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<span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Sites</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Sites-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Sites subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Sites-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Hamburg" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hamburg"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Hamburg</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hamburg-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Zeuthen" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Zeuthen"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Zeuthen</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Zeuthen-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Employees_and_training" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Employees_and_training"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Employees and training</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Employees_and_training-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Budget_and_financing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Budget_and_financing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Budget and financing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Budget_and_financing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Particle_accelerators_and_other_facilities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Particle_accelerators_and_other_facilities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Particle accelerators and other facilities</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Particle_accelerators_and_other_facilities-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Particle accelerators and other facilities subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Particle_accelerators_and_other_facilities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-DESY" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#DESY"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>DESY</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-DESY-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-DORIS" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#DORIS"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>DORIS</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-DORIS-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-PETRA" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#PETRA"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>PETRA</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-PETRA-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-HERA" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#HERA"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>HERA</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-HERA-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-FLASH" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#FLASH"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5</span> <span>FLASH</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-FLASH-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-European_XFEL_accelerator" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#European_XFEL_accelerator"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.6</span> <span>European XFEL accelerator</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-European_XFEL_accelerator-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-PITZ" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#PITZ"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.7</span> <span>PITZ</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-PITZ-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_facilities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_facilities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.8</span> <span>Other facilities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_facilities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Computing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Computing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.9</span> <span>Computing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Computing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Research_areas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Research_areas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Research areas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Research_areas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chairpersons_of_the_DESY_Directorate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chairpersons_of_the_DESY_Directorate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Chairpersons of the DESY Directorate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chairpersons_of_the_DESY_Directorate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Joint_research_centres" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Joint_research_centres"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Joint research centres</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Joint_research_centres-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Knowledge_and_technology_transfer" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Knowledge_and_technology_transfer"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Knowledge and technology transfer</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Knowledge_and_technology_transfer-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" 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mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 23 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-23" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">23 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%B9_%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%B2%D9%8A" title="مسرع ديزي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مسرع ديزي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/DESY" title="DESY – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="DESY" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/DESY" title="DESY – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="DESY" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/DESY" title="DESY – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="DESY" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutsches_Elektronen-Synchrotron" title="Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/DESY" title="DESY – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="DESY" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%B3%DB%8C_(%D8%B4%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8%E2%80%8C%D8%AF%D9%87%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%87)" title="دسی (شتاب‌دهنده) – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="دسی (شتاب‌دهنده)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutsches_Elektronen-Synchrotron" title="Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/DESY" title="DESY – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="DESY" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/DESY" title="DESY – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="DESY" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/DESY" title="DESY – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="DESY" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%89%E3%82%A4%E3%83%84%E9%9B%BB%E5%AD%90%E3%82%B7%E3%83%B3%E3%82%AF%E3%83%AD%E3%83%88%E3%83%AD%E3%83%B3" title="ドイツ電子シンクロトロン – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ドイツ電子シンクロトロン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/DESY" title="DESY – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="DESY" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/DESY" title="DESY – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="DESY" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/DESY" title="DESY – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="DESY" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/DESY" title="DESY – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="DESY" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/DESY" title="DESY – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="DESY" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/DESY" title="DESY – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="DESY" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/DESY" title="DESY – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="DESY" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/DESY" title="DESY – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="DESY" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/DESY" title="DESY – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="DESY" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%9C%8B%E9%9B%BB%E5%AD%90%E5%8A%A0%E9%80%9F%E5%99%A8" title="德國電子加速器 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="德國電子加速器" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%9C%8B%E9%9B%BB%E5%AD%90%E5%8A%A0%E9%80%9F%E5%99%A8" title="德國電子加速器 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="德國電子加速器" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q311801#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/DESY" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a 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.geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=DESY&params=53_34_33_N_9_52_46_E_region:DE-HH_type:landmark"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">53°34′33″N</span> <span class="longitude">9°52′46″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">53.57583°N 9.87944°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">53.57583; 9.87944</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">German national research center</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/DESY_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="DESY (disambiguation)">DESY (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px 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.mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/DESY" title="Special:EditPage/DESY">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22DESY%22">"DESY"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22DESY%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22DESY%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22DESY%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22DESY%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22DESY%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">December 2012</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org"><big>DESY</big><br /><div class="nickname">Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron</div></caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><br /><small>logo</small></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Desy_logo_3c_web.