kb2.pdf">"The Keres–Botvinnik Case: A Survey of the Evidence – Part II"</a> (PDF). The Chess Cafe.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Keres%E2%80%93Botvinnik+Case%3A+A+Survey+of+the+Evidence+%E2%80%93+Part+II&rft.pub=The+Chess+Cafe&rft.date=1998&rft.au=Kingston%2C+T.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chesscafe.com%2Ftext%2Fkb2.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMikhail+Botvinnik" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVarnusz,_E.1994" class="citation book cs1">Varnusz, E. (1994). Paul Keres' Best Games, Volume 1: Closed Games. London: Cadogan. p. xi. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85744-064-1" title="Special:BookSources/1-85744-064-1"><bdi>1-85744-064-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Paul+Keres%27+Best+Games%2C+Volume+1%3A+Closed+Games&rft.place=London&rft.pages=xi&rft.pub=Cadogan&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=1-85744-064-1&rft.au=Varnusz%2C+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMikhail+Botvinnik" class="Z3988"> (translated by Andras Barabas) </li> <li id="cite_note-Hartston1995BotvinnikObit-70"><a href="#cite_ref-Hartston1995BotvinnikObit_70-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHartston,_W.1995" class="citation web cs1">Hartston, W. (May 8, 1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081011190222/http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qn4158/is_19950508/ai_n13981379">"Obituary : Mikhail Botvinnik"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Independent" title="The Independent">The Independent</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qn4158/is_19950508/ai_n13981379">the original</a> on October 11, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=Obituary+%3A+Mikhail+Botvinnik&rft.date=1995-05-08&rft.au=Hartston%2C+W.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffindarticles.com%2Fp%2Farticles%2Fmi_qn4158%2Fis_19950508%2Fai_n13981379&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMikhail+Botvinnik" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-KingstonBotvinnikKeres-71"><a href="#cite_ref-KingstonBotvinnikKeres_71-0">^</a> Kingston wrote a 2-part series: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKingston,_T.1998" class="citation web cs1">Kingston, T. (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chesscafe.com/text/kb1.pdf">"The Keres–Botvinnik Case: A Survey of the Evidence – Part I"</a> (PDF). The Chess Cafe.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Keres%E2%80%93Botvinnik+Case%3A+A+Survey+of+the+Evidence+%E2%80%93+Part+I&rft.pub=The+Chess+Cafe&rft.date=1998&rft.au=Kingston%2C+T.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chesscafe.com%2Ftext%2Fkb1.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMikhail+Botvinnik" class="Z3988"> and <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKingston,_T.1998" class="citation web cs1">Kingston, T. (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chesscafe.com/text/kb2.pdf">"The Keres–Botvinnik Case: A Survey of the Evidence – Part II"</a> (PDF). The Chess Cafe.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Keres%E2%80%93Botvinnik+Case%3A+A+Survey+of+the+Evidence+%E2%80%93+Part+II&rft.pub=The+Chess+Cafe&rft.date=1998&rft.au=Kingston%2C+T.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chesscafe.com%2Ftext%2Fkb2.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMikhail+Botvinnik" class="Z3988"> Kingston published a further article, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKingston,_T.2001" class="citation web cs1">Kingston, T. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chesscafe.com/text/skittles165.pdf">"The Keres–Botvinnik Case Revisited: A Further Survey of the Evidence"</a> (PDF). The Chess Cafe.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Keres%E2%80%93Botvinnik+Case+Revisited%3A+A+Further+Survey+of+the+Evidence&rft.pub=The+Chess+Cafe&rft.date=2001&rft.au=Kingston%2C+T.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chesscafe.com%2Ftext%2Fskittles165.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMikhail+Botvinnik" class="Z3988"> after the publication of further evidence which he summarizes in his third article. In a subsequent two-part interview with Kingston, Soviet grandmaster and official <a href="/wiki/Yuri_Averbakh" title="Yuri Averbakh">Yuri Averbakh</a> said that: Stalin would not have given orders that Keres should lose to Botvinnik; Smyslov would probably have been the candidate most preferred by officials; Keres was under severe psychological stress as a result of the multiple invasions of his home country, <a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a>, and of his subsequent treatment by Soviet officials up to late 1946; and Keres was less tough mentally than his rivals – <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKingston,_T.2002" class="citation web cs1">Kingston, T. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chesscafe.com/text/skittles181.pdf">"Yuri Averbakh: An Interview with History – Part 1"</a> (PDF). The Chess Cafe.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Yuri+Averbakh%3A+An+Interview+with+History+%E2%80%93+Part+1&rft.pub=The+Chess+Cafe&rft.date=2002&rft.au=Kingston%2C+T.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chesscafe.com%2Ftext%2Fskittles181.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMikhail+Botvinnik" class="Z3988"> and <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKingston,_T.2002" class="citation web cs1">Kingston, T. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chesscafe.com/text/skittles183.pdf">"Yuri Averbakh: An Interview with History – Part 2"</a> (PDF). The Chess Cafe.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Yuri+Averbakh%3A+An+Interview+with+History+%E2%80%93+Part+2&rft.pub=The+Chess+Cafe&rft.date=2002&rft.au=Kingston%2C+T.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chesscafe.com%2Ftext%2Fskittles183.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMikhail+Botvinnik" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-chessbaseBronstein23rd-72"><a href="#cite_ref-chessbaseBronstein23rd_72-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chessbase.com/newsdetail.asp?newsid=946">"Bronstein's fateful 23rd game"</a>. chessbase.com. 10 May 2003.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bronstein%27s+fateful+23rd+game&rft.pub=chessbase.com&rft.date=2003-05-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chessbase.com%2Fnewsdetail.asp%3Fnewsid%3D946&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMikhail+Botvinnik" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kingston2002InterviewAverbakhPart2-73">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kingston2002InterviewAverbakhPart2_73-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kingston2002InterviewAverbakhPart2_73-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kingston2002InterviewAverbakhPart2_73-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKingston,_T.2002" class="citation web cs1">Kingston, T. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chesscafe.com/text/skittles183.pdf">"Yuri Averbakh: An Interview with History – Part 2"</a> (PDF). The Chess Cafe.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Yuri+Averbakh%3A+An+Interview+with+History+%E2%80%93+Part+2&rft.pub=The+Chess+Cafe&rft.date=2002&rft.au=Kingston%2C+T.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chesscafe.com%2Ftext%2Fskittles183.