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Emas - Wikipedia bahasa Indonesia, ensiklopedia bebas
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[o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Masuk log</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Halaman penyunting yang telah keluar log <a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Pengantar" aria-label="Pelajari lebih lanjut tentang menyunting"><span>pelajari lebih lanjut</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Kontribusi_saya" title="Daftar suntingan yang dibuat dari alamat IP ini [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Kontribusi</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Pembicaraan_saya" title="Pembicaraan tentang suntingan dari alamat IP ini [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Pembicaraan</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"><!-- CentralNotice --></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Situs"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Daftar isi" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Daftar isi</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">pindah ke bilah sisi</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">sembunyikan</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Awal</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Etimologi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Etimologi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Etimologi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Etimologi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Karakteristik" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Karakteristik"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Karakteristik</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Karakteristik-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Gulingkan subbagian Karakteristik</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Karakteristik-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Warna" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Warna"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Warna</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Warna-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Isotop" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Isotop"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Isotop</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Isotop-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sintesis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sintesis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.1</span> <span>Sintesis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sintesis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sifat_kimia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sifat_kimia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Sifat kimia</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Sifat_kimia-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Gulingkan subbagian Sifat kimia</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Sifat_kimia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Keadaan_oksidasi_langka" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Keadaan_oksidasi_langka"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Keadaan oksidasi langka</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Keadaan_oksidasi_langka-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Asal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Asal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Asal</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Asal-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Gulingkan subbagian Asal</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Asal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Produksi_emas_di_alam_semesta" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Produksi_emas_di_alam_semesta"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Produksi emas di alam semesta</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Produksi_emas_di_alam_semesta-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Teori_asal_asteroid" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Teori_asal_asteroid"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Teori asal asteroid</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Teori_asal_asteroid-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Teori_pengembalian_mantel" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Teori_pengembalian_mantel"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Teori pengembalian mantel</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Teori_pengembalian_mantel-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Keterjadian" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Keterjadian"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Keterjadian</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Keterjadian-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Gulingkan subbagian Keterjadian</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Keterjadian-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Air_laut" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Air_laut"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Air laut</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Air_laut-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sejarah" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sejarah"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Sejarah</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Sejarah-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Gulingkan subbagian Sejarah</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Sejarah-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Etimologi_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Etimologi_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Etimologi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Etimologi_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kebudayaan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kebudayaan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Kebudayaan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kebudayaan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Keagamaan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Keagamaan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2.1</span> <span>Keagamaan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Keagamaan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Produksi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Produksi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Produksi</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Produksi-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Gulingkan subbagian Produksi</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Produksi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Penambangan_dan_pencarian" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Penambangan_dan_pencarian"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Penambangan dan pencarian</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Penambangan_dan_pencarian-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ekstraksi_dan_pemurnian" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ekstraksi_dan_pemurnian"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Ekstraksi dan pemurnian</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ekstraksi_dan_pemurnian-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pendaurulangan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pendaurulangan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Pendaurulangan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pendaurulangan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Konsumsi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Konsumsi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.4</span> <span>Konsumsi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Konsumsi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pencemaran" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pencemaran"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.5</span> <span>Pencemaran</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pencemaran-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Penggunaan_keuangan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Penggunaan_keuangan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Penggunaan keuangan</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Penggunaan_keuangan-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Gulingkan subbagian Penggunaan keuangan</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Penggunaan_keuangan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Harga" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Harga"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Harga</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Harga-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sejarah_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sejarah_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Sejarah</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sejarah_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aplikasi_lainnya" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aplikasi_lainnya"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Aplikasi lainnya</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Aplikasi_lainnya-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Gulingkan subbagian Aplikasi lainnya</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Aplikasi_lainnya-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Perhiasan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Perhiasan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Perhiasan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Perhiasan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Elektronika" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Elektronika"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>Elektronika</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Elektronika-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pengobatan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pengobatan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.3</span> <span>Pengobatan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pengobatan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Masakan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Masakan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.4</span> <span>Masakan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Masakan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lain-lain" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lain-lain"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.5</span> <span>Lain-lain</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lain-lain-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Toksisitas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Toksisitas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Toksisitas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Toksisitas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lihat_pula" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lihat_pula"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Lihat pula</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lihat_pula-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Referensi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Referensi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Referensi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Referensi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bacaan_lebih_lanjut" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bacaan_lebih_lanjut"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Bacaan lebih lanjut</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bacaan_lebih_lanjut-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pranala_luar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pranala_luar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>Pranala luar</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pranala_luar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Daftar isi" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Gulingkan daftar isi" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Gulingkan daftar isi</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Emas</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Pergi ke artikel dalam bahasa lain. Terdapat 232 bahasa" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-232" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">232 bahasa</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ace mw-list-item"><a href="https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meuih" title="Meuih – Aceh" lang="ace" hreflang="ace" data-title="Meuih" data-language-autonym="Acèh" data-language-local-name="Aceh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Acèh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="artikel pilihan"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goud" title="Goud – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Goud" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gold" title="Gold – Jerman (Swiss)" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Gold" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Jerman (Swiss)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-alt mw-list-item"><a href="https://alt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BD" title="Алтын – Altai Selatan" lang="alt" hreflang="alt" data-title="Алтын" data-language-autonym="Алтай тил" data-language-local-name="Altai Selatan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Алтай тил</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8B%88%E1%88%AD%E1%89%85" title="ወርቅ – Amharik" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ወርቅ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oro" title="Oro – Aragon" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Oro" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gold" title="Gold – Inggris Kuno" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Gold" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Inggris Kuno" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE" title="सोना – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="सोना" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="artikel pilihan"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B0%D9%87%D8%A8" title="ذهب – Arab" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ذهب" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arab" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%95%DC%97%DC%92%DC%90" title="ܕܗܒܐ – Aram" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܕܗܒܐ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aram" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ܐܪܡܝܐ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%87%D8%A8" title="دهب – Arab Maroko" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="دهب" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Arab Maroko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%87%D8%A8" title="دهب – Arab Mesir" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="دهب" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Arab Mesir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%A3" title="সোণ – Assam" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="সোণ" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oru" title="Oru – Asturia" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Oru" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B4" title="Месед – Avar" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="Месед" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="Avar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Авар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quri" title="Quri – Aymara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Quri" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="Aymara" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aymar aru</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Q%C4%B1z%C4%B1l" title="Qızıl – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Qızıl" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%DB%8C%D8%B2%DB%8C%D9%84" title="قیزیل – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="قیزیل" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BD" title="Алтын – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Алтын" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mas" title="Mas – Bali" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Mas" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Bali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goid" title="Goid – Bavaria" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Goid" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavaria" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auksos" title="Auksos – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Auksos" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulawan" title="Bulawan – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Bulawan" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Золата – Belarusia" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Золата" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Золата – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Золата" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE" title="Злато – Bulgaria" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Злато" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgaria" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE" title="सोना – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="सोना" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amas" title="Amas – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Amas" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Banjar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE" title="সোনা – Bengali" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="সোনা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bengali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%82%E0%BD%A6%E0%BD%BA%E0%BD%A2%E0%BC%8D" title="གསེར། – Tibet" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="གསེར།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibet" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aour" title="Aour – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Aour" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zlato" title="Zlato – Bosnia" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Zlato" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Алтан – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Алтан" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Or" title="Or – Katalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Or" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Katalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cbk-zam mw-list-item"><a href="https://cbk-zam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oro" title="Oro – Chavacano" lang="cbk" hreflang="cbk" data-title="Oro" data-language-autonym="Chavacano de Zamboanga" data-language-local-name="Chavacano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Chavacano de Zamboanga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C4%ADng" title="Gĭng – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Gĭng" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulawan" title="Bulawan – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Bulawan" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ch mw-list-item"><a href="https://ch.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oru" title="Oru – Chamorro" lang="ch" hreflang="ch" data-title="Oru" data-language-autonym="Chamoru" data-language-local-name="Chamorro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Chamoru</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8E%A0%E1%8F%95%E1%8E%B8_%E1%8F%93%E1%8E%B6%E1%8F%82%E1%8E%A8" title="ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ – Cherokee" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="Cherokee" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᏣᎳᎩ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chy mw-list-item"><a href="https://chy.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A9hone-ma%27kaata" title="Véhone-ma'kaata – Cheyenne" lang="chy" hreflang="chy" data-title="Véhone-ma'kaata" data-language-autonym="Tsetsêhestâhese" data-language-local-name="Cheyenne" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tsetsêhestâhese</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%DB%8E%DA%95" title="زێڕ – Kurdi Sorani" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="زێڕ" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Kurdi Sorani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oru" title="Oru – Korsika" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Oru" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Korsika" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Corsu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alt%C4%B1n" title="Altın – Tatar Krimea" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Altın" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Tatar Krimea" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qırımtatarca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zlato" title="Zlato – Cheska" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Zlato" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Cheska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z%C5%82oto" title="Złoto – Kashubia" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="Złoto" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="Kashubia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kaszëbsczi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cu mw-list-item"><a href="https://cu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%99%80%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE" title="Ꙁлато – Bahasa Gereja Slavonia" lang="cu" hreflang="cu" data-title="Ꙁлато" data-language-autonym="Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ" data-language-local-name="Bahasa Gereja Slavonia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AB%D0%BB%D1%82%C4%83%D0%BD" title="Ылтăн – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Ылтăн" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aur" title="Aur – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Aur" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guld" title="Guld – Dansk" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Guld" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Dansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="artikel bagus"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gold" title="Gold – Jerman" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Gold" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="Jerman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zern" title="Zern – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Zern" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dtp mw-list-item"><a href="https://dtp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amas" title="Amas – Central Dusun" lang="dtp" hreflang="dtp" data-title="Amas" data-language-autonym="Kadazandusun" data-language-local-name="Central Dusun" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kadazandusun</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A7%CF%81%CF%85%CF%83%CF%8C%CF%82" title="Χρυσός – Yunani" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Χρυσός" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Yunani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%94r" title="Ôr – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="Ôr" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Emiliàn e rumagnòl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gold" title="Gold – Inggris" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Gold" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="Inggris" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="artikel bagus"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oro" title="Oro – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Oro" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oro" title="Oro – Spanyol" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Oro" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanyol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuld" title="Kuld – Esti" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Kuld" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Esti" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urre" title="Urre – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Urre" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oru" title="Oru – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Oru" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B7%D9%84%D8%A7" title="طلا – Persia" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="طلا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kulta" title="Kulta – Suomi" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kulta" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Suomi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuld" title="Kuld – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Kuld" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fj mw-list-item"><a href="https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koula" title="Koula – Fiji" lang="fj" hreflang="fj" data-title="Koula" data-language-autonym="Na Vosa Vakaviti" data-language-local-name="Fiji" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Na Vosa Vakaviti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gull" title="Gull – Faroe" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Gull" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Or" title="Or – Prancis" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Or" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="Prancis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gul" title="Gul – Frisia Utara" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Gul" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Frisia Utara" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aur" title="Aur – Friuli" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Aur" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friuli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Furlan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goud" title="Goud – Frisia Barat" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Goud" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Frisia Barat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%93r" title="Ór – Irlandia" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Ór" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irlandia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%87%91" title="金 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="金" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%B2" title="Lò – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Lò" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%92r" title="Òr – Gaelik Skotlandia" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Òr" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Gaelik Skotlandia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ouro" title="Ouro – Galisia" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Ouro" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galisia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuarepotiju" title="Kuarepotiju – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Kuarepotiju" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%B8%E0%AB%8B%E0%AA%A8%E0%AB%81%E0%AA%82" title="સોનું – Gujarat" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="સોનું" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airh" title="Airh – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Airh" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zinare" title="Zinare – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Zinare" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%AEm" title="Kîm – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Kîm" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%96%D7%94%D7%91" title="זהב – Ibrani" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="זהב" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Ibrani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE" title="सोना – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="सोना" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sona" title="Sona – Hindi Fiji" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Sona" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Hindi Fiji" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zlato" title="Zlato – Kroasia" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Zlato" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Kroasia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z%C5%82oto" title="Złoto – Sorbia Hulu" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Złoto" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Sorbia Hulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%B2" title="Lò – Kreol Haiti" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Lò" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Kreol Haiti" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arany_(k%C3%A9miai_elem)" title="Arany (kémiai elem) – Hungaria" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Arany (kémiai elem)" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungaria" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%88%D5%BD%D5%AF%D5%AB" title="Ոսկի – Armenia" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ոսկի" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%88%D5%BD%D5%AF%D5%AB" title="Ոսկի – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Ոսկի" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auro" title="Auro – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Auro" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iba mw-list-item"><a href="https://iba.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mas" title="Mas – Iban" lang="iba" hreflang="iba" data-title="Mas" data-language-autonym="Jaku Iban" data-language-local-name="Iban" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jaku Iban</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ik mw-list-item"><a href="https://ik.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manik_kaviqsuaq" title="Manik kaviqsuaq – Inupiak" lang="ik" hreflang="ik" data-title="Manik kaviqsuaq" data-language-autonym="Iñupiatun" data-language-local-name="Inupiak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Iñupiatun</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balitok" title="Balitok – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Balitok" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%BE%D1%88%D1%83%D0%B2" title="Дошув – Ingushetia" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="Дошув" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="Ingushetia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ГӀалгӀай</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oro" title="Oro – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Oro" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gull" title="Gull – Islandia" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Gull" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Islandia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oro" title="Oro – Italia" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Oro" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%87%91" title="金 – Jepang" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="金" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Jepang" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guol" title="Guol – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Guol" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/solji" title="solji – Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="solji" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="Lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>La .lojban.</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emas" title="Emas – Jawa" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Emas" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Jawa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A5%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D" title="ოქრო – Georgia" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ოქრო" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alt%C4%B1n" title="Altın – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Altın" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ure%C9%A3" title="Ureɣ – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Ureɣ" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%CC%84%C9%A9%C9%A3l%C9%A9m_sika" title="N̄ɩɣlɩm sika – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="N̄ɩɣlɩm sika" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kcg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kcg.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%CC%B1na-a%CC%B1shong" title="A̱na-a̱shong – Tyap" lang="kcg" hreflang="kcg" data-title="A̱na-a̱shong" data-language-autonym="Tyap" data-language-local-name="Tyap" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tyap</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolo" title="Wolo – Kongo" lang="kg" hreflang="kg" data-title="Wolo" data-language-autonym="Kongo" data-language-local-name="Kongo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kongo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ki mw-list-item"><a href="https://ki.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gold" title="Gold – Kikuyu" lang="ki" hreflang="ki" data-title="Gold" data-language-autonym="Gĩkũyũ" data-language-local-name="Kikuyu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gĩkũyũ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BD" title="Алтын – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Алтын" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kl mw-list-item"><a href="https://kl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuulti" title="Kuulti – Kalaallisut" lang="kl" hreflang="kl" data-title="Kuulti" data-language-autonym="Kalaallisut" data-language-local-name="Kalaallisut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kalaallisut</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%98%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%9F" title="មាស – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="មាស" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%9A%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A8" title="ಚಿನ್ನ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಚಿನ್ನ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B8%88" title="금 – Korea" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="금" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korea" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-koi mw-list-item"><a href="https://koi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Зарни – Komi-Permyak" lang="koi" hreflang="koi" data-title="Зарни" data-language-autonym="Перем коми" data-language-local-name="Komi-Permyak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Перем коми</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DB%84%D9%86" title="سۄن – Kashmir" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="سۄن" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ksh mw-list-item"><a href="https://ksh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jold" title="Jold – Dialek Kolsch" lang="ksh" hreflang="ksh" data-title="Jold" data-language-autonym="Ripoarisch" data-language-local-name="Dialek Kolsch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ripoarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z%C3%AAr" title="Zêr – Kurdi" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Zêr" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Зарни – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Зарни" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Коми</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Owr" title="Owr – Kornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Owr" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Kornish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BD" title="Алтын – Kirgiz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Алтын" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kirgiz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aurum" title="Aurum – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Aurum" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gold" title="Gold – Luksemburg" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Gold" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luksemburg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lbe mw-list-item"><a href="https://lbe.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B8" title="Муси – Lak" lang="lbe" hreflang="lbe" data-title="Муси" data-language-autonym="Лакку" data-language-local-name="Lak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лакку</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%8A%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BB" title="Къизил – Lezghia" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Къизил" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="Lezghia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лезги</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lg mw-list-item"><a href="https://lg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zzaabu" title="Zzaabu – Ganda" lang="lg" hreflang="lg" data-title="Zzaabu" data-language-autonym="Luganda" data-language-local-name="Ganda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Luganda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goud" title="Goud – Limburgia" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Goud" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%96o" title="Öo – Liguria" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Öo" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Liguria" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%92r" title="Òr – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Òr" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Or" title="Or – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Or" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/W%C3%B3lo" title="Wólo – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Wólo" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingála</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%97%E0%BA%AD%E0%BA%87%E0%BA%84%E0%BA%B3" title="ທອງຄຳ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ທອງຄຳ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auksas" title="Auksas – Lituavi" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Auksas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lituavi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zelts" title="Zelts – Latvi" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Zelts" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE" title="सोना – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="सोना" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मैथिली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BD%D1%8F" title="Зирня – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Зирня" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Мокшень</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volamena" title="Volamena – Malagasi" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Volamena" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D3%A7%D1%80%D1%82%D0%BD%D1%8C%D3%A7" title="Шӧртньӧ – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Шӧртньӧ" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Олык марий</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE" title="Злато – Makedonia" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Злато" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Makedonia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%A3%E0%B4%82" title="സ്വർണം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="സ്വർണം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%82" title="Алт – Mongolia" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Алт" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%81%EA%AF%85%EA%AF%A5" title="ꯁꯅꯥ – Manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯁꯅꯥ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="Manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87" title="सोने – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="सोने" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D3%A7%D1%80%D1%82%D0%BD%D1%8C%D3%B9" title="Шӧртньӹ – Western Mari" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="Шӧртньӹ" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="Western Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кырык мары</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emas" title="Emas – Melayu" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Emas" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Melayu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ouro" title="Ouro – Miranda" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Ouro" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Miranda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9B%E1%80%BD%E1%80%BE%E1%80%B1" title="ရွှေ – Burma" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ရွှေ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burma" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%8B%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B5" title="Сырне – Eryza" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Сырне" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Eryza" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Эрзянь</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nah mw-list-item"><a href="https://nah.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teocuitlatl" title="Teocuitlatl – Nahuatl" lang="nah" hreflang="nah" data-title="Teocuitlatl" data-language-autonym="Nāhuatl" data-language-local-name="Nahuatl" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nāhuatl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gold" title="Gold – Jerman Rendah" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Gold" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Jerman Rendah" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gold" title="Gold – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Gold" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A8" title="सुन – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="सुन" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%82" title="लुं – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="लुं" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goud" title="Goud – Belanda" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Goud" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Belanda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gull" title="Gull – Nynorsk Norwegia" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Gull" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Nynorsk Norwegia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gull" title="Gull – Bokmål Norwegia" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Gull" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Bokmål Norwegia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ore" title="Ore – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Ore" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Novial</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Or" title="Or – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Or" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nouormand</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%93ola" title="Óola – Navajo" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Óola" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="Navajo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Diné bizaad</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aur" title="Aur – Ositania" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Aur" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Ositania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuldu" title="Kuldu – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Kuldu" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Livvinkarjala</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warqee" title="Warqee – Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Warqee" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%B8%E0%AD%81%E0%AC%A8%E0%AC%BE" title="ସୁନା – Oriya" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ସୁନା" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Oriya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%8B%D0%B3%D1%8A%D0%B7%C3%A6%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Сыгъзæрин – Ossetia" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Сыгъзæрин" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B8%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%BE" title="ਸੋਨਾ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਸੋਨਾ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gint%C3%BB" title="Gintû – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Gintû" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kapampangan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oro" title="Oro – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Oro" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Papiamentu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pi mw-list-item"><a href="https://pi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%94%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE" title="औरियम – Pali" lang="pi" hreflang="pi" data-title="औरियम" data-language-autonym="पालि" data-language-local-name="Pali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>पालि</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z%C5%82oto" title="Złoto – Polski" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Złoto" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%92r_(element)" title="Òr (element) – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Òr (element)" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%86%D8%A7" title="سونا – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="سونا" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%B1%D9%87_%D8%B2%D8%B1" title="سره زر – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="سره زر" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ouro" title="Ouro – Portugis" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Ouro" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portugis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quri" title="Quri – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Quri" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aur" title="Aur – Reto-Roman" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="Aur" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="Reto-Roman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Rumantsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aur" title="Aur – Rumania" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Aur" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Rumania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malam%C3%A2" title="Malamâ – Aromania" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Malamâ" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="Aromania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Armãneashti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE" title="Золото – Rusia" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Золото" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Rusia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE" title="Золото – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Золото" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D" title="सुवर्णम् – Sanskerta" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="सुवर्णम्" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskerta" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D3%A9%D0%BC%D2%AF%D1%81" title="Көмүс – Sakha" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Көмүс" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Sakha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%9A%E1%B1%B1%E1%B1%9F" title="ᱥᱚᱱᱟ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱥᱚᱱᱟ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oro" title="Oro – Sardinia" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Oro" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oru" title="Oru – Sisilia" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Oru" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sisilia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gowd" title="Gowd – Skotlandia" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Gowd" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Skotlandia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%86" title="سون – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="سون" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golli" title="Golli – Sami Utara" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Golli" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Sami Utara" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Davvisámegiella</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zlato" title="Zlato – Serbo-Kroasia" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Zlato" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Kroasia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%BB%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A" title="රන් – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="රන්" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gold" title="Gold – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Gold" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zlato" title="Zlato – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Zlato" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zlato" title="Zlato – Sloven" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Zlato" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Sloven" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolle" title="Kolle – Inari Sami" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" data-title="Kolle" data-language-autonym="Anarâškielâ" data-language-local-name="Inari Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Anarâškielâ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ndarama" title="Ndarama – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Ndarama" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dahab" title="Dahab – Somalia" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Dahab" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somalia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ari" title="Ari – Albania" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Ari" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE" title="Злато – Serbia" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Злато" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-srn mw-list-item"><a href="https://srn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gowtu" title="Gowtu – Sranan Tongo" lang="srn" hreflang="srn" data-title="Gowtu" data-language-autonym="Sranantongo" data-language-local-name="Sranan Tongo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sranantongo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gould" title="Gould – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Gould" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emas" title="Emas – Sunda" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Emas" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sunda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guld" title="Guld – Swedia" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Guld" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhahabu" title="Dhahabu – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Dhahabu" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%99%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="தங்கம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="தங்கம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tcy mw-list-item"><a href="https://tcy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AC%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%97%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D" title="ಬಂಗಾರ್ – Tulu" lang="tcy" hreflang="tcy" data-title="ಬಂಗಾರ್" data-language-autonym="ತುಳು" data-language-local-name="Tulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ತುಳು</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AC%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%97%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%82" title="బంగారం – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="బంగారం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BE" title="Тило – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Тило" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%B3" title="ทองคำ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ทองคำ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ginto" title="Ginto – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Ginto" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alt%C4%B1n" title="Altın – Turki" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Altın" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BD" title="Алтын – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Алтын" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tyv mw-list-item"><a href="https://tyv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B4%D1%8B%D0%BD" title="Алдын – Tuvinia" lang="tyv" hreflang="tyv" data-title="Алдын" data-language-autonym="Тыва дыл" data-language-local-name="Tuvinia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тыва дыл</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%DB%87%D9%86" title="ئالتۇن – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="ئالتۇن" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE" title="Золото – Ukraina" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Золото" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukraina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%86%D8%A7" title="سونا – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="سونا" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oltin" title="Oltin – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Oltin" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oro" title="Oro – Venesia" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Oro" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venesia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuld" title="Kuld – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Kuld" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A0ng" title="Vàng – Vietnam" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Vàng" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goldin" title="Goldin – Volapuk" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Goldin" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapuk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%94r" title="Ôr – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Ôr" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulawan" title="Bulawan – Warai" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Bulawan" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Warai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%87%91" title="金 – Wu Tionghoa" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="金" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu Tionghoa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xal mw-list-item"><a href="https://xal.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BD" title="Алтын – Kalmuk" lang="xal" hreflang="xal" data-title="Алтын" data-language-autonym="Хальмг" data-language-local-name="Kalmuk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Хальмг</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xh mw-list-item"><a href="https://xh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Igolide" title="Igolide – Xhosa" lang="xh" hreflang="xh" data-title="Igolide" data-language-autonym="IsiXhosa" data-language-local-name="Xhosa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiXhosa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A5%E1%83%9D" title="ორქო – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ორქო" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%92%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%93" title="גאלד – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="גאלד" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/W%C3%BAr%C3%A0" title="Wúrà – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Wúrà" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gim" title="Gim – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Gim" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zgh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zgh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E2%B5%93%E2%B5%94%E2%B5%96" title="ⵓⵔⵖ – Tamazight Maroko Standar" lang="zgh" hreflang="zgh" data-title="ⵓⵔⵖ" data-language-autonym="ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ" data-language-local-name="Tamazight Maroko Standar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%87%91" title="金 – Tionghoa" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="金" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Tionghoa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%BB%83%E9%87%91" title="黃金 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="黃金" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kim" title="Kim – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Kim" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%87%91" title="金 – Kanton" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="金" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Kanton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Igolide" title="Igolide – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="Igolide" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiZulu</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q897#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Sunting pranala interwiki" class="wbc-editpage">Sunting pranala</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Ruang nama"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul 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id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emas&action=history" title="Revisi sebelumnya dari halaman ini. 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memiliki pranala ke halaman ini [j]" accesskey="j"><span>Pranala balik</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Perubahan_terkait/Emas" rel="nofollow" title="Perubahan terbaru halaman-halaman yang memiliki pranala ke halaman ini [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Perubahan terkait</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Halaman_istimewa" title="Daftar semua halaman istimewa [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Halaman istimewa</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emas&oldid=26133880" title="Pranala permanen untuk revisi halaman ini"><span>Pranala permanen</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emas&action=info" title="Informasi lanjut tentang halaman ini"><span>Informasi halaman</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Istimewa:Kutip&page=Emas&id=26133880&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Informasi tentang bagaimana mengutip halaman ini"><span>Kutip halaman ini</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Istimewa:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fid.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FEmas"><span>Lihat URL pendek</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Istimewa:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fid.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FEmas"><span>Unduh kode QR</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Cetak/ekspor </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-create_a_book" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Istimewa:Buku&bookcmd=book_creator&referer=Emas"><span>Buat buku</span></a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Istimewa:DownloadAsPdf&page=Emas&action=show-download-screen"><span>Unduh versi PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emas&printable=yes" title="Versi cetak halaman ini [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Versi cetak</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Dalam proyek lain </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Gold" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q897" title="Pranala untuk menghubungkan butir pada ruang penyimpanan data [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Butir di Wikidata</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Peralatan halaman"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Tampilan"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tampilan</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">pindah ke bilah sisi</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">sembunyikan</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Dari Wikipedia bahasa Indonesia, ensiklopedia bebas</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="id" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r22657712">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-header,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-subheader,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-above,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-title,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-image,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-below{text-align:center}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r26333552">.mw-parser-output .ib-station-name{display:table-cell;vertical-align:middle}@media only screen and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ib-station{width:25.5em}.mw-parser-output .ib-station-name{width:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox ib-country vcard" style="font-size:88%;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above adr" style="background:lightgray;padding:0.25em 0.33em 0.33em;line-height:1.2em;font-size:1.25em;"><div style="float:right;display:inline;background:lightgray;font-size:150%;"><sub><span style="font-size:smaller;">79</span></sub>Au</div>Emas</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Gold-crystals.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Gold-crystals.jpg/220px-Gold-crystals.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Gold-crystals.jpg/330px-Gold-crystals.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Gold-crystals.jpg/440px-Gold-crystals.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4788" data-file-height="3102" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Kristal emas yang dibuat secara sintetis</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div style="background:black"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Gold_spectrum_visible.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Gold_spectrum_visible.png/220px-Gold_spectrum_visible.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="38" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Gold_spectrum_visible.png/330px-Gold_spectrum_visible.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Gold_spectrum_visible.png/440px-Gold_spectrum_visible.png 2x" data-file-width="7430" data-file-height="1280" /></a></span> </div><div class="infobox-caption">Garis spektrum emas</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="text-align:center; line-height:normal;background:#ffc0c0">Sifat umum</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.15em; padding-right:0.75em;;padding-left:0.35em">Pengucapan</th><td class="infobox-data" style="padding-left:0em; padding-right:0em;line-height:1.35em;">/êmas/<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.15em; padding-right:0.75em;;padding-left:0.35em">Penampilan</th><td class="infobox-data" style="padding-left:0em; padding-right:0em;line-height:1.35em;">kuning metalik</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="padding-left:0em; padding-right:0em;line-height:1.35em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r22657712"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="text-align:center; line-height:normal;background:#ffc0c0">Emas dalam <a href="/wiki/Tabel_periodik" title="Tabel periodik">tabel periodik</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="padding-left:0em; padding-right:0em;line-height:1.35em;"><div style="z-index:1;overflow:hidden;position:absolute;font-size:120%;right:185px;margin:0.1em;font-family:'Linux Libertine',Georgia,Times,serif ; line-height:0.9"><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Media:Electron_shell_079_Gold.svg" title="Media:Electron shell 079 Gold.svg"><img alt="Perbesar gambar" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Electron_shell_079_Gold.svg/50px-Electron_shell_079_Gold.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="54" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Electron_shell_079_Gold.svg/75px-Electron_shell_079_Gold.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Electron_shell_079_Gold.svg/100px-Electron_shell_079_Gold.