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University of San Diego on The Conversation
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class="logo grid-three"> <img itemprop="logo" src="https://images.theconversation.com/institutions/3871/logos/logo-1724868327.png?ixlib=rb-4.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=170&h=170" /> </div> <div class="description grid-nine"> <p>Strengthened by the Catholic intellectual tradition, we confront humanity’s challenges by fostering peace, working for justice and leading with love. With more than 8,000 students from 75 countries and 44 states, USD is the youngest independent institution on the U.S. News & World Report list of top 100 universities in the United States. USD’s eight academic divisions include the College of Arts and Sciences, the Knauss School of Business, the Shiley-Marcos School of Engineering, the School of Law, the School of Leadership and Education Sciences, the Hahn School of Nursing and Health Science, the Joan B. Kroc School of Peace Studies, and the Division of Professional and Continuing Education. In 2021, USD was named a “Laudato Si’ University” by the Vatican with a seven-year commitment to address humanity’s urgent challenges by working together to take care of our common home.</p> </div> <section class="grid-four grid-last"> <h4 class="legacy">Links</h4> <ul class="article-list"> <li class="article"> <a itemprop="url" href="https://www.sandiego.edu">Visit sandiego.edu</a> </li> <li class="article"> <a href="/become-an-author">Are you an expert from this institution? Register to write</a> </li> <li class="feed"> <a href="/institutions/university-of-san-diego-3871/articles.atom"> <i class="icon-rss"></i> Article Feed </a> </li> </ul> </section> </section> <nav id="tabbed-navigation" class="tabbed tabbed-section-navigation"> <a class="tab active" href="#articles">Articles</a> <a class="tab" href="#contributors">Authors</a> </nav> <div class="institution-page sm-display-articles"> <div class="grid-ten large-grid-eight"> <section id="articles"> <h3 class="border">Displaying all articles</h3> <div class="content-list"> <article data-id="243538" class="clearfix placed analysis published"> <figure> <a class="article-link" aria-label="Graduate students explore America’s polarized landscape via train in this course" href="/graduate-students-explore-americas-polarized-landscape-via-train-in-this-course-243538"> <div class="placeholder-container" style="--aspect-ratio-percent:48.50299401197605%;--background-color:#9e6b5f"><img alt="" class="lazyload" data-src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/632427/original/file-20241116-15-nikelk.jpeg?ixlib=rb-4.1.0&rect=22%2C245%2C999%2C499&q=45&auto=format&w=668&h=324&fit=crop" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAAAACH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==" data-id="632427"></div> </a> <figcaption> <span class="caption"> Students who are part of the Crossing the Divide course arrive in Washington, D.C., in May 2024. </span> <span class="source" title="Source">Tony Campos</span> </figcaption> </figure> <header> <time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2024-11-22T13:24:01Z" data-format="tc_date"> November 22, 2024 </time> <div class="article--header"> <h2><a href="/graduate-students-explore-americas-polarized-landscape-via-train-in-this-course-243538">Graduate students explore America’s polarized landscape via train in this course</a></h2> <p class="byline"> <span><a href="https://theconversation.com/profiles/sarah-federman-1352963">Sarah Federman</a>, <em>University of San Diego</em></span> </p> </div> </header> <div class="content" data-raw=""> <span>Political polarization is at an all-time high. Students part of this University of San Diego Kroc School of Peace Studies course examine up close the country’s divides during their journey.</span> </div> </article> <article data-id="239049" class="clearfix placed analysis published"> <figure> <a class="article-link" aria-label="Activism on foot: When Indigenous activists walk the land to honor their past and reshape their future" href="/activism-on-foot-when-indigenous-activists-walk-the-land-to-honor-their-past-and-reshape-their-future-239049"> <div class="placeholder-container" style="--aspect-ratio-percent:100.0%;--background-color:#818181"><img alt="" class="lazyload" data-src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/633031/original/file-20241119-15-7muohr.jpg?ixlib=rb-4.1.0&rect=562%2C0%2C1985%2C1985&q=45&auto=format&w=240&h=240&fit=crop" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAAAACH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==" data-id="633031"></div> </a> <figcaption> <span class="caption"> Native Americans taking part in the Longest Walk, heading from San Francisco to Washington, D.C., march past the state Capitol in Harrisburg, Pa., in 1978. </span> <span class="source" title="Source">AP Photo/Prouser</span> </figcaption> </figure> <header> <time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2024-11-22T13:23:42Z" data-format="tc_date"> November 22, 2024 </time> <div class="article--header"> <h2><a href="/activism-on-foot-when-indigenous-activists-walk-the-land-to-honor-their-past-and-reshape-their-future-239049">Activism on foot: When Indigenous activists walk the land to honor their past and reshape their future</a></h2> <p class="byline"> <span><a href="https://theconversation.com/profiles/meaghan-weatherdon-2210701">Meaghan Weatherdon</a>, <em>University of San Diego</em></span> </p> </div> </header> <div class="content" data-raw=""> <span>Movements like the Journey of Nishiyuu walk the land to reclaim culture and push for Indigenous nations’ rights.</span> </div> </article> <article data-id="229431" class="clearfix placed analysis published"> <figure> <a class="article-link" aria-label="California is about to tax guns more like alcohol and tobacco − and that could put a dent in gun violence" href="/california-is-about-to-tax-guns-more-like-alcohol-and-tobacco-and-that-could-put-a-dent-in-gun-violence-229431"> <div class="placeholder-container" style="--aspect-ratio-percent:100.0%;--background-color:#2d314e"><img alt="" class="lazyload" data-src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/593233/original/file-20240509-18-g9fz8n.jpg?ixlib=rb-4.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=240&h=240&fit=crop" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAAAACH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==" data-id="593233"></div> </a> <figcaption> <span class="caption"> It will soon cost a bit more to buy a gun in California. </span> <span class="source" title="Source">Gabriel Bouys/AFP/Getty Images</span> </figcaption> </figure> <header> <time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2024-05-21T16:55:30Z" data-format="tc_date"> May 21, 2024 </time> <div class="article--header"> <h2><a href="/california-is-about-to-tax-guns-more-like-alcohol-and-tobacco-and-that-could-put-a-dent-in-gun-violence-229431">California is about to tax guns more like alcohol and tobacco − and that could put a dent in gun violence</a></h2> <p class="byline"> <span><a href="https://theconversation.com/profiles/topher-l-mcdougal-1238274">Topher L. McDougal</a>, <em>University of San Diego</em></span> </p> </div> </header> <div class="content" data-raw=""> <span>The US homicide rate is far above the rate of other nations.</span> </div> </article> <article data-id="212416" class="clearfix placed analysis published"> <figure> <a class="article-link" aria-label="Enemy collaboration in occupied Ukraine evokes painful memories in Europe – and the response risks a rush to vigilante justice" href="/enemy-collaboration-in-occupied-ukraine-evokes-painful-memories-in-europe-and-the-response-risks-a-rush-to-vigilante-justice-212416"> <div class="placeholder-container" style="--aspect-ratio-percent:100.0%;--background-color:#514634"><img alt="" class="lazyload" data-src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/573141/original/file-20240202-21-8rxp75.jpg?ixlib=rb-4.1.0&rect=217%2C0%2C3330%2C3330&q=45&auto=format&w=240&h=240&fit=crop" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAAAACH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==" data-id="573141"></div> </a> <figcaption> <span class="caption"> A suspected Russian collaborator arrested in Kharkiv, Ukraine. </span> <span class="source" title="Source">AP Photo/Felipe Dana</span> </figcaption> </figure> <header> <time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2024-02-05T13:31:18Z" data-format="tc_date"> February 5, 2024 </time> <div class="article--header"> <h2><a href="/enemy-collaboration-in-occupied-ukraine-evokes-painful-memories-in-europe-and-the-response-risks-a-rush-to-vigilante-justice-212416">Enemy collaboration in occupied Ukraine evokes painful memories in Europe – and the response risks a rush to vigilante justice</a></h2> <p class="byline"> <span><a href="https://theconversation.com/profiles/ronald-niezen-1399602">Ronald Niezen</a>, <em>University of San Diego</em></span> </p> </div> </header> <div class="content" data-raw=""> <span>Liberated cities are prone to vigilante justice against those accused of conspiring with the enemy.