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Desy_logo_3c_web.svg/250px-Desy_logo_3c_web.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Desy_logo_3c_web.svg/500px-Desy_logo_3c_web.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em"><a href="/wiki/Motto" title="Motto">Motto</a></th><td class="infobox-data">"<i>The Decoding of Matter</i>"</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em">Established</th><td class="infobox-data">18 December 1959<span style="display: none;"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1959-12-18</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em">Research type</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Fundamental_research" class="mw-redirect" title="Fundamental research">Fundamental research</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em"><a href="/wiki/Budget" title="Budget">Budget</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> <a href="/wiki/Euro" title="Euro">€</a> 232 million (2020)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Field of research</div></th><td class="infobox-data category"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Particle_accelerator" title="Particle accelerator">Particle accelerators</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Particle_physics" title="Particle physics">Particle physics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photon" title="Photon">Photon</a> science</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astroparticle_physics" title="Astroparticle physics">Astroparticle physics</a></li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em"><a href="/wiki/Director_(business)" title="Director (business)">Director</a></th><td class="infobox-data agent"><a href="/wiki/Beate_Heinemann" title="Beate Heinemann">Beate Heinemann</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em"><a href="/wiki/Employment" title="Employment">Staff</a></th><td class="infobox-data">2,700 (plus over 3,000 guest scientists p.a.)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em"><a href="/wiki/Student" title="Student">Students</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 500 PhD students and postdocs</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em">Address</th><td class="infobox-data label">Notkestraße 85, <br /><span class="nowrap">22607 <a href="/wiki/Hamburg" title="Hamburg">Hamburg</a>, Germany</span> <br />Platanenallee 6, <br /><span class="nowrap">15738 <a href="/wiki/Zeuthen" title="Zeuthen">Zeuthen</a>, Germany</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em">Location</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=DESY&params=53_34_33_N_9_52_46_E_region:DE-HH_type:landmark"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">53°34′33″N</span> <span class="longitude">9°52′46″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">53.57583°N 9.87944°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">53.57583; 9.87944</span></span></span></a></span></span><br /><span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818" /><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=DESY&params=52_22_00_N_13_37_00_E_"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">52°22′00″N</span> <span class="longitude">13°37′00″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">52.36667°N 13.61667°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">52.36667; 13.61667</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em"><a href="/wiki/Campus" title="Campus">Campus</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Bahrenfeld" title="Bahrenfeld">Hamburg-Bahrenfeld</a>, <br /><a href="/wiki/Zeuthen" title="Zeuthen">Zeuthen</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em"><a href="/wiki/Consortium" title="Consortium">Affiliations</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Helmholtz_Association" title="Helmholtz Association">Helmholtz Association</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://desy.de">desy<wbr />.de</a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Map</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:240px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:240px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:240px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Germany_adm_location_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="DESY is located in Germany"><img alt="DESY is located in Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Germany_adm_location_map.svg/250px-Germany_adm_location_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="240" height="285" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Germany_adm_location_map.svg/500px-Germany_adm_location_map.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1073" data-file-height="1272" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:19.293%;left:43.794%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="DESY"><img alt="DESY" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Location in Germany</div></div></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>DESY</b>, short for <b>Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron</b> (English: <i>German Electron Synchrotron</i>), is a national research centre for <a href="/wiki/Fundamental_science" class="mw-redirect" title="Fundamental science">fundamental science</a> located in <a href="/wiki/Hamburg" title="Hamburg">Hamburg</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zeuthen" title="Zeuthen">Zeuthen</a> near Berlin in <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>. It operates <a href="/wiki/Particle_accelerator" title="Particle accelerator">particle accelerators</a> used to investigate the structure, dynamics and function of <a href="/wiki/Matter" title="Matter">matter</a>, and conducts a broad spectrum of interdisciplinary scientific research in four main areas: <a href="/wiki/Particle_physics" title="Particle physics">particle</a> and <a href="/wiki/High_energy_physics" class="mw-redirect" title="High energy physics">high energy physics</a>; <a href="/wiki/Photon" title="Photon">photon</a> science; <a href="/wiki/Astroparticle_physics" title="Astroparticle physics">astroparticle physics</a>; and the development, construction and operation of particle accelerators. Its name refers to its first project, an <a href="/wiki/Electron" title="Electron">electron</a> <a href="/wiki/Synchrotron" title="Synchrotron">synchrotron</a>. DESY is publicly financed by the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Republic_of_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal Republic of Germany">Federal Republic of Germany</a> and the Federal States of <a href="/wiki/Hamburg" title="Hamburg">Hamburg</a> and <a href="/wiki/Brandenburg" title="Brandenburg">Brandenburg</a> and is a member of the <a href="/wiki/Helmholtz_Association" title="Helmholtz Association">Helmholtz Association</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Functions_and_mission">Functions and mission</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=DESY&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Functions and mission"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>DESY's function is to conduct <a href="/wiki/Fundamental_research" class="mw-redirect" title="Fundamental research">fundamental research</a> for solely civil and peaceful purposes. It specialises in <a href="/wiki/Particle_accelerator" title="Particle accelerator">particle accelerator</a> development, construction and operation, <a href="/wiki/Particle_physics" title="Particle physics">particle physics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Astroparticle_physics" title="Astroparticle physics">astroparticle physics</a> and photon science research to explore the fundamental relationships between the structure, dynamics and function of matter. In cooperation with its partner organisations, its photon science research spans surface physics, <a href="/wiki/Material_science" class="mw-redirect" title="Material science">material science</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chemistry" title="Chemistry">chemistry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Molecular_biology" title="Molecular biology">molecular biology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Geophysics" title="Geophysics">geophysics</a> and <a href="/wiki/Medicine" title="Medicine">medicine</a> through the use of <a href="/wiki/Synchrotron_radiation" title="Synchrotron radiation">synchrotron radiation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Free-electron_laser" title="Free-electron laser">free-electron lasers</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In addition to operating its own large accelerator facilities, DESY participates in many major international research projects, for example the <a href="/wiki/European_X-Ray_Free-Electron_Laser" class="mw-redirect" title="European X-Ray Free-Electron Laser">European X-Ray Free-Electron Laser</a> in Germany, the <a href="/wiki/Large_Hadron_Collider" title="Large Hadron Collider">Large Hadron Collider</a> in Switzerland, the <a href="/wiki/Belle_II_experiment" title="Belle II experiment">Belle II experiment</a> in Japan, the <a href="/wiki/IceCube_Neutrino_Observatory" title="IceCube Neutrino Observatory">IceCube Neutrino Observatory</a> at the South Pole and the worldwide <a href="/wiki/Cherenkov_Telescope_Array" title="Cherenkov Telescope Array">Cherenkov Telescope Array</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sites">Sites</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=DESY&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Sites"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:DESY_main_entrance_2014.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/DESY_main_entrance_2014.jpg/220px-DESY_main_entrance_2014.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/DESY_main_entrance_2014.jpg/330px-DESY_main_entrance_2014.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/DESY_main_entrance_2014.jpg/440px-DESY_main_entrance_2014.