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="860" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div style="z-index:1;overflow:hidden;position:absolute;font-size:120%;right:140px;margin:0.1em;font-family:'Linux Libertine',Georgia,Times,serif ; line-height:0.9"><span style="font-size:85%;"><br /></span><sub><span style="font-size:smaller;">79</span></sub>Au</div> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:100%; margin:0; background:#f8f8f8;"> <tbody><tr> <td> <table class="periodictable" style="margin:0 auto"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:none; width:5px"><div style="background-color:transparent; margin:0; padding:0; text-align:center; border:none;"> <table style="empty-cells:hidden; border:none; padding:0; border-spacing:1px; border-collapse:separate; margin:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Hidrogen" title="Hidrogen"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#ff9999;">Hidrogen</span></a> </td> <td colspan="30" style="border:none;padding:0;"> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Helium" title="Helium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#ff9999;">Helium</span></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Lithium" class="mw-redirect" title="Lithium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#ff9999;">Lithium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Berilium" title="Berilium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#ff9999;">Berilium</span></a> </td> <td colspan="24" style="border:none;padding:0;"> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Boron" title="Boron"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#fdff8c;">Boron</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Karbon" title="Karbon"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#fdff8c;">Karbon</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#fdff8c;">Nitrogen</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Oksigen" title="Oksigen"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#fdff8c;">Oksigen</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Fluor" class="mw-redirect" title="Fluor"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#fdff8c;">Fluor</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Neon" title="Neon"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#fdff8c;">Neon</span></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Natrium" title="Natrium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#ff9999;">Natrium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Magnesium" title="Magnesium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#ff9999;">Magnesium</span></a> </td> <td colspan="24" style="border:none;padding:0;"> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Aluminium" title="Aluminium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#fdff8c;">Aluminium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Silikon" title="Silikon"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#fdff8c;">Silikon</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Fosfor" title="Fosfor"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#fdff8c;">Fosfor</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Sulfur" class="mw-redirect" title="Sulfur"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#fdff8c;">Sulfur</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Clor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Clor (halaman belum tersedia)"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#fdff8c;">Clor</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Argon" title="Argon"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#fdff8c;">Argon</span></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Potasium" class="mw-redirect" title="Potasium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#ff9999;">Potasium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Kalsium" title="Kalsium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#ff9999;">Kalsium</span></a> </td> <td colspan="14" style="border:none;padding:0;"> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Skandium" title="Skandium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#99ccff;">Skandium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Titanium" title="Titanium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#99ccff;">Titanium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Vanadium" title="Vanadium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#99ccff;">Vanadium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Chromium" class="mw-redirect" title="Chromium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#99ccff;">Chromium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Mangan" title="Mangan"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#99ccff;">Mangan</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Besi" title="Besi"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#99ccff;">Besi</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Cobalt" class="mw-redirect" title="Cobalt"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#99ccff;">Cobalt</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Nikel" title="Nikel"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#99ccff;">Nikel</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Tembaga" title="Tembaga"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#99ccff;">Tembaga</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Seng" title="Seng"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#99ccff;">Seng</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Gallium" class="mw-redirect" title="Gallium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#fdff8c;">Gallium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Germanium" title="Germanium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#fdff8c;">Germanium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Arsen" title="Arsen"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#fdff8c;">Arsen</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Selen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Selen (halaman belum tersedia)"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#fdff8c;">Selen</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Bromin" title="Bromin"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#fdff8c;">Bromin</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Kripton" title="Kripton"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#fdff8c;">Kripton</span></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Rubidium" title="Rubidium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#ff9999;">Rubidium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Strontium" class="mw-redirect" title="Strontium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#ff9999;">Strontium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;; width:0;"> </td> <td colspan="13" style="border:none;padding:0;"> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Yttrium" class="mw-redirect" title="Yttrium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#99ccff;">Yttrium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Zirconium" class="mw-redirect" title="Zirconium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#99ccff;">Zirconium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Niobium" title="Niobium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#99ccff;">Niobium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Molybdenum" class="mw-redirect" title="Molybdenum"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#99ccff;">Molybdenum</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Technetium" class="mw-redirect" title="Technetium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#99ccff;">Technetium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Ruthenium" class="mw-redirect" title="Ruthenium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#99ccff;">Ruthenium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Rhodium" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhodium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#99ccff;">Rhodium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Palladium" class="mw-redirect" title="Palladium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#99ccff;">Palladium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Silver" class="mw-redirect" title="Silver"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#99ccff;">Silver</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Cadmium" class="mw-redirect" title="Cadmium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#99ccff;">Cadmium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Indium" title="Indium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#fdff8c;">Indium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Tin" title="Tin"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#fdff8c;">Tin</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Antimony" class="mw-redirect" title="Antimony"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#fdff8c;">Antimony</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Tellurium" class="mw-redirect" title="Tellurium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#fdff8c;">Tellurium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Iodine" class="mw-redirect" title="Iodine"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#fdff8c;">Iodine</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Xenon" title="Xenon"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#fdff8c;">Xenon</span></a> </td></tr> <tr style="border:none;padding:0;"> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Caesium" class="mw-redirect" title="Caesium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#ff9999;">Caesium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Barium" title="Barium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#ff9999;">Barium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Lanthanum" class="mw-redirect" title="Lanthanum"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#9bff99;">Lanthanum</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Cerium" class="mw-redirect" title="Cerium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#9bff99;">Cerium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Praseodymium" class="mw-redirect" title="Praseodymium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#9bff99;">Praseodymium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Neodymium" class="mw-redirect" title="Neodymium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#9bff99;">Neodymium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Promethium" class="mw-redirect" title="Promethium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#9bff99;">Promethium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Samarium" title="Samarium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#9bff99;">Samarium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Europium" title="Europium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#9bff99;">Europium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Gadolinium" title="Gadolinium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#9bff99;">Gadolinium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Terbium" title="Terbium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#9bff99;">Terbium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Dysprosium" class="mw-redirect" title="Dysprosium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#9bff99;">Dysprosium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Holmium" title="Holmium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#9bff99;">Holmium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Erbium" title="Erbium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#9bff99;">Erbium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Thulium" class="mw-redirect" title="Thulium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#9bff99;">Thulium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Ytterbium" class="mw-redirect" title="Ytterbium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#9bff99;">Ytterbium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Lutetium" class="mw-redirect" title="Lutetium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#99ccff;">Lutetium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Hafnium" title="Hafnium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#99ccff;">Hafnium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Tantalum" title="Tantalum"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#99ccff;">Tantalum</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Tungsten" class="mw-redirect" title="Tungsten"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#99ccff;">Tungsten</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Rhenium" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhenium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#99ccff;">Rhenium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Osmium" title="Osmium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#99ccff;">Osmium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Iridium" title="Iridium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#99ccff;">Iridium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Platinum" class="mw-redirect" title="Platinum"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#99ccff;">Platinum</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Gold" class="mw-redirect" title="Gold"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#99ccff; border:1px solid black; box-sizing: border-box;;">Gold</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Mercury_(element)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mercury (element)"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#99ccff;">Mercury (element)</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Thallium" class="mw-redirect" title="Thallium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#fdff8c;">Thallium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Lead" class="mw-redirect" title="Lead"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#fdff8c;">Lead</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Bismuth" class="mw-redirect" title="Bismuth"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#fdff8c;">Bismuth</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Polonium" title="Polonium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#fdff8c;">Polonium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Astatine" class="mw-redirect" title="Astatine"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#fdff8c;">Astatine</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Radon" title="Radon"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#fdff8c;">Radon</span></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Francium" class="mw-redirect" title="Francium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#ff9999;">Francium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Radium" title="Radium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#ff9999;">Radium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Actinium" class="mw-redirect" title="Actinium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#9bff99;">Actinium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Thorium" class="mw-redirect" title="Thorium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#9bff99;">Thorium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Protactinium" class="mw-redirect" title="Protactinium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#9bff99;">Protactinium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Uranium" title="Uranium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#9bff99;">Uranium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Neptunium" title="Neptunium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#9bff99;">Neptunium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Plutonium" title="Plutonium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#9bff99;">Plutonium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Americium" class="mw-redirect" title="Americium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#9bff99;">Americium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Curium" class="mw-redirect" title="Curium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#9bff99;">Curium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Berkelium" title="Berkelium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#9bff99;">Berkelium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Californium" class="mw-redirect" title="Californium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#9bff99;">Californium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Einsteinium" title="Einsteinium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#9bff99;">Einsteinium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Fermium" title="Fermium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#9bff99;">Fermium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Mendelevium" title="Mendelevium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#9bff99;">Mendelevium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Nobelium" title="Nobelium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#9bff99;">Nobelium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Lawrencium" class="mw-redirect" title="Lawrencium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#99ccff;">Lawrencium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Rutherfordium" class="mw-redirect" title="Rutherfordium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#99ccff;">Rutherfordium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Dubnium" title="Dubnium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#99ccff;">Dubnium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Seaborgium" title="Seaborgium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#99ccff;">Seaborgium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Bohrium" title="Bohrium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#99ccff;">Bohrium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Hassium" class="mw-redirect" title="Hassium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#99ccff;">Hassium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Meitnerium" title="Meitnerium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#99ccff;">Meitnerium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Darmstadtium" title="Darmstadtium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#99ccff;">Darmstadtium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Roentgenium" title="Roentgenium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#99ccff;">Roentgenium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Copernicium" class="mw-redirect" title="Copernicium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#99ccff;">Copernicium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Nihonium" title="Nihonium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#fdff8c;">Nihonium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Flerovium" title="Flerovium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#fdff8c;">Flerovium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Moscovium" class="mw-redirect" title="Moscovium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#fdff8c;">Moscovium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Livermorium" title="Livermorium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#fdff8c;">Livermorium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Tennessine" class="mw-redirect" title="Tennessine"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#fdff8c;">Tennessine</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Oganesson" class="mw-redirect" title="Oganesson"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#fdff8c;">Oganesson</span></a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; text-align:center; font-size:90%; line-height:100%; width:10px; border:none;"><a href="/wiki/Perak" title="Perak">Ag</a><br />↑<br /><strong>Au</strong><br />↓<br /><a href="/wiki/Roentgenium" title="Roentgenium">Rg</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="nowrap" style="text-align:center; font-size:90%; line-height:100%; padding-top:0; padding-bottom:1px; border:none;"><a href="/wiki/Platina" title="Platina">platina</a> ← <strong>emas</strong> → <a href="/wiki/Raksa" title="Raksa">raksa</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table> <span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Templat:Navbox_unsur_diperbesar" title="Templat:Navbox unsur diperbesar">Lihat bagan navigasi yang diperbesar</a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.15em; padding-right:0.75em;;padding-left:0.35em"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Nomor_atom" title="Nomor atom">Nomor atom</a> <span style="font-weight:normal;">(<i>Z</i>)</span></span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="padding-left:0em; padding-right:0em;line-height:1.35em;">79</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.15em; padding-right:0.75em;;padding-left:0.35em"><a href="/wiki/Golongan_(tabel_periodik)" class="mw-redirect" title="Golongan (tabel periodik)">Golongan</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="padding-left:0em; padding-right:0em;line-height:1.35em;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Unsur_golongan_11" title="Unsur golongan 11">golongan 11</a></span> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.15em; padding-right:0.75em;;padding-left:0.35em"><a href="/wiki/Periode_(tabel_periodik)" class="mw-redirect" title="Periode (tabel periodik)">Periode</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="padding-left:0em; padding-right:0em;line-height:1.35em;"><a href="/wiki/Periode_(tabel_periodik)#Periode_6" class="mw-redirect" title="Periode (tabel periodik)">periode 6</a> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.15em; padding-right:0.75em;;padding-left:0.35em"><a href="/wiki/Blok_(tabel_periodik)" class="mw-redirect" title="Blok (tabel periodik)">Blok</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="padding-left:0em; padding-right:0em;line-height:1.35em;"><a href="/wiki/Blok-d" class="mw-redirect" title="Blok-d">blok-d</a> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.15em; padding-right:0.75em;;padding-left:0.35em"><a href="/wiki/Nama_kategori_unsur_kimia#Kategori" title="Nama kategori unsur kimia">Kategori unsur</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="padding-left:0em; padding-right:0em;line-height:1.35em;"><span title="color legend: logam transisi" style="display:inline-block; vertical-align:middle; width:6px; height:8px; border:1px solid black; background:#ffc0c0"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Logam_transisi" title="Logam transisi">logam transisi</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.15em; padding-right:0.75em;;padding-left:0.35em"><a href="/wiki/Berat_atom_standar" class="mw-redirect" title="Berat atom standar">Berat atom standar</a><span style="font-weight:normal;"> (<i>A</i><sub>r</sub>)</span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="padding-left:0em; padding-right:0em;line-height:1.35em;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r23782729">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7002196966570000000♠"></span>196,966570</span><span style="margin-left:0.3em;margin-right:0.15em;">±</span>0,000004</li><li><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7002196970000000000♠"></span>196,97<span style="margin-left:0.3em;margin-right:0.15em;">±</span>0,01</span> (diringkas)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.15em; padding-right:0.75em;;padding-left:0.35em"><a href="/wiki/Konfigurasi_elektron" title="Konfigurasi elektron">Konfigurasi elektron</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="padding-left:0em; padding-right:0em;line-height:1.35em;">[<a href="/wiki/Xenon" title="Xenon">Xe</a>] 4f<sup>14</sup> 5d<sup>10</sup> 6s<sup>1</sup> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.15em; padding-right:0.75em;;padding-left:0.35em"><a href="/wiki/Kelopak_elektron" title="Kelopak elektron">Elektron per kelopak</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="padding-left:0em; padding-right:0em;line-height:1.35em;">2, 8, 18, 32, 18, 1</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="text-align:center; line-height:normal;background:#ffc0c0">Sifat fisik</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.15em; padding-right:0.75em;;padding-left:0.35em"><a href="/wiki/Fase_benda" title="Fase benda">Fase</a> <span style="font-weight:normal;">pada <a href="/wiki/Temperatur_dan_tekanan_standar" title="Temperatur dan tekanan standar">STS</a> (0 °C dan 101,325 <a href="/wiki/Pascal_(satuan)" title="Pascal (satuan)">kPa</a>)</span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="padding-left:0em; padding-right:0em;line-height:1.35em;"><a href="/wiki/Padat" title="Padat">padat</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.15em; padding-right:0.75em;;padding-left:0.35em"><a href="/wiki/Titik_lebur" title="Titik lebur">Titik lebur</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="padding-left:0em; padding-right:0em;line-height:1.35em;">1337,33 <a href="/wiki/Kelvin" title="Kelvin">K</a> ​(1064,18 °C, ​1947,52 °F) </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.15em; padding-right:0.75em;;padding-left:0.35em"><a href="/wiki/Titik_didih" title="Titik didih">Titik didih</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="padding-left:0em; padding-right:0em;line-height:1.35em;">3243 K ​(2970 °C, ​5378 °F) </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.15em; padding-right:0.75em;;padding-left:0.35em"><a href="/wiki/Massa_jenis" title="Massa jenis">Kepadatan</a> <span style="font-weight:normal;">mendekati <a href="/wiki/Suhu_kamar" title="Suhu kamar">s.k.</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="padding-left:0em; padding-right:0em;line-height:1.35em;">19,3 g/cm<sup>3</sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.15em; padding-right:0.75em;;padding-left:0.35em"><span style="font-weight:normal;">saat cair, pada <abbr title="titik lebur">t.l.</abbr></span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="padding-left:0em; padding-right:0em;line-height:1.35em;">17,31 g/cm<sup>3</sup> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.15em; padding-right:0.75em;;padding-left:0.35em"><a href="/wiki/Kalor_peleburan" title="Kalor peleburan">Kalor peleburan</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="padding-left:0em; padding-right:0em;line-height:1.35em;">12,55 <a href="/wiki/Joule_per_mol" title="Joule per mol">kJ/mol</a> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.15em; padding-right:0.75em;;padding-left:0.35em"><a href="/wiki/Entalpi_penguapan" title="Entalpi penguapan">Kalor penguapan</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="padding-left:0em; padding-right:0em;line-height:1.35em;">342 kJ/mol </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.15em; padding-right:0.75em;;padding-left:0.35em"><a href="/wiki/Kapasitas_kalor" title="Kapasitas kalor">Kapasitas kalor molar</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="padding-left:0em; padding-right:0em;line-height:1.35em;">25,418 J/(mol·K) </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="padding-left:0em; padding-right:0em;line-height:1.35em;"><a href="/wiki/Tekanan_uap" title="Tekanan uap"><b>Tekanan uap</b></a><div style="margin:0 auto;"> <table class="wikitable" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="text-align:center; width:100%; border-collapse:collapse; margin:0; padding:0;"> <tbody><tr> <th><i><abbr title="Suhu (Pascal)">P</abbr></i> <span style="font-weight:normal;">(Pa)</span> </th> <th>1 </th> <th>10 </th> <th>100 </th> <th>1 k </th> <th>10 k </th> <th>100 k </th></tr> <tr> <th>pada <i><abbr title="Suhu (Kelvin)">T</abbr></i> <span style="font-weight:normal;">(K)</span> </th> <td>1646 </td> <td>1814 </td> <td>2021 </td> <td>2281 </td> <td>2620 </td> <td>3078 </td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="text-align:center; line-height:normal;background:#ffc0c0">Sifat atom</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.15em; padding-right:0.75em;;padding-left:0.35em"><a href="/wiki/Bilangan_oksidasi" title="Bilangan oksidasi">Bilangan oksidasi</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="padding-left:0em; padding-right:0em;line-height:1.35em;">−3, −2, <a href="/wiki/Sesium_aurida" title="Sesium aurida">−1</a>, 0,<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <span style="font-size:112%;"><b>+1</b></span>, +2, <span style="font-size:112%;"><b>+3</b></span>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gold_pentafluoride&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gold pentafluoride (halaman belum tersedia)">+5</a> (oksida <a href="/wiki/Amfoterisme" title="Amfoterisme">amfoter</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.15em; padding-right:0.75em;;padding-left:0.35em"><a href="/wiki/Elektronegativitas" title="Elektronegativitas">Elektronegativitas</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="padding-left:0em; padding-right:0em;line-height:1.35em;">Skala Pauling: 2,54 </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.15em; padding-right:0.75em;;padding-left:0.35em"><a href="/wiki/Energi_ionisasi" title="Energi ionisasi">Energi ionisasi</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="padding-left:0em; padding-right:0em;line-height:1.35em;">ke-1: 890,1 kJ/mol <br />ke-2: 1980 kJ/mol  </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.15em; padding-right:0.75em;;padding-left:0.35em"><a href="/wiki/Jari-jari_atom" title="Jari-jari atom">Jari-jari atom</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="padding-left:0em; padding-right:0em;line-height:1.35em;">empiris: 144 <a href="/wiki/Pikometer" title="Pikometer">pm</a> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.15em; padding-right:0.75em;;padding-left:0.35em"><a href="/wiki/Jari-jari_kovalen" title="Jari-jari kovalen">Jari-jari kovalen</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="padding-left:0em; padding-right:0em;line-height:1.35em;">136±6 pm </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.15em; padding-right:0.75em;;padding-left:0.35em"><a href="/wiki/Jari-jari_van_der_Waals" title="Jari-jari van der Waals">Jari-jari van der Waals</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="padding-left:0em; padding-right:0em;line-height:1.35em;">166 pm </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="text-align:center; line-height:normal;background:#ffc0c0">Lain-lain</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.15em; padding-right:0.75em;;padding-left:0.35em">Kelimpahan alami</th><td class="infobox-data" style="padding-left:0em; padding-right:0em;line-height:1.35em;"><a href="/wiki/Nuklida_primordial" title="Nuklida primordial">primordial</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.15em; padding-right:0.75em;;padding-left:0.35em"><a href="/wiki/Struktur_kristal" title="Struktur kristal">Struktur kristal</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="padding-left:0em; padding-right:0em;line-height:1.35em;"> ​<a href="/wiki/Sistem_kristal_kubus" class="mw-redirect" title="Sistem kristal kubus">kubus berpusat muka</a> (fcc)<div style="float:right;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Cubic-face-centered.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Struktur kristal Face centered cubic untuk emas" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Cubic-face-centered.svg/50px-Cubic-face-centered.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="58" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Cubic-face-centered.svg/75px-Cubic-face-centered.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Cubic-face-centered.svg/100px-Cubic-face-centered.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="109" data-file-height="127" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.15em; padding-right:0.75em;;padding-left:0.35em"><a href="/wiki/Kecepatan_suara" class="mw-redirect" title="Kecepatan suara">Kecepatan suara</a> <span style="font-weight:normal;">batang ringan</span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="padding-left:0em; padding-right:0em;line-height:1.35em;">2030 m/s (pada <abbr title="suhu kamar">s.k.</abbr>) </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.15em; padding-right:0.75em;;padding-left:0.35em"><a href="/wiki/Pemuaian" title="Pemuaian">Ekspansi kalor</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="padding-left:0em; padding-right:0em;line-height:1.35em;">14,2 µm/(m·K) (suhu 25 °C) </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.15em; padding-right:0.75em;;padding-left:0.35em"><a href="/wiki/Konduktivitas_termal" title="Konduktivitas termal">Konduktivitas termal</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="padding-left:0em; padding-right:0em;line-height:1.35em;">318 W/(m·K) </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.15em; padding-right:0.75em;;padding-left:0.35em"><a href="/wiki/Resistivitas_listrik" class="mw-redirect" title="Resistivitas listrik">Resistivitas listrik</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="padding-left:0em; padding-right:0em;line-height:1.35em;">22,14 nΩ·m (suhu 20 °C) </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.15em; padding-right:0.75em;;padding-left:0.35em"><a href="/wiki/Magnetisme" title="Magnetisme">Arah magnet</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="padding-left:0em; padding-right:0em;line-height:1.35em;"><a href="/wiki/Diamagnetik" class="mw-redirect" title="Diamagnetik">diamagnetik</a><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.15em; padding-right:0.75em;;padding-left:0.35em"><a href="/wiki/Suseptibilitas_magnetik" title="Suseptibilitas magnetik">Suseptibilitas magnetik molar</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="padding-left:0em; padding-right:0em;line-height:1.35em;"><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="3004720000000000000♠"></span>−28,0<span style="margin-left:0.25em;margin-right:0.15em;">×</span>10<sup>−6</sup></span> cm<sup>3</sup>/mol (at 296 K)<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.15em; padding-right:0.75em;;padding-left:0.35em"><a href="/wiki/Kekuatan_tarik" title="Kekuatan tarik">Kekuatan tensil</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="padding-left:0em; padding-right:0em;line-height:1.35em;">120 MPa </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.15em; padding-right:0.75em;;padding-left:0.35em"><a href="/wiki/Modulus_Young" title="Modulus Young">Modulus Young</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="padding-left:0em; padding-right:0em;line-height:1.35em;">79 GPa </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.15em; padding-right:0.75em;;padding-left:0.35em"><a href="/wiki/Modulus_geser" title="Modulus geser">Modulus Shear</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="padding-left:0em; padding-right:0em;line-height:1.35em;">27 GPa </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.15em; padding-right:0.75em;;padding-left:0.35em"><a href="/wiki/Modulus_kompresi" title="Modulus kompresi">Modulus curah</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="padding-left:0em; padding-right:0em;line-height:1.35em;">180 GPa<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.15em; padding-right:0.75em;;padding-left:0.35em"><a href="/wiki/Rasio_Poisson" title="Rasio Poisson">Rasio Poisson</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="padding-left:0em; padding-right:0em;line-height:1.35em;">0,4 </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.15em; padding-right:0.75em;;padding-left:0.35em"><a href="/wiki/Skala_Mohs" title="Skala Mohs">Skala Mohs</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="padding-left:0em; padding-right:0em;line-height:1.35em;">2,5 </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.15em; padding-right:0.75em;;padding-left:0.35em"><a href="/wiki/Uji_kekerasan_Vickers" title="Uji kekerasan Vickers">Skala Vickers</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="padding-left:0em; padding-right:0em;line-height:1.35em;">188–216 MPa </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.15em; padding-right:0.75em;;padding-left:0.35em"><a href="/wiki/Uji_kekerasan_Brinell" title="Uji kekerasan Brinell">Skala Brinell</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="padding-left:0em; padding-right:0em;line-height:1.35em;">188–245 MPa </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.15em; padding-right:0.75em;;padding-left:0.35em"><a href="/wiki/Nomor_CAS" title="Nomor CAS">Nomor CAS</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="padding-left:0em; padding-right:0em;line-height:1.35em;">7440-57-5 </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="text-align:center; line-height:normal;background:#ffc0c0">Sejarah</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.15em; padding-right:0.75em;;padding-left:0.35em">Penamaan</th><td class="infobox-data" style="padding-left:0em; padding-right:0em;line-height:1.35em;">dari Latin <i>aurum</i>, yang berarti emas</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.15em; padding-right:0.75em;;padding-left:0.35em"><a href="/wiki/Penemuan_unsur_kimia" title="Penemuan unsur kimia">Penemuan</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="padding-left:0em; padding-right:0em;line-height:1.35em;">di <a href="/wiki/Timur_Tengah" title="Timur Tengah">Timur Tengah</a><span class="nowrap"> (sebelum <a href="/wiki/Milenium_ke-6_SM" title="Milenium ke-6 SM">6000 SM</a>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.15em; padding-right:0.75em;;padding-left:0.35em">Simbol</th><td class="infobox-data" style="padding-left:0em; padding-right:0em;line-height:1.35em;">"Au": dari <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Latin" title="Bahasa Latin">Latin</a> <i><a href="https://id.wiktionary.org/wiki/aurum" class="extiw" title="wikt:aurum">aurum</a></i></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="text-align:center; line-height:normal;background:#ffc0c0"><a href="/wiki/Isotop_emas" title="Isotop emas">Isotop emas</a> yang utama</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="padding-left:0em; padding-right:0em;line-height:1.35em;"> <table class="wikitable" cellpadding="1" style="text-align:center;width:100%; border-collapse:collapse; margin:0; padding:0;"> <tbody><tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Isotop" title="Isotop">Iso­top</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Kelimpahan_alami" class="mw-redirect" title="Kelimpahan alami">Kelim­pahan</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Waktu_paruh" title="Waktu paruh">Waktu paruh</a> <span style="font-weight:normal;">(<i>t</i><sub>1/2</sub>)</span> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Peluruhan_radioaktif#Mode_peluruhan" title="Peluruhan radioaktif">Mode peluruhan</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Produk_peluruhan" title="Produk peluruhan">Pro­duk</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:right;"><sup>195</sup>Au </th> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Radioisotop_sintetis" title="Radioisotop sintetis">sintetis</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">186,10 hri </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Penangkapan_elektron" class="mw-redirect" title="Penangkapan elektron">ε</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Platina-195" class="mw-redirect" title="Platina-195"><sup>195</sup>Pt</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2" style="text-align:right; vertical-align:middle;"><sup>196</sup>Au </th> <td rowspan="2" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle;">sintetis </td> <td rowspan="2" style="text-align:right; vertical-align:middle;">6,183 hri </td> <td>ε </td> <td style="text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Platina-196" class="mw-redirect" title="Platina-196"><sup>196</sup>Pt</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Peluruhan_beta" title="Peluruhan beta">β<sup>−</sup></a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Raksa-196" class="mw-redirect" title="Raksa-196"><sup>196</sup>Hg</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:right;"><sup>197</sup>Au </th> <td style="text-align:right">100% </td> <td colspan="3" style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Isotop_stabil" class="mw-redirect" title="Isotop stabil">stabil</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Emas-198" title="Emas-198"><sup>198</sup>Au</a> </th> <td style="text-align:center;">sintetis </td> <td style="text-align:right;">2,69517 hri </td> <td>β<sup>−</sup> </td> <td style="text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Raksa-198" class="mw-redirect" title="Raksa-198"><sup>198</sup>Hg</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:right;"><sup>199</sup>Au </th> <td style="text-align:center;">sintetis </td> <td style="text-align:right;">3,169 hri </td> <td>β<sup>−</sup> </td> <td style="text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Raksa-199" class="mw-redirect" title="Raksa-199"><sup>199</sup>Hg</a> </td></tr></tbody></table><div style="clear:both;"></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below noprint" style="border-top:1px dotted #ffc0c0; line-height:0.7"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r18590415">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist"><ul><li class="nv-lihat"><a href="/wiki/Templat:Kotak_info_emas" title="Templat:Kotak info emas"><span title="Lihat templat ini">lihat</span></a></li><li class="nv-bicara"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pembicaraan_Templat:Kotak_info_emas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pembicaraan Templat:Kotak info emas (halaman belum tersedia)"><span title="Diskusikan templat ini">bicara</span></a></li><li class="nv-sunting"><a class="external text" href="https://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Templat:Kotak_info_emas&action=edit"><span title="Sunting templat ini">sunting</span></a></li></ul></div>| <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_data_references_for_chemical_elements" class="extiw" title="en:List of data references for chemical elements">referensi</a> | <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q897" class="extiw" title="d:Q897">di Wikidata</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Emas</b>, juga dikenal sebagai <b>bulauan</b> adalah sebuah <a href="/wiki/Unsur_kimia" title="Unsur kimia">unsur kimia</a> dengan <a href="/wiki/Lambang_unsur" title="Lambang unsur">lambang</a> <b>Au</b> (dari bahasa Latin <i> <i lang="la"><a href="https://id.wiktionary.org/wiki/aurum#Latin" class="extiw" title="wikt:aurum">aurum</a></i></i>, berarti "emas") dan <a href="/wiki/Nomor_atom" title="Nomor atom">nomor atom</a> 79. Dalam bentuknya yang murni, emas menampilkan warna kuning jingga yang cerah dan memiliki sifat-sifat padat, lembut, lentur, dan ulet. Dari perspektif kimia, emas termasuk dalam kelompok <a href="/wiki/Logam_transisi" title="Logam transisi">logam transisi</a>, khususnya <a href="/wiki/Unsur_golongan_11" title="Unsur golongan 11">golongan 11</a>, dan diklasifikasikan sebagai logam mulia. Emas termasuk di antara unsur kimia yang paling tidak reaktif, berada di urutan kedua terendah dalam deret reaktivitas, dan tetap padat dalam kondisi standar. </p><p>Emas umumnya ditemukan dalam bentuk <a href="/wiki/Unsur_bebas" title="Unsur bebas">unsur bebas</a>, sering kali dalam bentuk bongkahan atau butiran di dalam <a href="/wiki/Batu" title="Batu">batuan</a>, urat, dan <a href="/wiki/Aluvium" title="Aluvium">endapan aluvial</a>. Emas membentuk rangkaian <a href="/w/index.php?title=Larutan_padat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Larutan padat (halaman belum tersedia)">larutan padat</a> dengan unsur <a href="/wiki/Perak" title="Perak">perak</a>, secara alamiah <a href="/wiki/Logam_paduan" title="Logam paduan">berpadu</a> dengan logam lain seperti <a href="/wiki/Tembaga" title="Tembaga">tembaga</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Paladium" title="Paladium">paladium</a>, serta ditemukan dalam <a href="/w/index.php?title=Inklusi_(mineral)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Inklusi (mineral) (halaman belum tersedia)">inklusi mineral</a> seperti dalam <a href="/wiki/Pirit" title="Pirit">pirit</a>. Lebih jarang lagi, emas terdapat dalam mineral sebagai senyawa, biasanya dengan <a href="/wiki/Telurium" title="Telurium">telurium</a>, yang dikenal sebagai <a href="/wiki/Emas_kalkogenida" title="Emas kalkogenida">emas telurida</a>. </p><p>Emas tahan terhadap sebagian besar asam, meski dapat larut dalam <a href="/wiki/Air_raja" title="Air raja">air raja</a> (campuran <a href="/wiki/Asam_nitrat" title="Asam nitrat">asam nitrat</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Asam_klorida" title="Asam klorida">asam klorida</a>), membentuk sebuah <a href="/wiki/Ion#Anion_dan_kation" title="Ion">anion</a> <a href="/wiki/Asam_kloroaurat" title="Asam kloroaurat">tetrakloroaurat</a> yang larut. Hanya asam nitrat yang tidak dapat melarutkan emas, tetapi ia dapat melarutkan perak dan <a href="/wiki/Logam_dasar" title="Logam dasar">logam dasar</a>, sehingga sifat ini telah lama digunakan untuk <a href="/wiki/Pemurnian_(metalurgi)" title="Pemurnian (metalurgi)">memurnikan</a> emas dan memastikan keberadaan emas dalam substansi metalik, sehingga memunculkan istilah '<a href="/w/index.php?title=Uji_asam_(emas)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Uji asam (emas) (halaman belum tersedia)">uji asam</a>'. Emas dapat larut dalam larutan <a href="/wiki/Alkali" title="Alkali">alkali</a> <a href="/wiki/Sianida" title="Sianida">sianida</a>, yang digunakan dalam <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sianidasi_emas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sianidasi emas (halaman belum tersedia)">pertambangan</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Penyepuhan" title="Penyepuhan">penyepuhan</a>. Emas juga larut dalam <a href="/wiki/Raksa" title="Raksa">raksa</a>, membentuk paduan <a href="/wiki/Amalgam_(kimia)" title="Amalgam (kimia)">amalgam</a>, dan karena emas bertindak hanya sebagai zat terlarut, ini bukanlah <a href="/wiki/Reaksi_kimia" title="Reaksi kimia">reaksi kimia</a>. </p><p>Unsur yang relatif langka,<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> emas adalah sebuah <a href="/wiki/Logam_berharga" title="Logam berharga">logam berharga</a> yang telah digunakan untuk pembuatan <a href="/wiki/Koin_emas" title="Koin emas">koin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Perhiasan" title="Perhiasan">perhiasan</a>, dan <a href="/wiki/Karya_seni" title="Karya seni">seni</a> lainnya sepanjang <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sejarah_tercatat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sejarah tercatat (halaman belum tersedia)">sejarah tercatat</a>. Di masa lalu, <a href="/wiki/Standar_emas" title="Standar emas">standar emas</a> sering diterapkan sebagai <a href="/wiki/Kebijakan_moneter" title="Kebijakan moneter">kebijakan moneter</a>. Koin emas berhenti dicetak sebagai mata uang yang beredar pada tahun 1930-an, dan standar emas dunia ditinggalkan untuk sistem <a href="/wiki/Uang_fiat" title="Uang fiat">mata uang fiat</a> setelah tindakan <a href="/wiki/Guncangan_Nixon" title="Guncangan Nixon">guncangan Nixon</a> tahun 1971. </p><p>Pada tahun 2020, produsen emas <a href="/w/index.php?title=Daftar_negara_menurut_produksi_emas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Daftar negara menurut produksi emas (halaman belum tersedia)">terbesar dunia</a> adalah Tiongkok, diikuti oleh Rusia dan Australia.<sup id="cite_ref-production_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-production-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sebanyak sekitar 201.296 <a href="/wiki/Ton_metrik" title="Ton metrik">ton</a> emas eksis di atas tanah, hingga 2020<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Emas&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ini sama dengan sebuah kubus dengan masing-masing sisi berukuran kira-kira 217 meter (712 ft). Konsumsi emas dunia yang baru diproduksi adalah sekitar 50% dalam perhiasan, 40% dalam <a href="/wiki/Investasi" title="Investasi">investasi</a>, dan 10% dalam <a href="/wiki/Pemanufakturan" title="Pemanufakturan">industri</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-oil-price.com-worlds-gold-consumption_2011_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oil-price.com-worlds-gold-consumption_2011-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kelenturan, keuletan, ketahanan terhadap korosi dan sebagian besar reaksi kimia lainnya, serta konduktivitas listrik emas yang tinggi telah menyebabkannya terus digunakan dalam <a href="/w/index.php?title=Konektor_listrik&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Konektor listrik (halaman belum tersedia)">konektor listrik</a> tahan korosi di semua jenis perangkat terkomputerisasi (penggunaan industri utamanya). Emas juga digunakan dalam pelindungan <a href="/wiki/Inframerah" title="Inframerah">inframerah</a>, produksi <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pewarnaan_kaca_dan_penandaan_warna&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pewarnaan kaca dan penandaan warna (halaman belum tersedia)">kaca berwarna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kertas_emas" title="Kertas emas">kertas emas</a>, dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kedokteran_gigi_restoratif&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kedokteran gigi restoratif (halaman belum tersedia)">restorasi gigi</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Obat_yang_mengandung_emas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Obat yang mengandung emas (halaman belum tersedia)">Garam emas</a> tertentu masih digunakan sebagai <a href="/wiki/Antiinflamasi" title="Antiinflamasi">antiradang</a> dalam pengobatan. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etimologi">Etimologi</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emas&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Sunting bagian: Etimologi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emas&action=edit&section=1" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Etimologi"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Kata emas berasal bahasa Khmer Kuno Pra-Angkora mās ~ mas (“emas”), dari bahasa Proto-Mon-Khmer *jmaas, bentuk tambahan dari *jaas (“bersinar”). Bandingkan Mon yimās (“bersinar (emas)”) dan yās (“fajar; bersinar”). </p><p>Sedangkan kata bulauan berasal dari kata Proto-Austronesia, *bulaw-an, kognat dengan kata bulaeng dalam bahasa bugis Makassar, bahasa Wolio Bulawa, dan bahasa Malagasi volamena. </p><p>Jatarupa sendiri pula, berasal dari bahasa Sansekerta, "jatarupa" (जातरूप) yang berarti emas, sama dengan halnya bahasa Thailand, ชาตรูป (chaa-dtà-rûup). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Karakteristik">Karakteristik</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emas&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Sunting bagian: Karakteristik" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emas&action=edit&section=2" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Karakteristik"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Au_atomic_wire.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Au_atomic_wire.jpg/220px-Au_atomic_wire.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="249" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Au_atomic_wire.jpg/330px-Au_atomic_wire.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Au_atomic_wire.jpg/440px-Au_atomic_wire.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1744" data-file-height="1971" /></a><figcaption>Emas dapat ditarik menjadi kawat monoatomik, dan kemudian diregangkan lagi sebelum putus.<sup id="cite_ref-Kizuka-2008_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kizuka-2008-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Small_gold_nugget_5mm_dia_and_corresponding_foil_surface_of_half_sq_meter.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Small_gold_nugget_5mm_dia_and_corresponding_foil_surface_of_half_sq_meter.jpg/220px-Small_gold_nugget_5mm_dia_and_corresponding_foil_surface_of_half_sq_meter.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Small_gold_nugget_5mm_dia_and_corresponding_foil_surface_of_half_sq_meter.jpg/330px-Small_gold_nugget_5mm_dia_and_corresponding_foil_surface_of_half_sq_meter.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Small_gold_nugget_5mm_dia_and_corresponding_foil_surface_of_half_sq_meter.jpg/440px-Small_gold_nugget_5mm_dia_and_corresponding_foil_surface_of_half_sq_meter.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="3072" /></a><figcaption>Sebuah nuget emas berukuran 5 mm (0,20 in) dapat ditempa menjadi <a href="/wiki/Kertas_emas" title="Kertas emas">lembaran emas</a> seluas sekitar 0,5 m<sup>2</sup> (5,4 sq ft).</figcaption></figure> <p>Emas adalah logam yang paling <a href="/wiki/Keuletan_(fisika)" title="Keuletan (fisika)">mudah ditempa</a>. Ia dapat ditarik menjadi kawat selebar atom tunggal, dan kemudian diregangkan jauh sebelum putus.<sup id="cite_ref-Kizuka-2008_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kizuka-2008-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kawat nano seperti itu terdistorsi melalui pembentukan, reorientasi, dan migrasi <a href="/wiki/Dislokasi" title="Dislokasi">dislokasi</a> dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pengembaran_kristal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pengembaran kristal (halaman belum tersedia)">kembaran kristal</a> tanpa pengerasan yang nyata.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Satu gram emas dapat ditempa menjadi satu lembar seluas 1 meter persegi (11 sq ft), dan satu <a href="/wiki/Ons#Ons_avoirdupois_internasional" title="Ons">ons avoirdupois</a> menjadi seluas 300 square feet (28 m<sup>2</sup>). Kertas emas dapat dipukuli cukup tipis untuk menjadi semitransparan. Cahaya yang ditransmisikan tampak berwarna biru kehijauan karena emas sangat memantulkan warna kuning dan merah.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lembaran semitransparan seperti itu juga sangat memantulkan cahaya <a href="/wiki/Inframerah" title="Inframerah">inframerah</a>, menjadikannya berguna sebagai pelindung inframerah (pemancar panas) pada pelindung pakaian tahan panas dan pelindung matahari untuk <a href="/wiki/Pakaian_luar_angkasa" title="Pakaian luar angkasa">pakaian antariksa</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Emas adalah <a href="/wiki/Konduksi_panas" title="Konduksi panas">konduktor panas</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Penghantar_listrik" title="Penghantar listrik">listrik</a> yang baik. </p><p>Emas memiliki <a href="/wiki/Massa_jenis" title="Massa jenis">kepadatan</a> sebesar 19,3 g/cm<sup>3</sup>, hampir sama dengan <a href="/wiki/Wolfram" title="Wolfram">wolfram</a> pada 19,25 g/cm<sup>3</sup>; oleh karena itu, wolfram telah digunakan dalam <a href="/wiki/Pemalsuan" title="Pemalsuan">pemalsuan</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Emas_batangan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Emas batangan (halaman belum tersedia)">emas batangan</a>, seperti dengan melapisi batangan wolfram dengan emas.<sup id="cite_ref-popsci_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-popsci-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sebagai perbandingan, kepadatan <a href="/wiki/Timbal" title="Timbal">timbal</a> adalah 11,34 g/cm<sup>3</sup>, dan kepadatan unsur terpadat, <a href="/wiki/Osmium" title="Osmium">osmium</a>, adalah <span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7001225880000000000♠"></span>22,588<span style="margin-left:0.3em;margin-right:0.15em;">±</span>0,015 g/cm<sup>3</sup></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-Densest_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Densest-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Warna">Warna</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emas&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Sunting bagian: Warna" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emas&action=edit&section=3" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Warna"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r18844875">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Artikel utama: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Emas_berwarna&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Emas berwarna (halaman belum tersedia)">Emas berwarna</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Ag-Au-Cu-colours-english.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Ag-Au-Cu-colours-english.svg/220px-Ag-Au-Cu-colours-english.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="192" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Ag-Au-Cu-colours-english.svg/330px-Ag-Au-Cu-colours-english.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Ag-Au-Cu-colours-english.svg/440px-Ag-Au-Cu-colours-english.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="350" data-file-height="305" /></a><figcaption>Warna yang berbeda dari paduan <a href="/wiki/Perak" title="Perak">Ag</a>–Au–<a href="/wiki/Tembaga" title="Tembaga">Cu</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Di saat sebagian besar logam berwarna abu-abu atau putih keperakan, emas berwarna sedikit kuning kemerahan.<sup id="cite_ref-chem_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chem-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Warna ini ditentukan oleh frekuensi <a href="/wiki/Osilasi_plasma" title="Osilasi plasma">osilasi plasma</a> di antara elektron valensi logam ini, dalam kisaran ultraviolet untuk sebagian besar logam, tetapi dalam kisaran kasatmata untuk emas karena <a href="/wiki/Kimia_kuantum_relativistik" title="Kimia kuantum relativistik">efek relativistik</a> yang memengaruhi <a href="/wiki/Orbital_atom" title="Orbital atom">orbital</a> di sekitar atom emas.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Efek serupa memberi rona emas pada <a href="/wiki/Sesium" title="Sesium">sesium</a> metalik. </p><p>Paduan emas berwarna umum meliputi <a href="/w/index.php?title=Emas_berwarna&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Emas berwarna (halaman belum tersedia)">emas mawar</a> 18 <a href="/wiki/Karat_(emas)" title="Karat (emas)">karat</a> khas yang dibuat dengan penambahan tembaga. Paduan yang mengandung <a href="/wiki/Paladium" title="Paladium">paladium</a> atau <a href="/wiki/Nikel" title="Nikel">nikel</a> juga penting dalam perhiasan komersial karena menghasilkan paduan emas putih. Paduan emas–tembaga 14 karat memiliki warna yang hampir identik dengan paduan <a href="/wiki/Perunggu" title="Perunggu">perunggu</a> tertentu, dan keduanya dapat digunakan untuk menghasilkan <a href="/wiki/Lencana" title="Lencana">lencana</a> polisi dan lainnya. Paduan emas 14 dan 18 karat dengan perak saja tampak berwarna kuning kehijauan dan disebut sebagai <a href="/w/index.php?title=Elektrum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Elektrum (halaman belum tersedia)">emas hijau</a>. Emas biru dapat dibuat dengan memadukannya dengan <a href="/wiki/Besi" title="Besi">besi</a>, dan emas ungu dapat dibuat dengan memadukannya dengan <a href="/wiki/Aluminium" title="Aluminium">aluminium</a>. Lebih jarang, penambahan <a href="/wiki/Mangan" title="Mangan">mangan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indium" title="Indium">indium</a>, dan unsur lainnya dapat menghasilkan warna emas yang lebih tidak biasa untuk berbagai aplikasi.<sup id="cite_ref-utilisegold_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-utilisegold-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emas_koloid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Emas koloid (halaman belum tersedia)">Emas koloid</a>, yang digunakan oleh mikroskop elektron, berwarna merah jika partikelnya kecil; partikel emas koloid yang lebih besar berwarna biru.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Isotop">Isotop</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emas&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Sunting bagian: Isotop" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emas&action=edit&section=4" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Isotop"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18844875"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Artikel utama: <a href="/wiki/Isotop_emas" title="Isotop emas">Isotop emas</a></div> <p>Emas hanya memiliki satu <a href="/wiki/Isotop" title="Isotop">isotop</a> stabil, <span class="chemf nowrap"><sup>197</sup>Au</span>, yang juga merupakan satu-satunya isotopnya yang alami, sehingga emas merupakan <a href="/wiki/Unsur_mononuklida" title="Unsur mononuklida">unsur mononuklida</a> dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Unsur_monoisotop&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Unsur monoisotop (halaman belum tersedia)">monoisotop</a>. 36 <a href="/wiki/Radionuklida" title="Radionuklida">radioisotop</a> telah disintesis, dengan rentang <a href="/wiki/Massa_atom" title="Massa atom">massa atom</a> dari 169 hingga 205. Yang paling stabil adalah <span class="chemf nowrap"><sup>195</sup>Au</span> dengan <a href="/wiki/Waktu_paruh" title="Waktu paruh">waktu paruh</a> 186,1 hari. Yang paling tidak stabil adalah <span class="chemf nowrap"><sup>171</sup>Au</span>, yang meluruh melalui emisi proton dengan waktu paruh 30 µs. Sebagian besar radioisotop emas dengan massa atom di bawah 197 mengalami peluruhan oleh beberapa kombinasi, yaitu <a href="/wiki/Emisi_proton" title="Emisi proton">emisi proton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peluruhan_alfa" title="Peluruhan alfa">peluruhan α</a>, dan <a href="/wiki/Emisi_positron" title="Emisi positron">peluruhan β<sup>+</sup></a>. Pengecualiannya adalah <span class="chemf nowrap"><sup>195</sup>Au</span>, yang meluruh melalui <a href="/wiki/Tangkapan_elektron" title="Tangkapan elektron">penangkapan elektron</a>, dan <span class="chemf nowrap"><sup>196</sup>Au</span>, yang paling sering meluruh melalui penangkapan elektron (93%) dengan jalur peluruhan <a href="/wiki/Peluruhan_beta#Peluruhan_beta_minus" title="Peluruhan beta">peluruhan β<sup>−</sup></a> minor (7%).<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Semua radioisotop emas dengan massa atom di atas 197 mengalami peluruhan melalui peluruhan β<sup>−</sup>.<sup id="cite_ref-nubase_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nubase-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Setidaknya 32 <a href="/wiki/Isomer_nuklir" title="Isomer nuklir">isomer nuklir</a> juga telah dikarakterisasi, dengan massa atom berkisar antara 170 hingga 200. Dalam rentang tersebut, hanya <span class="chemf nowrap"><sup>178</sup>Au</span>, <span class="chemf nowrap"><sup>180</sup>Au</span>, <span class="chemf nowrap"><sup>181</sup>Au</span>, <span class="chemf nowrap"><sup>182</sup>Au</span>, dan <span class="chemf nowrap"><sup>188</sup>Au</span> yang tidak memiliki isomer. Isomer emas yang paling stabil adalah <span class="chemf nowrap"><sup>198m2</sup>Au</span> dengan waktu paruh 2,27 hari. Isomer emas yang paling tidak stabil adalah <span class="chemf nowrap"><sup>177m2</sup>Au</span> dengan waktu paruh hanya 7 ns. <span class="chemf nowrap"><sup>184m1</sup>Au</span> memiliki tiga jalur peluruhan: peluruhan β<sup>+</sup>, <a href="/wiki/Isomer_nuklir#Proses_peluruhan" title="Isomer nuklir">transisi isomeris</a>, dan peluruhan alfa. Tidak ada isomer atau isotop emas lain yang memiliki tiga jalur peluruhan.<sup id="cite_ref-nubase_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nubase-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Sintesis">Sintesis</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emas&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Sunting bagian: Sintesis" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emas&action=edit&section=5" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Sintesis"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18844875"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Lihat pula: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sintesis_logam_berharga&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sintesis logam berharga (halaman belum tersedia)">Sintesis logam berharga</a></div> <p>Kemungkinan produksi emas dari unsur yang lebih umum, seperti <a href="/wiki/Timbal" title="Timbal">timbal</a>, telah lama menjadi subjek penyelidikan manusia, dan disiplin <a href="/wiki/Alkimia" title="Alkimia">alkimia</a> kuno dan abad pertengahan sering berfokus padanya; namun, transmutasi unsur-unsur kimia tidak mungkin dilakukan hingga pemahaman <a href="/wiki/Fisika_nuklir" title="Fisika nuklir">fisika nuklir</a> pada abad ke-20. Sintesis emas pertama dilakukan oleh fisikawan Jepang <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hantaro_Nagaoka&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hantaro Nagaoka (halaman belum tersedia)">Hantaro Nagaoka</a>, yang mensintesis emas dari <a href="/wiki/Raksa" title="Raksa">raksa</a> pada tahun 1924 melalui pemborbardiran neutron.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sebuah tim Amerika, yang bekerja tanpa sepengetahuan studi Nagaoka sebelumnya, melakukan eksperimen yang sama pada tahun 1941, mencapai hasil yang sama dan menunjukkan bahwa <a href="/wiki/Isotop_emas" title="Isotop emas">isotop emas</a> yang dihasilkannya semuanya bersifat <a href="/wiki/Peluruhan_radioaktif" title="Peluruhan radioaktif">radioaktif</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pada tahun 1980, <a href="/wiki/Glenn_Seaborg" title="Glenn Seaborg">Glenn T. Seaborg</a> mentransmutasikan beberapa ribu atom bismut menjadi emas di <a href="/wiki/Laboratorium_Nasional_Lawrence_Berkeley" title="Laboratorium Nasional Lawrence Berkeley">Laboratorium Lawrence Berkeley</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Emas dapat diproduksi di dalam <a href="/wiki/Reaktor_nuklir" title="Reaktor nuklir">reaktor nuklir</a>, tetapi hal itu sangatlah tidak praktis dan harganya jauh lebih mahal daripada nilai emas yang dihasilkan.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sifat_kimia">Sifat kimia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emas&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Sunting bagian: Sifat kimia" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emas&action=edit&section=6" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Sifat kimia"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Gold(III)_chloride_solution.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Gold%28III%29_chloride_solution.jpg/220px-Gold%28III%29_chloride_solution.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="195" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Gold%28III%29_chloride_solution.jpg/330px-Gold%28III%29_chloride_solution.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Gold%28III%29_chloride_solution.jpg/440px-Gold%28III%29_chloride_solution.jpg 2x" data-file-width="667" data-file-height="592" /></a><figcaption>Larutan emas(III) klorida dalam air</figcaption></figure> <p>Meskipun emas adalah <a href="/wiki/Logam_mulia" title="Logam mulia">logam mulia</a> yang paling mulia,<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ia masih membentuk banyak senyawa yang beragam. <a href="/wiki/Bilangan_oksidasi" title="Bilangan oksidasi">Keadaan oksidasi</a> emas dalam senyawanya berkisar dari −1 hingga +5, tetapi Au(I) dan Au(III) mendominasi sifat kimianya. Au(I), terkadang disebut sebagai ion auro (<i>aurous</i>), adalah keadaan oksidasi yang paling umum dengan <a href="/wiki/Ligan" title="Ligan">ligan</a> lunak seperti <a href="/wiki/Tioeter" title="Tioeter">tioeter</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tiol" title="Tiol">tiolat</a>, dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Organofosfina&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Organofosfina (halaman belum tersedia)">organofosfina</a>. Senyawa Au(I) biasanya linear. Salah satu contoh yang baik adalah <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sianidasi_emas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sianidasi emas (halaman belum tersedia)">Au(CN)<span style="display:inline-block; margin-bottom:-0.3em; vertical-align:-0.4em; line-height:1.2em; font-size:70%; text-align:left;">−<br />2</span></a>, yang merupakan bentuk terlarut dari emas yang ditemui di pertambangan. <a href="/wiki/Emas_halida" title="Emas halida">Emas halida</a> biner, seperti <a href="/w/index.php?title=Emas(I)_klorida&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Emas(I) klorida (halaman belum tersedia)">AuCl</a>, membentuk rantai polimer zigzag, sekali lagi menampilkan koordinasi linear di Au. Sebagian besar obat berdasarkan emas adalah turunan Au(I).<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Au(III), terkadang disebut sebagai ion auri (<i>auric</i>), adalah keadaan oksidasi yang umum, dan diilustrasikan oleh <a href="/w/index.php?title=Emas(III)_klorida&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Emas(III) klorida (halaman belum tersedia)">emas(III) klorida</a>, Au<span style="display:inline-block; margin-bottom:-0.3em; vertical-align:-0.4em; line-height:1.2em; font-size:70%; text-align:left;"><br />2</span>Cl<span style="display:inline-block; margin-bottom:-0.3em; vertical-align:-0.4em; line-height:1.2em; font-size:70%; text-align:left;"><br />6</span>. Pusat atom emas dalam kompleks Au(III), seperti senyawa d<sup>8</sup> lainnya, biasanya berbentuk <a href="/w/index.php?title=Geometri_molekul_planar_persegi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Geometri molekul planar persegi (halaman belum tersedia)">planar persegi</a>, dengan <a href="/wiki/Ikatan_kimia" title="Ikatan kimia">ikatan kimia</a> yang memiliki karakter <a href="/wiki/Ikatan_kovalen" title="Ikatan kovalen">kovalen</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Ikatan_ionik" title="Ikatan ionik">ionik</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Emas(I,III)_klorida&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Emas(I,III) klorida (halaman belum tersedia)">Emas(I,III) klorida</a> juga dikenal, merupakan salah satu contoh <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kompleks_valensi_campuran&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kompleks valensi campuran (halaman belum tersedia)">kompleks valensi campuran</a>. </p><p>Emas tidak bereaksi dengan oksigen pada suhu berapa pun<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> dan, hingga suhu 100 °C, tahan terhadap serangan ozon.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-display mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math display="block" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\ce {Au + O2 ->}}({\text{tanpa reaksi}})}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>Au</mtext> <mo>+</mo> <msubsup> <mtext>O</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> <mo stretchy="false">⟶<!-- ⟶ --></mo> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>tanpa reaksi</mtext> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\ce {Au + O2 ->}}({\text{tanpa reaksi}})}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/2f78a60ebdfd71c8a8b5dd5378fa1bc0e6144636" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-display mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:27.291ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\ce {Au + O2 ->}}({\text{tanpa reaksi}})}"></span> <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-display mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math display="block" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\ce {Au{}+O3->[{} \atop {t<100^{\circ }{\text{C}}}]}}({\text{tanpa reaksi}})}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>Au</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> </mrow> <mo>+</mo> <msubsup> <mtext>O</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>3</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-REL"> <mover> <mo>→</mo> <mpadded width="+0.611em" lspace="0.278em" voffset=".15em"> <mfrac linethickness="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>t</mi> <mo><</mo> <msup> <mn>100</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>∘<!-- ∘ --></mo> </mrow> </msup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>C</mtext> </mrow> </mrow> </mfrac> </mpadded> </mover> </mrow> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>tanpa reaksi</mtext> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\ce {Au{}+O3->[{} \atop {t<100^{\circ }{\text{C}}}]}}({\text{tanpa reaksi}})}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/ea04247c36ce55c7c8b73f8261324692f06857ba" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-display mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; margin-top: -0.374ex; width:30.652ex; height:4.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\ce {Au{}+O3->[{} \atop {t<100^{\circ }{\text{C}}}]}}({\text{tanpa reaksi}})}"></span> </p><p>Beberapa <a href="/wiki/Halogen" title="Halogen">halogen</a> bebas dapat bereaksi dengan emas.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Emas akan diserang kuat oleh fluorin pada panas merah redup<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> untuk membentuk <a href="/w/index.php?title=Emas(III)_fluorida&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Emas(III) fluorida (halaman belum tersedia)">emas(III) fluorida</a> AuF<span style="display:inline-block; margin-bottom:-0.3em; vertical-align:-0.4em; line-height:1.2em; font-size:70%; text-align:left;"><br />3</span>. Bubuk emas akan bereaksi dengan klorin pada suhu 180 °C membentuk <a href="/w/index.php?title=Emas(III)_klorida&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Emas(III) klorida (halaman belum tersedia)">emas(III) klorida</a> AuCl<span style="display:inline-block; margin-bottom:-0.3em; vertical-align:-0.4em; line-height:1.2em; font-size:70%; text-align:left;"><br />3</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Emas akan bereaksi dengan bromin pada suhu 140 °C membentuk <a href="/w/index.php?title=Emas(III)_bromida&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Emas(III) bromida (halaman belum tersedia)">emas(III) bromida</a> AuBr<span style="display:inline-block; margin-bottom:-0.3em; vertical-align:-0.4em; line-height:1.2em; font-size:70%; text-align:left;"><br />3</span>, tetapi bereaksi sangat lambat dengan iodin membentuk <a href="/w/index.php?title=Emas_monoiodida&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Emas monoiodida (halaman belum tersedia)">emas(I) iodida</a> AuI. <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-display mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math display="block" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\ce {2Au{}+3F2->[{} \atop \Delta ]2AuF3}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <mtext>Au</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> </mrow> <mo>+</mo> <mn>3</mn> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <msubsup> <mtext>F</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-REL"> <mover> <mo>→</mo> <mpadded width="+0.611em" lspace="0.278em" voffset=".15em"> <mfrac linethickness="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> </mrow> <mi mathvariant="normal">Δ<!-- Δ --></mi> </mfrac> </mpadded> </mover> </mrow> <mn>2</mn> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <msubsup> <mtext>AuF</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>3</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\ce {2Au{}+3F2->[{} \atop \Delta ]2AuF3}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/a5ec545264fef0a0abf4c09d5ffec587e9e919db" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-display mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; margin-top: -0.45ex; width:22.987ex; height:4.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\ce {2Au{}+3F2->[{} \atop \Delta ]2AuF3}}}"></span> <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-display mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math display="block" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\ce {2Au{}+3Cl2->[{} \atop \Delta ]2AuCl3}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <mtext>Au</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> </mrow> <mo>+</mo> <mn>3</mn> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <msubsup> <mtext>Cl</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-REL"> <mover> <mo>→</mo> <mpadded width="+0.611em" lspace="0.278em" voffset=".15em"> <mfrac linethickness="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> </mrow> <mi mathvariant="normal">Δ<!