</span> </div> </article> <article data-id="215948" class="clearfix placed analysis published"> <figure> <a class="article-link" aria-label="Delivering aid during war is tricky − here’s what to know about what Gaza relief operations may face" href="/delivering-aid-during-war-is-tricky-heres-what-to-know-about-what-gaza-relief-operations-may-face-215948"> <div class="placeholder-container" style="--aspect-ratio-percent:100.0%;--background-color:#878988"><img alt="" class="lazyload" data-src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/555019/original/file-20231020-15-c3rj3t.jpg?ixlib=rb-4.1.0&rect=824%2C171%2C4295%2C4295&q=45&auto=format&w=240&h=240&fit=crop" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAAAACH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==" data-id="555019"></div> </a> <figcaption> <span class="caption"> Palestinians on the outskirts of Gaza City walk by buildings destroyed by Israeli bombardment on Oct. 20, 2023. </span> <span class="source" title="Source">AP Photo/Ali Mahmoud</span> </figcaption> </figure> <header> <time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2023-10-20T20:13:13Z" data-format="tc_date"> October 20, 2023 </time> <div class="article--header"> <h2><a href="/delivering-aid-during-war-is-tricky-heres-what-to-know-about-what-gaza-relief-operations-may-face-215948">Delivering aid during war is tricky − here’s what to know about what Gaza relief operations may face</a></h2> <p class="byline"> <span><a href="https://theconversation.com/profiles/topher-l-mcdougal-1238274">Topher L. McDougal</a>, <em>University of San Diego</em></span> </p> </div> </header> <div class="content" data-raw=""> <span>The politics of delivering aid in war zones are messy, the ethics fraught and the logistics daunting. But getting everything right is essential − and in this instance could save many Gazans’ lives.</span> </div> </article> <article data-id="215514" class="clearfix placed analysis published"> <figure> <a class="article-link" aria-label="Gaza depends on UN and other global aid groups for food, medicine and basic services – <span class="nobr">Israel-Hamas</span> war means nothing is getting in" href="/gaza-depends-on-un-and-other-global-aid-groups-for-food-medicine-and-basic-services-israel-hamas-war-means-nothing-is-getting-in-215514"> <div class="placeholder-container" style="--aspect-ratio-percent:100.0%;--background-color:#29364c"><img alt="" class="lazyload" data-src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/553573/original/file-20231012-19-v34aud.jpg?ixlib=rb-4.1.0&rect=1120%2C0%2C3828%2C3828&q=45&auto=format&w=240&h=240&fit=crop" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAAAACH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==" data-id="553573"></div> </a> <figcaption> <span class="caption"> Palestinian children play outside an UNRWA school following Israeli airstrikes on Oct. 12, 2023. </span> <span class="source" title="Source">Ashraf Amra/Anadolu via Getty Images</span> </figcaption> </figure> <header> <time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2023-10-13T19:18:36Z" data-format="tc_date"> October 13, 2023 </time> <div class="article--header"> <h2><a href="/gaza-depends-on-un-and-other-global-aid-groups-for-food-medicine-and-basic-services-israel-hamas-war-means-nothing-is-getting-in-215514">Gaza depends on UN and other global aid groups for food, medicine and basic services – <span class="nobr">Israel-Hamas</span> war means nothing is getting in</a></h2> <p class="byline"> <span><a href="https://theconversation.com/profiles/topher-l-mcdougal-1238274">Topher L. McDougal</a>, <em>University of San Diego</em></span> </p> </div> </header> <div class="content" data-raw=""> <span>Many people in Gaza are reliant on the United Nations and other international aid groups to meet their basic needs, like food and medical care. A scholar of peace and conflict economics explains why.</span> </div> </article> <article data-id="213340" class="clearfix placed analysis published"> <figure> <a class="article-link" aria-label="The Nobel Peace Prize offers no guarantee its winners actually create peace, or make it last" href="/the-nobel-peace-prize-offers-no-guarantee-its-winners-actually-create-peace-or-make-it-last-213340"> <div class="placeholder-container" style="--aspect-ratio-percent:100.0%;--background-color:#2e3858"><img alt="" class="lazyload" data-src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/551816/original/file-20231003-21-46u90x.jpg?ixlib=rb-4.1.0&rect=606%2C0%2C2326%2C2326&q=45&auto=format&w=240&h=240&fit=crop" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAAAACH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==" data-id="551816"></div> </a> <figcaption> <span class="caption"> The Norwegian Nobel Committee is set to announce its annual winner for the peace prize on Friday, Oct. 6, 2023. </span> <span class="source" title="Source">Chris Jackson/Getty Images </span> </figcaption> </figure> <header> <time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2023-10-04T12:33:07Z" data-format="tc_date"> October 4, 2023 </time> <div class="article--header"> <h2><a href="/the-nobel-peace-prize-offers-no-guarantee-its-winners-actually-create-peace-or-make-it-last-213340">The Nobel Peace Prize offers no guarantee its winners actually create peace, or make it last</a></h2> <p class="byline"> <span><a href="https://theconversation.com/profiles/andrew-blum-1333383">Andrew Blum</a>, <em>University of San Diego</em></span> </p> </div> </header> <div class="content" data-raw=""> <span>The Nobel Peace Prize has recognized some legendary leaders and peace activists, but it has a mixed track record of recognizing people who actually deserve the prize.</span> </div> </article> <article data-id="204338" class="clearfix placed analysis published"> <figure> <a class="article-link" aria-label="International Criminal Court is using digital evidence to investigate Putin – but how can it tell if a video or photo is real or fake?" href="/international-criminal-court-is-using-digital-evidence-to-investigate-putin-but-how-can-it-tell-if-a-video-or-photo-is-real-or-fake-204338"> <div class="placeholder-container" style="--aspect-ratio-percent:100.0%;--background-color:#2b3749"><img alt="" class="lazyload" data-src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/526317/original/file-20230515-31204-uevzio.jpg?ixlib=rb-4.1.0&rect=2236%2C0%2C5517%2C5517&q=45&auto=format&w=240&h=240&fit=crop" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAAAACH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==" data-id="526317"></div> </a> <figcaption> <span class="caption"> A satellite image shows burning homes in Chernihiv, Ukraine, in March 2022. </span> <span class="source" title="Source">Satellite image (c) 2022 Maxar Technologies.</span> </figcaption> </figure> <header> <time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2023-05-16T12:40:00Z" data-format="tc_date"> May 16, 2023 </time> <div class="article--header"> <h2><a href="/international-criminal-court-is-using-digital-evidence-to-investigate-putin-but-how-can-it-tell-if-a-video-or-photo-is-real-or-fake-204338">International Criminal Court is using digital evidence to investigate Putin – but how can it tell if a video or photo is real or fake?</a></h2> <p class="byline"> <span><a href="https://theconversation.com/profiles/ronald-niezen-1399602">Ronald Niezen</a>, <em>University of San Diego</em></span> </p> </div> </header> <div class="content" data-raw=""> <span>Digital evidence is becoming a routine fixture for war crimes investigations, including the one focused on Ukraine, changing the landscape for international tribunal investigations.</span> </div> </article> <article data-id="197780" class="clearfix placed analysis published"> <figure> <a class="article-link" aria-label="All wars eventually end – here are 3 situations that will lead Russia and Ukraine to make peace" href="/all-wars-eventually-end-here-are-3-situations-that-will-lead-russia-and-ukraine-to-make-peace-197780"> <div class="placeholder-container" style="--aspect-ratio-percent:100.0%;--background-color:#5c512e"><img alt="" class="lazyload" data-src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/512033/original/file-20230223-572-ddjdj4.jpg?ixlib=rb-4.1.0&rect=572%2C0%2C5251%2C5249&q=45&auto=format&w=240&h=240&fit=crop" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAAAACH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==" data-id="512033"></div> </a> <figcaption> <span class="caption"> A Ukrainian woman touches the grave of her husband, a soldier killed by Russian troops in August 2022. </span> <span class="source" title="Source">Sean Gallup/Getty Images</span> </figcaption> </figure> <header> <time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2023-02-24T13:13:57Z" data-format="tc_date"> February 24, 2023 </time> <div class="article--header"> <h2><a href="/all-wars-eventually-end-here-are-3-situations-that-will-lead-russia-and-ukraine-to-make-peace-197780">All wars eventually end – here are 3 situations that will lead Russia and Ukraine to make peace</a></h2> <p class="byline"> <span><a href="https://theconversation.com/profiles/andrew-blum-1333383">Andrew Blum</a>, <em>University of San Diego</em></span> </p> </div> </header> <div class="content" data-raw=""> <span>Questions about whether warring parties agree about how the war will end and the costs of war or peace are all key factors to help assess when a conflict might end.