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Propagation, cultivation and harvest subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Propagation,_cultivation_and_harvest-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Breeding" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Breeding"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Breeding </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Breeding-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Yield" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Yield"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Yield </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Yield-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Regional_production" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Regional_production"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Regional production </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Regional_production-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Diseases_and_pests" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diseases_and_pests"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 Diseases and pests </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Diseases_and_pests-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Common_diseases_and_pests" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Common_diseases_and_pests"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4.1 Common diseases and pests </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Common_diseases_and_pests-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Control_measures_for_diseases_and_pests" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Control_measures_for_diseases_and_pests"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4.2 Control measures for diseases and pests </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Control_measures_for_diseases_and_pests-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nutritional_content" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nutritional_content"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Nutritional content </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nutritional_content-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Uses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Uses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Uses </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Uses-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Uses subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Uses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Culinary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culinary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Culinary </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Culinary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Traditional_medicine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Traditional_medicine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Traditional medicine </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Traditional_medicine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Natural_dye" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Natural_dye"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Natural dye </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Natural_dye-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_uses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_uses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4 Other uses </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_uses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Phytochemicals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Phytochemicals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Phytochemicals </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Phytochemicals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Marketing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Marketing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Marketing </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Marketing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Mangosteen</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 79 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-79" aria-hidden="true" > 79 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%88%D8%B2_%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%85" title="جوز جندم – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="جوز جندم" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garcinia_mangostana" title="Garcinia mangostana – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Garcinia mangostana" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manggis" title="Manggis – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Manggis" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Bali</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%99%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8" title="ম্যাঙ্গোস্টিন – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ম্যাঙ্গোস্টিন" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-map-bms mw-list-item"><a href="https://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manggis" title="Manggis – Banyumasan" lang="jv-x-bms" hreflang="jv-x-bms" data-title="Manggis" data-language-autonym="Basa Banyumasan" data-language-local-name="Banyumasan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Banyumasan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Мангастан – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Мангастан" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manggosten" title="Manggosten – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Manggosten" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Мангостан – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Мангостан" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garcinia_mangostana" title="Garcinia mangostana – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Garcinia mangostana" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garcinia_mangostana" title="Garcinia mangostana – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Garcinia mangostana" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mangostana_lahodn%C3%A1" title="Mangostana lahodná – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Mangostana lahodná" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mangostane" title="Mangostane – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Mangostane" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%89%DE%A6%DE%84%DE%AA%DE%90%DE%B0%DE%8C%DE%A7%DE%82%DE%B0" title="މަބުސްތާން – Divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="މަބުސްތާން" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="Divehi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ދިވެހިބަސް</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CE%B1%CE%B3%CE%BA%CE%BF%CF%83%CF%84%CE%AF%CE%BD" title="Μαγκοστίν – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μαγκοστίν" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garcinia_mangostana" title="Garcinia mangostana – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Garcinia mangostana" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mangostano" title="Mangostano – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Mangostano" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mangostan" title="Mangostan – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Mangostan" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B1%DA%AF%DB%8C%D9%84" title="ترگیل – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ترگیل" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mangoustanier" title="Mangoustanier – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Mangoustanier" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mangaist%C3%ADn" title="Mangaistín – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Mangaistín" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mangost%C3%A1n" title="Mangostán – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Mangostán" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Мангостан – Ingush" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="Мангостан" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="Ingush" class="interlanguage-link-target">ГӀалгӀай</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A7%9D%EA%B3%A0%EC%8A%A4%ED%8B%B4" title="망고스틴 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="망고스틴" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A3%D5%B8%D5%BD%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%B6" title="Մանգոստան – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Մանգոստան" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A8" title="बैंगनी मेन्गोस्टीन – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="बैंगनी मेन्गोस्टीन" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mangostin" title="Mangostin – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Mangostin" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manggis" title="Manggis – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Manggis" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garcinia_mangostana" title="Garcinia mangostana – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Garcinia mangostana" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%A0%D7%92%D7%95%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%99%D7%9F" title="מנגוסטין – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מנגוסטין" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manggis" title="Manggis – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Manggis" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%87%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%B3%E0%B3%86_%E0%B2%97%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%AF" title="ನೇರಳೆ ಗಾರ್ಸಿಯ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ನೇರಳೆ ಗಾರ್ಸಿಯ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mangosteen" title="Mangosteen – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Mangosteen" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kapampangan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%92%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="მანგოსტანი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="მანგოსტანი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Мангостан – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Мангостан" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Мангостан – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Мангостан" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Коми</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Мангостан – Western Mari" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="Мангостан" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="Western Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кырык мары</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lbe mw-list-item"><a href="https://lbe.