-- Δ --></mi> </mfrac> </mpadded> </mover> </mrow> <mn>2</mn> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <msubsup> <mtext>AuCl</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>3</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\ce {2Au{}+3Cl2->[{} \atop \Delta ]2AuCl3}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/7637609dc04da97bf24afe9c25062b02a88d1e05" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-display mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; margin-top: -0.45ex; width:24.601ex; height:4.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\ce {2Au{}+3Cl2->[{} \atop \Delta ]2AuCl3}}}"></span> <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-display mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math display="block" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\ce {2Au{}+2Br2->[{} \atop \Delta ]AuBr3{}+AuBr}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <mtext>Au</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> </mrow> <mo>+</mo> <mn>2</mn> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <msubsup> <mtext>Br</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-REL"> <mover> <mo>→</mo> <mpadded width="+0.611em" lspace="0.278em" voffset=".15em"> <mfrac linethickness="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> </mrow> <mi mathvariant="normal">Δ<!-- Δ --></mi> </mfrac> </mpadded> </mover> </mrow> <msubsup> <mtext>AuBr</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>3</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> </mrow> <mo>+</mo> <mtext>AuBr</mtext> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\ce {2Au{}+2Br2->[{} \atop \Delta ]AuBr3{}+AuBr}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/340466f370c6d89ba2884d7e05ef60976bf50cb5" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-display mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; margin-top: -0.45ex; width:31.949ex; height:4.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\ce {2Au{}+2Br2->[{} \atop \Delta ]AuBr3{}+AuBr}}}"></span> <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-display mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math display="block" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\ce {2Au{}+I2->[{} \atop \Delta ]2AuI}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <mtext>Au</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> </mrow> <mo>+</mo> <msubsup> <mtext>I</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-REL"> <mover> <mo>→</mo> <mpadded width="+0.611em" lspace="0.278em" voffset=".15em"> <mfrac linethickness="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> </mrow> <mi mathvariant="normal">Δ<!-- Δ --></mi> </mfrac> </mpadded> </mover> </mrow> <mn>2</mn> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <mtext>AuI</mtext> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\ce {2Au{}+I2->[{} \atop \Delta ]2AuI}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/78c9bd40b7a429514a3a1e848b3886039c71e1b7" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-display mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; margin-top: -0.45ex; width:19.027ex; height:4.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\ce {2Au{}+I2->[{} \atop \Delta ]2AuI}}}"></span> </p><p>Emas tidak bereaksi dengan belerang secara langsung,<sup id="cite_ref-library.lanl.gov_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-library.lanl.gov-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> tetapi <a href="/w/index.php?title=Emas(III)_sulfida&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Emas(III) sulfida (halaman belum tersedia)">emas(III) sulfida</a> dapat dibuat dengan melewatkan <a href="/wiki/Hidrogen_sulfida" title="Hidrogen sulfida">hidrogen sulfida</a> melalui larutan encer emas(III) klorida atau <a href="/wiki/Asam_kloroaurat" title="Asam kloroaurat">asam kloraurat</a>. </p><p>Tidak seperti belerang, fosforus bereaksi langsung dengan emas pada suhu tinggi untuk menghasilkan emas fosfida (Au<sub>2</sub>P<sub>3</sub>).<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Emas mudah larut dalam <a href="/wiki/Raksa" title="Raksa">raksa</a> pada suhu kamar untuk membentuk <a href="/wiki/Amalgam_(kimia)" title="Amalgam (kimia)">amalgam</a>, dan membentuk <a href="/wiki/Logam_paduan" title="Logam paduan">paduan</a> dengan banyak logam lain pada suhu yang lebih tinggi. Paduan ini dapat diproduksi untuk memodifikasi kekerasan dan sifat metalurgi lainnya, untuk mengontrol <a href="/wiki/Titik_lebur" title="Titik lebur">titik lebur</a> atau untuk menciptakan warna yang eksotis.<sup id="cite_ref-utilisegold_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-utilisegold-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Emas tidak terpengaruh oleh kebanyakan asam. Ia tidak akan bereaksi dengan <a href="/wiki/Asam_fluorida" title="Asam fluorida">asam fluorida</a>, <a href="/wiki/Asam_klorida" title="Asam klorida">klorida</a>, <a href="/wiki/Asam_bromida" title="Asam bromida">bromida</a>, <a href="/wiki/Asam_iodida" title="Asam iodida">iodida</a>, <a href="/wiki/Asam_sulfat" title="Asam sulfat">sulfat</a>, atau <a href="/wiki/Asam_nitrat" title="Asam nitrat">nitrat</a>. Ia bereaksi dengan <a href="/wiki/Asam_selenat" title="Asam selenat">asam selenat</a>, dan dapat dilarutkan oleh <a href="/wiki/Air_raja" title="Air raja">air raja</a>, sebuah campuran <a href="/wiki/Asam_nitrat" title="Asam nitrat">asam nitrat</a> dan asam klorida 1:3. Asam nitrat mengoksidasi logam ini menjadi ion +3, tetapi hanya dalam jumlah kecil, biasanya tidak terdeteksi dalam asam nitrat murni karena kesetimbangan reaksi kimia. Namun, ion tersebut dihilangkan dari kesetimbangan oleh asam klorida, membentuk ion AuCl<span style="display:inline-block; margin-bottom:-0.3em; vertical-align:-0.4em; line-height:1.2em; font-size:70%; text-align:left;">−<br />4</span>, atau <a href="/wiki/Asam_kloroaurat" title="Asam kloroaurat">asam kloroaurat</a>, sehingga memungkinkan oksidasi lebih lanjut. <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-display mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math display="block" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\ce {2Au{}+6H2SeO4->[{} \atop {200^{\circ }{\text{C}}}]Au2(SeO4)3{}+3H2SeO3{}+3H2O}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <mtext>Au</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> </mrow> <mo>+</mo> <mn>6</mn> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <msubsup> <mtext>H</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> <msubsup> <mtext>SeO</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>4</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-REL"> <mover> <mo>→</mo> <mpadded width="+0.611em" lspace="0.278em" voffset=".15em"> <mfrac linethickness="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msup> <mn>200</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>∘<!-- ∘ --></mo> </mrow> </msup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>C</mtext> </mrow> </mrow> </mfrac> </mpadded> </mover> </mrow> <msubsup> <mtext>Au</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> <msubsup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <msubsup> <mtext>SeO</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>4</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>3</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> </mrow> <mo>+</mo> <mn>3</mn> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <msubsup> <mtext>H</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> <msubsup> <mtext>SeO</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>3</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> </mrow> <mo>+</mo> <mn>3</mn> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <msubsup> <mtext>H</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> <mtext>O</mtext> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\ce {2Au{}+6H2SeO4->[{} \atop {200^{\circ }{\text{C}}}]Au2(SeO4)3{}+3H2SeO3{}+3H2O}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/71cbeede6cfa81718a8252d5ce67d63065357027" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-display mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; margin-top: -0.398ex; width:57.408ex; height:4.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\ce {2Au{}+6H2SeO4->[{} \atop {200^{\circ }{\text{C}}}]Au2(SeO4)3{}+3H2SeO3{}+3H2O}}}"></span> <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-display mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math display="block" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\ce {Au{}+4HCl{}+HNO3->HAuCl4{}+NO\uparrow +2H2O}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>Au</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> </mrow> <mo>+</mo> <mn>4</mn> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <mtext>HCl</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> </mrow> <mo>+</mo> <msubsup> <mtext>HNO</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>3</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> <mo stretchy="false">⟶<!-- ⟶ --></mo> <msubsup> <mtext>HAuCl</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>4</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> </mrow> <mo>+</mo> <mtext>NO</mtext> <mo stretchy="false">↑<!-- ↑ --></mo> <mo>+</mo> <mn>2</mn> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <msubsup> <mtext>H</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> <mtext>O</mtext> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\ce {Au{}+4HCl{}+HNO3->HAuCl4{}+NO\uparrow +2H2O}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/927c524a984069045f198eed04c352d5263c6d5c" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-display mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:50.744ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\ce {Au{}+4HCl{}+HNO3->HAuCl4{}+NO\uparrow +2H2O}}}"></span> </p><p>Emas juga tidak terpengaruh oleh sebagian besar basa. Ia tidak bereaksi dengan <a href="/wiki/Natrium_hidroksida" title="Natrium hidroksida">natrium</a> atau <a href="/wiki/Kalium_hidroksida" title="Kalium hidroksida">kalium hidroksida</a> <a href="/wiki/Larutan_berair" title="Larutan berair">berair</a>, <a href="/wiki/Padat" title="Padat">padat</a>, atau <a href="/wiki/Pencairan" title="Pencairan">cair</a>. Namun demikian, ia bereaksi dengan <a href="/wiki/Natrium_sianida" title="Natrium sianida">natrium</a> atau <a href="/wiki/Kalium_sianida" title="Kalium sianida">kalium sianida</a> dalam kondisi basa ketika <a href="/wiki/Oksigen" title="Oksigen">oksigen</a> hadir untuk membentuk kompleks yang larut.<sup id="cite_ref-library.lanl.gov_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-library.lanl.gov-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Bilangan_oksidasi" title="Bilangan oksidasi">Keadaan oksidasi</a> emas yang umum meliputi +1 (emas(I) atau senyawa auro) dan +3 (emas(III) atau senyawa auri). Ion emas dalam larutan mudah <a href="/wiki/Redoks" title="Redoks">direduksi</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Reaksi_pengendapan" title="Reaksi pengendapan">diendapkan</a> sebagai logam dengan menambahkan logam lain sebagai <a href="/wiki/Reduktor" title="Reduktor">zat pereduksi</a>. Logam yang ditambahkan aka <a href="/wiki/Redoks" title="Redoks">dioksidasi</a> dan dilarutkan, memungkinkan emas dipindahkan dari larutan dan diperoleh kembali sebagai endapan padat. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Keadaan_oksidasi_langka">Keadaan oksidasi langka</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emas&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Sunting bagian: Keadaan oksidasi langka" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emas&action=edit&section=7" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Keadaan oksidasi langka"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Keamanan oksidasi emas yang kurang umum adalah −1, +2, dan +5. </p><p>Keadaan oksidasi −1 terjadi pada aurida, senyawa yang mengandung <a href="/wiki/Ion#Anion_dan_kation" title="Ion">anion</a> Au<span style="display:inline-block; margin-bottom:-0.3em; vertical-align:0.8em; line-height:1.2em; font-size:70%; text-align:left;">−<br /></span>. <a href="/wiki/Sesium_aurida" title="Sesium aurida">Sesium aurida</a> (CsAu), misalnya, mengkristal dalam motif <a href="/wiki/Sesium_klorida" title="Sesium klorida">sesium klorida</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-relativist_Au_Pt_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-relativist_Au_Pt-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> rubidium, kalium, dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tetrametilamonium&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tetrametilamonium (halaman belum tersedia)">tetrametilamonium</a> aurida juga dikenal.<sup id="cite_ref-Holleman_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Holleman-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Emas memiliki <a href="/wiki/Afinitas_elektron" title="Afinitas elektron">afinitas elektron</a> tertinggi dari semua logam, pada 222,8 kJ/mol, menjadikan Au<span style="display:inline-block; margin-bottom:-0.3em; vertical-align:0.8em; line-height:1.2em; font-size:70%; text-align:left;">−<br /></span> sebagai spesies yang stabil,<sup id="cite_ref-martin08_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-martin08-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> analog dengan <a href="/wiki/Halida" title="Halida">halida</a>. </p><p>Emas juga memiliki keadaan oksidasi –1 dalam kompleks kovalen dengan logam transisi <a href="/wiki/Unsur_golongan_4" title="Unsur golongan 4">golongan 4</a>, seperti titanium tetraaurida dan senyawa zirkonium dan hafnium analog. Bahan kimia ini diperkirakan membentuk <a href="/wiki/Dimer" title="Dimer">dimer</a> yang dijembatani emas dengan cara yang mirip dengan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Titanium(IV)_hidrida&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Titanium(IV) hidrida (halaman belum tersedia)">titanium(IV) hidrida</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Senyawa emas(II) biasanya bersifat <a href="/wiki/Diamagnetisme" title="Diamagnetisme">diamagnetik</a> dengan ikatan Au–Au seperti [Au(CH<span style="display:inline-block; margin-bottom:-0.3em; vertical-align:-0.4em; line-height:1.2em; font-size:70%; text-align:left;"><br />2</span>)<span style="display:inline-block; margin-bottom:-0.3em; vertical-align:-0.4em; line-height:1.2em; font-size:70%; text-align:left;"><br />2</span>P(C<span style="display:inline-block; margin-bottom:-0.3em; vertical-align:-0.4em; line-height:1.2em; font-size:70%; text-align:left;"><br />6</span>H<span style="display:inline-block; margin-bottom:-0.3em; vertical-align:-0.4em; line-height:1.2em; font-size:70%; text-align:left;"><br />5</span>)<span style="display:inline-block; margin-bottom:-0.3em; vertical-align:-0.4em; line-height:1.2em; font-size:70%; text-align:left;"><br />2</span>]<span style="display:inline-block; margin-bottom:-0.3em; vertical-align:-0.4em; line-height:1.2em; font-size:70%; text-align:left;"><br />2</span>Cl<span style="display:inline-block; margin-bottom:-0.3em; vertical-align:-0.4em; line-height:1.2em; font-size:70%; text-align:left;"><br />2</span>'<span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment"> Too many )</span>'";. Penguapan larutan Au(OH)<span style="display:inline-block; margin-bottom:-0.3em; vertical-align:-0.4em; line-height:1.2em; font-size:70%; text-align:left;"><br />3</span> dalam H<span style="display:inline-block; margin-bottom:-0.3em; vertical-align:-0.4em; line-height:1.2em; font-size:70%; text-align:left;"><br />2</span>SO<span style="display:inline-block; margin-bottom:-0.3em; vertical-align:-0.4em; line-height:1.2em; font-size:70%; text-align:left;"><br />4</span> pekat menghasilkan kristal merah <a href="/w/index.php?title=Emas(II)_sulfat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Emas(II) sulfat (halaman belum tersedia)">emas(II) sulfat</a>, Au<span style="display:inline-block; margin-bottom:-0.3em; vertical-align:-0.4em; line-height:1.2em; font-size:70%; text-align:left;"><br />2</span>(SO<span style="display:inline-block; margin-bottom:-0.3em; vertical-align:-0.4em; line-height:1.2em; font-size:70%; text-align:left;"><br />4</span>)<span style="display:inline-block; margin-bottom:-0.3em; vertical-align:-0.4em; line-height:1.2em; font-size:70%; text-align:left;"><br />2</span>. Awalnya dianggap sebagai senyawa valensi campuran, ia telah terbukti mengandung kation Au<span style="display:inline-block; margin-bottom:-0.3em; vertical-align:-0.4em; line-height:1.2em; font-size:70%; text-align:left;">4+<br />2</span>, analog dengan ion <a href="/w/index.php?title=Polikation_raksa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Polikation raksa (halaman belum tersedia)">raksa(I)</a> yang lebih dikenal, Hg<span style="display:inline-block; margin-bottom:-0.3em; vertical-align:-0.4em; line-height:1.2em; font-size:70%; text-align:left;">2+<br />2</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kompleks emas(II), kation <a href="/wiki/Tetraxenonoemas(II)" title="Tetraxenonoemas(II)">tetraxenonoemas(II)</a>, yang mengandung <a href="/wiki/Xenon" title="Xenon">xenon</a> sebagai ligannya, terjadi pada [AuXe<span style="display:inline-block; margin-bottom:-0.3em; vertical-align:-0.4em; line-height:1.2em; font-size:70%; text-align:left;"><br />4</span>](Sb<span style="display:inline-block; margin-bottom:-0.3em; vertical-align:-0.4em; line-height:1.2em; font-size:70%; text-align:left;"><br />2</span>F<span style="display:inline-block; margin-bottom:-0.3em; vertical-align:-0.4em; line-height:1.2em; font-size:70%; text-align:left;"><br />11</span>)<span style="display:inline-block; margin-bottom:-0.3em; vertical-align:-0.4em; line-height:1.2em; font-size:70%; text-align:left;"><br />2</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emas(V)_fluorida&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Emas(V) fluorida (halaman belum tersedia)">Emas pentafluorida</a>, bersama anion turunannya, AuF<span style="display:inline-block; margin-bottom:-0.3em; vertical-align:-0.4em; line-height:1.2em; font-size:70%; text-align:left;">−<br />6</span>, dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kompleks_difluorin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kompleks difluorin (halaman belum tersedia)">kompleks difluorinnya</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Emas_heptafluorida&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Emas heptafluorida (halaman belum tersedia)">emas heptafluorida</a>, adalah satu-satunya contoh emas(V), keadaan oksidasi emas terverifikasi tertinggi.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Beberapa senyawa emas memperlihatkan <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aurofilisitas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aurofilisitas (halaman belum tersedia)">ikatan aurofilik</a></i>, yang menjelaskan kecenderungan ion emas untuk berinteraksi pada jarak yang terlalu jauh untuk menjadi ikatan Au–Au tetapi lebih pendek daripada <a href="/wiki/Gaya_van_der_Waals" title="Gaya van der Waals">ikatan van der Waals</a>. Interaksi ini diperkirakan memiliki kekuatan yang sebanding dengan <a href="/wiki/Ikatan_hidrogen" title="Ikatan hidrogen">ikatan hidrogen</a>. </p><p>Senyawa gugus yang terdefinisi dengan baik sangatlah banyak.<sup id="cite_ref-Holleman_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Holleman-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dalam beberapa kasus, emas memiliki keadaan oksidasi fraksional. Contoh yang representatif adalah spesies oktahedron {Au(P(C<span style="display:inline-block; margin-bottom:-0.3em; vertical-align:-0.4em; line-height:1.2em; font-size:70%; text-align:left;"><br />6</span>H<span style="display:inline-block; margin-bottom:-0.3em; vertical-align:-0.4em; line-height:1.2em; font-size:70%; text-align:left;"><br />5</span>)<span style="display:inline-block; margin-bottom:-0.3em; vertical-align:-0.4em; line-height:1.2em; font-size:70%; text-align:left;"><br />3</span>)}<span style="display:inline-block; margin-bottom:-0.3em; vertical-align:-0.4em; line-height:1.2em; font-size:70%; text-align:left;">2+<br />6</span> (dengan P(C<sub>6</sub>H<sub>5</sub>)<sub>3</sub> adalah <a href="/wiki/Trifenilfosfina" title="Trifenilfosfina">trifenilfosfina</a>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Asal">Asal</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emas&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Sunting bagian: Asal" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emas&action=edit&section=8" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Asal"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Produksi_emas_di_alam_semesta">Produksi emas di alam semesta</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emas&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Sunting bagian: Produksi emas di alam semesta" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emas&action=edit&section=9" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Produksi emas di alam semesta"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Vredefort_crater_cross_section_2.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Vredefort_crater_cross_section_2.png/400px-Vredefort_crater_cross_section_2.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="123" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Vredefort_crater_cross_section_2.png/600px-Vredefort_crater_cross_section_2.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Vredefort_crater_cross_section_2.png/800px-Vredefort_crater_cross_section_2.png 2x" data-file-width="3324" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption>Skema penampang lintang TL (kiri) ke BD (kanan) melalui <a href="/wiki/Kawah_Vredefort" title="Kawah Vredefort">struktur tumbukan Vredefort</a> berusia 2,020 miliar tahun di <a href="/wiki/Afrika_Selatan" title="Afrika Selatan">Afrika Selatan</a> dan bagaimana hal itu mendistorsi struktur geologis kontemporer. Tingkat erosi saat ini ditampilkan. <a href="/wiki/Johannesburg" title="Johannesburg">Johannesburg</a> terletak di mana <a href="/w/index.php?title=Witwatersrand&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Witwatersrand (halaman belum tersedia)">Cekungan Witwatersrand</a> (lapisan kuning) terlihat di garis "present surface", tepat di dalam tepi kawah, di sebelah kiri. Bukan untuk diskalakan.</figcaption></figure> <p>Emas diperkirakan telah diproduksi dalam <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nukleosintesis_supernova&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nukleosintesis supernova (halaman belum tersedia)">nukleosintesis supernova</a>, dan dari <a href="/wiki/Tabrakan_bintang_neutron" title="Tabrakan bintang neutron">tabrakan bintang neutron</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> serta hadir dalam <a href="/wiki/Pembentukan_dan_evolusi_Tata_Surya#Pembentukan_planet" title="Pembentukan dan evolusi Tata Surya">debu</a> yang membentuk <a href="/wiki/Tata_Surya" title="Tata Surya">Tata Surya</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Secara tradisional, emas di alam semesta diperkirakan terbentuk melalui <a href="/wiki/Proses_r" title="Proses r">proses-r</a> (penangkapan neutron cepat (<i>rapid</i>)) dalam <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nukleosintesis_supernova&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nukleosintesis supernova (halaman belum tersedia)">nukleosintesis supernova</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> tetapi baru-baru ini telah dikemukakan bahwa emas dan unsur-unsur lain yang lebih berat daripada <a href="/wiki/Besi" title="Besi">besi</a> juga dapat diproduksi dalam jumlah banyak melalui proses-r dalam <a href="/wiki/Tabrakan_bintang_neutron" title="Tabrakan bintang neutron">tumbukan</a> antara <a href="/wiki/Bintang_neutron" title="Bintang neutron">bintang neutron</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dalam kedua kasus tersebut, spektrometer satelit pada awalnya hanya mendeteksi emas yang dihasilkan secara tidak langsung.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Namun, pada Agustus 2017, tanda spektroskopi unsur-unsur berat, termasuk emas, teramati oleh observatorium elektromagnetik dalam peristiwa penggabungan bintang neutron <a href="/wiki/GW170817" title="GW170817">GW170817</a>, setelah pendeteksi <a href="/wiki/Gelombang_gravitasi" title="Gelombang gravitasi">gelombang gravitasi</a> mengonfirmasi peristiwa tersebut sebagai penggabungan bintang neutron.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Model astrofisika saat ini menunjukkan bahwa peristiwa penggabungan bintang neutron tunggal ini menghasilkan emas antara 3 dan 13 kali <a href="/wiki/Massa_Bumi" title="Massa Bumi">massa Bumi</a>. Jumlah ini, bersama dengan perkiraan laju terjadinya peristiwa penggabungan bintang neutron ini, menunjukkan bahwa penggabungan tersebut dapat menghasilkan emas yang cukup untuk menjelaskan sebagian besar kelimpahan unsur ini di alam semesta.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Teori_asal_asteroid">Teori asal asteroid</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emas&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Sunting bagian: Teori asal asteroid" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emas&action=edit&section=10" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Teori asal asteroid"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Karena Bumi berbentuk cair <a href="/wiki/Sejarah_Bumi" title="Sejarah Bumi">saat terbentuk</a>, hampir semua emas yang ada di <a href="/w/index.php?title=Awal_Bumi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Awal Bumi (halaman belum tersedia)">awal Bumi</a> mungkin tenggelam ke dalam <a href="/wiki/Inti_keplanetan" title="Inti keplanetan">inti planet</a>. Oleh karena itu, sebagian besar emas yang ada di <a href="/wiki/Kerak_(geologi)" title="Kerak (geologi)">kerak</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Mantel_(geologi)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mantel (geologi)">mantel</a> Bumi dalam satu model diperkirakan telah dikirim ke Bumi kemudian, oleh <a href="/wiki/Peristiwa_tumbukan" title="Peristiwa tumbukan">dampak asteroid</a> selama <a href="/wiki/Pembombardiran_Berat_Akhir" title="Pembombardiran Berat Akhir">Pembombardiran Berat Akhir</a>, sekitar 4 miliar tahun yang lalu.<sup id="cite_ref-Willbold_2011_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Willbold_2011-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Battison-2011_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Battison-2011-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Emas yang dapat dijangkau oleh manusia, dalam satu kasus, dikaitkan dengan dampak asteroid tertentu. Asteroid yang membentuk <a href="/wiki/Kawah_Vredefort" title="Kawah Vredefort">struktur tumbukan Vredefort</a> 2,020 miliar tahun lalu sering dianggap sebagai penyemaian <a href="/w/index.php?title=Witwatersrand&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Witwatersrand (halaman belum tersedia)">cekungan Witwatersrand</a> di <a href="/wiki/Afrika_Selatan" title="Afrika Selatan">Afrika Selatan</a> dengan deposit emas terkaya di bumi.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Namun, skenario ini sekarang dipertanyakan. Batuan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Witwatersrand&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Witwatersrand (halaman belum tersedia)">Witwatersrand</a> yang mengandung emas diletakkan antara 700 dan 950 juta tahun sebelum tumbukan Vredefort.<sup id="cite_ref-McCarthy_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McCarthy-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Norman_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Norman-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Batuan pengandung emas ini selanjutnya telah ditutupi oleh lapisan tebal lava Ventersdorp dan batuan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cekungan_Transvaal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cekungan Transvaal (halaman belum tersedia)">Supergrup Transvaal</a> sebelum meteor tersebut menghantam, sehingga emas tidak benar-benar sampai di asteroid/meteorit. Apa yang dicapai dampak Vredefort, bagaimanapun, adalah mendistorsi cekungan Witwatersrand sedemikian rupa sehingga batuan pengandung emas dibawa ke <a href="/w/index.php?title=Permukaan_erosi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Permukaan erosi (halaman belum tersedia)">permukaan erosi</a> saat ini di <a href="/wiki/Johannesburg" title="Johannesburg">Johannesburg</a>, di Witwatersrand, tepat di dalam tepi kawah asli berdiameter 300 km (190 mi) yang disebabkan oleh serangan meteor tersebut. Penemuan deposit ini pada tahun 1886 memicu <a href="/wiki/Demam_emas_Witwatersrand" class="mw-redirect" title="Demam emas Witwatersrand">Demam Emas Witwatersrand</a>. Sekitar 22% dari semua emas yang dipastikan ada saat ini di Bumi telah diekstraksi dari batuan Witwatersrand ini.<sup id="cite_ref-Norman_64-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Norman-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Teori_pengembalian_mantel">Teori pengembalian mantel</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emas&veaction=edit&section=11" title="Sunting bagian: Teori pengembalian mantel" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emas&action=edit&section=11" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Teori pengembalian mantel"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Terlepas dari dampak di atas, sebagian besar sisa emas di Bumi diperkirakan telah dimasukkan ke dalam planet ini sejak awal, saat <a href="/wiki/Planetisimal" title="Planetisimal">planetisimal</a> membentuk mantel planet ini, di awal penciptaan Bumi. Pada 2017, sekelompok ilmuwan internasional menetapkan bahwa emas "datang ke permukaan Bumi dari wilayah terdalam planet kita",<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Mantel_(geologi)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mantel (geologi)">mantel</a>, dibuktikan dengan temuan mereka di <a href="/w/index.php?title=Masif_Deseado&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Masif Deseado (halaman belum tersedia)">Masif Deseado</a> di <a href="/wiki/Patagonia" title="Patagonia">Patagonia Argentina</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span title="Teks di dekat tag ini membutuhkan klarifikasi atau penghapusan jargon since Juli 2023" style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Klarifikasi" title="Wikipedia:Klarifikasi">butuh klarifikasi</a></i>]</span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Keterjadian">Keterjadian</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emas&veaction=edit&section=12" title="Sunting bagian: Keterjadian" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emas&action=edit&section=12" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Keterjadian"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Di Bumi, emas ditemukan dalam beberapa <a href="/wiki/Bijih" title="Bijih">bijih</a> dalam batuan yang terbentuk sejak zaman <a href="/wiki/Prakambrium" title="Prakambrium">Prakambrium</a> dan seterusnya.<sup id="cite_ref-La_Niece_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-La_Niece-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ia paling sering terjadi sebagai <a href="/wiki/Logam_asli" title="Logam asli">logam asli</a>, biasanya dalam <a href="/w/index.php?title=Larutan_padat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Larutan padat (halaman belum tersedia)">larutan padat</a> logam dengan perak (yaitu sebagai <a href="/wiki/Logam_paduan" title="Logam paduan">paduan</a> emas/perak). Paduan semacam itu biasanya memiliki kandungan perak 8–10%. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Elektrum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Elektrum (halaman belum tersedia)">Elektrum</a> adalah emas elemental dengan lebih dari 20% perak, dan umumnya dikenal sebagai <a href="/w/index.php?title=Emas_berwarna&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Emas berwarna (halaman belum tersedia)">emas putih</a>. Warna elektrum berkisar dari emas-perak hingga keperakan, tergantung pada kandungan peraknya. Semakin banyak peraknya, semakin rendah <a href="/wiki/Massa_jenis_relatif" title="Massa jenis relatif">kepadatan relatifnya</a>. </p><p>Emas asli terjadi sebagai partikel yang sangat kecil hingga mikroskopis yang tertanam dalam batuan, seringkali bersama dengan <a href="/wiki/Kuarsa" title="Kuarsa">kuarsa</a> atau <a href="/wiki/Mineral_sulfida" title="Mineral sulfida">mineral sulfida</a> seperti "<a href="/wiki/Pirit" title="Pirit">emas semu</a>", yang merupakan <a href="/wiki/Pirit" title="Pirit">pirit</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mereka disebut endapan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lode&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lode (halaman belum tersedia)">lode</a>. Emas dalam keadaan asli juga ditemukan dalam bentuk serpih bebas, butiran atau <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nuget_emas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nuget emas (halaman belum tersedia)">nuget</a> yang lebih besar<sup id="cite_ref-La_Niece_67-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-La_Niece-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> yang telah terkikis dari batuan dan berakhir di endapan <a href="/wiki/Aluvium" title="Aluvium">aluvial</a> yang disebut <a href="/w/index.php?title=Endapan_plaser&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Endapan plaser (halaman belum tersedia)">endapan plaser</a>. Emas bebas seperti itu selalu lebih kaya pada permukaan vein pengandung emas yang terbuka, karena <a href="/wiki/Redoks" title="Redoks">oksidasi</a> mineral yang menyertainya diikuti oleh pelapukan; dan dengan membasuh debu tersebut ke aliran air dan sungai, di mana ia terkumpul dan dapat dilas dengan gerakan air untuk membentuk nuget. </p><p>Emas kadang-kadang terjadi dikombinasikan dengan <a href="/wiki/Telurium" title="Telurium">telurium</a> sebagai <a href="/wiki/Mineral" title="Mineral">mineral</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kalaverit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kalaverit (halaman belum tersedia)">kalaverit</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Krenerit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Krenerit (halaman belum tersedia)">krenerit</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nagy%C3%A1git&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nagyágit (halaman belum tersedia)">nagyagit</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Petzit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Petzit (halaman belum tersedia)">petzit</a> dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Silvanit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Silvanit (halaman belum tersedia)">silvanit</a> (lihat <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mineral_telurida&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mineral telurida (halaman belum tersedia)">mineral telurida</a>), serta sebagai bismutida maldonit (Au<span style="display:inline-block; margin-bottom:-0.3em; vertical-align:-0.4em; line-height:1.2em; font-size:70%; text-align:left;"><br />2</span>Bi) dan antimonida <a href="/w/index.php?title=Aurostibit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aurostibit (halaman belum tersedia)">aurostibit</a> (AuSb<span style="display:inline-block; margin-bottom:-0.3em; vertical-align:-0.4em; line-height:1.2em; font-size:70%; text-align:left;"><br />2</span>). Emas juga terjadi dalam paduan langka dengan <a href="/wiki/Tembaga" title="Tembaga">tembaga</a>, <a href="/wiki/Timbal" title="Timbal">timbal</a>, dan <a href="/wiki/Raksa" title="Raksa">raksa</a>: mineral <a href="/w/index.php?title=Aurikuprid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aurikuprid (halaman belum tersedia)">aurikuprid</a> (Cu<span style="display:inline-block; margin-bottom:-0.3em; vertical-align:-0.4em; line-height:1.2em; font-size:70%; text-align:left;"><br />3</span>Au), novodneprit (AuPb<span style="display:inline-block; margin-bottom:-0.3em; vertical-align:-0.4em; line-height:1.2em; font-size:70%; text-align:left;"><br />3</span>) dan weishanit ((Au,Ag)<span style="display:inline-block; margin-bottom:-0.3em; vertical-align:-0.4em; line-height:1.2em; font-size:70%; text-align:left;"><br />3</span>Hg<span style="display:inline-block; margin-bottom:-0.3em; vertical-align:-0.4em; line-height:1.2em; font-size:70%; text-align:left;"><br />2</span>). </p><p>Penelitian terbaru menunjukkan bahwa mikroba terkadang dapat memainkan peran penting dalam membentuk endapan emas, mengangkut dan mengendapkan emas untuk membentuk butiran dan nuget yang terkumpul pada endapan aluvial.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Penelitian lain baru-baru ini mengklaim bahwa air di patahan akan menguap selama gempa bumi, menyimpan emas. Saat gempa terjadi, ia bergerak di sepanjang <a href="/wiki/Patahan_(geologi)" title="Patahan (geologi)">sesar</a>. Air sering melumasi sesar, mengisi <a href="/wiki/Kekar_(geologi)" title="Kekar (geologi)">kekar</a>. Sekitar 10 kilometer (6,2 mi) di bawah permukaan, di bawah suhu dan tekanan yang sangat tinggi, air tersebut membawa karbon dioksida, silika, dan emas dengan konsentrasi tinggi. Saat terjadi gempa, sesar tersebut tiba-tiba terbuka lebih lebar. Air di dalam kehampaan langsung menguap, berubah menjadi uap dan memaksa silika, yang membentuk mineral kuarsa, dan emas keluar dari cairan dan ke permukaan di dekatnya.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Air_laut">Air laut</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emas&veaction=edit&section=13" title="Sunting bagian: Air laut" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emas&action=edit&section=13" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Air laut"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Samudra" title="Samudra">Lautan</a> dunia mengandung emas. Konsentrasi emas terukur di <a href="/wiki/Samudra_Atlantik" title="Samudra Atlantik">Samudra Atlantik</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Samudra_Pasifik" title="Samudra Pasifik">Pasifik Timur Laut</a> adalah 50–150 <a href="/wiki/Molaritas#Satuan" title="Molaritas">femtomol</a>/L atau 10–30 <a href="/wiki/Notasi_bagian_per#Bagian_per_kuadriliun" title="Notasi bagian per">bagian per kuadriliun</a> (sekitar 10–30 g/km<sup>3</sup>). Secara umum, konsentrasi emas untuk sampel Atlantik selatan dan Pasifik tengah adalah sama (~50 femtomol/L) tetapi kurang pasti. Perairan dalam Mediterania mengandung konsentrasi emas yang sedikit lebih tinggi (100–150 femtomol/L) yang dikaitkan dengan debu atau sungai yang tertiup angin. Pada 10 bagian per kuadriliun, lautan Bumi akan menyimpan 15.000 ton emas.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Angka-angka ini adalah tiga tingkat besaran lebih sedikit dari yang dilaporkan dalam literatur sebelum tahun 1988, menunjukkan masalah kontaminasi dengan data sebelumnya. </p><p>Sejumlah orang mengklaim dapat memulihkan emas dari <a href="/wiki/Air_laut" title="Air laut">air laut</a> secara ekonomis, tetapi mereka salah atau melakukan penipuan yang disengaja. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lubec,_Maine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lubec, Maine (halaman belum tersedia)">Prescott Jernegan</a> menjalankan penipuan emas dari air laut di <a href="/wiki/Amerika_Serikat" title="Amerika Serikat">Amerika Serikat</a> pada tahun 1890-an, seperti yang dilakukan seorang penipu Inggris pada awal tahun 1900-an.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Fritz_Haber" title="Fritz Haber">Fritz Haber</a> melakukan penelitian mengenai ekstraksi emas dari air laut dalam upaya untuk membantu membayar reparasi <a href="/wiki/Jerman" title="Jerman">Jerman</a> setelah <a href="/wiki/Perang_Dunia_I" title="Perang Dunia I">Perang Dunia I</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Berdasarkan nilai yang dipublikasikan dari 2 hingga 64 <a href="/wiki/Notasi_bagian_per#Bagian_per_miliar" title="Notasi bagian per">ppb</a> emas dalam air laut, ekstraksi yang berhasil secara komersial tampaknya mungkin dilakukan. Setelah menganalisis 4.000 sampel air yang menghasilkan rata-rata 0,004 ppb, menjadi jelas bahwa ekstraksi tersebut tidak mungkin dilakukan dan dia mengakhiri proyek tersebut.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sejarah">Sejarah</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emas&veaction=edit&section=14" title="Sunting bagian: Sejarah" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emas&action=edit&section=14" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Sejarah"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span id="Sejarah_emas"></span> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Grave_offerings.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Grave_offerings.jpg/220px-Grave_offerings.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Grave_offerings.jpg/330px-Grave_offerings.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Grave_offerings.jpg/440px-Grave_offerings.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1562" /></a><figcaption>Artefak emas tertua di dunia (4600 SM – 4200 SM) dari Nekropolis Varna, Bulgaria - persembahan kuburan yang dipamerkan di <a href="/w/index.php?title=Museum_Arkeologi_Varna&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Museum Arkeologi Varna (halaman belum tersedia)">Museum Varna</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Indian_gold_tribute_donor_Apadana.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Indian_gold_tribute_donor_Apadana.jpg/170px-Indian_gold_tribute_donor_Apadana.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="229" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Indian_gold_tribute_donor_Apadana.jpg/255px-Indian_gold_tribute_donor_Apadana.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Indian_gold_tribute_donor_Apadana.jpg/340px-Indian_gold_tribute_donor_Apadana.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1126" data-file-height="1517" /></a><figcaption>Seorang pembawa upeti India di <a href="/wiki/Apadana" title="Apadana">Apadana</a>, dari <a href="/wiki/Satrap" title="Satrap">kesatrapan</a> <a href="/wiki/Kekaisaran_Akhemeniyah" title="Kekaisaran Akhemeniyah">Akhemeniyah</a> <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hindush&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hindush (halaman belum tersedia)">Hindush</a></i>, membawa emas di atas kuk, sekitar tahun 500 SM.<sup id="cite_ref-CDA_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CDA-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Gold_Museum,_Bogota_(36145671394).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Gold_Museum%2C_Bogota_%2836145671394%29.jpg/220px-Gold_Museum%2C_Bogota_%2836145671394%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Gold_Museum%2C_Bogota_%2836145671394%29.jpg/330px-Gold_Museum%2C_Bogota_%2836145671394%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Gold_Museum%2C_Bogota_%2836145671394%29.jpg/440px-Gold_Museum%2C_Bogota_%2836145671394%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="2560" /></a><figcaption><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rakit_Muiska&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rakit Muiska (halaman belum tersedia)">Rakit Muiska</a>, antara sekitar tahun 600–1600 Masehi. Sosok itu mengacu pada upacara legenda <a href="/wiki/El_Dorado" title="El Dorado">El Dorado</a>. <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Penguasa_Muiska&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Penguasa Muiska (halaman belum tersedia)">Zipa</a></i> digunakan untuk menutupi tubuhnya dengan debu emas, dan dari <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rakit_Muiska&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rakit Muiska (halaman belum tersedia)">rakitnya</a>, dia mempersembahkan harta karun kepada dewi <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Guatavita&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Guatavita (halaman belum tersedia)">Guatavita</a></i> di tengah <a href="/w/index.php?title=Perairan_keramat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Perairan keramat (halaman belum tersedia)">danau keramat</a>. Tradisi tua Muiska inilah yang menjadi cikal bakal legenda El Dorado.<br /><small>Sosok rakit Muiska ini dipajang di <a href="/w/index.php?title=Museum_Emas,_Bogot%C3%A1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Museum Emas, Bogotá (halaman belum tersedia)">Museum Emas, Bogotá</a>, Colombia.</small></figcaption></figure> <p>Logam paling awal yang tercatat digunakan oleh manusia tampaknya adalah emas, yang dapat ditemukan <a href="/wiki/Logam_asli" title="Logam asli">bebas</a> atau "<a href="/wiki/Logam_asli" title="Logam asli">asli</a>". Sejumlah kecil emas alami telah ditemukan di gua-gua Spanyol yang digunakan selama periode <a href="/wiki/Paleolitikum" title="Paleolitikum">Paleolitikum</a> akhir, <abbr title="circa (kira-kira)">ca</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 40.000 SM</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Artefak emas tertua di dunia berasal dari <a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a> dan berasal dari milenium ke-5 SM (4.600 SM hingga 4.200 SM), seperti yang ditemukan di <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nekropolis_Varna&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nekropolis Varna (halaman belum tersedia)">Nekropolis Varna</a> dekat Danau Varna dan pantai <a href="/wiki/Laut_Hitam" title="Laut Hitam">Laut Hitam</a>, dianggap sebagai temuan artefak emas "tertanggal" paling awal dalam sejarah.<sup id="cite_ref-La_Niece_67-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-La_Niece-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Beberapa temuan prasejarah Bulgaria dianggap tidak kalah tua – harta emas Hotnitsa, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Durankulak&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Durankulak (halaman belum tersedia)">Durankulak</a>, artefak dari pemukiman Kurgan di Yunatsite dekat <a href="/wiki/Pazardzhik" title="Pazardzhik">Pazardzhik</a>, harta emas Sakar, serta manik-manik dan perhiasan emas yang ditemukan di pemukiman Kurgan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Provadia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Provadia (halaman belum tersedia)">Provadia</a> – <a href="/wiki/Solnitsata" title="Solnitsata">Solnitsata</a> ("lubang garam"). Namun, emas Varna paling sering disebut sebagai yang tertua karena harta karun ini adalah yang terbesar dan paling beragam.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Artefak emas mungkin muncul pertama kali di Mesir Kuno pada awal periode pra-dinasti, pada akhir milenium ke-5 SM dan awal milenium ke-4 SM, dan peleburan dikembangkan selama milenium ke-4 SM; artefak emas muncul dalam arkeologi <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia_Hilir" title="Mesopotamia Hilir">Mesopotamia Hilir</a> selama awal milenium ke-4 SM.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pada tahun 1990, artefak emas yang ditemukan di pemakaman gua <a href="/w/index.php?title=Wadi_Qana&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wadi Qana (halaman belum tersedia)">Wadi Qana</a> dari <a href="/wiki/Milenium_ke-4_SM" title="Milenium ke-4 SM">milenium ke-4 SM</a> di <a href="/wiki/Tepi_Barat" title="Tepi Barat">Tepi Barat</a> adalah yang paling awal dari Levant.<sup id="cite_ref-Gopher,_Tsuk,_Shalev_and_Gophna_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gopher,_Tsuk,_Shalev_and_Gophna-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Artefak emas seperti <a href="/w/index.php?title=Topi_emas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Topi emas (halaman belum tersedia)">topi emas</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Piringan_langit_Nebra" title="Piringan langit Nebra">cakram Nebra</a> muncul di Eropa Tengah dari <a href="/wiki/Zaman_Perunggu_Eropa" title="Zaman Perunggu Eropa">Zaman Perunggu</a> milenium ke-2 SM. </p><p>Peta tambang emas tertua yang diketahui digambar pada Dinasti ke-19 Mesir Kuno (1320–1200 SM), sedangkan referensi tertulis pertama tentang emas tercatat pada Dinasti ke-12 sekitar tahun 1900 SM.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Hieroglif_Mesir" title="Hieroglif Mesir">Hieroglif Mesir</a> dari tahun 2600 SM telah menggambarkan emas, yang diklaim oleh Raja <a href="/wiki/Tushratta" title="Tushratta">Tushratta</a> dari <a href="/wiki/Mitanni" title="Mitanni">Mitanni</a> "lebih banyak daripada tanah" di Mesir.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mesir dan terutama <a href="/wiki/Nubia" title="Nubia">Nubia</a> memiliki sumber daya tersebut untuk menjadikannya daerah penghasil emas utama untuk sebagian besar sejarah. Salah satu peta paling awal yang diketahui, yang dikenal sebagai <a href="/w/index.php?title=Peta_Papirus_Turin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Peta Papirus Turin (halaman belum tersedia)">Peta Papirus Turin</a>, menunjukkan rencana <a href="/wiki/Penambangan_emas" title="Penambangan emas">tambang emas</a> di Nubia bersama dengan indikasi <a href="/wiki/Geologi" title="Geologi">geologi</a> setempat. Metode kerja sederhana dijelaskan oleh <a href="/wiki/Strabo" title="Strabo">Strabo</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Diodoros_Sikolos" title="Diodoros Sikolos">Diodoros Sikolos</a>, dan meliputi <a href="/w/index.php?title=Penyalaan_api&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Penyalaan api (halaman belum tersedia)">penyalaan api</a>. Tambang besar juga ada di seberang <a href="/wiki/Laut_Merah" title="Laut Merah">Laut Merah</a> di tempat yang sekarang disebut <a href="/wiki/Arab_Saudi" title="Arab Saudi">Arab Saudi</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Golden_crown_Armento_Staatliche_Antikensammlungen_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Golden_crown_Armento_Staatliche_Antikensammlungen_01.jpg/220px-Golden_crown_Armento_Staatliche_Antikensammlungen_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="238" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Golden_crown_Armento_Staatliche_Antikensammlungen_01.jpg/330px-Golden_crown_Armento_Staatliche_Antikensammlungen_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Golden_crown_Armento_Staatliche_Antikensammlungen_01.jpg/440px-Golden_crown_Armento_Staatliche_Antikensammlungen_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2420" data-file-height="2623" /></a><figcaption><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mahkota_Kritonios&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mahkota Kritonios (halaman belum tersedia)">Mahkota Kritonios</a> emas kuno, bahan penguburan atau pernikahan, 370–360 SM. Dari sebuah kuburan di <a href="/w/index.php?title=Armento&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Armento (halaman belum tersedia)">Armento</a>, <a href="/wiki/Basilicata" title="Basilicata">Basilicata</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Emas disebutkan dalam <a href="/wiki/Surat_Amarna" title="Surat Amarna">surat Amarna</a> bernomor <a href="/w/index.php?title=Surat_Amarna_EA_19&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Surat Amarna EA 19 (halaman belum tersedia)">19</a><sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Surat_Amarna_EA_26&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Surat Amarna EA 26 (halaman belum tersedia)">26</a><sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> dari sekitar abad ke-14 SM.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Emas sering disebutkan dalam <a href="/wiki/Perjanjian_Lama" title="Perjanjian Lama">Perjanjian Lama</a>, dimulai dengan <a href="/wiki/Kitab_Kejadian" title="Kitab Kejadian">Kejadian</a> 2:11 (di <a href="/wiki/Hawila" title="Hawila">Hawila</a>), kisah <a href="/wiki/Anak_lembu_emas" title="Anak lembu emas">anak lembu emas</a>, dan banyak bagian candi termasuk <a href="/wiki/Menorah" title="Menorah">Menorah</a> dan mazbah emas. Dalam <a href="/wiki/Perjanjian_Baru" title="Perjanjian Baru">Perjanjian Baru</a>, ia disertakan dengan karunia orang <a href="/wiki/Majus" title="Majus">majus</a> di pasal pertama Matius. <a href="/wiki/Wahyu_kepada_Yohanes" title="Wahyu kepada Yohanes">Kitab Wahyu</a> 21:21 menggambarkan kota <a href="/wiki/Yerusalem_Baru" title="Yerusalem Baru">Yerusalem Baru</a> memiliki jalan-jalan "terbuat dari emas murni, jernih seperti kristal". Eksploitasi emas di sudut tenggara <a href="/wiki/Laut_Hitam" title="Laut Hitam">Laut Hitam</a> dikatakan berasal dari zaman <a href="/wiki/Midas" title="Midas">Midas</a>, dan emas ini penting dalam pembentukan mata uang paling awal di dunia di <a href="/wiki/Lidia_(Anatolia)" title="Lidia (Anatolia)">Lidia</a> sekitar tahun 610 SM.<sup id="cite_ref-lion_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lion-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Legenda <a href="/wiki/Bulu_Domba_Emas" title="Bulu Domba Emas">Bulu Domba Emas</a> yang berasal dari abad ke-8 SM mungkin merujuk pada penggunaan bulu domba untuk menjebak debu emas dari <a href="/w/index.php?title=Endapan_plaser&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Endapan plaser (halaman belum tersedia)">endapan plaser</a> di dunia kuno. Dari abad ke-6 atau ke-5 SM, <a href="/wiki/Chu_(negara)" title="Chu (negara)">negara Chu</a> mengedarkan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ying_Yuan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ying Yuan (halaman belum tersedia)">Ying Yuan</a>, sejenis koin emas persegi. </p><p>Dalam <a href="/w/index.php?title=Metalurgi_Romawi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Metalurgi Romawi (halaman belum tersedia)">metalurgi Romawi</a>, metode baru untuk mengekstraksi emas dalam skala besar dikembangkan dengan memperkenalkan metode <a href="/w/index.php?title=Penambangan_hidrolik&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Penambangan hidrolik (halaman belum tersedia)">penambangan hidrolik</a>, khususnya di <a href="/wiki/Hispania" title="Hispania">Hispania</a> sejak 25 SM dan seterusnya dan di <a href="/wiki/Dacia" title="Dacia">Dacia</a> sejak 106 M dan seterusnya. Salah satu tambang terbesar mereka berada di <a href="/w/index.php?title=Las_M%C3%A9dulas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Las Médulas (halaman belum tersedia)">Las Medulas</a> di <a href="/wiki/Provinsi_Le%C3%B3n" title="Provinsi León">León</a>, di mana tujuh <a href="/wiki/Akuaduk" title="Akuaduk">akuaduk</a> panjang memungkinkan mereka mengaliri sebagian besar endapan aluvial yang besar. Tambang di <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ro%C5%9Fia_Montan%C4%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Roşia Montană (halaman belum tersedia)">Roşia Montană</a> di <a href="/wiki/Transilvania" title="Transilvania">Transilvania</a> juga sangat besar, dan hingga saat ini masih ditambang dengan metode terbuka. Mereka juga mengeksploitasi deposit yang lebih kecil di <a href="/wiki/Britania_Romawi" class="mw-redirect" title="Britania Romawi">Britania</a>, seperti endapan plaser dan batuan keras di <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tambang_Emas_Dolaucothi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tambang Emas Dolaucothi (halaman belum tersedia)">Dolaucothi</a>. Berbagai metode yang mereka gunakan dijelaskan dengan baik oleh <a href="/wiki/Plinius_Tua" title="Plinius Tua">Plinius Tua</a> dalam <a href="/wiki/Ensiklopedia" title="Ensiklopedia">ensiklopedianya</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Naturalis_Historia" title="Naturalis Historia">Naturalis Historia</a></i> yang ditulis menjelang akhir abad pertama Masehi. </p><p>Selama <a href="/wiki/Haji" title="Haji">haji</a> <a href="/wiki/Mansa_Musa" title="Mansa Musa">Mansa Musa</a> (penguasa <a href="/wiki/Kekaisaran_Mali" title="Kekaisaran Mali">Kekaisaran Mali</a> dari tahun 1312 hingga 1337) ke <a href="/wiki/Mekkah" class="mw-redirect" title="Mekkah">Mekkah</a> pada tahun 1324, dia melewati <a href="/wiki/Kairo" title="Kairo">Kairo</a> pada bulan Juli 1324, dan dilaporkan ditemani oleh <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kereta_unta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kereta unta (halaman belum tersedia)">kereta unta</a> yang terdiri dari ribuan orang dan hampir seratus unta di mana dia memberikan begitu banyak emas sehingga menekan harga emas di Mesir untuk lebih dari satu dekade, menyebabkan <a href="/wiki/Inflasi" title="Inflasi">inflasi</a> yang tinggi.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Seorang sejarawan Arab kontemporer berkomentar: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r21477316">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 40px}.mw-parser-output .templatequote .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;padding-left:1.6em;margin-top:0}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Emas memiliki harga tinggi di Mesir hingga mereka datang pada tahun itu. Mithqal tidak turun di bawah 25 dirham dan umumnya berada di atas, tetapi sejak saat itu nilainya turun dan harganya menjadi murah dan tetap murah hingga sekarang. Mithqal tidak melebihi 22 dirham atau kurang. Ini telah menjadi keadaan selama sekitar dua belas tahun hingga hari ini karena banyaknya emas yang mereka bawa ke Mesir dan dihabiskan di sana [...].</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="/wiki/Syihabuddin_al-Umari" title="Syihabuddin al-Umari">Syihabuddin al-Umari</a>, Kerajaan Mali<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Monnaie_de_Bactriane,_Eucratide_I,_2_faces.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Monnaie_de_Bactriane%2C_Eucratide_I%2C_2_faces.jpg/220px-Monnaie_de_Bactriane%2C_Eucratide_I%2C_2_faces.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="105" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Monnaie_de_Bactriane%2C_Eucratide_I%2C_2_faces.jpg/330px-Monnaie_de_Bactriane%2C_Eucratide_I%2C_2_faces.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Monnaie_de_Bactriane%2C_Eucratide_I%2C_2_faces.jpg/440px-Monnaie_de_Bactriane%2C_Eucratide_I%2C_2_faces.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6740" data-file-height="3224" /></a><figcaption>Koin emas <a href="/w/index.php?title=Eukratides_I&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eukratides I (halaman belum tersedia)">Eukratides I</a> (171–145 SM), salah satu penguasa Helenistik <a href="/wiki/Ai-Khanoum" title="Ai-Khanoum">Ai-Khanoum</a> kuno. Ini adalah koin emas terbesar yang pernah dicetak pada zaman kuno (169,2 g (5,97 oz); 58 mm (2,3 in)).<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Eksplorasi Eropa di Amerika didorong oleh laporan tentang ornamen emas yang ditampilkan secara melimpah oleh <a href="/wiki/Penduduk_asli_Benua_Amerika" class="mw-redirect" title="Penduduk asli Benua Amerika">penduduk asli Amerika</a>, terutama di <a href="/wiki/Mesoamerika" title="Mesoamerika">Mesoamerika</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peru" title="Peru">Peru</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ekuador" title="Ekuador">Ekuador</a>, dan <a href="/wiki/Kolombia" title="Kolombia">Kolombia</a>. Suku <a href="/wiki/Aztek" class="mw-redirect" title="Aztek">Aztek</a> menganggap emas sebagai produk para dewa, menyebutnya secara harfiah sebagai "kotoran dewa" (<i>teocuitlatl</i> dalam <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Nahuatl" title="Bahasa Nahuatl">bahasa Nahuatl</a>), dan setelah <a href="/wiki/Moctezuma_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Moctezuma II">Moctezuma II</a> terbunuh, sebagian besar emas ini dikirim ke Spanyol.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Namun, bagi <a href="/wiki/Penduduk_asli_Benua_Amerika" class="mw-redirect" title="Penduduk asli Benua Amerika">penduduk asli Amerika Utara</a>, emas dianggap tidak berguna dan mereka melihat nilai yang jauh lebih besar pada <a href="/wiki/Mineral" title="Mineral">mineral</a> lain yang terkait langsung dengan kegunaannya, seperti <a href="/wiki/Obsidian" class="mw-redirect" title="Obsidian">obsidian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rijang" title="Rijang">batu api</a>, dan <a href="/wiki/Batu_sabak" title="Batu sabak">batu sabak</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/El_Dorado" title="El Dorado">El Dorado</a> diterapkan pada kisah legendaris di mana batu berharga ditemukan dalam jumlah yang luar biasa bersama dengan koin emas. Konsep El Dorado mengalami beberapa transformasi, dan akhirnya kisah mitos sebelumnya juga digabungkan dengan mitos kota hilang yang legendaris. El Dorado, adalah istilah yang digunakan oleh Imperium Spanyol untuk menggambarkan kepala suku mistis (zipa) penduduk asli Muiska di <a href="/wiki/Kolombia" title="Kolombia">Kolombia</a>, yang, sebagai upacara inisiasi, menutupi dirinya dengan debu emas dan menenggelamkan diri di <a href="/wiki/Danau_Guatavita" title="Danau Guatavita">Danau Guatavita</a>. Legenda seputar El Dorado berubah seiring waktu, mulai dari manusia, menjadi kota, menjadi kerajaan, dan akhirnya menjadi sebuah kekaisaran. </p><p>Dimulai pada <a href="/wiki/Periode_modern_awal" title="Periode modern awal">periode modern awal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abad_Penjelajahan" title="Abad Penjelajahan">penjelajahan</a> dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kolonisasi_Afrika&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kolonisasi Afrika (halaman belum tersedia)">kolonisasi</a> Eropa di <a href="/wiki/Afrika_Barat" title="Afrika Barat">Afrika Barat</a> sebagian besar didorong oleh laporan mengenai endapan emas di wilayah tersebut, yang akhirnya disebut oleh orang Eropa sebagai "<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pantai_Emas_(wilayah)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pantai Emas (wilayah) (halaman belum tersedia)">Pantai Emas</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dari akhir abad ke-15 hingga awal abad ke-19, perdagangan Eropa di wilayah tersebut terfokus terutama pada emas, bersama dengan <a href="/wiki/Gading" title="Gading">gading</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Perdagangan_budak_Atlantik" title="Perdagangan budak Atlantik">budak</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Perdagangan emas di Afrika Barat didominasi oleh <a href="/wiki/Kekaisaran_Ashanti" title="Kekaisaran Ashanti">Kekaisaran Ashanti</a>, yang awalnya berdagang dengan <a href="/wiki/Imperium_Portugal" title="Imperium Portugal">Portugis</a> sebelum bercabang dan berdagang dengan pedagang <a href="/wiki/Imperium_Britania" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperium Britania">Britania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Imperium_kolonial_Prancis" title="Imperium kolonial Prancis">Prancis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Imperium_Spanyol" title="Imperium Spanyol">Spanyol</a>, dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Koloni_seberang_laut_Denmark&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Koloni seberang laut Denmark (halaman belum tersedia)">Denmark</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Green,_Toby_97-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Green,_Toby-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Keinginan Britania untuk mendapatkan kendali atas endapan emas Afrika Barat berperan dalam <a href="/w/index.php?title=Perang_Inggris-Ashanti&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Perang Inggris-Ashanti (halaman belum tersedia)">perang Inggris-Ashanti</a> di akhir abad ke-19, yang membuat Kekaisaran Ashanti <a href="/wiki/Pantai_Emas_(koloni_Britania)" title="Pantai Emas (koloni Britania)">dianeksasi oleh Britania</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Emas memiliki peran yang besar dalam budaya barat, sebagai penyebab hasrat dan korupsi, seperti yang diceritakan dalam <a href="/wiki/Fabel" title="Fabel">dongeng</a> anak-anak seperti <a href="/wiki/Rumpelstiltskin" class="mw-redirect" title="Rumpelstiltskin">Rumpelstiltskin</a>—di mana Rumpelstiltskin mengubah jerami menjadi emas untuk putri petani sebagai imbalan atas anaknya ketika dia menjadi seorang putri—dan pencurian ayam yang bertelur emas dalam <a href="/wiki/Jack_dan_Pohon_Kacang" title="Jack dan Pohon Kacang">Jack dan Pohon Kacang</a>. </p><p>Hadiah utama pada <a href="/wiki/Olimpiade" title="Olimpiade">Olimpiade</a> dan banyak kompetisi olahraga lainnya adalah <a href="/wiki/Medali_emas" title="Medali emas">medali emas</a>. </p><p>75% dari emas yang saat ini terhitung telah diekstraksi sejak 1910, dua pertiganya sejak 1950. </p><p>Salah satu tujuan utama para <a href="/wiki/Alkimia" title="Alkimia">ahli alkimia</a> adalah menghasilkan emas dari zat lain, seperti <a href="/wiki/Timbal" title="Timbal">timbal</a> — mungkin melalui interaksi dengan zat mistis yang disebut <a href="/wiki/Batu_filsuf" title="Batu filsuf">batu filsuf</a>. Mencoba menghasilkan emas membuat para ahli alkimia secara sistematis mencari tahu apa yang dapat dilakukan dengan zat, dan ini meletakkan dasar untuk <a href="/wiki/Kimia" title="Kimia">kimia</a> saat ini, yang dapat menghasilkan emas (walaupun tidak ekonomis) dengan menggunakan <a href="/wiki/Transmutasi" title="Transmutasi">transmutasi nuklir</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lambang emas mereka adalah lingkaran dengan titik di tengahnya (☉), yang juga merupakan lambang <a href="/wiki/Astrologi" title="Astrologi">astrologi</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Aksara_Han" title="Aksara Han">aksara Tiongkok</a> kuno untuk <a href="/wiki/Matahari" title="Matahari">Matahari</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Kubah_Shakhrah" title="Kubah Shakhrah">Kubah Shakhrah</a> ditutupi dengan kaca emas ultra tipis. Kuil Emas <a href="/wiki/Sikh" title="Sikh">Sikh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Harmandir_Sahib" title="Harmandir Sahib">Harmandir Sahib</a>, adalah sebuah bangunan yang dilapisi emas. Demikian pula, <a href="/wiki/Kuil" title="Kuil">kuil</a> <a href="/wiki/Agama_Buddha" class="mw-redirect" title="Agama Buddha">Buddha</a> (<a href="/wiki/Wat" title="Wat">wat</a>) zamrud <a href="/wiki/Wat_Phra_Kaew" title="Wat Phra Kaew">Wat Phra Kaew</a> di <a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a> memiliki patung dan atap daun emas hias. Beberapa <a href="/wiki/Mahkota" title="Mahkota">mahkota</a> raja dan ratu Eropa terbuat dari emas, dan emas digunakan untuk <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mahkota_pengantin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mahkota pengantin (halaman belum tersedia)">mahkota pengantin</a> sejak zaman dahulu. Sebuah teks Talmud kuno sekitar tahun 100 M menggambarkan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rachel,_istri_Rabi_Akiba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rachel, istri Rabi Akiba (halaman belum tersedia)">Rachel, istri Rabi Akiba</a>, menerima sebuah "Jerusalem of Gold" (<a href="/wiki/Diadem" title="Diadem">diadem</a>). Mahkota penguburan Yunani yang terbuat dari emas ditemukan di sebuah kuburan dari sekitar tahun 370 SM. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Gold_leaf_MET_DP260372.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Perhiasan Minoa; 2300–2100 SM; berbagai ukuran; Museum Seni Metropolitan (Kota New York)"><img alt="Perhiasan Minoa; 2300–2100 SM; berbagai ukuran; Museum Seni Metropolitan (Kota New York)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Gold_leaf_MET_DP260372.jpg/155px-Gold_leaf_MET_DP260372.jpg" decoding="async" width="155" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Gold_leaf_MET_DP260372.jpg/233px-Gold_leaf_MET_DP260372.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Gold_leaf_MET_DP260372.jpg/310px-Gold_leaf_MET_DP260372.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1826" data-file-height="2000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Perhiasan <a href="/wiki/Peradaban_Minoa" title="Peradaban Minoa">Minoa</a>; 2300–2100 SM; berbagai ukuran; <a href="/wiki/Museum_Seni_Metropolitan" title="Museum Seni Metropolitan">Museum Seni Metropolitan</a> (Kota New York)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Earrings_from_Shulgi.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Sepasang anting-anting Sumeria dengan tulisan aksara paku; 2093–2046 SM; Museum Sulaymaniyah (Sulaymaniyah, Irak)"><img alt="Sepasang anting-anting Sumeria dengan tulisan aksara paku; 2093–2046 SM; Museum Sulaymaniyah (Sulaymaniyah, Irak)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Earrings_from_Shulgi.JPG/170px-Earrings_from_Shulgi.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Earrings_from_Shulgi.JPG/255px-Earrings_from_Shulgi.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Earrings_from_Shulgi.JPG/340px-Earrings_from_Shulgi.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="2848" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Sepasang anting-anting <a href="/wiki/Sumeria" title="Sumeria">Sumeria</a> dengan tulisan <a href="/wiki/Aksara_paku" title="Aksara paku">aksara paku</a>; 2093–2046 SM; <a href="/wiki/Museum_Sulaymaniyah" title="Museum Sulaymaniyah">Museum Sulaymaniyah</a> (<a href="/wiki/As-Sulaimaniyah" title="As-Sulaimaniyah">Sulaymaniyah</a>, Irak)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Statuette_of_Amun_MET_DT553.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Patung Amun Mesir Kuno; 945–715 SM; emas; 175 mm × 47 mm (6,9 in × 1,9 in); Museum Seni Metropolitan"><img alt="Patung Amun Mesir Kuno; 945–715 SM; emas; 175 mm × 47 mm (6,9 in × 1,9 in); Museum Seni Metropolitan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Statuette_of_Amun_MET_DT553.jpg/136px-Statuette_of_Amun_MET_DT553.jpg" decoding="async" width="136" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Statuette_of_Amun_MET_DT553.jpg/204px-Statuette_of_Amun_MET_DT553.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Statuette_of_Amun_MET_DT553.jpg/272px-Statuette_of_Amun_MET_DT553.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2978" data-file-height="3722" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Patung <a href="/wiki/Amun" title="Amun">Amun</a> <a href="/wiki/Mesir_Kuno" title="Mesir Kuno">Mesir Kuno</a>; 945–715 SM; emas; 175 mm × 47 mm (6,9 in × 1,9 in); Museum Seni Metropolitan</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Anillo_de_Sheshonq_(46627183381).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Cincin segel Mesir Kuno; 664–525 SM; emas; diameter: 30 mm × 34 mm (1,2 in × 1,3 in); Museum Britania (London)"><img alt="Cincin segel Mesir Kuno; 664–525 SM; emas; diameter: 30 mm × 34 mm (1,2 in × 1,3 in); Museum Britania (London)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Anillo_de_Sheshonq_%2846627183381%29.jpg/170px-Anillo_de_Sheshonq_%2846627183381%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="126" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Anillo_de_Sheshonq_%2846627183381%29.jpg/255px-Anillo_de_Sheshonq_%2846627183381%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Anillo_de_Sheshonq_%2846627183381%29.jpg/340px-Anillo_de_Sheshonq_%2846627183381%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1484" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Cincin segel Mesir Kuno; 664–525 SM; emas; diameter: 30 mm × 34 mm (1,2 in × 1,3 in); <a href="/wiki/British_Museum" title="British Museum">Museum Britania</a> (London)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Gold_stater_MET_DP138743.