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1276" data-file-height="850" /></a><figcaption>Main entrance of the DESY campus in Hamburg</figcaption></figure> <p>DESY operates in two locations. The primary location is in the <a href="/wiki/Bahrenfeld" title="Bahrenfeld">Bahrenfeld</a> quarter of <a href="/wiki/Hamburg" title="Hamburg">Hamburg</a>. In 1992, DESY expanded to a second site in <a href="/wiki/Zeuthen" title="Zeuthen">Zeuthen</a> near <a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hamburg">Hamburg</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=DESY&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Hamburg"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The DESY Hamburg site is located in the quarter <a href="/wiki/Bahrenfeld" title="Bahrenfeld">Bahrenfeld</a>, in the west of the city in the district of <a href="/wiki/Altona,_Hamburg" title="Altona, Hamburg">Altona</a>. Its main accelerators are located here. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Zeuthen">Zeuthen</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=DESY&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Zeuthen"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Following <a href="/wiki/German_reunification" title="German reunification">German reunification</a>, DESY expanded to a second site in <a href="/wiki/Zeuthen" title="Zeuthen">Zeuthen</a> near Berlin. In 1939, the German Postal Ministry founded a nuclear physics laboratory there. After World War II, the laboratory was first named "Institute X", to become the Institute for High Energy Physics (<a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>: <i lang="de">Institut für Hochenergiephysik IfH</i>), the high-energy physics laboratory of the <a href="/wiki/German_Democratic_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="German Democratic Republic">German Democratic Republic</a> belonging to the <a href="/wiki/Academy_of_Sciences_of_the_GDR" class="mw-redirect" title="Academy of Sciences of the GDR">Academy of Sciences of the GDR</a>. The institute was merged with DESY on 1 January 1992. It focuses on <a href="/wiki/Parallel_computing" title="Parallel computing">parallel computing</a> for theoretical particle physics, the development and construction of electron sources for X-ray lasers as well as <a href="/wiki/Astroparticle_physics" title="Astroparticle physics">astroparticle physics</a> with a focus on <a href="/wiki/Gamma-ray" class="mw-redirect" title="Gamma-ray">gamma-ray</a> and <a href="/wiki/Neutrino" title="Neutrino">neutrino</a> astronomy.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Employees_and_training">Employees and training</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=DESY&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Employees and training"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>DESY employs about 3,000 staff members from more than 60 nations. Most staff work at the Hamburg site, with about 270 at the Zeuthen site. These numbers include more than 130 trainees in various industrial-technical professions and about 500 PhD students and postdocs supervised by DESY. In addition, there are numerous master students from various universities.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Budget_and_financing">Budget and financing</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=DESY&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Budget and financing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The research centre is a <a href="/wiki/Stiftung" title="Stiftung">foundation under civil law</a> financed by public funds. In 2020, DESY had an annual budget of about 232 million euros (according to the German federal budget plan, excluding expenditure for investments and special financing expenses). In addition, it had a third-party funding income of about 18 million euros. 90% of the annual budget is provided by the German <a href="/wiki/Federal_Ministry_of_Education_and_Research_(Germany)" title="Federal Ministry of Education and Research (Germany)">Federal Ministry of Education and Research</a> (<a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>: <i lang="de">Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung</i>)<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and 10% respectively by the <a href="/wiki/Free_and_Hanseatic_City_of_Hamburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Free and Hanseatic City of Hamburg">Free and Hanseatic City of Hamburg</a><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the German federal state of <a href="/wiki/Brandenburg" title="Brandenburg">Brandenburg</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Particle_accelerators_and_other_facilities">Particle accelerators and other facilities</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=DESY&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Particle accelerators and other facilities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PETRA_III_Max_von_Laue_Hall_inside_2014.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/PETRA_III_Max_von_Laue_Hall_inside_2014.png/250px-PETRA_III_Max_von_Laue_Hall_inside_2014.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="217" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/PETRA_III_Max_von_Laue_Hall_inside_2014.png/330px-PETRA_III_Max_von_Laue_Hall_inside_2014.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/PETRA_III_Max_von_Laue_Hall_inside_2014.png/500px-PETRA_III_Max_von_Laue_Hall_inside_2014.png 2x" data-file-width="863" data-file-height="850" /></a><figcaption>View inside the PETRA III "Max von Laue" hall on the DESY campus in Hamburg</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:FLASH_II_2014.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/FLASH_II_2014.jpg/220px-FLASH_II_2014.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/FLASH_II_2014.jpg/330px-FLASH_II_2014.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/FLASH_II_2014.jpg/440px-FLASH_II_2014.jpg 2x" data-file-width="851" data-file-height="567" /></a><figcaption>FLASH2 experimental hall on the DESY campus in Hamburg</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2018-12-16_DESY-Beschleuniger1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/2018-12-16_DESY-Beschleuniger1.jpg/250px-2018-12-16_DESY-Beschleuniger1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="183" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/2018-12-16_DESY-Beschleuniger1.jpg/330px-2018-12-16_DESY-Beschleuniger1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/2018-12-16_DESY-Beschleuniger1.jpg/500px-2018-12-16_DESY-Beschleuniger1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1772" data-file-height="1470" /></a><figcaption>LINAC II and DESY II are electron pre-accelerators for the storage ring PETRA III, which, together with the free-electron laser FLASH, serves as a light source for photon science. Also shown is the European XFEL X-ray laser, which runs from the DESY campus to the town of Schenefeld in Schleswig-Holstein.</figcaption></figure> <p>DESY's accelerators were not all built at once, but were rather added one by one to meet the growing demand of the scientists for higher and higher energies to gain more insight into particle structures. In the course of the construction of new accelerators, the older ones were converted to pre-accelerators or to sources for <a href="/wiki/Synchrotron_radiation" title="Synchrotron radiation">synchrotron radiation</a> for laboratories with new research tasks. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="DESY">DESY</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=DESY&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: DESY"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/DESY_(particle_accelerator)" title="DESY (particle accelerator)">DESY (particle accelerator)</a></div> <p>The DESY <a href="/wiki/Synchrotron" title="Synchrotron">synchrotron</a> (short for "Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron") has been in operation since 1964. Its circumference is 300 m. It was used until 1978 for particle physics experiments and first measurements with synchrotron radiation. Since then, rebuilt and upgraded several times, it has served as a pre-accelerator and as a test beam facility delivering high-energy particle beams for testing detector systems.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="DORIS">DORIS</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=DESY&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: DORIS"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/DORIS_(particle_accelerator)" title="DORIS (particle accelerator)">DORIS (particle accelerator)</a></div> <p>The DORIS <a href="/wiki/Storage_ring" title="Storage ring">storage ring</a> (short for Double Ring Storage Facility) operated from 1974 to 2013. It had a circumference of 289 m. Until 1992, it collided electrons with positrons for particle physics experiments (including the <a href="/wiki/ARGUS_(experiment)" title="ARGUS (experiment)">ARGUS</a> experiment). From 1980 on, the synchrotron radiation generated by DORIS was used for photon science experiments; from 1993 to 2012, the storage ring served exclusively as a <a href="/wiki/Synchrotron_light_source" title="Synchrotron light source">synchrotron radiation source</a>. The particle physics experiment OLYMPUS then ran in 2012 before DORIS was shut down at the beginning of 2013. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="PETRA">PETRA <span class="anchor" id="Petra_III"></span></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=DESY&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: PETRA"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/PETRA" class="mw-redirect" title="PETRA">PETRA</a></div> <p>The PETRA storage ring (short for Positron–Electron Tandem Ring Accelerator) has been in operation since 1978. It has a circumference of 2,304 m. Until 1986, electrons and positrons collided in PETRA for research in particle physics (experiments <a href="/wiki/JADE_(particle_detector)" title="JADE (particle detector)">JADE</a>, MARK-J, <a href="/wiki/TASSO" title="TASSO">TASSO</a> and <a href="/wiki/PLUTO_detector" title="PLUTO detector">PLUTO</a>). From 1990 on, PETRA served as a pre-accelerator for the <a href="/wiki/HERA_(particle_accelerator)" title="HERA (particle accelerator)">HERA</a> storage ring, and from 1995 on also as a synchrotron radiation source with two test experimental stations. Since 2009, the facility has been delivering <a href="/wiki/X-ray#energy_ranges" title="X-ray">hard X-ray</a> beams of very high <a href="/wiki/Brilliance_(synchrotron_light)" class="mw-redirect" title="Brilliance (synchrotron light)">brilliance</a> to over 40 experimental stations under the name <a href="/wiki/PETRA_III" class="mw-redirect" title="PETRA III">PETRA III</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="HERA">HERA</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=DESY&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: HERA"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/HERA_(particle_accelerator)" title="HERA (particle accelerator)">HERA (particle accelerator)</a></div> <p>The HERA storage ring (short for Hadron–Electron Ring Accelerator) operated from 1992 to 2007. It has a circumference of 6,336 m. It was DESY's largest ring accelerator and Germany's largest research instrument to date. Until 2007, HERA was the only storage ring facility in the world to enable collisions of electrons or positrons with protons for particle physics (experiments <a href="/wiki/H1_(particle_detector)" title="H1 (particle detector)">H1</a>, <a href="/wiki/ZEUS_(particle_detector)" title="ZEUS (particle detector)">ZEUS</a>, <a href="/wiki/HERMES_experiment" title="HERMES experiment">HERMES</a> and <a href="/wiki/HERA-B" title="HERA-B">HERA-B</a>) for studies of the inner structure of the proton. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="FLASH">FLASH</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=DESY&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: FLASH"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/FLASH" title="FLASH">FLASH</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Free-electron_laser" title="Free-electron laser">free-electron laser</a> (FEL) FLASH (short for Free-Electron Laser in Hamburg) has been in operation since 2000. It has a length of 315 m. It is based on a test facility for superconducting accelerator technology built in 1997 for the <a href="/wiki/Teraelectronvolt_Energy_Superconducting_Linear_Accelerator" class="mw-redirect" title="Teraelectronvolt Energy Superconducting Linear Accelerator">TESLA</a> project and has served as a user facility for experiments with the generated FEL radiation since 2005. FLASH provides ultrashort light pulses in the <a href="/wiki/Extreme_ultraviolet" title="Extreme ultraviolet">extreme ultraviolet</a> and <a href="/wiki/X-ray#energy_ranges" title="X-ray">soft X-ray</a> range for seven experimental stations and is also used as a test facility for the development of accelerator and FEL technologies.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="European_XFEL_accelerator">European XFEL accelerator</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=DESY&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: European XFEL accelerator"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/European_XFEL" title="European XFEL">European XFEL</a></div> <p>DESY operates the 1.7 km superconducting <a href="/wiki/Linear_accelerator" class="mw-redirect" title="Linear accelerator">linear accelerator</a> of the European XFEL X-ray free-electron laser, an international research facility that delivers ultrashort light pulses in the high-energy X-ray range.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="PITZ">PITZ</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=DESY&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: PITZ"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/PITZ" title="PITZ">PITZ</a></div> <p>Since 2001, the DESY site in Zeuthen has been home to the photoinjector test facility PITZ, a linear accelerator used to study, optimise and prepare the electron sources for FLASH and (since 2015) for the European XFEL.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_facilities">Other facilities</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=DESY&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Other facilities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The building of the former DORIS storage ring now houses the SINBAD ("Short Innovative Bunches and Accelerators at DESY")<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> accelerator complex with various infrastructures for accelerator R&D: the linear accelerator ARES for accelerator research with ultrashort electron pulses for medical purposes, the AXSIS facility for <a href="/wiki/Terahertz_radiation" title="Terahertz radiation">terahertz</a>-driven acceleration to generate ultrashort X-ray pulses for materials science or medical imaging, and the high-power laser KALDERA for research into laser-driven <a href="/wiki/Plasma_acceleration" title="Plasma acceleration">plasma acceleration</a>. </p><p>The LUX facility is also used for research into laser-driven plasma acceleration, the FLASHForward experiment at FLASH for electron-beam-driven plasma acceleration. The relativistic electron beam source REGAE generates ultrashort electron pulses for time-resolved <a href="/wiki/Diffraction" title="Diffraction">diffraction</a> experiments. </p><p>The tunnel of the former HERA storage ring now houses the ALPS II experiment, which uses converted superconducting <a href="/wiki/Dipole_magnet" title="Dipole magnet">dipole magnets</a> of the HERA proton ring to study extremely light particles.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Computing">Computing</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=DESY&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Computing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>DESY provides extensive storage and computing capacity for research in all its divisions. As part of the <a href="/wiki/Worldwide_LHC_Computing_Grid" title="Worldwide LHC Computing Grid">Worldwide LHC Computing Grid</a> (WLCG), DESY also operates a Tier-2 computer centre that offers computing and storage systems for the <a href="/wiki/ATLAS_experiment" title="ATLAS experiment">ATLAS</a>, <a href="/wiki/Compact_Muon_Solenoid" title="Compact Muon Solenoid">CMS</a> and <a href="/wiki/LHCb" class="mw-redirect" title="LHCb">LHCb</a> experiments at the <a href="/wiki/Large_Hadron_Collider" title="Large Hadron Collider">Large Hadron Collider</a> (LHC). In addition, the DESY grid infrastructure is used by other experiments such as <a href="/wiki/Belle_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Belle II">Belle II</a> or <a href="/wiki/IceCube_Neutrino_Observatory" title="IceCube Neutrino Observatory">IceCube</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> DESY (Hamburg) also provides the Maxwell Cluster, a <a href="/wiki/High-performance_computing" title="High-performance computing">high-performance computing</a> platform. <sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Research_areas">Research areas</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=DESY&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Research areas"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Research at DESY is organised into four divisions: Accelerators, Photon Science, Particle Physics and Astroparticle Physics. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:TTF_Cavity-Verbindung_im_Reinraum_2-a3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/TTF_Cavity-Verbindung_im_Reinraum_2-a3.jpg/250px-TTF_Cavity-Verbindung_im_Reinraum_2-a3.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/TTF_Cavity-Verbindung_im_Reinraum_2-a3.jpg/330px-TTF_Cavity-Verbindung_im_Reinraum_2-a3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/TTF_Cavity-Verbindung_im_Reinraum_2-a3.jpg/500px-TTF_Cavity-Verbindung_im_Reinraum_2-a3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1772" data-file-height="1319" /></a><figcaption>The superconducting resonators used in the linear accelerators of the free-electron laser FLASH and the European XFEL X-ray laser are processed and assembled in a cleanroom.</figcaption></figure> <p>The Accelerator division develops fundamental technologies for the accelerator facilities that DESY and its partners use in their scientific mission. In addition to the operation and further development of existing facilities (PETRA IV and FLASH2020+ projects, expansion of the European XFEL), essential activities include research into new accelerator concepts, in particular <a href="/wiki/Plasma_wakefield_acceleration" class="mw-redirect" title="Plasma wakefield acceleration">plasma wakefield acceleration</a>, and the improvement of <a href="/wiki/Superconductivity" title="Superconductivity">superconducting</a> <a href="/wiki/Radio_frequency" title="Radio frequency">radio frequency</a> accelerator technology.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2020-04-03_PETRA_III_P11_Coronavirus_CSSB_MM-6489.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/2020-04-03_PETRA_III_P11_Coronavirus_CSSB_MM-6489.jpg/220px-2020-04-03_PETRA_III_P11_Coronavirus_CSSB_MM-6489.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/2020-04-03_PETRA_III_P11_Coronavirus_CSSB_MM-6489.jpg/330px-2020-04-03_PETRA_III_P11_Coronavirus_CSSB_MM-6489.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/2020-04-03_PETRA_III_P11_Coronavirus_CSSB_MM-6489.jpg/440px-2020-04-03_PETRA_III_P11_Coronavirus_CSSB_MM-6489.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2362" data-file-height="1575" /></a><figcaption>Experiments to investigate the SARS-CoV-2 virus at the PETRA III synchrotron radiation source at DESY</figcaption></figure> <p>In the Photon Science division, <a href="/wiki/Photon" title="Photon">photons</a> are being used to study the structure, dynamics and function of matter. To this end, the division develops, builds and operates beamlines and experiments at the DESY light sources <a href="/wiki/PETRA" class="mw-redirect" title="PETRA">PETRA III</a> and <a href="/wiki/FLASH" title="FLASH">FLASH</a>. Every year, more than 3,000 researchers – most of them from universities, but also from non-university research institutions and industry – from over 40 countries conduct experiments at the light sources and in the laboratories at DESY.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The research spectrum ranges from <a href="/wiki/Basic_research" title="Basic research">basic research</a> to <a href="/wiki/Applied_science" title="Applied science">applied research</a> and industrial collaborations in <a href="/wiki/Physics" title="Physics">physics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chemistry" title="Chemistry">chemistry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Biology" title="Biology">biology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Medicine" title="Medicine">medicine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Life_sciences" class="mw-redirect" title="Life sciences">life sciences</a>, <a href="/wiki/Earth_sciences" class="mw-redirect" title="Earth sciences">earth sciences</a>, <a href="/wiki/Materials_research" class="mw-redirect" title="Materials research">materials research</a> as well as the study of <a href="/wiki/Cultural_property" title="Cultural property">cultural heritage</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:DAF_CMS.