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<!DOCTYPE html><html><head><title>Zanzibar Under Colonial Rule - Google Books</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="/books/css/_a33f2a89320471e58c940b9287b9d4eb/kl_viewport_kennedy_full_bundle.css" type="text/css" /><link rel="stylesheet"href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css2?family=Product+Sans:wght@400"><script src="/books/javascript/v2_a33f2a89320471e58c940b9287b9d4eb__en.js"></script><script>_OC_Hooks = ["_OC_Page", "_OC_SearchReload", "_OC_TocReload", "_OC_EmptyFunc", "_OC_SearchPage", "_OC_QuotePage" ];for (var _OC_i = 0; _OC_i < _OC_Hooks.length; _OC_i++) {eval("var " + _OC_Hooks[_OC_i] + ";");}function _OC_InitHooks () {for (var i = 0; i < _OC_Hooks.length; i++) {var func = arguments[i];eval( _OC_Hooks[i] + " = func;");}}</script><link rel="canonical" href="https://books.google.com/books/about/Zanzibar_Under_Colonial_Rule.html?id=FxUCbQeKjogC"/><meta property="og:url" content="https://books.google.com/books/about/Zanzibar_Under_Colonial_Rule.html?id=FxUCbQeKjogC"/><meta name="title" content="Zanzibar Under Colonial Rule"/><meta name="description" content="Zanzibar stands at the centre of the Indian Ocean system's involvement in the history of Eastern Africa. 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Through this activity humans develop their skills and technology , in ... \u003cb\u003eslave\u003c/b\u003e modes existed within an emerging colonial capitalist mode . Thus , while it is possible to speak about\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA4","page_number":"4","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003elabour\u003c/b\u003e , and partly on the eastern African transit trade for which Zanzibar was almost the sole entrep么t . In the opening chapter , Depelchin examines the transition from a \u003cb\u003eslave\u003c/b\u003e ... \u003cb\u003elabour\u003c/b\u003e to the clove plantations . The former \u003cb\u003eslaves\u003c/b\u003e\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA11","page_number":"11","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eSlavery\u003c/b\u003e 1873-1914 JACQUES DEPELCHIN Introduction The history of Zanzibar in the nineteenth century is essentially a ... \u003cb\u003eslave\u003c/b\u003e - based economy into one based on the use of free \u003cb\u003elabour\u003c/b\u003e ; 2. The transition from a merchant - dominated\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA12","page_number":"12","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003elabour\u003c/b\u003e itself was being transformed into a commodity . Second , we detail this economic process by studying the social relations of production which reveal : 1. Exploitation of the \u003cb\u003eslaves\u003c/b\u003e by \u003cb\u003eslave\u003c/b\u003e owners ; 2. Entry of merchant capital\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA14","page_number":"14","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eslave labour\u003c/b\u003e . Theoretically , there is nothing contradictory in the feudal mode of production maintaining or fostering slave relations of production . Yet it would be an error to extrapolate from this and say that Zanzibar was\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA15","page_number":"15","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003elabour\u003c/b\u003e force productive of surplus value . The economic survival of the \u003cb\u003eslave\u003c/b\u003e owners came to depend on the supply of cheap \u003cb\u003elabour\u003c/b\u003e in the form of captives raided or purchased from the main- land for the production of cloves in Zanzibar\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA16","page_number":"16","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eslave labour\u003c/b\u003e and the slave trade . The first blow to this. From pre - capitalism to imperialism Plate 4 The Beit al - Hukm palace during a. 16 Political Economy of Zanzibar The old palace, Beit al-Sahil, before 1896."},{"page_id":"PA17","page_number":"17","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eslave\u003c/b\u003e trade ; the second came with the abolition of the legal status of \u003cb\u003eslavery\u003c/b\u003e in 1897. The first treaty ... \u003cb\u003elabour\u003c/b\u003e . Plate 5 An inside view of a consular house at. Plate 4 The Beit al - Hukm palace during a Friday review of the\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA19","page_number":"19","snippet_text":"... slave relationship.9 An analysis of the relations of production between slaves and slaveholders cannot be carried out by reference to what ... \u003cb\u003eslave labour\u003c/b\u003e with the surplus product being appropriated by 19 The Transition from Slavery."