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMikhail+Botvinnik" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMonokroussos,_D.2005" class="citation web cs1">Monokroussos, D. (December 6, 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070807141010/http://chessmind.powerblogs.com/posts/1133849392.shtml">"An interesting tidbit from the latest Chess Life"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://chessmind.powerblogs.com/posts/1133849392.shtml">the original</a> on August 7, 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=An+interesting+tidbit+from+the+latest+Chess+Life&rft.date=2005-12-06&rft.au=Monokroussos%2C+D.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fchessmind.powerblogs.com%2Fposts%2F1133849392.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMikhail+Botvinnik" class="Z3988"> cites the December 2005 issue of Chess Life as its source. </li> <li id="cite_note-KharitonOrwellOrBotvinnik-75"><a href="#cite_ref-KharitonOrwellOrBotvinnik_75-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKhariton,_L." class="citation web cs1">Khariton, L. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chessbanter.com/rec-games-chess-politics-chess/3483-orwell-botvinnik-200-words-lev.html">"Orwell or Botvinnik?"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Orwell+or+Botvinnik%3F&rft.au=Khariton%2C+L.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chessbanter.com%2Frec-games-chess-politics-chess%2F3483-orwell-botvinnik-200-words-lev.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMikhail+Botvinnik" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-KharitonRememberingBotvinnik-76"><a href="#cite_ref-KharitonRememberingBotvinnik_76-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKhariton,_L." class="citation web cs1">Khariton, L. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chessbanter.com/rec-games-chess-misc-chess/7721-lev-khariton-english-lessons-remembering.html">"English Lessons (Remembering M.M.Botvinnik)"</a>. chessbanter.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=English+Lessons+%28Remembering+M.M.Botvinnik%29&rft.pub=chessbanter.com&rft.au=Khariton%2C+L.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chessbanter.com%2Frec-games-chess-misc-chess%2F7721-lev-khariton-english-lessons-remembering.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMikhail+Botvinnik" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFine1976" class="citation book cs1">Fine, R. (1976). The World's Great Chess Games (2 ed.). Dover Publications. p. 263. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-486-24512-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-486-24512-8"><bdi>0-486-24512-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+World%27s+Great+Chess+Games&rft.pages=263&rft.edition=2&rft.pub=Dover+Publications&rft.date=1976&rft.isbn=0-486-24512-8&rft.aulast=Fine&rft.aufirst=R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMikhail+Botvinnik" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120309155451/http://chessmetrics.com/cm/CM2/PeakList.asp?Params=199510SSSSS1S000000000000111000000000000010100">"Peak Average Ratings: 1 year peak range"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://chessmetrics.com/cm/CM2/PeakList.asp?Params=199510SSSSS1S000000000000111000000000000010100">the original</a> on 2012-03-09.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Peak+Average+Ratings%3A+1+year+peak+range&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fchessmetrics.com%2Fcm%2FCM2%2FPeakList.asp%3FParams%3D199510SSSSS1S000000000000111000000000000010100&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMikhail+Botvinnik" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-chessmetrics15Years-79">^ <a href="#cite_ref-chessmetrics15Years_79-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-chessmetrics15Years_79-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120309154756/http://chessmetrics.com/cm/CM2/PeakList.asp?Params=199510SSSSSFS000000000000111000000000000010100">"Peak Average Ratings: 15 year peak range"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://chessmetrics.com/cm/CM2/PeakList.asp?Params=199510SSSSSFS000000000000111000000000000010100">the original</a> on 2012-03-09.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Peak+Average+Ratings%3A+15+year+peak+range&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fchessmetrics.com%2Fcm%2FCM2%2FPeakList.asp%3FParams%3D199510SSSSSFS000000000000111000000000000010100&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMikhail+Botvinnik" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSonas,_J.2005" class="citation web cs1">Sonas, J. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chessbase.com/newsdetail.asp?newsid=2409">"The Greatest Chess Player of All Time – Part IV"</a>. Chessbase.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Greatest+Chess+Player+of+All+Time+%E2%80%93+Part+IV&rft.pub=Chessbase&rft.date=2005&rft.au=Sonas%2C+J.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chessbase.com%2Fnewsdetail.asp%3Fnewsid%3D2409&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMikhail+Botvinnik" class="Z3988"> Part IV gives links to the three earlier parts </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> Elo (1978), p. 89 </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Yuri_Averbakh" title="Yuri Averbakh">Yuri Averbakh</a>, referring to the late 1940s, said "Botvinnik was a killer in chess." – <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chesscafe.com/text/skittles181.pdf">"Yuri Averbakh: An Interview with History, Part 1"</a> (PDF).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Yuri+Averbakh%3A+An+Interview+with+History%2C+Part+1&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chesscafe.com%2Ftext%2Fskittles181.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMikhail+Botvinnik" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-WallUSAVsUSSRRadioMatch1945-83"><a href="#cite_ref-WallUSAVsUSSRRadioMatch1945_83-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWall,_W." class="citation web cs1">Wall, W. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091028082845/http://www.geocities.com/SiliconValley/Lab/7378/radio.htm">"USA vs USSR radio match, 1945"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.geocities.com/SiliconValley/Lab/7378/radio.htm">the original</a> on 2009-10-28.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=USA+vs+USSR+radio+match%2C+1945&rft.au=Wall%2C+W.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.geocities.com%2FSiliconValley%2FLab%2F7378%2Fradio.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMikhail+Botvinnik" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChernev1967" class="citation book cs1">Chernev, I. (1967). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=so6Tikr2bXYC&q=mikhail+botvinnik&pg=PA194">"Superb Strategist: Mikhail Botvinnik"</a>. Combinations: the heart of chess. Courier Dover. pp. 194–195. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-486-21744-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-486-21744-2"><bdi>0-486-21744-2</bdi></a>. Retrieved 2009-08-14.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Superb+Strategist%3A+Mikhail+Botvinnik&rft.btitle=Combinations%3A+the+heart+of+chess&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E194-%3C%2Fspan%3E195&rft.pub=Courier+Dover&rft.date=1967&rft.isbn=0-486-21744-2&rft.aulast=Chernev&rft.aufirst=I.