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Stater Yunani Kuno; 323–315 SM; 18 mm (0,71 in); Museum Seni Metropolitan"><img alt="Stater Yunani Kuno; 323–315 SM; 18 mm (0,71 in); Museum Seni Metropolitan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Gold_stater_MET_DP138743.jpg/167px-Gold_stater_MET_DP138743.jpg" decoding="async" width="167" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Gold_stater_MET_DP138743.jpg/251px-Gold_stater_MET_DP138743.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Gold_stater_MET_DP138743.jpg/335px-Gold_stater_MET_DP138743.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2368" data-file-height="2404" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Stater" title="Stater">Stater</a> <a href="/wiki/Yunani_Kuno" title="Yunani Kuno">Yunani Kuno</a>; 323–315 SM; 18 mm (0,71 in); Museum Seni Metropolitan</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Gold_funerary_wreath_MET_DP257471.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Karangan bunga pemakaman Etruria; abad ke-4–3 SM; panjang: 333 mm (13,1 in); Museum Seni Metropolitan"><img alt="Karangan bunga pemakaman Etruria; abad ke-4–3 SM; panjang: 333 mm (13,1 in); Museum Seni Metropolitan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Gold_funerary_wreath_MET_DP257471.jpg/170px-Gold_funerary_wreath_MET_DP257471.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="127" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Gold_funerary_wreath_MET_DP257471.jpg/255px-Gold_funerary_wreath_MET_DP257471.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Gold_funerary_wreath_MET_DP257471.jpg/340px-Gold_funerary_wreath_MET_DP257471.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1947" data-file-height="1460" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Karangan bunga pemakaman <a href="/wiki/Bangsa_Etruria" class="mw-redirect" title="Bangsa Etruria">Etruria</a>; abad ke-4–3 SM; panjang: 333 mm (13,1 in); Museum Seni Metropolitan</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Gold_aureus_of_Hadrian_MET_DP104782b.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Aureus Romawi dari Hadrianus; 134–138 M; 7,4 g; Museum Seni Metropolitan"><img alt="Aureus Romawi dari Hadrianus; 134–138 M; 7,4 g; Museum Seni Metropolitan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Gold_aureus_of_Hadrian_MET_DP104782b.jpg/153px-Gold_aureus_of_Hadrian_MET_DP104782b.jpg" decoding="async" width="153" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Gold_aureus_of_Hadrian_MET_DP104782b.jpg/229px-Gold_aureus_of_Hadrian_MET_DP104782b.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Gold_aureus_of_Hadrian_MET_DP104782b.jpg/305px-Gold_aureus_of_Hadrian_MET_DP104782b.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1099" data-file-height="1223" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Aureus" title="Aureus">Aureus</a> <a href="/wiki/Kekaisaran_Romawi" title="Kekaisaran Romawi">Romawi</a> dari <a href="/wiki/Hadrianus" title="Hadrianus">Hadrianus</a>; 134–138 M; 7,4 g; Museum Seni Metropolitan</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Lime_Container_(Poporo)_MET_DT1262.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Wadah kapur Quimbaya; abad ke-5–9; emas; tinggi: 230 mm (9,1 in); Museum Seni Metropolitan"><img alt="Wadah kapur Quimbaya; abad ke-5–9; emas; tinggi: 230 mm (9,1 in); Museum Seni Metropolitan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Lime_Container_%28Poporo%29_MET_DT1262.jpg/136px-Lime_Container_%28Poporo%29_MET_DT1262.jpg" decoding="async" width="136" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Lime_Container_%28Poporo%29_MET_DT1262.jpg/204px-Lime_Container_%28Poporo%29_MET_DT1262.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Lime_Container_%28Poporo%29_MET_DT1262.jpg/272px-Lime_Container_%28Poporo%29_MET_DT1262.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2978" data-file-height="3722" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Wadah kapur <a href="/wiki/Peradaban_Quimbaya" title="Peradaban Quimbaya">Quimbaya</a>; abad ke-5–9; emas; tinggi: 230 mm (9,1 in); Museum Seni Metropolitan</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Byzantium,_11th_century_-_Scyphate_-_2001.25_-_Cleveland_Museum_of_Art.tif" class="mw-file-description" title="Skifat Bizantium; 1059–1067; diameter: 25 mm (0,98 in); Museum Seni Cleveland (Cleveland, Ohio, AS)"><img alt="Skifat Bizantium; 1059–1067; diameter: 25 mm (0,98 in); Museum Seni Cleveland (Cleveland, Ohio, AS)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Byzantium%2C_11th_century_-_Scyphate_-_2001.25_-_Cleveland_Museum_of_Art.tif/lossy-page1-170px-Byzantium%2C_11th_century_-_Scyphate_-_2001.25_-_Cleveland_Museum_of_Art.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Byzantium%2C_11th_century_-_Scyphate_-_2001.25_-_Cleveland_Museum_of_Art.tif/lossy-page1-255px-Byzantium%2C_11th_century_-_Scyphate_-_2001.25_-_Cleveland_Museum_of_Art.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Byzantium%2C_11th_century_-_Scyphate_-_2001.25_-_Cleveland_Museum_of_Art.tif/lossy-page1-340px-Byzantium%2C_11th_century_-_Scyphate_-_2001.25_-_Cleveland_Museum_of_Art.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4378" data-file-height="4072" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Skifat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Skifat (halaman belum tersedia)">Skifat</a> <a href="/wiki/Kekaisaran_Romawi_Timur" title="Kekaisaran Romawi Timur">Bizantium</a>; 1059–1067; diameter: 25 mm (0,98 in); <a href="/wiki/Museum_Seni_Cleveland" title="Museum Seni Cleveland">Museum Seni Cleveland</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cleveland" class="mw-redirect" title="Cleveland">Cleveland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ohio" title="Ohio">Ohio</a>, AS)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Double_Bat-Head_Figure_Pendant_MET_DT935.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Liontin pra-Kolumbus dengan dua prajurit berkepala kelelawar yang membawa tombak; abad ke-11–16; emas; keseluruhan: 762 mm (30,0 in); dari Provinsi Chiriquí (Panama); Museum Seni Metropolitan"><img alt="Liontin pra-Kolumbus dengan dua prajurit berkepala kelelawar yang membawa tombak; abad ke-11–16; emas; keseluruhan: 762 mm (30,0 in); dari Provinsi Chiriquí (Panama); Museum Seni Metropolitan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Double_Bat-Head_Figure_Pendant_MET_DT935.jpg/170px-Double_Bat-Head_Figure_Pendant_MET_DT935.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Double_Bat-Head_Figure_Pendant_MET_DT935.jpg/255px-Double_Bat-Head_Figure_Pendant_MET_DT935.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Double_Bat-Head_Figure_Pendant_MET_DT935.jpg/340px-Double_Bat-Head_Figure_Pendant_MET_DT935.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1905" data-file-height="1516" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Liontin <a href="/wiki/Amerika_Pra-Kolumbus" class="mw-redirect" title="Amerika Pra-Kolumbus">pra-Kolumbus</a> dengan dua prajurit berkepala kelelawar yang membawa tombak; abad ke-11–16; emas; keseluruhan: 762 mm (30,0 in); dari <a href="/wiki/Chiriqu%C3%AD,_Panama" class="mw-redirect" title="Chiriquí, Panama">Provinsi Chiriquí</a> (<a href="/wiki/Panama" title="Panama">Panama</a>); Museum Seni Metropolitan</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Box_with_scene_depicting_Roman_hero_Gaius_Mucius_Scaevola_before_the_Etruscan_king_Lars_Porsena_MET_DP170836_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Kotak Neoklasik Inggris; 1741; keseluruhan: 44 mm × 116 mm × 92 mm (1,7 in × 4,6 in × 3,6 in); Museum Seni Metropolitan"><img alt="Kotak Neoklasik Inggris; 1741; keseluruhan: 44 mm × 116 mm × 92 mm (1,7 in × 4,6 in × 3,6 in); Museum Seni Metropolitan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Box_with_scene_depicting_Roman_hero_Gaius_Mucius_Scaevola_before_the_Etruscan_king_Lars_Porsena_MET_DP170836_%28cropped%29.jpg/170px-Box_with_scene_depicting_Roman_hero_Gaius_Mucius_Scaevola_before_the_Etruscan_king_Lars_Porsena_MET_DP170836_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="109" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Box_with_scene_depicting_Roman_hero_Gaius_Mucius_Scaevola_before_the_Etruscan_king_Lars_Porsena_MET_DP170836_%28cropped%29.jpg/255px-Box_with_scene_depicting_Roman_hero_Gaius_Mucius_Scaevola_before_the_Etruscan_king_Lars_Porsena_MET_DP170836_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Box_with_scene_depicting_Roman_hero_Gaius_Mucius_Scaevola_before_the_Etruscan_king_Lars_Porsena_MET_DP170836_%28cropped%29.jpg/340px-Box_with_scene_depicting_Roman_hero_Gaius_Mucius_Scaevola_before_the_Etruscan_king_Lars_Porsena_MET_DP170836_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2306" data-file-height="1474" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Kotak <a href="/wiki/Neoklasikisme" title="Neoklasikisme">Neoklasik</a> Inggris; 1741; keseluruhan: 44 mm × 116 mm × 92 mm (1,7 in × 4,6 in × 3,6 in); Museum Seni Metropolitan</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:France,_18th_century_-_Scent_Bottle_-_1916.315_-_Cleveland_Museum_of_Art.tif" class="mw-file-description" title="Botol kaca Rokoko Prancis dipasang dalam emas; sekitar tahun 1775; keseluruhan: 70 mm × 29 mm (2,8 in × 1,1 in); Museum Seni Cleveland"><img alt="Botol kaca Rokoko Prancis dipasang dalam emas; sekitar tahun 1775; keseluruhan: 70 mm × 29 mm (2,8 in × 1,1 in); Museum Seni Cleveland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/France%2C_18th_century_-_Scent_Bottle_-_1916.315_-_Cleveland_Museum_of_Art.tif/lossy-page1-131px-France%2C_18th_century_-_Scent_Bottle_-_1916.315_-_Cleveland_Museum_of_Art.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="131" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/France%2C_18th_century_-_Scent_Bottle_-_1916.315_-_Cleveland_Museum_of_Art.tif/lossy-page1-197px-France%2C_18th_century_-_Scent_Bottle_-_1916.315_-_Cleveland_Museum_of_Art.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/France%2C_18th_century_-_Scent_Bottle_-_1916.315_-_Cleveland_Museum_of_Art.tif/lossy-page1-263px-France%2C_18th_century_-_Scent_Bottle_-_1916.315_-_Cleveland_Museum_of_Art.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3050" data-file-height="3947" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Botol kaca <a href="/wiki/Rokoko" title="Rokoko">Rokoko</a> Prancis dipasang dalam emas; sekitar tahun 1775; keseluruhan: 70 mm × 29 mm (2,8 in × 1,1 in); Museum Seni Cleveland</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Etimologi_2">Etimologi</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emas&veaction=edit&section=15" title="Sunting bagian: Etimologi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emas&action=edit&section=15" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Etimologi"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Beowulf_-_gold.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d5/Beowulf_-_gold.jpg" decoding="async" width="119" height="92" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="119" data-file-height="92" /></a><figcaption>Penyebutan awal emas dalam <i><a href="/wiki/Beowulf" title="Beowulf">Beowulf</a></i></figcaption></figure> <p>Kata "<i>gold</i>" dalam <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Inggris" title="Bahasa Inggris">bahasa Inggris</a> <a href="/wiki/Kata_kerabat" title="Kata kerabat">serumpun</a> dengan kata-kata serupa dalam banyak <a href="/wiki/Rumpun_bahasa_Jermanik" title="Rumpun bahasa Jermanik">bahasa Jermanik</a>, berasal dari <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Proto-Jermanik" title="Bahasa Proto-Jermanik">bahasa Proto-Jermanik</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/wikt:Appendix:Proto-Germanic/gul%C3%BE%C4%85" class="extiw" title="en:wikt:Appendix:Proto-Germanic/gulþą">*<i>gulþą</i></a> dari <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Proto-Indo-Eropa" title="Bahasa Proto-Indo-Eropa">bahasa Proto-Indo-Eropa</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/wikt:Appendix:Proto-Indo-European/%C7%B5%CA%B0elh%E2%82%83-" class="extiw" title="en:wikt:Appendix:Proto-Indo-European/ǵʰelh₃-">*<i>ǵʰelh₃-</i></a> ("bersinar, berseri; menjadi kuning atau hijau").<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Lambang <i>Au</i> berasal dari <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Latin" title="Bahasa Latin">bahasa Latin</a>: <span lang="la"><i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/wikt:aurum" class="extiw" title="en:wikt:aurum">aurum</a></i></span>, kata Latin untuk "emas".<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nenek moyang Proto-Indo-Eropa dari <i>aurum</i> adalah <i>*h₂é-h₂us-o-</i>, yang berarti "cahaya". Kata ini berasal dari <a href="/wiki/Akar_kata" title="Akar kata">akar kata</a> yang sama (Proto-Indo-European <i>*h₂u̯es-</i> "fajar") dengan <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/wikt:Appendix:Proto-Indo-European/h%E2%82%82%C3%A9ws%C5%8Ds" class="extiw" title="en:wikt:Appendix:Proto-Indo-European/h₂éwsōs"><i>*h₂éu̯sōs</i></a>, nenek moyang dari kata Latin <a href="/wiki/Aurora" title="Aurora">Aurora</a>, "fajar".<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hubungan etimologis ini mungkin di balik klaim yang sering muncul dalam publikasi ilmiah bahwa <i>aurum</i> memiliki arti "fajar yang bersinar".<sup id="cite_ref-Brathwaite_104-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brathwaite-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kebudayaan">Kebudayaan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emas&veaction=edit&section=16" title="Sunting bagian: Kebudayaan" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emas&action=edit&section=16" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Kebudayaan"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span id="Sejarah_kebudayaan"></span> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Jewelry_and_clothing_ornaments.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Jewelry_and_clothing_ornaments.jpg/220px-Jewelry_and_clothing_ornaments.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="207" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Jewelry_and_clothing_ornaments.jpg/330px-Jewelry_and_clothing_ornaments.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Jewelry_and_clothing_ornaments.jpg/440px-Jewelry_and_clothing_ornaments.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4076" data-file-height="3844" /></a><figcaption><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kesenian_di_Filipina&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kesenian di Filipina (halaman belum tersedia)">Kerajinan emas dari Filipina</a> sebelum kontak Barat.</figcaption></figure> <p>Dalam budaya populer, emas adalah standar keunggulan yang tinggi, sering digunakan dalam penghargaan.<sup id="cite_ref-martin08_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-martin08-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pencapaian besar seringkali diganjar dengan emas, dalam bentuk <a href="/wiki/Medali_emas" title="Medali emas">medali emas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Piala" title="Piala">piala</a> emas, dan dekorasi lainnya. Pemenang acara atletik dan kompetisi bertingkat lainnya biasanya diberikan medali emas. Banyak penghargaan seperti <a href="/wiki/Penghargaan_Nobel" title="Penghargaan Nobel">Penghargaan Nobel</a> juga terbuat dari emas. Patung dan hadiah penghargaan lainnya digambarkan dengan emas atau <a href="/wiki/Penyepuhan_emas" title="Penyepuhan emas">berlapis emas</a> (seperti <a href="/wiki/Academy_Awards" title="Academy Awards">Penghargaan Academy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Penghargaan_Golden_Globe" title="Penghargaan Golden Globe">Penghargaan Golden Globe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Penghargaan_Emmy" title="Penghargaan Emmy">Penghargaan Emmy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Palem_Emas" title="Palem Emas">Penghargaan Palem Emas</a>, dan <a href="/wiki/Penghargaan_Akademi_Film_Inggris" class="mw-redirect" title="Penghargaan Akademi Film Inggris">Penghargaan Akademi Film Inggris</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Aristoteles" title="Aristoteles">Aristoteles</a> dalam <a href="/w/index.php?title=Etika_Aristoteles&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Etika Aristoteles (halaman belum tersedia)">etikanya</a> menggunakan simbolisme emas ketika mengacu pada apa yang sekarang dikenal sebagai <a href="/w/index.php?title=Makna_emas_(filsafat)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Makna emas (filsafat) (halaman belum tersedia)">makna emas</a>. Demikian pula, emas dikaitkan dengan prinsip sempurna atau ilahi, seperti dalam kasus the <a href="/wiki/Rasio_emas" title="Rasio emas">rasio emas</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Etika_timbal_balik" title="Etika timbal balik">aturan emas</a>. Emas selanjutnya dikaitkan dengan kebijaksanaan penuaan dan pembuahan hasil. <a href="/wiki/Ulang_tahun_pernikahan" title="Ulang tahun pernikahan">Ulang tahun pernikahan</a> ke-50 adalah tahun keemasan. Tahun-tahun terakhir seseorang yang paling berharga atau paling sukses terkadang dianggap sebagai "tahun-tahun keemasan". Puncak suatu peradaban disebut sebagai <a href="/wiki/Masa_keemasan" title="Masa keemasan">zaman keemasan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Keagamaan">Keagamaan</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emas&veaction=edit&section=17" title="Sunting bagian: Keagamaan" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emas&action=edit&section=17" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Keagamaan"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Filippine,_provincia_di_agusan,_immagine_hindu,_statuetta_in_oro_massiccio,_xiii_secolo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Filippine%2C_provincia_di_agusan%2C_immagine_hindu%2C_statuetta_in_oro_massiccio%2C_xiii_secolo.jpg/220px-Filippine%2C_provincia_di_agusan%2C_immagine_hindu%2C_statuetta_in_oro_massiccio%2C_xiii_secolo.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="354" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Filippine%2C_provincia_di_agusan%2C_immagine_hindu%2C_statuetta_in_oro_massiccio%2C_xiii_secolo.jpg/330px-Filippine%2C_provincia_di_agusan%2C_immagine_hindu%2C_statuetta_in_oro_massiccio%2C_xiii_secolo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Filippine%2C_provincia_di_agusan%2C_immagine_hindu%2C_statuetta_in_oro_massiccio%2C_xiii_secolo.jpg/440px-Filippine%2C_provincia_di_agusan%2C_immagine_hindu%2C_statuetta_in_oro_massiccio%2C_xiii_secolo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="2472" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Tara_Emas" title="Tara Emas">Tara Emas</a>, menggambarkan seorang dewi dari timur laut <a href="/wiki/Mindanao" title="Mindanao">Mindanao</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Dalam beberapa bentuk agama Kristen dan Yudaisme, emas telah diasosiasikan dengan yang suci dan yang jahat. Dalam <a href="/wiki/Kitab_Keluaran" title="Kitab Keluaran">Kitab Keluaran</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anak_lembu_emas" title="Anak lembu emas">Anak Lembu Emas</a> adalah simbol <a href="/wiki/Penyembahan_berhala" title="Penyembahan berhala">penyembahan berhala</a>, sedangkan dalam <a href="/wiki/Kitab_Kejadian" title="Kitab Kejadian">Kitab Kejadian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abraham" title="Abraham">Abraham</a> dikatakan kaya akan emas dan perak, dan Musa diperintahkan untuk menutupi <a href="/wiki/Tutup_pendamaian" title="Tutup pendamaian">Tutup Pendamaian</a> <a href="/wiki/Tabut_Perjanjian" title="Tabut Perjanjian">Tabut Perjanjian</a> dengan emas murni. Dalam <a href="/wiki/Ikon_(Kristen_Timur)" title="Ikon (Kristen Timur)">ikonografi</a> <a href="/wiki/Kekristenan_Timur" title="Kekristenan Timur">Bizantium</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Halo_(ikonografi_keagamaan)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Halo (ikonografi keagamaan) (halaman belum tersedia)">lingkaran cahaya</a> Kristus, <a href="/wiki/Maria" title="Maria">Maria</a>, dan orang-orang kudus sering kali berwarna keemasan.<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Dalam <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-moors-etnofoor_108-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-moors-etnofoor-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> emas (bersama dengan <a href="/wiki/Sutra" title="Sutra">sutra</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-boulanouar-otago_109-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-boulanouar-otago-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-poonai-islamic-clothing_110-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-poonai-islamic-clothing-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> sering disebut-sebut sebagai barang terlarang untuk dipakai laki-laki.<sup id="cite_ref-aziz-hijab_111-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aziz-hijab-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Abu_Bakar_al-Jazairi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abu Bakar al-Jazairi (halaman belum tersedia)">Abu Bakar al-Jazairi</a>, mengutip sebuah <a href="/wiki/Hadis" title="Hadis">hadis</a>, mengatakan bahwa "pemakaian sutra dan emas dilarang bagi laki-laki bangsaku, dan itu halal bagi perempuannya".<sup id="cite_ref-byu-studies-toronto-umma_112-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-byu-studies-toronto-umma-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Namun, hal ini belum ditegakkan secara konsisten sepanjang sejarah, misalnya di Kesultanan Utsmaniyah.<sup id="cite_ref-jirousek-clothing_113-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jirousek-clothing-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Selanjutnya, aksen emas kecil pada pakaian, seperti <a href="/wiki/Menyulam" title="Menyulam">sulaman</a>, dapat diizinkan.<sup id="cite_ref-omar-dress_114-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-omar-dress-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Dalam <a href="/wiki/Agama_Yunani_kuno" title="Agama Yunani kuno">agama</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Mitologi_Yunani" title="Mitologi Yunani">mitologi Yunani</a> kuno, <a href="/wiki/Theia" title="Theia">Theia</a> dipandang sebagai dewi emas, perak, dan permata lainnya.<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Menurut <a href="/wiki/Kristoforus_Kolumbus" class="mw-redirect" title="Kristoforus Kolumbus">Christopher Columbus</a>, mereka yang memiliki sesuatu dari emas memiliki sesuatu yang sangat berharga di Bumi dan bahkan zat untuk membantu jiwa ke surga.<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Cincin_pernikahan" title="Cincin pernikahan">Cincin pernikahan</a> biasanya terbuat dari emas. Ia tahan lama dan tidak terpengaruh oleh berlalunya waktu dan dapat membantu simbolisme cincin dari sumpah abadi di hadapan Tuhan dan kesempurnaan yang menandakan pernikahan. Dalam upacara pernikahan <a href="/wiki/Gereja_Ortodoks_Timur" title="Gereja Ortodoks Timur">Kristen Ortodoks</a>, pasangan yang menikah dihiasi dengan mahkota emas (meskipun beberapa memilih karangan bunga, sebagai gantinya) selama upacara berlangsung, sebuah penggabungan dari ritus simbolis. </p><p>Pada 24 Agustus 2020, para arkeolog <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a> menemukan harta karun koin emas dari awal <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> di dekat pusat kota <a href="/wiki/Yamnia" title="Yamnia">Yamnia</a>. Analisis terhadap koleksi 425 koin emas yang sangat langka tersebut menunjukkan bahwa mereka berasal dari akhir abad ke-9. Berasal dari sekitar 1.100 tahun yang lalu, koin emas tersebut berasal dari <a href="/wiki/Kekhalifahan_Abbasiyah" title="Kekhalifahan Abbasiyah">Kekhalifahan Abbasiyah</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Produksi">Produksi</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emas&veaction=edit&section=18" title="Sunting bagian: Produksi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emas&action=edit&section=18" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Produksi"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18844875"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Artikel utama: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Daftar_negara_menurut_produksi_emas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Daftar negara menurut produksi emas (halaman belum tersedia)">Daftar negara menurut produksi emas</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Gold_-_world_production_trend.svg%3Flang%3Den" title="Berkas:Gold - world production trend.svg?lang=en"><img resource="/wiki/Berkas:Gold_-_world_production_trend.svg?lang=en" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Gold_-_world_production_trend.svg/220px-Gold_-_world_production_trend.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Gold_-_world_production_trend.svg/330px-Gold_-_world_production_trend.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Gold_-_world_production_trend.svg/440px-Gold_-_world_production_trend.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>Tren waktu produksi emas</figcaption></figure> <p>Menurut <a href="/wiki/Survei_Geologi_Amerika_Serikat" title="Survei Geologi Amerika Serikat">Survei Geologi Amerika Serikat</a> pada tahun 2016, sekitar 5.726.000.000 troy ons (178.100 t) emas telah diperhitungkan, 85% di antaranya masih digunakan secara aktif.<sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Penambangan_dan_pencarian">Penambangan dan pencarian</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emas&veaction=edit&section=19" title="Sunting bagian: Penambangan dan pencarian" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emas&action=edit&section=19" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Penambangan dan pencarian"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18844875"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Artikel utama: <a href="/wiki/Penambangan_emas" title="Penambangan emas">Penambangan emas</a> dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pencarian_emas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pencarian emas (halaman belum tersedia)">Pencarian emas</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Miner_underground_at_Pumsaint_gold_mine_(1294028).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Miner_underground_at_Pumsaint_gold_mine_%281294028%29.jpg/220px-Miner_underground_at_Pumsaint_gold_mine_%281294028%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Miner_underground_at_Pumsaint_gold_mine_%281294028%29.jpg/330px-Miner_underground_at_Pumsaint_gold_mine_%281294028%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Miner_underground_at_Pumsaint_gold_mine_%281294028%29.jpg/440px-Miner_underground_at_Pumsaint_gold_mine_%281294028%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="712" /></a><figcaption>Seorang penambang bawah tanah di tambang emas <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pumsaint&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pumsaint (halaman belum tersedia)">Pumsaint</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wales" title="Wales">Wales</a>; <abbr title="circa (kira-kira)">ca</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1938</span>.</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Grasberg_mine.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Grasberg_mine.jpg/220px-Grasberg_mine.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Grasberg_mine.jpg/330px-Grasberg_mine.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Grasberg_mine.jpg/440px-Grasberg_mine.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Tambang_Grasberg" title="Tambang Grasberg">Tambang Grasberg</a>, Indonesia adalah tambang emas terbesar di dunia.</figcaption></figure> <p>Sejak tahun 1880-an, Afrika Selatan telah menjadi sumber sebagian besar pasokan emas dunia, dan sekitar 22% emas yang saat ini diperhitungkan berasal dari <a href="/wiki/Afrika_Selatan" title="Afrika Selatan">Afrika Selatan</a>. Produksi pada tahun 1970 menyumbang 79% dari pasokan dunia, sekitar 1.480 <a href="/wiki/Ton_metrik" title="Ton metrik">ton</a>. Pada tahun 2007, <a href="/wiki/Tiongkok" title="Tiongkok">Tiongkok</a> (dengan 276 ton) mengambil alih Afrika Selatan sebagai produsen emas terbesar di dunia, pertama kali sejak tahun 1905 di mana Afrika Selatan bukanlah yang terbesar.<sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pada tahun 2020, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Penambangan_emas_di_Tiongkok&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Penambangan emas di Tiongkok (halaman belum tersedia)">Tiongkok</a> adalah negara penambang emas terkemuka di dunia, diikuti oleh Rusia, Australia, Amerika Serikat, Kanada, dan Ghana.<sup id="cite_ref-production_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-production-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Gold_30g_for_a_860kg_rock.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Gold_30g_for_a_860kg_rock.jpg/220px-Gold_30g_for_a_860kg_rock.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="202" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Gold_30g_for_a_860kg_rock.jpg/330px-Gold_30g_for_a_860kg_rock.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Gold_30g_for_a_860kg_rock.jpg/440px-Gold_30g_for_a_860kg_rock.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2408" data-file-height="2207" /></a><figcaption>Ukuran relatif dari sebuah blok bijih emas berbobot 860 kg (1.900 pon) dan 30 g (0,96 ozt) emas yang dapat diekstrak darinya, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tambang_emas_Toi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tambang emas Toi (halaman belum tersedia)">tambang emas Toi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jepang" title="Jepang">Jepang</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Di Amerika Selatan, proyek kontroversial <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pascua_Lama&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pascua Lama (halaman belum tersedia)">Pascua Lama</a> bertujuan untuk mengeksploitasi lahan subur di pegunungan tinggi <a href="/wiki/Gurun_Atacama" title="Gurun Atacama">Gurun Atacama</a>, di perbatasan antara <a href="/wiki/Chili" title="Chili">Chili</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a>. </p><p>Diperkirakan hingga seperempat dari produksi emas global tahunan berasal dari pertambangan rakyat atau skala kecil.<sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Kota <a href="/wiki/Johannesburg" title="Johannesburg">Johannesburg</a> yang terletak di Afrika Selatan didirikan sebagai hasil dari <a href="/wiki/Demam_Emas_Witwatersrand" title="Demam Emas Witwatersrand">Demam Emas Witwatersrand</a> yang menghasilkan penemuan beberapa endapan emas alami terbesar dalam sejarah. Ladang emas tersebut terbatas di tepi utara dan barat laut <a href="/w/index.php?title=Witwatersrand&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Witwatersrand (halaman belum tersedia)">cekungan Witwatersrand</a>, yang merupakan lapisan batuan <a href="/wiki/Arkaikum" title="Arkaikum">arkaikum</a> setebal 5–7 km (3,1–4,3 mi) yang terletak, di sebagian besar tempat, jauh di bawah <a href="/wiki/Free_State" class="mw-redirect" title="Free State">Free State</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gauteng" title="Gauteng">Gauteng</a> dan provinsi sekitarnya.<sup id="cite_ref-Truswell_123-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Truswell-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Batuan Witwatersrand ini tersingkap di permukaan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Witwatersrand&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Witwatersrand (halaman belum tersedia)">Witwatersrand</a>, di dalam dan sekitar Johannesburg, tetapi juga di petak-petak terisolasi di tenggara dan barat daya Johannesburg, serta di busur di sekitar <a href="/wiki/Kawah_Vredefort" title="Kawah Vredefort">Kawah Vredefort</a> yang terletak dekat dengan pusat cekungan Witwatersrand.<sup id="cite_ref-McCarthy_63-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McCarthy-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Truswell_123-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Truswell-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dari paparan permukaan ini cekungan tersebut <a href="/wiki/Strike_dan_Dip" class="mw-redirect" title="Strike dan Dip">turun</a> secara luas, membutuhkan beberapa penambangan terjadi pada kedalaman hampir 4.000 m (13.000 ft), menjadikannya, terutama tambang <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tambang_Savuka&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tambang Savuka (halaman belum tersedia)">Savuka</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Tautona" title="Tautona">TauTona</a> di barat daya Johannesburg, tambang terdalam di bumi. Emas tersebut hanya ditemukan di enam wilayah di mana sungai <a href="/wiki/Arkaikum" title="Arkaikum">arkaikum</a> dari utara dan barat laut membentuk delta sungai berkerikil yang luas sebelum mengalir ke "laut Witwatersrand" tempat di mana sisa sedimen Witwatersrand diendapkan.<sup id="cite_ref-Truswell_123-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Truswell-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Perang_Boer_Kedua" title="Perang Boer Kedua">Perang Boer Kedua</a> tahun 1899–1901 antara <a href="/wiki/Imperium_Britania" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperium Britania">Imperium Britania</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Bangsa_Boer" title="Bangsa Boer">Boer</a> <a href="/wiki/Afrikaner" class="mw-redirect" title="Afrikaner">Afrikaner</a> setidaknya terjadi sebagian dikarenakan hak para penambang dan kepemilikan kekayaan emas di Afrika Selatan. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Kullanhuuhdontaa_Ivalossa.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Kullanhuuhdontaa_Ivalossa.jpg/220px-Kullanhuuhdontaa_Ivalossa.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Kullanhuuhdontaa_Ivalossa.jpg/330px-Kullanhuuhdontaa_Ivalossa.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Kullanhuuhdontaa_Ivalossa.jpg/440px-Kullanhuuhdontaa_Ivalossa.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="441" /></a><figcaption>Pencarian emas di <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sungai_Ivalo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sungai Ivalo (halaman belum tersedia)">Sungai Ivalo</a> di <a href="/wiki/Laplandia,_Finlandia" class="mw-redirect" title="Laplandia, Finlandia">Laplandia, Finlandia</a> pada tahun 1898</figcaption></figure> <p>Selama abad ke-19, <a href="/wiki/Demam_emas" title="Demam emas">demam emas</a> terjadi setiap kali endapan emas besar ditemukan. Penemuan emas pertama yang didokumentasikan di Amerika Serikat adalah di Tambang Emas Reed dekat Georgeville, Carolina Utara pada tahun 1803.<sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Penambangan emas besar pertama di Amerika Serikat terjadi di sebuah kota kecil di utara Georgia bernama <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dahlonega,_Georgia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dahlonega, Georgia (halaman belum tersedia)">Dahlonega</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Demam emas lebih lanjut terjadi di <a href="/wiki/Demam_Emas_California" title="Demam Emas California">California</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Demam_Emas_Pike%27s_Peak&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Demam Emas Pike's Peak (halaman belum tersedia)">Colorado</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Demam_Emas_Black_Hills&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Demam Emas Black Hills (halaman belum tersedia)">Black Hills</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Demam_Emas_Otago&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Demam Emas Otago (halaman belum tersedia)">Otago</a> di Selandia Baru, sejumlah lokasi di seluruh <a href="/wiki/Demam_emas_Australia" title="Demam emas Australia">Australia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Demam_Emas_Witwatersrand" title="Demam Emas Witwatersrand">Witwatersrand</a> di Afrika Selatan, dan <a href="/wiki/Demam_Emas_Klondike" title="Demam Emas Klondike">Klondike</a> di Kanada. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Tambang_Grasberg" title="Tambang Grasberg">Tambang Grasberg</a> yang terletak di <a href="/wiki/Papua" title="Papua">Papua</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a> merupakan <a href="/wiki/Penambangan_emas" title="Penambangan emas">tambang emas</a> terbesar di dunia.<sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ekstraksi_dan_pemurnian">Ekstraksi dan pemurnian</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emas&veaction=edit&section=20" title="Sunting bagian: Ekstraksi dan pemurnian" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emas&action=edit&section=20" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Ekstraksi dan pemurnian"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18844875"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Artikel utama: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ekstraksi_emas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ekstraksi emas (halaman belum tersedia)">Ekstraksi emas</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Gold_nuggets_from_Arizona.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Gold_nuggets_from_Arizona.jpg/220px-Gold_nuggets_from_Arizona.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="213" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d2/Gold_nuggets_from_Arizona.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="294" data-file-height="285" /></a><figcaption>Nuget emas yang ditemukan di <a href="/wiki/Arizona" title="Arizona">Arizona</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ekstraksi_emas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ekstraksi emas (halaman belum tersedia)">Ekstraksi emas</a> paling ekonomis dilakukan dalam endapan besar yang mudah ditambang. Nilai bijih sekecil 0,5 <a href="/wiki/Notasi_bagian_per#Bagian_per_juta" title="Notasi bagian per">bagian per juta</a> (ppm) dapat menjadi ekonomis. Nilai bijih tipikal di tambang terbuka adalah 1–5 ppm; nilai bijih di tambang bawah tanah atau <a href="/wiki/Penambangan_batuan_keras_bawah_tanah" title="Penambangan batuan keras bawah tanah">batuan keras</a> biasanya minimal 3 ppm. Karena nilai bijih 30 ppm biasanya diperlukan sebelum emas terlihat dengan mata telanjang, di sebagian besar tambang emas, emas tidak terlihat. </p><p>Biaya penambangan dan ekstraksi emas rata-rata adalah sekitar AS$317 per troy ons pada tahun 2007, tetapi ini dapat sangat bervariasi tergantung pada jenis penambangan dan kualitas bijih; produksi tambang global telah dihitung sebesar 2.471,1 ton.<sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Setelah produksi awal, emas sering dimurnikan secara industri melalui <a href="/wiki/Proses_Wohlwill" title="Proses Wohlwill">proses Wohlwill</a> yang didasarkan pada <a href="/wiki/Elektrolisis" title="Elektrolisis">elektrolisis</a> atau melalui <a href="/w/index.php?title=Proses_Miller&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Proses Miller (halaman belum tersedia)">proses Miller</a>, yaitu klorinasi dalam leburannya. Proses Wohlwill menghasilkan kemurnian yang lebih tinggi, tetapi lebih kompleks dan hanya diterapkan pada instalasi skala kecil.<sup id="cite_ref-128" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-129" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Metode lain untuk menguji dan memurnikan emas dalam jumlah yang lebih kecil meliputi pemisahan dan inkuartasi serta <a href="/wiki/Kupelasi" title="Kupelasi">kupelasi</a>, atau metode pemurnian berdasarkan disolusi emas dalam air raja.<sup id="cite_ref-130" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pendaurulangan">Pendaurulangan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emas&veaction=edit&section=21" title="Sunting bagian: Pendaurulangan" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emas&action=edit&section=21" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Pendaurulangan"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Pada tahun 1997, emas daur ulang menyumbang sekitar 20% dari 2.700 ton emas yang dipasok ke pasar.<sup id="cite_ref-131" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Perusahaan perhiasan seperti Generation Collection dan perusahaan komputer termasuk <a href="/wiki/Dell" title="Dell">Dell</a> melakukan pendaurulangan.<sup id="cite_ref-132" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pada tahun 2020, jumlah <a href="/wiki/Karbon_dioksida" title="Karbon dioksida">karbon dioksida</a> (CO<span style="display:inline-block; margin-bottom:-0.3em; vertical-align:-0.4em; line-height:1.2em; font-size:70%; text-align:left;"><br />2</span>) yang dihasilkan dari penambangan satu kilogram emas adalah 16 ton, sedangkan pendaurulangan satu kilogram emas menghasilkan setara 53 kilogram CO<span style="display:inline-block; margin-bottom:-0.3em; vertical-align:-0.4em; line-height:1.2em; font-size:70%; text-align:left;"><br />2</span>. Sekitar 30 persen pasokan emas global didaur ulang dan tidak ditambang pada tahun 2020.<sup id="cite_ref-133" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Konsumsi">Konsumsi</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emas&veaction=edit&section=22" title="Sunting bagian: Konsumsi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emas&action=edit&section=22" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Konsumsi"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r26333525">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}html.client-js body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .mbox-text-span{margin-left:23px!important}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Update plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Update" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Ambox_current_red.svg/42px-Ambox_current_red.svg.png" decoding="async" width="42" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Ambox_current_red.svg/63px-Ambox_current_red.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Ambox_current_red.svg/84px-Ambox_current_red.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="290" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">Artikel ini memerlukan <b>pemutakhiran informasi</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Harap perbarui artikel dengan menambahkan informasi terbaru yang tersedia.</span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <table style="text-align:right;float:right" class="wikitable sortable"> <caption>Konsumsi perhiasan emas menurut negara dalam ton<sup id="cite_ref-134" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-135" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-136" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Negara</th> <th>2009</th> <th>2010</th> <th>2011</th> <th>2012</th> <th>2013 </th></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/23px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/35px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/45px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></td> <td>442,37</td> <td>745,70</td> <td>986,3</td> <td>864</td> <td>974 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Tiongkok" title="Tiongkok">Tiongkok</a></td> <td>376,96</td> <td>428,00</td> <td>921,5</td> <td>817,5</td> <td>1120,1 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Amerika_Serikat" title="Amerika Serikat">Amerika Serikat</a></td> <td>150,28</td> <td>128,61</td> <td>199,5</td> <td>161</td> <td>190 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/35px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/45px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Turki" title="Turki">Turki</a></td> <td>75,16</td> <td>74,07</td> <td>143</td> <td>118</td> <td>175,2 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Arab_Saudi" title="Arab Saudi">Arab Saudi</a></td> <td>77,75</td> <td>72,95</td> <td>69,1</td> <td>58,5</td> <td>72,2 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Rusia" title="Rusia">Rusia</a></td> <td>60,12</td> <td>67,50</td> <td>76,7</td> <td>81,9</td> <td>73,3 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Uni_Emirat_Arab" title="Uni Emirat Arab">Uni Emirat Arab</a></td> <td>67,60</td> <td>63,37</td> <td>60,9</td> <td>58,1</td> <td>77,1 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/23px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/35px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/45px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Mesir" title="Mesir">Mesir</a></td> <td>56,68</td> <td>53,43</td> <td>36</td> <td>47,8</td> <td>57,3 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a></td> <td>41,00</td> <td>32,75</td> <td>55</td> <td>52,3</td> <td>68 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Britania_Raya" title="Britania Raya">Britania Raya</a></td> <td>31,75</td> <td>27,35</td> <td>22,6</td> <td>21,1</td> <td>23,4 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left">Negara Teluk Persia Lainnya</td> <td>24,10</td> <td>21,97</td> <td>22</td> <td>19,9</td> <td>24,6 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Jepang" title="Jepang">Jepang</a></td> <td>21,85</td> <td>18,50</td> <td>−30,1</td> <td>7,6</td> <td>21,3 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/23px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/35px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/45px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Korea_Selatan" title="Korea Selatan">Korea Selatan</a></td> <td>18,83</td> <td>15,87</td> <td>15,5</td> <td>12,1</td> <td>17,5 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Vietnam.svg/23px-Flag_of_Vietnam.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Vietnam.svg/35px-Flag_of_Vietnam.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Vietnam.svg/45px-Flag_of_Vietnam.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a></td> <td>15,08</td> <td>14,36</td> <td>100,8</td> <td>77</td> <td>92,2 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/23px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/35px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/45px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a></td> <td>7,33</td> <td>6,28</td> <td>107,4</td> <td>80,9</td> <td>140,1 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><b>Total</b></td> <td><b>1466,86</b></td> <td><b>1770,71</b></td> <td><b>2786,12 </b></td> <td><b>2477,7</b></td> <td><b>3126,1 </b> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><i>Negara lain</i></td> <td><i>251,6</i></td> <td><i>254,0</i></td> <td><i>390,4</i></td> <td><i>393,5</i></td> <td><i>450,7</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><b>Total Dunia</b></td> <td><b>1718,46</b></td> <td><b>2024,71</b></td> <td><b>3176,52</b></td> <td><b>2871,2</b></td> <td><b>3576,8</b> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Konsumsi emas yang diproduksi di dunia sekitar 50% untuk perhiasan, 40% untuk investasi, dan 10% untuk industri.<sup id="cite_ref-oil-price.com-worlds-gold-consumption_2011_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oil-price.com-worlds-gold-consumption_2011-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-137" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Menurut <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dewan_Emas_Dunia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dewan Emas Dunia (halaman belum tersedia)">Dewan Emas Dunia</a>, Tiongkok adalah konsumen tunggal emas terbesar di dunia pada tahun 2013, mengalahkan India.<sup id="cite_ref-138" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pencemaran">Pencemaran</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emas&veaction=edit&section=23" title="Sunting bagian: Pencemaran" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emas&action=edit&section=23" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Pencemaran"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18844875"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Informasi lebih lanjut: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Siklus_raksa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Siklus raksa (halaman belum tersedia)">Siklus raksa</a></div> <p>Produksi emas dikaitkan dengan kontribusi terhadap <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dampak_lingkungan_dari_pertambangan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dampak lingkungan dari pertambangan (halaman belum tersedia)">pencemaran</a> berbahaya.<sup id="cite_ref-139" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-140" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Bijih emas kadar rendah mungkin mengandung logam emas kurang dari 1 <a href="/wiki/Notasi_bagian_per#Bagian_per_juta" title="Notasi bagian per">ppm</a>; bijih tersebut <a href="/wiki/Alat_giling" title="Alat giling">digiling</a> dan dicampur dengan <a href="/wiki/Natrium_sianida" title="Natrium sianida">natrium sianida</a> untuk melarutkan emas. Sianida adalah bahan kimia yang sangat beracun, yang dapat membunuh banyak makhluk hidup jika terpapar dalam jumlah kecil. Banyak <a href="/w/index.php?title=Daftar_bencana_penambangan_emas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Daftar bencana penambangan emas (halaman belum tersedia)">tumpahan sianida</a><sup id="cite_ref-141" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> dari tambang emas telah terjadi baik di negara maju maupun negara berkembang yang membunuh kehidupan air di bentangan sungai yang terkena dampak. Para pencinta lingkungan menganggap peristiwa ini sebagai bencana lingkungan yang besar.<sup id="cite_ref-142" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-143" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hingga 30 ton bijih bekas dapat dibuang sebagai limbah untuk menghasilkan satu troy ons emas.<sup id="cite_ref-NYT_144-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT-144"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Timbunan bijih emas merupakan sumber dari banyak unsur berat seperti kadmium, timbal, seng, tembaga, <a href="/wiki/Arsen" title="Arsen">arsen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Selenium" title="Selenium">selenium</a>, dan raksa. Ketika mineral yang mengandung sulfida dalam penimbunan bijih ini terpapar ke udara dan air, sulfida tersebut berubah menjadi <a href="/wiki/Asam_sulfat" title="Asam sulfat">asam sulfat</a> yang pada gilirannya akan melarutkan logam berat ini yang memfasilitasi perjalanannya ke air permukaan dan air tanah. Proses ini disebut <a href="/w/index.php?title=Drainase_tambang_asam&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Drainase tambang asam (halaman belum tersedia)">drainase tambang asam</a>. Tempat pembuangan bijih emas ini adalah limbah jangka panjang yang sangat berbahaya kedua setelah pembuangan <a href="/wiki/Limbah_radioaktif" title="Limbah radioaktif">limbah nuklir</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-NYT_144-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT-144"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Raksa pernah digunakan untuk memperoleh emas dari bijih, tetapi saat ini penggunaan raksa sebagian besar terbatas pada penambang individu skala kecil.<sup id="cite_ref-145" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-145"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>145<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sejumlah kecil senyawa raksa dapat mencapai badan air, menyebabkan kontaminasi logam berat. Raksa kemudian dapat masuk ke dalam rantai makanan manusia dalam bentuk <a href="/wiki/Metilraksa" title="Metilraksa">metilraksa</a>. <a href="/wiki/Keracunan_raksa" title="Keracunan raksa">Keracunan raksa</a> pada manusia akan menyebabkan kerusakan fungsi otak yang tidak dapat disembuhkan dan keterbelakangan yang parah.<sup id="cite_ref-146" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-146"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>146<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ekstraksi emas juga merupakan industri yang sangat intensif energi, mengekstraksi bijih dari tambang dalam dan menggiling bijih dalam jumlah besar untuk ekstraksi kimia lebih lanjut membutuhkan hampir 25 <a href="/wiki/Kilowatt_jam" title="Kilowatt jam">kWh</a> listrik per gram emas yang diproduksi.<sup id="cite_ref-147" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-147"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>147<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Penggunaan_keuangan">Penggunaan keuangan</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emas&veaction=edit&section=24" title="Sunting bagian: Penggunaan keuangan" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emas&action=edit&section=24" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Penggunaan keuangan"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18844875"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Informasi lebih lanjut: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sejarah_uang&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sejarah uang (halaman belum tersedia)">Sejarah uang</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Two_20kr_gold_coins.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Two_20kr_gold_coins.png/220px-Two_20kr_gold_coins.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="115" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Two_20kr_gold_coins.png/330px-Two_20kr_gold_coins.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Two_20kr_gold_coins.png/440px-Two_20kr_gold_coins.png 2x" data-file-width="2427" data-file-height="1268" /></a><figcaption>Dua koin emas 20 kr dari <a href="/w/index.php?title=Uni_Moneter_Skandinavia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Uni Moneter Skandinavia (halaman belum tersedia)">Uni Moneter Skandinavia</a>, yang didasarkan pada <a href="/wiki/Standar_emas" title="Standar emas">standar emas</a>. Koin di sebelah kiri adalah koin <a href="/wiki/Swedia" title="Swedia">Swedia</a> dan yang kanan adalah koin <a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Krugerrandgold.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/id/c/c8/Krugerrandgold.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="175" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="240" data-file-height="175" /></a><figcaption>Salah satu bentuk koin emas Krugerrand Afrika Selatan</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Logam_mulia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/id/thumb/e/e5/Logam_mulia.jpg/250px-Logam_mulia.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/id/thumb/e/e5/Logam_mulia.jpg/375px-Logam_mulia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/id/thumb/e/e5/Logam_mulia.jpg/500px-Logam_mulia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="707" data-file-height="475" /></a><figcaption>Koin emas 5 gram bersertifikat dari <a href="/wiki/UBPP_Logam_Mulia" title="UBPP Logam Mulia">UBPP Logam Mulia</a> asal Indonesia</figcaption></figure> <p>Emas telah <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sejarah_uang&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sejarah uang (halaman belum tersedia)">banyak digunakan</a> di seluruh dunia sebagai <a href="/wiki/Uang" title="Uang">uang</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-148" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-148"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>148<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> untuk pertukaran tidak langsung yang efisien (versus <a href="/wiki/Barter" title="Barter">barter</a>), dan untuk menyimpan kekayaan dalam <a href="/wiki/Timbunan_(arkeologi)" title="Timbunan (arkeologi)">timbunan</a>. Untuk tujuan pertukaran, <a href="/wiki/Percetakan_uang_logam" title="Percetakan uang logam">percetakan koin</a> menghasilkan <a href="/wiki/Uang_logam" title="Uang logam">koin</a> dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Emas_batangan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Emas batangan (halaman belum tersedia)">batangan</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bulion&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bulion (halaman belum tersedia)">bulion emas</a> standar, serta <a href="/w/index.php?title=Good_Delivery&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Good Delivery (halaman belum tersedia)">unit lain</a> dengan berat dan kemurnian tetap. </p><p>Koin pertama yang diketahui mengandung emas dibuat di <a href="/wiki/Lidia_(Anatolia)" title="Lidia (Anatolia)">Lidia</a>, Asia Kecil, sekitar 600 SM.<sup id="cite_ref-lion_89-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lion-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Koin <i><a href="/wiki/Talenta" title="Talenta">talenta</a></i> emas yang digunakan selama periode sejarah Yunani baik sebelum dan selama masa kehidupan Homer memiliki berat antara 8,42 dan 8,75 gram.<sup id="cite_ref-149" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-149"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>149<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dari preferensi sebelumnya dalam menggunakan perak, ekonomi Eropa menetapkan kembali percetakan emas sebagai mata uang selama abad ketiga belas dan keempat belas.<sup id="cite_ref-Postan_&_Miller_150-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Postan_&_Miller-150"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>150<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Doktrin_wesel_nyata&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Doktrin wesel nyata (halaman belum tersedia)">Wesel</a> (yang jatuh tempo menjadi koin emas) dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Emas_sebagai_investasi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Emas sebagai investasi (halaman belum tersedia)">sertifikat emas</a> (dapat dikonversi menjadi koin emas di bank penerbit) menambah stok uang <a href="/wiki/Standar_emas" title="Standar emas">standar emas</a> yang beredar di sebagian besar ekonomi industri abad ke-19. Dalam persiapan untuk <a href="/wiki/Perang_Dunia_I" title="Perang Dunia I">Perang Dunia I</a>, negara-negara yang bertikai pindah ke standar pecahan emas, menggelembungkan mata uang mereka untuk membiayai upaya perang. Pasca perang, negara-negara pemenang, terutama Inggris, secara bertahap memulihkan konvertibilitas emas, tetapi aliran emas internasional melalui wesel tetap diembargo; pengiriman internasional dilakukan secara eksklusif untuk perdagangan bilateral atau untuk membayar pampasan perang. </p><p>Setelah <a href="/wiki/Perang_Dunia_II" title="Perang Dunia II">Perang Dunia II</a> emas digantikan oleh sistem <a href="/w/index.php?title=Konvertibilitas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Konvertibilitas (halaman belum tersedia)">mata uang konvertibel</a> nominal terkait dengan nilai tukar tetap mengikuti <a href="/wiki/Sistem_Bretton_Woods" title="Sistem Bretton Woods">sistem Bretton Woods</a>. Standar emas dan konvertibilitas langsung mata uang menjadi emas telah ditinggalkan oleh pemerintah dunia, yang dipimpin pada tahun 1971 oleh penolakan Amerika Serikat untuk menukarkan dolarnya dengan emas. <a href="/wiki/Uang_fiat" title="Uang fiat">Mata uang fiat</a> sekarang mengisi sebagian besar peran moneter. <a href="/wiki/Swiss" title="Swiss">Swiss</a> adalah negara terakhir yang mengikat mata uangnya dengan emas; ini diakhiri dengan referendum pada tahun 1999.<sup id="cite_ref-151" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-151"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>151<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Bank-bank sentral terus menyimpan sebagian dari cadangan likuid mereka sebagai emas dalam beberapa bentuk, dan bursa logam seperti <a href="/w/index.php?title=Asosiasi_Pasar_Bulion_London&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Asosiasi Pasar Bulion London (halaman belum tersedia)">Asosiasi Pasar Bulion London</a> masih melakukan transaksi jelas dalam mata uang emas, termasuk kontrak pengiriman berjangka. Saat ini, hasil <a href="/wiki/Penambangan_emas" title="Penambangan emas">penambangan emas</a> telah menurun.<sup id="cite_ref-152" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-152"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>152<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dengan pertumbuhan ekonomi yang tajam di abad ke-20, dan peningkatan devisa, <a href="/wiki/Cadangan_emas" title="Cadangan emas">cadangan emas</a> dunia dan pasar perdagangannya telah menjadi sebagian kecil dari semua pasar, dan nilai tukar tetap mata uang terhadap emas telah digantikan oleh harga mengambang untuk emas dan <a href="/wiki/Kontrak_berjangka" title="Kontrak berjangka">kontrak berjangka</a> emas. Meskipun stok emas hanya tumbuh 1% atau 2% per tahun, sangat sedikit logam yang dikonsumsi secara tidak dapat diperbaiki. Emas di atas tanah akan memenuhi kebutuhan industri dan bahkan artisan selama beberapa dekade dengan harga saat ini. </p><p>Proporsi emas (kemurnian) paduan diukur dengan <a href="/wiki/Karat_(emas)" title="Karat (emas)">karat</a> (k). Emas halus (secara komersial disebut emas <i>murni</i>) ditetapkan sebagai 24 karat, disingkat 24k. Koin emas Inggris yang dimaksudkan untuk diedarkan dari tahun 1526 hingga tahun 1930-an biasanya merupakan paduan standar 22k yang disebut <a href="/w/index.php?title=Emas_mahkota&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Emas mahkota (halaman belum tersedia)">emas mahkota</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-153" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-153"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>153<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> untuk kekerasan (koin emas Amerika untuk peredaran setelah tahun 1837 mengandung paduan emas murni 0,900, atau 21,6 kt).<sup id="cite_ref-154" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-154"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>154<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Meskipun harga beberapa logam golongan <a href="/wiki/Platina" title="Platina">platina</a> bisa jauh lebih tinggi, emas telah lama dianggap sebagai <a href="/wiki/Logam_berharga" title="Logam berharga">logam berharga</a> yang paling diinginkan, dan nilainya telah digunakan sebagai standar untuk banyak <a href="/wiki/Mata_uang" title="Mata uang">mata uang</a>. Emas telah digunakan sebagai simbol kemurnian, nilai, royalti, dan terutama peran yang menggabungkan sifat-sifat ini. Emas sebagai tanda kekayaan dan prestise diejek oleh <a href="/wiki/Thomas_More" title="Thomas More">Thomas More</a> dalam risalahnya <i><a href="/wiki/Utopia_(buku)" title="Utopia (buku)">Utopia</a></i>. Di pulau khayalan itu, emas begitu melimpah sehingga digunakan untuk membuat rantai budak, peralatan makan, dan tempat duduk kamar kecil. Ketika duta besar dari negara lain tiba, mengenakan perhiasan dan lencana emas yang mencolok, orang Utopia salah mengira mereka sebagai pelayan kasar, memberi penghormatan kepada orang yang berpakaian paling sederhana di pesta mereka. </p><p>Kode mata uang emas <a href="/wiki/ISO_4217" title="ISO 4217">ISO 4217</a> adalah XAU.<sup id="cite_ref-155" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-155"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>155<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Banyak pemegang emas menyimpannya dalam bentuk koin atau <a href="/w/index.php?title=Emas_batangan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Emas batangan (halaman belum tersedia)">batangan</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bulion&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bulion (halaman belum tersedia)">bulion</a> sebagai lindung nilai terhadap <a href="/wiki/Inflasi" title="Inflasi">inflasi</a> atau gangguan ekonomi lainnya, meskipun kemanjurannya telah dipertanyakan; secara historis, ia belum membuktikan dirinya dapat diandalkan sebagai instrumen lindung nilai.<sup id="cite_ref-156" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-156"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>156<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Koin_bulion&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Koin bulion (halaman belum tersedia)">Koin bulion</a> modern untuk tujuan investasi atau kolektor tidak memerlukan sifat keausan mekanis yang baik; mereka biasanya merupakan emas murni pada 24k, meskipun <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gold_Eagle_Amerika&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gold Eagle Amerika (halaman belum tersedia)">Gold Eagle Amerika</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Sovereign_(koin_Britania)" title="Sovereign (koin Britania)">sovereign emas</a> Britania terus dicetak dalam logam 22k (0,92) dalam tradisi sejarah, dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Krugerrand&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Krugerrand (halaman belum tersedia)">Krugerrand</a> Afrika Selatan, pertama kali dirilis pada tahun 1967, juga 22k (0,92).<sup id="cite_ref-157" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-157"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>157<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>Edisi khusus</i> koin <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gold_Maple_Leaf_Kanada&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gold Maple Leaf Kanada (halaman belum tersedia)">Gold Maple Leaf Kanada</a> mengandung emas dengan kemurnian tertinggi dari semua koin bulion, sebesar 99,999% atau 0,99999, sedangkan <i>edisi populer</i> koin Gold Maple Leaf Kanada memiliki kemurnian 99,99%. Pada tahun 2006, <a href="/wiki/United_States_Mint" title="United States Mint">United States Mint</a> mulai memproduksi koin bulion <a href="/w/index.php?title=American_Buffalo_(uang_logam)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="American Buffalo (uang logam) (halaman belum tersedia)">American Buffalo</a> dengan kemurnian 99,99%. Gold Kangaroos <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a> pertama kali diciptakan pada tahun 1986 sebagai <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gold_Nugget_Australia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gold Nugget Australia (halaman belum tersedia)">Gold Nugget Australia</a> tetapi mengubah desain terbaliknya pada tahun 1989. Koin modern lainnya meliputi koin bulion <a href="/w/index.php?title=Filharmoni_Wina_(uang_logam)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Filharmoni Wina (uang logam) (halaman belum tersedia)">Filharmoni Wina</a> dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gold_Panda_Tiongkok&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gold Panda Tiongkok (halaman belum tersedia)">Gold Panda Tiongkok</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-158" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-158"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>158<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Harga">Harga</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emas&veaction=edit&section=25" title="Sunting bagian: Harga" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emas&action=edit&section=25" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Harga"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18844875"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Informasi lebih lanjut: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Emas_sebagai_investasi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Emas sebagai investasi (halaman belum tersedia)">Emas sebagai investasi</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Gold_price_in_USD.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Gold_price_in_USD.png/300px-Gold_price_in_USD.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="195" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Gold_price_in_USD.png/450px-Gold_price_in_USD.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Gold_price_in_USD.png/600px-Gold_price_in_USD.png 2x" data-file-width="994" data-file-height="645" /></a><figcaption>Sejarah harga emas pada tahun 1960–2020.</figcaption></figure> <p>Hingga September 2017<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Emas&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, emas bernilai sekitar AS$42 per gram (AS$1.300 per troy ons). </p><p>Seperti logam berharga lainnya, emas diukur dengan <a href="/wiki/Troy_(satuan)" title="Troy (satuan)">berat troy</a> dan gram. Proporsi emas dalam paduannya diukur dengan <i><a href="/wiki/Karat_(emas)" title="Karat (emas)">karat</a></i> (k), dengan 24 karat (24k) merupakan emas murni (100%), dan angka karat yang lebih rendah secara proporsional lebih sedikit (18k = 75%). Kemurnian koin <a href="/w/index.php?title=Emas_batangan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Emas batangan (halaman belum tersedia)">batangan emas</a> juga dapat dinyatakan sebagai angka desimal mulai dari 0 sampai 1, yang dikenal sebagai <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kemurnian_(metalurgi)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kemurnian (metalurgi) (halaman belum tersedia)">kemurnian seperseribu</a>, seperti 0,995 yang merupakan emas hampir murni. </p><p>Harga emas ditentukan melalui perdagangan di pasar emas dan <a href="/wiki/Derivatif" title="Derivatif">derivatif</a>, tetapi prosedur yang dikenal sebagai <a href="/w/index.php?title=Penetapan_emas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Penetapan emas (halaman belum tersedia)">Penetapan Emas</a> di <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>, yang dimulai pada bulan September 1919, memberikan harga patokan harian untuk industri tersebut. Penetapan sore diperkenalkan pada tahun 1968 untuk memberikan harga saat pasar A.S. buka.<sup id="cite_ref-159" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-159"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>159<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sejarah_2">Sejarah</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emas&veaction=edit&section=26" title="Sunting bagian: Sejarah" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emas&action=edit&section=26" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Sejarah"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span id="Sejarah_keuangan_emas"></span> <a href="/wiki/Percetakan_uang_logam" title="Percetakan uang logam">Koin</a> emas secara historis banyak digunakan sebagai mata uang; ketika <a href="/wiki/Uang_kertas" title="Uang kertas">uang kertas</a> diperkenalkan, biasanya itu adalah <a href="/wiki/Struk" title="Struk">tanda terima</a> yang dapat ditukarkan dengan koin atau <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bulion&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bulion (halaman belum tersedia)">bulion</a> emas. Dalam sebuah sistem <a href="/wiki/Uang" title="Uang">moneter</a> yang dikenal sebagai <a href="/wiki/Standar_emas" title="Standar emas">standar emas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Berat" title="Berat">berat</a> emas tertentu diberi nama satuan mata uang. Untuk waktu yang lama, pemerintah Amerika Serikat menetapkan nilai dolar A.S. sehingga satu <a href="/wiki/Troy_(satuan)#Troy_ons" title="Troy (satuan)">troy ons</a> sama dengan AS$20,67 (AS$0,665 per gram), tetapi pada tahun 1934 dolar didevaluasi menjadi AS$35,00 per troy ons (AS$0,889/g). Pada tahun 1961, mempertahankan harga ini menjadi semakin sulit, dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=London_Gold_Pool&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="London Gold Pool (halaman belum tersedia)">kumpulan bank A.S. dan Eropa</a> setuju untuk memanipulasi pasar untuk mencegah <a href="/wiki/Devaluasi" title="Devaluasi">devaluasi mata uang</a> lebih lanjut terhadap peningkatan permintaan emas.