},{"page_id":"PA20","page_number":"20","snippet_text":"Abdul Sheriff, Ed Ferguson. on \u003cb\u003eslave labour\u003c/b\u003e with the surplus product being appropriated by Arab landowners who were intermediary agents . The surplus was ... \u003cb\u003eslave labour\u003c/b\u003e to free labour - The process of 20 Political Economy of Zanzibar."},{"page_id":"PA21","page_number":"21","snippet_text":"Abdul Sheriff, Ed Ferguson. From \u003cb\u003eslave labour\u003c/b\u003e to free labour - The process of transition from \u003cb\u003eslave labour\u003c/b\u003e to free labour in Zanzibar pivoted on the question of labour supply . Merchant capital was increasingly penetrating the relations\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA22","page_number":"22","snippet_text":"... slavery was rooted in the knowledge that free labour would be more efficient than \u003cb\u003eslave labour\u003c/b\u003e.16 Although the principle of abolition was never seriously questioned by those involved in its implementation , the pace and manner of\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA24","page_number":"24","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003elabour\u003c/b\u003e the \u003cb\u003eslave\u003c/b\u003e was given a piece of land large enough to build a house upon , and sufficient to provide him with ... \u003cb\u003elabour\u003c/b\u003e question It should be clear now that the question of the abolition of \u003cb\u003eslavery\u003c/b\u003e was not one which involved\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA25","page_number":"25","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003elabour\u003c/b\u003e problem in Zanzibar was formulated . The interest resides in the fact that the way in which the problem was framed invariably deter- mined the solution . In a \u003cb\u003eslavery\u003c/b\u003e report for 1900 , Farler represented the \u003cb\u003elabour\u003c/b\u003e question for\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA26","page_number":"26","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eslave\u003c/b\u003e together to be broken , the emancipated \u003cb\u003eslaves\u003c/b\u003e would no longer work upon the clove estates.35 Prior to 1897 , the \u003cb\u003elabour\u003c/b\u003e problem was dominated by debates ( in writing ) over how to enforce without much disruption the abolition of\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA27","page_number":"27","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003elabour\u003c/b\u003e force in Zanzibar had a paradoxical result : So great was the drain of \u003cb\u003elabour\u003c/b\u003e that it gave a considerable stimulus to the \u003cb\u003eslave\u003c/b\u003e trade , Sir G. Portal stating that \u0026#39; the Arab land - owners are put to such straits for \u003cb\u003elabour\u003c/b\u003e that\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA28","page_number":"28","snippet_text":"... slave had reached when abolition was introduced . How \u0026#39; free \u0026#39; labour became \u0026#39; \u003cb\u003eforced\u003c/b\u003e \u0026#39; \u003cb\u003elabour\u003c/b\u003e While it was easy to decree an end to the legal status of slavery , it was never a simple matter to insure a regular supply of non - slave\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA29","page_number":"29","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eslave labour\u003c/b\u003e to free labour will always assume forms which are determined by a combination of the existing modes of production . What appears as a very good system for the former slaves is in fact a very exploitative one . The\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA30","page_number":"30","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eslave\u003c/b\u003e ownership to capitalist land ownership Whereas the transition from \u003cb\u003eslave\u003c/b\u003e to free \u003cb\u003elabour\u003c/b\u003e resulted in the semi - proletarianisation of the former \u003cb\u003eslaves\u003c/b\u003e , the same process transformed the Arab landowner and \u003cb\u003eslave\u003c/b\u003e holder into a semi\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA37","page_number":"37","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eSlave\u003c/b\u003e relations had been abolished because capitalist relations were more productive of goods and profits , for reasons best explained by Karl Marx : In contrast to the \u003cb\u003eslave\u003c/b\u003e , ( free ) \u003cb\u003elabour\u003c/b\u003e becomes more productive because more\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA41","page_number":"41","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eslave\u003c/b\u003e owners in Zanzibar had been relatively high in the pre - colonial era , and the introduction of capitalist relations meant that peasants could perform wage \u003cb\u003elabour\u003c/b\u003e to acquire new goods . It did not take long for imported cloth\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA47","page_number":"47","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eslaves\u003c/b\u003e