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dso6Tikr2bXYC%26q%3Dmikhail%2Bbotvinnik%26pg%3DPA194&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMikhail+Botvinnik" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ByrneNYTimesJan2006ImaginativeTactician-85">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ByrneNYTimesJan2006ImaginativeTactician_85-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ByrneNYTimesJan2006ImaginativeTactician_85-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ByrneNYTimesJan2006ImaginativeTactician_85-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFByrne,_R.2008" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Byrne_(chess_player)" title="Robert Byrne (chess player)">Byrne, R.</a> (January 27, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=990CE7DD173BF934A35756C0A963958260">"An Imaginative Tactician Who Was at Ease in Complexity"</a>. New York Times.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+York+Times&rft.atitle=An+Imaginative+Tactician+Who+Was+at+Ease+in+Complexity&rft.date=2008-01-27&rft.au=Byrne%2C+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fquery.nytimes.com%2Fgst%2Ffullpage.html%3Fres%3D990CE7DD173BF934A35756C0A963958260&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMikhail+Botvinnik" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Golombek1954GameOfChess-86"><a href="#cite_ref-Golombek1954GameOfChess_86-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGolombek,_H.1954" class="citation book cs1">Golombek, H. (1954). The Game of Chess. Penguin Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Game+of+Chess&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=1954&rft.au=Golombek%2C+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMikhail+Botvinnik" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> See the list of Botvinnik's games, especially <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chessgames.com/perl/chessgame?gid=1032787">Botvinnik vs Portisch, Monaco 1968</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-KasparovGreatPredecessors2-88">^ <a href="#cite_ref-KasparovGreatPredecessors2_88-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-KasparovGreatPredecessors2_88-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKasparov,_G.K.2003" class="citation book cs1">Kasparov, G.K. (2003). <a href="/wiki/My_Great_Predecessors" title="My Great Predecessors">My Great Predecessors, part II</a>. Everyman Chess. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85744-342-X" title="Special:BookSources/1-85744-342-X"><bdi>1-85744-342-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=My+Great+Predecessors%2C+part+II&rft.pub=Everyman+Chess&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=1-85744-342-X&rft.au=Kasparov%2C+G.K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMikhail+Botvinnik" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-KramnikSteinitzToKasparov-89">^ <a href="#cite_ref-KramnikSteinitzToKasparov_89-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-KramnikSteinitzToKasparov_89-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-KramnikSteinitzToKasparov_89-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKramnik,_V.2005" class="citation web cs1">Kramnik, V. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080512052013/http://www.kramnik.com/eng/interviews/getinterview.aspx?id=61">"Kramnik Interview: From Steinitz to Kasparov"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Kramnik" title="Vladimir Kramnik">Vladimir Kramnik</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kramnik.com/eng/interviews/getinterview.aspx?id=61">the original</a> on 2008-05-12. Retrieved 2008-01-27.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Kramnik+Interview%3A+From+Steinitz+to+Kasparov&rft.pub=Vladimir+Kramnik&rft.date=2005&rft.au=Kramnik%2C+V.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kramnik.com%2Feng%2Finterviews%2Fgetinterview.aspx%3Fid%3D61&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMikhail+Botvinnik" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-BotvinnikBotvinnikVsBronstein1951-90"><a href="#cite_ref-BotvinnikBotvinnikVsBronstein1951_90-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBotvinnik,_M.M.2004" class="citation book cs1">Botvinnik, M.M. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080117073208/http://www.bcmchess.co.uk/reviews/bcmrev0410.html">Botvinnik vs Bronstein, Moscow 1951</a>. Olms. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-283-00459-5" title="Special:BookSources/3-283-00459-5"><bdi>3-283-00459-5</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bcmchess.co.uk/reviews/bcmrev0410.html">the original</a> on 2008-01-17.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Botvinnik+vs+Bronstein%2C+Moscow+1951&rft.pub=Olms&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=3-283-00459-5&rft.au=Botvinnik%2C+M.M.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bcmchess.co.uk%2Freviews%2Fbcmrev0410.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMikhail+Botvinnik" class="Z3988"> The URL links to a review. </li> <li id="cite_note-Timman2006Secret_Matches-91"><a href="#cite_ref-Timman2006Secret_Matches_91-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTimman,_J.2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jan_Timman" title="Jan Timman">Timman, J.</a> (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chesscafe.com/text/secretmatches.pdf">Secret Matches: The Unknown Training Games of Mikhail Botvinnik</a> (PDF). Hardinge Simpole. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-84382-178-8" title="Special:BookSources/1-84382-178-8"><bdi>1-84382-178-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Secret+Matches%3A+The+Unknown+Training+Games+of+Mikhail+Botvinnik&rft.pub=Hardinge+Simpole&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=1-84382-178-8&rft.au=Timman%2C+J.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chesscafe.com%2Ftext%2Fsecretmatches.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMikhail+Botvinnik" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-UnfortunateFateofSaloFlohr-92"><a href="#cite_ref-UnfortunateFateofSaloFlohr_92-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050310002758/http://www.chessville.com/misc/History/PastPawns/UnfortunateFateofSaloFlohr.htm">"The Unfortunate Fate of Salo Flohr"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chessville.com/misc/History/PastPawns/UnfortunateFateofSaloFlohr.htm">the original</a> on 2005-03-10. Retrieved 2008-06-10.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Unfortunate+Fate+of+Salo+Flohr&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chessville.com%2Fmisc%2FHistory%2FPastPawns%2FUnfortunateFateofSaloFlohr.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMikhail+Botvinnik" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBotvinnik,_I.2004" class="citation book cs1">Botvinnik, I. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061010054203/http://www.chessville.com/reviews/BotvinnikBronstein1951BotvinnikTal1961.htm">"Mikhail Botvinnik's Opening Course"</a>. In Neat, K. (ed.). Return Match for the World Chess Championship: Mikhail Botvinnik – Mikhail Tal, Moscow 1961. Edition Olms. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-283-00459-5" title="Special:BookSources/3-283-00459-5"><bdi>3-283-00459-5</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chessville.com/reviews/BotvinnikBronstein1951BotvinnikTal1961.htm">the original</a> on 2006-10-10. Retrieved 2008-09-16.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Mikhail+Botvinnik%27s+Opening+Course&rft.btitle=Return+Match+for+the+World+Chess+Championship%3A+Mikhail+Botvinnik+%E2%80%93+Mikhail+Tal%2C+Moscow+1961&rft.pub=Edition+Olms&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=3-283-00459-5&rft.au=Botvinnik%2C+I.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chessville.com%2Freviews%2FBotvinnikBronstein1951BotvinnikTal1961.