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Мангостан – Lak" lang="lbe" hreflang="lbe" data-title="Мангостан" data-language-autonym="Лакку" data-language-local-name="Lak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Лакку</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garcinia_mangostana" title="Garcinia mangostana – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Garcinia mangostana" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mangost%C4%81ns" title="Mangostāns – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Mangostāns" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mangostanin%C4%97_garcinija" title="Mangostaninė garcinija – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Mangostaninė garcinija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nia mw-list-item"><a href="https://nia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magi" title="Magi – Nias" lang="nia" hreflang="nia" data-title="Magi" data-language-autonym="Li Niha" data-language-local-name="Nias" class="interlanguage-link-target">Li Niha</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mangusit%C3%A1" title="Mangusitá – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Mangusitá" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingála</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mangoszt%C3%A1n" title="Mangosztán – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Mangosztán" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%99%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%80%E0%B5%BB" title="മാങ്കോസ്റ്റീൻ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="മാങ്കോസ്റ്റീൻ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%88%D8%B2_%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%85" title="جوز جندم – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="جوز جندم" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manggis" title="Manggis – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Manggis" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%99%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%80%E1%80%BD%E1%80%90%E1%80%BA%E1%80%95%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA" title="မင်းကွတ်ပင် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="မင်းကွတ်ပင်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mangistan" title="Mangistan – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Mangistan" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%9E%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B4%E3%82%B9%E3%83%81%E3%83%B3" title="マンゴスチン – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="マンゴスチン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mangostan" title="Mangostan – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Mangostan" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mangostan" title="Mangostan – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Mangostan" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-koi mw-list-item"><a href="https://koi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Мангостан – Komi-Permyak" lang="koi" hreflang="koi" data-title="Мангостан" data-language-autonym="Перем коми" data-language-local-name="Komi-Permyak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Перем коми</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%98%E1%9E%84%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%83%E1%9E%BB%E1%9E%8F" title="មង្ឃុត – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="មង្ឃុត" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target">ភាសាខ្មែរ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mangostan_w%C5%82a%C5%9Bciwy" title="Mangostan właściwy – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Mangostan właściwy" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mangostim" title="Mangostim – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Mangostim" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garcinia_mangostana" title="Garcinia mangostana – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Garcinia mangostana" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Мангостан – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Мангостан" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mangosteni" title="Mangosteni – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Mangosteni" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mangosteen" title="Mangosteen – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Mangosteen" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%86%DA%AF%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%BD%D9%8A%D9%86" title="منگوسٽين – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="منگوسٽين" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mangost%C3%A1na_(ovocie)" title="Mangostána (ovocie) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Mangostána (ovocie)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mangostan" title="Mangostan – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Mangostan" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manggu" title="Manggu – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Manggu" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sunda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mangostani" title="Mangostani – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Mangostani" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mangostan" title="Mangostan – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Mangostan" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manggostan" title="Manggostan – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Manggostan" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%99%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D" title="மங்குசுத்தான் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="மங்குசுத்தான்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%97_%E0%B0%AE%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%AE%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%A1%E0%B0%BF" title="వంగ మామిడి – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="వంగ మామిడి" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%94" title="มังคุด – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="มังคุด" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mangostan" title="Mangostan – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Mangostan" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Мангостан – Udmurt" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Мангостан" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="Udmurt" class="interlanguage-link-target">Удмурт</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Мангостан – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Мангостан" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mangostan" title="Mangostan – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Mangostan" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vepsän kel’</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C4%83ng_c%E1%BB%A5t" title="Măng cụt – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Măng cụt" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garcinia_mangostana" title="Garcinia mangostana – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Garcinia mangostana" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B1%B1%E7%AB%B9" title="山竹 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="山竹" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" 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id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Garcinia_mangostana" hreflang="en">Wikimedia Commons</a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-species mw-list-item"><a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Garcinia_mangostana" hreflang="en">Wikispecies</a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q170662" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g">Wikidata item</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav 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.hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Mango" title="Mango">mango</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the purple mangosteen. Mangosteen may also refer to the entire genus <a href="/wiki/Garcinia" title="Garcinia">Garcinia</a>.</div> <table class="infobox biota" style="text-align: left; width: 200px; font-size: 100%"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)">Mangosteen </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/File:Berthe_Hoola_van_Nooten48.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Berthe_Hoola_van_Nooten48.jpg/220px-Berthe_Hoola_van_Nooten48.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="329" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Berthe_Hoola_van_Nooten48.jpg/330px-Berthe_Hoola_van_Nooten48.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Berthe_Hoola_van_Nooten48.jpg/440px-Berthe_Hoola_van_Nooten48.jpg 2x" data-file-width="782" data-file-height="1171" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-size: 88%">Illustration from Fleurs, Fruits et Feuillages Choisis de l'Ile de Java 1863–1864 by Berthe Hoola van Nooten (Pieter De Pannemaeker lithographer) </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/File:Mangosteens_-_whole_and_opened.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Photograph of a whole mangosteen fruit, and one partially peeled to show the horizontal cross-section which reveals the white internal flesh divided into seven sections." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Mangosteens_-_whole_and_opened.jpg/220px-Mangosteens_-_whole_and_opened.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Mangosteens_-_whole_and_opened.jpg/330px-Mangosteens_-_whole_and_opened.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Mangosteens_-_whole_and_opened.jpg/440px-Mangosteens_-_whole_and_opened.jpg 2x" data-file-width="8256" data-file-height="5504" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-size: 88%">Whole fruit and horizontal cross-section </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; min-width:15em; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)"><a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">Scientific classification</a> <a href="/wiki/Template:Taxonomy/Garcinia" title="Edit this classification"><img alt="Edit this classification" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/23px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/30px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Kingdom: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Plant" title="Plant">Plantae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Clade: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Vascular_plant" title="Vascular plant">Tracheophytes</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Clade: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Flowering_plant" title="Flowering plant">Angiosperms</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Clade: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Eudicots" title="Eudicots">Eudicots</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Clade: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rosids" title="Rosids">Rosids</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Order: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Malpighiales" title="Malpighiales">Malpighiales</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Family: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Clusiaceae" title="Clusiaceae">Clusiaceae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Genus: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Garcinia" title="Garcinia">Garcinia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Species: </td> <td><div style="display:inline" class="species">G. mangostana</div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)"><a href="/wiki/Binomial_nomenclature" title="Binomial nomenclature">Binomial name</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center">Garcinia mangostana <div style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus" title="Carl Linnaeus">L.</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)"><a href="/wiki/Synonym_(taxonomy)" title="Synonym (taxonomy)">Synonyms</a><a href="#cite_note-POWO-1">[1]</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: left"> <ul><li>Mangostana garcinia Gaertn</li></ul> </td></tr> </tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238732961">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:transparent}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:white}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.biota .taxobox-edit-taxonomy img{background:transparent!important}body.skin-vector .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox{margin-top:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox tr.taxonrow td{padding:2px 10px}</style> Mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana), also known as the purple mangosteen,<a href="#cite_note-stone-2">[2]</a> is a tropical <a href="/wiki/Evergreen" title="Evergreen">evergreen</a> tree with edible <a href="/wiki/Fruit" title="Fruit">fruit</a> native to <a href="/wiki/Island_Southeast_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Island Southeast Asia">Island Southeast Asia</a>, from the <a href="/wiki/Malay_Peninsula" title="Malay Peninsula">Malay Peninsula</a> to <a href="/wiki/Borneo" title="Borneo">Borneo</a>. It has been cultivated extensively in tropical Asia since ancient times.<a href="#cite_note-POWO-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-Yao-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-Nazre-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-morton-5">[5]</a> It is grown mainly in Southeast Asia, southwest <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> and other tropical areas such as <a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rico" title="Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a> and Florida,<a href="#cite_note-morton-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-karp06-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-Karp-7">[7]</a> where the tree has been introduced. The tree grows from 6 to 25 m (19.7 to 82.0 ft) tall.<a href="#cite_note-morton-5">[5]</a> The fruit of the mangosteen is sweet and tangy, juicy, somewhat fibrous, with fluid-filled vesicles (<a href="/wiki/Hesperidium" title="Hesperidium">like the flesh</a> of <a href="/wiki/Citrus_fruit" class="mw-redirect" title="Citrus fruit">citrus fruits</a>), with an inedible, deep reddish-purple colored rind (<a href="/wiki/Exocarp" class="mw-redirect" title="Exocarp">exocarp</a>) when <a href="/wiki/Ripening" title="Ripening">ripe</a>.<a href="#cite_note-morton-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-karp06-6">[6]</a> In each fruit, the fragrant edible flesh that surrounds each seed is botanically <a href="/wiki/Endocarp" class="mw-redirect" title="Endocarp">endocarp</a>, i.e., the inner layer of the <a href="/wiki/Ovary_(plants)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ovary (plants)">ovary</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Mabberley-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> The seeds are of similar size and shape to <a href="/wiki/Almond" title="Almond">almonds</a>. Genus <a href="/wiki/Garcinia" title="Garcinia">Garcinia</a> also contains several less-known fruit-bearing species, such as the <a href="/wiki/Button_mangosteen" class="mw-redirect" title="Button mangosteen">button mangosteen</a> (G. prainiana) and the <a href="/wiki/Charichuelo" class="mw-redirect" title="Charichuelo">charichuelo</a> (G. madruno). <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Description">Description</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mangosteen&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Description">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tree">Tree</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mangosteen&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Tree">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pokok_manggis.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Pokok_manggis.jpg/220px-Pokok_manggis.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Pokok_manggis.jpg/330px-Pokok_manggis.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Pokok_manggis.jpg/440px-Pokok_manggis.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024" /></a><figcaption>Mangosteen tree</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mangosteen_Basket.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Mangosteen_Basket.jpg/220px-Mangosteen_Basket.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Mangosteen_Basket.jpg/330px-Mangosteen_Basket.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Mangosteen_Basket.jpg/440px-Mangosteen_Basket.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024" /></a><figcaption>Basket of fresh mangosteens</figcaption></figure> A tropical tree, the mangosteen must be grown in consistently warm conditions, as exposure to temperatures below 0 °C (32 °F) for prolonged periods will usually kill a mature plant. They are known to recover from brief cold spells rather well, often with damage only to young growth. Experienced horticulturists have grown this species outdoors, and brought them to fruit in extreme south Florida.<a href="#cite_note-karp06-6">[6]</a> The tree grows from 6 to 25 metres (20 to 82 feet) tall.<a href="#cite_note-morton-5">[5]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fruit">Fruit</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mangosteen&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Fruit">edit</a>]</div> The juvenile mangosteen fruit, which does not require <a href="/wiki/Fertilisation" title="Fertilisation">fertilisation</a> to form (see <a href="/wiki/Agamospermy" class="mw-redirect" title="Agamospermy">agamospermy</a>), first appears as pale green or almost white in the shade of the <a href="/wiki/Canopy_(forest)" class="mw-redirect" title="Canopy (forest)">canopy</a>. As the fruit enlarges over the next two to three months, the <a href="/wiki/Exocarp" class="mw-redirect" title="Exocarp">exocarp</a> colour deepens to darker green. During this period, the fruit increases in size until its exocarp is <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style>6–8 cm (2+1⁄2–3 in) in outside diameter, remaining hard until a final, abrupt <a href="/wiki/Ripening" title="Ripening">ripening</a> stage.<a href="#cite_note-mangosteen-10">[10]</a> The subsurface chemistry of the mangosteen exocarp comprises an array of polyphenols, including <a href="/wiki/Xanthonoid" title="Xanthonoid">xanthones</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tannin" title="Tannin">tannins</a> that assure <a href="/wiki/Astringency" class="mw-redirect" title="Astringency">astringency</a> which discourages <a href="/wiki/Infestation" title="Infestation">infestation</a> by insects, fungi, <a href="/wiki/Plant_virus" title="Plant virus">plant viruses</a>, bacteria, and animal predation while the fruit is immature. Colour changes and softening of the exocarp are natural processes of <a href="/wiki/Ripening" title="Ripening">ripening</a> that indicate the fruit can be eaten and the seeds have finished developing.