had not gained their freedom ; they are referred to as \u0026#39; shamba \u003cb\u003elabour\u003c/b\u003e \u0026#39; by Mathews , who also uses the term for ex - \u003cb\u003eslaves\u003c/b\u003e who had become squatters : Special enquiries have been made regarding clove picking and payment of\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA68","page_number":"68","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eslave\u003c/b\u003e masters , the landed classes used the surplus generated by serfs and \u003cb\u003eslaves\u003c/b\u003e to support a pattern of luxurious ... \u003cb\u003elabour\u003c/b\u003e and the stimulus of commodity consumption led to social differentiation within the peasantry and the\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA111","page_number":"111","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003elabour\u003c/b\u003e power for which the capitalist does not pay . In the case of peasant cash crop production , the whole cost of ... \u003cb\u003eslave\u003c/b\u003e trade and of \u003cb\u003eslavery\u003c/b\u003e , and the consequent shortage of \u003cb\u003elabour\u003c/b\u003e for the clove plantations , capital had to\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA117","page_number":"117","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003elabour\u003c/b\u003e to help in the harvest on the Sultan\u0026#39;s plantations as well as on those of the Mwinyi Mkuu . This sharpened ... \u003cb\u003eslave\u003c/b\u003e trade in 1873 , and of the legal status of \u003cb\u003eslavery\u003c/b\u003e in 1897 , were turning points in the political economy\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA118","page_number":"118","snippet_text":"... slavery , where the whole of a \u003cb\u003eslave\u0026#39;s labour\u003c/b\u003e was at the disposal of the owner who supplied the slave\u0026#39;s means of subsistence , for it contained elements of serfdom which became more pronounced after the emancipation of the slaves.19\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA127","page_number":"127","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003elabour\u003c/b\u003e ; secondly they are incomparably the cheapest instrument for the production of agricultural produce on a ... \u003cb\u003eslave\u003c/b\u003e trade the year following the hurricane created 127 The Peasantry Under Imperialism."},{"page_id":"PA128","page_number":"128","snippet_text":"Abdul Sheriff, Ed Ferguson. of the \u003cb\u003eslave\u003c/b\u003e trade the year following the hurricane created a severe shortage of \u003cb\u003elabour\u003c/b\u003e , and the self - sufficient peasants were unwilling to fill the gap . A compromise solution called the \u0026#39; half - and\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA141","page_number":"141","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eslave\u003c/b\u003e trade was legally abolished on the islands , is a study of the demise of a class anchored in an anachronistic ... \u003cb\u003elabour\u003c/b\u003e as cheap as possible . Contributing to that target in Zanzibar was the preservation of elements of the\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA143","page_number":"143","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eslave\u003c/b\u003e mode of production in an era when capitalism was becoming a global force . The Arab landlords could maintain a ... \u003cb\u003elabour\u003c/b\u003e . The abolition of the \u003cb\u003eslave\u003c/b\u003e trade , and later of \u003cb\u003eslavery\u003c/b\u003e , was rapidly followed by the economic demise\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA148","page_number":"148","snippet_text":"... plantation owner is seated in the centre , and a supervisor is standing behind the slaves . Plate 23 A coconut plantation . The coconuts piled up. 148 Class Formation Picked cloves being weighed \u003cb\u003eSlave labour\u003c/b\u003e stemming cloves, 1890s."},{"page_id":"PA152","page_number":"152","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eslave labour\u003c/b\u003e . The landlords mode of life was parasitic . Their use of \u003cb\u003eslave labour\u003c/b\u003e apart , they were heavily dependent on the moneylending class of Indian financiers who had come to Zanzibar in Seyyid Said\u0026#39;s entourage . Although few\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA157","page_number":"157","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eslave\u003c/b\u003e era ; hence the government was responsible for the injury caused.30 Quite a different viewpoint was offered in ... \u003cb\u003elabour\u003c/b\u003e costs . All this was intended to enable the landowners to undertake clove production without recourse\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA165","page_number":"165","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eslave\u003c/b\u003e