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMikhail+Botvinnik" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Botvinnik100SelectedGames-94">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Botvinnik100SelectedGames_94-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Botvinnik100SelectedGames_94-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBotvinnik,_M.M.1960" class="citation book cs1">Botvinnik, M.M. (1960). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Mwriu9JqfPQC&q=botvinnik+%22soviet+school+of+chess%22&pg=PA12">One Hundred Selected Games</a>. Courier Dover Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-486-20620-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-486-20620-3"><bdi>0-486-20620-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=One+Hundred+Selected+Games&rft.pub=Courier+Dover+Publications&rft.date=1960&rft.isbn=0-486-20620-3&rft.au=Botvinnik%2C+M.M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMwriu9JqfPQC%26q%3Dbotvinnik%2B%2522soviet%2Bschool%2Bof%2Bchess%2522%26pg%3DPA12&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMikhail+Botvinnik" class="Z3988"> Note the preface "The Russian and Soviet School of Chess" </li> <li id="cite_note-Goldberg2007StrategiesOfSovietSchool-95"><a href="#cite_ref-Goldberg2007StrategiesOfSovietSchool_95-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoldberg,_S.2007" class="citation web cs1">Goldberg, S. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chesscafe.com/text/review605.pdf">"Strategies of the Soviet School"</a> (PDF).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Strategies+of+the+Soviet+School&rft.date=2007&rft.au=Goldberg%2C+S.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chesscafe.com%2Ftext%2Freview605.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMikhail+Botvinnik" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-HendersonInterviewKramnik-96">^ <a href="#cite_ref-HendersonInterviewKramnik_96-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-HendersonInterviewKramnik_96-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHenderson,_J." class="citation web cs1">Henderson, J. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20020918085758/http://www.chess.co.uk/wcc2000/kramint.html">"Boy from the Black Sea"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chess.co.uk/wcc2000/kramint.html">the original</a> on 2002-09-18.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Boy+from+the+Black+Sea&rft.au=Henderson%2C+J.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chess.co.uk%2Fwcc2000%2Fkramint.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMikhail+Botvinnik" class="Z3988"> interview with <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Kramnik" title="Vladimir Kramnik">Vladimir Kramnik</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEhlvest,_J.2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jaan_Ehlvest" title="Jaan Ehlvest">Ehlvest, J.</a> (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050501084303/http://www.chessville.com/reviews/StoryofaChessPlayer.htm">The Story of a Chess Player</a>. Arbiter Publishing, Inc. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9763891-0-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-9763891-0-X"><bdi>0-9763891-0-X</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chessville.com/reviews/StoryofaChessPlayer.htm">the original</a> on 2005-05-01.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Story+of+a+Chess+Player&rft.pub=Arbiter+Publishing%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-9763891-0-X&rft.au=Ehlvest%2C+J.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chessville.com%2Freviews%2FStoryofaChessPlayer.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMikhail+Botvinnik" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-KarpovOnKarpov-98"><a href="#cite_ref-KarpovOnKarpov_98-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKarpov,_A.1992" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Anatoly_Karpov" title="Anatoly Karpov">Karpov, A.</a> (1992). Karpov on Karpov: A Memoirs of a Chess World Champion. Atheneum. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-689-12060-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-689-12060-5"><bdi>0-689-12060-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Karpov+on+Karpov%3A+A+Memoirs+of+a+Chess+World+Champion&rft.pub=Atheneum&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=0-689-12060-5&rft.au=Karpov%2C+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMikhail+Botvinnik" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-RussellInterviewKasparovPart1-99"><a href="#cite_ref-RussellInterviewKasparovPart1_99-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRussell,_H.W." class="citation web cs1">Russell, H.W. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110717062022/http://www.chesscafe.com/text/skittles208.pdf">"Interview with Garry Kasparov – Part 1"</a> (PDF). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chesscafe.com/text/skittles208.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 2011-07-17.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Interview+with+Garry+Kasparov+%E2%80%93+Part+1&rft.au=Russell%2C+H.W.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chesscafe.com%2Ftext%2Fskittles208.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMikhail+Botvinnik" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a> Botvinnik's Best Games 1947–1970, by Mikhail Botvinnik, introduction by Viktor Baturinsky, translated by Bernard Cafferty, Batsford Publishers, London 1972 </li> <li id="cite_note-McCauley1997WhosWhoInRussia-101"><a href="#cite_ref-McCauley1997WhosWhoInRussia_101-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcCauley,_M.1997" class="citation book cs1">McCauley, M. (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4A6rFD_AXOEC&q=mikhail+botvinnik&pg=PA205">"Botvinnik, Mikhail Moiseevich"</a>. Who's Who in Russia Since 1900. Routledge. p. 46. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-13898-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-13898-1"><bdi>0-415-13898-1</bdi></a>. Retrieved 2009-06-05.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Botvinnik%2C+Mikhail+Moiseevich&rft.btitle=Who%27s+Who+in+Russia+Since+1900&rft.pages=46&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=0-415-13898-1&rft.au=McCauley%2C+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4A6rFD_AXOEC%26q%3Dmikhail%2Bbotvinnik%26pg%3DPA205&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMikhail+Botvinnik" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a> M.M. Botvinnik: Asynchronized Synchronous Machines: 1960 Moscow, Translated by L.A.Thompson, International Series of Monographs on Electronics and Instrumentation, Pergamon Press 1964 </li> <li id="cite_note-unimaasPublicationsComputerGames-103"><a href="#cite_ref-unimaasPublicationsComputerGames_103-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040919184448/http://www.cs.unimaas.nl/links/ReferentiesICGAJournal.html">"Publications in Computer Games"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cs.unimaas.nl/links/ReferentiesICGAJournal.html">the original</a> on 2004-09-19.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Publications+in+Computer+Games&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cs.unimaas.nl%2Flinks%2FReferentiesICGAJournal.