<sup id="cite_ref-160" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-160"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>160<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pada 17 Maret 1968, keadaan ekonomi<sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span title="Teks di dekat tag ini membutuhkan klarifikasi atau penghapusan jargon since Juli 2023" style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Klarifikasi" title="Wikipedia:Klarifikasi">butuh klarifikasi</a></i>]</span></sup> menyebabkan runtuhnya kumpulan emas, dan skema penetapan harga dua tingkat ditetapkan di mana emas masih digunakan untuk menyelesaikan rekening internasional dengan harga AS$35,00 per troy ons (AS$1,13/g) tetapi harga emas di pasar swasta dibiarkan berfluktuasi; sistem penetapan harga dua tingkat ini ditinggalkan pada tahun 1975 ketika harga emas dibiarkan menemukan tingkat pasar bebasnya.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span title="Kalimat yang diikuti tag ini membutuhkan rujukan. since Juli 2023" style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Kutip_sumber_tulisan" title="Wikipedia:Kutip sumber tulisan">butuh rujukan</a></i>]</span></sup> <a href="/wiki/Bank_sentral" title="Bank sentral">Bank sentral</a> masih menyimpan <a href="/wiki/Cadangan_emas" title="Cadangan emas">cadangan emas</a> historis sebagai <a href="/w/index.php?title=Penyimpan_nilai&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Penyimpan nilai (halaman belum tersedia)">penyimpan nilai</a> meskipun levelnya secara umum telah menurun.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span title="Kalimat yang diikuti tag ini membutuhkan rujukan. since Juli 2023" style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Kutip_sumber_tulisan" title="Wikipedia:Kutip sumber tulisan">butuh rujukan</a></i>]</span></sup> Tempat penyimpanan emas terbesar di dunia adalah milik <a href="/wiki/Federal_Reserve_System" title="Federal Reserve System">Federal Reserve Bank A.S.</a> di <a href="/wiki/Kota_New_York" title="Kota New York">New York</a>, yang menampung sekitar 3%<sup id="cite_ref-ISAMPE_2006-11-22_161-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ISAMPE_2006-11-22-161"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>161<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> emas yang diketahui ada dan diperhitungkan saat ini, seperti halnya <a href="/w/index.php?title=Penyimpanan_Bulion_Amerika_Serikat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Penyimpanan Bulion Amerika Serikat (halaman belum tersedia)">Penyimpanan Bulion A.S.</a> di <a href="/wiki/Fort_Knox" title="Fort Knox">Fort Knox</a>. Pada tahun 2005, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dewan_Emas_Dunia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dewan Emas Dunia (halaman belum tersedia)">Dewan Emas Dunia</a> memperkirakan total pasokan emas global menjadi 3.859 ton dan permintaan menjadi 3.754 ton, memberikan surplus sebesar 105 ton.<sup id="cite_ref-162" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-162"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>162<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Setelah <a href="/wiki/Guncangan_Nixon" title="Guncangan Nixon">guncangan Nixon</a> pada 15 Agustus 1971, harga emas mulai meningkat pesat,<sup id="cite_ref-163" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-163"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>163<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> dan antara tahun 1968 dan 2000 harga emas berkisar secara luas, dari harga tertinggi AS$850 per troy ons (AS$27,33/g) pada 21 Januari 1980, hingga harga terendah AS$252,90 per troy ons (AS$8,13/g) pada 21 Juni 1999 (Penetapan Emas London).<sup id="cite_ref-164" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-164"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>164<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Harganya meningkat pesat dari tahun 2001, tetapi harga tertinggi tahun 1980 tidak terlampaui hingga 3 Januari 2008, ketika maksimum baru ditetapkan pada AS$865,35 per <a href="/wiki/Troy_(satuan)#Troy_ons" title="Troy (satuan)">troy ons</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-LBMA_statistics_165-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LBMA_statistics-165"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>165<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rekor harga lainnya ditetapkan pada 17 Maret 2008, pada AS$1.023,50 per troy ons (AS$32,91/g).<sup id="cite_ref-LBMA_statistics_165-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LBMA_statistics-165"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>165<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pada akhir tahun 2009, pasar emas mengalami momentum baru ke atas karena meningkatnya permintaan dan melemahnya dolar AS.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span title="Kalimat yang diikuti tag ini membutuhkan rujukan. since Juli 2023" style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Kutip_sumber_tulisan" title="Wikipedia:Kutip sumber tulisan">butuh rujukan</a></i>]</span></sup> Pada 2 Desember 2009, emas mencapai penutupan tertinggi baru pada AS$1.217,23.<sup id="cite_ref-166" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-166"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>166<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Emas terus mencapai titik tertinggi baru pada Mei 2010 setelah krisis utang Uni Eropa mendorong pembelian emas lebih lanjut sebagai aset yang aman.<sup id="cite_ref-167" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-167"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>167<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-168" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-168"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>168<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pada tanggal 1 Maret 2011, emas mencapai level tertinggi baru sepanjang masa pada AS$1.432,57, berdasarkan kekhawatiran <a href="/w/index.php?title=Emas_sebagai_investasi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Emas sebagai investasi (halaman belum tersedia)">investor</a> mengenai <a href="/wiki/Kebangkitan_dunia_Arab" title="Kebangkitan dunia Arab">kerusuhan</a> yang sedang berlangsung di <a href="/wiki/Afrika_Utara" title="Afrika Utara">Afrika Utara</a> dan juga di <a href="/wiki/Timur_Tengah" title="Timur Tengah">Timur Tengah</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-169" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-169"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>169<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Dari April 2001 hingga Agustus 2011, harga emas spot nilainya lebih dari lima kali lipat terhadap dolar AS, mencapai titik tertinggi baru sepanjang masa pada AS$1.913,50 pada tanggal 23 Agustus 2011,<sup id="cite_ref-170" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-170"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>170<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> memicu spekulasi bahwa <a href="/wiki/Tren_pasar" title="Tren pasar">pasar beruang sekuler</a> yang panjang telah berakhir dan <a href="/wiki/Tren_pasar#Pasar_banteng" title="Tren pasar">pasar banteng</a> telah kembali.<sup id="cite_ref-171" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-171"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>171<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Namun, harga emas kemudian mulai menurun perlahan menuju AS$1.200 per troy ons pada akhir 2014 dan 2015. </p><p>Pada Agustus 2020, harga emas naik menjadi AS$2.060 per ons setelah total pertumbuhan 59% dari Agustus 2018 hingga Oktober 2020, periode di mana emas melampaui total pengembalian Nasdaq sebesar 54%.<sup id="cite_ref-172" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-172"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>172<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Emas berjangka diperdagangkan di bursa COMEX.<sup id="cite_ref-PortaraCQG_173-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PortaraCQG-173"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>173<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kontak ini dihargai dalam USD per troy ons (1 troy ons = 31,1034768 gram).<sup id="cite_ref-174" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-174"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>174<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Di bawah ini adalah spesifikasi kontrak <a href="/w/index.php?title=CQG&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="CQG (halaman belum tersedia)">CQG</a> yang menguraikan kontrak berjangka: </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Spesifikasi Kontrak<sup id="cite_ref-PortaraCQG_173-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PortaraCQG-173"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>173<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Emas (GCA) </th> <th> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Bursa: </td> <td>COMEX </td></tr> <tr> <td>Sektor: </td> <td>Logam </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ukuran Tik: </td> <td>0,1 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Nilai Tik: </td> <td>10 USD </td></tr> <tr> <td>BPV: </td> <td>100 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Denominasi: </td> <td>USD </td></tr> <tr> <td>Tempat Desimal: </td> <td>1 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aplikasi_lainnya">Aplikasi lainnya</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emas&veaction=edit&section=27" title="Sunting bagian: Aplikasi lainnya" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emas&action=edit&section=27" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Aplikasi lainnya"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Perhiasan">Perhiasan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emas&veaction=edit&section=28" title="Sunting bagian: Perhiasan" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emas&action=edit&section=28" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Perhiasan"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:MocheGoldNecklace.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/MocheGoldNecklace.jpg/220px-MocheGoldNecklace.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/MocheGoldNecklace.jpg/330px-MocheGoldNecklace.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7d/MocheGoldNecklace.jpg 2x" data-file-width="425" data-file-height="297" /></a><figcaption>Kalung emas <a href="/wiki/Kebudayaan_Moche" title="Kebudayaan Moche">Moche</a> bergambar kepala kucing. Koleksi <a href="/w/index.php?title=Museum_Larco&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Museum Larco (halaman belum tersedia)">Museum Larco</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lima,_Peru" title="Lima, Peru">Lima, Peru</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Boule_de_Gen%C3%A8ve,_ca._1890.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Boule_de_Gen%C3%A8ve%2C_ca._1890.jpeg/220px-Boule_de_Gen%C3%A8ve%2C_ca._1890.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Boule_de_Gen%C3%A8ve%2C_ca._1890.jpeg/330px-Boule_de_Gen%C3%A8ve%2C_ca._1890.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Boule_de_Gen%C3%A8ve%2C_ca._1890.jpeg/440px-Boule_de_Gen%C3%A8ve%2C_ca._1890.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="2161" data-file-height="1083" /></a><figcaption>Sebuah <a href="/wiki/Jam_tangan" title="Jam tangan">jam tangan</a> liontin emas kuning 21,5k yang disebut "<a href="/w/index.php?title=Boule_de_Gen%C3%A8ve&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Boule de Genève (halaman belum tersedia)">Boule de Genève</a>" (bola Jenewa), <abbr title="circa (kira-kira)">ca</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1890</span>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Karena kelunakan emas murni (24k), ia biasanya <a href="/wiki/Logam_paduan" title="Logam paduan">dipadukan</a> dengan logam dasar untuk digunakan dalam perhiasan, mengubah kekerasan dan keuletannya, titik leburnya, warna dan sifat lainnya. Paduan dengan <a href="/wiki/Karat_(emas)" title="Karat (emas)">nilai karat</a> yang lebih rendah, biasanya 22k, 18k, 14k atau 10k, mengandung persentase tembaga atau logam dasar lain yang lebih tinggi atau perak atau paladium dalam paduannya.<sup id="cite_ref-utilisegold_23-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-utilisegold-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nikel bersifat racun, dan pelepasannya dari emas putih nikel dikendalikan oleh undang-undang di Eropa.<sup id="cite_ref-utilisegold_23-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-utilisegold-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Paduan paladium–emas lebih mahal daripada yang menggunakan nikel.<sup id="cite_ref-175" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-175"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>175<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Paduan emas putih karat tinggi lebih tahan terhadap korosi daripada perak murni atau <a href="/w/index.php?title=Perak_925&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Perak 925 (halaman belum tersedia)">perak sterling</a>. Kerajinan <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mokume-gane&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mokume-gane (halaman belum tersedia)">Mokume-gane</a></i> dari Jepang memanfaatkan kontras warna antara paduan emas berwarna terlaminasi untuk menghasilkan efek serat kayu dekoratif. </p><p>Pada tahun 2014, industri perhiasan emas meningkat meskipun harga emas turun. Permintaan pada kuartal pertama 2014 mendorong omzet menjadi AS$23,7 miliar menurut laporan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dewan_Emas_Dunia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dewan Emas Dunia (halaman belum tersedia)">Dewan Emas Dunia</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Solder" title="Solder">Solder</a> emas digunakan untuk menggabungkan komponen perhiasan emas dengan menyolder atau <a href="/wiki/Patri" title="Patri">mematri</a> keras suhu tinggi. Jika karya tersebut memiliki kualitas yang menonjol, paduan solder emas harus sesuai dengan <a href="/wiki/Karat_(emas)" title="Karat (emas)">kemurnian</a> karya tersebut, dan formula paduan dibuat agar sesuai dengan warna emas kuning dan putih. Solder emas biasanya dibuat dalam setidaknya tiga rentang titik lebur yang disebut Easy, Medium, dan Hard. Dengan menggunakan solder Hard yang bertitik lebur tinggi terlebih dahulu, diikuti oleh solder dengan titik lebur yang semakin rendah, pandai emas dapat merakit barang-barang rumit dengan beberapa sambungan solder terpisah. Emas juga bisa dibuat menjadi <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kerajinan_emas_(sulaman)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kerajinan emas (sulaman) (halaman belum tersedia)">benang</a> dan digunakan untuk <a href="/wiki/Menyulam" title="Menyulam">menyulam</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Elektronika">Elektronika</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emas&veaction=edit&section=29" title="Sunting bagian: Elektronika" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emas&action=edit&section=29" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Elektronika"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Hanya 10% dari konsumsi dunia dari emas baru yang diproduksi digunakan untuk industri,<sup id="cite_ref-oil-price.com-worlds-gold-consumption_2011_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oil-price.com-worlds-gold-consumption_2011-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> tetapi sejauh ini penggunaan industri yang paling penting untuk emas baru adalah pembuatan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Konektor_listrik&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Konektor listrik (halaman belum tersedia)">konektor listrik</a> bebas korosi pada komputer dan perangkat listrik lainnya. Misalnya, menurut Dewan Emas Dunia, sebuah telepon seluler biasa mengandung 50 mg emas, senilai sekitar 2 dolar 82 sen. Namun karena hampir satu miliar ponsel diproduksi setiap tahun, nilai emas sebesar AS$2,82 di setiap ponsel menambah AS$2,82 miliar emas hanya dari aplikasi ini.<sup id="cite_ref-176" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-176"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>176<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (Harga diperbarui hingga November 2022) </p><p>Meskipun emas dapat diserang oleh klorin bebas, konduktivitasnya yang baik dan ketahanan umumnya terhadap oksidasi dan korosi di lingkungan lain (termasuk ketahanan terhadap asam nonklorinasi) telah menyebabkan penggunaan industrinya yang meluas di era elektronik sebagai lapisan tipis pada konektor listrik, sehingga memastikan sambungan yang baik. Misalnya, emas digunakan pada konektor kabel elektronik yang lebih mahal, seperti kabel audio, video, dan <a href="/wiki/Universal_Serial_Bus" title="Universal Serial Bus">USB</a>. Manfaat menggunakan emas dibandingkan logam penghubung lainnya seperti <a href="/wiki/Timah" title="Timah">timah</a> dalam aplikasi ini telah diperdebatkan; konektor emas sering dikritik oleh pakar audio-visual karena tidak diperlukan bagi sebagian besar konsumen dan dilihat hanya sebagai taktik pemasaran. Namun, penggunaan emas dalam aplikasi lain dalam kontak geser elektronik di atmosfer yang sangat lembap atau korosif, dan digunakan untuk kontak dengan biaya kegagalan yang sangat tinggi (<a href="/wiki/Komputer" title="Komputer">komputer</a> tertentu, peralatan komunikasi, <a href="/wiki/Wahana_antariksa" title="Wahana antariksa">wahana antariksa</a>, mesin <a href="/wiki/Pesawat_jet" title="Pesawat jet">pesawat jet</a>) masih sangat umum.<sup id="cite_ref-177" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-177"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>177<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Selain kontak listrik geser, emas juga digunakan dalam <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kontak_listrik&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kontak listrik (halaman belum tersedia)">kontak listrik</a> karena ketahanannya terhadap <a href="/wiki/Korosi" title="Korosi">korosi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Resistivitas_dan_konduktivitas_listrik" title="Resistivitas dan konduktivitas listrik">konduktivitas listriknya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Keuletan_(fisika)" title="Keuletan (fisika)">keuletannya</a>, dan kurangnya <a href="/wiki/Toksisitas" title="Toksisitas">toksisitas</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-178" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-178"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>178<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kontak sakelar umumnya mengalami tekanan korosi yang lebih intens daripada kontak geser. Kabel emas halus digunakan untuk menghubungkan <a href="/wiki/Alat_semikonduktor" title="Alat semikonduktor">perangkat semikonduktor</a> ke paketnya melalui proses yang dikenal sebagai <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ikatan_kawat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ikatan kawat (halaman belum tersedia)">ikatan kawat</a>. </p><p>Konsentrasi elektron bebas dalam logam emas adalah 5,91×10<sup>22</sup> cm<sup>−3</sup>.<sup id="cite_ref-179" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-179"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>179<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Emas sangat <a href="/wiki/Resistivitas_dan_konduktivitas_listrik" title="Resistivitas dan konduktivitas listrik">konduktif</a> terhadap listrik, dan telah digunakan untuk <a href="/wiki/Kabel_listrik" title="Kabel listrik">kabel listrik</a> dalam beberapa aplikasi energi tinggi (hanya perak dan tembaga yang lebih konduktif per volume, tetapi emas memiliki keunggulan ketahanan korosi). Misalnya, kabel listrik emas digunakan selama beberapa eksperimen atom <a href="/wiki/Proyek_Manhattan" title="Proyek Manhattan">Proyek Manhattan</a>, tetapi kabel perak arus tinggi yang besar digunakan dalam magnet pemisah isotop <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kalutron&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kalutron (halaman belum tersedia)">kalutron</a> dalam proyek tersebut. </p><p>Diperkirakan bahwa 16% dari emas dunia saat ini dan 22% perak dunia terkandung dalam teknologi elektronik di Jepang.<sup id="cite_ref-180" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-180"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>180<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pengobatan">Pengobatan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emas&veaction=edit&section=30" title="Sunting bagian: Pengobatan" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emas&action=edit&section=30" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Pengobatan"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Senyawa dan emas metalik telah lama digunakan untuk tujuan pengobatan. Emas, biasanya sebagai logam, mungkin merupakan obat yang diberikan paling kuno (tampaknya oleh praktisi perdukunan)<sup id="cite_ref-181" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-181"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>181<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> dan dikenal oleh <a href="/wiki/Pedanius_Dioskorides" title="Pedanius Dioskorides">Dioskorides</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-182" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-182"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>182<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-183" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-183"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>183<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pada abad pertengahan, emas sering dianggap bermanfaat bagi kesehatan, dengan keyakinan bahwa sesuatu yang begitu langka dan indah akan sangat menyehatkan. Bahkan beberapa <a href="/wiki/Esoterisme_Barat" title="Esoterisme Barat">ahli esoteris</a> modern dan bentuk <a href="/wiki/Pengobatan_alternatif" title="Pengobatan alternatif">pengobatan alternatif</a> menetapkan emas metalik sebagai kekuatan penyembuhan. </p><p>Pada abad ke-19 emas memiliki reputasi sebagai <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ansiolitik&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ansiolitik (halaman belum tersedia)">ansiolitik</a>, terapi untuk gangguan saraf. <a href="/wiki/Depresi_(psikologi)" title="Depresi (psikologi)">Depresi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Epilepsi" title="Epilepsi">epilepsi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Migrain" title="Migrain">migrain</a>, dan masalah kelenjar seperti <a href="/wiki/Amenorea" title="Amenorea">amenorea</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Disfungsi_ereksi" title="Disfungsi ereksi">impotensi</a> dapat diobati, dan terutama <a href="/wiki/Alkoholisme" title="Alkoholisme">alkoholisme</a> (Keeley, 1897).<sup id="cite_ref-184" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-184"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>184<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Paradoks yang tampak dari toksikologi yang sebenarnya dari zat tersebut menunjukkan kemungkinan adanya kesenjangan yang serius dalam pemahaman tentang aksi emas dalam fisiologi.<sup id="cite_ref-185" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-185"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>185<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hanya garam dan radioisotop emas yang memiliki nilai farmakologis, karena emas elemental (metalik) bersifat <a href="/wiki/Lengai" title="Lengai">lengai</a> terhadap semua bahan kimia yang ditemuinya di dalam tubuh (misalnya, emas yang tertelan tidak dapat diserang oleh asam lambung). Beberapa garam emas memang memiliki sifat <a href="/wiki/Antiinflamasi" title="Antiinflamasi">antiinflamasi</a> dan saat ini dua di antaranya (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Natrium_aurotiomalat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Natrium aurotiomalat (halaman belum tersedia)">natrium aurotiomalat</a> dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Auranofin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Auranofin (halaman belum tersedia)">auranofin</a>) masih digunakan sebagai obat-obatan dalam pengobatan radang sendi dan kondisi serupa lainnya di Amerika Serikat. Obat ini telah dieksplorasi sebagai sarana untuk membantu mengurangi rasa sakit dan pembengkakan <a href="/wiki/Rheumatoid_Arthritis" title="Rheumatoid Arthritis">rheumatoid arthritis</a>, dan juga (secara historis) melawan <a href="/wiki/Tuberkulosis" title="Tuberkulosis">tuberkulosis</a> dan beberapa parasit.<sup id="cite_ref-Messorri_186-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Messorri-186"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>186<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Paduan emas digunakan dalam <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kedokteran_gigi_restoratif&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kedokteran gigi restoratif (halaman belum tersedia)">kedokteran gigi restoratif</a>, terutama dalam restorasi gigi, seperti <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mahkota_(restorasi_gigi)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mahkota (restorasi gigi) (halaman belum tersedia)">mahkota</a> dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jembatan_(kedokteran_gigi)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jembatan (kedokteran gigi) (halaman belum tersedia)">jembatan</a> permanen. Kelenturan sedikit paduan emas memfasilitasi pembuatan permukaan perkawinan geraham superior dengan gigi lain dan menghasilkan hasil yang umumnya lebih memuaskan daripada yang dihasilkan oleh pembuatan mahkota porselen. Penggunaan mahkota emas pada gigi yang lebih menonjol seperti gigi seri disukai di beberapa budaya dan tidak dianjurkan di budaya lain. </p><p>Sediaan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Emas_koloid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Emas koloid (halaman belum tersedia)">emas koloid</a> (suspensi <a href="/w/index.php?title=Emas_koloid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Emas koloid (halaman belum tersedia)">nanopartikel emas</a>) dalam air memiliki <a href="/wiki/Warna" title="Warna">warna</a> sangat merah, dan dapat dibuat dengan ukuran partikel yang dikontrol ketat hingga beberapa puluh nanometer dengan mereduksi emas klorida dengan <a href="/wiki/Asam_sitrat" title="Asam sitrat">sitrat</a> atau <a href="/wiki/Vitamin_C" title="Vitamin C">askorbat</a>. Emas koloid digunakan dalam aplikasi penelitian di bidang kedokteran, biologi, dan <a href="/wiki/Teknik_material" title="Teknik material">teknik material</a>. Teknik <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pelabelan_imunogold&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pelabelan imunogold (halaman belum tersedia)">pelabelan imunogold</a> memanfaatkan kemampuan partikel emas untuk menyerap molekul protein ke permukaannya. Partikel emas koloid yang dilapisi dengan antibodi spesifik dapat digunakan sebagai prob untuk keberadaan dan posisi antigen pada permukaan sel.<sup id="cite_ref-187" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-187"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>187<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pada bagian ultratipis dari jaringan yang dilihat dengan <a href="/wiki/Mikroskop_elektron" title="Mikroskop elektron">mikroskop elektron</a>, label imunogold tampak sebagai titik bulat yang sangat padat pada posisi <a href="/wiki/Antigen" title="Antigen">antigen</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-188" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-188"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>188<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Emas, atau paduan emas dan <a href="/wiki/Paladium" title="Paladium">paladium</a>, digunakan sebagai pelapis konduktif pada spesimen biologis dan bahan nonkonduktor lainnya seperti plastik dan kaca untuk dilihat dalam <a href="/wiki/Mikroskop_pemindai_elektron" title="Mikroskop pemindai elektron">mikroskop pemindai elektron</a>. Pelapisan, yang biasanya diterapkan melalui <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sputtering" class="extiw" title="en:Sputtering">sputtering</a></i> dengan <a href="/wiki/Plasma_(fisika)" title="Plasma (fisika)">plasma</a> <a href="/wiki/Argon" title="Argon">argon</a>, memiliki peran rangkap tiga dalam aplikasi ini. Konduktivitas listrik emas yang sangat tinggi mengalirkan <a href="/wiki/Muatan_listrik" title="Muatan listrik">muatan listrik</a> ke tanah, dan densitasnya yang sangat tinggi memberikan daya henti bagi elektron dalam <a href="/wiki/Sinar_katode" title="Sinar katode">berkas elektron</a>, membantu membatasi kedalaman penetrasi berkas elektron ke spesimen. Ini meningkatkan definisi posisi dan topografi dari permukaan spesimen dan meningkatkan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Resolusi_sudut&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Resolusi sudut (halaman belum tersedia)">resolusi spasial</a> gambar. Emas juga menghasilkan output <a href="/w/index.php?title=Emisi_sekunder&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Emisi sekunder (halaman belum tersedia)">elektron sekunder</a> yang tinggi ketika diiradiasi oleh berkas elektron, dan elektron berenergi rendah ini adalah sumber sinyal yang paling umum digunakan dalam mikroskop pemindai elektron.<sup id="cite_ref-189" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-189"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>189<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Isotop <a href="/wiki/Emas-198" title="Emas-198">emas-198</a> (<a href="/wiki/Waktu_paruh" title="Waktu paruh">waktu paruh</a> 2,7 hari) digunakan dalam <a href="/wiki/Kedokteran_nuklir" title="Kedokteran nuklir">kedokteran nuklir</a>, dalam beberapa perawatan <a href="/wiki/Kanker" title="Kanker">kanker</a> dan untuk mengobati penyakit lainnya.<sup id="cite_ref-190" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-190"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>190<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-191" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-191"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>191<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Penggunaan pengobatan emas dan kompleksnya memiliki sejarah panjang sejak ribuan tahun yang lalu.<sup id="cite_ref-192" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-192"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>192<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Beberapa kompleks emas telah diterapkan untuk mengobati <a href="/wiki/Rheumatoid_Arthritis" title="Rheumatoid Arthritis">rheumatoid arthritis</a>, yang paling sering digunakan adalah <a href="/w/index.php?title=Aurotiomalat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aurotiomalat (halaman belum tersedia)">aurotiomalat</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Aurotioglukosa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aurotioglukosa (halaman belum tersedia)">aurotioglukosa</a>, dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Auranofin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Auranofin (halaman belum tersedia)">auranofin</a>. Senyawa emas(I) dan emas(III) telah diteliti sebagai kemungkinan obat anti kanker. Untuk kompleks emas(III), reduksi menjadi emas(0/I) dalam kondisi fisiologis harus dipertimbangkan. Kompleks yang stabil dapat dihasilkan menggunakan berbagai jenis sistem ligan bi-, tri-, dan tetradentat, dan kemanjurannya telah dibuktikan secara in vitro dan in vivo.<sup id="cite_ref-193" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-193"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>193<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Masakan">Masakan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emas&veaction=edit&section=31" title="Sunting bagian: Masakan" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emas&action=edit&section=31" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Masakan"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Cake_with_pure_gold_(3038005040).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Cake_with_pure_gold_%283038005040%29.jpg/220px-Cake_with_pure_gold_%283038005040%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Cake_with_pure_gold_%283038005040%29.jpg/330px-Cake_with_pure_gold_%283038005040%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Cake_with_pure_gold_%283038005040%29.jpg/440px-Cake_with_pure_gold_%283038005040%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>Kue dengan hiasan emas disajikan di <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hotel_Amstel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hotel Amstel (halaman belum tersedia)">Hotel Amstel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amsterdam" title="Amsterdam">Amsterdam</a> </figcaption></figure> <ul><li>Emas dapat digunakan dalam makanan dan memiliki <a href="/wiki/Nomor_E" title="Nomor E">nomor E</a> 175.<sup id="cite_ref-FSA_194-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FSA-194"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>194<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pada tahun 2016, <a href="/wiki/Otoritas_Keamanan_Makanan_Eropa" title="Otoritas Keamanan Makanan Eropa">Otoritas Keamanan Makanan Eropa</a> menerbitkan opini tentang evaluasi ulang emas sebagai bahan tambahan makanan. Kekhawatirannya meliputi kemungkinan adanya nanopartikel emas dalam jumlah kecil dalam aditif makanan, dan bahwa nanopartikel emas telah terbukti bersifat <a href="/w/index.php?title=Genotoksisitas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Genotoksisitas (halaman belum tersedia)">genotoksik</a> dalam sel mamalia <a href="/wiki/In_vitro" title="In vitro">in vitro</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-195" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-195"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>195<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kertas_emas" title="Kertas emas">Kertas</a>, serpihan, atau debu emas digunakan pada dan di beberapa makanan gourmet, terutama manisan dan minuman sebagai bahan dekoratif.<sup id="cite_ref-196" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-196"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>196<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Serpihan emas digunakan oleh para bangsawan di <a href="/wiki/Abad_Pertengahan" title="Abad Pertengahan">Eropa abad pertengahan</a> sebagai hiasan pada makanan dan minuman.<sup id="cite_ref-197" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-197"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>197<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Danziger Goldwasser (Air emas Danzig) atau <a href="/w/index.php?title=Goldwasser&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Goldwasser (halaman belum tersedia)">Goldwasser</a> (Air emas) adalah <a href="/wiki/Likeur" title="Likeur">minuman keras</a> herbal tradisional Jerman<sup id="cite_ref-198" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-198"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>198<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> yang diproduksi di tempat yang sekarang disebut <a href="/wiki/Gda%C5%84sk" title="Gdańsk">Gdańsk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Polandia" title="Polandia">Polandia</a>, dan <a href="/wiki/Schwabach" title="Schwabach">Schwabach</a>, Jerman, dan mengandung serpihan kertas emas. Ada juga beberapa koktail mahal (kira-kira AS$1.000) yang mengandung serpihan kertas emas. Namun, karena emas metalik tidak bereaksi terhadap semua zat kimia tubuh, ia tidak memiliki rasa, tidak memberikan nutrisi, dan membuat tubuh tidak berubah.<sup id="cite_ref-199" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-199"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>199<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vark&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vark (halaman belum tersedia)">Vark</a> adalah sebuah <a href="/wiki/Kertas_logam" title="Kertas logam">foil</a> yang terdiri dari logam murni yang terkadang merupakan emas,<sup id="cite_ref-200" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-200"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>200<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> dan digunakan untuk <a href="/wiki/Hiasan_(makanan)" title="Hiasan (makanan)">hiasan</a> manisan dalam masakan Asia Selatan.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lain-lain">Lain-lain</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emas&veaction=edit&section=32" title="Sunting bagian: Lain-lain" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emas&action=edit&section=32" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Lain-lain"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:James_Webb_Space_Telescope_Mirror33.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/James_Webb_Space_Telescope_Mirror33.jpg/220px-James_Webb_Space_Telescope_Mirror33.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/James_Webb_Space_Telescope_Mirror33.jpg/330px-James_Webb_Space_Telescope_Mirror33.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/James_Webb_Space_Telescope_Mirror33.jpg/440px-James_Webb_Space_Telescope_Mirror33.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2500" data-file-height="1667" /></a><figcaption>Cermin untuk <a href="/wiki/Teleskop_Luar_Angkasa_James_Webb" title="Teleskop Luar Angkasa James Webb">Teleskop Luar Angkasa James Webb</a> dilapisi emas untuk memantulkan cahaya inframerah</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Kamakshi_Amman_Temple_with_golden_roof,_Kanchipuram.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Kamakshi_Amman_Temple_with_golden_roof%2C_Kanchipuram.jpg/220px-Kamakshi_Amman_Temple_with_golden_roof%2C_Kanchipuram.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="256" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Kamakshi_Amman_Temple_with_golden_roof%2C_Kanchipuram.jpg/330px-Kamakshi_Amman_Temple_with_golden_roof%2C_Kanchipuram.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Kamakshi_Amman_Temple_with_golden_roof%2C_Kanchipuram.jpg/440px-Kamakshi_Amman_Temple_with_golden_roof%2C_Kanchipuram.jpg 2x" data-file-width="768" data-file-height="893" /></a><figcaption>Kuil Kamakshi Amman dengan atap emas, <a href="/wiki/Kanchipuram" title="Kanchipuram">Kanchipuram</a>.</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>Emas menghasilkan warna merah pekat saat digunakan sebagai zat pewarna dalam <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kaca_kranberi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kaca kranberi (halaman belum tersedia)">kaca kranberi</a>.</li> <li>Dalam fotografi, toner emas digunakan untuk menggeser warna cetakan hitam-putih <a href="/wiki/Perak_bromida" title="Perak bromida">perak bromida</a> ke warna cokelat atau biru, atau untuk meningkatkan stabilitasnya. Digunakan pada cetakan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pewarnaan_cetak_fotografi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pewarnaan cetak fotografi (halaman belum tersedia)">berwarna sepia</a>, toner emas menghasilkan rona merah. Kodak menerbitkan formula untuk beberapa jenis toner emas, yang menggunakan emas sebagai kloridanya.<sup id="cite_ref-201" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-201"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>201<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Emas adalah reflektor yang baik dari <a href="/wiki/Radiasi_elektromagnetik" title="Radiasi elektromagnetik">radiasi elektromagnetik</a> seperti <a href="/wiki/Inframerah" title="Inframerah">inframerah</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Spektrum_kasatmata" title="Spektrum kasatmata">cahaya tampak</a>, serta <a href="/wiki/Frekuensi_radio" title="Frekuensi radio">gelombang radio</a>. Ia digunakan untuk lapisan pelindung di banyak <a href="/wiki/Satelit" title="Satelit">satelit</a> buatan, di pelat muka pelindung inframerah pada pakaian pelindung termal dan helm astronot, dan di pesawat <a href="/wiki/Peperangan_elektronik" title="Peperangan elektronik">peperangan elektronik</a> seperti <a href="/wiki/Northrop_Grumman_EA-6B_Prowler" title="Northrop Grumman EA-6B Prowler">EA-6B Prowler</a>.</li> <li>Emas digunakan sebagai lapisan reflektif pada beberapa <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cakram_padat_emas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cakram padat emas (halaman belum tersedia)">CD kelas atas</a>.</li> <li>Mobil dapat menggunakan emas untuk pelindung panas. <a href="/wiki/McLaren" title="McLaren">McLaren</a> menggunakan foil emas di kompartemen mesin model <a href="/w/index.php?title=McLaren_F1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="McLaren F1 (halaman belum tersedia)">F1</a>-nya.<sup id="cite_ref-202" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-202"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>202<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Emas dapat diproduksi sangat tipis sehingga tampak semitransparan. Ia digunakan di beberapa jendela kokpit pesawat untuk <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pengawaesan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pengawaesan (halaman belum tersedia)">pengawaesan</a> (<i>de-icing</i>) atau pengantiesan (<i>anti-icing</i>) dengan mengalirkan listrik melaluinya. Panas yang dihasilkan oleh resistansi emas cukup untuk mencegah pembentukan es.<sup id="cite_ref-gbc215_203-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gbc215-203"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>203<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Emas diserang dan dilarutkan dalam larutan basa kalium atau natrium <a href="/wiki/Sianida" title="Sianida">sianida</a>, untuk membentuk garam emas sianida—sebuah teknik yang telah digunakan dalam mengekstraksi emas metalik dari bijih dalam <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sianidasi_emas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sianidasi emas (halaman belum tersedia)">proses sianida</a>. Emas sianida adalah <a href="/wiki/Elektrolit" title="Elektrolit">elektrolit</a> yang digunakan dalam <a href="/wiki/Penyepuhan" title="Penyepuhan">penyepuhan</a> komersial emas ke logam dasar dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pembentukan_elektrolisis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pembentukan elektrolisis (halaman belum tersedia)">pembentukan elektrolisis</a>.</li> <li>Larutan emas klorida (<a href="/wiki/Asam_kloroaurat" title="Asam kloroaurat">asam kloroaurat</a>) digunakan untuk membuat emas koloid melalui reduksi dengan <a href="/wiki/Ion" title="Ion">ion</a> <a href="/wiki/Asam_sitrat" title="Asam sitrat">sitrat</a> atau <a href="/wiki/Vitamin_C" title="Vitamin C">askorbat</a>. Emas klorida dan emas oksida digunakan untuk membuat kaca berwarna merah atau kranberi, yang, seperti suspensi emas <a href="/wiki/Sistem_koloid" title="Sistem koloid">koloid</a>, mengandung <a href="/w/index.php?title=Emas_koloid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Emas koloid (halaman belum tersedia)">nanopartikel emas</a> bulat berukuran sama.<sup id="cite_ref-204" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-204"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>204<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Emas, ketika terdispersi dalam nanopartikel, dapat bertindak sebagai <a href="/w/index.php?title=Katalisis_emas_heterogen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Katalisis emas heterogen (halaman belum tersedia)">katalis heterogen</a> dari reaksi kimia.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Toksisitas">Toksisitas</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emas&veaction=edit&section=33" title="Sunting bagian: Toksisitas" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emas&action=edit&section=33" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Toksisitas"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Emas metalik murni (elemental) tidak beracun dan tidak menyebabkan iritasi saat tertelan<sup id="cite_ref-205" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-205"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>205<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> dan terkadang digunakan sebagai hiasan makanan berupa <a href="/wiki/Kertas_emas" title="Kertas emas">kertas emas</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-206" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-206"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>206<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Emas metalik juga merupakan komponen dari minuman beralkohol <a href="/w/index.php?title=Goldschl%C3%A4ger&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Goldschläger (halaman belum tersedia)">Goldschläger</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gold_Strike&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gold Strike (halaman belum tersedia)">Gold Strike</a>, dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Goldwasser&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Goldwasser (halaman belum tersedia)">Goldwasser</a>. Emas metalik disetujui sebagai <a href="/wiki/Bahan_tambahan_pangan" title="Bahan tambahan pangan">bahan tambahan makanan</a> di UE (<a href="/wiki/Nomor_E" title="Nomor E">E175</a> dalam <a href="/wiki/Codex_Alimentarius" title="Codex Alimentarius">Codex Alimentarius</a>). Meskipun ion emas bersifat racun, penerimaan emas metalik sebagai bahan tambahan makanan disebabkan oleh kelengaian kimianya yang relatif, dan tahan terhadap korosi atau diubah menjadi garam larut (senyawa emas) yang larut oleh proses kimia yang diketahui yang akan dihadapi dalam tubuh manusia. </p><p>Senyawa larut (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Obat_yang_mengandung_emas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Obat yang mengandung emas (halaman belum tersedia)">garam emas</a>) seperti <a href="/w/index.php?title=Emas(I,III)_klorida&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Emas(I,III) klorida (halaman belum tersedia)">emas klorida</a> beracun bagi hati dan ginjal. Garam <a href="/wiki/Sianida" title="Sianida">sianida</a> umum dari emas seperti kalium emas sianida, digunakan dalam <a href="/wiki/Penyepuhan" title="Penyepuhan">penyepuhan</a> emas, beracun karena kandungan sianida dan emasnya. Terdapat beberapa kasus keracunan emas mematikan yang jarang terjadi akibat <a href="/wiki/Kalium_disianoaurat" title="Kalium disianoaurat">kalium emas sianida</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-207" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-207"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>207<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-208" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-208"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>208<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Toksisitas emas dapat diperbaiki melalui <a href="/wiki/Terapi_khelasi" title="Terapi khelasi">terapi khelasi</a> dengan agen seperti <a href="/wiki/Dimerkaprol" title="Dimerkaprol">dimerkaprol</a>. </p><p>Logam emas terpilih sebagai <a href="/w/index.php?title=Allergen_of_the_Year&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Allergen of the Year (halaman belum tersedia)">Allergen of the Year</a> pada tahun 2001 oleh Masyarakat Dermatitis Kontak Amerika; alergi kontak emas memengaruhi sebagian besar wanita.<sup id="cite_ref-TsurutaMatsunaga2001_209-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TsurutaMatsunaga2001-209"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>209<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Meskipun demikian, emas adalah alergen kontak yang relatif tidak kuat, dibandingkan dengan logam seperti <a href="/wiki/Nikel" title="Nikel">nikel</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-210" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-210"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>210<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sampel jamur <i><a href="/wiki/Aspergillus_niger" title="Aspergillus niger">Aspergillus niger</a></i> ditemukan tumbuh dari larutan tambang emas; dan ditemukan mengandung kompleks logam siano, seperti emas, perak, tembaga, besi, dan seng. Jamur tersebut juga berperan dalam pelarutan sulfida logam berat.<sup id="cite_ref-211" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-211"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>211<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Lihat_pula">Lihat pula</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emas&veaction=edit&section=34" title="Sunting bagian: Lihat pula" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emas&action=edit&section=34" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Lihat pula"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Pyrit_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Pyrit_01.jpg/220px-Pyrit_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Pyrit_01.jpg/330px-Pyrit_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Pyrit_01.jpg/440px-Pyrit_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4500" /></a><figcaption>Pirit besi atau "emas semu"</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r18261910">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width:20em;"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Daftar_negara_menurut_produksi_emas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Daftar negara menurut produksi emas (halaman belum tersedia)">Daftar negara menurut produksi emas</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Goldback&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Goldback (halaman belum tersedia)">Goldback</a>, bentuk populer dari <a href="/wiki/Mata_uang_lokal" title="Mata uang lokal">mata uang lokal</a> emas yang disematkan dalam 'uang kertas' polimer</li> <li>Konsultan bisnis <a href="/w/index.php?title=GFMS&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="GFMS (halaman belum tersedia)">GFMS</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Krisiasis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Krisiasis (halaman belum tersedia)">Krisiasis</a> (kondisi dermatologis)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mata_uang_emas_digital&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mata uang emas digital (halaman belum tersedia)">Mata uang emas digital</a>, bentuk mata uang elektronik</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pirit" title="Pirit">Pirit besi</a>, emas semu</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standar_emas" title="Standar emas">Standar emas</a> dalam perbankan</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tumbaga" title="Tumbaga">Tumbaga</a>, paduan emas dan tembaga</li></ul> </div><div style="clear:both;"></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Referensi">Referensi</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emas&veaction=edit&section=35" title="Sunting bagian: Referensi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emas&action=edit&section=35" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Referensi"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r18833634">.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-size:0.95em; font-weight:bold; color:#777; cursor:help;" title="Bahasa Indonesia" lang="Indonesia">(Indonesia)</span> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kbbi.kemdikbud.go.id/entri/emas">"Emas"</a>. <i>KBBI Daring</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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"Gold(I) and Gold(0) Complexes of Phosphinine‐Based Macrocycles". <i>Angewandte Chemie International Edition</i>. <b>38</b> (21): 3194–3197. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F%28SICI%291521-3773%2819991102%2938%3A21%3C3194%3A%3AAID-ANIE3194%3E3.0.CO%3B2-O">10.1002/(SICI)1521-3773(19991102)38:21<3194::AID-ANIE3194>3.0.CO;2-O</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10556900">10556900</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Angewandte+Chemie+International+Edition&rft.atitle=Gold%28I%29+and+Gold%280%29+Complexes+of+Phosphinine%E2%80%90Based+Macrocycles&rft.volume=38&rft.issue=21&rft.pages=3194-3197&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F%28SICI%291521-3773%2819991102%2938%3A21%3C3194%3A%3AAID-ANIE3194%3E3.0.CO%3B2-O&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F10556900&rft.aulast=M%C3%A9zaille&rft.aufirst=Nicolas&rft.au=Avarvari%2C+Narcis&rft.au=Maigrot%2C+Nicole&rft.au=Ricard%2C+Louis&rft.au=Mathey%2C+Fran%C3%A7ois&rft.au=Le+Floch%2C+Pascal&rft.au=Cataldo%2C+Laurent&rft.au=Berclaz%2C+Th%C3%A9o&rft.au=Geoffroy%2C+Michel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AEmas" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Lide, D. R., ed. (2005). "Magnetic susceptibility of the elements and inorganic compounds". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.archive.org/web/20110303222309/http://www-d0.fnal.gov/hardware/cal/lvps_info/engineering/elementmagn.pdf"><i>CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics</i></a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span> (edisi ke-86). Boca Raton (FL): CRC Press. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/0-8493-0486-5" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/0-8493-0486-5">0-8493-0486-5</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Magnetic+susceptibility+of+the+elements+and+inorganic+compounds&rft.btitle=CRC+Handbook+of+Chemistry+and+Physics&rft.place=Boca+Raton+%28FL%29&rft.edition=86&rft.pub=CRC+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-8493-0486-5&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20110303222309%2Fhttp%3A%2F%2Fwww-d0.fnal.gov%2Fhardware%2Fcal%2Flvps_info%2Fengineering%2Felementmagn.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AEmas" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Weast, Robert (1984). <i>CRC, Handbook of Chemistry and Physics</i>. Boca Raton, Florida: Chemical Rubber Company Publishing. hlm. E110. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/0-8493-0464-4" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/0-8493-0464-4">0-8493-0464-4</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=CRC%2C+Handbook+of+Chemistry+and+Physics&rft.place=Boca+Raton%2C+Florida&rft.pages=E110&rft.pub=Chemical+Rubber+Company+Publishing&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=0-8493-0464-4&rft.aulast=Weast&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AEmas" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Kelly, P.F. (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=gSncBQAAQBAJ&pg=PT355"><i>Properties of Materials</i></a>. CRC Press. hlm. 355. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-1-4822-0624-1" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-1-4822-0624-1">978-1-4822-0624-1</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Properties+of+Materials&rft.pages=355&rft.pub=CRC+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-4822-0624-1&rft.au=Kelly%2C+P.F.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgSncBQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT355&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AEmas" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Duckenfield, Mark (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VeJmDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA4"><i>The Monetary History of Gold: A Documentary History, 1660–1999</i></a>. Routledge. hlm. 4. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/9781315476124" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/9781315476124">9781315476124</a>. <q>Kelangkaannya menjadikannya sebagai penyimpan nilai yang berguna; namun, kelangkaan relatifnya mengurangi kegunaannya sebagai mata uang, terutama untuk transaksi dalam denominasi kecil.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Monetary+History+of+Gold%3A+A+Documentary+History%2C+1660%E2%80%931999&rft.pages=4&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=9781315476124&rft.aulast=Duckenfield&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVeJmDAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AEmas" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Pearce, Susan M. (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=M6aZBwAAQBAJ&pg=PT53"><i>Museums, Objects, and Collections: A Cultural Study</i></a>. Smithsonian Books. hlm. 53. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/9781588345172" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/9781588345172">9781588345172</a>. <q>Kelangkaannya menjadikannya sebagai penyimpan nilai yang berguna; namun, kelangkaan relatifnya mengurangi kegunaannya sebagai mata uang, terutama untuk transaksi dalam denominasi kecil. ... Kelangkaannya, bagaimanapun, adalah sumber nilainya itu sendiri, dan begitu pula tingkat kesulitan yang melingkupi pemurnian bahan mentah, terutama jika ia eksotis dan harus dibawa agak jauh. Emas, secara geologis, merupakan bahan yang relatif langka di bumi dan hanya terdapat di tempat-tempat tertentu yang jauh dari sebagian besar tempat lain.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Museums%2C+Objects%2C+and+Collections%3A+A+Cultural+Study&rft.pages=53&rft.pub=Smithsonian+Books&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=9781588345172&rft.aulast=Pearce&rft.aufirst=Susan+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DM6aZBwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT53&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AEmas" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-production-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-production_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-production_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gold.org/goldhub/data/gold-production-by-country">"Gold Production & Mining Data by Country"</a>. 7 Juni 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Gold+Production+%26+Mining+Data+by+Country&rft.date=2023-06-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gold.org%2Fgoldhub%2Fdata%2Fgold-production-by-country&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AEmas" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gold.org/goldhub/data/above-ground-stocks">"Above-ground stocks"</a>. gold.org<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">5 Juli</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Above-ground+stocks&rft.pub=gold.org&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gold.org%2Fgoldhub%2Fdata%2Fabove-ground-stocks&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AEmas" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-oil-price.com-worlds-gold-consumption_2011-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-oil-price.com-worlds-gold-consumption_2011_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-oil-price.com-worlds-gold-consumption_2011_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-oil-price.com-worlds-gold-consumption_2011_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Soos, Andy (6 Januari 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://oilprice.com/Metals/Gold/Gold-Mining-Boom-Increasing-Mercury-Pollution-Risk.html">"Gold Mining Boom Increasing Mercury Pollution Risk"</a>. <i>Advanced Media Solutions, Inc</i>. Oilprice.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">5 Juli</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Advanced+Media+Solutions%2C+Inc.&rft.atitle=Gold+Mining+Boom+Increasing+Mercury+Pollution+Risk&rft.date=2011-01-06&rft.aulast=Soos&rft.aufirst=Andy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Foilprice.com%2FMetals%2FGold%2FGold-Mining-Boom-Increasing-Mercury-Pollution-Risk.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AEmas" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kizuka-2008-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kizuka-2008_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kizuka-2008_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Kizuka, Tokushi (1 April 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210716175414/https://tsukuba.repo.nii.ac.jp/record/16027/files/PRB-77_15.pdf">"Atomic configuration and mechanical and electrical properties of stable gold wires of single-atom width"</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. <i>Physical Review B</i>. <b>77</b> (15): 155401. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008PhRvB..77o5401K">2008PhRvB..77o5401K</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1103%2FPhysRevB.77.155401">10.1103/PhysRevB.77.155401</a>. <a href="/wiki/Handle_System" title="Handle System">hdl</a>:<span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//hdl.handle.net/2241%2F99261">2241/99261</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Dapat diakses gratis"><img alt="alt=Dapat diakses gratis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></span></span></span>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/1098-0121">1098-0121</a>. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tsukuba.repo.nii.ac.jp/record/16027/files/PRB-77_15.pdf">versi asli</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span> tanggal 16 Juli 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Physical+Review+B&rft.atitle=Atomic+configuration+and+mechanical+and+electrical+properties+of+stable+gold+wires+of+single-atom+width&rft.volume=77&rft.issue=15&rft.pages=155401&rft.date=2008-04-01&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F2241%2F99261&rft.issn=1098-0121&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1103%2FPhysRevB.77.155401&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2008PhRvB..77o5401K&rft.aulast=Kizuka&rft.aufirst=Tokushi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftsukuba.repo.nii.ac.jp%2Frecord%2F16027%2Ffiles%2FPRB-77_15.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AEmas" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|url-status=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Che Lah, Nurul Akmal; Trigueros, Sonia (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6442207">"Synthesis and modelling of the mechanical properties of Ag, Au and Cu nanowires"</a>. <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Science_and_Technology_of_Advanced_Materials&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Science and Technology of Advanced Materials (halaman belum tersedia)">Science and Technology of Advanced Materials</a></i>. <b>20</b> (1): 225–261. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2019STAdM..20..225L">2019STAdM..20..225L</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F14686996.2019.1585145">10.1080/14686996.2019.1585145</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/1468-6996">1468-6996</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6442207">6442207</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Dapat diakses gratis"><img alt="alt=Dapat diakses gratis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></span></span></span>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30956731">30956731</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science+and+Technology+of+Advanced+Materials&rft.atitle=Synthesis+and+modelling+of+the+mechanical+properties+of+Ag%2C+Au+and+Cu+nanowires&rft.volume=20&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=225-261&rft.date=2019&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6442207&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2019STAdM..20..225L&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F30956731&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F14686996.2019.1585145&rft.issn=1468-6996&rft.aulast=Che+Lah&rft.aufirst=Nurul+Akmal&rft.au=Trigueros%2C+Sonia&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6442207&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AEmas" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.webexhibits.org/causesofcolor/9.html">"Gold: causes of color"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">5 Juli</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Gold%3A+causes+of+color&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.webexhibits.org%2Fcausesofcolor%2F9.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AEmas" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Mallan, Lloyd (1971). <i>Suiting up for space: the evolution of the space suit</i>. John Day Co. hlm. 216. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-0-381-98150-1" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-0-381-98150-1">978-0-381-98150-1</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Suiting+up+for+space%3A+the+evolution+of+the+space+suit&rft.pages=216&rft.pub=John+Day+Co.&rft.date=1971&rft.isbn=978-0-381-98150-1&rft.aulast=Mallan&rft.aufirst=Lloyd&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AEmas" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-popsci-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-popsci_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation magazine">Gray, Theo (14 Maret 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.popsci.com/diy/article/2008-03/how-make-convincing-fake-gold-bars">"How to Make Convincing Fake-Gold Bars"</a>. <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Popular_Science&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Popular Science (halaman belum tersedia)">Popular Science</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">5 Juli</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Popular+Science&rft.atitle=How+to+Make+Convincing+Fake-Gold+Bars&rft.date=2008-03-14&rft.aulast=Gray&rft.aufirst=Theo&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.popsci.com%2Fdiy%2Farticle%2F2008-03%2Fhow-make-convincing-fake-gold-bars&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AEmas" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Willie, Jim (18 November 2009) "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kitco.com/ind/willie/nov182009.html">Zinc Dimes, Tungsten Gold & Lost Respect</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111008050729/http://www.kitco.com/ind/willie/nov182009.html">Diarsipkan</a> 8 Oktober 2011 di <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.". Kitco</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.coinupdate.com/largest-private-refinery-discovers-gold-plated-tungsten-bar-0171/">"Largest Private Refinery Discovers Gold-Plated Tungsten Bar | Coin Update"</a>. <i>news.coinupdate.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=news.coinupdate.com&rft.atitle=Largest+Private+Refinery+Discovers+Gold-Plated+Tungsten+Bar+%26%23124%3B+Coin+Update&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.coinupdate.com%2Flargest-private-refinery-discovers-gold-plated-tungsten-bar-0171%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AEmas" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1983/12/22/world/austrians-seize-false-gold-tied-to-london-bullion-theft.html">"Austrians Seize False Gold Tied to London Bullion Theft"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>. 22 Desember 1983<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">5 Juli</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Austrians+Seize+False+Gold+Tied+to+London+Bullion+Theft&rft.date=1983-12-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1983%2F12%2F22%2Fworld%2Faustrians-seize-false-gold-tied-to-london-bullion-theft.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AEmas" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Densest-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Densest_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Arblaster, J. W. (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161018195547/http://www.technology.matthey.com/pdf/pmr-v39-i4-164-164.pdf">"Osmium, the Densest Metal Known"</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. <i>Platinum Metals Review</i>. <b>39</b> (4): 164. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.technology.matthey.com/pdf/pmr-v39-i4-164-164.pdf">versi asli</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span> tanggal 18 Oktober 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">5 Juli</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Platinum+Metals+Review&rft.atitle=Osmium%2C+the+Densest+Metal+Known&rft.volume=39&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=164&rft.date=1995&rft.aulast=Arblaster&rft.aufirst=J.+W.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.technology.matthey.com%2Fpdf%2Fpmr-v39-i4-164-164.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AEmas" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|url-status=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-chem-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-chem_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=o-FYAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA70"><i>Encyclopædia of Chemistry, Theoretical, Practical, and Analytical, as Applied to the Arts and Manufacturers: Glass-zinc</i></a>. J.B. Lippincott & Company. 1880. hlm. 70–.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+of+Chemistry%2C+Theoretical%2C+Practical%2C+and+Analytical%2C+as+Applied+to+the+Arts+and+Manufacturers%3A+Glass-zinc&rft.pages=70-&rft.pub=J.B.+Lippincott+%26+Company&rft.date=1880&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Do-FYAAAAYAAJ%26pg%3DPA70&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AEmas" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://math.ucr.edu/home/baez/physics/Relativity/SR/gold_color.html">"Relativity in Chemistry"</a>. Math.ucr.edu<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">5 Juli</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Relativity+in+Chemistry&rft.pub=Math.ucr.edu&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmath.ucr.edu%2Fhome%2Fbaez%2Fphysics%2FRelativity%2FSR%2Fgold_color.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AEmas" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Schmidbaur, Hubert; Cronje, Stephanie; Djordjevic, Bratislav; Schuster, Oliver (2005). "Understanding gold chemistry through relativity". <i>Chemical Physics</i>. <b>311</b> (1–2): 151–161. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005CP....311..151S">2005CP....311..151S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.chemphys.2004.09.023">10.1016/j.chemphys.2004.09.023</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chemical+Physics&rft.atitle=Understanding+gold+chemistry+through+relativity&rft.volume=311&rft.issue=1%E2%80%932&rft.pages=151-161&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.chemphys.2004.09.023&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2005CP....311..151S&rft.aulast=Schmidbaur&rft.aufirst=Hubert&rft.au=Cronje%2C+Stephanie&rft.au=Djordjevic%2C+Bratislav&rft.au=Schuster%2C+Oliver&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AEmas" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-utilisegold-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-utilisegold_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-utilisegold_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-utilisegold_23-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-utilisegold_23-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080619061619/http://www.utilisegold.com/jewellery_technology/colours/colour_alloys/">Jewellery Alloys</a>. World Gold Council</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MzT9eWxtmRgC&pg=PA180"><i>Electron Microscopy in Microbiology</i></a>. Academic Press. 1988. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-0-08-086049-7" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-0-08-086049-7">978-0-08-086049-7</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Electron+Microscopy+in+Microbiology&rft.pub=Academic+Press&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-0-08-086049-7&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMzT9eWxtmRgC%26pg%3DPA180&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AEmas" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nndc.bnl.gov/nudat2/">"Nudat 2"</a>. <i>National Nuclear Data Center</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">5 Juli</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Nuclear+Data+Center&rft.atitle=Nudat+2&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nndc.bnl.gov%2Fnudat2%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AEmas" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nubase-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nubase_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nubase_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFAudiBersillonBlachotWapstra2003" class="citation">Audi, Georges; Bersillon, Olivier; Blachot, Jean; Wapstra, Aaldert Hendrik (2003), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/in2p3-00020241/document">"The N<small>UBASE</small> evaluation of nuclear and decay properties"</a>, <i>Nuclear Physics A</i>, <b>729</b>: 3–128, <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003NuPhA.729....3A">2003NuPhA.729....3A</a>, <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.nuclphysa.2003.11.001">10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2003.11.001</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nuclear+Physics+A&rft.atitle=The+N%3Csmall%3EUBASE%3C%2Fsmall%3E+evaluation+of+nuclear+and+decay+properties&rft.volume=729&rft.pages=3-128&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.nuclphysa.2003.11.001&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2003NuPhA.729....3A&rft.aulast=Audi&rft.aufirst=Georges&rft.au=Bersillon%2C+Olivier&rft.au=Blachot%2C+Jean&rft.au=Wapstra%2C+Aaldert+Hendrik&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhal.archives-ouvertes.fr%2Fin2p3-00020241%2Fdocument&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AEmas" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Miethe, A. (1924). "Der Zerfall des Quecksilberatoms". <i>Die Naturwissenschaften</i>. <b>12</b> (29): 597–598. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1924NW.....12..597M">1924NW.....12..597M</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF01505547">10.1007/BF01505547</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Die+Naturwissenschaften&rft.atitle=Der+Zerfall+des+Quecksilberatoms&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=29&rft.pages=597-598&rft.date=1924&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2FBF01505547&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1924NW.....12..597M&rft.aulast=Miethe&rft.aufirst=A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AEmas" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|s2cid=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Sherr, R.; Bainbridge, K. T.; Anderson, H. H. (1941). "Transmutation of Mercury by Fast Neutrons". <i><a href="/wiki/Physical_Review" title="Physical Review">Physical Review</a></i>. <b>60</b> (7): 473–479. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1941PhRv...60..473S">1941PhRv...60..473S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1103%2FPhysRev.60.473">10.1103/PhysRev.60.473</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Physical+Review&rft.atitle=Transmutation+of+Mercury+by+Fast+Neutrons&rft.volume=60&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=473-479&rft.date=1941&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1103%2FPhysRev.60.473&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1941PhRv...60..473S&rft.aulast=Sherr&rft.aufirst=R.&rft.au=Bainbridge%2C+K.+T.&rft.au=Anderson%2C+H.+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AEmas" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|name-list-style=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Aleklett, K.; Morrissey, D.; Loveland, W.; McGaughey, P.; Seaborg, G. 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"Energy dependence of <sup>209</sup>Bi fragmentation in relativistic nuclear collisions". <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Physical_Review_C&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Physical Review C (halaman belum tersedia)">Physical Review C</a></i>. <b>23</b> (3): 1044. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1981PhRvC..23.1044A">1981PhRvC..23.1044A</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1103%2FPhysRevC.23.1044">10.1103/PhysRevC.23.1044</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Physical+Review+C&rft.atitle=Energy+dependence+of+%3Csup%3E209%3C%2Fsup%3EBi+fragmentation+in+relativistic+nuclear+collisions&rft.volume=23&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=1044&rft.date=1981&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1103%2FPhysRevC.23.1044&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1981PhRvC..23.1044A&rft.aulast=Aleklett&rft.aufirst=K.&rft.au=Morrissey%2C+D.&rft.au=Loveland%2C+W.&rft.au=McGaughey%2C+P.&rft.au=Seaborg%2C+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AEmas" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Matthews, Robert (2 Desember 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/education/4791069/The-Philosophers-Stone.html">"The Philosopher's Stone"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph" title="The Daily Telegraph">The Daily Telegraph</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">5 Juli</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Telegraph&rft.atitle=The+Philosopher%27s+Stone&rft.date=2001-12-02&rft.aulast=Matthews&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Feducation%2F4791069%2FThe-Philosophers-Stone.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AEmas" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Shipman, James; Wilson, Jerry D.; Higgins, Charles A. (2012). <i>An Introduction to Physical Science</i> (edisi ke-13). Cengage Learning. hlm. 273. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/9781133709497" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/9781133709497">9781133709497</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Introduction+to+Physical+Science&rft.pages=273&rft.edition=13&rft.pub=Cengage+Learning&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9781133709497&rft.aulast=Shipman&rft.aufirst=James&rft.au=Wilson%2C+Jerry+D.&rft.au=Higgins%2C+Charles+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AEmas" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Hammer, B.; Norskov, J. K. (1995). "Why gold is the noblest of all the metals". <i>Nature</i>. <b>376</b> (6537): 238–240. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1995Natur.376..238H">1995Natur.376..238H</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F376238a0">10.1038/376238a0</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Why+gold+is+the+noblest+of+all+the+metals&rft.volume=376&rft.issue=6537&rft.pages=238-240&rft.date=1995&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2F376238a0&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1995Natur.376..238H&rft.aulast=Hammer&rft.aufirst=B.&rft.au=Norskov%2C+J.+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AEmas" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|s2cid=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Johnson, P. B.; Christy, R. W. (1972). "Optical Constants of the Noble Metals". <i>Physical Review B</i>. <b>6</b> (12): 4370–4379. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1972PhRvB...6.4370J">1972PhRvB...6.4370J</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1103%2FPhysRevB.6.4370">10.1103/PhysRevB.6.4370</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Physical+Review+B&rft.atitle=Optical+Constants+of+the+Noble+Metals&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=12&rft.pages=4370-4379&rft.date=1972&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1103%2FPhysRevB.6.4370&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1972PhRvB...6.4370J&rft.aulast=Johnson&rft.aufirst=P.+B.&rft.au=Christy%2C+R.+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AEmas" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Shaw III, C. F. (1999). "Gold-Based Medicinal Agents". <i>Chemical Reviews</i>. <b>99</b> (9): 2589–2600. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fcr980431o">10.1021/cr980431o</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11749494">11749494</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chemical+Reviews&rft.atitle=Gold-Based+Medicinal+Agents&rft.volume=99&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=2589-2600&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Fcr980431o&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11749494&rft.aulast=Shaw+III&rft.aufirst=C.+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AEmas" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://chemwiki.ucdavis.edu/Core/Inorganic_Chemistry/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Block/2_p-Block_Elements/Group_16%253A_The_Oxygen_Family/Chemistry_of_Oxygen">"Chemistry of Oxygen"</a>. <i>Chemwiki <a href="/wiki/UC_Davis" class="mw-redirect" title="UC Davis">UC Davis</a></i>. 2 Oktober 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">5 Juli</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Chemwiki+UC+Davis&rft.atitle=Chemistry+of+Oxygen&rft.date=2013-10-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fchemwiki.ucdavis.edu%2FCore%2FInorganic_Chemistry%2FDescriptive_Chemistry%2FElements_Organized_by_Block%2F2_p-Block_Elements%2FGroup_16%25253A_The_Oxygen_Family%2FChemistry_of_Oxygen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AEmas" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Craig, B. D.; Anderson, D. B., ed. (1995). <i>Handbook of Corrosion Data</i>. Materials Park, Ohio: ASM International. hlm. 587. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-0-87170-518-1" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-0-87170-518-1">978-0-87170-518-1</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+Corrosion+Data&rft.place=Materials+Park%2C+Ohio&rft.pages=587&rft.pub=ASM+International&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-87170-518-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AEmas" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Wiberg, Egon; Wiberg, Nils; Holleman, Arnold Frederick (2001). <i>Inorganic Chemistry</i> (edisi ke-101). Academic Press. hlm. 1286. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-0-12-352651-9" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-0-12-352651-9">978-0-12-352651-9</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Inorganic+Chemistry&rft.pages=1286&rft.edition=101&rft.pub=Academic+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-12-352651-9&rft.aulast=Wiberg&rft.aufirst=Egon&rft.au=Wiberg%2C+Nils&rft.au=Holleman%2C+Arnold+Frederick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AEmas" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|name-list-style=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Wiberg, Egon; Wiberg, Nils (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Mtth5g59dEIC"><i>Inorganic Chemistry</i></a>. Academic Press. hlm. 404. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-0-12-352651-9" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-0-12-352651-9">978-0-12-352651-9</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Inorganic+Chemistry&rft.pages=404&rft.pub=Academic+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-12-352651-9&rft.aulast=Wiberg&rft.aufirst=Egon&rft.au=Wiberg%2C+Nils&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMtth5g59dEIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AEmas" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWibergWibergHolleman2001">Wiberg, Wiberg & Holleman 2001</a>, hlm. 1286–1287</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-library.lanl.gov-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-library.lanl.gov_40-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-library.lanl.gov_40-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Emery, J. F.; Ledditcotte, G. W. (Mei 1961). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20041110193206/http://library.lanl.gov/cgi-bin/getfile?rc000062.pdf">"Nuclear Science Series (NAS-NS 3036) The Radio Chemistry of Gold"</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. Oak Ridge, TN: National Academy of Sciences — National Research Council — Subcommittee on Radio Chemistry. US Atomic Energy Commission. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://library.lanl.gov/cgi-bin/getfile?rc000062.pdf">versi asli</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span> tanggal 10 November 2004<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">5 Juli</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Nuclear+Science+Series+%28NAS-NS+3036%29+The+Radio+Chemistry+of+Gold&rft.place=Oak+Ridge%2C+TN&rft.pub=National+Academy+of+Sciences+%E2%80%94+National+Research+Council+%E2%80%94+Subcommittee+on+Radio+Chemistry&rft.date=1961-05&rft.aulast=Emery&rft.aufirst=J.+F.&rft.au=Ledditcotte%2C+G.+W.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flibrary.lanl.gov%2Fcgi-bin%2Fgetfile%3Frc000062.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AEmas" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|url-status=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Wolfgang Jeitschko; Manfred H. Moller (1979). "The crystal structures of Au2P3 and Au7P10I, polyphosphides with weak Au–Au interactions". <i>Acta Crystallographica B</i> (dalam bahasa Inggris). <b>35</b> (3): 573–579. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1107%2FS0567740879004180">10.1107/S0567740879004180</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Acta+Crystallographica+B&rft.atitle=The+crystal+structures+of+Au2P3+and+Au7P10I%2C+polyphosphides+with+weak+Au%E2%80%93Au+interactions&rft.volume=35&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=573-579&rft.date=1979&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1107%2FS0567740879004180&rft.au=Wolfgang+Jeitschko&rft.au=Manfred+H.+Moller&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AEmas" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-relativist_Au_Pt-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-relativist_Au_Pt_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Jansen, Martin (2005). "Effects of relativistic motion of electrons on the chemistry of gold and platinum". <i>Solid State Sciences</i>. <b>7</b> (12): 1464–1474. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005SSSci...7.1464J">2005SSSci...7.1464J</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.solidstatesciences.2005.06.015">10.1016/j.solidstatesciences.2005.06.015</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Dapat diakses gratis"><img alt="alt=Dapat diakses gratis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></span></span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Solid+State+Sciences&rft.atitle=Effects+of+relativistic+motion+of+electrons+on+the+chemistry+of+gold+and+platinum&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=12&rft.pages=1464-1474&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.solidstatesciences.2005.06.015&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2005SSSci...7.1464J&rft.aulast=Jansen&rft.aufirst=Martin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AEmas" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Holleman-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Holleman_43-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Holleman_43-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Holleman, A. F.; Wiberg, E. (2001). <i>Inorganic Chemistry</i>. San Diego: Academic Press. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-0-12-352651-9" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-0-12-352651-9">978-0-12-352651-9</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Inorganic+Chemistry&rft.place=San+Diego&rft.pub=Academic+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-12-352651-9&rft.aulast=Holleman&rft.aufirst=A.+F.&rft.au=Wiberg%2C+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AEmas" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-martin08-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-martin08_44-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-martin08_44-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Jansen, Martin (2008). "The chemistry of gold as an anion". <i>Chemical Society Reviews</i>. <b>37</b> (9): 1826–1835. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1039%2Fb708844m">10.1039/b708844m</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18762832">18762832</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chemical+Society+Reviews&rft.atitle=The+chemistry+of+gold+as+an+anion&rft.volume=37&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=1826-1835&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1039%2Fb708844m&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18762832&rft.aulast=Jansen&rft.aufirst=Martin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AEmas" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Jung, Jaehoon; Kim, Hyemi; Kim, Jong Chan; Park, Min Hee; Han, Young-Kyu (2011). "Gold Behaves as Hydrogen in the Intermolecular Self-Interaction of Metal Aurides MAu<sub>4</sub> (M=Ti, Zr, and Hf)". <i>Chemistry: An Asian Journal</i>. <b>6</b> (3): 868–872. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fasia.201000742">10.1002/asia.201000742</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21225974">21225974</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chemistry%3A+An+Asian+Journal&rft.atitle=Gold+Behaves+as+Hydrogen+in+the+Intermolecular+Self-Interaction+of+Metal+Aurides+MAu%3Csub%3E4%3C%2Fsub%3E+%28M%3DTi%2C+Zr%2C+and+Hf%29&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=868-872&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fasia.201000742&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21225974&rft.aulast=Jung&rft.aufirst=Jaehoon&rft.au=Kim%2C+Hyemi&rft.au=Kim%2C+Jong+Chan&rft.au=Park%2C+Min+Hee&rft.au=Han%2C+Young-Kyu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AEmas" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Wickleder, Mathias S. (2001). "AuSO<sub>4</sub>: A True Gold(II) Sulfate with an Au<sub>2</sub><sup>4+</sup> Ion". <i>Journal of Inorganic and General Chemistry</i>. <b>627</b> (9): 2112–2114. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F1521-3749%28200109%29627%3A9%3C2112%3A%3AAID-ZAAC2112%3E3.0.CO%3B2-2">10.1002/1521-3749(200109)627:9<2112::AID-ZAAC2112>3.0.CO;2-2</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Inorganic+and+General+Chemistry&rft.atitle=AuSO%3Csub%3E4%3C%2Fsub%3E%3A+A+True+Gold%28II%29+Sulfate+with+an+Au%3Csub%3E2%3C%2Fsub%3E%3Csup%3E4%2B%3C%2Fsup%3E+Ion&rft.volume=627&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=2112-2114&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F1521-3749%28200109%29627%3A9%3C2112%3A%3AAID-ZAAC2112%3E3.0.CO%3B2-2&rft.aulast=Wickleder&rft.aufirst=Mathias+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AEmas" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Wickleder, Mathias S. (2007). Devillanova, Francesco A., ed. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IvGnUAaSqOsC&pg=PA359"><i>Handbook of chalcogen chemistry: new perspectives in sulfur, selenium and tellurium</i></a>. Royal Society of Chemistry. hlm. 359–361. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-0-85404-366-8" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-0-85404-366-8">978-0-85404-366-8</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+chalcogen+chemistry%3A+new+perspectives+in+sulfur%2C+selenium+and+tellurium&rft.pages=359-361&rft.pub=Royal+Society+of+Chemistry&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-85404-366-8&rft.aulast=Wickleder&rft.aufirst=Mathias+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIvGnUAaSqOsC%26pg%3DPA359&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AEmas" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Seidel, S.; Seppelt, K. (2000). "Xenon as a Complex Ligand: The Tetra Xenono Gold(II) Cation in AuXe<sub>4</sub><sup>2+</sup>(Sb<sub>2</sub>F<sub>11</sub><sup>−</sup>)<sub>2</sub>". <i>Science</i>. <b>290</b> (5489): 117–118. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2000Sci...290..117S">2000Sci...290..117S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.290.5489.117">10.1126/science.290.5489.117</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11021792">11021792</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Xenon+as+a+Complex+Ligand%3A+The+Tetra+Xenono+Gold%28II%29+Cation+in+AuXe%3Csub%3E4%3C%2Fsub%3E%3Csup%3E2%2B%3C%2Fsup%3E%28Sb%3Csub%3E2%3C%2Fsub%3EF%3Csub%3E11%3C%2Fsub%3E%3Csup%3E%E2%88%92%3C%2Fsup%3E%29%3Csub%3E2%3C%2Fsub%3E&rft.volume=290&rft.issue=5489&rft.pages=117-118&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11021792&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.290.5489.117&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2000Sci...290..117S&rft.aulast=Seidel&rft.aufirst=S.&rft.au=Seppelt%2C+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AEmas" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Riedel, S.; Kaupp, M. (2006). "Revising the Highest Oxidation States of the 5d Elements: The Case of Iridium(+VII)". <i>Angewandte Chemie International Edition</i>. <b>45</b> (22): 3708–3711. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fanie.200600274">10.1002/anie.200600274</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16639770">16639770</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Angewandte+Chemie+International+Edition&rft.atitle=Revising+the+Highest+Oxidation+States+of+the+5d+Elements%3A+The+Case+of+Iridium%28%2BVII%29&rft.volume=45&rft.issue=22&rft.pages=3708-3711&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fanie.200600274&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16639770&rft.aulast=Riedel&rft.aufirst=S.&rft.au=Kaupp%2C+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AEmas" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cfa.harvard.edu/news/2013-19">"Earth's Gold Came from Colliding Dead Stars"</a>. <i>David A. Aguilar & Christine Pulliam</i>. cfa.harvard.edu. 17 Juli 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">5 Juli</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=David+A.+Aguilar+%26+Christine+Pulliam&rft.atitle=Earth%27s+Gold+Came+from+Colliding+Dead+Stars&rft.date=2013-07-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cfa.harvard.edu%2Fnews%2F2013-19&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AEmas" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Seeger, Philip A.; Fowler, William A.; Clayton, Donald D. (1965). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tigerprints.clemson.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1307&context=physastro_pubs">"Nucleosynthesis of Heavy Elements by Neutron Capture"</a>. <i>The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series</i>. <b>11</b>: 121. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1965ApJS...11..121S">1965ApJS...11..121S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F190111">10.1086/190111</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Astrophysical+Journal+Supplement+Series&rft.atitle=Nucleosynthesis+of+Heavy+Elements+by+Neutron+Capture&rft.volume=11&rft.pages=121&rft.date=1965&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F190111&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1965ApJS...11..121S&rft.aulast=Seeger&rft.aufirst=Philip+A.&rft.au=Fowler%2C+William+A.&rft.au=Clayton%2C+Donald+D.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftigerprints.clemson.edu%2Fcgi%2Fviewcontent.cgi%3Farticle%3D1307%26context%3Dphysastro_pubs&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AEmas" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://chandra.harvard.edu/xray_sources/supernovas.html">"Supernovas & Supernova Remnants"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Chandra_X-ray_Observatory" class="mw-redirect" title="Chandra X-ray Observatory">Chandra X-ray Observatory</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">28 February</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Supernovas+%26+Supernova+Remnants&rft.pub=Chandra+X-ray+Observatory&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fchandra.harvard.edu%2Fxray_sources%2Fsupernovas.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AEmas" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Berger, E.; Fong, W.; Chornock, R. (2013). "An r-process Kilonova Associated with the Short-hard GRB 130603B". <i>The Astrophysical Journal Letters</i>. <b>774</b> (2): 4. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv" title="ArXiv">arXiv</a>:<span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//arxiv.org/abs/1306.3960">1306.3960</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Dapat diakses gratis"><img alt="alt=Dapat diakses gratis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></span></span></span>. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013ApJ...774L..23B">2013ApJ...774L..23B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1088%2F2041-8205%2F774%2F2%2FL23">10.1088/2041-8205/774/2/L23</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Astrophysical+Journal+Letters&rft.atitle=An+r-process+Kilonova+Associated+with+the+Short-hard+GRB+130603B&rft.volume=774&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=4&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2F1306.3960&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1088%2F2041-8205%2F774%2F2%2FL23&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2013ApJ...774L..23B&rft.aulast=Berger&rft.aufirst=E.&rft.au=Fong%2C+W.&rft.au=Chornock%2C+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AEmas" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|s2cid=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"kami tidak memiliki bukti spektroskopi bahwa unsur-unsur tersebut benar-benar telah diproduksi," tulis penulis Stephan Rosswog.<cite class="citation journal">Rosswog, Stephan (29 Agustus 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sim_nature-uk_2013-08-29_500_7464/page/n46">"Astrophysics: Radioactive glow as a smoking gun"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Nature" title="Nature">Nature</a></i>. <b>500</b> (7464): 535–536. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013Natur.500..535R">2013Natur.500..535R</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F500535a">10.1038/500535a</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Dapat diakses gratis"><img alt="alt=Dapat diakses gratis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></span></span></span>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23985867">23985867</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Astrophysics%3A+Radioactive+glow+as+a+smoking+gun&rft.volume=500&rft.issue=7464&rft.pages=535-536&rft.date=2013-08-29&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23985867&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2F500535a&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2013Natur.500..535R&rft.aulast=Rosswog&rft.aufirst=Stephan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsim_nature-uk_2013-08-29_500_7464%2Fpage%2Fn46&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AEmas" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|s2cid=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171031030151/http://www.ligo.org/detections/GW170817/press-release/pr-english.pdf">"LIGO and Virgo make first detection of gravitational waves produced by colliding neutron stars"</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/LIGO" title="LIGO">LIGO</a> & <a href="/w/index.php?title=Virgo_interferometer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Virgo interferometer (halaman belum tersedia)">Virgo</a> collaborations. 16 Oktober 2017. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ligo.org/detections/GW170817/press-release/pr-english.pdf">versi asli</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span> tanggal 31 Oktober 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">5 Juli</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=LIGO+and+Virgo+make+first+detection+of+gravitational+waves+produced+by+colliding+neutron+stars&rft.date=2017-10-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ligo.org%2Fdetections%2FGW170817%2Fpress-release%2Fpr-english.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AEmas" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|url-status=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.science.org/content/article/neutron-star-mergers-may-create-much-universe-s-gold">"Neutron star mergers may create much of the universe's gold"</a>. <i>Sid Perkins</i>. Science AAAS. 20 Maret 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">5 Juli</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sid+Perkins&rft.atitle=Neutron+star+mergers+may+create+much+of+the+universe%27s+gold&rft.date=2018-03-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.science.org%2Fcontent%2Farticle%2Fneutron-star-mergers-may-create-much-universe-s-gold&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AEmas" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Willbold_2011-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Willbold_2011_57-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Willbold, Matthias; Elliott, Tim; Moorbath, Stephen (2011). "The tungsten isotopic composition of the Earth's mantle before the terminal bombardment". <i>Nature</i>. <b>477</b> (7363): 195–8. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011Natur.477..195W">2011Natur.477..195W</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature10399">10.1038/nature10399</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21901010">21901010</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=The+tungsten+isotopic+composition+of+the+Earth%27s+mantle+before+the+terminal+bombardment&rft.volume=477&rft.issue=7363&rft.pages=195-8&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21901010&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fnature10399&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2011Natur.477..195W&rft.aulast=Willbold&rft.aufirst=Matthias&rft.au=Elliott%2C+Tim&rft.au=Moorbath%2C+Stephen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AEmas" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|s2cid=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Battison-2011-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Battison-2011_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Battison, Leila (8 September 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-14827624">"Meteorites delivered gold to Earth"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC&rft.atitle=Meteorites+delivered+gold+to+Earth&rft.date=2011-09-08&rft.aulast=Battison&rft.aufirst=Leila&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fscience-environment-14827624&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AEmas" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://superiormining.com/properties/south_africa/mangalisa/geology/">"Mangalisa Project"</a>. Superior Mining International Corporation<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">5 Juli</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mangalisa+Project&rft.pub=Superior+Mining+International+Corporation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsuperiormining.com%2Fproperties%2Fsouth_africa%2Fmangalisa%2Fgeology%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AEmas" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Therriault, A. M.; Grieve, R. A. F.; Reimold, W. U. (1997). "Original size of the Vredefort Structure: Implications for the geological evolution of the Witwatersrand Basin". <i>Meteoritics</i>. <b>32</b>: 71–77. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1997M&PS...32...71T">1997M&PS...32...71T</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1945-5100.1997.tb01242.x">10.1111/j.1945-5100.1997.tb01242.x</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Dapat diakses gratis"><img alt="alt=Dapat diakses gratis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></span></span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Meteoritics&rft.atitle=Original+size+of+the+Vredefort+Structure%3A+Implications+for+the+geological+evolution+of+the+Witwatersrand+Basin&rft.volume=32&rft.pages=71-77&rft.date=1997&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1945-5100.1997.tb01242.x&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1997M%26PS...32...71T&rft.aulast=Therriault&rft.aufirst=A.+M.&rft.au=Grieve%2C+R.+A.+F.&rft.au=Reimold%2C+W.+U.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AEmas" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|name-list-style=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120327184158/http://www.cosmosmagazine.com/news/2101/meteor-craters-may-hold-untapped-wealth">Meteor craters may hold untapped wealth</a>. Cosmos Magazine (28 Juli 2008). Diakses tanggal 5 Juli 2023.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Corner, B.; Durrheim, R. J.; Nicolaysen, L. O. (1990). "Relationships between the Vredefort structure and the Witwatersrand basin within the tectonic framework of the Kaapvaal craton as interpreted from regional gravity and aeromagnetic data". <i>Tectonophysics</i>. <b>171</b> (1): 49–61. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1990Tectp.171...49C">1990Tectp.171...49C</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0040-1951%2890%2990089-Q">10.1016/0040-1951(90)90089-Q</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Tectonophysics&rft.atitle=Relationships+between+the+Vredefort+structure+and+the+Witwatersrand+basin+within+the+tectonic+framework+of+the+Kaapvaal+craton+as+interpreted+from+regional+gravity+and+aeromagnetic+data&rft.volume=171&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=49-61&rft.date=1990&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0040-1951%2890%2990089-Q&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1990Tectp.171...49C&rft.aulast=Corner&rft.aufirst=B.&rft.au=Durrheim%2C+R.+J.&rft.au=Nicolaysen%2C+L.+O.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AEmas" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-McCarthy-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-McCarthy_63-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-McCarthy_63-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">McCarthy, T., Rubridge, B. (2005). <i>The Story of Earth and Life</i>. Struik Publishers, Cape Town. hlm. 89–90, 102–107, 134–136. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/1_77007_148_2" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/1 77007 148 2">1 77007 148 2</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Norman-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Norman_64-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Norman_64-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Norman, N., Whitfield, G. (2006) <i>Geological Journeys</i>. Struik Publishers, Cape Town. hlm. 38–49, 60–61. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/9781770070622" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/9781770070622">9781770070622</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">University of Granada (21 November 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2017/11/171121095128.htm">"Scientists reveals the mystery about the origin of gold"</a>. <i>ScienceDaily</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">5 Juli</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ScienceDaily&rft.atitle=Scientists+reveals+the+mystery+about+the+origin+of+gold&rft.date=2017-11-21&rft.au=University+of+Granada&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedaily.com%2Freleases%2F2017%2F11%2F171121095128.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AEmas" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Tassara, Santiago; González-Jiménez, José M.; Reich, Martin; Schilling, Manuel E.; Morata, Diego; Begg, Graham; Saunders, Edward; Griffin, William L.; O’Reilly, Suzanne Y.; Grégoire, Michel; Barra, Fernando; Corgne, Alexandre (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5634996">"Plume-subduction interaction forms large auriferous provinces"</a>. <i>Nature Communications</i>. <b>8</b> (1): 843. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017NatCo...8..843T">2017NatCo...8..843T</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41467-017-00821-z">10.1038/s41467-017-00821-z</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/2041-1723">2041-1723</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5634996">5634996</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Dapat diakses gratis"><img alt="alt=Dapat diakses gratis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></span></span></span>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29018198">29018198</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature+Communications&rft.atitle=Plume-subduction+interaction+forms+large+auriferous+provinces&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=843&rft.date=2017&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5634996&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2017NatCo...8..843T&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F29018198&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fs41467-017-00821-z&rft.issn=2041-1723&rft.aulast=Tassara&rft.aufirst=Santiago&rft.au=Gonz%C3%A1lez-Jim%C3%A9nez%2C+Jos%C3%A9+M.&rft.au=Reich%2C+Martin&rft.au=Schilling%2C+Manuel+E.&rft.au=Morata%2C+Diego&rft.au=Begg%2C+Graham&rft.au=Saunders%2C+Edward&rft.au=Griffin%2C+William+L.&rft.au=O%E2%80%99Reilly%2C+Suzanne+Y.&rft.au=Gr%C3%A9goire%2C+Michel&rft.au=Barra%2C+Fernando&rft.au=Corgne%2C+Alexandre&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5634996&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AEmas" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-La_Niece-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-La_Niece_67-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-La_Niece_67-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-La_Niece_67-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">La Niece, Susan (senior metallurgist in the British Museum Department of Conservation and Scientific Research) (15 December 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oAfITjcHiZ0C"><i>Gold</i></a>. Harvard University Press. hlm. 10. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-0-674-03590-4" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-0-674-03590-4">978-0-674-03590-4</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">5 Juli</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gold&rft.pages=10&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2009-12-15&rft.isbn=978-0-674-03590-4&rft.aulast=La+Niece&rft.aufirst=Susan+%28senior+metallurgist+in+the+British+Museum+Department+of+Conservation+and+Scientific+Research%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DoAfITjcHiZ0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AEmas" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Heike, Brian. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130122100747/http://arizonagoldprospectors.com/formation.htm">"Formation of Lode Gold Deposits"</a>. Arizona Gold Prospectors. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://arizonagoldprospectors.com/formation.htm">versi asli</a> tanggal 22 Januari 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">24 February</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Formation+of+Lode+Gold+Deposits&rft.pub=Arizona+Gold+Prospectors&rft.au=Heike%2C+Brian&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farizonagoldprospectors.com%2Fformation.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AEmas" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|url-status=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.abc.net.au/science/news/enviro/EnviroRepublish_1032376.htm">"Environment & Nature News – Bugs grow gold that looks like coral"</a>. abc.net.au. 28 Januari 2004<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">5 Juli</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Environment+%26+Nature+News+%E2%80%93+Bugs+grow+gold+that+looks+like+coral&rft.pub=abc.net.au&rft.date=2004-01-28&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.abc.net.au%2Fscience%2Fnews%2Fenviro%2FEnviroRepublish_1032376.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AEmas" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> Ini adalah penelitian doktoral yang dilakukan oleh Frank Reith di Universitas Nasional Australia, diterbitkan tahun 2004.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.yahoo.com/earthquakes-turn-water-gold-180356174.html">"Earthquakes Turn Water into Gold|18 March 2013"</a>. 17 Maret 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">5 Juli</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Earthquakes+Turn+Water+into+Gold%26%23124%3B18+March+2013&rft.date=2013-03-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.yahoo.com%2Fearthquakes-turn-water-gold-180356174.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AEmas" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Kenison Falkner, K.; Edmond, J. (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sim_earth-and-planetary-science-letters_1990-05_98_2/page/n73">"Gold in seawater"</a>. <i>Earth and Planetary Science Letters</i>. <b>98</b> (2): 208–221. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1990E&PSL..98..208K">1990E&PSL..98..208K</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0012-821X%2890%2990060-B">10.1016/0012-821X(90)90060-B</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Earth+and+Planetary+Science+Letters&rft.atitle=Gold+in+seawater&rft.volume=98&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=208-221&rft.date=1990&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0012-821X%2890%2990060-B&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1990E%26PSL..98..208K&rft.aulast=Kenison+Falkner&rft.aufirst=K.&rft.au=Edmond%2C+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsim_earth-and-planetary-science-letters_1990-05_98_2%2Fpage%2Fn73&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AEmas" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Plazak, Dan <i>A Hole in the Ground with a Liar at the Top</i> (Salt Lake: Univ. of Utah Press, 2006) <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/0-87480-840-5" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/0-87480-840-5">0-87480-840-5</a> (berisi bab mengenai penipuan emas dari air laut)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Haber, F. (1927). "Das Gold im Meerwasser". <i>Zeitschrift für Angewandte Chemie</i>. <b>40</b> (11): 303–314. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1927AngCh..40..303H">1927AngCh..40..303H</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fange.19270401103">10.1002/ange.19270401103</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Zeitschrift+f%C3%BCr+Angewandte+Chemie&rft.atitle=Das+Gold+im+Meerwasser&rft.volume=40&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=303-314&rft.date=1927&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fange.19270401103&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1927AngCh..40..303H&rft.aulast=Haber&rft.aufirst=F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AEmas" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">McHugh, J. B. (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200307233511/https://zenodo.org/record/1258491">"Concentration of gold in natural waters"</a>. <i>Journal of Geochemical Exploration</i>. <b>30</b> (1–3): 85–94. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1988JCExp..30...85M">1988JCExp..30...85M</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0375-6742%2888%2990051-9">10.1016/0375-6742(88)90051-9</a>. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zenodo.org/record/1258491">versi asli</a> tanggal 7 Maret 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Geochemical+Exploration&rft.atitle=Concentration+of+gold+in+natural+waters&rft.volume=30&rft.issue=1%E2%80%933&rft.pages=85-94&rft.date=1988&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0375-6742%2888%2990051-9&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1988JCExp..30...85M&rft.aulast=McHugh&rft.aufirst=J.+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fzenodo.org%2Frecord%2F1258491&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AEmas" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|url-status=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CDA-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CDA_75-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Selain itu, anggota kedua Delegasi XVIII membawa empat kendi kecil tapi berat di atas kuk, mungkin berisi debu emas yang merupakan upeti yang dibayarkan oleh orang India." in <cite class="citation book">Iran, Délégation archéologique française en (1972). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=itIRAQAAMAAJ"><i>Cahiers de la Délégation archéologique française en Iran</i></a>. Institut français de recherches en Iran (section archéologique). hlm. 146.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cahiers+de+la+D%C3%A9l%C3%A9gation+arch%C3%A9ologique+fran%C3%A7aise+en+Iran&rft.pages=146&rft.pub=Institut+fran%C3%A7ais+de+recherches+en+Iran+%28section+arch%C3%A9ologique%29&rft.date=1972&rft.aulast=Iran&rft.aufirst=D%C3%A9l%C3%A9gation+arch%C3%A9ologique+fran%C3%A7aise+en&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DitIRAQAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AEmas" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gold-eagle.com/gold_digest/history_gold.html">"History of Gold"</a>. Gold Digest<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">5 Juli</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=History+of+Gold&rft.pub=Gold+Digest&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gold-eagle.com%2Fgold_digest%2Fhistory_gold.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AEmas" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.smithsonianmag.com/travel/varna-bulgaria-gold-graves-social-hierarchy-prehistoric-archaelogy-smithsonian-journeys-travel-quarterly-180958733/">"Mystery of the Varna Gold: What Caused These Ancient Societies to Disappear?"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mystery+of+the+Varna+Gold%3A+What+Caused+These+Ancient+Societies+to+Disappear%3F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.smithsonianmag.com%2Ftravel%2Fvarna-bulgaria-gold-graves-social-hierarchy-prehistoric-archaelogy-smithsonian-journeys-travel-quarterly-180958733%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AEmas" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RnE9Fa4pbn0C&dq=varna+necropolis+oldest&pg=PA290">[1]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221101113823/https://books.google.com/books?id=RnE9Fa4pbn0C&pg=PA290&dq=varna+necropolis+oldest&hl=en#v=onepage&q=varna%20necropolis%20oldest&f=false">Diarsipkan</a> 1 November 2022 di <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Gems and Gemstones: Timeless Natural Beauty of the Mineral World, By Lance Grande</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/oldest-gold-object-unearthed-bulgaria-180960093/">"World's Oldest Gold Object May Have Just Been Unearthed in Bulgaria"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=World%27s+Oldest+Gold+Object+May+Have+Just+Been+Unearthed+in+Bulgaria&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.smithsonianmag.com%2Fsmart-news%2Foldest-gold-object-unearthed-bulgaria-180960093%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AEmas" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://afrinik.com/archaeologists-have-discovered-the-oldest-treasure-in-the-world/">"Archaeologists have discovered the oldest treasure in the world - Afrinik"</a>. 15 Mei 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Archaeologists+have+discovered+the+oldest+treasure+in+the+world+-+Afrinik&rft.date=2021-05-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fafrinik.com%2Farchaeologists-have-discovered-the-oldest-treasure-in-the-world%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AEmas" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sutherland, C.H.V, Gold (London, Thames & Hudson, 1959) hlm. 27 ff.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gopher,_Tsuk,_Shalev_and_Gophna-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Gopher,_Tsuk,_Shalev_and_Gophna_82-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Gopher, A.; Tsuk, T.; Shalev, S.; Gophna, R. (August–October 1990). "Earliest Gold Artifacts in the Levant". <i>Current Anthropology</i>. <b>31</b> (4): 436–443. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F203868">10.1086/203868</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR" title="JSTOR">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.jstor.org/stable/2743275">2743275</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Current+Anthropology&rft.atitle=Earliest+Gold+Artifacts+in+the+Levant&rft.volume=31&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=436-443&rft.date=1990-08%2F1990-10&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F203868&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2743275&rft.aulast=Gopher&rft.aufirst=A.&rft.au=Tsuk%2C+T.&rft.au=Shalev%2C+S.&rft.au=Gophna%2C+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AEmas" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|name-list-style=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>); </span><span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|s2cid=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pohl, Walter L. (2011) <i>Economic Geology Principles and Practice</i>. Wiley. hlm. 208. <a href="/wiki/Pengenal_objek_digital" title="Pengenal objek digital">DOI</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781444394870.ch2">10.1002/9781444394870.ch2</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/9781444394870" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/9781444394870">9781444394870 </a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Montserrat, Dominic (21 Februari 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bfRbY4gInsQC"><i>Akhenaten: History, Fantasy and Ancient Egypt</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-0-415-30186-2" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-0-415-30186-2">978-0-415-30186-2</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Akhenaten%3A+History%2C+Fantasy+and+Ancient+Egypt&rft.date=2003-02-21&rft.isbn=978-0-415-30186-2&rft.aulast=Montserrat&rft.aufirst=Dominic&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbfRbY4gInsQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AEmas" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_L._Moran&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="William L. Moran (halaman belum tersedia)">Moran, William L.</a>, 1987, 1992. The Amarna Letters, hlm. 43–46.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_L._Moran&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="William L. Moran (halaman belum tersedia)">Moran, William L.</a> 1987, 1992. The Amarna Letters. EA 245, "To the Queen Mother: Some Missing Gold Statues", hlm. 84–86.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Akhenaten">"Akhenaten"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080611092705/http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9005276/Akhenaton">Diarsipkan</a> 11 Juni 2008 di <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopaedia Britannica</a></i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dodson, Aidan and Hilton, Dyan (2004). <i>The Complete Royal Families of Ancient Egypt</i>. Thames & Hudson. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/0-500-05128-3" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/0-500-05128-3">0-500-05128-3</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-lion-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-lion_89-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-lion_89-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rg.ancients.info/lion/article.html">"A Case for the World's Oldest Coin: Lydian Lion"</a>. Rg.ancients.info. 2 Oktober 2003<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">6 Juli</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+Case+for+the+World%27s+Oldest+Coin%3A+Lydian+Lion&rft.pub=Rg.ancients.info&rft.date=2003-10-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frg.ancients.info%2Flion%2Farticle.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AEmas" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060524015912/http://www.blackhistorypages.net/pages/mansamusa.php">Mansa Musa</a>. Black History Pages</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bu.edu/africa/outreach/resources/k_o_mali/">"Kingdom of Mali – Primary Source Documents"</a>. <i>African studies Center</i>. <a href="/wiki/Universitas_Boston" title="Universitas Boston">Universitas Boston</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">5 Juli</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=African+studies+Center&rft.atitle=Kingdom+of+Mali+%E2%80%93+Primary+Source+Documents&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bu.edu%2Fafrica%2Foutreach%2Fresources%2Fk_o_mali%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AEmas" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Monnaie, Eucratide I. (roi de Bactriane) Autorité émettrice de. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b8510709q"><i>[Monnaie : 20 Statères, Or, Incertain, Bactriane, Eucratide I]</i></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%5BMonnaie+%3A+20+Stat%C3%A8res%2C+Or%2C+Incertain%2C+Bactriane%2C+Eucratide+I%5D&rft.aulast=Monnaie&rft.aufirst=Eucratide+I.+%28roi+de+Bactriane%29+Autorit%C3%A9+%C3%A9mettrice+de&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgallica.bnf.fr%2Fark%3A%2F12148%2Fbtv1b8510709q&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AEmas" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Berdan, Frances; Anawalt, Patricia Rieff (1992). <i>The Codex Mendoza</i>. <b>2</b>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_California_Press" title="University of California Press">University of California Press</a>. hlm. 151. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-0-520-06234-4" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-0-520-06234-4">978-0-520-06234-4</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Codex+Mendoza&rft.pages=151&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-520-06234-4&rft.aulast=Berdan&rft.aufirst=Frances&rft.au=Anawalt%2C+Patricia+Rieff&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AEmas" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120112010110/http://www.sierranevadavirtualmuseum.com/docs/galleries/history/culture/shadows.htm">Sierra Nevada Virtual Museum</a>. Sierra Nevada Virtual Museum. Diakses tanggal 5 Juli 2023.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="refAnderson" class="citation book">Anderson, James Maxwell (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UoryGn9o4x0C"><i>The History of Portugal</i></a>. Greenwood Publishing Group. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/0-313-31106-4" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/0-313-31106-4">0-313-31106-4</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+Portugal&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-313-31106-4&rft.aulast=Anderson&rft.aufirst=James+Maxwell&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUoryGn9o4x0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AEmas" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Newitt, Malyn (28 Juni 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fsoWg1yXKQUC&q=portuguese+in+ghana"><i>The Portuguese in West Africa, 1415–1670: A Documentary History</i></a> (dalam bahasa Inggris). Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-1-139-49129-7" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-1-139-49129-7">978-1-139-49129-7</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Portuguese+in+West+Africa%2C+1415%E2%80%931670%3A+A+Documentary+History&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2010-06-28&rft.isbn=978-1-139-49129-7&rft.aulast=Newitt&rft.aufirst=Malyn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfsoWg1yXKQUC%26q%3Dportuguese%2Bin%2Bghana&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AEmas" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Green,_Toby-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Green,_Toby_97-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Green, Toby (31 Januari 2019). <i>A fistful of shells : West Africa from the rise of the slave trade to the age of revolution</i> (edisi ke-Penguin Books Ltd. Kindle-Version). London. hlm. 108, 247. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-0-241-00328-2" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-0-241-00328-2">978-0-241-00328-2</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+fistful+of+shells+%3A+West+Africa+from+the+rise+of+the+slave+trade+to+the+age+of+revolution&rft.place=London&rft.pages=108%2C+247&rft.edition=Penguin+Books+Ltd.+Kindle-Version&rft.date=2019-01-31&rft.isbn=978-0-241-00328-2&rft.aulast=Green&rft.aufirst=Toby&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AEmas" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Edgerton, Robert B. (2010). <i>The Fall of the Asante Empire: The Hundred-Year War For Africa's Gold Coast</i>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/9781451603736" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/9781451603736">9781451603736</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Fall+of+the+Asante+Empire%3A+The+Hundred-Year+War+For+Africa%27s+Gold+Coast&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9781451603736&rft.aulast=Edgerton&rft.aufirst=Robert+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AEmas" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Matson, John (31 January 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/fact-or-fiction-lead-can-be-turned-into-gold/">"Fact or Fiction?: Lead Can Be Turned into Gold"</a>. <i>scientificamerican.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">5 Juli</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=scientificamerican.com&rft.atitle=Fact+or+Fiction%3F%3A+Lead+Can+Be+Turned+into+Gold&rft.date=2014-01-31&rft.au=Matson%2C+John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.scientificamerican.com%2Farticle%2Ffact-or-fiction-lead-can-be-turned-into-gold%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AEmas" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Harper, Douglas. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=gold">"gold"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Online_Etymology_Dictionary" class="mw-redirect" title="Online Etymology Dictionary">Online Etymology Dictionary</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Online+Etymology+Dictionary&rft.atitle=gold&rft.au=Harper%2C+Douglas&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.etymonline.com%2Findex.php%3Fterm%3Dgold&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AEmas" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hesse, R W. (2007) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DIWEi5Hg93gC&pg=PA103">Jewelrymaking Through History: An Encyclopedia</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221101113823/https://books.google.com/books?id=DIWEi5Hg93gC&pg=PA103">Diarsipkan</a> 1 November 2022 di <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>., Greenwood Publishing Group. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/0313335079" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/0313335079">0313335079</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Notre Dame University <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.archives.nd.edu/cgi-bin/lookup.pl?stem=Aurum&ending=">Latin Dictionary</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160205123228/http://www.archives.nd.edu/cgi-bin/lookup.pl?stem=Aurum&ending=">Diarsipkan</a> 5 Februari 2016 di <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Diakses tanggal 6 Juli 2023.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">de Vaan, Michel (2008). <i>Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic languages</i>. Leiden: Boston: Brill. hlm. 63. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-90-04-16797-1" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-90-04-16797-1">978-90-04-16797-1</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Etymological+Dictionary+of+Latin+and+the+other+Italic+languages&rft.place=Leiden%3A+Boston&rft.pages=63&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-90-04-16797-1&rft.aulast=de+Vaan&rft.aufirst=Michel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AEmas" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Brathwaite-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Brathwaite_104-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Christie, A. dan Brathwaite, R. (Terakhir diperbarui pada 2 November 2011) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130208092020/http://www.nzpam.govt.nz/cms/pdf-library/minerals/publications/Commodity%20Reports/report14_gold.pdf">Mineral Commodity Report 14 — Gold</a>, Institute of geological and Nuclear sciences Ltd – Diakses tanggal 6 Juli 2023.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">H. G. Bachmann, <i>The lure of gold : an artistic and cultural history</i> (2006).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lubna Umar dan Sarwet Rasul, "Critical Metaphor Analysis: Nawaz Sharif and the Myth of a Golden Time" <i>NUML Journal of Critical Inquiry</i> 15#2, (Dec 2017): 78-102.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Alborn, Timothy (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://academicworks.cuny.edu/le_pubs/184">"The Greatest Metaphor Ever Mixed: Gold in the British Bible, 1750–1850"</a>. <i>Journal of the History of Ideas</i>. <b>78</b> (3): 427–447. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fjhi.2017.0024">10.1353/jhi.2017.0024</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28757488">28757488</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+History+of+Ideas&rft.atitle=The+Greatest+Metaphor+Ever+Mixed%3A+Gold+in+the+British+Bible%2C+1750%E2%80%931850&rft.volume=78&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=427-447&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fjhi.2017.0024&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F28757488&rft.aulast=Alborn&rft.aufirst=Timothy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Facademicworks.cuny.edu%2Fle_pubs%2F184&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AEmas" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|s2cid=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-moors-etnofoor-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-moors-etnofoor_108-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Moors, Annelies (2013). "Wearing gold, owning gold: the multiple meanings of gold jewelry". <i>Etnofoor</i>. <b>25</b> (1): 78–89. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/0921-5158">0921-5158</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/oclc/858949147">858949147</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Etnofoor&rft.atitle=Wearing+gold%2C+owning+gold%3A+the+multiple+meanings+of+gold+jewelry&rft.volume=25&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=78-89&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F858949147&rft.issn=0921-5158&rft.aulast=Moors&rft.aufirst=Annelies&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AEmas" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-boulanouar-otago-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-boulanouar-otago_109-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation thesis">Boulanouar, Aisha Wood (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hdl.handle.net/10523/1748"><i>Myths and Reality: Meaning in Moroccan Muslim Women's Dress</i></a> (Tesis Thesis, Doctor of Philosophy). University of Otago<span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://hdl.handle.net/10523/1748">http://hdl.handle.net/10523/1748</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Myths+and+Reality%3A+Meaning+in+Moroccan+Muslim+Women%27s+Dress&rft.aulast=Boulanouar&rft.aufirst=Aisha+Wood&rft.au=Boulanouar%2C%26%2332%3BAisha+Wood&rft.date=2011&rft.pub=University+of+Otago&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhdl.handle.net%2F10523%2F1748&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Emas"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-poonai-islamic-clothing-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-poonai-islamic-clothing_110-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Poonai, Anand (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eportfolios.macaulay.cuny.edu/whatwewear/men/">"Islamic Male Clothing"</a>. <i>Who We Are & What We Wear</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">6 Juli</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Who+We+Are+%26+What+We+Wear&rft.atitle=Islamic+Male+Clothing&rft.date=2015&rft.aulast=Poonai&rft.aufirst=Anand&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feportfolios.macaulay.cuny.edu%2Fwhatwewear%2Fmen%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AEmas" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-aziz-hijab-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-aziz-hijab_111-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Aziz, Rookhsana (November 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hdl.handle.net/10500/4888">"Hijab – The Islamic Dress Code: Its historical development, evidence from sacred sources and views of selected Muslim scholars"</a>. <i>UNISA EDT (Electronic Theses and Dissertations)</i> (Thesis, Master of Arts). University of South Africa. <a href="/wiki/CiteSeerX" title="CiteSeerX">CiteSeerX</a> <span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.873.8651">10.1.1.873.8651</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Dapat diakses gratis"><img alt="alt=Dapat diakses gratis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></span></span></span>. <a href="/wiki/Handle_System" title="Handle System">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//hdl.handle.net/10500%2F4888">10500/4888</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=UNISA+EDT+%28Electronic+Theses+and+Dissertations%29&rft.atitle=Hijab+%E2%80%93+The+Islamic+Dress+Code%3A+Its+historical+development%2C+evidence+from+sacred+sources+and+views+of+selected+Muslim+scholars&rft.date=2010-11&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10500%2F4888&rft_id=%2F%2Fciteseerx.ist.psu.edu%2Fviewdoc%2Fsummary%3Fdoi%3D10.1.1.873.8651&rft.aulast=Aziz&rft.aufirst=Rookhsana&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhdl.handle.net%2F10500%2F4888&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AEmas" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-byu-studies-toronto-umma-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-byu-studies-toronto-umma_112-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Toronto, James A. 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Encyclopedia of Islam<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">6 Juli</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Islamic+Clothing&rft.pub=Encyclopedia+of+Islam&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Jirousek&rft.aufirst=Charlotte&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fchar.txa.cornell.edu%2Fislamicclothes.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AEmas" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-omar-dress-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-omar-dress_114-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Omar, Sara (28 Maret 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t349/e0040">"Dress"</a>. <i>The Encyclopedia of Islam and Law, Oxford Islamic Studies Online</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+Islam+and+Law%2C+Oxford+Islamic+Studies+Online&rft.atitle=Dress&rft.date=2014-03-28&rft.aulast=Omar&rft.aufirst=Sara&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordislamicstudies.com%2Farticle%2Fopr%2Ft349%2Fe0040&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AEmas" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Pranala_mati" title="Wikipedia:Pranala mati"><span title=" pranala nonaktif sejak December 2021">pranala nonaktif permanen</span></a></i>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Daly, Kathleen N.; Rengel, Marian (1992). <i>Greek and Roman Mythology, A to Z</i>. Chelsea House Publishers. hlm. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=c7cNB-JaZA8C&pg=PT153">153</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-1-60413-412-4" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-1-60413-412-4">978-1-60413-412-4</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Greek+and+Roman+Mythology%2C+A+to+Z&rft.pages=153&rft.pub=Chelsea+House+Publishers&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-1-60413-412-4&rft.aulast=Daly&rft.aufirst=Kathleen+N.&rft.au=Rengel%2C+Marian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AEmas" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Bernstein, Peter L. 