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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Early career</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_career-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Multiscope_and_Film_Company" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Multiscope_and_Film_Company"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Multiscope and Film Company</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Multiscope_and_Film_Company-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Multiscope and Film Company subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Multiscope_and_Film_Company-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Al-Vista_panoramic_camera" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Al-Vista_panoramic_camera"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Al-Vista panoramic camera</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Al-Vista_panoramic_camera-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Selig_Polyscope_Company" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Selig_Polyscope_Company"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Selig Polyscope Company</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Selig_Polyscope_Company-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Shakespeare_publicity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Shakespeare_publicity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Shakespeare publicity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Shakespeare_publicity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-After_Selig_Polyscope" class="vector-toc-list-item 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href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Selig" title="William Selig – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="William Selig" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%85_%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C%DA%AF" title="ویلیام سیلیگ – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ویلیام سیلیگ" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Selig" title="William Selig – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="William Selig" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Nicholas_Selig" title="William Nicholas Selig – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="William Nicholas Selig" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Nicholas_Selig" title="William Nicholas Selig – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="William Nicholas Selig" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%85_%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%83%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B3_%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%AC" title="وليام نيكولاس سيليج – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="وليام نيكولاس سيليج" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Selig" title="William Selig – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="William Selig" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Selig" title="William Selig – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="William Selig" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Nicholas_Selig" title="William Nicholas Selig – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" 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dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">American film producer (1864–1948)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">William Nicholas Selig</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:William_Selig.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/William_Selig.jpg/220px-William_Selig.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="275" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/William_Selig.jpg/330px-William_Selig.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/William_Selig.jpg/440px-William_Selig.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="1600" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Selig in 1916</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1864-03-14</span>)</span>March 14, 1864<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago">Chicago</a>, <a href="/wiki/Illinois" title="Illinois">Illinois</a>, U.S.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">July 15, 1948<span style="display:none">(1948-07-15)</span> (aged 84)<br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles" title="Los Angeles">Los Angeles</a>, <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a>, U.S.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Other names</th><td class="infobox-data nickname">"Colonel" Selig<br />Col. William N. Selig<br />Col. William Selig<br />W.N. Selig<br />William N. Selig<br />Wm. N. Selig</td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>William Nicholas Selig</b> (March 14, 1864 – July 15, 1948) was a <a href="/wiki/Vaudeville" title="Vaudeville">vaudeville</a> performer and pioneer of the <a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_the_United_States" title="Cinema of the United States">American motion picture industry</a>. His stage billing as <i><a href="/wiki/Colonel" title="Colonel">Colonel</a></i> Selig would be used for the rest of his career, even as he moved into film production. </p><p>Born to immigrant parents living in Chicago, Selig apprenticed as an upholsterer, but got his start in vaudeville, touring the <a href="/wiki/Midwest" class="mw-redirect" title="Midwest">Midwest</a> as a magician's assistant. Creating his own magic act, <i>Colonel Selig</i> toured the country and produced a touring vaudeville show, <i>Selig’s Mastodon Minstrels</i>, based in San Francisco. </p><p>In 1896, Selig created one of the first film production companies, <a href="/wiki/Selig_Polyscope_Company" title="Selig Polyscope