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMikhail+Botvinnik" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Brudno2000Computer_Chess-104"><a href="#cite_ref-Brudno2000Computer_Chess_104-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrudno,_Michael2000" class="citation web cs1">Brudno, Michael (May 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cs.toronto.edu/~brudno/essays/cchess.pdf">"Competitions, Controversies, and Computer Chess"</a> (PDF). Retrieved 2008-11-18.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Competitions%2C+Controversies%2C+and+Computer+Chess&rft.date=2000-05&rft.au=Brudno%2C+Michael&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cs.toronto.edu%2F~brudno%2Fessays%2Fcchess.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMikhail+Botvinnik" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Laramée2000ChessProgrammingPart3-105"><a href="#cite_ref-Laramée2000ChessProgrammingPart3_105-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLaramée,_F.D.2000" class="citation web cs1">Laramée, F.D. (July 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090212125435/http://www.gamedev.net/reference/articles/article1126.asp">"Chess Programming Part III: Move Generation"</a>. gamedev.net. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gamedev.net/reference/articles/article1126.asp">the original</a> on 2009-02-12. Retrieved 2008-11-18.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Chess+Programming+Part+III%3A+Move+Generation&rft.pub=gamedev.net&rft.date=2000-07&rft.au=Laram%C3%A9e%2C+F.D.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gamedev.net%2Freference%2Farticles%2Farticle1126.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMikhail+Botvinnik" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbramson2005" class="citation book cs1">Abramson, B. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HmyqbzrlVpkC&q=mikhail%20botvinnik&pg=PA89">"The Artificial Science"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/digitalphoenixwh00abra/page/89">Digital phoenix: why the information economy collapsed and how it will rise</a>. MIT Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/digitalphoenixwh00abra/page/89">89–90</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-262-01217-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-262-01217-1"><bdi>978-0-262-01217-1</bdi></a>. Retrieved 2009-08-14.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Artificial+Science&rft.btitle=Digital+phoenix%3A+why+the+information+economy+collapsed+and+how+it+will+rise&rft.pages=89-90&rft.pub=MIT+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-262-01217-1&rft.aulast=Abramson&rft.aufirst=B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHmyqbzrlVpkC%26q%3Dmikhail%2520botvinnik%26pg%3DPA89&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMikhail+Botvinnik" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-UnProgrammaIntelligente-107"><a href="#cite_ref-UnProgrammaIntelligente_107-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSanti,_Ettore2006" class="citation web cs1">Santi, Ettore (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060103174324/http://matematica.unibocconi.it/interventi/botvinnik/scacchi_botvinnik.htm">"Michail Botvinnik: un programma "intelligente" per giocare a scacchi"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://matematica.unibocconi.it/interventi/botvinnik/scacchi_botvinnik.htm">the original</a> on 2006-01-03.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Michail+Botvinnik%3A+un+programma+%22intelligente%22+per+giocare+a+scacchi&rft.date=2006&rft.au=Santi%2C+Ettore&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmatematica.unibocconi.it%2Finterventi%2Fbotvinnik%2Fscacchi_botvinnik.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMikhail+Botvinnik" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mikhail_Botvinnik&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Jewish_chess_players" title="List of Jewish chess players">List of Jewish chess players</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mikhail_Botvinnik&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFElo1978" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Arpad_Elo" title="Arpad Elo">Elo, Árpád</a> (1978). The Rating of Chessplayers, Past and Present. Arco. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-668-04721-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-668-04721-6"><bdi>0-668-04721-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rating+of+Chessplayers%2C+Past+and+Present&rft.pub=Arco&rft.date=1978&rft.isbn=0-668-04721-6&rft.aulast=Elo&rft.aufirst=%C3%81rp%C3%A1d&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMikhail+Botvinnik" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHartston,_William_R.1986" class="citation book cs1">Hartston, William R. (1986). Kings of Chess. Pavilion. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85145-075-0" title="Special:BookSources/1-85145-075-0"><bdi>1-85145-075-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kings+of+Chess&rft.pub=Pavilion&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=1-85145-075-0&rft.au=Hartston%2C+William+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMikhail+Botvinnik" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHooperWhyld1996" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Vincent_Hooper" title="David Vincent Hooper">Hooper, David</a>; <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Whyld" class="mw-redirect" title="Kenneth Whyld">Whyld, Kenneth</a> (1996) [First pub. 1992]. <a href="/wiki/The_Oxford_Companion_to_Chess" title="The Oxford Companion to Chess">The Oxford Companion to Chess</a> (2nd ed.). <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-280049-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-280049-3"><bdi>0-19-280049-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Companion+to+Chess&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=0-19-280049-3&rft.aulast=Hooper&rft.aufirst=David&rft.au=Whyld%2C+Kenneth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMikhail+Botvinnik" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSunnucks,_Anne1970" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Anne_Sunnucks" title="Anne Sunnucks">Sunnucks, Anne</a> (1970). The Encyclopaedia of Chess. Hale. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7091-1030-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-7091-1030-8"><bdi>0-7091-1030-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopaedia+of+Chess&rft.pub=Hale&rft.date=1970&rft.isbn=0-7091-1030-8&rft.au=Sunnucks%2C+Anne&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMikhail+Botvinnik" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWinter,_Edward_G._(ed.)1981" class="citation book cs1">Winter, Edward G. (ed.) (1981). World chess champions. Pergamon. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-08-024094-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-08-024094-1"><bdi>0-08-024094-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=World+chess+champions&rft.pub=Pergamon&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=0-08-024094-1&rft.au=Winter%2C+Edward+G.+%28ed.%29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMikhail+Botvinnik" class="Z3988"> <code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: <code class="cs1-code">|author=</code> has generic name (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#generic_name" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDi_Felice,_Gino2010" class="citation book cs1">Di Felice, Gino (2010). Chess Results 1951–1955. McFarland & Co. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-4801-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-4801-2"><bdi>978-0-7864-4801-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chess+Results+1951%E2%80%931955&rft.pub=McFarland+%26+Co.