<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> Once the developing mangosteen fruit has stopped expanding, <a href="/wiki/Chlorophyll" title="Chlorophyll">chlorophyll</a> synthesis slows as the next colour phase begins. Initially streaked with red, the exocarp <a href="/wiki/Pigmentation" class="mw-redirect" title="Pigmentation">pigmentation</a> transitions from green to red to dark purple, indicating a final ripening stage. This entire process takes place over a period of ten days as the edible quality of the fruit peaks. Over the days following removal from the tree, the exocarp hardens to an extent depending upon post-harvest handling and <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/ambient" class="extiw" title="wikt:ambient">ambient</a> storage conditions, especially relative humidity levels. If the ambient humidity is high, exocarp hardening may take a week or longer when the flesh quality is peaking and excellent for consumption. However, after several additional days of storage, especially if unrefrigerated, the flesh inside the fruit might spoil without any obvious external indications. Using the hardness of the rind as an indicator of freshness for the first two weeks following harvest is therefore unreliable because the rind does not accurately reveal the interior condition of the flesh. If the exocarp is soft and yielding as it is when ripe and fresh from the tree, the fruit is usually good.<a href="#cite_note-mangosteen-10">[10]</a> The edible <a href="/wiki/Endocarp" class="mw-redirect" title="Endocarp">endocarp</a> of the mangosteen has the same shape and size as a <a href="/wiki/Tangerine" title="Tangerine">tangerine</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027">4–6 cm (1+1⁄2–2+1⁄2 in) in diameter, but is white.<a href="#cite_note-mangosteen-10">[10]</a> The number of fruit segments corresponds exactly with the number of <a href="/wiki/Stigma_(botany)" title="Stigma (botany)">stigma</a> lobes on the exterior <a href="/wiki/Apical_meristem" class="mw-redirect" title="Apical meristem">apex</a>;<a href="#cite_note-morton-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-mangosteen-10">[10]</a> accordingly, a higher number of fleshy segments also corresponds with the fewest seeds.<a href="#cite_note-morton-5">[5]</a> The circle of wedge-shaped segments contains 4–8, rarely 9 segments,<a href="#cite_note-mangosteen-10">[10]</a> the larger ones harbouring the <a href="/wiki/Apomictic" class="mw-redirect" title="Apomictic">apomictic</a> seeds that are unpalatable unless roasted.<a href="#cite_note-morton-5">[5]</a> As a non-<a href="/wiki/Climacteric_(botany)" title="Climacteric (botany)">climacteric</a> fruit, picked mangosteen does not ripen further, so it must be consumed shortly after harvest.<a href="#cite_note-stone-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-mangosteen-10">[10]</a> Often described as a subtle delicacy,<a href="#cite_note-stone-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-mangosteen-10">[10]</a> the flesh bears an exceptionally mild <a href="/wiki/Aroma" class="mw-redirect" title="Aroma">aroma</a>, quantitatively having about 1/400th of the chemical constituents of fragrant fruits, explaining its relative mildness.<a href="#cite_note-macleod-12">[12]</a> The main <a href="/wiki/Volatility_(chemistry)" title="Volatility (chemistry)">volatile</a> components having <a href="/wiki/Caramel_(aroma)" class="mw-redirect" title="Caramel (aroma)">caramel</a>, grass and butter notes as part of the mangosteen <a href="/wiki/Fragrance" class="mw-redirect" title="Fragrance">fragrance</a> are <a href="/wiki/Hexyl_acetate" title="Hexyl acetate">hexyl acetate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hexenol" class="mw-redirect" title="Hexenol">hexenol</a> and α-<a href="/wiki/Copaene" title="Copaene">copaene</a>.<a href="#cite_note-macleod-12">[12]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ethyl_octanoate" title="Ethyl octanoate">Ethyl octanoate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ethyl_hexanoate" title="Ethyl hexanoate">ethyl hexanoate</a> and <a href="/wiki/Prenylthiol" title="Prenylthiol">3-methyl-2-butene-1-thiol</a> were detected as aroma components in mangosteen wine.<a href="#cite_note-xiao-13">[13]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origins_and_history">Origins and history</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mangosteen&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Origins and history">edit</a>]</div> Cultivated mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana var. mangostana) is <a href="/wiki/Dioecious" class="mw-redirect" title="Dioecious">dioecious</a>, but male trees are unknown. The trees produce viable seeds via <a href="/wiki/Apomixis" title="Apomixis">apomixis</a>, where all the embryos are essentially <a href="/wiki/Vegetative_reproduction" title="Vegetative reproduction">clones</a> of the mother.<a href="#cite_note-Yao-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-Sobir-14">[14]</a> Its extensive cultivation has made its original native range difficult to ascertain. Garcinia mangostana var. mangostana is likely to be the <a href="/wiki/Domestication" title="Domestication">domesticated</a> descendant of wild populations of Garcinia mangostana var. malaccensis (previously thought to be a separate species) and Garcinia mangostana var. borneensis, native to the <a href="/wiki/Malay_Peninsula" title="Malay Peninsula">Malay Peninsula</a> and <a href="/wiki/Borneo" title="Borneo">Borneo</a> respectively. Both of these wild varieties still possess male trees, unlike the domesticated mangosteen. It may have also <a href="/wiki/Hybrid_(biology)" title="Hybrid (biology)">hybridized</a> to a limited extent with closely-related species, including Garcinia penangiana and Garcinia venulosa.<a href="#cite_note-Yao-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-Nazre2018-15">[15]</a> Mangosteen is highly valued for its juicy, delicate texture and slightly sweet and sour flavor, the mangosteen has been cultivated in <a href="/wiki/Malay_Peninsula" title="Malay Peninsula">Malaysia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a>,<a href="/wiki/Borneo" title="Borneo">Borneo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sumatra" title="Sumatra">Sumatra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mainland_Southeast_Asia" title="Mainland Southeast Asia">Mainland Southeast Asia</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a> since ancient times. The 15th-century Chinese record <a href="/wiki/Yingya_Shenglan" title="Yingya Shenglan">Yingya Shenglan</a> described mangosteen as mang-chi-shih (derived from <a href="/wiki/Malay_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Malay Language">Malay</a> manggis), a native plant of Southeast Asia of white flesh with a delectable sweet and sour taste.<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Flowers_and_fruit_of_the_mangosteen,_and_Singapore_monkey,_by_Marianne_North.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flowers_and_fruit_of_the_mangosteen%2C_and_Singapore_monkey%2C_by_Marianne_North.jpg/220px-Flowers_and_fruit_of_the_mangosteen%2C_and_Singapore_monkey%2C_by_Marianne_North.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flowers_and_fruit_of_the_mangosteen%2C_and_Singapore_monkey%2C_by_Marianne_North.jpg/330px-Flowers_and_fruit_of_the_mangosteen%2C_and_Singapore_monkey%2C_by_Marianne_North.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flowers_and_fruit_of_the_mangosteen%2C_and_Singapore_monkey%2C_by_Marianne_North.jpg/440px-Flowers_and_fruit_of_the_mangosteen%2C_and_Singapore_monkey%2C_by_Marianne_North.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3410" data-file-height="2738" /></a><figcaption>Flowers and fruit of the mangosteen, and Singapore monkey, by <a href="/wiki/Marianne_North" title="Marianne North">Marianne North</a>, before 1890</figcaption></figure> A description of mangosteen was included in the <a href="/wiki/Species_Plantarum" title="Species Plantarum">Species Plantarum</a> by <a href="/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus" title="Carl Linnaeus">Linnaeus</a> in 1753. The mangosteen was introduced into English greenhouses in 1855.<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> Subsequently, its culture was introduced into the <a href="/wiki/Western_Hemisphere" title="Western Hemisphere">Western Hemisphere</a>, where it became established in West Indies islands, especially <a href="/wiki/Jamaica" title="Jamaica">Jamaica</a>. It was later established on the Americas mainland in Guatemala, Honduras, Panama, and Ecuador. The mangosteen tree generally does not grow well outside the tropics.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] In Southeast Asia, mangosteen is commonly known as the "Queen of Fruits", and is frequently paired with <a href="/wiki/Durian" title="Durian">durian</a>, the "King of Fruits".<a href="#cite_note-meridian-18">[18]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Chinese_food_therapy" title="Chinese food therapy">Chinese food therapy</a>, mangosteen is considered "cooling", making it a good counterbalance to the "heaty" durian.<a href="#cite_note-meridian-18">[18]</a> There is also a legend about <a href="/wiki/Victoria_of_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Victoria of the United Kingdom">Queen Victoria</a> offering a reward of one hundred <a href="/wiki/Pounds_sterling" class="mw-redirect" title="Pounds sterling">pounds sterling</a> to anyone who could deliver a fresh mangosteen to her.<a href="#cite_note-karp06-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-mangosteen-10">[10]</a> Although this legend can be traced to a 1930 publication by the fruit explorer <a href="/wiki/David_Fairchild" title="David Fairchild">David Fairchild</a>,<a href="#cite_note-stone-2">[2]</a> it is not substantiated by any known historical document.<a href="#cite_note-mangosteen-10">[10]</a> The journalist and <a href="/wiki/Gourmet" title="Gourmet">gourmet</a> <a href="/wiki/R._W._Apple_Jr." title="R. W. Apple Jr.">R. W. Apple Jr.</a> once said of the fruit, "No other fruit, for me, is so thrillingly, intoxicatingly luscious...I'd rather eat one than a hot fudge sundae, which for a big Ohio boy is saying a lot."<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> Since 2006, private small-volume orders for fruits grown in <a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rico" title="Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a> were sold to American specialty food stores and gourmet restaurants who serve the flesh segments as a delicacy dessert.