</span> </div> </article> <article data-id="189207" class="clearfix placed analysis published"> <figure> <a class="article-link" aria-label="When Russia and Ukraine eventually restart peace talks, involving women – or not – could be a key factor in an agreement actually sticking" href="/when-russia-and-ukraine-eventually-restart-peace-talks-involving-women-or-not-could-be-a-key-factor-in-an-agreement-actually-sticking-189207"> <div class="placeholder-container" style="--aspect-ratio-percent:100.0%;--background-color:#524e36"><img alt="" class="lazyload" data-src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/481606/original/file-20220829-22-o8ocib.jpg?ixlib=rb-4.1.0&rect=778%2C352%2C3284%2C3284&q=45&auto=format&w=240&h=240&fit=crop" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAAAACH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==" data-id="481606"></div> </a> <figcaption> <span class="caption"> A Ukrainian solider is seen in Donetsk, Ukraine, on Aug. 15, 2022. </span> <span class="source" title="Source">Metin Aktas/Andalou Agency via Getty Images </span> </figcaption> </figure> <header> <time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2022-08-31T12:28:20Z" data-format="tc_date"> August 31, 2022 </time> <div class="article--header"> <h2><a href="/when-russia-and-ukraine-eventually-restart-peace-talks-involving-women-or-not-could-be-a-key-factor-in-an-agreement-actually-sticking-189207">When Russia and Ukraine eventually restart peace talks, involving women – or not – could be a key factor in an agreement actually sticking</a></h2> <p class="byline"> <span><a href="https://theconversation.com/profiles/briana-mawby-1372882">Briana Mawby</a>, <em>University of San Diego</em></span> </p> </div> </header> <div class="content" data-raw=""> <span>While Russia and Ukraine’s war wages on, previous peace talk discussions didn’t appear to include women. Changing that can make a difference, research shows.</span> </div> </article> <article data-id="182015" class="clearfix placed analysis published"> <figure> <a class="article-link" aria-label="What’s the Giving Pledge? A philanthropy scholar explains" href="/whats-the-giving-pledge-a-philanthropy-scholar-explains-182015"> <div class="placeholder-container" style="--aspect-ratio-percent:100.0%;--background-color:#4e5330"><img alt="" class="lazyload" data-src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/460821/original/file-20220502-12-9imgcj.jpg?ixlib=rb-4.1.0&rect=928%2C0%2C2900%2C2899&q=45&auto=format&w=240&h=240&fit=crop" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAAAACH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==" data-id="460821"></div> </a> <figcaption> <span class="caption"> Mitchell Rales and Emily Wei Rales signed the Giving Pledge in 2018. </span> <span class="source" title="Source">Saul Loeb/AFP via Getty Images</span> </figcaption> </figure> <header> <time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2022-05-06T12:33:02Z" data-format="tc_date"> May 6, 2022 </time> <div class="article--header"> <h2><a href="/whats-the-giving-pledge-a-philanthropy-scholar-explains-182015">What’s the Giving Pledge? A philanthropy scholar explains</a></h2> <p class="byline"> <span><a href="https://theconversation.com/profiles/hans-peter-schmitz-1080883">Hans Peter Schmitz</a>, <em>University of San Diego</em></span> </p> </div> </header> <div class="content" data-raw=""> <span>More than 350 billionaires have signed on so far.</span> </div> </article> <article data-id="180392" class="clearfix placed analysis published"> <figure> <a class="article-link" aria-label="Why do peace talks fail? A negotiation expert answers 5 questions about the slim chances for a peace deal between Russia and Ukraine" href="/why-do-peace-talks-fail-a-negotiation-expert-answers-5-questions-about-the-slim-chances-for-a-peace-deal-between-russia-and-ukraine-180392"> <div class="placeholder-container" style="--aspect-ratio-percent:100.0%;--background-color:#51352b"><img alt="" class="lazyload" data-src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/458011/original/file-20220413-15-vagmgw.jpg?ixlib=rb-4.1.0&rect=2111%2C0%2C3923%2C3923&q=45&auto=format&w=240&h=240&fit=crop" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAAAACH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==" data-id="458011"></div> </a> <figcaption> <span class="caption"> Peace activists demonstrate outside the European Commission building on March 22, 2022, in Brussels. </span> <span class="source" title="Source">Thierry Monasse/Getty Images</span> </figcaption> </figure> <header> <time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2022-04-14T12:16:27Z" data-format="tc_date"> April 14, 2022 </time> <div class="article--header"> <h2><a href="/why-do-peace-talks-fail-a-negotiation-expert-answers-5-questions-about-the-slim-chances-for-a-peace-deal-between-russia-and-ukraine-180392">Why do peace talks fail? A negotiation expert answers 5 questions about the slim chances for a peace deal between Russia and Ukraine</a></h2> <p class="byline"> <span><a href="https://theconversation.com/profiles/andrew-blum-1333383">Andrew Blum</a>, <em>University of San Diego</em></span> </p> </div> </header> <div class="content" data-raw=""> <span>Russia and Ukraine have held several rounds of failed peace talks. Understanding the challenges to successful peace talks helps illuminate the struggle for peace in Eastern Europe.</span> </div> </article> <article data-id="173651" class="clearfix placed analysis published"> <figure> <a class="article-link" aria-label="Future engineers need to understand their work’s human impact – here’s how my classes prepare students to tackle problems like climate change" href="/future-engineers-need-to-understand-their-works-human-impact-heres-how-my-classes-prepare-students-to-tackle-problems-like-climate-change-173651"> <div class="placeholder-container" style="--aspect-ratio-percent:100.0%;--background-color:#4f4635"><img alt="" class="lazyload" data-src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/437362/original/file-20211213-19-l0jy81.jpg?ixlib=rb-4.1.0&rect=846%2C251%2C855%2C855&q=45&auto=format&w=240&h=240&fit=crop" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAAAACH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==" data-id="437362"></div> </a> <figcaption> <span class="caption"> Engineering classes at the University of San Diego have started integrating discussions of the social impact of technology like drones. </span> <span class="source" title="Source">Gordon Hoople</span> </figcaption> </figure> <header> <time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2022-01-04T13:06:30Z" data-format="tc_date"> January 4, 2022 </time> <div class="article--header"> <h2><a href="/future-engineers-need-to-understand-their-works-human-impact-heres-how-my-classes-prepare-students-to-tackle-problems-like-climate-change-173651">Future engineers need to understand their work’s human impact – here’s how my classes prepare students to tackle problems like climate change</a></h2> <p class="byline"> <span><a href="https://theconversation.com/profiles/gordon-d-hoople-1233323">Gordon D. Hoople</a>, <em>University of San Diego</em></span> </p> </div> </header> <div class="content" data-raw=""> <span>Solving mathematical equations is only part of the job. Students should be spending more time thinking about the human dimensions of the problems they are trying to solve.</span> </div> </article> <article data-id="143078" class="clearfix placed analysis published"> <figure> <a class="article-link" aria-label="How to hide from a drone – the subtle art of ‘ghosting’ in the age of surveillance" href="/how-to-hide-from-a-drone-the-subtle-art-of-ghosting-in-the-age-of-surveillance-143078"> <div class="placeholder-container" style="--aspect-ratio-percent:100.0%;--background-color:#2e4b62"><img alt="" class="lazyload" data-src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/349270/original/file-20200723-19-1selkhc.jpg?ixlib=rb-4.1.0&rect=561%2C0%2C3194%2C3194&q=45&auto=format&w=240&h=240&fit=crop" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAAAACH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==" data-id="349270"></div> </a> <figcaption> <span class="caption"> The federal government has used military-grade border patrol drones like this one to monitor protests in US cities. </span> <span class="source" title="Source">_ Jonathan Cutrer/Flickr</span> </figcaption> </figure> <header> <time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2020-07-28T12:17:31Z" data-format="tc_date"> July 28, 2020 </time> <div class="article--header"> <h2><a href="/how-to-hide-from-a-drone-the-subtle-art-of-ghosting-in-the-age-of-surveillance-143078">How to hide from a drone – the subtle art of ‘ghosting’ in the age of surveillance</a></h2> <p class="byline"> <span><a href="https://theconversation.com/profiles/austin-choi-fitzpatrick-1131559">Austin Choi-Fitzpatrick</a>, <em>University of San Diego</em></span> </p> </div> </header> <div class="content" data-raw=""> <span>Avoiding drones’ prying eyes can be as complicated as donning a high-tech hoodie and as simple as ducking under a tree.