&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-7864-4801-2&rft.au=Di+Felice%2C+Gino&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMikhail+Botvinnik" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDi_Felice,_Gino2010" class="citation book cs1">Di Felice, Gino (2010). Chess Results 1956–1960. McFarland & Co. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-4803-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-4803-6"><bdi>978-0-7864-4803-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chess+Results+1956%E2%80%931960&rft.pub=McFarland+%26+Co.&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-7864-4803-6&rft.au=Di+Felice%2C+Gino&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMikhail+Botvinnik" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mikhail_Botvinnik&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChernev1995" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Irving_Chernev" title="Irving Chernev">Chernev, Irving</a> (1995). Twelve Great Chess Players and Their Best Games. New York: Dover. pp. 109–126. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-486-28674-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-486-28674-6"><bdi>0-486-28674-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Twelve+Great+Chess+Players+and+Their+Best+Games&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E109-%3C%2Fspan%3E126&rft.pub=Dover&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=0-486-28674-6&rft.aulast=Chernev&rft.aufirst=Irving&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMikhail+Botvinnik" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKirillov,_Valentin2017" class="citation book cs1">Kirillov, Valentin (2017). Team Tal: An Inside Story. Moscow: Elk and Ruby Publishing House. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-5-950-04330-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-5-950-04330-7"><bdi>978-5-950-04330-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Team+Tal%3A+An+Inside+Story&rft.place=Moscow&rft.pub=Elk+and+Ruby+Publishing+House&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-5-950-04330-7&rft.au=Kirillov%2C+Valentin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMikhail+Botvinnik" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHurst,_Sarah2002" class="citation book cs1">Hurst, Sarah (2002). Curse of Kirsan: Adventures in the Chess Underworld. Russell Enterprises. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-888690-15-1" title="Special:BookSources/1-888690-15-1"><bdi>1-888690-15-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Curse+of+Kirsan%3A+Adventures+in+the+Chess+Underworld&rft.pub=Russell+Enterprises&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=1-888690-15-1&rft.au=Hurst%2C+Sarah&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMikhail+Botvinnik" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBotvinnik,_Mikhail1981" class="citation book cs1">Botvinnik, Mikhail (1981) [1961]. One Hundred Selected Games. Translated by Stephen Garry. Dover. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-486-20620-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-486-20620-3"><bdi>0-486-20620-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=One+Hundred+Selected+Games&rft.pub=Dover&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=0-486-20620-3&rft.au=Botvinnik%2C+Mikhail&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMikhail+Botvinnik" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBotvinnik,_Mikhail1972" class="citation book cs1">Botvinnik, Mikhail (1972). Botvinnik's Best Games 1947–1970. Translated by Bernard Cafferty. Batsford. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7134-0537-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7134-0537-8"><bdi>978-0-7134-0537-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Botvinnik%27s+Best+Games+1947%E2%80%931970&rft.pub=Batsford&rft.date=1972&rft.isbn=978-0-7134-0537-8&rft.au=Botvinnik%2C+Mikhail&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMikhail+Botvinnik" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKasparov2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Garry_Kasparov" title="Garry Kasparov">Kasparov, Garry</a> (2003). <a href="/wiki/My_Great_Predecessors" title="My Great Predecessors">My Great Predecessors, part II</a>. Everyman Chess. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85744-342-X" title="Special:BookSources/1-85744-342-X"><bdi>1-85744-342-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=My+Great+Predecessors%2C+part+II&rft.pub=Everyman+Chess&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=1-85744-342-X&rft.aulast=Kasparov&rft.aufirst=Garry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMikhail+Botvinnik" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSosonko2017" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Genna_Sosonko" class="mw-redirect" title="Genna Sosonko">Sosonko, Genna</a> (2017). The Rise and Fall of David Bronstein. Elk and Ruby Publishing House. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-5-950-04331-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-5-950-04331-4"><bdi>978-5-950-04331-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rise+and+Fall+of+David+Bronstein&rft.pub=Elk+and+Ruby+Publishing+House&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-5-950-04331-4&rft.aulast=Sosonko&rft.aufirst=Genna&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMikhail+Botvinnik" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomas,_R.M.1995" class="citation web cs1">Thomas, R.M. (May 7, 1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=990CEEDC173BF934A35756C0A963958260">"Mikhail Botvinnik, Chess Champion and Teacher of Champions, Dies at 83"</a>. New York Times.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Mikhail+Botvinnik%2C+Chess+Champion+and+Teacher+of+Champions%2C+Dies+at+83&rft.date=1995-05-07&rft.au=Thomas%2C+R.M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fquery.nytimes.com%2Fgst%2Ffullpage.html%3Fres%3D990CEEDC173BF934A35756C0A963958260&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMikhail+Botvinnik" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mikhail_Botvinnik&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikiquote-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></a></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Mikhail_Botvinnik" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Mikhail Botvinnik">Mikhail Botvinnik</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.chessgames.com/perl/chessplayer?pid=11207">Mikhail Botvinnik</a> player profile and games at <a href="/wiki/Chessgames.com" title="Chessgames.com">Chessgames.com</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chessbase.com/newsdetail.asp?newsid=7465">Mikhail Moiseyevich Botvinnik – hundredth anniversary</a> ChessBase.com</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.beeldengeluid.nl/media/7535/simultaan-schaken">Film newsreel about a simultaneous display of Salo Flohr and Mikhail Botvinnik, Hilversum (NL), 1 January 1964</a></li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FFF179;">Achievements </th></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Vacant<div style="font-size:90%"><a href="/wiki/Interregnum_of_World_Chess_Champions" title="Interregnum of World Chess Champions">Interregnum of World Chess Champions</a></div><div style="font-size:90%">Title last held by</div><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Alekhine" title="Alexander Alekhine">Alexander Alekhine</a> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/World_chess_champion" class="mw-redirect" title="World