<a href="#cite_note-stone-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-karp06-6">[6]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Propagation,_cultivation_and_harvest">Propagation, cultivation and harvest</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mangosteen&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Propagation, cultivation and harvest">edit</a>]</div> Mangosteen is usually propagated by <a href="/wiki/Seedlings" class="mw-redirect" title="Seedlings">seedlings</a>.<a href="#cite_note-morton-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-Osman-20">[20]</a> <a href="/wiki/Vegetative_propagation" class="mw-redirect" title="Vegetative propagation">Vegetative propagation</a> is difficult and seedlings are more robust and reach fruiting earlier than vegetatively propagated plants.<a href="#cite_note-morton-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-Osman-20">[20]</a> Mangosteen produces a <a href="/wiki/Recalcitrant_seed" title="Recalcitrant seed">recalcitrant seed</a> which is not a true seed strictly defined, but rather described as a <a href="/wiki/Nucellar" class="mw-redirect" title="Nucellar">nucellar</a> <a href="/wiki/Asexual_reproduction" title="Asexual reproduction">asexual</a> <a href="/wiki/Embryo" title="Embryo">embryo</a>.<a href="#cite_note-morton-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-mangosteen-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-Osman-20">[20]</a> As seed formation involves no sexual fertilization, the seedling is genetically identical to the mother plant.<a href="#cite_note-morton-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-Osman-20">[20]</a> If allowed to dry, a seed dies quickly, but if soaked, seed germination takes between 14 and 21 days when the plant can be kept in a nursery for about 2 years growing in a small pot.<a href="#cite_note-Osman-20">[20]</a> When the trees are approximately 25–30 cm (10–12 in), they are transplanted to the field at a spacing of 20–40 m (66–131 ft).<a href="#cite_note-morton-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-Osman-20">[20]</a> After planting, the field is mulched in order to control weeds.<a href="#cite_note-morton-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-Yaacob-21">[21]</a> Transplanting takes place in the rainy season because young trees are likely to be damaged by drought.<a href="#cite_note-morton-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-Osman-20">[20]</a> Because young trees need shade,<a href="#cite_note-morton-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-Yaacob-21">[21]</a> <a href="/wiki/Intercropping" title="Intercropping">intercropping</a> with banana, <a href="/wiki/True_plantain" class="mw-redirect" title="True plantain">plantain</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rambutan" title="Rambutan">rambutan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Durian" title="Durian">durian</a> or <a href="/wiki/Coconut" title="Coconut">coconut</a> leaves is effective.<a href="#cite_note-morton-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-Osman-20">[20]</a> Coconut palms are mainly used in areas with a long dry season, as palms also provide shade for mature mangosteen trees.<a href="#cite_note-morton-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-Osman-20">[20]</a> Another advantage of intercropping in mangosteen cultivation is the suppression of weeds.<a href="#cite_note-morton-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-Yaacob-21">[21]</a> The growth of the trees is retarded if the temperature is below 20 °C (68 °F). The ideal temperature range for growing and producing fruits is 25–35 °C (77–95 °F)<a href="#cite_note-Diczbalis-22">[22]</a> with relative humidity over 80%.<a href="#cite_note-Yaacob-21">[21]</a> The maximal temperature is 38–40 °C (100–104 °F), with both leaves and fruit being susceptible to scorching and sunburn,<a href="#cite_note-Yaacob-21">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-Diczbalis-22">[22]</a> while the minimum temperature is 3–5 °C (37–41 °F).<a href="#cite_note-Diczbalis-22">[22]</a> Young seedlings prefer a high level of shade and mature trees are shade-tolerant.<a href="#cite_note-Diczbalis-22">[22]</a> Mangosteen trees have a weak root system and prefer deep, well-drained soils with high moisture content, often growing on <a href="/wiki/Bank_(geography)" title="Bank (geography)">riverbanks</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Yaacob-21">[21]</a> The mangosteen is not adapted to <a href="/wiki/Limestone" title="Limestone">limestone</a> soils, sandy, <a href="/wiki/Alluvial" class="mw-redirect" title="Alluvial">alluvial</a> soils, or sandy soils with low organic matter content.<a href="#cite_note-Diczbalis-22">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-Paull-23">[23]</a> Mangosteen trees need a well-distributed rainfall over the year (<40 mm/month) and a 3–5 week dry season.<a href="#cite_note-Diczbalis-22">[22]</a> Mangosteen trees are sensitive to water availability and application of fertilizer input which is increased with the age of trees, regardless of region.<a href="#cite_note-morton-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-Yaacob-21">[21]</a> Maturation of mangosteen fruits takes 5–6 months, with harvest occurring when the <a href="/wiki/Pericarp" class="mw-redirect" title="Pericarp">pericarps</a> are purple.<a href="#cite_note-morton-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-mangosteen-10">[10]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Breeding">Breeding</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mangosteen&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Breeding">edit</a>]</div> In the breeding of <a href="/wiki/Perennial" title="Perennial">perennial</a> mangosteen, the selection of rootstock and grafting are significant issues to overcome constraints to production, harvesting, or seasonality.<a href="#cite_note-morton-5">[5]</a> Most of the <a href="/wiki/Genetic_resources" title="Genetic resources">genetic resources</a> for breeding are in <a href="/wiki/Germplasm" title="Germplasm">germplasm</a> collections, whereas some wild species are cultivated in Malaysia and the Philippines.<a href="#cite_note-morton-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-Osman-20">[20]</a> Conservation methods are chosen because storage of seeds under dried and low-temperature conditions has not been successful.<a href="#cite_note-morton-5">[5]</a> Because of the long duration until the trees yield fruits and the long resulting breeding cycles, mangosteen breeding has not proven attractive for transplanting or research.<a href="#cite_note-morton-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-Te-chato-24">[24]</a> Breeding objectives that may enhance mangosteen production include:<a href="#cite_note-Te-chato-24">[24]</a> <ul><li>Drought tolerance, especially sensitivity to drought in the first 5 years after <a href="/wiki/Germination" title="Germination">germination</a></li> <li>Tree architecture to produce a tree with a crown that is regular and pyramid-shaped</li> <li>Fruit quality including i) overcoming bitter taste components caused by changes in pulp, <a href="/wiki/Pericarp" class="mw-redirect" title="Pericarp">pericarp</a> or <a href="/wiki/Aril" title="Aril">aril</a> and ii) pericarp cracking resulting from excessive water uptake</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rootstock" title="Rootstock">Rootstock</a> for improved adaptation to drought and robust development in early years of growth</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Yield">Yield</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mangosteen&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Yield">edit</a>]</div> Mangosteen trees may reach fruit-bearing in as little as 6 years but may require 12 or more years, depending on climate and cultivation methods.<a href="#cite_note-morton-5">[5]</a> The yield of the mangosteen is variable, depending on the climate and age of the tree.<a href="#cite_note-morton-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-mangosteen-10">[10]</a> If the young tree is bearing for the first time, 200–300 fruits may be produced, whereas at maturity, 500 fruits per season are average.<a href="#cite_note-morton-5">[5]</a> At age 30 to 45 years in full maturity, each tree may yield as many as 3,000 fruits, with trees as old as 100 years still producing.<a href="#cite_note-morton-5">[5]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Regional_production">Regional production</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mangosteen&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Regional production">edit</a>]</div> Major mangosteen production occurs in Southeast Asia, mainly in <a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a> as the country with the most <a href="/wiki/Acreage" class="mw-redirect" title="Acreage">acreage</a> planted, estimated at 4,000 ha in 1965<a href="#cite_note-morton-5">[5]</a> and 11,000 ha in 2000, giving a total yield of 46,000 tons.<a href="#cite_note-Osman-20">[20]</a> Mangosteen is seasonally available in Thailand from May through September.<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a> are other major Asian producers.<a href="#cite_note-Osman-20">[20]</a> Mangosteen production in <a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rico" title="Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a> has been successful.<a href="#cite_note-stone-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-karp06-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-mangosteen-10">[10]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Diseases_and_pests">Diseases and pests</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mangosteen&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Diseases and pests">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Common_diseases_and_pests">Common diseases and pests</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mangosteen&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Common diseases and pests">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/Pathogens" class="mw-redirect" title="Pathogens">pathogens</a> that attack mangosteen are common in other tropical trees. The diseases can be divided into <a href="/wiki/Foliar" class="mw-redirect" title="Foliar">foliar</a>, fruit, stem and soil-borne diseases.