trade alone was 60 per cent . \u0026quot; Indian merchant capital appeared to be well entrenched and unthreatened . This ... \u003cb\u003elabour\u003c/b\u003e . Plans were made to extend the trade in captives . Cloves as a rare luxury spice could not only\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA169","page_number":"169","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eslave labour\u003c/b\u003e . Like all merchants , however , he could not hold his own against the forces of imperial- ism which ... slave trade as the bulk of trade in other commodities increased . The Sultan was forced to close the biggest\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA195","page_number":"195","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eslave\u003c/b\u003e relationship . It was justified on the basis of Islamic ideology which encourages adoption of the poor ... \u003cb\u003elabour\u003c/b\u003e . The element of domination and pat- ernalism in the master - servant relationship was quite apparent from the\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA249","page_number":"249","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003elabour\u003c/b\u003e , but did not realise its full potential through the maturation of its component strata . The free working class that grew out of \u003cb\u003eslavery\u003c/b\u003e was frozen in a semi - proletarian , semi - peasant condition , while the stunting of the\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA250","page_number":"250","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eslave\u003c/b\u003e mode of production which had developed on the isles during the nineteenth century was itself a contradictory ... \u003cb\u003elabour\u003c/b\u003e process contained incongruous elements which appear to be concessions to the capitalist mode . Because\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA266","page_number":"266","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eLabour\u003c/b\u003e Report , ( for the years 1946-1960 ) , Zanzibar , Government Printer - Nutritional Review of the Natives of ... \u003cb\u003eSlave\u003c/b\u003e Trade , Historical Association of Tanzania Paper 266 Bibliography.","page_url":"https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=FxUCbQeKjogC\u0026pg=PA266\u0026vq=slave+labour"},{"page_id":"PA275","page_number":"275","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eslavery\u003c/b\u003e and free \u003cb\u003elabour\u003c/b\u003e , 37 ; on West Indian \u003cb\u003eslavery\u003c/b\u003e , 21 Masheha ( headmen ) , 119 , 120 Masters and Servants Decree ( 1925 ) , 41 , 121 Masuria ( concubines ) , 24 , 195 Mathews , General , 151 Mathews , Sir Lloyd , 25 , 47 , 211n\u0026nbsp;...","page_url":"https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=FxUCbQeKjogC\u0026pg=PA275\u0026vq=slave+labour"},{"page_id":"PA276","page_number":"276","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003elabour\u003c/b\u003e ) Pim , Sir Alan , 156-7 plantations , introduction of , 14-15 , 18 ; labourers , 24 , 192-4 ; mainland ... \u003cb\u003eSlave\u003c/b\u003e Trade ( 1871 ) , 170 semi - proletarians , 234-5 , 252 ( see also \u003cb\u003elabour\u003c/b\u003e , proletariat ; working class )\u0026nbsp;...","page_url":"https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=FxUCbQeKjogC\u0026pg=PA276\u0026vq=slave+labour"},{"page_id":"PA277","page_number":"277","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eSlave\u003c/b\u003e Trade ( 1871 ) , 170 \u003cb\u003eslavery\u003c/b\u003e , abolition of ( 1897 ) , 4 , 15 , 17 , 21-4 , 117 , 153-4 , 250 ; abolition and the \u003cb\u003elabour\u003c/b\u003e supply , 21 , 24-8 , 160 , 188-9 , 253 ; and islam , 19 , 33n ; closure of \u003cb\u003eslave\u003c/b\u003e market , 169 ; clove trade\u0026nbsp;...","page_url":"https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=FxUCbQeKjogC\u0026pg=PA277\u0026vq=slave+labour"},{"page_id":"PT2","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eSlaves\u003c/b\u003e , Spices and Ivory in Zanzibar . The first part of the book shows the transition of Zanzibar ... \u003cb\u003eslave\u003c/b\u003e trade in 1873 which started the process of transformation . They show the transition from \u003cb\u003eslavery\u003c/b\u003e to colonial \u0026#39; free \u0026#39; \u003cb\u003elabour\u003c/b\u003e\u0026nbsp;...","page_url":"https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=FxUCbQeKjogC\u0026pg=PT2\u0026vq=slave+labour"}],"search_query_escaped":"slave labour"},{});</script></div></div></div><script>(function() {var href = window.location.href;if (href.indexOf('?') !== -1) {var parameters = href.split('?')[1].split('&');for (var i = 0; i < parameters.length; i++) {var param = parameters[i].split('=');if (param[0] == 'focus') {var elem = document.getElementById(param[1]);if (elem) {elem.focus();}}}}})();</script>