</span> </div> </article> <article data-id="139161" class="clearfix placed analysis published"> <figure> <a class="article-link" aria-label="A window into the hearts and minds of billionaire donors" href="/a-window-into-the-hearts-and-minds-of-billionaire-donors-139161"> <div class="placeholder-container" style="--aspect-ratio-percent:100.0%;--background-color:#9d6d58"><img alt="" class="lazyload" data-src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/339303/original/file-20200602-133892-dinwhy.jpg?ixlib=rb-4.1.0&rect=1304%2C426%2C3201%2C3201&q=45&auto=format&w=240&h=240&fit=crop" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAAAACH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==" data-id="339303"></div> </a> <figcaption> <span class="caption"> Spanx founder Sara Blakely has signed the Giving Pledge. </span> <span class="source" title="Source">Marla Aufmuth/Getty Images for Massachusetts Conference for Women</span> </figcaption> </figure> <header> <time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2020-06-05T12:07:31Z" data-format="tc_date"> June 5, 2020 </time> <div class="article--header"> <h2><a href="/a-window-into-the-hearts-and-minds-of-billionaire-donors-139161">A window into the hearts and minds of billionaire donors</a></h2> <p class="byline"> <span><a href="https://theconversation.com/profiles/hans-peter-schmitz-1080883">Hans Peter Schmitz</a>, <em>University of San Diego</em></span> </p> </div> </header> <div class="content" data-raw=""> <span>A careful review of more than 200 letters written by the wealthy people who signed the Giving Pledge over its first decade suggests a big contradiction.</span> </div> </article> <article data-id="127123" class="clearfix placed analysis published"> <figure> <a class="article-link" aria-label="The long moral shadows cast by South Africa’s colonial history" href="/the-long-moral-shadows-cast-by-south-africas-colonial-history-127123"> <div class="placeholder-container" style="--aspect-ratio-percent:100.0%;--background-color:#8b8c73"><img alt="" class="lazyload" data-src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/305137/original/file-20191204-70184-ngwaby.jpg?ixlib=rb-4.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=240&h=240&fit=crop" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAAAACH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==" data-id="305137"></div> </a> <figcaption> <span class="caption"> A Zulu household, from an 1895 book called The Colony of Natal: An Official Illustrated Handbook and Railway Guide. </span> <span class="source" title="Source">J Causton and Sons /University of California Libraries/ Flickr</span> </figcaption> </figure> <header> <time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2019-12-08T07:14:51Z" data-format="tc_date"> December 8, 2019 </time> <div class="article--header"> <h2><a href="/the-long-moral-shadows-cast-by-south-africas-colonial-history-127123">The long moral shadows cast by South Africa’s colonial history</a></h2> <p class="byline"> <span><a href="https://theconversation.com/profiles/t-j-tallie-891918">T.J. Tallie</a>, <em>University of San Diego</em></span> </p> </div> </header> <div class="content" data-raw=""> <span>A new history book shows how entanglements of race, gender, class and sexuality in South Africa flow from the moral contradictions of the settler colonial state.</span> </div> </article> <article data-id="110942" class="clearfix placed analysis published"> <figure> <a class="article-link" aria-label="People diagnosed with cancer often don’t embrace the term ‘survivor’" href="/people-diagnosed-with-cancer-often-dont-embrace-the-term-survivor-110942"> <div class="placeholder-container" style="--aspect-ratio-percent:100.0%;--background-color:#4e332d"><img alt="" class="lazyload" data-src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/256876/original/file-20190201-42594-n42pau.jpg?ixlib=rb-4.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=240&h=240&fit=crop" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAAAACH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==" data-id="256876"></div> </a> <figcaption> <span class="caption"> Cancer survivors are honored at a Relay for Life Event in Twinsburg, Ohio, in June 2009. Researchers found that many survivors do not like that label. </span> <span class="source" title="Source">Kenneth Sponsler/Shutterstock.com</span> </figcaption> </figure> <header> <time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2019-02-04T11:39:54Z" data-format="tc_date"> February 4, 2019 </time> <div class="article--header"> <h2><a href="/people-diagnosed-with-cancer-often-dont-embrace-the-term-survivor-110942">People diagnosed with cancer often don’t embrace the term ‘survivor’</a></h2> <p class="byline"> <span><a href="https://theconversation.com/profiles/leonard-l-berry-438726">Leonard L. Berry</a>, <em>Texas A&M University</em>; <a href="https://theconversation.com/profiles/andrea-flynn-681003">Andrea Flynn</a>, <em>University of San Diego</em>, and <a href="https://theconversation.com/profiles/scott-davis-681054">Scott Davis</a>, <em>University of Houston-Downtown</em></span> </p> </div> </header> <div class="content" data-raw=""> <span>A recent study found that many people who have survived a cancer diagnosis do not like to be called ‘survivor.’ As World Cancer Day is observed on Feb. 4, their wishes are something to think about.</span> </div> </article> </div> </section> </div> <div class="grid-six large-grid-eight grid-last"> <div id="jobs-and-events" class="grid-six large-grid-four"> </div> <div id="contributors" class="grid-six large-grid-four grid-last"> <section id="experts" class="article-section"> <h3 class="border">Authors</h3> <ol class="semantic article-authors"> <li class="vcard" id="author-681003" itemprop="author" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <a rel="author" itemprop="url" href="/profiles/andrea-flynn-681003"> <img alt="" class="lazyload" data-src="https://cdn.theconversation.com/avatars/681003/width170/1816.jpg" src="https://cdn.theconversation.com/static/tc/author/width170_default-bea415b3a0223821a698f6e3f6d5ab99.jpg" itemprop="image"> <span class="fn author-name" itemprop="name"> Andrea Flynn </span> </a> <p class="role"> Associate professor of Marketing, University of San Diego </p> </li> <li class="vcard" id="author-1333383" itemprop="author" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <a rel="author" itemprop="url" href="/profiles/andrew-blum-1333383"> <img alt="" class="lazyload" data-src="https://cdn.theconversation.com/avatars/1333383/width170/file-20220330-5663-usofhs.jpg" src="https://cdn.theconversation.com/static/tc/author/width170_default-bea415b3a0223821a698f6e3f6d5ab99.jpg" itemprop="image"> <span class="fn author-name" itemprop="name"> Andrew Blum </span> </a> <p class="role"> Executive Director and Professor of Practice at Joan B. Kroc Institute for Peace, University of San Diego </p> </li> <li class="vcard" id="author-1131559" itemprop="author" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <a rel="author" itemprop="url" href="/profiles/austin-choi-fitzpatrick-1131559"> <img alt="" class="lazyload" data-src="https://cdn.theconversation.com/avatars/1131559/width170/image-20240914-18-iboq9e.jpg" src="https://cdn.theconversation.com/static/tc/author/width170_default-bea415b3a0223821a698f6e3f6d5ab99.jpg" itemprop="image"> <span class="fn author-name" itemprop="name"> Austin Choi-Fitzpatrick </span> </a> <p class="role"> Associate Provost, University of San Diego </p> </li> <li class="vcard" id="author-1372882" itemprop="author" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <a rel="author" itemprop="url" href="/profiles/briana-mawby-1372882"> <img alt="" class="lazyload" data-src="https://cdn.theconversation.com/avatars/1372882/width170/image-20220829-8728-cosh9f.jpg" src="https://cdn.theconversation.com/static/tc/author/width170_default-bea415b3a0223821a698f6e3f6d5ab99.jpg" itemprop="image"> <span class="fn author-name" itemprop="name"> Briana Mawby </span> </a> <p class="role"> Program Officer for Women, Peace and Security, University of San Diego </p> </li> <li class="vcard" id="author-436730" itemprop="author" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <a rel="author" itemprop="url" href="/profiles/emily-nagisa-keehn-436730"> <img alt="" class="lazyload" data-src="https://cdn.theconversation.com/avatars/436730/width170/file-20180117-53328-1dhzxnh.jpg" src="https://cdn.theconversation.com/static/tc/author/width170_default-bea415b3a0223821a698f6e3f6d5ab99.jpg" itemprop="image"> <span class="fn author-name" itemprop="name"> Emily Nagisa Keehn </span> </a> <p class="role"> Assistant Dean of Graduate Programs, Kroc School of Peace Studies, University of San Diego </p> </li> <li class="vcard" id="author-1233323" itemprop="author" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <a rel="author" itemprop="url" href="/profiles/gordon-d-hoople-1233323"> <img alt="" class="lazyload" data-src="https://cdn.theconversation.com/avatars/1233323/width170/image-20211213-13-vdjngk.jpg" src="https://cdn.theconversation.com/static/tc/author/width170_default-bea415b3a0223821a698f6e3f6d5ab99.jpg" itemprop="image"> <span class="fn author-name" itemprop="name"> Gordon D. Hoople </span> </a> <p class="role"> Assistant Professor of Engineering, University of San Diego </p> </li> <li class="vcard" id="author-2210701" itemprop="author" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <a rel="author" itemprop="url" href="/profiles/meaghan-weatherdon-2210701"> <img alt="" class="lazyload" data-src="https://cdn.theconversation.com/avatars/2210701/width170/Weatherdon.jpg" src="https://cdn.theconversation.com/static/tc/author/width170_default-bea415b3a0223821a698f6e3f6d5ab99.jpg" itemprop="image"> <span class="fn author-name" itemprop="name"> Meaghan Weatherdon </span> </a> <p class="role"> Assistant Professor of Theology and Religious Studies, University of San Diego </p> </li> <li class="vcard" id="author-1399602" itemprop="author" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <a rel="author" itemprop="url" href="/profiles/ronald-niezen-1399602"> <img alt="" class="lazyload" data-src="https://cdn.theconversation.com/avatars/1399602/width170/file-20221207-19-m2zdo5.jpg" src="https://cdn.theconversation.com/static/tc/author/width170_default-bea415b3a0223821a698f6e3f6d5ab99.jpg" itemprop="image"> <span class="fn author-name" itemprop="name"> Ronald Niezen </span> </a> <p class="role"> Professor of Practice in Sociology, University of San Diego </p> </li> <li class="vcard" id="author-1352963" itemprop="author" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <a rel="author" itemprop="url" href="/profiles/sarah-federman-1352963"> <img alt="" class="lazyload" data-src="https://cdn.theconversation.com/avatars/1352963/width170/image-20230322-2513-s2jlq3.jpg" src="https://cdn.theconversation.com/static/tc/author/width170_default-bea415b3a0223821a698f6e3f6d5ab99.jpg" itemprop="image"> <span class="fn author-name" itemprop="name"> Sarah Federman </span> </a> <p class="role"> Associate Professor of Conflict Resolution, University of San Diego </p> </li> <li class="vcard" id="author-891918" itemprop="author" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <a rel="author" itemprop="url" href="/profiles/t-j-tallie-891918"> <img alt="" class="lazyload" data-src="https://cdn.theconversation.com/avatars/891918/width170/image-20191203-67034-otjfk0.jpg" src="https://cdn.theconversation.com/static/tc/author/width170_default-bea415b3a0223821a698f6e3f6d5ab99.jpg" itemprop="image"> <span class="fn author-name" itemprop="name"> T.J. Tallie </span> </a> <p class="role"> University of San Diego </p> </li> <li class="vcard" id="author-1238274" itemprop="author" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <a rel="author" itemprop="url" href="/profiles/topher-l-mcdougal-1238274"> <img alt="" class="lazyload" data-src="https://cdn.theconversation.com/avatars/1238274/width170/image-20231012-29-silb9t.jpg" src="https://cdn.theconversation.com/static/tc/author/width170_default-bea415b3a0223821a698f6e3f6d5ab99.jpg" itemprop="image"> <span class="fn author-name" itemprop="name"> Topher L. McDougal </span> </a> <p class="role"> Professor of Economic Development & Peacebuilding, University of San Diego </p> </li> </ol> <p class="more"> <a class="button right" href="/institutions/university-of-san-diego-3871/authors">More Authors</a> </p> </section> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div id="footers"> <section class="footer-primary"> <div class="wrapper nocontent"> <section class="community footer-link-list grid-five large-grid-four"> <nav> <ul> <li> <a href="https://drive.google.com/file/d/1DUkhOcnF1Ef1MpuKtGr7rbBAawO4XV48">Editorial Policies</a> </li> <li> <a href="/global/community-standards">Community standards</a> </li> <li> <a href="/global/republishing-guidelines">Republishing guidelines</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://analytics.theconversation.com/global">Analytics</a> </li> <li> <a href="/global/feeds">Our feeds</a> </li> <li> <a title="Sign up to receive our daily email newsletter" 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Either set keySeparator: false on init or make sure your translations are published in nested format.")}let e=[];const s=this.languageUtils.getFallbackCodes(this.options.fallbackLng,t.lng||this.language);if("fallback"===this.options.saveMissingTo&&s&&s[0])for(let t=0;t<s.length;t++)e.push(s[t]);else"all"===this.options.saveMissingTo?e=this.languageUtils.toResolveHierarchy(t.lng||this.language):e.push(t.lng||this.language);const i=(e,s,i)=>{const n=d&&i!==p?i:y;this.options.missingKeyHandler?this.options.missingKeyHandler(e,l,s,n,b,t):this.backendConnector?.saveMissing&&this.backendConnector.saveMissing(e,l,s,n,b,t),this.emit("missingKey",e,l,s,p)};this.options.saveMissing&&(this.options.saveMissingPlurals&&u?e.forEach((e=>{const s=this.pluralResolver.getSuffixes(e,t);v&&t[`defaultValue${this.options.pluralSeparator}zero`]&&s.indexOf(`${this.options.pluralSeparator}zero`)<0&&s.push(`${this.options.pluralSeparator}zero`),s.forEach((s=>{i([e],r+s,t[`defaultValue${s}`]||m)}))})):i(e,r,m))}p=this.extendTranslation(p,e,t,h,s),a&&p===r&&this.options.appendNamespaceToMissingKey&&(p=`${l}:${r}`),(a||n)&&this.options.parseMissingKeyHandler&&(p=this.options.parseMissingKeyHandler(this.options.appendNamespaceToMissingKey?`${l}:${r}`:r,n?p:void 0))}else{if(!t.returnObjects&&!this.options.returnObjects){this.options.returnedObjectHandler||this.logger.warn("accessing an object - but returnObjects options is not enabled!");const e=this.options.returnedObjectHandler?this.options.returnedObjectHandler(d,p,{...t,ns:a}):`key '${r} (${this.language})' returned an object instead of string.`;return n?(h.res=e,h.usedParams=this.getUsedParamsDetails(t),h):e}if(o){const e=Array.isArray(p),s=e?[]:{},i=e?g:d;for(const e in p)if(Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty.call(p,e)){const n=`${i}${o}${e}`;s[e]=this.translate(n,{...t,joinArrays:!1,ns:a}),s[e]===n&&(s[e]=p[e])}p=s}}return n?(h.res=p,h.usedParams=this.getUsedParamsDetails(t),h):p}extendTranslation(e,t,s,n,o){var r=this;if(this.i18nFormat?.parse)e=this.i18nFormat.parse(e,{...this.options.interpolation.defaultVariables,...s},s.lng||this.language||n.usedLng,n.usedNS,n.usedKey,{resolved:n});else if(!s.skipInterpolation){s.interpolation&&this.interpolator.init({...s,interpolation:{...this.options.interpolation,...s.interpolation}});const a=i(e)&&(void 0!==s?.interpolation?.skipOnVariables?s.interpolation.skipOnVariables:this.options.interpolation.skipOnVariables);let l;if(a){const t=e.match(this.interpolator.nestingRegexp);l=t&&t.length}let c=s.replace&&!i(s.replace)?s.replace:s;if(this.options.interpolation.defaultVariables&&(c={...this.options.interpolation.defaultVariables,...c}),e=this.interpolator.interpolate(e,c,s.lng||this.language||n.usedLng,s),a){const t=e.match(this.interpolator.nestingRegexp);l<(t&&t.length)&&(s.nest=!1)}!s.lng&&n&&n.res&&(s.lng=this.language||n.usedLng),!1!==s.nest&&(e=this.interpolator.nest(e,(function(){for(var e=arguments.length,i=new Array(e),n=0;n<e;n++)i[n]=arguments[n];return o?.[0]!==i[0]||s.context?r.translate(...i,t):(r.logger.warn(`It seems you are nesting recursively key: ${i[0]} in key: ${t[0]}`),null)}),s)),s.interpolation&&this.interpolator.reset()}const a=s.postProcess||this.options.postProcess,l=i(a)?[a]:a;return null!=e&&l?.length&&!1!==s.applyPostProcessor&&(e=L.handle(l,e,t,this.options&&this.options.postProcessPassResolved?{i18nResolved:{...n,usedParams:this.getUsedParamsDetails(s)},...s}:s,this)),e}resolve(e){let t,s,n,o,r,a=arguments.length>1&&void 0!==arguments[1]?arguments[1]:{};return i(e)&&(e=[e]),e.forEach((e=>{if(this.isValidLookup(t))return;const l=this.extractFromKey(e,a),c=l.key;s=c;let u=l.namespaces;this.options.fallbackNS&&(u=u.concat(this.options.fallbackNS));const h=void 0!==a.count&&!i(a.count),p=h&&!a.ordinal&&0===a.count,d=void 0!==a.context&&(i(a.context)||"number"==typeof a.context)&&""!==a.context,g=a.lngs?a.lngs:this.languageUtils.toResolveHierarchy(a.lng||this.language,a.fallbackLng);u.forEach((e=>{this.isValidLookup(t)||(r=e,R[`${g[0]}-${e}`]||!this.utils?.hasLoadedNamespace||this.utils?.hasLoadedNamespace(r)||(R[`${g[0]}-${e}`]=!0,this.logger.warn(`key "${s}" for languages "${g.join(", ")}" won't get resolved as namespace "${r}" was not yet loaded`,"This means something IS WRONG in your setup. You access the t function before i18next.init / i18next.loadNamespace / i18next.changeLanguage was done. Wait for the callback or Promise to resolve before accessing it!!!")),g.forEach((s=>{if(this.isValidLookup(t))return;o=s;const i=[c];if(this.i18nFormat?.addLookupKeys)this.i18nFormat.addLookupKeys(i,c,s,e,a);else{let e;h&&(e=this.pluralResolver.getSuffix(s,a.count,a));const t=`${this.options.pluralSeparator}zero`,n=`${this.options.pluralSeparator}ordinal${this.options.pluralSeparator}`;if(h&&(i.push(c+e),a.ordinal&&0===e.indexOf(n)&&i.push(c+e.replace(n,this.options.pluralSeparator)),p&&i.push(c+t)),d){const s=`${c}${this.options.contextSeparator}${a.context}`;i.push(s),h&&(i.push(s+e),a.ordinal&&0===e.indexOf(n)&&i.push(s+e.replace(n,this.options.pluralSeparator)),p&&i.push(s+t))}}let r;for(;r=i.pop();)this.isValidLookup(t)||(n=r,t=this.getResource(s,e,r,a))})))}))})),{res:t,usedKey:s,exactUsedKey:n,usedLng:o,usedNS:r}}isValidLookup(e){return!(void 0===e||!this.options.returnNull&&null===e||!this.options.returnEmptyString&&""===e)}getResource(e,t,s){let i=arguments.length>3&&void 0!==arguments[3]?arguments[3]:{};return this.i18nFormat?.getResource?this.i18nFormat.getResource(e,t,s,i):this.resourceStore.getResource(e,t,s,i)}getUsedParamsDetails(){let e=arguments.length>0&&void 0!