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John Wiley & Sons. hlm. 1. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-0-471-43659-1" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-0-471-43659-1">978-0-471-43659-1</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Power+of+Gold%3A+The+History+of+an+Obsession&rft.pages=1&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-471-43659-1&rft.aulast=Bernstein&rft.aufirst=Peter+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdIYmHiYhDu8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AEmas" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apnews.com/5a35414a3fdcdf42c68a274b69595750">"Israeli dig unearths large trove of early Islamic gold coins"</a>. <i>Associated Press</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">6 Juli</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Associated+Press&rft.atitle=Israeli+dig+unearths+large+trove+of+early+Islamic+gold+coins&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapnews.com%2F5a35414a3fdcdf42c68a274b69595750&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AEmas" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation report">Munteen, John L.; Davis, David A.; Ayling, Bridget (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190209232131/http://epubs.nsla.nv.gov/statepubs/epubs/210988-2016.pdf">The Nevada Mineral Industry 2016</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span> (Laporan). University of Nevada, Reno. <a href="/wiki/OCLC" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/oclc/1061602920">1061602920</a>. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://epubs.nsla.nv.gov/statepubs/epubs/210988-2016.pdf">versi asli</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span> tanggal 9 Februari 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">9 February</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=The+Nevada+Mineral+Industry+2016&rft.pub=University+of+Nevada%2C+Reno&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1061602920&rft.aulast=Munteen&rft.aufirst=John+L.&rft.au=Davis%2C+David+A.&rft.au=Ayling%2C+Bridget&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fepubs.nsla.nv.gov%2Fstatepubs%2Fepubs%2F210988-2016.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AEmas" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|url-status=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Mandaro, Laura (17 Januari 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.marketwatch.com/story/china-now-worlds-largest-gold-producer-foreign-miners-at-door">"China now world's largest gold producer; foreign miners at door"</a>. <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=MarketWatch&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="MarketWatch (halaman belum tersedia)">MarketWatch</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">6 Juli</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=MarketWatch&rft.atitle=China+now+world%27s+largest+gold+producer%3B+foreign+miners+at+door&rft.date=2008-01-17&rft.aulast=Mandaro&rft.aufirst=Laura&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.marketwatch.com%2Fstory%2Fchina-now-worlds-largest-gold-producer-foreign-miners-at-door&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AEmas" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Fritz, Morgane; McQuilken, James; Collins, Nina; Weldegiorgis, Fitsum (Januari 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iisd.org/publications/global-trends-artisanal-and-small-scale-mining-asm-review-key-numbers-and-issues">"Global Trends in Artisanal and Small-Scale Mining (ASM): A review of key numbers and issues"</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span> (Report). Winnipeg Canada: International Institute for Sustainable Development<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">6 Juli</span> 2023</span> – via Intergovernmental Forum on Mining, Minerals, Metals and Sustainable Development.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Global+Trends+in+Artisanal+and+Small-Scale+Mining+%28ASM%29%3A+A+review+of+key+numbers+and+issues&rft.place=Winnipeg+Canada&rft.pub=International+Institute+for+Sustainable+Development&rft.date=2018-01&rft.aulast=Fritz&rft.aufirst=Morgane&rft.au=McQuilken%2C+James&rft.au=Collins%2C+Nina&rft.au=Weldegiorgis%2C+Fitsum&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iisd.org%2Fpublications%2Fglobal-trends-artisanal-and-small-scale-mining-asm-review-key-numbers-and-issues&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AEmas" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-gold-mining-artisanal-explainer/what-is-artisanal-gold-and-why-is-it-booming-idUSKBN1ZE0YU">"What is artisanal gold and why is it booming?"</a>. <i>reuters.com</i>. <a href="/wiki/Reuters" title="Reuters">Reuters</a>. 15 Januari 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">6 Juli</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=reuters.com&rft.atitle=What+is+artisanal+gold+and+why+is+it+booming%3F&rft.date=2020-01-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fus-gold-mining-artisanal-explainer%2Fwhat-is-artisanal-gold-and-why-is-it-booming-idUSKBN1ZE0YU&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AEmas" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Beinhoff, Christian. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160126032505/http://www.unido.org/fileadmin/import/10644_CHRISTIANtext.3.pdf">"Removal of Barriers to the Abatement of Global Mercury Pollution from Artisanal Gold Mining"</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span> (Report). Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unido.org/fileadmin/import/10644_CHRISTIANtext.3.pdf">versi asli</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span> tanggal 26 Januari 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">6 Juli</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Removal+of+Barriers+to+the+Abatement+of+Global+Mercury+Pollution+from+Artisanal+Gold+Mining&rft.aulast=Beinhoff&rft.aufirst=Christian&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.unido.org%2Ffileadmin%2Fimport%2F10644_CHRISTIANtext.3.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AEmas" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|url-status=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Truswell-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Truswell_123-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Truswell_123-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Truswell_123-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Truswell, J.F. 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Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">6 Juli</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Reed+Gold+Mine+State+Historic+Site&rft.pub=North+Carolina+Office+of+Archives+and+History&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Moore&rft.aufirst=Mark+A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nchistoricsites.org%2FReed%2Freed.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AEmas" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|url-status=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Garvey, Jane A. 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Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">6 Juli</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Road+to+adventure&rft.pub=Georgia+Magazine&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Garvey&rft.aufirst=Jane+A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.georgiamagazine.org%2Farchives_view.asp%3Fmon%3D7%26yr%3D2006%26ID%3D1344&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AEmas" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|url-status=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mining-technology.com/projects/grasbergopenpit">"Grasberg Open Pit, Indonesia"</a>. <i>Mining Technology</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">6 Juli</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Mining+Technology&rft.atitle=Grasberg+Open+Pit%2C+Indonesia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mining-technology.com%2Fprojects%2Fgrasbergopenpit&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AEmas" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">O'Connell, Rhona (13 April 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141006084904/http://www.mineweb.net/mineweb/view/mineweb/en/page33?oid=19485&sn=Detail">"Gold mine production costs up by 17% in 2006 while output fell"</a>. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mineweb.net/mineweb/view/mineweb/en/page33?oid=19485&sn=Detail">versi asli</a> tanggal 6 Oktober 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Gold+mine+production+costs+up+by+17%25+in+2006+while+output+fell&rft.date=2007-04-13&rft.aulast=O%27Connell&rft.aufirst=Rhona&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mineweb.net%2Fmineweb%2Fview%2Fmineweb%2Fen%2Fpage33%3Foid%3D19485%26sn%3DDetail&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AEmas" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|url-status=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Noyes, Robert (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=__lqGczo9TwC&pg=PA342"><i>Pollution prevention technology handbook</i></a>. William Andrew. hlm. 342. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-0-8155-1311-7" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-0-8155-1311-7">978-0-8155-1311-7</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pollution+prevention+technology+handbook&rft.pages=342&rft.pub=William+Andrew&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-8155-1311-7&rft.aulast=Noyes&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D__lqGczo9TwC%26pg%3DPA342&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AEmas" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Pletcher, Derek; Walsh, Frank (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=E_u9ARrm37oC&pg=PA244"><i>Industrial electrochemistry</i></a>. Springer. hlm. 244. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-0-412-30410-1" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-0-412-30410-1">978-0-412-30410-1</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Industrial+electrochemistry&rft.pages=244&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-412-30410-1&rft.aulast=Pletcher&rft.aufirst=Derek&rft.au=Walsh%2C+Frank&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DE_u9ARrm37oC%26pg%3DPA244&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AEmas" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|name-list-style=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Marczenko, Zygmunt; Balcerzak, María (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0NE1KjVISyAC&pg=PA210"><i>Separation, preconcentration, and spectrophotometry in inorganic analysis</i></a>. Elsevier. hlm. 210. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-0-444-50524-8" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-0-444-50524-8">978-0-444-50524-8</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Separation%2C+preconcentration%2C+and+spectrophotometry+in+inorganic+analysis&rft.pages=210&rft.pub=Elsevier&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-444-50524-8&rft.aulast=Marczenko&rft.aufirst=Zygmunt&rft.au=Balcerzak%2C+Mar%C3%ADa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0NE1KjVISyAC%26pg%3DPA210&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AEmas" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|name-list-style=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Renner, Hermann; Schlamp, Günther; Hollmann, Dieter; Lüschow, Hans Martin; Tews, Peter; Rothaut, Josef; Dermann, Klaus; Knödler, Alfons; Hecht, Christian; Schlott, Martin; Drieselmann, Ralf; Peter, Catrin; Schiele, Rainer (2000). "Gold, Gold Alloys, and Gold Compounds". <i>Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry</i>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F14356007.a12_499">10.1002/14356007.a12_499</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/3527306730" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/3527306730">3527306730</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Gold%2C+Gold+Alloys%2C+and+Gold+Compounds&rft.btitle=Ullmann%27s+Encyclopedia+of+Industrial+Chemistry&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F14356007.a12_499&rft.isbn=3527306730&rft.aulast=Renner&rft.aufirst=Hermann&rft.au=Schlamp%2C+G%C3%BCnther&rft.au=Hollmann%2C+Dieter&rft.au=L%C3%BCschow%2C+Hans+Martin&rft.au=Tews%2C+Peter&rft.au=Rothaut%2C+Josef&rft.au=Dermann%2C+Klaus&rft.au=Kn%C3%B6dler%2C+Alfons&rft.au=Hecht%2C+Christian&rft.au=Schlott%2C+Martin&rft.au=Drieselmann%2C+Ralf&rft.au=Peter%2C+Catrin&rft.au=Schiele%2C+Rainer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AEmas" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Paton, Elizabeth (23 April 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20211228/https://www.nytimes.com/2021/04/23/fashion/jewelry-recycled-gold.html">"Does Recycled Gold Herald a Greener Future for Jewelry?"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i> (dalam bahasa Inggris). <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a>. Diarsipkan dari <span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2021/04/23/fashion/jewelry-recycled-gold.html">versi asli<span style="padding-left:0.15em"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Akses gratis dibatasi (uji coba), biasanya perlu berlangganan"><img alt="Akses gratis dibatasi (uji coba), biasanya perlu berlangganan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Lock-blue-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-blue-alt-2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Lock-blue-alt-2.svg/14px-Lock-blue-alt-2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Lock-blue-alt-2.svg/18px-Lock-blue-alt-2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></span></span></span></a></span> tanggal 28 Desember 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">6 Juli</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Does+Recycled+Gold+Herald+a+Greener+Future+for+Jewelry%3F&rft.date=2021-04-23&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Paton&rft.aufirst=Elizabeth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2021%2F04%2F23%2Ffashion%2Fjewelry-recycled-gold.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AEmas" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Baraniuk, Chris (27 Oktober 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20201026-why-its-getting-harder-to-mine-gold">"Why it's getting harder to mine gold"</a>. <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">6 Juli</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Why+it%27s+getting+harder+to+mine+gold&rft.date=2020-10-27&rft.aulast=Baraniuk&rft.aufirst=Chris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Ffuture%2Farticle%2F20201026-why-its-getting-harder-to-mine-gold&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AEmas" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120112003914/http://www.forexyard.com/en/news/Gold-jewellery-consumption-by-country-2011-02-28T130619Z-FACTBOX">"Gold jewellery consumption by country"</a>. Reuters. 28 Februari 2011. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.forexyard.com/en/news/Gold-jewellery-consumption-by-country-2011-02-28T130619Z-FACTBOX">versi asli</a> tanggal 12 Januari 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Gold+jewellery+consumption+by+country&rft.date=2011-02-28&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.forexyard.com%2Fen%2Fnews%2FGold-jewellery-consumption-by-country-2011-02-28T130619Z-FACTBOX&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AEmas" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gold.org/investment/research/regular_reports/gold_demand_trends/">"Gold Demand Trends | Investment | World Gold Council"</a>. Gold.org<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">6 Juli</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Gold+Demand+Trends+%26%23124%3B+Investment+%26%23124%3B+World+Gold+Council&rft.pub=Gold.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gold.org%2Finvestment%2Fresearch%2Fregular_reports%2Fgold_demand_trends%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AEmas" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gold.org/investment/research/regular_reports/gold_demand_trends/">"Gold Demand Trends"</a>. 12 November 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Gold+Demand+Trends&rft.date=2015-11-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gold.org%2Finvestment%2Fresearch%2Fregular_reports%2Fgold_demand_trends%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AEmas" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.usdebtclock.org/gold-demand-by-country.html">"Country wise gold demand"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">6 Juli</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Country+wise+gold+demand&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.usdebtclock.org%2Fgold-demand-by-country.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AEmas" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Harjani, Ansuya (18 Februari 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnbc.com/id/101422278#">"It's official: China overtakes India as top consumer of gold"</a>. <a href="/wiki/CNBC" title="CNBC">CNBC</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">6 Juli</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=It%27s+official%3A+China+overtakes+India+as+top+consumer+of+gold&rft.pub=CNBC&rft.date=2014-02-18&rft.aulast=Harjani&rft.aufirst=Ansuya&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnbc.com%2Fid%2F101422278%23&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AEmas" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Abdul-Wahab, Sabah Ahmed; Ameer, Marikar, Fouzul (24 Oktober 2011). "The environmental impact of gold mines: pollution by heavy metals". <i>Central European Journal of Engineering</i>. <b>2</b> (2): 304–313. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012CEJE....2..304A">2012CEJE....2..304A</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2478%2Fs13531-011-0052-3">10.2478/s13531-011-0052-3</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Central+European+Journal+of+Engineering&rft.atitle=The+environmental+impact+of+gold+mines%3A+pollution+by+heavy+metals&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=304-313&rft.date=2011-10-24&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2478%2Fs13531-011-0052-3&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2012CEJE....2..304A&rft.aulast=Abdul-Wahab&rft.aufirst=Sabah+Ahmed&rft.au=Ameer%2C+Marikar%2C+Fouzul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AEmas" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|s2cid=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scribd.com/doc/82418790/Gold-groduction-and-its-environmental-impact">Summit declaration, Peoples' Gold summit, San Juan Ridge, California pada Juni 1999</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200325180155/https://www.scribd.com/document/82418790/Gold-production-and-its-environmental-impact">Diarsipkan</a> 25 Maret 2020 di <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.. Scribd.com (22 Februari 2012). Diakses tanggal 6 Juli 2023.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.deseretnews.com/article/810435/Cyanide-spill-compared-to-Chernobyls---N-disaster.html">Cyanide spills from gold mine compared to Chernobyl's nuclear disaster</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180714135300/https://www.deseretnews.com/article/810435/Cyanide-spill-compared-to-Chernobyls---N-disaster.html">Diarsipkan</a> 14 Juli 2018 di <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.. Deseretnews.com (14 Februari 2000). Diakses tanggal 6 Juli 2023.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/642880.stm">Death of a river</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090109134649/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/642880.stm">Diarsipkan</a> 9 Januari 2009 di <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.. BBC News (15 Februari 2000). Diakses tanggal 6 Juli 2023.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.abc.net.au/am/stories/s98890.htm">Cyanide spill second only to Chernobyl</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170525072149/http://www.abc.net.au/am/stories/s98890.htm">Diarsipkan</a> 25 Mei 2017 di <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.. Abc.net.au. 11 Februari 2000. Diakses tanggal 6 Juli 2023.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NYT-144"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NYT_144-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NYT_144-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2005/10/24/international/24GOLD.html">Behind gold's glitter, torn lands and pointed questions</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150408113857/http://www.nytimes.com/2005/10/24/international/24GOLD.html">Diarsipkan</a> 8 April 2015 di <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>., <i>The New York Times</i>, 24 Oktober 2005</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150402130613/http://www.worstpolluted.org/files/FileUpload/files/WWPP_2012.pdf">"Pollution from Artisanal Gold Mining, Blacksmith Institute Report 2012"</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worstpolluted.org/files/FileUpload/files/WWPP_2012.pdf">versi asli</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span> tanggal 2 April 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">6 Juli</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Pollution+from+Artisanal+Gold+Mining%2C+Blacksmith+Institute+Report+2012&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.worstpolluted.org%2Ffiles%2FFileUpload%2Ffiles%2FWWPP_2012.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AEmas" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|url-status=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Wroblewski, William (12 Januari 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2022/jan/12/babies-here-are-born-sick-are-bolivias-gold-mines-poisoning-its-indigenous-people">"<span style="padding-left:0.2em;">'</span>Babies here are born sick': are Bolivia's gold mines poisoning its indigenous people?"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i> (dalam bahasa Inggris)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">6 Juli</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=%27Babies+here+are+born+sick%27%3A+are+Bolivia%27s+gold+mines+poisoning+its+indigenous+people%3F&rft.date=2022-01-12&rft.aulast=Wroblewski&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fglobal-development%2F2022%2Fjan%2F12%2Fbabies-here-are-born-sick-are-bolivias-gold-mines-poisoning-its-indigenous-people&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AEmas" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-147"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Norgate, Terry; Haque, Nawshad (2012). "Using life cycle assessment to evaluate some environmental impacts of gold". <i>Journal of Cleaner Production</i>. 29–30: 53–63. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jclepro.2012.01.042">10.1016/j.jclepro.2012.01.042</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Cleaner+Production&rft.atitle=Using+life+cycle+assessment+to+evaluate+some+environmental+impacts+of+gold&rft.volume=29%E2%80%9330&rft.pages=53-63&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.jclepro.2012.01.042&rft.aulast=Norgate&rft.aufirst=Terry&rft.au=Haque%2C+Nawshad&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AEmas" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-148"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-148">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Rothbard, Murray N. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Hx-AU99lho4C&pg=PA192"><i>Man, Economy, and State, Scholar's Edition</i></a>. Ludwig von Mises Institute. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-1-933550-99-2" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-1-933550-99-2">978-1-933550-99-2</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Man%2C+Economy%2C+and+State%2C+Scholar%27s+Edition&rft.pub=Ludwig+von+Mises+Institute&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-933550-99-2&rft.aulast=Rothbard&rft.aufirst=Murray+N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHx-AU99lho4C%26pg%3DPA192&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AEmas" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-149"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Seltman, C. T. (1924). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Uas8AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA116"><i>Athens, Its History and Coinage Before the Persian Invasion</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-0-87184-308-1" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-0-87184-308-1">978-0-87184-308-1</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">6 Juli</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Athens%2C+Its+History+and+Coinage+Before+the+Persian+Invasion&rft.date=1924&rft.isbn=978-0-87184-308-1&rft.aulast=Seltman&rft.aufirst=C.+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUas8AAAAIAAJ%26pg%3DPA116&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AEmas" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Postan_&_Miller-150"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Postan_&_Miller_150-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Postan, M. M.; Miller, E. (1967). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wSia_4PpeqQC&pg=PR1"><i>The Cambridge Economic History of Europe: Trade and industry in the Middle Ages</i></a>. Cambridge University Press, 28 Agustus 1987. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-0-521-08709-4" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-0-521-08709-4">978-0-521-08709-4</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Economic+History+of+Europe%3A+Trade+and+industry+in+the+Middle+Ages&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press%2C+28+Agustus+1987&rft.date=1967&rft.isbn=978-0-521-08709-4&rft.aulast=Postan&rft.aufirst=M.+M.&rft.au=Miller%2C+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwSia_4PpeqQC%26pg%3DPR1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AEmas" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-151"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-151">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1999/04/19/world/swiss-narrowly-vote-to-drop-gold-standard.html">"Swiss Narrowly Vote to Drop Gold Standard"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. 19 April 1999<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">6 Juli</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Swiss+Narrowly+Vote+to+Drop+Gold+Standard&rft.date=1999-04-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1999%2F04%2F19%2Fworld%2Fswiss-narrowly-vote-to-drop-gold-standard.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AEmas" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-152"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-152">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">King, Byron (20 Juli 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20160515213855/http://goldnews.bullionvault.com/gold_mine_production_072020092">"Gold mining decline"</a>. BullionVault.com. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://goldnews.bullionvault.com/gold_mine_production_072020092">versi asli</a> tanggal 15 Mei 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">6 Juli</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Gold+mining+decline&rft.pub=BullionVault.com&rft.date=2009-07-20&rft.aulast=King&rft.aufirst=Byron&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgoldnews.bullionvault.com%2Fgold_mine_production_072020092&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AEmas" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-153"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-153">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Lawrence, Thomas Edward (1948). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tu86AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA103"><i>The Mint: A Day-book of the R.A.F. Depot Between August and December 1922, with Later Notes</i></a>. hlm. 103.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Mint%3A+A+Day-book+of+the+R.A.F.+Depot+Between+August+and+December+1922%2C+with+Later+Notes&rft.pages=103&rft.date=1948&rft.aulast=Lawrence&rft.aufirst=Thomas+Edward&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dtu86AAAAIAAJ%26pg%3DPA103&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AEmas" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-154"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-154">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Tucker, George (1839). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/theorymoneyandb00tuckgoog"><i>The theory of money and banks investigated</i></a>. C. C. Little and J. 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Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">6 Juli</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Currency+codes+%E2%80%93+ISO+4217&rft.pub=International+Organization+for+Standardization&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iso.org%2Fiso%2Fhome%2Fstandards%2Fcurrency_codes.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AEmas" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-156"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-156">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Valenta, Philip (22 Juni 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://medium.com/hedgehound/hedgehound-fridayfinance-on-hedging-inflation-with-gold-375f3ce09cfe">"On hedging inflation with gold"</a>. <i>Medium</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">6 Juli</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Medium&rft.atitle=On+hedging+inflation+with+gold&rft.date=2018-06-22&rft.aulast=Valenta&rft.aufirst=Philip&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmedium.com%2Fhedgehound%2Fhedgehound-fridayfinance-on-hedging-inflation-with-gold-375f3ce09cfe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AEmas" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-157"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-157">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110203024339/http://www.americansilvereagletoday.com/the-ever-popular-krugerrand/">"The Ever Popular Krugerrand"</a>. <i>americansilvereagletoday.com</i>. 2010. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.americansilvereagletoday.com/the-ever-popular-krugerrand">versi asli</a> tanggal 3 Februari 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">6 Juli</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=americansilvereagletoday.com&rft.atitle=The+Ever+Popular+Krugerrand&rft.date=2010&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.americansilvereagletoday.com%2Fthe-ever-popular-krugerrand&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AEmas" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-158"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-158">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://goldsilver.com/blog/what-are-the-different-purities-of-sovereign-gold-coins/">"What Are the Different Purities of Sovereign Gold Coins?"</a>. <i>goldsilver.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">6 Juli</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=goldsilver.com&rft.atitle=What+Are+the+Different+Purities+of+Sovereign+Gold+Coins%3F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgoldsilver.com%2Fblog%2Fwhat-are-the-different-purities-of-sovereign-gold-coins%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AEmas" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-159"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-159">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Warwick-Ching, Tony (28 Februari 1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GrQQxVrtJ3sC&pg=PA26"><i>The International Gold Trade</i></a>. hlm. 26. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-1-85573-072-4" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-1-85573-072-4">978-1-85573-072-4</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+International+Gold+Trade&rft.pages=26&rft.date=1993-02-28&rft.isbn=978-1-85573-072-4&rft.aulast=Warwick-Ching&rft.aufirst=Tony&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGrQQxVrtJ3sC%26pg%3DPA26&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AEmas" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-160"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-160">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Elwell, Craig K. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ztHyT2ew3QUC&pg=PA11"><i>Brief History of the Gold Standard (GS) in the United States</i></a>. hlm. 11–13. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-1-4379-8889-5" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-1-4379-8889-5">978-1-4379-8889-5</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Brief+History+of+the+Gold+Standard+%28GS%29+in+the+United+States&rft.pages=11-13&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-4379-8889-5&rft.aulast=Elwell&rft.aufirst=Craig+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DztHyT2ew3QUC%26pg%3DPA11&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AEmas" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ISAMPE_2006-11-22-161"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ISAMPE_2006-11-22_161-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Hitzer, Eckhard; Perwass, Christian (22 November 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120127152357/http://sinai.apphy.u-fukui.ac.jp/gcj/publications/gold/gold.pdf">"The hidden beauty of gold"</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. <i>Proceedings of the International Symposium on Advanced Mechanical and Power Engineering 2007 (ISAMPE 2007) between Pukyong National University (Korea), University of Fukui (Japan) and University of Shanghai for Science and Technology (China), 22–25 November 2006, hosted by the University of Fukui (Japan), hlm. 157–167. (Gambar 15,16,17,23 direvisi.)</i>. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sinai.apphy.u-fukui.ac.jp/gcj/publications/gold/gold.pdf">versi asli</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span> tanggal 27 Januari 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">6 Juli</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+International+Symposium+on+Advanced+Mechanical+and+Power+Engineering+2007+%28ISAMPE+2007%29+between+Pukyong+National+University+%28Korea%29%2C+University+of+Fukui+%28Japan%29+and+University+of+Shanghai+for+Science+and+Technology+%28China%29%2C+22%E2%80%9325+November+2006%2C+hosted+by+the+University+of+Fukui+%28Japan%29%2C+hlm.+157%E2%80%93167.+%28Gambar+15%2C16%2C17%2C23+direvisi.%29&rft.atitle=The+hidden+beauty+of+gold&rft.date=2006-11-22&rft.aulast=Hitzer&rft.aufirst=Eckhard&rft.au=Perwass%2C+Christian&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsinai.apphy.u-fukui.ac.jp%2Fgcj%2Fpublications%2Fgold%2Fgold.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AEmas" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-162"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-162">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060719111349/http://www.gold.org/value/stats/statistics/gold_demand/index.html">"World Gold Council > value > research & statistics > statistics > supply and demand statistics"</a>. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gold.org/value/stats/statistics/gold_demand/index.html">versi asli</a> tanggal 19 Juli 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">6 Juli</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=World+Gold+Council+%3E+value+%3E+research+%26+statistics+%3E+statistics+%3E+supply+and+demand+statistics&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gold.org%2Fvalue%2Fstats%2Fstatistics%2Fgold_demand%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AEmas" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-163"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-163">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kitco.com/charts/historicalgold.html">"historical charts:gold – 1833–1999 yearly averages"</a>. kitco<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">6 Juli</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=historical+charts%3Agold+%E2%80%93+1833%E2%80%931999+yearly+averages&rft.pub=kitco&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kitco.com%2Fcharts%2Fhistoricalgold.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AEmas" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-164"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-164">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kitco.com/LFgif/au75-pres.gif">Kitco.com</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180714081628/http://www.kitco.com/LFgif/au75-pres.gif">Diarsipkan</a> 14 Juli 2018 di <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>., Gold – London PM Fix 1975 – present (GIF), Diakses tanggal 6 Juli 2023.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-LBMA_statistics-165"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-LBMA_statistics_165-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-LBMA_statistics_165-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090210035134/http://lbma.org.uk/2008dailygold.htm">"LBMA statistics"</a>. Lbma.org.uk. 31 Desember 2008. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lbma.org.uk/2008dailygold.htm">versi asli</a> tanggal 10 Februari 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">6 Juli</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=LBMA+statistics&rft.pub=Lbma.org.uk&rft.date=2008-12-31&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lbma.org.uk%2F2008dailygold.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AEmas" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-166"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-166">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/8390779.stm">"Gold hits yet another record high"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 2 Desember 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">6 Juli</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Gold+hits+yet+another+record+high&rft.date=2009-12-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fbusiness%2F8390779.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AEmas" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-167"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-167">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wsj.com/article/BT-CO-20100511-717954.html">"PRECIOUS METALS: Comex Gold Hits All-Time High"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal" title="The Wall Street Journal">The Wall Street Journal</a></i>. 11 Mei 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">6 Juli</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Wall+Street+Journal&rft.atitle=PRECIOUS+METALS%3A+Comex+Gold+Hits+All-Time+High&rft.date=2012-05-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wsj.com%2Farticle%2FBT-CO-20100511-717954.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AEmas" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Pranala_mati" title="Wikipedia:Pranala mati"><span title=" pranala nonaktif sejak Juni 2016">pranala nonaktif</span></a></i>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-168"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-168">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Gibson, Kate; Chang, Sue (11 Mei 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.marketwatch.com/story/gold-prices-resume-rise-as-eu-plan-pondered-2010-05-11">"Gold futures hit closing record as investors fret rescue deal"</a>. <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=MarketWatch&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="MarketWatch (halaman belum tersedia)">MarketWatch</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">6 Juli</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=MarketWatch&rft.atitle=Gold+futures+hit+closing+record+as+investors+fret+rescue+deal&rft.date=2010-05-11&rft.aulast=Gibson&rft.aufirst=Kate&rft.au=Chang%2C+Sue&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.marketwatch.com%2Fstory%2Fgold-prices-resume-rise-as-eu-plan-pondered-2010-05-11&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AEmas" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-169"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-169">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Valetkevitch, Caroline (1 Maret 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151015231151/http://www.reuters.com/article/2011/03/01/markets-global-idUSN0115419520110301">"Gold hits record, oil jumps with Libya unrest"</a>. <i>Reuters</i>. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/markets-global-idUSN0115419520110301">versi asli</a> tanggal 15 Oktober 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">6 Juli</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Gold+hits+record%2C+oil+jumps+with+Libya+unrest&rft.date=2011-03-01&rft.aulast=Valetkevitch&rft.aufirst=Caroline&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fmarkets-global-idUSN0115419520110301&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AEmas" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|url-status=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-170"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-170">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Sim, Glenys (23 Agustus 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140110002029/http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2011-08-25/cash-gold-may-advance-after-dropping-most-in-18-months-as-shares-rebound.html">"Gold Extends Biggest Decline in 18 Months After CME Raises Futures Margins"</a>. www.bloomberg.com. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2011-08-25/cash-gold-may-advance-after-dropping-most-in-18-months-as-shares-rebound.html">versi asli</a> tanggal 10 Januari 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">6 Juli</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Gold+Extends+Biggest+Decline+in+18+Months+After+CME+Raises+Futures+Margins&rft.date=2011-08-23&rft.aulast=Sim&rft.aufirst=Glenys&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bloomberg.com%2Fnews%2F2011-08-25%2Fcash-gold-may-advance-after-dropping-most-in-18-months-as-shares-rebound.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AEmas" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|url-status=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-171"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-171">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090421094351/http://www.ameinfo.com/75511.html">"Financial Planning|Gold starts 2006 well, but this is not a 25-year high!"</a>. Ameinfo.com. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ameinfo.com/75511.html">versi asli</a> tanggal 21 April 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">6 Juli</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Financial+Planning%7CGold+starts+2006+well%2C+but+this+is+not+a+25-year+high%21&rft.pub=Ameinfo.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ameinfo.com%2F75511.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AEmas" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-172"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-172">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Mandruzzato, GianLuigi (14 Oktober 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201106083115/https://www.efgbank.com/it/coronavirus/14-October-2020.html">"Gold, monetary policy and the US dollar"</a>. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.efgbank.com/it/coronavirus/14-October-2020.html">versi asli</a> tanggal 6 November 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Gold%2C+monetary+policy+and+the+US+dollar&rft.date=2020-10-14&rft.aulast=Mandruzzato&rft.aufirst=GianLuigi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.efgbank.com%2Fit%2Fcoronavirus%2F14-October-2020.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AEmas" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|url-status=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PortaraCQG-173"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-PortaraCQG_173-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PortaraCQG_173-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://portaracqg.com/historical-futures-data/gold-intraday-data-gca/">"Historical Gold Intraday Futures Data (GCA)"</a>. <i>PortaraCQG</i> (dalam bahasa Inggris)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">6 Juli</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=PortaraCQG&rft.atitle=Historical+Gold+Intraday+Futures+Data+%28GCA%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fportaracqg.com%2Fhistorical-futures-data%2Fgold-intraday-data-gca%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AEmas" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-174"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-174">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.investopedia.com/terms/t/troyounce.asp">"Troy Ounce"</a>. <i>Investopedia</i> (dalam bahasa Inggris)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">6 Juli</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Investopedia&rft.atitle=Troy+Ounce&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.investopedia.com%2Fterms%2Ft%2Ftroyounce.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AEmas" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-175"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-175">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Revere, Alan (1 Mei 1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=W_hTAAAAMAAJ"><i>Professional goldsmithing: a contemporary guide to traditional jewelry techniques</i></a>. Van Nostrand Reinhold. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-0-442-23898-8" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-0-442-23898-8">978-0-442-23898-8</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Professional+goldsmithing%3A+a+contemporary+guide+to+traditional+jewelry+techniques&rft.pub=Van+Nostrand+Reinhold&rft.date=1991-05-01&rft.isbn=978-0-442-23898-8&rft.aulast=Revere&rft.aufirst=Alan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DW_hTAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AEmas" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-176"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-176">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.usfunds.com/slideshows/the-many-uses-of-gold/">Uses of gold</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20141104233515/http://www.usfunds.com/slideshows/the-many-uses-of-gold/">Diarsipkan</a> 4 November 2014 di <a href="/wiki/Archive.is" class="mw-redirect" title="Archive.is">Archive.is</a> Diakses tanggal 6 Juli 2023.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-177"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-177">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Krech III, Shepard; Merchant, Carolyn; McNeill, John Robert, ed. 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Routledge. hlm. 597–. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-0-415-93734-4" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-0-415-93734-4">978-0-415-93734-4</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+World+Environmental+History&rft.pages=597-&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-415-93734-4&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DG7JrhAy5phoC%26pg%3DPA597&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AEmas" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-178"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-178">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20010303213152/http://www.tanaka-precious.com/catalog/material.html">"General Electric Contact Materials"</a>. <i>Electrical Contact Catalog (Material Catalog)</i>. Tanaka Precious Metals. 2005. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tanaka-precious.com/catalog/material.html">versi asli</a> tanggal 3 Maret 2001<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">6 Juli</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Electrical+Contact+Catalog+%28Material+Catalog%29&rft.atitle=General+Electric+Contact+Materials&rft.date=2005&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tanaka-precious.com%2Fcatalog%2Fmaterial.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AEmas" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|url-status=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-179"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-179">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Fulay, Pradeep; Lee, Jung-Kun (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MaWKDQAAQBAJ&pg=SA2-PA8"><i>Electronic, Magnetic, and Optical Materials, Second Edition</i></a>. CRC Press. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-1-4987-0173-0" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-1-4987-0173-0">978-1-4987-0173-0</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Electronic%2C+Magnetic%2C+and+Optical+Materials%2C+Second+Edition&rft.pub=CRC+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-4987-0173-0&rft.aulast=Fulay&rft.aufirst=Pradeep&rft.au=Lee%2C+Jung-Kun&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMaWKDQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DSA2-PA8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AEmas" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-180"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-180">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Peckham, James (23 Agustus 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.techradar.com/news/phone-and-communications/mobile-phones/japan-wants-citizens-to-donate-their-phone-to-make-2020-olympic-medals-1326938">"Japan wants citizens to donate their old phone to make 2020 Olympics medals"</a>. <i>TechRadar</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=TechRadar&rft.atitle=Japan+wants+citizens+to+donate+their+old+phone+to+make+2020+Olympics+medals&rft.date=2016-08-23&rft.au=Peckham%2C+James&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.techradar.com%2Fnews%2Fphone-and-communications%2Fmobile-phones%2Fjapan-wants-citizens-to-donate-their-phone-to-make-2020-olympic-medals-1326938&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AEmas" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-181"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-181">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Kean, W. F.; Kean, I. R. L. (2008). "Clinical pharmacology of gold". <i>Inflammopharmacology</i>. <b>16</b> (3): 112–25. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10787-007-0021-x">10.1007/s10787-007-0021-x</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18523733">18523733</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Inflammopharmacology&rft.atitle=Clinical+pharmacology+of+gold&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=112-25&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs10787-007-0021-x&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18523733&rft.aulast=Kean&rft.aufirst=W.+F.&rft.au=Kean%2C+I.+R.+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AEmas" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|s2cid=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-182"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-182">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Moir, David Macbeth (1831). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/b21364047"><i>Outlines of the ancient history of medicine</i></a>. William Blackwood. hlm. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/b21364047/page/225">225</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Outlines+of+the+ancient+history+of+medicine&rft.pages=225&rft.pub=William+Blackwood&rft.date=1831&rft.aulast=Moir&rft.aufirst=David+Macbeth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fb21364047&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AEmas" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-183"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-183">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mortier, Tom. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lirias.kuleuven.be/bitstream/1979/254/2/thesis_finaal.pdf">An experimental study on the preparation of gold nanoparticles and their properties</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131005015930/https://lirias.kuleuven.be/bitstream/1979/254/2/thesis_finaal.pdf">Diarsipkan</a> 5 Oktober 2013 di <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>., PhD thesis, Universitas Leuven (Mei 2006)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-184"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-184">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Richards, Douglas G.; McMillin, David L.; Mein, Eric A.; Nelson, Carl D. (January 2002). "Gold and its relationship to neurological/glandular conditions". <i>The International Journal of Neuroscience</i>. <b>112</b> (1): 31–53. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00207450212018">10.1080/00207450212018</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12152404">12152404</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+International+Journal+of+Neuroscience&rft.atitle=Gold+and+its+relationship+to+neurological%2Fglandular+conditions&rft.volume=112&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=31-53&rft.date=2002-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00207450212018&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12152404&rft.aulast=Richards&rft.aufirst=Douglas+G.&rft.au=McMillin%2C+David+L.&rft.au=Mein%2C+Eric+A.&rft.au=Nelson%2C+Carl+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AEmas" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|name-list-style=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>); </span><span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|s2cid=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-185"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-185">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Merchant, B. (1998). "Gold, the Noble Metal and the Paradoxes of its Toxicology". <i>Biologicals</i>. <b>26</b> (1): 49–59. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1006%2Fbiol.1997.0123">10.1006/biol.1997.0123</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9637749">9637749</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Biologicals&rft.atitle=Gold%2C+the+Noble+Metal+and+the+Paradoxes+of+its+Toxicology&rft.volume=26&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=49-59&rft.date=1998&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1006%2Fbiol.1997.0123&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F9637749&rft.aulast=Merchant&rft.aufirst=B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AEmas" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Messorri-186"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Messorri_186-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Messori, L.; Marcon, G. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wgifUs8dFbgC&pg=PA279">"Gold Complexes in the treatment of Rheumatoid Arthritis"</a>. Dalam Sigel, Astrid. <i>Metal ions and their complexes in medication</i>. CRC Press. hlm. 280–301. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-0-8247-5351-1" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-0-8247-5351-1">978-0-8247-5351-1</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Gold+Complexes+in+the+treatment+of+Rheumatoid+Arthritis&rft.btitle=Metal+ions+and+their+complexes+in+medication&rft.pages=280-301&rft.pub=CRC+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-8247-5351-1&rft.aulast=Messori&rft.aufirst=L.&rft.au=Marcon%2C+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwgifUs8dFbgC%26pg%3DPA279&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AEmas" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-187"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-187">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Faulk, W. P.; Taylor, G. M. (1971). "An immunocolloid method for the electron microscope". <i>Immunochemistry</i>. <b>8</b> (11): 1081–3. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0019-2791%2871%2990496-4">10.1016/0019-2791(71)90496-4</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/4110101">4110101</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Immunochemistry&rft.atitle=An+immunocolloid+method+for+the+electron+microscope&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=1081-3&rft.date=1971&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0019-2791%2871%2990496-4&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F4110101&rft.aulast=Faulk&rft.aufirst=W.+P.&rft.au=Taylor%2C+G.+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AEmas" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-188"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-188">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Roth, J.; Bendayan, M.; Orci, L. (1980). "FITC-protein A-gold complex for light and electron microscopic immunocytochemistry". <i>Journal of Histochemistry and Cytochemistry</i>. <b>28</b> (1): 55–7. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F28.1.6153194">10.1177/28.1.6153194</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Dapat diakses gratis"><img alt="alt=Dapat diakses gratis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></span></span></span>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6153194">6153194</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Histochemistry+and+Cytochemistry&rft.atitle=FITC-protein+A-gold+complex+for+light+and+electron+microscopic+immunocytochemistry&rft.volume=28&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=55-7&rft.date=1980&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F28.1.6153194&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F6153194&rft.aulast=Roth&rft.aufirst=J.&rft.au=Bendayan%2C+M.&rft.au=Orci%2C+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AEmas" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-189"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-189">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Bozzola, John J.; Russell, Lonnie Dee (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RqSMzR-IXk0C&pg=PA65"><i>Electron microscopy: principles and techniques for biologists</i></a>. Jones & Bartlett Learning. hlm. 65. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-0-7637-0192-5" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-0-7637-0192-5">978-0-7637-0192-5</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Electron+microscopy%3A+principles+and+techniques+for+biologists&rft.pages=65&rft.pub=Jones+%26+Bartlett+Learning&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-7637-0192-5&rft.aulast=Bozzola&rft.aufirst=John+J.&rft.au=Russell%2C+Lonnie+Dee&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRqSMzR-IXk0C%26pg%3DPA65&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AEmas" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|name-list-style=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-190"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-190">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090314121232/http://web.missouri.edu/~kattik/katti/katres.html">"Nanoscience and Nanotechnology in Nanomedicine: Hybrid Nanoparticles In Imaging and Therapy of Prostate Cancer"</a>. Radiopharmaceutical Sciences Institute, University of Missouri-Columbia. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.missouri.edu/~kattik/katti/katres.html">versi asli</a> tanggal 14 Maret 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Nanoscience+and+Nanotechnology+in+Nanomedicine%3A+Hybrid+Nanoparticles+In+Imaging+and+Therapy+of+Prostate+Cancer&rft.pub=Radiopharmaceutical+Sciences+Institute%2C+University+of+Missouri-Columbia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fweb.missouri.edu%2F~kattik%2Fkatti%2Fkatres.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AEmas" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-191"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-191">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Hainfeld, James F.; Dilmanian, F. Avraham; Slatkin, Daniel N.; Smilowitz, Henry M. (2008). "Radiotherapy enhancement with gold nanoparticles". <i>Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology</i>. <b>60</b> (8): 977–85. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1211%2Fjpp.60.8.0005">10.1211/jpp.60.8.0005</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18644191">18644191</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Pharmacy+and+Pharmacology&rft.atitle=Radiotherapy+enhancement+with+gold+nanoparticles&rft.volume=60&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=977-85&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1211%2Fjpp.60.8.0005&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18644191&rft.aulast=Hainfeld&rft.aufirst=James+F.&rft.au=Dilmanian%2C+F.+Avraham&rft.au=Slatkin%2C+Daniel+N.&rft.au=Smilowitz%2C+Henry+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AEmas" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|s2cid=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-192"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-192">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Berners-Price, Susan J. (2011) [2011]. "Gold-Based Therapeutic Agents: A New Perspective". Dalam Alessio, E. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bioinorganicmedi0000unse"><i>Bioinorganic Medicinal Chemistry</i></a>. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH. hlm. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bioinorganicmedi0000unse/page/197">197</a>–221. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F9783527633104.ch7">10.1002/9783527633104.ch7</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/9783527633104" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/9783527633104">9783527633104</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Gold-Based+Therapeutic+Agents%3A+A+New+Perspective&rft.btitle=Bioinorganic+Medicinal+Chemistry&rft.place=Weinheim&rft.pages=197-221&rft.pub=Wiley-VCH+Verlag+GmbH&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F9783527633104.ch7&rft.isbn=9783527633104&rft.aulast=Berners-Price&rft.aufirst=Susan+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbioinorganicmedi0000unse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AEmas" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-193"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-193">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Angela_Casini&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Angela Casini (halaman belum tersedia)">Casini, Angela</a>; Wai-Yin-Sun, Raymond; Ott, Ingo (2018). "Chapter 7. Medicinal Chemistry of Gold Anticancer Metallodrugs". Dalam Sigel, Astrid; Sigel, Helmut; Freisinger, Eva; Sigel, Roland K. O. <i>Metallo-Drugs:Development and Action of Anticancer Agents</i>. <i>Metal Ions in Life Sciences</i>. <b>18</b>. hlm. 199–217. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2F9783110470734-013">10.1515/9783110470734-013</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/9783110470734" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/9783110470734">9783110470734</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29394026">29394026</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+7.+Medicinal+Chemistry+of+Gold+Anticancer+Metallodrugs&rft.btitle=Metallo-Drugs%3ADevelopment+and+Action+of+Anticancer+Agents&rft.pages=199-217&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F29394026&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2F9783110470734-013&rft.isbn=9783110470734&rft.aulast=Casini&rft.aufirst=Angela&rft.au=Wai-Yin-Sun%2C+Raymond&rft.au=Ott%2C+Ingo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AEmas" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FSA-194"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FSA_194-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.food.gov.uk/safereating/chemsafe/additivesbranch/enumberlist">"Current EU approved additives and their E Numbers"</a>. Food Standards Agency, UK. 27 Juli 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Current+EU+approved+additives+and+their+E+Numbers&rft.date=2007-07-27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.food.gov.uk%2Fsafereating%2Fchemsafe%2Fadditivesbranch%2Fenumberlist&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AEmas" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-195"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-195">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">"Scientific Opinion on the re-evaluation of gold (E 175) as a food additive". <i>EFSA Journal</i>. <b>14</b> (1): 4362. 2016. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2903%2Fj.efsa.2016.4362">10.2903/j.efsa.2016.4362</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Dapat diakses gratis"><img alt="alt=Dapat diakses gratis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></span></span></span>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/1831-4732">1831-4732</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=EFSA+Journal&rft.atitle=Scientific+Opinion+on+the+re-evaluation+of+gold+%28E+175%29+as+a+food+additive&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=4362&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2903%2Fj.efsa.2016.4362&rft.issn=1831-4732&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AEmas" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-196"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-196">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060523014547/http://www.epicurious.com/cooking/how_to/food_dictionary/entry?id=5061">"The Food Dictionary: Varak"</a>. Barron's Educational Services, Inc. 1995. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.epicurious.com/cooking/how_to/food_dictionary/entry?id=5061">versi asli</a> tanggal 23 Mei 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">6 Juli</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Food+Dictionary%3A+Varak&rft.pub=Barron%27s+Educational+Services%2C+Inc.&rft.date=1995&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.epicurious.com%2Fcooking%2Fhow_to%2Ffood_dictionary%2Fentry%3Fid%3D5061&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AEmas" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-197"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-197">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Kerner, Susanne; Chou, Cynthia; Warmind, Morten (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OMLuBQAAQBAJ&pg=PT94"><i>Commensality: From Everyday Food to Feast</i></a>. Bloomsbury Publishing. hlm. 94. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-0-85785-719-4" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-0-85785-719-4">978-0-85785-719-4</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Commensality%3A+From+Everyday+Food+to+Feast&rft.pages=94&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0-85785-719-4&rft.aulast=Kerner&rft.aufirst=Susanne&rft.au=Chou%2C+Cynthia&rft.au=Warmind%2C+Morten&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOMLuBQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT94&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AEmas" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-198"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-198">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Baedeker, Karl (1865). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tsUNAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA101">"Danzig"</a>. <i>Deutschland nebst Theilen der angrenzenden Länder</i> (dalam bahasa Jerman). Karl Baedeker.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Danzig&rft.btitle=Deutschland+nebst+Theilen+der+angrenzenden+L%C3%A4nder&rft.pub=Karl+Baedeker&rft.date=1865&rft.aulast=Baedeker&rft.aufirst=Karl&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtsUNAAAAYAAJ%26pg%3DPA101&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AEmas" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-199"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-199">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">King, Hobart M. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://geology.com/minerals/gold/uses-of-gold.shtml">"The Many Uses of Gold"</a>. geology.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">6 Juli</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Many+Uses+of+Gold&rft.pub=geology.com&rft.au=King%2C+Hobart+M.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgeology.com%2Fminerals%2Fgold%2Fuses-of-gold.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AEmas" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-200"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-200">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.delafee.com/Edible+Gold+Creations_Information+on+edible+gold/">Gold in Gastronomy</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304002554/http://www.delafee.com/Edible+Gold+Creations_Information+on+edible+gold/">Diarsipkan</a> 4 Maret 2016 di <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.. deLafee, Swiss (2008)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-201"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-201">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160817134815/http://www.kodak.com/global/en/professional/support/techPubs/g23/g23.pdf">Toning black-and-white materials</a>. Kodak Technical Data/Reference sheet G-23, Mei 2006.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-202"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-202">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Martin, Keith. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pUhMRLiHiY8C&pg=PA42"><i>1997 McLaren F1</i></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=1997+McLaren+F1&rft.aulast=Martin&rft.aufirst=Keith&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpUhMRLiHiY8C%26pg%3DPA42&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AEmas" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-gbc215-203"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-gbc215_203-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110726122946/http://www.goldbulletin.org/assets/file/goldbulletin/downloads/Cooke_2_15.pdf">"The Demand for Gold by Industry"</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. Gold bulletin. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.goldbulletin.org/assets/file/goldbulletin/downloads/Cooke_2_15.pdf">versi asli</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span> tanggal 26 Juli 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">6 Juli</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+Demand+for+Gold+by+Industry&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.goldbulletin.org%2Fassets%2Ffile%2Fgoldbulletin%2Fdownloads%2FCooke_2_15.