<a href="#cite_note-Lim-26">[26]</a> <a href="/wiki/Pestalotiopsis" title="Pestalotiopsis">Pestalotiopsis</a> <a href="/wiki/Leaf_blight" class="mw-redirect" title="Leaf blight">leaf blight</a> (Pestalotiopsis flagisettula (only identified in Thailand)) is one of the diseases that infect especially young leaves.<a href="#cite_note-Lim-26">[26]</a> Furthermore, the pathogen causes the fruits to rot before and after the harvest.<a href="#cite_note-Lim-26">[26]</a> Additional <a href="/wiki/Stem_canker" class="mw-redirect" title="Stem canker">stem canker</a> and dieback are caused by the pathogen.<a href="#cite_note-Lim-26">[26]</a> Some of the <a href="/wiki/Symptoms" class="mw-redirect" title="Symptoms">symptoms</a> of stem canker are branch splitting, <a href="/wiki/Gummosis" title="Gummosis">gummosis</a> and bark blistering.<a href="#cite_note-Lim-26">[26]</a> The main areas where the disease was observed are Thailand, Malaysia, and <a href="/wiki/North_Queensland" title="North Queensland">North Queensland</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Lim-26">[26]</a> Another common disease is the thread blight or white thread blight disease (<a href="/wiki/Marasmiellus_scandens" title="Marasmiellus scandens">Marasmiellus scandens</a>) whereas the name comes from the <a href="/wiki/Mycelia" class="mw-redirect" title="Mycelia">mycelia</a> which resembles thread.<a href="#cite_note-Lim-26">[26]</a> Leaves, twigs, and branches may also be damaged by the disease.<a href="#cite_note-Lim-26">[26]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Spores" class="mw-redirect" title="Spores">spores</a> spread with the help of wind, raindrops, and insects, and thrive in shady, humid, and wet conditions.<a href="#cite_note-Lim-26">[26]</a> An important post-harvest disease affecting mangosteen, especially in Thailand is called Diplodia fruit rot (<a href="/wiki/Diplodia_theobromae" class="mw-redirect" title="Diplodia theobromae">Diplodia theobromae</a>) which, as a secondary pathogen, enters the host plant through wounds.<a href="#cite_note-Lim-26">[26]</a> <a href="/wiki/Phellinus_noxius" class="mw-redirect" title="Phellinus noxius">Phellinus noxius</a> living on the roots and trunk bases causes brown root disease, a name derived from the appearance of the <a href="/wiki/Mycelium" title="Mycelium">mycelium</a>-binding soil particles.<a href="#cite_note-Lim-26">[26]</a> The distribution of the fungus happens through contact with infected wood or thick <a href="/wiki/Rhizomorphs" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhizomorphs">rhizomorphs</a> on tree stumps.<a href="#cite_note-Lim-26">[26]</a> There are a few pests that feed on mangosteen leaves and fruits including <a href="/wiki/Leaf_eater" class="mw-redirect" title="Leaf eater">leaf eater</a> (<a href="/wiki/Stictoptera" title="Stictoptera">Stictoptera</a> sp.), <a href="/wiki/Leaf_miner" title="Leaf miner">leaf miner</a> (Phyllocnictis citrella) and fruit borer (<a href="/wiki/Curculio" title="Curculio">Curculio</a> sp.).<a href="#cite_note-Osman-20">[20]</a> Especially in nurseries, the <a href="/wiki/Larval_stage" class="mw-redirect" title="Larval stage">larval stage</a> of the leaf eater can cause visible damage on young leaves, but can be managed by biological control agents.<a href="#cite_note-Osman-20">[20]</a> The larval stage of fruit borer (Curculio sp.) feeds on different parts of fruit before ripening.<a href="#cite_note-Osman-20">[20]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Control_measures_for_diseases_and_pests">Control measures for diseases and pests</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mangosteen&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Control measures for diseases and pests">edit</a>]</div> Different management options can be applied to control mangosteen diseases.<a href="#cite_note-Osman-20">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-Lim-26">[26]</a> <ul><li>Measures to inhibit sun scalding to minimize <a href="/wiki/Leaf_blight" class="mw-redirect" title="Leaf blight">leaf blight</a> and <a href="/wiki/Stem_canker" class="mw-redirect" title="Stem canker">stem canker</a>.</li> <li>Reduction of wounds caused by insects and storm damage to minimize disease incidence.</li> <li>Change of the <a href="/wiki/Microclimate" title="Microclimate">microclimate</a> by tree spacing and pruning.</li> <li>Chemicals applied to root collars and tree stumps to control root diseases.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fungicides" class="mw-redirect" title="Fungicides">Fungicides</a> to control fungal pathogens.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biological_pest_control" title="Biological pest control">Biological pest control</a> or <a href="/wiki/Insecticide" title="Insecticide">insecticides</a> to control insects.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Nutritional_content">Nutritional content</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mangosteen&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Nutritional content">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox nowrap"><caption class="infobox-title" style="white-space:normal; padding-bottom:0.15em;">Mangosteen, canned, syrup pack</caption><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Nutritional value per 100 g (3.5 oz)</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Food_energy" title="Food energy">Energy</a></th><td class="infobox-data">305 kJ (73 kcal)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><div style="position:relative;left:-0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Carbohydrate" title="Carbohydrate">Carbohydrates</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="position:relative;left:-0.65em;">17.91 g</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Dietary_fiber" title="Dietary fiber">Dietary fiber</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;">1.8 g</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><div style="position:relative;left:-0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Fat" title="Fat">Fat</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="position:relative;left:-0.65em;">0.58 g</div></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><div style="position:relative;left:-0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Protein_(nutrient)" title="Protein (nutrient)">Protein</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="position:relative;left:-0.65em;">0.41 g</div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2"> <table class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="; ; width:100%;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="line-height:normal; padding:0.2em; ;"><div style="text-align: center; padding: 0 0.4em; margin: 0 3.3em">Vitamins and minerals</div></th> </tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Vitamin" title="Vitamin">Vitamins</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;">Quantity <div style="float: right;"><abbr title="Percentage of Daily Value">%DV</abbr>†</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Thiamine" title="Thiamine">Thiamine (B1)</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">5%</div> 0.054 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Riboflavin" title="Riboflavin">Riboflavin (B2)</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">4%</div> 0.054 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Niacin_(nutrient)" class="mw-redirect" title="Niacin (nutrient)">Niacin (B3)</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">2%</div> 0.286 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Pantothenic_acid" title="Pantothenic acid">Pantothenic acid (B5)</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">1%</div> 0.032 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Vitamin_B6" title="Vitamin B6">Vitamin B6</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">1%</div> 0.018 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Folate" title="Folate">Folate (B9)</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">8%</div> 31 μg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Vitamin_C" title="Vitamin C">Vitamin C</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">3%</div> 2.9 mg</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Mineral_(nutrient)" title="Mineral (nutrient)">Minerals</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;">Quantity <div style="float: right;"><abbr title="Percentage of Daily Value">%DV</abbr>†</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Calcium_in_biology#Humans" title="Calcium in biology">Calcium</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">1%</div> 12 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Human_iron_metabolism" title="Human iron metabolism">Iron</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">2%</div> 0.3 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Magnesium_in_biology" title="Magnesium in biology">Magnesium</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">3%</div> 13 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Manganese#Human_health_and_nutrition" title="Manganese">Manganese</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">4%</div> 0.102 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Phosphorus#Biological_role" title="Phosphorus">Phosphorus</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">1%</div> 8 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Potassium_in_biology" title="Potassium in biology">Potassium</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">2%</div> 48 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Sodium_in_biology" title="Sodium in biology">Sodium</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">0%</div> 7 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Zinc#Biological_role" title="Zinc">Zinc</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">2%</div> 0.21 mg</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><hr /><div class="wrap" style="padding:0.3em;line-height:1.2em;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fdc.nal.usda.gov/fdc-app.html#/food-details/169090/nutrients">Link to USDA entry in FoodData Central</a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below wrap" style="background:#e0e0e0;padding:0.3em;line-height:1.5em;font-weight:normal;font-size:0.9em">†Percentages estimated using <a href="/wiki/Reference_Daily_Intake#Daily_Values" title="Reference Daily Intake">US recommendations</a> for adults,<a href="#cite_note-FDADailyValues-27">[27]</a> except for potassium, which is estimated based on expert recommendation from <a href="/wiki/National_Academies_of_Sciences,_Engineering,_and_Medicine" title="National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine">the National Academies</a>.