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/DAF_CMS.jpg/250px-DAF_CMS.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/DAF_CMS.jpg/330px-DAF_CMS.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/DAF_CMS.jpg/500px-DAF_CMS.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1181" data-file-height="787" /></a><figcaption>In the Detector Assembly Facility (DAF) at DESY, new, more radiation-resistant and precise silicon tracking detectors are produced for the ATLAS and CMS experiments at the LHC accelerator at CERN (here for CMS).</figcaption></figure> <p>The Particle Physics division is involved in the large-scale experiments at the <a href="/wiki/Large_Hadron_Collider" title="Large Hadron Collider">Large Hadron Collider</a> (LHC) at <a href="/wiki/CERN" title="CERN">CERN</a> near Geneva. As part of the international collaborations that run the <a href="/wiki/ATLAS_experiment" title="ATLAS experiment">ATLAS</a> and <a href="/wiki/Compact_Muon_Solenoid" title="Compact Muon Solenoid">CMS</a> experiments, DESY contributes to many developments at the LHC, from hardware design and data analysis to preparations for the planned upgrades. DESY also participates in the <a href="/wiki/Belle_II_experiment" title="Belle II experiment">Belle II experiment</a> at the electron–positron collider <a href="/wiki/SuperKEKB" title="SuperKEKB">SuperKEKB</a> at the research centre <a href="/wiki/KEK" title="KEK">KEK</a> in <a href="/wiki/Tsukuba" title="Tsukuba">Tsukuba</a>, Japan, as well as in developments for possible future electron–positron linear colliders. It is also active in theoretical particle physics.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:IceCube_Optisches_Modul2_2004.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/IceCube_Optisches_Modul2_2004.jpg/220px-IceCube_Optisches_Modul2_2004.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/IceCube_Optisches_Modul2_2004.jpg/330px-IceCube_Optisches_Modul2_2004.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/IceCube_Optisches_Modul2_2004.jpg/440px-IceCube_Optisches_Modul2_2004.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1772" data-file-height="1379" /></a><figcaption> DESY produces a large part of the digital optical modules for the neutrino observatory IceCube at the South Pole.</figcaption></figure> <p>The Astroparticle Physics division investigates high-energy processes in the universe. Detectors and telescopes are used to analyse <a href="/wiki/Neutrino" title="Neutrino">neutrinos</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gamma_ray" title="Gamma ray">gamma rays</a> from space, which can provide information about cosmic phenomena: <a href="/wiki/Black_hole" title="Black hole">black holes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nova" title="Nova">exploding stars</a> and radiation bursts of extreme intensity. To this end, DESY is involved in the gamma telescopes <a href="/wiki/MAGIC_(telescope)" title="MAGIC (telescope)">MAGIC</a>, <a href="/wiki/High_Energy_Stereoscopic_System" title="High Energy Stereoscopic System">H.E.S.S.</a> and <a href="/wiki/VERITAS" title="VERITAS">VERITAS</a> as well as the <a href="/wiki/Fermi_Gamma-ray_Space_Telescope" title="Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope">Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope</a>, and it contributes to the planned <a href="/wiki/Cherenkov_Telescope_Array" title="Cherenkov Telescope Array">Cherenkov Telescope Array</a> (CTA). It is the second largest partner in the <a href="/wiki/IceCube_Neutrino_Observatory" title="IceCube Neutrino Observatory">IceCube</a> observatory at the South Pole.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=DESY&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Desy.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Desy.jpg/250px-Desy.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Desy.jpg/330px-Desy.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Desy.jpg/500px-Desy.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4078" data-file-height="2430" /></a><figcaption>German 1984 postal stamp – 25th anniversary of the foundation of DESY</figcaption></figure> <p>DESY was founded on 18 December 1959 in Hamburg.<sup id="cite_ref-Lohrmann_Söding_CC_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lohrmann_Söding_CC-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to its statutes, DESY's mission is "the promotion of basic scientific research [...] in particular through the development, construction and operation of accelerators and their scientific use, in photon science and in the fields of particle and astroparticle physics, as well as through research and development work related thereto".<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:DESY2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/DESY2.jpg/220px-DESY2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/DESY2.jpg/330px-DESY2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/DESY2.jpg/440px-DESY2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/ARGUS_(experiment)" title="ARGUS (experiment)">ARGUS</a> detector at the former electron–positron storage ring DORIS at DESY</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1980-09-22_TASSO-Event_Gluon_Entdeckung_sw.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/1980-09-22_TASSO-Event_Gluon_Entdeckung_sw.jpg/220px-1980-09-22_TASSO-Event_Gluon_Entdeckung_sw.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="264" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/1980-09-22_TASSO-Event_Gluon_Entdeckung_sw.jpg/330px-1980-09-22_TASSO-Event_Gluon_Entdeckung_sw.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/1980-09-22_TASSO-Event_Gluon_Entdeckung_sw.jpg/440px-1980-09-22_TASSO-Event_Gluon_Entdeckung_sw.jpg 2x" data-file-width="983" data-file-height="1181" /></a><figcaption>In 1979, the particle physics experiments at the electron–positron storage ring PETRA at DESY discovered the gluon, the messenger particle of the strong force.</figcaption></figure> <p>From 1959 to 2007, the DESY accelerators were primarily used for <a href="/wiki/Particle_physics" title="Particle physics">particle physics</a>, initially with the eponymous <a href="/wiki/DESY_(particle_accelerator)" title="DESY (particle accelerator)">DESY electron synchrotron</a> (1964–present), followed by <a href="/wiki/DORIS_(particle_accelerator)" title="DORIS (particle accelerator)">DORIS</a> (Double Ring Storage Facility, 1974–1992), <a href="/wiki/PETRA" class="mw-redirect" title="PETRA">PETRA</a> (Positron–Electron Tandem Ring Facility, 1978–present) and <a href="/wiki/HERA_(particle_accelerator)" title="HERA (particle accelerator)">HERA</a> (Hadron–Electron Ring Accelerator, 1992–2007). In 1987, the <a href="/wiki/ARGUS_(experiment)" title="ARGUS (experiment)">ARGUS</a> experiment at DORIS was the first to observe a large mixing of <a href="/wiki/B_mesons" class="mw-redirect" title="B mesons">B mesons</a> and thus a process in which matter and <a href="/wiki/Antimatter" title="Antimatter">antimatter</a> behave differently.<sup id="cite_ref-Lohrmann_Söding_CC_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lohrmann_Söding_CC-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The most important discovery of the experiments <a href="/wiki/TASSO" title="TASSO">TASSO</a>, <a href="/wiki/JADE_(particle_detector)" title="JADE (particle detector)">JADE</a>, MARK-J and <a href="/wiki/PLUTO_detector" title="PLUTO detector">PLUTO</a> at PETRA was the detection of the <a href="/wiki/Gluon" title="Gluon">gluon</a>, the messenger particle of the <a href="/wiki/Strong_force" class="mw-redirect" title="Strong force">strong force</a>, in 1979.<sup id="cite_ref-Lohrmann_Söding_CC_26-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lohrmann_Söding_CC-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From 1990, PETRA served as a pre-accelerator for the even larger <a href="/wiki/Storage_ring" title="Storage ring">storage ring</a> HERA with its four experiments <a href="/wiki/H1_(particle_detector)" title="H1 (particle detector)">H1</a>, <a href="/wiki/ZEUS_(particle_detector)" title="ZEUS (particle detector)">ZEUS</a>, <a href="/wiki/HERMES_experiment" title="HERMES experiment">HERMES</a> and <a href="/wiki/HERA-B" title="HERA-B">HERA-B</a>. HERA was the only storage ring facility in the world in which <a href="/wiki/Proton" title="Proton">protons</a> collided with electrons or <a href="/wiki/Positron" title="Positron">positrons</a>. In these collisions, the point-like electron acted like a probe, scanning the inner structure of the proton and making it visible with high resolution. HERA's precise insights into the interior of the proton formed the basis for numerous other particle physics experiments, especially at the <a href="/wiki/Large_Hadron_Collider" title="Large Hadron Collider">Large Hadron Collider</a> (LHC) at the research centre <a href="/wiki/CERN" title="CERN">CERN</a> and for numerous developments in theoretical particle physics.<sup id="cite_ref-Lohrmann_Söding_CC_26-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lohrmann_Söding_CC-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PETRA_III_Max_von_Laue_Hall_2014.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/PETRA_III_Max_von_Laue_Hall_2014.png/220px-PETRA_III_Max_von_Laue_Hall_2014.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/PETRA_III_Max_von_Laue_Hall_2014.png/330px-PETRA_III_Max_von_Laue_Hall_2014.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/PETRA_III_Max_von_Laue_Hall_2014.png/440px-PETRA_III_Max_von_Laue_Hall_2014.png 2x" data-file-width="996" data-file-height="850" /></a><figcaption>"Max von Laue" experimental hall at the synchrotron radiation source PETRA III on the DESY campus in Hamburg</figcaption></figure> <p>In parallel, as early as the 1960s, research groups from DESY, various universities and the <a href="/wiki/Max_Planck_Society" title="Max Planck Society">Max Planck Society</a> developed the technology for using the <a href="/wiki/Synchrotron_radiation" title="Synchrotron radiation">synchrotron radiation</a> produced by the accelerators.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To meet the rapidly growing national and European demand, DESY founded its own large laboratory: the Hamburg Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory HASYLAB, which opened in 1980.