Company">Selig Polyscope Company</a> of Chicago. He produced a string of commercially successful films in the early years of the film industry. His <i><a href="/wiki/The_Tramp_and_the_Dog" title="The Tramp and the Dog">The Tramp and the Dog</a></i> (1896) is considered the first <a href="/wiki/Narrative_film" title="Narrative film">narrative film</a> set in Chicago. Selig may have made the first narrative film shot in Los Angeles, <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Count_of_Monte_Cristo_(1908_film)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Count of Monte Cristo (1908 film) (page does not exist)">The Count of Monte Cristo</a></i> (1908), and in 1909, in a corporate expansion established the first permanent L.A. studio, in <a href="/wiki/Edendale,_Los_Angeles" title="Edendale, Los Angeles">Edendale, Los Angeles</a>. </p><p>Selig also produced the first <a href="/wiki/The_Wonderful_Wizard_of_Oz_(1910_film)" title="The Wonderful Wizard of Oz (1910 film)">Wizard of Oz</a> film in 1910, the first two-reeler (about 20 minutes) film, <i>Damon and Pythias</i> (1908), and the first true <a href="/wiki/Serial_(film)" class="mw-redirect" title="Serial (film)">serial</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Adventures_of_Kathlyn" title="The Adventures of Kathlyn">The Adventures of Kathlyn</a></i> (1913–1914).<sup id="cite_ref-Loerzel-Bacon-Wrote-Shakespeare_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Loerzel-Bacon-Wrote-Shakespeare-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life">Early life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Selig&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>William Nicholas Selig was born March 14, 1864, at 10 Kramer Street, Chicago, Illinois, to Antonia (<a href="/wiki/N%C3%A9e" class="mw-redirect" title="Née">née</a> Linsky) and Joseph Franz Selig,<sup id="cite_ref-Erish-Selig_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Erish-Selig-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a German-speaking immigrant family, in a predominantly Polish section of Chicago and attended primary school there. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_career">Early career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Selig&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Early career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <blockquote><p>William N. Selig entered show business as "Selig the Conjurer" and morphed into the impresario of "Selig's Mastodon Minstrels," which featured Bert Williams, along with "five whites, four blacks, and a Mexican' who drove the horse team and played trombone" and then into the owner of the Selig Polyscope Company that made and licensed projection equipment.<sup id="cite_ref-Davis-Smith-review_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Davis-Smith-review-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p></blockquote> <p>Selig started as a furniture upholsterer. Selig apprenticed to a magician, and, still a teen, toured the Midwest as a <a href="/wiki/Vaudeville" title="Vaudeville">vaudeville</a> performer in his own minstrel show. He later settled in <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco" title="San Francisco">San Francisco</a> and toured the state as "Selig the Conjurer."<sup id="cite_ref-thesilverlakenews-Selig_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-thesilverlakenews-Selig-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of the actors was <a href="/wiki/Bert_Williams" title="Bert Williams">Bert Williams</a>, who went on to become a leading <a href="/wiki/African-American" class="mw-redirect" title="African-American">African-American</a> entertainer. </p><p>As a <a href="/wiki/Magic_(illusion)" title="Magic (illusion)">magician</a>, Selig called himself "<i><a href="/wiki/Professor" title="Professor">Professor</a></i> Selig", later awarding himself the title of <a href="/wiki/Colonel_(U.S._honorary_title)" title="Colonel (U.S. honorary title)"><i>Colonel</i></a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Erish-Selig_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Erish-Selig-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Smith-Flickering-4-Selig_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smith-Flickering-4-Selig-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Multiscope_and_Film_Company">Multiscope and Film Company</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Selig&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Multiscope and Film Company"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <blockquote><p>A mechanic to whom Selig turned for help had unknowingly made a duplicate Cinématographe for a travelling Lumière operator, and Selig's camera and Polyscope projector were based on the drawings of the Lumière machine.<sup id="cite_ref-victorian-cinema-Selig_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-victorian-cinema-Selig-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>In 1894, at the Texas State Fair in <a href="/wiki/Dallas,_Texas" class="mw-redirect" title="Dallas, Texas">Dallas, Texas</a>, Selig met employees from <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Edison" title="Thomas Edison">Thomas Edison</a>’s laboratory who were demonstrating the <a href="/wiki/Kinetoscope" title="Kinetoscope">Kinetoscope</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-thesilverlakenews-Selig_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-thesilverlakenews-Selig-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He returned to Chicago, opened a small photography studio and began investigating how he might make his own moving pictures without paying a patent fee to Edison's company. Selig reportedly found a metalworker who had unwittingly repaired a <a href="/wiki/Lumi%C3%A8re_brothers" class="mw-redirect" title="Lumière brothers">Lumière brothers</a> motion picture