<a href="#cite_note-NationalAcademiesPotassium-28">[28]</a></td></tr></tbody></table> The <a href="/wiki/Endocarp" class="mw-redirect" title="Endocarp">endocarp</a> – the white part of the fruit having a mild flavor – is edible,<a href="#cite_note-karp06-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-mangosteen-10">[10]</a> but its <a href="/wiki/Nutrient" title="Nutrient">nutrition</a> content is modest, as all nutrients analyzed are at a low percentage of the <a href="/wiki/Daily_Value" class="mw-redirect" title="Daily Value">Daily Value</a> (see table for canned fruit in syrup, USDA FoodData Central; note that nutrient values for fresh fruit are likely different, but have not been published by a reputable source).<a href="#cite_note-mangosteen-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Uses">Uses</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mangosteen&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Uses">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Young_Mangosteen_Fruit.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Young_Mangosteen_Fruit.jpg/220px-Young_Mangosteen_Fruit.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Young_Mangosteen_Fruit.jpg/330px-Young_Mangosteen_Fruit.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Young_Mangosteen_Fruit.jpg/440px-Young_Mangosteen_Fruit.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024" /></a><figcaption>Young fruit</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Culinary">Culinary</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mangosteen&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Culinary">edit</a>]</div> Without <a href="/wiki/Fumigation" title="Fumigation">fumigation</a> or <a href="/wiki/Irradiation" title="Irradiation">irradiation</a> (to kill the Asian <a href="/wiki/Tephritidae" title="Tephritidae">fruit fly</a>), fresh mangosteens were illegal to import into the United States until 2007.<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> Following export from its natural growing regions in Southeast Asia (particularly Thailand), the fresh fruit is available seasonally in some local markets in North America such as those of <a href="/wiki/Chinatown" title="Chinatown">Chinatowns</a>.<a href="#cite_note-karp06-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-beech-31">[31]</a> Mangosteens are available fresh, canned and frozen in Western countries. The fruit may be served as a dessert or made into jams.<a href="#cite_note-mangosteen-10">[10]</a> In Vietnam, the ripe fruit is also used as a salad ingredient.<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> Upon arrival in the US in 2007, fresh mangosteens sold at up to $130/kg ($60/lb) in specialty produce stores in New York City, but wider availability and somewhat lower prices have become common in the United States and Canada.<a href="#cite_note-Karp-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-beech-31">[31]</a> Despite efforts described above to grow mangosteen in the Western Hemisphere, nearly the entire supply is imported from Thailand.<a href="#cite_note-faothai-33">[33]</a> Before ripening, the mangosteen shell is fibrous and firm but becomes soft and easy to pry open when the fruit ripens. To open a mangosteen, the shell can be scored with a knife, pried gently along the score with the thumbs until it cracks, and then pulled apart to reveal the fruit.<a href="#cite_note-mangosteen-10">[10]</a> Alternatively, the mangosteen can be opened without a knife by squeezing the shell from the bottom until it breaks, allowing the shell to be removed and the fruit eaten while intact with the stem.<a href="#cite_note-withhands-34">[34]</a> In Southeast Asian countries, the mangosteen is usually served with the bottom part of the shell intact. <a href="#cite_note-serve-35">[35]</a> Occasionally, during peeling of ripe fruits, the purple exocarp juice may stain skin or fabric.<a href="#cite_note-mangosteen-10">[10]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Traditional_medicine">Traditional medicine</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mangosteen&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Traditional medicine">edit</a>]</div> Various parts of the plant have a history of use in <a href="/wiki/Traditional_medicine" title="Traditional medicine">traditional medicine</a>, mostly in Southeast Asia; it may have been used to treat <a href="/wiki/Skin_infection" title="Skin infection">skin infections</a>, wounds, <a href="/wiki/Dysentery" title="Dysentery">dysentery</a>, <a href="/wiki/Urinary_tract_infection" title="Urinary tract infection">urinary tract infections</a>, and gastrointestinal complaints,<a href="#cite_note-morton-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-Obolskiy-36">[36]</a> although there is no high-quality <a href="/wiki/Evidence-based_medicine" title="Evidence-based medicine">clinical evidence</a> for any of these effects.<a href="#cite_note-gross-37">[37]</a> Dried fruits are shipped to Singapore to be processed for <a href="/wiki/Traditional_medicine" title="Traditional medicine">medical uses</a> which may include <a href="/wiki/Dysentery" title="Dysentery">dysentery</a>, <a href="/wiki/Skin_disorders" class="mw-redirect" title="Skin disorders">skin disorders</a>, and various other minor diseases in several countries across Asia.<a href="#cite_note-morton-5">[5]</a> There is no reliable evidence that mangosteen juice, puree, bark or extracts is effective as a treatment for human diseases.<a href="#cite_note-gross-37">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Natural_dye">Natural dye</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mangosteen&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Natural dye">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:242px;max-width:242px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:105px;max-width:105px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:136px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Dried_mangosteen_peels.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Dried mangosteen peels" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Dried_mangosteen_peels.jpg/103px-Dried_mangosteen_peels.jpg" decoding="async" width="103" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Dried_mangosteen_peels.jpg/155px-Dried_mangosteen_peels.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Dried_mangosteen_peels.jpg/206px-Dried_mangosteen_peels.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="4096" /></a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:133px;max-width:133px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:136px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Thread_dyed_with_mangosteen_peel.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Thread dyed with mangosteen peel" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Thread_dyed_with_mangosteen_peel.jpg/131px-Thread_dyed_with_mangosteen_peel.jpg" decoding="async" width="131" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Thread_dyed_with_mangosteen_peel.jpg/197px-Thread_dyed_with_mangosteen_peel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Thread_dyed_with_mangosteen_peel.jpg/262px-Thread_dyed_with_mangosteen_peel.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2020" data-file-height="2103" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Mangosteen peels and thread dyed with mangosteen-based dye</div></div></div></div> The extract of mangosteen peels is traditionally used in <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a> as <a href="/wiki/Natural_dye" title="Natural dye">natural dye</a> for coloring of brown, dark brown, purple or red hues applied to tenun <a href="/wiki/Ikat" title="Ikat">ikat</a> and <a href="/wiki/Batik" title="Batik">batik</a> textiles.<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_uses">Other uses</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mangosteen&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Other uses">edit</a>]</div> Mangosteen twigs have been used as <a href="/wiki/Chew_stick" class="mw-redirect" title="Chew stick">chew sticks</a> in <a href="/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana">Ghana</a>, and the wood has been used to make <a href="/wiki/Spear" title="Spear">spears</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cabinetry" title="Cabinetry">cabinetry</a> in Thailand. The rind of the mangosteen fruit has also been used to <a href="/wiki/Tanning_(leather)" title="Tanning (leather)">tan</a> leather in China.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Phytochemicals">Phytochemicals</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mangosteen&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Phytochemicals">edit</a>]</div> Mangosteen peel contains <a href="/wiki/Xanthonoids" class="mw-redirect" title="Xanthonoids">xanthonoids</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Mangostin" title="Mangostin">mangostin</a>, and other <a href="/wiki/Phytochemicals" class="mw-redirect" title="Phytochemicals">phytochemicals</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Obolskiy-36">[36]</a> <a href="/wiki/Polysaccharide" title="Polysaccharide">Polysaccharide</a> and <a href="/wiki/Xanthone" title="Xanthone">xanthone</a> compounds are found in the fruit, leaves, and heartwood of the mangosteen.<a href="#cite_note-Obolskiy-36">[36]</a> Fully ripe fruit contain the xanthones – gartanin, 8-disoxygartanin, and normangostin.