==arguments[0]?arguments[0]:{};const t=["defaultValue","ordinal","context","replace","lng","lngs","fallbackLng","ns","keySeparator","nsSeparator","returnObjects","returnDetails","joinArrays","postProcess","interpolation"],s=e.replace&&!i(e.replace);let n=s?e.replace:e;if(s&&void 0!==e.count&&(n.count=e.count),this.options.interpolation.defaultVariables&&(n={...this.options.interpolation.defaultVariables,...n}),!s){n={...n};for(const e of t)delete n[e]}return n}static hasDefaultValue(e){const t="defaultValue";for(const s in e)if(Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty.call(e,s)&&t===s.substring(0,12)&&void 0!==e[s])return!0;return!1}}class j{constructor(e){this.options=e,this.supportedLngs=this.options.supportedLngs||!1,this.logger=S.create("languageUtils")}getScriptPartFromCode(e){if(!(e=b(e))||e.indexOf("-")<0)return null;const t=e.split("-");return 2===t.length?null:(t.pop(),"x"===t[t.length-1].toLowerCase()?null:this.formatLanguageCode(t.join("-")))}getLanguagePartFromCode(e){if(!(e=b(e))||e.indexOf("-")<0)return e;const t=e.split("-");return this.formatLanguageCode(t[0])}formatLanguageCode(e){if(i(e)&&e.indexOf("-")>-1){let t=Intl.getCanonicalLocales(e)[0];return t&&this.options.lowerCaseLng&&(t=t.toLowerCase()),t||(this.options.lowerCaseLng?e.toLowerCase():e)}return this.options.cleanCode||this.options.lowerCaseLng?e.toLowerCase():e}isSupportedCode(e){return("languageOnly"===this.options.load||this.options.nonExplicitSupportedLngs)&&(e=this.getLanguagePartFromCode(e)),!this.supportedLngs||!this.supportedLngs.length||this.supportedLngs.indexOf(e)>-1}getBestMatchFromCodes(e){if(!e)return null;let t;return e.forEach((e=>{if(t)return;const s=this.formatLanguageCode(e);this.options.supportedLngs&&!this.isSupportedCode(s)||(t=s)})),!t&&this.options.supportedLngs&&e.forEach((e=>{if(t)return;const s=this.getLanguagePartFromCode(e);if(this.isSupportedCode(s))return t=s;t=this.options.supportedLngs.find((e=>e===s?e:e.indexOf("-")<0&&s.indexOf("-")<0?void 0:e.indexOf("-")>0&&s.indexOf("-")<0&&e.substring(0,e.indexOf("-"))===s||0===e.indexOf(s)&&s.length>1?e:void 0))})),t||(t=this.getFallbackCodes(this.options.fallbackLng)[0]),t}getFallbackCodes(e,t){if(!e)return[];if("function"==typeof e&&(e=e(t)),i(e)&&(e=[e]),Array.isArray(e))return e;if(!t)return e.default||[];let s=e[t];return s||(s=e[this.getScriptPartFromCode(t)]),s||(s=e[this.formatLanguageCode(t)]),s||(s=e[this.getLanguagePartFromCode(t)]),s||(s=e.default),s||[]}toResolveHierarchy(e,t){const s=this.getFallbackCodes(t||this.options.fallbackLng||[],e),n=[],o=e=>{e&&(this.isSupportedCode(e)?n.push(e):this.logger.warn(`rejecting language code not found in supportedLngs: ${e}`))};return i(e)&&(e.indexOf("-")>-1||e.indexOf("_")>-1)?("languageOnly"!==this.options.load&&o(this.formatLanguageCode(e)),"languageOnly"!==this.options.load&&"currentOnly"!==this.options.load&&o(this.getScriptPartFromCode(e)),"currentOnly"!==this.options.load&&o(this.getLanguagePartFromCode(e))):i(e)&&o(this.formatLanguageCode(e)),s.forEach((e=>{n.indexOf(e)<0&&o(this.formatLanguageCode(e))})),n}}const $={zero:0,one:1,two:2,few:3,many:4,other:5},C={select:e=>1===e?"one":"other",resolvedOptions:()=>({pluralCategories:["one","other"]})};class N{constructor(e){let t=arguments.length>1&&void 0!==arguments[1]?arguments[1]:{};this.languageUtils=e,this.options=t,this.logger=S.create("pluralResolver"),this.pluralRulesCache={}}addRule(e,t){this.rules[e]=t}clearCache(){this.pluralRulesCache={}}getRule(e){let t=arguments.length>1&&void 0!==arguments[1]?arguments[1]:{};const s=b("dev"===e?"en":e),i=t.ordinal?"ordinal":"cardinal",n=JSON.stringify({cleanedCode:s,type:i});if(n in this.pluralRulesCache)return this.pluralRulesCache[n];let o;try{o=new Intl.PluralRules(s,{type:i})}catch(s){if(!Intl)return this.logger.error("No Intl support, please use an Intl polyfill!"),C;if(!e.match(/-|_/))return C;const i=this.languageUtils.getLanguagePartFromCode(e);o=this.getRule(i,t)}return this.pluralRulesCache[n]=o,o}needsPlural(e){let t=arguments.length>1&&void 0!==arguments[1]?arguments[1]:{},s=this.getRule(e,t);return s||(s=this.getRule("dev",t)),s?.resolvedOptions().pluralCategories.length>1}getPluralFormsOfKey(e,t){let s=arguments.length>2&&void 0!==arguments[2]?arguments[2]:{};return this.getSuffixes(e,s).map((e=>`${t}${e}`))}getSuffixes(e){let t=arguments.length>1&&void 0!==arguments[1]?arguments[1]:{},s=this.getRule(e,t);return s||(s=this.getRule("dev",t)),s?s.resolvedOptions().pluralCategories.sort(((e,t)=>$[e]-$[t])).map((e=>`${this.options.prepend}${t.ordinal?`ordinal${this.options.prepend}`:""}${e}`)):[]}getSuffix(e,t){let s=arguments.length>2&&void 0!==arguments[2]?arguments[2]:{};const i=this.getRule(e,s);return i?`${this.options.prepend}${s.ordinal?`ordinal${this.options.prepend}`:""}${i.select(t)}`:(this.logger.warn(`no plural rule found for: ${e}`),this.getSuffix("dev",t,s))}}const E=function(e,t,s){let n=arguments.length>3&&void 0!==arguments[3]?arguments[3]:".",o=!(arguments.length>4&&void 0!==arguments[4])||arguments[4],r=((e,t,s)=>{const i=h(e,s);return void 0!==i?i:h(t,s)})(e,t,s);return!r&&o&&i(s)&&(r=y(e,s,n),void 0===r&&(r=y(t,s,n))),r},A=e=>e.replace(/\$/g,"$$$$");class T{constructor(){let e=arguments.length>0&&void 0!==arguments[0]?arguments[0]:{};this.logger=S.create("interpolator"),this.options=e,this.format=e?.interpolation?.format||(e=>e),this.init(e)}init(){let e=arguments.length>0&&void 0!==arguments[0]?arguments[0]:{};e.interpolation||(e.interpolation={escapeValue:!0});const{escape:t,escapeValue:s,useRawValueToEscape:i,prefix:n,prefixEscaped:o,suffix:r,suffixEscaped:a,formatSeparator:l,unescapeSuffix:c,unescapePrefix:u,nestingPrefix:h,nestingPrefixEscaped:p,nestingSuffix:g,nestingSuffixEscaped:v,nestingOptionsSeparator:m,maxReplaces:y,alwaysFormat:b}=e.interpolation;this.escape=void 0!==t?t:f,this.escapeValue=void 0===s||s,this.useRawValueToEscape=void 0!==i&&i,this.prefix=n?d(n):o||"{{",this.suffix=r?d(r):a||"}}",this.formatSeparator=l||",",this.unescapePrefix=c?"":u||"-",this.unescapeSuffix=this.unescapePrefix?"":c||"",this.nestingPrefix=h?d(h):p||d("$t("),this.nestingSuffix=g?d(g):v||d(")"),this.nestingOptionsSeparator=m||",",this.maxReplaces=y||1e3,this.alwaysFormat=void 0!==b&&b,this.resetRegExp()}reset(){this.options&&this.init(this.options)}resetRegExp(){const e=(e,t)=>e?.source===t?(e.lastIndex=0,e):new RegExp(t,"g");this.regexp=e(this.regexp,`${this.prefix}(.+?)${this.suffix}`),this.regexpUnescape=e(this.regexpUnescape,`${this.prefix}${this.unescapePrefix}(.+?)${this.unescapeSuffix}${this.suffix}`),this.nestingRegexp=e(this.nestingRegexp,`${this.nestingPrefix}(.+?)${this.nestingSuffix}`)}interpolate(e,t,s,n){let r,a,l;const c=this.options&&this.options.interpolation&&this.options.interpolation.defaultVariables||{},u=e=>{if(e.indexOf(this.formatSeparator)<0){const i=E(t,c,e,this.options.keySeparator,this.options.ignoreJSONStructure);return this.alwaysFormat?this.format(i,void 0,s,{...n,...t,interpolationkey:e}):i}const i=e.split(this.formatSeparator),o=i.shift().trim(),r=i.join(this.formatSeparator).trim();return this.format(E(t,c,o,this.options.keySeparator,this.options.ignoreJSONStructure),r,s,{...n,...t,interpolationkey:o})};this.resetRegExp();const h=n?.missingInterpolationHandler||this.options.missingInterpolationHandler,p=void 0!==n?.interpolation?.skipOnVariables?n.interpolation.skipOnVariables:this.options.interpolation.skipOnVariables;return[{regex:this.regexpUnescape,safeValue:e=>A(e)},{regex:this.regexp,safeValue:e=>this.escapeValue?A(this.escape(e)):A(e)}].forEach((t=>{for(l=0;r=t.regex.exec(e);){const s=r[1].trim();if(a=u(s),void 0===a)if("function"==typeof h){const t=h(e,r,n);a=i(t)?t:""}else if(n&&Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty.call(n,s))a="";else{if(p){a=r[0];continue}this.logger.warn(`missed to pass in variable ${s} for interpolating ${e}`),a=""}else i(a)||this.useRawValueToEscape||(a=o(a));const c=t.safeValue(a);if(e=e.replace(r[0],c),p?(t.regex.lastIndex+=a.length,t.regex.lastIndex-=r[0].length):t.regex.lastIndex=0,l++,l>=this.maxReplaces)break}})),e}nest(e,t){let s,n,r,a=arguments.length>2&&void 0!==arguments[2]?arguments[2]:{};const l=(e,t)=>{const s=this.nestingOptionsSeparator;if(e.indexOf(s)<0)return e;const i=e.split(new RegExp(`${s}[ ]*{`));let n=`{${i[1]}`;e=i[0],n=this.interpolate(n,r);const o=n.match(/'/g),a=n.match(/"/g);((o?.length??0)%2==0&&!a||a.length%2!=0)&&(n=n.replace(/'/g,'"'));try{r=JSON.parse(n),t&&(r={...t,...r})}catch(t){return this.logger.warn(`failed parsing options string in nesting for key ${e}`,t),`${e}${s}${n}`}return r.defaultValue&&r.defaultValue.indexOf(this.prefix)>-1&&delete r.defaultValue,e};for(;s=this.nestingRegexp.exec(e);){let c=[];r={...a},r=r.replace&&!i(r.replace)?r.replace:r,r.applyPostProcessor=!1,delete r.defaultValue;let u=!1;if(-1!==s[0].indexOf(this.formatSeparator)&&!/{.*}/.test(s[1])){const e=s[1].split(this.formatSeparator).map((e=>e.trim()));s[1]=e.shift(),c=e,u=!0}if(n=t(l.call(this,s[1].trim(),r),r),n&&s[0]===e&&!i(n))return n;i(n)||(n=o(n)),n||(this.logger.warn(`missed to resolve ${s[1]} for nesting ${e}`),n=""),u&&(n=c.reduce(((e,t)=>this.format(e,t,a.lng,{...a,interpolationkey:s[1].trim()})),n.trim())),e=e.replace(s[0],n),this.regexp.lastIndex=0}return e}}const D=e=>{const t={};return(s,i,n)=>{let o=n;n&&n.interpolationkey&&n.formatParams&&n.formatParams[n.interpolationkey]&&n[n.interpolationkey]&&(o={...o,[n.interpolationkey]:void 0});const r=i+JSON.stringify(o);let a=t[r];return a||(a=e(b(i),n),t[r]=a),a(s)}};class I{constructor(){let e=arguments.length>0&&void 0!