chess champion">World Chess Champion</a> 1948–1957 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Vasily_Smyslov" title="Vasily Smyslov">Vasily Smyslov</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Vasily_Smyslov" title="Vasily Smyslov">Vasily Smyslov</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/World_chess_champion" class="mw-redirect" title="World chess champion">World Chess Champion</a> 1958–1960 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Tal" title="Mikhail Tal">Mikhail Tal</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Tal" title="Mikhail Tal">Mikhail Tal</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/World_chess_champion" class="mw-redirect" title="World chess champion">World Chess Champion</a> 1961–1963 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Tigran_Petrosian" title="Tigran Petrosian">Tigran Petrosian</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:World_Chess_Championships" title="Template:World Chess Championships"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:World_Chess_Championships" title="Template talk:World Chess Championships"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:World_Chess_Championships" title="Special:EditPage/Template:World Chess Championships"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="World_Chess_Championships675" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/World_Chess_Championship" title="World Chess Championship">World Chess Championships</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Chess_Championships" title="List of World Chess Championships">List of World Chess Championships</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_World_Chess_Championships" class="mw-redirect" title="History of World Chess Championships">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interregnum_of_World_Chess_Champions" title="Interregnum of World Chess Champions">Interregnum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FIDE_World_Chess_Championships_(1998%E2%80%932004)" title="FIDE World Chess Championships (1998–2004)">Knockout format (1998–2004)</a> </li> <li>Qualification: <a href="/wiki/Chess_World_Cup" title="Chess World Cup">Chess World Cup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FIDE_Grand_Swiss_Tournament" title="FIDE Grand Swiss Tournament">FIDE Grand Swiss Tournament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FIDE_Grand_Prix" title="FIDE Grand Prix">FIDE Grand Prix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interzonal" class="mw-redirect" title="Interzonal">Interzonal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candidates_Tournament" title="Candidates Tournament">Candidates Tournament</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pre-FIDE</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/World_Chess_Championship_1886" title="World Chess Championship 1886">1886</a>, <a href="/wiki/World_Chess_Championship_1889" title="World Chess Championship 1889">1889</a>, <a href="/wiki/World_Chess_Championship_1890%E2%80%931891" title="World Chess Championship 1890–1891">1890–1891</a>, <a href="/wiki/World_Chess_Championship_1892" title="World Chess Championship 1892">1892</a> (<a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Steinitz" title="Wilhelm Steinitz">Steinitz</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Chess_Championship_1894" title="World Chess Championship 1894">1894</a>, <a href="/wiki/World_Chess_Championship_1896%E2%80%931897" title="World Chess Championship 1896–1897">1896–1897</a>, <a href="/wiki/World_Chess_Championship_1907" title="World Chess Championship 1907">1907</a>, <a href="/wiki/World_Chess_Championship_1908" title="World Chess Championship 1908">1908</a>, <a href="/wiki/World_Chess_Championship_1910_(Lasker%E2%80%93Schlechter)" title="World Chess Championship 1910 (Lasker–Schlechter)">1910 (Jan–Feb)</a>, <a href="/wiki/World_Chess_Championship_1910_(Lasker%E2%80%93Janowski)" title="World Chess Championship 1910 (Lasker–Janowski)">1910 (Nov–Dec)</a> (<a href="/wiki/Emanuel_Lasker" title="Emanuel Lasker">Lasker</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Chess_Championship_1921" title="World Chess Championship 1921">1921</a> (<a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Ra%C3%BAl_Capablanca" title="José Raúl Capablanca">Capablanca</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Chess_Championship_1927" title="World Chess Championship 1927">1927</a>, <a href="/wiki/World_Chess_Championship_1929" title="World Chess Championship 1929">1929</a>, <a href="/wiki/World_Chess_Championship_1934" title="World Chess Championship 1934">1934</a> (<a href="/wiki/Alexander_Alekhine" title="Alexander Alekhine">Alekhine</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Chess_Championship_1935" title="World Chess Championship 1935">1935</a> (<a href="/wiki/Max_Euwe" title="Max Euwe">Euwe</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Chess_Championship_1937" title="World Chess Championship 1937">1937</a> (<a href="/wiki/Alexander_Alekhine" title="Alexander Alekhine">Alekhine</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/FIDE" title="FIDE">FIDE</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/World_Chess_Championship_1948" title="World Chess Championship 1948">1948</a>, <a href="/wiki/World_Chess_Championship_1951" title="World Chess Championship 1951">1951</a>, <a href="/wiki/World_Chess_Championship_1954" title="World Chess Championship 1954">1954</a> (<a class="mw-selflink selflink">Botvinnik</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Chess_Championship_1957" title="World Chess Championship 1957">1957</a> (<a href="/wiki/Vasily_Smyslov" title="Vasily Smyslov">Smyslov</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Chess_Championship_1958" title="World Chess Championship 1958">1958</a> (<a class="mw-selflink selflink">Botvinnik</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Chess_Championship_1960" title="World Chess Championship 1960">1960</a> (<a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Tal" title="Mikhail Tal">Tal</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Chess_Championship_1961" title="World Chess Championship 1961">1961</a> (<a class="mw-selflink selflink">Botvinnik</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Chess_Championship_1963" title="World Chess Championship 1963">1963</a>, <a href="/wiki/World_Chess_Championship_1966" title="World Chess Championship 1966">1966</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tigran_Petrosian" title="Tigran Petrosian">Petrosian</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Chess_Championship_1969" title="World Chess Championship 1969">1969</a> (<a href="/wiki/Boris_Spassky" title="Boris Spassky">Spassky</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Chess_Championship_1972" title="World Chess Championship 1972">1972</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bobby_Fischer" title="Bobby Fischer">Fischer</a>)</li> <li><s><a href="/wiki/World_Chess_Championship_1975" title="World Chess Championship 1975">1975</a></s>, <a href="/wiki/World_Chess_Championship_1978" title="World Chess Championship 1978">1978</a>, <a href="/wiki/World_Chess_Championship_1981" title="World Chess Championship 1981">1981</a> (<a href="/wiki/Anatoly_Karpov" title="Anatoly Karpov">Karpov</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Chess_Championship_1984%E2%80%931985" title="World Chess Championship 1984–1985">1984–1985</a> (no result)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Chess_Championship_1985" title="World Chess Championship 1985">1985</a>, <a