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It provided measuring stations at DORIS, and it was here that the Israeli biochemist <a href="/wiki/Ada_Yonath" title="Ada Yonath">Ada Yonath</a> (Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2009) conducted experiments from 1986 to 2004 that led to her deciphering the <a href="/wiki/Ribosome" title="Ribosome">ribosome</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Lohrmann_Söding_CC_26-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lohrmann_Söding_CC-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From 1995, both synchrotron radiation and particle physics experiments were conducted at PETRA. In 2009, the PETRA facility was upgraded for exclusive use as a <a href="/wiki/Synchrotron_light_source" title="Synchrotron light source">synchrotron radiation source</a> for <a href="/wiki/X-ray#energy_ranges" title="X-ray">hard X-rays</a> (PETRA III).<sup id="cite_ref-Lohrmann_Söding_CC_26-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lohrmann_Söding_CC-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Today, PETRA III serves over 40 experimental stations, and there are plans to expand it into the PETRA IV 3D X-ray microscope.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With the shutdown of DORIS in early 2013, the name HASYLAB was abandoned, and the use of DESY's light sources has since been carried out in its Photon Science division. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2015-04-10_FLASH2_DN-MKX-4904.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/2015-04-10_FLASH2_DN-MKX-4904.jpg/250px-2015-04-10_FLASH2_DN-MKX-4904.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/2015-04-10_FLASH2_DN-MKX-4904.jpg/330px-2015-04-10_FLASH2_DN-MKX-4904.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/2015-04-10_FLASH2_DN-MKX-4904.jpg/500px-2015-04-10_FLASH2_DN-MKX-4904.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1772" data-file-height="1181" /></a><figcaption>In the free-electron laser FLASH at DESY, electrons generate laser light in the soft X-ray range as they pass through special magnetic arrangements known as undulators (yellow).</figcaption></figure> <p>In the early 1990s, DESY began to develop a new technology: <a href="/wiki/Radio_frequency" title="Radio frequency">radio frequency</a> accelerator technology based on <a href="/wiki/Superconductivity" title="Superconductivity">superconducting</a> <a href="/wiki/Resonator#cavity_resonators" title="Resonator">cavities</a> made of <a href="/wiki/Niobium" title="Niobium">niobium</a>, which are cooled to approximately 2 K (−271 °C) with liquid <a href="/wiki/Helium" title="Helium">helium</a>. The first accelerator on this basis was a test facility for superconducting <a href="/wiki/Linear_accelerator" class="mw-redirect" title="Linear accelerator">linear accelerators</a> at DESY to test the principle of <a href="/wiki/Self-amplified_spontaneous_emission" title="Self-amplified spontaneous emission">self-amplified spontaneous emission</a> (SASE) of X-ray laser light.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The SASE theory was developed and refined at DESY and at institutes in Russia, Italy and the USA from 1980 onwards.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2000 to 2001, the test facility at DESY was the first <a href="/wiki/Free-electron_laser" title="Free-electron laser">free-electron laser</a> in the world to produce light flashes in the <a href="/wiki/Ultraviolet#Subtypes" title="Ultraviolet">vacuum ultraviolet</a> and <a href="/wiki/X-ray#energy_ranges" title="X-ray">soft X-ray</a> range.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Today, the <a href="/wiki/FLASH" title="FLASH">FLASH</a> facility produces ultrashort light pulses in the soft X-ray range for seven experimental stations.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since 2020, it has been expanded to further optimise the properties of the radiation (FLASH2020+ project).<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From 2009 to 2016, an international consortium led by DESY developed the European X-ray free-electron laser <a href="/wiki/European_XFEL" title="European XFEL">European XFEL</a>. The international research facility, which involves 12 European shareholder countries, is operated by the non-profit company European XFEL <a href="/wiki/GmbH" title="GmbH">GmbH</a>. The core of the facility is a 1.7 km superconducting linear accelerator. With an electron energy of 17.5 GeV, it is the most powerful superconducting linear accelerator in the world to date. DESY operates the accelerator on behalf of European XFEL GmbH.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since 2010, DESY has been developing <a href="/wiki/Plasma_acceleration" title="Plasma acceleration">plasma-based accelerator technology</a> (both laser- and electron-beam-driven) as a possible alternative to conventional accelerator technologies, with the aim of enabling compact accelerators for photon science, particle physics as well as medical and industrial applications.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Chairpersons_of_the_DESY_Directorate">Chairpersons of the DESY Directorate</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=DESY&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Chairpersons of the DESY Directorate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>DESY is headed by a Directorate consisting of the directors of the four divisions (Accelerators, Photon Science, Particle Physics and Astroparticle Physics) and the administration as well as the delegate of the Directorate for innovation. Chairpersons of the Directorate so far have been:<sup id="cite_ref-Lohrmann_Söding_CC_26-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lohrmann_Söding_CC-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>1959 to 1970: <a href="/wiki/Willibald_Jentschke" title="Willibald Jentschke">Willibald Jentschke</a>, Founding Director</li> <li>1971 to 1972: <a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Paul" title="Wolfgang Paul">Wolfgang Paul</a></li> <li>1973 to 1980: <a href="/wiki/Herwig_Schopper" title="Herwig Schopper">Herwig Schopper</a><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1981 to 1993: Volker Soergel</li> <li>1993 to 1999: <a href="/wiki/Bj%C3%B8rn_Wiik" title="Bjørn Wiik">Bjørn H. Wiik</a></li> <li>1999 to early 2009: Albrecht Wagner</li> <li>2009 to March 2025: Helmut Dosch</li> <li>since 1 April 2025: <a href="/wiki/Beate_Heinemann" title="Beate Heinemann">Beate Heinemann</a><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Joint_research_centres">Joint research centres</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=DESY&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Joint research centres"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CFEL-DESY_Hamburg.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/CFEL-DESY_Hamburg.jpg/250px-CFEL-DESY_Hamburg.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="331" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/CFEL-DESY_Hamburg.jpg/330px-CFEL-DESY_Hamburg.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/CFEL-DESY_Hamburg.jpg/500px-CFEL-DESY_Hamburg.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1996" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>Inside the Center for Free-Electron Laser Science (CFEL) in Hamburg</figcaption></figure> <p>The DESY campus in Hamburg is the location of several national and international centres in which DESY participates. These are:<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Center for Free-Electron Laser Science (CFEL): Investigation of ultrafast phenomena with free-electron lasers and optical lasers, studies of light–matter interaction under extreme conditions</li> <li>Centre for Structural Systems Biology (CSSB): Structural systems biology to study infection processes at the molecular level of viruses, bacteria and parasites</li> <li>Centre for X-ray and Nano Science (CXNS): Investigation of condensed matter with X-ray and complementary methods, high-resolution X-ray imaging, analysis of material processes</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Knowledge_and_technology_transfer">Knowledge and technology transfer</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=DESY&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Knowledge and technology transfer"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2021-08-04_Start-up_Labs_Bahrenfeld_MM-8624.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/2021-08-04_Start-up_Labs_Bahrenfeld_MM-8624.jpg/250px-2021-08-04_Start-up_Labs_Bahrenfeld_MM-8624.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/2021-08-04_Start-up_Labs_Bahrenfeld_MM-8624.jpg/330px-2021-08-04_Start-up_Labs_Bahrenfeld_MM-8624.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/2021-08-04_Start-up_Labs_Bahrenfeld_MM-8624.jpg/500px-2021-08-04_Start-up_Labs_Bahrenfeld_MM-8624.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="733" /></a><figcaption>The Start-up Labs Bahrenfeld, an innovation centre of DESY, the University of Hamburg and the Free and Hanseatic City of Hamburg were opened in September 2021.</figcaption></figure> <p>DESY aims to promote start-ups and bring know-how from fundamental research into application. It offers commercial companies support for industrial issues, e.g. through special industry access to photon sources and laboratories, develops ideas, applications and products based on fundamental research, and supports its employees in founding start-ups based on DESY technologies in the Hamburg and Brandenburg regions. DESY offers start-ups access to offices, laboratories and workshops in the DESY Innovation Village and the Start-up Labs Bahrenfeld, established together with the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Hamburg" title="University of Hamburg">University of Hamburg</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Free_and_Hanseatic_City_of_Hamburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Free and Hanseatic City of Hamburg">Free and Hanseatic City of Hamburg</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=DESY&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Stylised_atom_with_three_Bohr_model_orbits_and_stylised_nucleus.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Stylised_atom_with_three_Bohr_model_orbits_and_stylised_nucleus.svg/40px-Stylised_atom_with_three_Bohr_model_orbits_and_stylised_nucleus.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Stylised_atom_with_three_Bohr_model_orbits_and_stylised_nucleus.svg/60px-Stylised_atom_with_three_Bohr_model_orbits_and_stylised_nucleus.