==arguments[0]?arguments[0]:{};this.logger=S.create("formatter"),this.options=e,this.formats={number:D(((e,t)=>{const s=new Intl.NumberFormat(e,{...t});return e=>s.format(e)})),currency:D(((e,t)=>{const s=new Intl.NumberFormat(e,{...t,style:"currency"});return e=>s.format(e)})),datetime:D(((e,t)=>{const s=new Intl.DateTimeFormat(e,{...t});return e=>s.format(e)})),relativetime:D(((e,t)=>{const s=new Intl.RelativeTimeFormat(e,{...t});return e=>s.format(e,t.range||"day")})),list:D(((e,t)=>{const s=new Intl.ListFormat(e,{...t});return e=>s.format(e)}))},this.init(e)}init(e){let t=arguments.length>1&&void 0!==arguments[1]?arguments[1]:{interpolation:{}};this.formatSeparator=t.interpolation.formatSeparator||","}add(e,t){this.formats[e.toLowerCase().trim()]=t}addCached(e,t){this.formats[e.toLowerCase().trim()]=D(t)}format(e,t,s){let i=arguments.length>3&&void 0!==arguments[3]?arguments[3]:{};const n=t.split(this.formatSeparator);if(n.length>1&&n[0].indexOf("(")>1&&n[0].indexOf(")")<0&&n.find((e=>e.indexOf(")")>-1))){const e=n.findIndex((e=>e.indexOf(")")>-1));n[0]=[n[0],...n.splice(1,e)].join(this.formatSeparator)}return n.reduce(((e,t)=>{const{formatName:n,formatOptions:o}=(e=>{let t=e.toLowerCase().trim();const s={};if(e.indexOf("(")>-1){const i=e.split("(");t=i[0].toLowerCase().trim();const n=i[1].substring(0,i[1].length-1);"currency"===t&&n.indexOf(":")<0?s.currency||(s.currency=n.trim()):"relativetime"===t&&n.indexOf(":")<0?s.range||(s.range=n.trim()):n.split(";").forEach((e=>{if(e){const[t,...i]=e.split(":"),n=i.join(":").trim().replace(/^'+|'+$/g,""),o=t.trim();s[o]||(s[o]=n),"false"===n&&(s[o]=!1),"true"===n&&(s[o]=!0),isNaN(n)||(s[o]=parseInt(n,10))}}))}return{formatName:t,formatOptions:s}})(t);if(this.formats[n]){let t=e;try{const r=i?.formatParams?.[i.interpolationkey]||{},a=r.locale||r.lng||i.locale||i.lng||s;t=this.formats[n](e,a,{...o,...i,...r})}catch(e){this.logger.warn(e)}return t}return this.logger.warn(`there was no format function for ${n}`),e}),e)}}class V extends O{constructor(e,t,s){let i=arguments.length>3&&void 0!==arguments[3]?arguments[3]:{};super(),this.backend=e,this.store=t,this.services=s,this.languageUtils=s.languageUtils,this.options=i,this.logger=S.create("backendConnector"),this.waitingReads=[],this.maxParallelReads=i.maxParallelReads||10,this.readingCalls=0,this.maxRetries=i.maxRetries>=0?i.maxRetries:5,this.retryTimeout=i.retryTimeout>=1?i.retryTimeout:350,this.state={},this.queue=[],this.backend?.init?.(s,i.backend,i)}queueLoad(e,t,s,i){const n={},o={},r={},a={};return e.forEach((e=>{let i=!0;t.forEach((t=>{const r=`${e}|${t}`;!s.reload&&this.store.hasResourceBundle(e,t)?this.state[r]=2:this.state[r]<0||(1===this.state[r]?void 0===o[r]&&(o[r]=!0):(this.state[r]=1,i=!1,void 0===o[r]&&(o[r]=!0),void 0===n[r]&&(n[r]=!0),void 0===a[t]&&(a[t]=!0)))})),i||(r[e]=!0)})),(Object.keys(n).length||Object.keys(o).length)&&this.queue.push({pending:o,pendingCount:Object.keys(o).length,loaded:{},errors:[],callback:i}),{toLoad:Object.keys(n),pending:Object.keys(o),toLoadLanguages:Object.keys(r),toLoadNamespaces:Object.keys(a)}}loaded(e,t,s){const i=e.split("|"),n=i[0],o=i[1];t&&this.emit("failedLoading",n,o,t),!t&&s&&this.store.addResourceBundle(n,o,s,void 0,void 0,{skipCopy:!0}),this.state[e]=t?-1:2,t&&s&&(this.state[e]=0);const r={};this.queue.forEach((s=>{((e,t,s,i)=>{const{obj:n,k:o}=c(e,t,Object);n[o]=n[o]||[],n[o].push(s)})(s.loaded,[n],o),((e,t)=>{void 0!==e.pending[t]&&(delete e.pending[t],e.pendingCount--)})(s,e),t&&s.errors.push(t),0!==s.pendingCount||s.done||(Object.keys(s.loaded).forEach((e=>{r[e]||(r[e]={});const t=s.loaded[e];t.length&&t.forEach((t=>{void 0===r[e][t]&&(r[e][t]=!0)}))})),s.done=!0,s.errors.length?s.callback(s.errors):s.callback())})),this.emit("loaded",r),this.queue=this.queue.filter((e=>!e.done))}read(e,t,s){let i=arguments.length>3&&void 0!==arguments[3]?arguments[3]:0,n=arguments.length>4&&void 0!==arguments[4]?arguments[4]:this.retryTimeout,o=arguments.length>5?arguments[5]:void 0;if(!e.length)return o(null,{});if(this.readingCalls>=this.maxParallelReads)return void this.waitingReads.push({lng:e,ns:t,fcName:s,tried:i,wait:n,callback:o});this.readingCalls++;const r=(r,a)=>{if(this.readingCalls--,this.waitingReads.length>0){const e=this.waitingReads.shift();this.read(e.lng,e.ns,e.fcName,e.tried,e.wait,e.callback)}r&&a&&i<this.maxRetries?setTimeout((()=>{this.read.call(this,e,t,s,i+1,2*n,o)}),n):o(r,a)},a=this.backend[s].bind(this.backend);if(2!==a.length)return a(e,t,r);try{const s=a(e,t);s&&"function"==typeof s.then?s.then((e=>r(null,e))).catch(r):r(null,s)}catch(e){r(e)}}prepareLoading(e,t){let s=arguments.length>2&&void 0!==arguments[2]?arguments[2]:{},n=arguments.length>3?arguments[3]:void 0;if(!this.backend)return this.logger.warn("No backend was added via i18next.use. Will not load resources."),n&&n();i(e)&&(e=this.languageUtils.toResolveHierarchy(e)),i(t)&&(t=[t]);const o=this.queueLoad(e,t,s,n);if(!o.toLoad.length)return o.pending.length||n(),null;o.toLoad.forEach((e=>{this.loadOne(e)}))}load(e,t,s){this.prepareLoading(e,t,{},s)}reload(e,t,s){this.prepareLoading(e,t,{reload:!0},s)}loadOne(e){let t=arguments.length>1&&void 0!==arguments[1]?arguments[1]:"";const s=e.split("|"),i=s[0],n=s[1];this.read(i,n,"read",void 0,void 0,((s,o)=>{s&&this.logger.warn(`${t}loading namespace ${n} for language ${i} failed`,s),!s&&o&&this.logger.log(`${t}loaded namespace ${n} for language ${i}`,o),this.loaded(e,s,o)}))}saveMissing(e,t,s,i,n){let o=arguments.length>5&&void 0!==arguments[5]?arguments[5]:{},r=arguments.length>6&&void 0!==arguments[6]?arguments[6]:()=>{};if(!this.services?.utils?.hasLoadedNamespace||this.services?.utils?.hasLoadedNamespace(t)){if(null!=s&&""!==s){if(this.backend?.create){const a={...o,isUpdate:n},l=this.backend.create.bind(this.backend);if(l.length<6)try{let n;n=5===l.length?l(e,t,s,i,a):l(e,t,s,i),n&&"function"==typeof n.then?n.then((e=>r(null,e))).catch(r):r(null,n)}catch(e){r(e)}else l(e,t,s,i,r,a)}e&&e[0]&&this.store.addResource(e[0],t,s,i)}}else this.logger.warn(`did not save key "${s}" as the namespace "${t}" was not yet loaded`,"This means something IS WRONG in your setup. You access the t function before i18next.init / i18next.loadNamespace / i18next.changeLanguage was done. Wait for the callback or Promise to resolve before accessing it!!!")}}const F=()=>({debug:!1,initAsync:!0,ns:["translation"],defaultNS:["translation"],fallbackLng:["dev"],fallbackNS:!1,supportedLngs:!1,nonExplicitSupportedLngs:!1,load:"all",preload:!1,simplifyPluralSuffix:!0,keySeparator:".",nsSeparator:":",pluralSeparator:"_",contextSeparator:"_",partialBundledLanguages:!1,saveMissing:!1,updateMissing:!1,saveMissingTo:"fallback",saveMissingPlurals:!0,missingKeyHandler:!1,missingInterpolationHandler:!1,postProcess:!1,postProcessPassResolved:!1,returnNull:!1,returnEmptyString:!0,returnObjects:!1,joinArrays:!1,returnedObjectHandler:!1,parseMissingKeyHandler:!1,appendNamespaceToMissingKey:!1,appendNamespaceToCIMode:!1,overloadTranslationOptionHandler:e=>{let t={};if("object"==typeof e[1]&&(t=e[1]),i(e[1])&&(t.defaultValue=e[1]),i(e[2])&&(t.tDescription=e[2]),"object"==typeof e[2]||"object"==typeof e[3]){const s=e[3]||e[2];Object.keys(s).forEach((e=>{t[e]=s[e]}))}return t},interpolation:{escapeValue:!0,format:e=>e,prefix:"{{",suffix:"}}",formatSeparator:",",unescapePrefix:"-",nestingPrefix:"$t(",nestingSuffix:")",nestingOptionsSeparator:",",maxReplaces:1e3,skipOnVariables:!0}}),M=e=>(i(e.ns)&&(e.ns=[e.ns]),i(e.fallbackLng)&&(e.fallbackLng=[e.fallbackLng]),i(e.fallbackNS)&&(e.fallbackNS=[e.fallbackNS]),e.supportedLngs?.indexOf?.("cimode")<0&&(e.supportedLngs=e.supportedLngs.concat(["cimode"])),"boolean"==typeof e.initImmediate&&(e.initAsync=e.initImmediate),e),U=()=>{};class H extends O{constructor(){let e=arguments.length>0&&void 0!==arguments[0]?arguments[0]:{},t=arguments.length>1?arguments[1]:void 0;var s;if(super(),this.options=M(e),this.services={},this.logger=S,this.modules={external:[]},s=this,Object.getOwnPropertyNames(Object.getPrototypeOf(s)).forEach((e=>{"function"==typeof s[e]&&(s[e]=s[e].bind(s))})),t&&!this.isInitialized&&!e.isClone){if(!this.options.initAsync)return this.init(e,t),this;setTimeout((()=>{this.init(e,t)}),0)}}init(){var e=this;let t=arguments.length>0&&void 0!==arguments[0]?arguments[0]:{},s=arguments.length>1?arguments[1]:void 0;this.isInitializing=!0,"function"==typeof t&&(s=t,t={}),!t.defaultNS&&!1!==t.defaultNS&&t.ns&&(i(t.ns)?t.defaultNS=t.ns:t.ns.indexOf("translation")<0&&(t.defaultNS=t.ns[0]));const o=F();this.options={...o,...this.options,...M(t)},this.options.interpolation={...o.interpolation,...this.options.interpolation},void 0!==t.keySeparator&&(this.options.userDefinedKeySeparator=t.keySeparator),void 0!==t.nsSeparator&&(this.options.userDefinedNsSeparator=t.nsSeparator);const r=e=>e?"function"==typeof e?new e:e:null;if(!this.options.isClone){let t;this.modules.logger?S.init(r(this.modules.logger),this.options):S.init(null,this.options),t=this.modules.formatter?this.modules.formatter:I;const s=new j(this.options);this.store=new w(this.options.resources,this.options);const i=this.services;i.logger=S,i.resourceStore=this.store,i.languageUtils=s,i.pluralResolver=new N(s,{prepend:this.options.pluralSeparator,simplifyPluralSuffix:this.options.simplifyPluralSuffix}),!t||this.options.interpolation.format&&this.options.interpolation.format!