href="/wiki/World_Chess_Championship_1986" title="World Chess Championship 1986">1986</a>, <a href="/wiki/World_Chess_Championship_1987" title="World Chess Championship 1987">1987</a>, <a href="/wiki/World_Chess_Championship_1990" title="World Chess Championship 1990">1990</a> (<a href="/wiki/Garry_Kasparov" title="Garry Kasparov">Kasparov</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Split title</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Professional_Chess_Association" title="Professional Chess Association">PCA/Classical</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/World_Chess_Championship_1993" title="World Chess Championship 1993">1993</a>, <a href="/wiki/Classical_World_Chess_Championship_1995" title="Classical World Chess Championship 1995">1995</a> (<a href="/wiki/Garry_Kasparov" title="Garry Kasparov">Kasparov</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_World_Chess_Championship_2000" title="Classical World Chess Championship 2000">2000</a>, <a href="/wiki/Classical_World_Chess_Championship_2004" title="Classical World Chess Championship 2004">2004</a> (<a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Kramnik" title="Vladimir Kramnik">Kramnik</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">FIDE</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/World_Chess_Championship_1993" title="World Chess Championship 1993">1993</a>, <a href="/wiki/FIDE_World_Chess_Championship_1996" title="FIDE World Chess Championship 1996">1996</a>, <a href="/wiki/FIDE_World_Chess_Championship_1998" title="FIDE World Chess Championship 1998">1998</a> (<a href="/wiki/Anatoly_Karpov" title="Anatoly Karpov">Karpov</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/FIDE_World_Chess_Championship_1999" title="FIDE World Chess Championship 1999">1999</a> (<a href="/wiki/Alexander_Khalifman" title="Alexander Khalifman">Khalifman</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/FIDE_World_Chess_Championship_2000" title="FIDE World Chess Championship 2000">2000</a> (<a href="/wiki/Viswanathan_Anand" title="Viswanathan Anand">Anand</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/FIDE_World_Chess_Championship_2002" title="FIDE World Chess Championship 2002">2002</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ruslan_Ponomariov" title="Ruslan Ponomariov">Ponomariov</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/FIDE_World_Chess_Championship_2004" title="FIDE World Chess Championship 2004">2004</a> (<a href="/wiki/Rustam_Kasimdzhanov" title="Rustam Kasimdzhanov">Kasimdzhanov</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/FIDE_World_Chess_Championship_2005" title="FIDE World Chess Championship 2005">2005</a> (<a href="/wiki/Veselin_Topalov" title="Veselin Topalov">Topalov</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">FIDE</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/World_Chess_Championship_2006" title="World Chess Championship 2006">2006</a> (<a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Kramnik" title="Vladimir Kramnik">Kramnik</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Chess_Championship_2007" title="World Chess Championship 2007">2007</a>, <a href="/wiki/World_Chess_Championship_2008" title="World Chess Championship 2008">2008</a>, <a href="/wiki/World_Chess_Championship_2010" title="World Chess Championship 2010">2010</a>, <a href="/wiki/World_Chess_Championship_2012" title="World Chess Championship 2012">2012</a> (<a href="/wiki/Viswanathan_Anand" title="Viswanathan Anand">Anand</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Chess_Championship_2013" title="World Chess Championship 2013">2013</a>, <a href="/wiki/World_Chess_Championship_2014" title="World Chess Championship 2014">2014</a>, <a href="/wiki/World_Chess_Championship_2016" title="World Chess Championship 2016">2016</a>, <a href="/wiki/World_Chess_Championship_2018" title="World Chess Championship 2018">2018</a>, <a href="/wiki/World_Chess_Championship_2021" title="World Chess Championship 2021">2021</a> (<a href="/wiki/Magnus_Carlsen" title="Magnus Carlsen">Carlsen</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Chess_Championship_2023" title="World Chess Championship 2023">2023</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ding_Liren" title="Ding Liren">Ding</a>), <a href="/wiki/World_Chess_Championship_2024" title="World Chess Championship 2024">2024</a> (<a href="/wiki/Gukesh_Dommaraju" title="Gukesh Dommaraju">Gukesh</a>), <a href="/wiki/World_Chess_Championship_2026" title="World Chess Championship 2026">2026</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other world championships</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chess_Olympiad" title="Chess Olympiad">Olympiad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Rapid_Chess_Championship" title="World Rapid Chess Championship">Rapid</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/World_Rapid_Chess_Championship_2019" title="World Rapid Chess Championship 2019">2019</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Rapid_Chess_Championship_2021" title="World Rapid Chess Championship 2021">2021</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Rapid_Chess_Championship_2022" title="World Rapid Chess Championship 2022">2022</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Rapid_Chess_Championship_2023" title="World Rapid Chess Championship 2023">2023</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Rapid_Chess_Championship_2024" title="World Rapid Chess Championship 2024">2024</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Blitz_Chess_Championship" title="World Blitz Chess Championship">Blitz</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/World_Blitz_Chess_Championship_2021" title="World Blitz Chess Championship 2021">2021</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Blitz_Chess_Championship_2022" title="World Blitz Chess Championship 2022">2022</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Blitz_Chess_Championship_2023" title="World Blitz Chess Championship 2023">2023</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Blitz_Chess_Championship_2024" title="World Blitz Chess Championship 2024">2024</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Correspondence_Chess_Championship" title="World Correspondence Chess Championship">Correspondence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_World_Chess_Championship" title="Women's World Chess Championship">Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Junior_Chess_Championship" title="World Junior Chess Championship">Junior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Youth_Chess_Championship" title="World Youth Chess Championship">Youth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Senior_Chess_Championship" title="World Senior Chess Championship">Senior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Computer_Chess_Championship" title="World Computer Chess Championship">Computer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Chess_Solving_Championship" title="World Chess Solving Championship">Solving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Chess960_Championship" title="World Chess960 Championship">Chess960</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/FIDE_World_Fischer_Random_Chess_Championship_2019" title="FIDE World Fischer Random Chess Championship 2019">2019</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FIDE_World_Fischer_Random_Chess_Championship_2022" title="FIDE World Fischer Random Chess Championship 2022">2022</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" 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