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="530" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Physics" title="Portal:Physics">Physics portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Flag_of_Hamburg.svg/40px-Flag_of_Hamburg.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Flag_of_Hamburg.svg/60px-Flag_of_Hamburg.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Flag_of_Hamburg.svg/120px-Flag_of_Hamburg.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Hamburg" title="Portal:Hamburg">Hamburg portal</a></span></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">DESY: Statutes of the Foundation <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.desy.de/sites2009/site_www-desy/content/e410/e207099/e207101/211208_DESY-Satzung_ger.pdf">Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY</a>. (PDF; 40 KB) In: www.desy.de. 8 December 2021. Retrieved 22 December 2022 (in German).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">DESY: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.desy.de/sites2009/site_www-desy/content/e410/e156434/e159719/DESY_Leitbild_englisch_eng.pdf">Mission and guiding principles of the research centre DESY</a>. (PDF; 3 MB) In: www.desy.de. May 2013. Retrieved 22 December 2022.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF): <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bmbf.de/bmbf/de/forschung/naturwissenschaften/grossgeraete/desy-deutsches-elektronen-synchrotron/deutsches-elektronen-synchrotron.html">Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron – DESY</a>. In: www.bmbf.de. Retrieved 22 December 2022 (in German).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Matthew Chalmers: <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://cerncourier.com/a/desys-astroparticle-aspirations/">[1]</a>. In: CERN Courier, 8 May 2019. Retrieved 22 December 2022.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.desy.de/about_desy/desy/index_eng.html">About DESY</a>. In: www.desy.de. Retrieved 27 March 2024.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF): <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bundeshaushalt.de/static/daten/2022/soll/epl30.pdf">Bundeshaushaltsplan 2022 – Einzelplan 30</a>. In: www.bundeshaushalt.de. Retrieved 23 December 2022 (in German).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Free and Hanseatic City of Hamburg: <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.hamburg.de/contentblob/14735974/5dbb95522346632bf4789e360afebc83/data/3-2.pdf">[2]</a>. In: www.hamburg.de. Retrieved 23 December 2022 (in German).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Land Brandenburg: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mdfe.brandenburg.de/sixcms/media.php/9/06_Ministerium%20für%20Wissenschaft%2C%20Forschung%20und%20Kultur%202022.pdf">Budget Plan 2021/2022 – Volume VI</a>. In: mdfe.brandenburg.de. Retrieved 22 December 2022 (in German).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://particle-physics.desy.de/e252106/">Test beams at DESY</a>. In: www.desy.de. Retrieved 23 December 2022.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wayforlight.eu/facility/20469">"PETRA III at DESY"</a>. Way for Light<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 February</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=PETRA+III+at+DESY&rft.pub=Way+for+Light&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wayforlight.eu%2Ffacility%2F20469&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADESY" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wayforlight.eu/facility/23603">"FLASH at DESY"</a>. Way for Light<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 February</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=FLASH+at+DESY&rft.pub=Way+for+Light&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wayforlight.eu%2Ffacility%2F23603&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADESY" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.xfel.eu/facility/overview/desy/index_eng.html">"DESY and the European XFEL"</a>. European XFEL<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 February</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=DESY+and+the+European+XFEL&rft.pub=European+XFEL&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.xfel.eu%2Ffacility%2Foverview%2Fdesy%2Findex_eng.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADESY" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pitz.desy.de">"PITZ homepage"</a>. DESY<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 February</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=PITZ+homepage&rft.pub=DESY&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpitz.desy.de&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADESY" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aries.web.cern.ch/sinbad">"SINBAD"</a>. Accelerator Research and Innovation for European Science and Society<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 March</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=SINBAD&rft.pub=Accelerator+Research+and+Innovation+for+European+Science+and+Society&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Faries.web.cern.ch%2Fsinbad&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADESY" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aei.mpg.de/636595/alps-ii">"ALPS II at MPG"</a>. Max Planck Institute for Gravitational Physics<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 March</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ALPS+II+at+MPG&rft.pub=Max+Planck+Institute+for+Gravitational+Physics&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aei.mpg.de%2F636595%2Falps-ii&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADESY" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://it.desy.de/services/computing_infrastructure/index_eng.html">Computing infrastructure</a>. In: www.desy.de. Retrieved 23 December 2022.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://maxwell.desy.de/">DESY Maxwell HPC</a>. In: maxwell.desy.de. Retrieved 16 December 2024.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> DESY: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.desy.de/sites2009/site_www-desy/content/e410/e84441/e326618/Accelerators2021_ger.pdf">Accelerators 2021. Highlights and Annual Report</a>. (PDF; 13 MB) In: www.desy.de. Retrieved on 23 December 2022.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sven Kiele et al: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.helmholtz.de/fileadmin/test/Helmholtz-Photon-Science-Roadmap-2021-Langfassung-210625.pdf">National Strategy for the Further Development of Accelerator-Based User Facilities for Research with Photons and with High Electromagnetic Fields ("Helmholtz Photon Science Roadmap")</a>. (PDF; 6 MB). In: www.helmholtz.de. 15 June 2021. Retrieved 23 December 2022 (in German).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.desy.de/about_desy/desy/index_eng.html">About DESY</a>. In: www.desy.de. Retrieved 23 December 2022.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">DESY: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.desy.de/sites2009/site_www-desy/content/e410/e84441/e320963/Photon_Science_Annual_Report_2021_low_res_Feb2022_ger.pdf">Photon Science 2021. Highlights and Annual Report</a>. (PDF; 18 MB) In: www.desy.de. December 2021. Retrieved 23 December 2022.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">DESY: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.desy.de/sites2009/site_www-desy/content/e410/e84441/e325473/ParticlePhysics2021_ger.pdf">Particle Physics 2021. Highlights and Annual Report</a>. (PDF; 15.4 MB) In: www.desy.de. 2 March 2022. Retrieved 23 December 2022.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kristiane Novotny: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cerncourier.com/a/new-directions-at-desy/">"New directions at DESY"</a>. In: CERN Courier, 8 March 2022. Retrieved 23 December 2022.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">DESY: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.desy.de/sites2009/site_www-desy/content/e410/e84441/e327507/AstroparticlePhysics2021_ger.pdf">Astroparticle Physics 2021. Highlights and Annual Report</a>. (PDF; 10.8 MB) In: www.desy.de. August 2022. Retrieved 23 December 2022.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Matthew Chalmers: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cerncourier.com/a/desys-astroparticle-aspirations/">"DESY's astroparticle aspirations"</a>. In: CERN Courier, 8 May 2019. Retrieved 23 December 2022.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lohrmann_Söding_CC-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lohrmann_Söding_CC_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lohrmann_Söding_CC_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lohrmann_Söding_CC_26-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lohrmann_Söding_CC_26-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lohrmann_Söding_CC_26-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lohrmann_Söding_CC_26-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lohrmann_Söding_CC_26-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"> Erich Lohrmann, Paul Söding: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cerncourier.com/a/desy-marks-50-years-of-accelerator-research/">"DESY marks 50 years of accelerator research"</a>. In: CERN Courier, 7 December 2009. Retrieved 23 December 2022.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">DESY: Statutes of the Foundation <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.desy.de/sites2009/site_www-desy/content/e410/e207099/e207101/211208_DESY-Satzung_ger.pdf">Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY</a>. (PDF; 40 KB) In: www.desy.de. 8 December 2021. Retrieved 23 December 2022 (in German).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Till Mundzeck: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cerncourier.com/a/the-three-lives-of-doris-from-charm-quarks-to-cell-biology/">"The three lives of DORIS: from charm quarks to cell biology"</a>. In: Cern Courier, 27 November 2012. Retrieved 23 December 2022.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rolf-Dieter Heuer, Albrecht Wagner: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cerncourier.com/a/hera-leaves-a-rich-legacy-of-knowledge/">"HERA leaves a rich legacy of knowledge"</a>. In: Cern Courier, 21 January 2008. Retrieved 23 December 2022.