<a href="#cite_note-morton-5">[5]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Marketing">Marketing</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mangosteen&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Marketing">edit</a>]</div> Fresh mangosteen is marketed for only a short period of six to ten weeks due to its seasonal nature.<a href="#cite_note-Karp-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-Osman-20">[20]</a> It is mainly grown by <a href="/wiki/Smallholder" class="mw-redirect" title="Smallholder">smallholders</a> and sold at fruit stalls by roadsides. Its irregular, short supply leads to wide price fluctuations throughout its season and over the years.<a href="#cite_note-karp06-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> Additionally, there is no standard product quality assessment or grading system, making international trade of the fruit difficult.<a href="#cite_note-Osman-20">[20]</a> The mangosteen still remains rare in Western markets, though its popularity is increasing, and it is often sold at a high price.<a href="#cite_note-Karp-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mangosteen&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-POWO-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-POWO_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-POWO_1-1">b</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:428073-1">"Garcinia mangostana L."</a> Plant of the World Online. 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International Journal on Advanced Science, Engineering and Information Technology. 7 (3): 878. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.18517%2Fijaseit.7.3.1014">10.18517/ijaseit.7.3.1014</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+on+Advanced+Science%2C+Engineering+and+Information+Technology&rft.atitle=Extraction%2C+Characterization+and+Application+of+Natural+Dyes+from+the+Fresh+Mangosteen+%28Garcinia+mangostana+L.%29+Peel&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=878&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.18517%2Fijaseit.7.3.1014&rft.aulast=Kusumawati&rft.aufirst=Nita&rft.au=Santoso%2C+Agus+Budi&rft.au=Sianita%2C+Maria+Monica&rft.au=Muslim%2C+Supari&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.18517%252Fijaseit.7.3.1014&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMangosteen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120921231512/http://nationmultimedia.com/2007/07/31/national/national_30043072.php">"Mangosteen price too low: farmers"</a>. The Nation. 31 July 2007. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nationmultimedia.com/2007/07/31/national/national_30043072.php">the original</a> on 21 September 2012. Retrieved 4 December 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mangosteen+price+too+low%3A+farmers&rft.pub=The+Nation&rft.date=2007-07-31&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnationmultimedia.com%2F2007%2F07%2F31%2Fnational%2Fnational_30043072.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMangosteen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTemple-West2008" class="citation web cs1">Temple-West, Patrick (5 March 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100110014929/http://news.medill.northwestern.edu/washington/news.aspx?id=80519">"Tropical sweetness: harnessing the elusive mangosteen"</a>. Medill Reports. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.medill.northwestern.edu/washington/news.aspx?id=80519">the original</a> on 10 January 2010. Retrieved 4 December 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Tropical+sweetness%3A+harnessing+the+elusive+mangosteen&rft.pub=Medill+Reports&rft.date=2008-03-05&rft.aulast=Temple-West&rft.aufirst=Patrick&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.medill.northwestern.edu%2Fwashington%2Fnews.aspx%3Fid%3D80519&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMangosteen" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mangosteen&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 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aria-labelledby="Taxon_identifiers4770" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Taxon_identifiers4770" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Taxon_identifiers" title="Help:Taxon identifiers">Taxon identifiers</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;">Garcinia mangostana</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata">Wikidata</a>: <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170662" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Q170662">Q170662</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikispecies" title="Wikispecies">Wikispecies</a>: <a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Garcinia_mangostana" class="extiw" title="wikispecies:Garcinia mangostana">Garcinia mangostana</a></li> <li>APDB: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://africanplantdatabase.ch/en/nomen/8042">8042</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Plant_Name_Index" title="Australian Plant Name Index">APNI</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.biodiversity.org.au/name/apni/220608">220608</a></li> <li>BioLib: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biolib.cz/en/taxon/id129304">129304</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalogue_of_Life" title="Catalogue of Life">CoL</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/3F9Z4">3F9Z4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecocrop" title="Ecocrop">Ecocrop</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ecocrop.review.fao.org/ecocrop/srv/en/cropView?id=1122">1122</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Life" title="Encyclopedia of Life">EoL</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eol.org/pages/584879">584879</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EPPO_Code" title="EPPO Code">EPPO</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gd.eppo.int/taxon/GANMA">GANMA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flora_of_North_America" title="Flora of North America">FNA</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=200014177">200014177</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flora_of_Australia" title="Flora of Australia">FoAO2</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://profiles.ala.org.au/opus/foa/profile/Garcinia%20mangostana">Garcinia mangostana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flora_of_China_(series)" title="Flora of China (series)">FoC</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=200014177">200014177</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Biodiversity_Information_Facility" title="Global Biodiversity Information Facility">GBIF</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gbif.org/species/3189571">3189571</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germplasm_Resources_Information_Network" title="Germplasm Resources Information Network">GRIN</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxonomydetail.aspx?id=71011">71011</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/INaturalist" title="INaturalist">iNaturalist</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://inaturalist.org/taxa/123001">123001</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Plant_Names_Index" title="International Plant Names Index">IPNI</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ipni.org/n/428073-1">428073-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interim_Register_of_Marine_and_Nonmarine_Genera" title="Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera">IRMNG</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=11346207">11346207</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrated_Taxonomic_Information_System" title="Integrated Taxonomic Information System">ITIS</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=21484">21484</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missouri_Botanical_Garden" title="Missouri Botanical Garden">MoBotPF</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.missouribotanicalgarden.org/PlantFinder/PlantFinderDetails.aspx?taxonid=279214">279214</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Center_for_Biotechnology_Information" title="National Center for Biotechnology Information">NCBI</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=58228">58228</a></li> <li>NZOR: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nzor.org.nz/names/660b8b05-6405-482c-ac46-af8dc2f0b632">660b8b05-6405-482c-ac46-af8dc2f0b632</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Tree_of_Life" title="Open Tree of Life">Open Tree of Life</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=766177">766177</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plants_for_a_Future" title="Plants for a Future">PfaF</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Garcinia+mangostana">Garcinia mangostana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Plant_List" title="The Plant List">Plant List</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/kew-2816978">kew-2816978</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_Resources_Conservation_Service#Plants" title="Natural Resources Conservation Service">PLANTS</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plants.sc.egov.usda.gov/plant-profile/GAMA10">GAMA10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plants_of_the_World_Online" title="Plants of the World Online">POWO</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn%3Alsid%3Aipni.org%3Anames%3A428073-1">urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:428073-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tropicos" title="Tropicos">Tropicos</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tropicos.org/name/7800753">7800753</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Flora_Online" title="World Flora Online">WFO</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://list.worldfloraonline.org/wfo-0000694452">wfo-0000694452</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox414" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a 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