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AEmas" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-204"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-204">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090213164051/http://chemistry.about.com/cs/inorganic/a/aa032503a.htm">"Colored glass chemistry"</a>. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://chemistry.about.com/cs/inorganic/a/aa032503a.htm">versi asli</a> tanggal 13 Februari 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">6 Juli</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Colored+glass+chemistry&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fchemistry.about.com%2Fcs%2Finorganic%2Fa%2Faa032503a.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AEmas" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|url-status=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-205"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-205">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Dierks, S. (Mei 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061110104358/http://www.espi-metals.com/msds%27s/gold.htm">"Gold MSDS"</a>. Electronic Space Products International. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.espi-metals.com/msds's/gold.htm">versi asli</a> tanggal 10 November 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">6 Juli</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Gold+MSDS&rft.pub=Electronic+Space+Products+International&rft.date=2005-05&rft.aulast=Dierks&rft.aufirst=S.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.espi-metals.com%2Fmsds%27s%2Fgold.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AEmas" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|url-status=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-206"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-206">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Louis, Catherine; Pluchery, Olivier (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4zK6CgAAQBAJ&pg=PA5"><i>Gold Nanoparticles for Physics, Chemistry and Biology</i></a>. World Scientific. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-1-84816-807-7" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-1-84816-807-7">978-1-84816-807-7</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gold+Nanoparticles+for+Physics%2C+Chemistry+and+Biology&rft.pub=World+Scientific&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-84816-807-7&rft.aulast=Louis&rft.aufirst=Catherine&rft.au=Pluchery%2C+Olivier&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4zK6CgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AEmas" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-207"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-207">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Wright, I. H.; Vesey, J. C. (1986). "Acute poisoning with gold cyanide". <i>Anaesthesia</i>. <b>41</b> (79): 936–939. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1365-2044.1986.tb12920.x">10.1111/j.1365-2044.1986.tb12920.x</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Dapat diakses gratis"><img alt="alt=Dapat diakses gratis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></span></span></span>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3022615">3022615</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Anaesthesia&rft.atitle=Acute+poisoning+with+gold+cyanide&rft.volume=41&rft.issue=79&rft.pages=936-939&rft.date=1986&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1365-2044.1986.tb12920.x&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F3022615&rft.aulast=Wright&rft.aufirst=I.+H.&rft.au=Vesey%2C+J.+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AEmas" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|s2cid=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-208"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-208">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Wu, Ming-Ling; Tsai, Wei-Jen; Ger, Jiin; Deng, Jou-Fang; Tsay, Shyh-Haw; et al. (2001). "Cholestatic Hepatitis Caused by Acute Gold Potassium Cyanide Poisoning". <i>Clinical Toxicology</i>. <b>39</b> (7): 739–743. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1081%2FCLT-100108516">10.1081/CLT-100108516</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11778673">11778673</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Clinical+Toxicology&rft.atitle=Cholestatic+Hepatitis+Caused+by+Acute+Gold+Potassium+Cyanide+Poisoning&rft.volume=39&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=739-743&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1081%2FCLT-100108516&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11778673&rft.aulast=Wu&rft.aufirst=Ming-Ling&rft.au=Tsai%2C+Wei-Jen&rft.au=Ger%2C+Jiin&rft.au=Deng%2C+Jou-Fang&rft.au=Tsay%2C+Shyh-Haw&rft.au=Yang%2C+Mo-Hsiung&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AEmas" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|s2cid=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-TsurutaMatsunaga2001-209"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-TsurutaMatsunaga2001_209-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Tsuruta, Kyoko; Matsunaga, Kayoko; Suzuki, Kayoko; Suzuki, Rie; Akita, Hirotaka; Washimi, Yasuko; Tomitaka, Akiko; Ueda, Hiroshi (2001). "Female predominance of gold allergy". <i>Contact Dermatitis</i>. <b>44</b> (1): 48–49. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1034%2Fj.1600-0536.2001.440107-22.x">10.1034/j.1600-0536.2001.440107-22.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11156030">11156030</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Contact+Dermatitis&rft.atitle=Female+predominance+of+gold+allergy&rft.volume=44&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=48-49&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1034%2Fj.1600-0536.2001.440107-22.x&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11156030&rft.aulast=Tsuruta&rft.aufirst=Kyoko&rft.au=Matsunaga%2C+Kayoko&rft.au=Suzuki%2C+Kayoko&rft.au=Suzuki%2C+Rie&rft.au=Akita%2C+Hirotaka&rft.au=Washimi%2C+Yasuko&rft.au=Tomitaka%2C+Akiko&rft.au=Ueda%2C+Hiroshi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AEmas" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|s2cid=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-210"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-210">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Brunk, Doug (15 Februari 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110624033428/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-176478357.html">"Ubiquitous nickel wins skin contact allergy award for 2008"</a>. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-176478357.html">versi asli</a> tanggal 24 Juni 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Ubiquitous+nickel+wins+skin+contact+allergy+award+for+2008&rft.date=2008-02-15&rft.aulast=Brunk&rft.aufirst=Doug&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.highbeam.com%2Fdoc%2F1G1-176478357.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AEmas" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|url-status=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-211"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-211">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Singh, Harbhajan (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WY3YvfNoouMC&pg=PA533"><i>Mycoremediation: Fungal Bioremediation</i></a>. hlm. 509. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-0-470-05058-3" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-0-470-05058-3">978-0-470-05058-3</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mycoremediation%3A+Fungal+Bioremediation&rft.pages=509&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-470-05058-3&rft.aulast=Singh&rft.aufirst=Harbhajan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWY3YvfNoouMC%26pg%3DPA533&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AEmas" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bacaan_lebih_lanjut">Bacaan lebih lanjut</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emas&veaction=edit&section=36" title="Sunting bagian: Bacaan lebih lanjut" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emas&action=edit&section=36" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Bacaan lebih lanjut"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Bachmann, H. G. <i>The lure of gold : an artistic and cultural history</i> (2006) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lureofgold0000unse">daring</a></li> <li>Bernstein, Peter L. <i>The Power of Gold: The History of an Obsession</i> (2000) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/powerofgoldhisto00bern">daring</a></li> <li>Brands, H.W. <i>The Age of Gold: The California Gold Rush and the New American Dream</i> (2003) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/Age-Gold-California-American-Recover/dp/0385720882/">kutipan</a></li> <li>Buranelli, Vincent. <i>Gold : an illustrated history</i> (1979) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/goldillustratedh00bura">daring</a>' sejarah populer yang luas</li> <li>Cassel, Gustav. "The restoration of the gold standard." <i>Economica</i> 9 (1923): 171–185. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2548130">daring</a></li> <li>Eichengreen, Barry. <i>Golden Fetters: The Gold Standard and the Great Depression, 1919–1939</i> (Oxford UP, 1992).</li> <li>Ferguson, Niall. <i>The Ascent of Money - Financial History of the World</i> (2009) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ascentofmoneyf00ferg">daring</a></li> <li>Hart, Matthew, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kSI5AAAAQBAJ">Gold: The Race for the World's Most Seductive Metal</a> <i>Gold : the race for the world's most seductive metal", New York: Simon & Schuster, 2013. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/9781451650020" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/9781451650020">9781451650020</a></i></li> <li>Johnson, Harry G. "The gold rush of 1968 in retrospect and prospect". <i>American Economic Review</i> 59.2 (1969): 344–348. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1823687">daring</a></li> <li>Kwarteng, Kwasi. <i>War and Gold: A Five-Hundred-Year History of Empires, Adventures, and Debt</i> (2014) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/wargoldfivehundr0000kwar">daring</a></li> <li>Vilar, Pierre. <i>A History of Gold and Money, 1450–1920</i> (1960). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofgoldmon0000vila_c6t2">daring</a></li> <li>Vilches, Elvira. <i>New World Gold: Cultural Anxiety and Monetary Disorder in Early Modern Spain</i> (2010).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pranala_luar">Pranala luar</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emas&veaction=edit&section=37" title="Sunting bagian: Pranala luar" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emas&action=edit&section=37" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Pranala luar"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r23035139">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:#f9f9f9}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r23782729"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons memiliki media mengenai <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Gold" class="extiw" title="commons:Gold"><b><i>Gold</i></b></a>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r23035139"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r23782729"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Wiktionary-logo-en.svg/37px-Wiktionary-logo-en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="37" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Wiktionary-logo-en.svg/55px-Wiktionary-logo-en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Wiktionary-logo-en.svg/73px-Wiktionary-logo-en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1089" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Lihat entri <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/emas" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:emas">emas</a></b></i> di kamus bebas Wiktionary.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><span style="font-size:0.95em; font-weight:bold; color:#777; cursor:help;" title="Bahasa Inggris" lang="Inggris">(Inggris)</span> <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/24px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span> <cite class="citation encyclopaedia">"<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Gold" class="extiw" title="wikisource:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Gold">Gold</a>". <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. <b>11</b> (edisi ke-11). 1911.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Gold&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.edition=11&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AEmas" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:0.95em; font-weight:bold; color:#777; cursor:help;" title="Bahasa Inggris" lang="Inggris">(Inggris)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080417110808/http://www.rsc.org/chemistryworld/podcast/element.asp">Chemistry in its element podcast</a> (MP3) from the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Society_of_Chemistry" title="Royal Society of Chemistry">Royal Society of Chemistry</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Chemistry_World" title="Chemistry World">Chemistry World</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rsc.org/images/CIIE_Gold_48k_tcm18-118269.mp3">Gold</a> www.rsc.org</li> <li><span style="font-size:0.95em; font-weight:bold; color:#777; cursor:help;" title="Bahasa Inggris" lang="Inggris">(Inggris)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.periodicvideos.com/videos/079.htm">Gold</a> di <i><a href="/wiki/The_Periodic_Table_of_Videos" title="The Periodic Table of Videos">The Periodic Table of Videos</a></i> (Universitas Nottingham)</li> <li><span style="font-size:0.95em; font-weight:bold; color:#777; cursor:help;" title="Bahasa Inggris" lang="Inggris">(Inggris)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080307000911/http://www.epa.gov/epaoswer/other/mining/techdocs/gold.pdf"><i>Getting Gold</i> 1898 book</a>, www.lateralscience.co.uk</li> <li><span style="font-size:0.95em; font-weight:bold; color:#777; cursor:help;" title="Bahasa Inggris" lang="Inggris">(Inggris)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080307000911/http://www.epa.gov/epaoswer/other/mining/techdocs/gold.pdf">Technical Document on Extraction and Mining of Gold</a> di <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (diarsipkan tanggal 7 Maret 2008), www.epa.gov</li> <li><span style="font-size:0.95em; font-weight:bold; color:#777; cursor:help;" title="Bahasa Inggris" lang="Inggris">(Inggris)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rsc.org/periodic-table/element/79/gold">Gold element information</a> - rsc.org</li></ul> <table class="navbox collapsible uncollapsed" cellpadding="0" style="table-layout:fixed; width:100%;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="33" style="padding:0 1em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18590415"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-collapse navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-lihat"><a href="/wiki/Templat:Tabel_periodik_unsur_kimia" title="Templat:Tabel periodik unsur kimia"><abbr title="Lihat templat ini">l</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-bicara"><a href="/wiki/Pembicaraan_Templat:Tabel_periodik_unsur_kimia" title="Pembicaraan Templat:Tabel periodik unsur kimia"><abbr title="Diskusikan templat ini">b</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-sunting"><a class="external text" href="https://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Templat:Tabel_periodik_unsur_kimia&action=edit"><abbr title="Sunting templat ini">s</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div class="navbar-ct-mini"><a href="/wiki/Tabel_periodik" title="Tabel periodik">Tabel periodik</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Tabel_periodik_(sel_besar)" title="Tabel periodik (sel besar)"><small>(besar)</small></a> </th></tr> <tr> <td style="line-height:100%;"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Logam_alkali" title="Logam alkali">1</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Logam_alkali_tanah" title="Logam alkali tanah">2</a> </td> <td colspan="14"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Unsur_golongan_3" title="Unsur golongan 3">3</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Unsur_golongan_4" title="Unsur golongan 4">4</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Unsur_golongan_5" title="Unsur golongan 5">5</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Unsur_golongan_6" title="Unsur golongan 6">6</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Unsur_golongan_7" title="Unsur golongan 7">7</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Unsur_golongan_8" title="Unsur golongan 8">8</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Unsur_golongan_9" title="Unsur golongan 9">9</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Unsur_golongan_10" title="Unsur golongan 10">10</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Unsur_golongan_11" title="Unsur golongan 11">11</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Unsur_golongan_12" title="Unsur golongan 12">12</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Golongan_boron" title="Golongan boron">13</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Golongan_karbon" title="Golongan karbon">14</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pniktogen" title="Pniktogen">15</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kalkogen" title="Kalkogen">16</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Halogen" title="Halogen">17</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gas_mulia" title="Gas mulia">18</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Unsur_periode_1" title="Unsur periode 1">1</a> </td> <td title="Hidrogen, 1 (diatomic nonmetal)" style="text-align:center; background:#e7ff8f; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Hidrogen" title="Hidrogen"><span style="display:block">H</span></a> </td> <td colspan="30"> </td> <td title="Helium, 2 (noble gas)" style="text-align:center; background:#c0ffff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Helium" title="Helium"><span style="display:block">He</span></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Unsur_periode_2" title="Unsur periode 2">2</a> </td> <td title="Litium, 3 (alkali metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ff6666; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Litium" title="Litium"><span style="display:block">Li</span></a> </td> <td title="Berilium, 4 (alkaline earth metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffdead; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Berilium" title="Berilium"><span style="display:block">Be</span></a> </td> <td colspan="24"> </td> <td title="Boron, 5 (metalloid)" style="text-align:center; background:#cccc99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Boron" title="Boron"><span style="display:block">B</span></a> </td> <td title="Karbon, 6 (polyatomic nonmetal)" style="text-align:center; background:#a1ffc3; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Karbon" title="Karbon"><span style="display:block">C</span></a> </td> <td title="Nitrogen, 7 (diatomic nonmetal)" style="text-align:center; background:#e7ff8f; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen"><span style="display:block">N</span></a> </td> <td title="Oksigen, 8 (diatomic nonmetal)" style="text-align:center; background:#e7ff8f; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Oksigen" title="Oksigen"><span style="display:block">O</span></a> </td> <td title="Fluorin, 9 (diatomic nonmetal)" style="text-align:center; background:#e7ff8f; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Fluorin" title="Fluorin"><span style="display:block">F</span></a> </td> <td title="Neon, 10 (noble gas)" style="text-align:center; background:#c0ffff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Neon" title="Neon"><span style="display:block">Ne</span></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Unsur_periode_3" title="Unsur periode 3">3</a> </td> <td title="Natrium, 11 (alkali metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ff6666; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Natrium" title="Natrium"><span style="display:block">Na</span></a> </td> <td title="Magnesium, 12 (alkaline earth metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffdead; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Magnesium" title="Magnesium"><span style="display:block">Mg</span></a> </td> <td colspan="24"> </td> <td title="Aluminium, 13 (post-transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#cccccc; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Aluminium" title="Aluminium"><span style="display:block">Al</span></a> </td> <td title="Silikon, 14 (metalloid)" style="text-align:center; background:#cccc99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Silikon" title="Silikon"><span style="display:block">Si</span></a> </td> <td title="Fosforus, 15 (polyatomic nonmetal)" style="text-align:center; background:#a1ffc3; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Fosforus" title="Fosforus"><span style="display:block">P</span></a> </td> <td title="Belerang, 16 (polyatomic nonmetal)" style="text-align:center; background:#a1ffc3; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Belerang" title="Belerang"><span style="display:block">S</span></a> </td> <td title="Klorin, 17 (diatomic nonmetal)" style="text-align:center; background:#e7ff8f; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Klorin" title="Klorin"><span style="display:block">Cl</span></a> </td> <td title="Argon, 18 (noble gas)" style="text-align:center; background:#c0ffff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Argon" title="Argon"><span style="display:block">Ar</span></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Unsur_periode_4" title="Unsur periode 4">4</a> </td> <td title="Kalium, 19 (alkali metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ff6666; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Kalium" title="Kalium"><span style="display:block">K</span></a> </td> <td title="Kalsium, 20 (alkaline earth metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffdead; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Kalsium" title="Kalsium"><span style="display:block">Ca</span></a> </td> <td colspan="14"> </td> <td title="Skandium, 21 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Skandium" title="Skandium"><span style="display:block">Sc</span></a> </td> <td title="Titanium, 22 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Titanium" title="Titanium"><span style="display:block">Ti</span></a> </td> <td title="Vanadium, 23 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Vanadium" title="Vanadium"><span style="display:block">V</span></a> </td> <td title="Kromium, 24 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Kromium" title="Kromium"><span style="display:block">Cr</span></a> </td> <td title="Mangan, 25 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Mangan" title="Mangan"><span style="display:block">Mn</span></a> </td> <td title="Besi, 26 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Besi" title="Besi"><span style="display:block">Fe</span></a> </td> <td title="Kobalt, 27 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Kobalt" title="Kobalt"><span style="display:block">Co</span></a> </td> <td title="Nikel, 28 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Nikel" title="Nikel"><span style="display:block">Ni</span></a> </td> <td title="Tembaga, 29 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Tembaga" title="Tembaga"><span style="display:block">Cu</span></a> </td> <td title="Seng, 30 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Seng" title="Seng"><span style="display:block">Zn</span></a> </td> <td title="Galium, 31 (post-transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#cccccc; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Galium" title="Galium"><span style="display:block">Ga</span></a> </td> <td title="Germanium, 32 (metalloid)" style="text-align:center; background:#cccc99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Germanium" title="Germanium"><span style="display:block">Ge</span></a> </td> <td title="Arsen, 33 (metalloid)" style="text-align:center; background:#cccc99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Arsen" title="Arsen"><span style="display:block">As</span></a> </td> <td title="Selenium, 34 (polyatomic nonmetal)" style="text-align:center; background:#a1ffc3; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Selenium" title="Selenium"><span style="display:block">Se</span></a> </td> <td title="Bromin, 35 (diatomic nonmetal)" style="text-align:center; background:#e7ff8f; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Bromin" title="Bromin"><span style="display:block">Br</span></a> </td> <td title="Kripton, 36 (noble gas)" style="text-align:center; background:#c0ffff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Kripton" title="Kripton"><span style="display:block">Kr</span></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Unsur_periode_5" title="Unsur periode 5">5</a> </td> <td title="Rubidium, 37 (alkali metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ff6666; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Rubidium" title="Rubidium"><span style="display:block">Rb</span></a> </td> <td title="Stronsium, 38 (alkaline earth metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffdead; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Stronsium" title="Stronsium"><span style="display:block">Sr</span></a> </td> <td colspan="14"> </td> <td title="Itrium, 39 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Itrium" title="Itrium"><span style="display:block">Y</span></a> </td> <td title="Zirkonium, 40 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Zirkonium" title="Zirkonium"><span style="display:block">Zr</span></a> </td> <td title="Niobium, 41 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Niobium" title="Niobium"><span style="display:block">Nb</span></a> </td> <td title="Molibdenum, 42 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Molibdenum" title="Molibdenum"><span style="display:block">Mo</span></a> </td> <td title="Teknesium, 43 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Teknesium" title="Teknesium"><span style="display:block">Tc</span></a> </td> <td title="Rutenium, 44 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Rutenium" title="Rutenium"><span style="display:block">Ru</span></a> </td> <td title="Rodium, 45 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Rodium" title="Rodium"><span style="display:block">Rh</span></a> </td> <td title="Paladium, 46 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Paladium" title="Paladium"><span style="display:block">Pd</span></a> </td> <td title="Perak, 47 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Perak" title="Perak"><span style="display:block">Ag</span></a> </td> <td title="Kadmium, 48 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Kadmium" title="Kadmium"><span style="display:block">Cd</span></a> </td> <td title="Indium, 49 (post-transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#cccccc; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Indium" title="Indium"><span style="display:block">In</span></a> </td> <td title="Timah, 50 (post-transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#cccccc; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Timah" title="Timah"><span style="display:block">Sn</span></a> </td> <td title="Antimon, 51 (metalloid)" style="text-align:center; background:#cccc99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Antimon" title="Antimon"><span style="display:block">Sb</span></a> </td> <td title="Telurium, 52 (metalloid)" style="text-align:center; background:#cccc99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Telurium" title="Telurium"><span style="display:block">Te</span></a> </td> <td title="Iodin, 53 (diatomic nonmetal)" style="text-align:center; background:#e7ff8f; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Iodin" title="Iodin"><span style="display:block">I</span></a> </td> <td title="Xenon, 54 (noble gas)" style="text-align:center; background:#c0ffff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Xenon" title="Xenon"><span style="display:block">Xe</span></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Unsur_periode_6" title="Unsur periode 6">6</a> </td> <td title="Sesium, 55 (alkali metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ff6666; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Sesium" title="Sesium"><span style="display:block">Cs</span></a> </td> <td title="Barium, 56 (alkaline earth metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffdead; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Barium" title="Barium"><span style="display:block">Ba</span></a> </td> <td title="Lantanum, 57 (lanthanide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffbfff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Lantanum" title="Lantanum"><span style="display:block">La</span></a> </td> <td title="Serium, 58 (lanthanide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffbfff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Serium" title="Serium"><span style="display:block">Ce</span></a> </td> <td title="Praseodimium, 59 (lanthanide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffbfff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Praseodimium" title="Praseodimium"><span style="display:block">Pr</span></a> </td> <td title="Neodimium, 60 (lanthanide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffbfff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Neodimium" title="Neodimium"><span style="display:block">Nd</span></a> </td> <td title="Prometium, 61 (lanthanide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffbfff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Prometium" title="Prometium"><span style="display:block">Pm</span></a> </td> <td title="Samarium, 62 (lanthanide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffbfff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Samarium" title="Samarium"><span style="display:block">Sm</span></a> </td> <td title="Europium, 63 (lanthanide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffbfff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Europium" title="Europium"><span style="display:block">Eu</span></a> </td> <td title="Gadolinium, 64 (lanthanide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffbfff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Gadolinium" title="Gadolinium"><span style="display:block">Gd</span></a> </td> <td title="Terbium, 65 (lanthanide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffbfff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Terbium" title="Terbium"><span style="display:block">Tb</span></a> </td> <td title="Disprosium, 66 (lanthanide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffbfff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Disprosium" title="Disprosium"><span style="display:block">Dy</span></a> </td> <td title="Holmium, 67 (lanthanide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffbfff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Holmium" title="Holmium"><span style="display:block">Ho</span></a> </td> <td title="Erbium, 68 (lanthanide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffbfff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Erbium" title="Erbium"><span style="display:block">Er</span></a> </td> <td title="Tulium, 69 (lanthanide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffbfff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Tulium" title="Tulium"><span style="display:block">Tm</span></a> </td> <td title="Iterbium, 70 (lanthanide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffbfff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Iterbium" title="Iterbium"><span style="display:block">Yb</span></a> </td> <td title="Lutesium, 71 (lanthanide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffbfff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Lutesium" title="Lutesium"><span style="display:block">Lu</span></a> </td> <td title="Hafnium, 72 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Hafnium" title="Hafnium"><span style="display:block">Hf</span></a> </td> <td title="Tantalum, 73 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Tantalum" title="Tantalum"><span style="display:block">Ta</span></a> </td> <td title="Wolfram, 74 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Wolfram" title="Wolfram"><span style="display:block">W</span></a> </td> <td title="Renium, 75 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Renium" title="Renium"><span style="display:block">Re</span></a> </td> <td title="Osmium, 76 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Osmium" title="Osmium"><span style="display:block">Os</span></a> </td> <td title="Iridium, 77 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Iridium" title="Iridium"><span style="display:block">Ir</span></a> </td> <td title="Platina, 78 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Platina" title="Platina"><span style="display:block">Pt</span></a> </td> <td title="Emas, 79 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:1px solid black; ;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink"><span style="display:block">Au</span></a> </td> <td title="Raksa, 80 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Raksa" title="Raksa"><span style="display:block">Hg</span></a> </td> <td title="Talium, 81 (post-transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#cccccc; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Talium" title="Talium"><span style="display:block">Tl</span></a> </td> <td title="Timbal, 82 (post-transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#cccccc; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Timbal" title="Timbal"><span style="display:block">Pb</span></a> </td> <td title="Bismut, 83 (post-transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#cccccc; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Bismut" title="Bismut"><span style="display:block">Bi</span></a> </td> <td title="Polonium, 84 (post-transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#cccccc; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Polonium" title="Polonium"><span style="display:block">Po</span></a> </td> <td title="Astatin, 85 (metalloid)" style="text-align:center; background:#cccc99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Astatin" title="Astatin"><span style="display:block">At</span></a> </td> <td title="Radon, 86 (noble gas)" style="text-align:center; background:#c0ffff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Radon" title="Radon"><span style="display:block">Rn</span></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Unsur_periode_7" title="Unsur periode 7">7</a> </td> <td title="Fransium, 87 (alkali metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ff6666; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Fransium" title="Fransium"><span style="display:block">Fr</span></a> </td> <td title="Radium, 88 (alkaline earth metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffdead; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Radium" title="Radium"><span style="display:block">Ra</span></a> </td> <td title="Aktinium, 89 (actinide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ff99cc; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Aktinium" title="Aktinium"><span style="display:block">Ac</span></a> </td> <td title="Torium, 90 (actinide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ff99cc; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Torium" title="Torium"><span style="display:block">Th</span></a> </td> <td title="Protaktinium, 91 (actinide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ff99cc; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Protaktinium" title="Protaktinium"><span style="display:block">Pa</span></a> </td> <td title="Uranium, 92 (actinide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ff99cc; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Uranium" title="Uranium"><span style="display:block">U</span></a> </td> <td title="Neptunium, 93 (actinide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ff99cc; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Neptunium" title="Neptunium"><span style="display:block">Np</span></a> </td> <td title="Plutonium, 94 (actinide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ff99cc; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Plutonium" title="Plutonium"><span style="display:block">Pu</span></a> </td> <td title="Amerisium, 95 (actinide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ff99cc; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Amerisium" title="Amerisium"><span style="display:block">Am</span></a> </td> <td title="Kurium, 96 (actinide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ff99cc; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Kurium" title="Kurium"><span style="display:block">Cm</span></a> </td> <td title="Berkelium, 97 (actinide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ff99cc; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Berkelium" title="Berkelium"><span style="display:block">Bk</span></a> </td> <td title="Kalifornium, 98 (actinide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ff99cc; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Kalifornium" title="Kalifornium"><span style="display:block">Cf</span></a> </td> <td title="Einsteinium, 99 (actinide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ff99cc; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Einsteinium" title="Einsteinium"><span style="display:block">Es</span></a> </td> <td title="Fermium, 100 (actinide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ff99cc; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Fermium" title="Fermium"><span style="display:block">Fm</span></a> </td> <td title="Mendelevium, 101 (actinide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ff99cc; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Mendelevium" title="Mendelevium"><span style="display:block">Md</span></a> </td> <td title="Nobelium, 102 (actinide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ff99cc; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Nobelium" title="Nobelium"><span style="display:block">No</span></a> </td> <td title="Lawrensium, 103 (actinide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ff99cc; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Lawrensium" title="Lawrensium"><span style="display:block">Lr</span></a> </td> <td title="Ruterfordium, 104 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Ruterfordium" title="Ruterfordium"><span style="display:block">Rf</span></a> </td> <td title="Dubnium, 105 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Dubnium" title="Dubnium"><span style="display:block">Db</span></a> </td> <td title="Seaborgium, 106 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Seaborgium" title="Seaborgium"><span style="display:block">Sg</span></a> </td> <td title="Bohrium, 107 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Bohrium" title="Bohrium"><span style="display:block">Bh</span></a> </td> <td title="Hasium, 108 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Hasium" title="Hasium"><span style="display:block">Hs</span></a> </td> <td title="Meitnerium, 109 (unknown chemical properties)" style="text-align:center; background:#e8e8e8; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Meitnerium" title="Meitnerium"><span style="display:block">Mt</span></a> </td> <td title="Darmstadtium, 110 (unknown chemical properties)" style="text-align:center; background:#e8e8e8; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Darmstadtium" title="Darmstadtium"><span style="display:block">Ds</span></a> </td> <td title="Roentgenium, 111 (unknown chemical properties)" style="text-align:center; background:#e8e8e8; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Roentgenium" title="Roentgenium"><span style="display:block">Rg</span></a> </td> <td title="Kopernisium, 112 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Kopernisium" title="Kopernisium"><span style="display:block">Cn</span></a> </td> <td title="Nihonium, 113 (unknown chemical properties)" style="text-align:center; background:#e8e8e8; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Nihonium" title="Nihonium"><span style="display:block">Nh</span></a> </td> <td title="Flerovium, 114 (post-transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#cccccc; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Flerovium" title="Flerovium"><span style="display:block">Fl</span></a> </td> <td title="Moskovium, 115 (unknown chemical properties)" style="text-align:center; background:#e8e8e8; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Moskovium" title="Moskovium"><span style="display:block">Mc</span></a> </td> <td title="Livermorium, 116 (unknown chemical properties)" style="text-align:center; background:#e8e8e8; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Livermorium" title="Livermorium"><span style="display:block">Lv</span></a> </td> <td title="Tenesin, 117 (unknown chemical properties)" style="text-align:center; background:#e8e8e8; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Tenesin" title="Tenesin"><span style="display:block">Ts</span></a> </td> <td title="Oganeson, 118 (unknown chemical properties)" style="text-align:center; background:#e8e8e8; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Oganeson" title="Oganeson"><span style="display:block">Og</span></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="33"> <table class="wikitable" cellspacing="2" cellpadding="0" style="width:100%; line-height:120%; text-align:center; vertical-align:top; font-size:85%; background:#f8f8f8; margin:0; font-size:90%; margin-top:0.5em;"> <tbody><tr> <td> <table style="width:100%; table-layout:fixed; overflow:hidden;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="padding:0 1px; background:#ff6666;"><a href="/wiki/Logam_alkali" title="Logam alkali">Logam alkali</a> </td> <td style="padding:0 1px; background:#ffdead;"><a href="/wiki/Logam_alkali_tanah" title="Logam alkali tanah">Logam alkali tanah</a> </td> <td style="padding:0 1px; background:#ffbfff;"><a href="/wiki/Lantanida" title="Lantanida">Lan­tanida</a> </td> <td style="padding:0 1px; background:#ff99cc;"><a href="/wiki/Aktinida" title="Aktinida">Aktinida</a> </td> <td style="padding:0 1px; background:#ffc0c0;"><a href="/wiki/Logam_transisi" title="Logam transisi">Logam transisi</a> </td> <td style="padding:0 1px; background:#cccccc;"><a href="/wiki/Logam_miskin" title="Logam miskin">Logam miskin</a> </td> <td style="padding:0 1px; background:#cccc99;"><a href="/wiki/Metaloid" title="Metaloid">Metaloid</a> </td> <td style="padding:0 1px; background:#a1ffc3;"><a href="/wiki/Nonlogam_poliatomik" class="mw-redirect" title="Nonlogam poliatomik">Nonlogam poliatomik</a> </td> <td style="padding:0 1px; background:#e7ff8f;"><a href="/wiki/Nonlogam_diatomik" class="mw-redirect" title="Nonlogam diatomik">Nonlogam diatomik</a> </td> <td style="padding:0 1px; background:#c0ffff;"><a href="/wiki/Gas_mulia" title="Gas mulia">Gas mulia</a> </td> <td rowspan="1" style="padding:0 1px; background:#e8e8e8;">Sifat kimia<br />belum diketahui </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r23782733">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output 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.navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Senyawa_emas" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18590415"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-lihat"><a href="/wiki/Templat:Senyawa_emas" title="Templat:Senyawa emas"><abbr title="Lihat templat ini">l</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-bicara"><a href="/wiki/Pembicaraan_Templat:Senyawa_emas" title="Pembicaraan Templat:Senyawa emas"><abbr title="Diskusikan templat ini">b</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-sunting"><a class="external text" href="https://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Templat:Senyawa_emas&action=edit"><abbr title="Sunting templat ini">s</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Senyawa_emas" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Senyawa_emas" title="Kategori:Senyawa emas">Senyawa</a> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">emas</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Emas(-I)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cesium_aurida" class="mw-redirect" title="Cesium aurida">CsAu</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rubidium_aurida&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rubidium aurida (halaman belum tersedia)">RbAu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Emas(I)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emas(I)_bromida&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Emas(I) bromida (halaman belum tersedia)">AuBr</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emas(I)_klorida&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Emas(I) klorida (halaman belum tersedia)">AuCl</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emas_monoiodida&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Emas monoiodida (halaman belum tersedia)">AuI</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emas(I)_hidroksida&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Emas(I) hidroksida (halaman belum tersedia)">AuOH</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emas(I)_sulfida&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Emas(I) sulfida (halaman belum tersedia)">Au<sub>2</sub>S</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Auranofin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Auranofin (halaman belum tersedia)">(C<sub>2</sub>H<sub>5</sub>)<sub>3</sub>PAuSC<sub>5</sub>H<sub>5</sub>O(CO<sub>2</sub>CH<sub>3</sub>)<sub>3</sub>CH<sub>2</sub>OCOCH<sub>3</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aurotioglukosa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aurotioglukosa (halaman belum tersedia)">AuSC<sub>5</sub>H<sub>5</sub>O(OH)<sub>3</sub>CH<sub>2</sub>OH</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aurotioprol&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aurotioprol (halaman belum tersedia)">NaAuSCH<sub>2</sub>CHOHCH<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>3</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bromo(tetrahidrotiofena)emas(I)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bromo(tetrahidrotiofena)emas(I) (halaman belum tersedia)">BrAuSC<sub>4</sub>H<sub>8</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kloro(tetrahidrotiofena)emas(I)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kloro(tetrahidrotiofena)emas(I) (halaman belum tersedia)">ClAuSC<sub>4</sub>H<sub>8</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kloro(dimetil_sulfida)emas(I)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kloro(dimetil sulfida)emas(I) (halaman belum tersedia)">ClAuS(CH<sub>3</sub>)<sub>2</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kloro(trifenilfosfin)emas(I)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kloro(trifenilfosfin)emas(I) (halaman belum tersedia)">ClAuP(C<sub>6</sub>H<sub>5</sub>)<sub>3</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dinatrium_aurotiomalat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dinatrium aurotiomalat (halaman belum tersedia)">Na<sub>2</sub>AuSCHCO<sub>2</sub>CH<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>2</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Natrium_aurotiomalat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Natrium aurotiomalat (halaman belum tersedia)">NaAuSCHCO<sub>2</sub>CH<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>2</sub>H</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Natrium_aurotiosulfat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Natrium aurotiosulfat (halaman belum tersedia)">Na<sub>3</sub>Au(S<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>)<sub>2</sub></a></li></ul></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Senyawa_organoemas(I)" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Senyawa organoemas(I)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=(2,4,6-Trimetilfenil)emas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="(2,4,6-Trimetilfenil)emas (halaman belum tersedia)">(AuC<sub>6</sub>H<sub>2</sub>(CH<sub>3</sub>)<sub>3</sub>)<sub>5</sub></a></li> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Emas(II)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tetraxenonoemas(II)" title="Tetraxenonoemas(II)">AuXe<sub>4</sub>(Sb<sub>2</sub>F<sub>11</sub>)<sub>2</sub></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Emas(I,III)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emas(I,III)_klorida&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Emas(I,III) klorida (halaman belum tersedia)">Au<sub>4</sub>Cl<sub>8</sub></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Emas(III)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asam_kloroaurat" title="Asam kloroaurat">HAuCl<sub>4</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Asam_tetrabromoaurat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Asam tetrabromoaurat (halaman belum tersedia)">HAuBr<sub>4</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emas(III)_bromida&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Emas(III) bromida (halaman belum tersedia)">AuBr<sub>3</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emas(III)_klorida&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Emas(III) klorida (halaman belum tersedia)">AuCl<sub>3</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emas(III)_fluorida&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Emas(III) fluorida (halaman belum tersedia)">AuF<sub>3</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emas(III)_oksida&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Emas(III) oksida (halaman belum tersedia)">Au<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emas(III)_hidroksida" title="Emas(III) hidroksida">Au(OH)<sub>3</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emas(III)_sulfida&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Emas(III) sulfida (halaman belum tersedia)">Au<sub>2</sub>S<sub>3</sub></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Emas(V)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emas_pentafluorida&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Emas pentafluorida (halaman belum tersedia)">AuF<sub>5</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emas_heptafluorida&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Emas heptafluorida (halaman belum tersedia)">AuF<sub>5</sub>·F<sub>2</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emas(V)_asetat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Emas(V) asetat (halaman belum tersedia)">Au<sub>2</sub>(C<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub>)<sub>5</sub></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><b><a href="/wiki/Rumus_kimia" title="Rumus kimia">Rumus kimia</a></b></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r23782733"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r25847331"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Perhiasan" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#C5B358;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18590415"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-lihat"><a href="/wiki/Templat:Perhiasan" title="Templat:Perhiasan"><abbr title="Lihat templat ini">l</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-bicara"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pembicaraan_Templat:Perhiasan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pembicaraan Templat:Perhiasan (halaman belum tersedia)"><abbr title="Diskusikan templat ini">b</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-sunting"><a class="external text" href="https://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Templat:Perhiasan&action=edit"><abbr title="Sunting templat ini">s</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Perhiasan" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Perhiasan" title="Perhiasan">Perhiasan</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#C5B358;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Daftar_jenis_perhiasan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Daftar jenis perhiasan (halaman belum tersedia)">Bentuk</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anting" title="Anting">Anting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bando" title="Bando">Bando</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bros" title="Bros">Bros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cincin" title="Cincin">Cincin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chatelaine_(chain)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chatelaine (chain) (halaman belum tersedia)">Chatelaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gelang" title="Gelang">Gelang</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gelang_kaki&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gelang kaki (halaman belum tersedia)">Gelang kaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gesper" title="Gesper">Gesper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jam" title="Jam">Jam</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jam_kantung&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jam kantung (halaman belum tersedia)">jam kantung</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamang" title="Jamang">Jamang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalung" title="Kalung">Kalung</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kancing_kerah&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kancing kerah (halaman belum tersedia)">Kancing kerah</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kancing_kerah_tangan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kancing kerah tangan (halaman belum tersedia)">Kancing kerah tangan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kelat_bahu" title="Kelat bahu">Kelat bahu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kembang_goyang" title="Kembang goyang">Kembang goyang</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lapel_pin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lapel pin (halaman belum tersedia)">Lapel pin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liontin" title="Liontin">Liontin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahkota" title="Mahkota">Mahkota</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pendan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pendan (halaman belum tersedia)">Pendan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pending" title="Pending">Pending</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Penjepit_dasi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Penjepit dasi (halaman belum tersedia)">Penjepit dasi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rantai_perut&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rantai perut (halaman belum tersedia)">Rantai perut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siger" title="Siger">Siger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumping" title="Sumping">Sumping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suntiang" title="Suntiang">Suntiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tameng_puting" title="Tameng puting">Tameng puting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiara" title="Tiara">Tiara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tusuk_konde" title="Tusuk konde">Tusuk konde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upawita" title="Upawita">Upawita</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#C5B358;">Pembuatan</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FDF6B0;">Orang</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bench_jeweler&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bench jeweler (halaman belum tersedia)">Bench jeweler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandai_emas" title="Pandai emas">Pandai emas</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Perancang_perhiasan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Perancang perhiasan (halaman belum tersedia)">Perancang perhiasan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lapidary&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lapidary (halaman belum tersedia)">Lapidary</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pembuat_jam&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pembuat jam (halaman belum tersedia)">Pembuat jam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FDF6B0;">Proses</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Casting_(metalworking)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Casting (metalworking) (halaman belum tersedia)">Casting</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Centrifugal_casting_(silversmithing)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Centrifugal casting (silversmithing) (halaman belum tersedia)">centrifugal</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lost-wax_casting&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lost-wax casting (halaman belum tersedia)">lost-wax</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Casting_(filling)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Casting (filling) (halaman belum tersedia)">vacuum</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vitreous_enamel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vitreous enamel (halaman belum tersedia)">Enameling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gravir" title="Gravir">Gravir</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Filigree&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Filigree (halaman belum tersedia)">Filigree</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metal_clay&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Metal clay (halaman belum tersedia)">Metal clay</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plating&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Plating (halaman belum tersedia)">Plating</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polishing_(metalworking)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Polishing (metalworking) (halaman belum tersedia)">Polishing</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Repouss%C3%A9_and_chasing&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Repoussé and chasing (halaman belum tersedia)">Repoussé and chasing</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soldering&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Soldering (halaman belum tersedia)">Soldering</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stonesetting&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Stonesetting (halaman belum tersedia)">Stonesetting</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wire_sculpture&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wire sculpture (halaman belum tersedia)">Wire wrapping</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FDF6B0;">Alat</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Draw_plate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Draw plate (halaman belum tersedia)">Draw plate</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=File_(alat)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="File (alat) (halaman belum tersedia)">File</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palu" title="Palu">Palu</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mandrel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mandrel (halaman belum tersedia)">Mandrel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tang" title="Tang">Tang</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#C5B358;">Bahan</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FDF6B0;"><a href="/wiki/Logam_mulia" title="Logam mulia">Logam mulia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Emas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paladium" title="Paladium">Paladium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Platinum" class="mw-redirect" title="Platinum">Platinum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rodium" title="Rodium">Rodium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perak" title="Perak">Perak</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FDF6B0;"><a href="/wiki/Aloi" class="mw-redirect" title="Aloi">Aloi</a> logam mulia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Perak_Britannia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Perak Britannia (halaman belum tersedia)">Perak Britannia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emas_berwarna&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Emas berwarna (halaman belum tersedia)">Emas berwarna</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emas_mahkota&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Emas mahkota (halaman belum tersedia)">Emas mahkota</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elektrum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Elektrum (halaman belum tersedia)">Elektrum</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sterling_platinum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sterling platinum (halaman belum tersedia)">Sterling platinum</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shakud%C5%8D&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shakudō (halaman belum tersedia)">Shakudō</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shibuichi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shibuichi (halaman belum tersedia)">Shibuichi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Perak_Sterling&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Perak Sterling (halaman belum tersedia)">Perak Sterling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tumbaga" title="Tumbaga">Tumbaga</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FDF6B0;"><a href="/wiki/Logam_dasar" title="Logam dasar">Logam/aloi dasar</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kuningan_(logam)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kuningan (logam)">Kuningan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perunggu" title="Perunggu">Perunggu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tembaga" title="Tembaga">Tembaga</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mokume-gane&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mokume-gane (halaman belum tersedia)">Mokume-gane</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pewter&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pewter (halaman belum tersedia)">Pewter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baja_nirkarat" title="Baja nirkarat">Baja tahan karat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titanium" title="Titanium">Titanium</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FDF6B0;"><a href="/wiki/Batu_permata" title="Batu permata">Batu permata</a> mineral</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kalsedon" title="Kalsedon">Aventurin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agate" class="mw-redirect" title="Agate">Agate</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Krisoberil&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Krisoberil (halaman belum tersedia)">Aleksandrit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ametis" class="mw-redirect" title="Ametis">Ametis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beril#Akuamarin_dan_maksis" title="Beril">Akuamarin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Karnelian&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Karnelian (halaman belum tersedia)">Karnelian</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sitrin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sitrin (halaman belum tersedia)">Sitrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intan" title="Intan">Intan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diopsida&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Diopsida (halaman belum tersedia)">Diopsida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zamrud" title="Zamrud">Zamrud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garnet" class="mw-redirect" title="Garnet">Garnet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jade" class="mw-redirect" title="Jade">Jade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jasper" class="mw-redirect" title="Jasper">Jasper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lazuardi" title="Lazuardi">Lazuardi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malasit" class="mw-redirect" title="Malasit">Malasit</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Perhiasan_markasit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Perhiasan markasit (halaman belum tersedia)">Markasit</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Batu_bulan_(permata)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Batu bulan (permata) (halaman belum tersedia)">Batu bulan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obsidian" class="mw-redirect" title="Obsidian">Obsidian</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oniks&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oniks (halaman belum tersedia)">Oniks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opal" class="mw-redirect" title="Opal">Opal</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peridot&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Peridot (halaman belum tersedia)">Peridot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuarsa" title="Kuarsa">Kuarsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rubi" class="mw-redirect" title="Rubi">Rubi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safir" class="mw-redirect" title="Safir">Safir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodalit" title="Sodalit">Sodalit</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Batu_matahari&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Batu matahari (halaman belum tersedia)">Batu matahari</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tanzanit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tanzanit (halaman belum tersedia)">Tanzanit</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mata_Harimau&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mata Harimau (halaman belum tersedia)">Mata Harimau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Topaz" class="mw-redirect" title="Topaz">Topaz</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tourmalin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tourmalin (halaman belum tersedia)">Tourmalin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FDF6B0;"><a href="/wiki/Batu_permata" title="Batu permata">Batu permata</a> organik</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amber" class="mw-disambig" title="Amber">Amber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kopal" title="Kopal">Kopal</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Koral_(batu_mulia)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Koral (batu mulia) (halaman belum tersedia)">Koral</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jet_(lignit)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jet (lignit) (halaman belum tersedia)">Jet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutiara" title="Mutiara">Mutiara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abalon" class="mw-redirect" title="Abalon">Abalon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#C5B358;">Istilah</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Karat_(massa)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Karat (massa) (halaman belum tersedia)">Karat (massa)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Karat_(kemurnian)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Karat (kemurnian) (halaman belum tersedia)">Karat (kemurnian)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Finding&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Finding (halaman belum tersedia)">Finding</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Millesimal_fineness&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Millesimal fineness (halaman belum tersedia)">Millesimal fineness</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2" style="background:#C5B358;"><div> <dl><dt>Topik terkait</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Tindik_tubuh" class="mw-redirect" title="Tindik tubuh">Tindik tubuh</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Mode" title="Mode">Mode</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Gemologi" title="Gemologi">Gemologi</a></dd> <dd><a href="/w/index.php?title=Teknik_logam&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Teknik logam (halaman belum tersedia)">Teknik logam</a></dd> <dd><a href="/w/index.php?title=Seni_pakaian&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Seni pakaian (halaman belum tersedia)">Seni pakaian</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r23782733"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r25847331"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Pengawasan_otoritas_frameless_&#124;text-top_&#124;10px_&#124;alt=Sunting_ini_di_Wikidata_&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q897#identifiers&#124;Sunting_ini_di_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Pengawasan_otoritas_frameless_&#124;text-top_&#124;10px_&#124;alt=Sunting_ini_di_Wikidata_&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q897#identifiers&#124;Sunting_ini_di_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Pengawasan_otoritas" title="Bantuan:Pengawasan otoritas">Pengawasan otoritas</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q897#identifiers" title="Sunting ini di Wikidata"><img alt="Sunting ini di Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Umum</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4157819-3">Integrated Authority File (Jerman)</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Perpustakaan nasional</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX526003">Spanyol</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb133184606">Prancis</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb133184606">(data)</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/subjects/sh85055692">Amerika Serikat</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00565802">Jepang</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph116778&CON_LNG=ENG">Republik Ceko</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <!-- NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐api‐int.codfw.main‐648bd44df8‐52rbv Cached time: 20241117115356 Cache expiry: 2592000 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