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Thomas Heinze, Olof Hallonsten, Steffi Heinecke: "From periphery to center: Synchrotron radiation at DESY, Part I: 1962–1977". Historical Studies in the Natural Sciences 45, 447–492 (2015) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1525/hsns.2015.45.3.447">DOI 10.1525/hsns.2015.45.3.447</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Thomas Heinze, Olof Hallonsten, Steffi Heinecke: "From periphery to center: Synchrotron radiation at DESY, Part II: 1977–1993". Historical Studies in the Natural Sciences 45, 513–548 (2015) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1525/hsns.2015.45.4.513">DOI 10.1525/hsns.2015.45.4.513</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Till Mundzeck: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cerncourier.com/a/the-three-lives-of-doris-from-charm-quarks-to-cell-biology/">"The three lives of DORIS: from charm quarks to cell biology"</a>. In: Cern Courier, 27 November 2012. Retrieved 23 December 2022.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wayforlight.eu/facility/20469">PETRA III at DESY</a>. In: www.wayforlight.eu. Retrieved 23 December 2022.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Christian Schroer et al.: "PETRA IV: the ultralow-emittance source project at DESY". In: J. Synchrotron Radiat. 25 (5), 1277–1290 (2019). Retrieved 23 December 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1107/S1600577518008858">DOI 10.1107/S1600577518008858</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jochen Schneider, Ilka Flegel: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cerncourier.com/a/flash-the-king-of-vuv-and-soft-x-rays/">"FLASH: the king of VUV and soft X-rays"</a>. In: CERN Courier, 30 November 2010. Retrieved 23 December 2022.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A.M. Kondratenko and E.L. Saldin: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://s3.cern.ch/inspire-prod-files-8/872da099a0e9c171a4dca19256f7ca0e">"Generation of Coherent Radiation by a Relativistic Electron Beam in an Ondulator"</a>. In: Part. Accelerators 10, 207–216 (1980). Retrieved 23 December 2022.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jochen Schneider, Ilka Flegel: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cerncourier.com/a/flash-the-king-of-vuv-and-soft-x-rays/">"FLASH: the king of VUV and soft X-rays"</a>. In: CERN Courier, 30 November 2010. Retrieved 23 December 2022.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wayforlight.eu/facility/23603">FLASH at DESY</a>. In: wwwwayforlight.eu. Retrieved 23 December 2022.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> Ralf Röhlsberger et al.: "Light Source Upgrades at DESY: PETRA IV and FLASH2020+". In: Synchrotron Radiat. News 32 (1), 27–31 (2019). Retrieved 23 December 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080/08940886.2019.1559605">DOI 10.1080/08940886.2019.1559605</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.xfel.eu/facility/overview/desy/index_eng.html">DESY and the European XFEL</a>. In: www.xfel.eu. Retrieved 23 December 2022.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Eric Beaurepaire, Fabrice Scheurer, Hervé Bulou, Jean-Paul Kappler (eds.): "Magnetism and Synchrotron Radiation", Springer, Berlin Heidelberg 2010, ISBN 9783642044984, p. 416.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">DESY: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.desy.de/sites2009/site_www-desy/content/e410/e84441/e326618/Accelerators2021_ger.pdf">Accelerators 2021. Highlights and Annual Report</a>. (PDF; 13 MB) In: www.desy.de. 1 May 2022. Retrieved 23 December 2022.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSchopperGillies2024" class="citation cs2">Schopper, Herwig; Gillies, James (2024), "To DESY via CERN", <i>Herwig Schopper</i>, Cham: Springer International Publishing, pp. <span class="nowrap">95–</span>117, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-031-51042-7_6">10.1007/978-3-031-51042-7_6</a></span>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-031-51041-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-031-51041-0"><bdi>978-3-031-51041-0</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Herwig+Schopper&rft.atitle=To+DESY+via+CERN&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E95-%3C%2Fspan%3E117&rft.date=2024&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-3-031-51042-7_6&rft.isbn=978-3-031-51041-0&rft.aulast=Schopper&rft.aufirst=Herwig&rft.au=Gillies%2C+James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADESY" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">DESY press release from 31 March 2025 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.desy.de/news/news_search/index_eng.html?openDirectAnchor=3724&two_columns=0/">"Beate Heinemann to lead DESY’s Board of Directors"</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF): <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bmbf.de/bmbf/de/forschung/naturwissenschaften/grossgeraete/desy-deutsches-elektronen-synchrotron/deutsches-elektronen-synchrotron.html">Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron – DESY</a>. In: www.bmbf.de. Retrieved 23 December 2022 (in German).</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=DESY&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output 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class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 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id="Synchrotron_radiation_facilities92" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Synchrotron_light_source" title="Synchrotron light source">Synchrotron radiation facilities</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Light_Source" title="African Light Source">African Light Source (AfLS)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Americas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">North</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Advanced_Light_Source" title="Advanced Light Source">Advanced Light Source (ALS)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advanced_Photon_Source" title="Advanced Photon Source">Advanced Photon Source (APS)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Light_Source" title="Canadian Light Source">Canadian Light Source (CLS)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornell_Laboratory_for_Accelerator-based_Sciences_and_Education" title="Cornell Laboratory for Accelerator-based Sciences and Education">Cornell High-Energy Synchrotron Source (CHESS)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Synchrotron_Light_Source_II" title="National Synchrotron Light Source II">National Synchrotron Light Source II (NSLS-II)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanford_Synchrotron_Radiation_Lightsource" title="Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource">Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource (SSRL)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">South</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sirius_(synchrotron_light_source)" title="Sirius (synchrotron light source)">Sirius</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">East</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Beijing_Synchrotron_Radiation_Facility&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Beijing Synchrotron Radiation Facility (page does not exist)">Beijing Synchrotron Radiation Facility (BSRF)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Energy_Photon_Source" title="High Energy Photon Source">High Energy Photon Source (HEPS)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=NanoTerasu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="NanoTerasu (page does not exist)">NanoTerasu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Synchrotron_Radiation_Research_Center" title="National Synchrotron Radiation Research Center">Taiwan Light Source</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Synchrotron_Radiation_Research_Center" title="National Synchrotron Radiation Research Center">Taiwan Photon Source</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pohang_Light_Source_II&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pohang Light Source II (page does not exist)">Pohang Light Source-II (PLS-II)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photon_Factory" title="Photon Factory">Photon Factory (PF)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shanghai_Synchrotron_Radiation_Facility" title="Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility">Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility (SSRF)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SPring-8" title="SPring-8">SPring-8</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">South</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indus_2" title="Indus 2">Indus 2</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Southeast</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Singapore_Synchrotron_Light_Source" title="Singapore Synchrotron Light Source">Singapore Synchrotron Light Source (SSLS)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Synchrotron_Light_Research_Institute&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Synchrotron Light Research Institute (page does not exist)">Synchrotron Light Research Institute (SLRI)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">West</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Synchrotron-Light_for_Experimental_Science_and_Applications_in_the_Middle_East" title="Synchrotron-Light for Experimental Science and Applications in the Middle East">SESAME</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ALBA_(synchrotron)" title="ALBA (synchrotron)">ALBA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diamond_Light_Source" title="Diamond Light Source">Diamond Light Source</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ELETTRA" title="ELETTRA">ELETTRA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Synchrotron_Radiation_Facility" title="European Synchrotron Radiation Facility">European Synchrotron Radiation Facility (ESRF)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MAX_IV_Laboratory" title="MAX IV Laboratory">MAX IV</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">PETRA III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solaris_(synchrotron)" title="Solaris (synchrotron)">Solaris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SOLEIL" title="SOLEIL">SOLEIL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_Light_Source" title="Swiss Light Source">Swiss Light Source (SLS)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Oceania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Synchrotron" title="Australian Synchrotron">Australian Synchrotron</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox 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