==o.interpolation.format||(i.formatter=r(t),i.formatter.init(i,this.options),this.options.interpolation.format=i.formatter.format.bind(i.formatter)),i.interpolator=new T(this.options),i.utils={hasLoadedNamespace:this.hasLoadedNamespace.bind(this)},i.backendConnector=new V(r(this.modules.backend),i.resourceStore,i,this.options),i.backendConnector.on("*",(function(t){for(var s=arguments.length,i=new Array(s>1?s-1:0),n=1;n<s;n++)i[n-1]=arguments[n];e.emit(t,...i)})),this.modules.languageDetector&&(i.languageDetector=r(this.modules.languageDetector),i.languageDetector.init&&i.languageDetector.init(i,this.options.detection,this.options)),this.modules.i18nFormat&&(i.i18nFormat=r(this.modules.i18nFormat),i.i18nFormat.init&&i.i18nFormat.init(this)),this.translator=new P(this.services,this.options),this.translator.on("*",(function(t){for(var s=arguments.length,i=new Array(s>1?s-1:0),n=1;n<s;n++)i[n-1]=arguments[n];e.emit(t,...i)})),this.modules.external.forEach((e=>{e.init&&e.init(this)}))}if(this.format=this.options.interpolation.format,s||(s=U),this.options.fallbackLng&&!this.services.languageDetector&&!this.options.lng){const e=this.services.languageUtils.getFallbackCodes(this.options.fallbackLng);e.length>0&&"dev"!==e[0]&&(this.options.lng=e[0])}this.services.languageDetector||this.options.lng||this.logger.warn("init: no languageDetector is used and no lng is defined");["getResource","hasResourceBundle","getResourceBundle","getDataByLanguage"].forEach((t=>{this[t]=function(){return e.store[t](...arguments)}}));["addResource","addResources","addResourceBundle","removeResourceBundle"].forEach((t=>{this[t]=function(){return e.store[t](...arguments),e}}));const a=n(),l=()=>{const e=(e,t)=>{this.isInitializing=!1,this.isInitialized&&!this.initializedStoreOnce&&this.logger.warn("init: i18next is already initialized. You should call init just once!"),this.isInitialized=!0,this.options.isClone||this.logger.log("initialized",this.options),this.emit("initialized",this.options),a.resolve(t),s(e,t)};if(this.languages&&!this.isInitialized)return e(null,this.t.bind(this));this.changeLanguage(this.options.lng,e)};return this.options.resources||!this.options.initAsync?l():setTimeout(l,0),a}loadResources(e){let t=arguments.length>1&&void 0!==arguments[1]?arguments[1]:U;const s=i(e)?e:this.language;if("function"==typeof e&&(t=e),!this.options.resources||this.options.partialBundledLanguages){if("cimode"===s?.toLowerCase()&&(!this.options.preload||0===this.options.preload.length))return t();const e=[],i=t=>{if(!t)return;if("cimode"===t)return;this.services.languageUtils.toResolveHierarchy(t).forEach((t=>{"cimode"!==t&&e.indexOf(t)<0&&e.push(t)}))};if(s)i(s);else{this.services.languageUtils.getFallbackCodes(this.options.fallbackLng).forEach((e=>i(e)))}this.options.preload?.forEach?.((e=>i(e))),this.services.backendConnector.load(e,this.options.ns,(e=>{e||this.resolvedLanguage||!this.language||this.setResolvedLanguage(this.language),t(e)}))}else t(null)}reloadResources(e,t,s){const i=n();return"function"==typeof e&&(s=e,e=void 0),"function"==typeof t&&(s=t,t=void 0),e||(e=this.languages),t||(t=this.options.ns),s||(s=U),this.services.backendConnector.reload(e,t,(e=>{i.resolve(),s(e)})),i}use(e){if(!e)throw new Error("You are passing an undefined module! Please check the object you are passing to i18next.use()");if(!e.type)throw new Error("You are passing a wrong module! Please check the object you are passing to i18next.use()");return"backend"===e.type&&(this.modules.backend=e),("logger"===e.type||e.log&&e.warn&&e.error)&&(this.modules.logger=e),"languageDetector"===e.type&&(this.modules.languageDetector=e),"i18nFormat"===e.type&&(this.modules.i18nFormat=e),"postProcessor"===e.type&&L.addPostProcessor(e),"formatter"===e.type&&(this.modules.formatter=e),"3rdParty"===e.type&&this.modules.external.push(e),this}setResolvedLanguage(e){if(e&&this.languages&&!(["cimode","dev"].indexOf(e)>-1))for(let e=0;e<this.languages.length;e++){const t=this.languages[e];if(!(["cimode","dev"].indexOf(t)>-1)&&this.store.hasLanguageSomeTranslations(t)){this.resolvedLanguage=t;break}}}changeLanguage(e,t){var s=this;this.isLanguageChangingTo=e;const o=n();this.emit("languageChanging",e);const r=e=>{this.language=e,this.languages=this.services.languageUtils.toResolveHierarchy(e),this.resolvedLanguage=void 0,this.setResolvedLanguage(e)},a=(e,i)=>{i?(r(i),this.translator.changeLanguage(i),this.isLanguageChangingTo=void 0,this.emit("languageChanged",i),this.logger.log("languageChanged",i)):this.isLanguageChangingTo=void 0,o.resolve((function(){return s.t(...arguments)})),t&&t(e,(function(){return s.t(...arguments)}))},l=t=>{e||t||!this.services.languageDetector||(t=[]);const s=i(t)?t:this.services.languageUtils.getBestMatchFromCodes(t);s&&(this.language||r(s),this.translator.language||this.translator.changeLanguage(s),this.services.languageDetector?.cacheUserLanguage?.(s)),this.loadResources(s,(e=>{a(e,s)}))};return e||!this.services.languageDetector||this.services.languageDetector.async?!e&&this.services.languageDetector&&this.services.languageDetector.async?0===this.services.languageDetector.detect.length?this.services.languageDetector.detect().then(l):this.services.languageDetector.detect(l):l(e):l(this.services.languageDetector.detect()),o}getFixedT(e,t,s){var n=this;const o=function(e,t){let i;if("object"!=typeof t){for(var r=arguments.length,a=new Array(r>2?r-2:0),l=2;l<r;l++)a[l-2]=arguments[l];i=n.options.overloadTranslationOptionHandler([e,t].concat(a))}else i={...t};i.lng=i.lng||o.lng,i.lngs=i.lngs||o.lngs,i.ns=i.ns||o.ns,""!==i.keyPrefix&&(i.keyPrefix=i.keyPrefix||s||o.keyPrefix);const c=n.options.keySeparator||".";let u;return u=i.keyPrefix&&Array.isArray(e)?e.map((e=>`${i.keyPrefix}${c}${e}`)):i.keyPrefix?`${i.keyPrefix}${c}${e}`:e,n.t(u,i)};return i(e)?o.lng=e:o.lngs=e,o.ns=t,o.keyPrefix=s,o}t(){for(var e=arguments.length,t=new Array(e),s=0;s<e;s++)t[s]=arguments[s];return this.translator?.translate(...t)}exists(){for(var e=arguments.length,t=new Array(e),s=0;s<e;s++)t[s]=arguments[s];return this.translator?.exists(...t)}setDefaultNamespace(e){this.options.defaultNS=e}hasLoadedNamespace(e){let t=arguments.length>1&&void 0!==arguments[1]?arguments[1]:{};if(!this.isInitialized)return this.logger.warn("hasLoadedNamespace: i18next was not initialized",this.languages),!1;if(!this.languages||!this.languages.length)return this.logger.warn("hasLoadedNamespace: i18n.languages were undefined or empty",this.languages),!1;const s=t.lng||this.resolvedLanguage||this.languages[0],i=!!this.options&&this.options.fallbackLng,n=this.languages[this.languages.length-1];if("cimode"===s.toLowerCase())return!0;const o=(e,t)=>{const s=this.services.backendConnector.state[`${e}|${t}`];return-1===s||0===s||2===s};if(t.precheck){const e=t.precheck(this,o);if(void 0!==e)return e}return!!this.hasResourceBundle(s,e)||(!(this.services.backendConnector.backend&&(!this.options.resources||this.options.partialBundledLanguages))||!(!o(s,e)||i&&!o(n,e)))}loadNamespaces(e,t){const s=n();return this.options.ns?(i(e)&&(e=[e]),e.forEach((e=>{this.options.ns.indexOf(e)<0&&this.options.ns.push(e)})),this.loadResources((e=>{s.resolve(),t&&t(e)})),s):(t&&t(),Promise.resolve())}loadLanguages(e,t){const s=n();i(e)&&(e=[e]);const o=this.options.preload||[],r=e.filter((e=>o.indexOf(e)<0&&this.services.languageUtils.isSupportedCode(e)));return r.length?(this.options.preload=o.concat(r),this.loadResources((e=>{s.resolve(),t&&t(e)})),s):(t&&t(),Promise.resolve())}dir(e){if(e||(e=this.resolvedLanguage||(this.languages?.length>0?this.languages[0]:this.language)),!e)return"rtl";const t=this.services?.languageUtils||new j(F());return["ar","shu","sqr","ssh","xaa","yhd","yud","aao","abh","abv","acm","acq","acw","acx","acy","adf","ads","aeb","aec","afb","ajp","apc","apd","arb","arq","ars","ary","arz","auz","avl","ayh","ayl","ayn","ayp","bbz","pga","he","iw","ps","pbt","pbu","pst","prp","prd","ug","ur","ydd","yds","yih","ji","yi","hbo","men","xmn","fa","jpr","peo","pes","prs","dv","sam","ckb"].indexOf(t.getLanguagePartFromCode(e))>-1||e.toLowerCase().indexOf("-arab")>1?"rtl":"ltr"}static createInstance(){return new H(arguments.length>0&&void 0!==arguments[0]?arguments[0]:{},arguments.length>1?arguments[1]:void 0)}cloneInstance(){let e=arguments.length>0&&void 0!==arguments[0]?arguments[0]:{},t=arguments.length>1&&void 0!==arguments[1]?arguments[1]:U;const s=e.forkResourceStore;s&&delete e.forkResourceStore;const i={...this.options,...e,isClone:!0},n=new H(i);void 0===e.debug&&void 0===e.prefix||(n.logger=n.logger.clone(e));return["store","services","language"].forEach((e=>{n[e]=this[e]})),n.services={...this.services},n.services.utils={hasLoadedNamespace:n.hasLoadedNamespace.bind(n)},s&&(n.store=new w(this.store.data,i),n.services.resourceStore=n.store),n.translator=new P(n.services,i),n.translator.on("*",(function(e){for(var t=arguments.length,s=new Array(t>1?t-1:0),i=1;i<t;i++)s[i-1]=arguments[i];n.emit(e,...s)})),n.init(i,t),n.translator.options=i,n.translator.backendConnector.services.utils={hasLoadedNamespace:n.hasLoadedNamespace.bind(n)},n}toJSON(){return{options:this.options,store:this.store,language:this.language,languages:this.languages,resolvedLanguage:this.resolvedLanguage}}}const 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