camera and, with his help, developed a working system. With machinist Andrew Schutsek, he produced a similarity to the <a href="/wiki/Cin%C3%A9matographe" class="mw-redirect" title="Cinématographe">cinématographe</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-thesilverlakenews-Selig_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-thesilverlakenews-Selig-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1896, Selig founded the <a href="/wiki/Selig_Polyscope_Company" title="Selig Polyscope Company">Selig Polyscope Company</a> in Chicago, producing not only motion pictures but also film equipment, as one of the first <a href="/wiki/Movie_studio" class="mw-redirect" title="Movie studio">motion picture studios</a> in America, making <a href="/wiki/Actuality_film" title="Actuality film">actuality</a> shorts, <a href="/wiki/Travel_literature" title="Travel literature">travelogues</a> and <a href="/wiki/Industrial_film" class="mw-redirect" title="Industrial film">industrial films</a> for Chicago businesses. </p> <blockquote><p>Multiscope & Film Company gained a five year franchise in 1895 with the Edison Vitagraph Company of Chicago and New York to show the first moving pictures in the State of Minnesota and gained rights from the holder of Wisconsin’s franchisee to operate the first Vitagraph moving picture shows in Burlington and Elkhorn, making Burlington the first place outside of the largest metropolitan American cities in which the Vitascope was exhibited.</p></blockquote> <p>In 1896,<sup id="cite_ref-Phonoscope-1896-Selig-Multiscope_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Phonoscope-1896-Selig-Multiscope-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in a loft, at 43 Peck Court in <a href="/wiki/Burlington,_Wisconsin" title="Burlington, Wisconsin">Burlington, Wisconsin</a>, Selig co-founded his first film company, the Multiscope and Film Company,<sup id="cite_ref-historiccamera-Multiscope-Camera_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-historiccamera-Multiscope-Camera-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Keil-Cinema-1907_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Keil-Cinema-1907-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and his made first film, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Tramp_and_the_Dog" title="The Tramp and the Dog">The Tramp and the Dog</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Slide-Early-American-Cinema_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Slide-Early-American-Cinema-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-historiccamera-Multiscope-Camera_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-historiccamera-Multiscope-Camera-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Selig also copied the productions of others, like other pioneer companies, for his sale, through his own catalogues, his activity brought the attention of the lawyers of Edison.<sup id="cite_ref-victorian-cinema-Selig_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-victorian-cinema-Selig-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Selig made films in the Southwest.<sup id="cite_ref-victorian-cinema-Selig_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-victorian-cinema-Selig-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Al-Vista_panoramic_camera">Al-Vista panoramic camera</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Selig&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Al-Vista panoramic camera"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Multiscope and Film Company produced, in <a href="/wiki/Burlington,_Wisconsin" title="Burlington, Wisconsin">Burlington, Wisconsin</a>, the first successful commercial 180-degree panoramic camera made in quantity, the Al-Vista, later a series of panoramic still cameras.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-wisconsinhistory-Multiscope_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wisconsinhistory-Multiscope-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-burlingtonhistory-Multiscope_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-burlingtonhistory-Multiscope-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Selig_Polyscope_Company">Selig Polyscope Company</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Selig&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Selig Polyscope Company"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Selig_studio_in_Chicago.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Selig_studio_in_Chicago.jpg/220px-Selig_studio_in_Chicago.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Selig_studio_in_Chicago.jpg/330px-Selig_studio_in_Chicago.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Selig_studio_in_Chicago.jpg/440px-Selig_studio_in_Chicago.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1091" data-file-height="648" /></a><figcaption>Selig studio, Chicago, <br /><i>The Moving Picture World</i>, <br />July 1916</figcaption></figure> <p>In November 1900, Selig incorporated the <a href="/wiki/Selig_Polyscope_Company" title="Selig Polyscope Company">Selig Polyscope Company</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Slide-Early-American-Cinema_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Slide-Early-American-Cinema-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Lahue-Pioneer-Polyscope_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lahue-Pioneer-Polyscope-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Smith-Flickering-9-Selig-Polyscope_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smith-Flickering-9-Selig-Polyscope-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 1904, he focused on slapstick comedies and minstrel-comic scenes, and producing the first Westerns of <a href="/wiki/Broncho_Billy_Anderson" title="Broncho Billy Anderson">Broncho Billy Anderson</a>, the later co-founder of <a href="/wiki/Essanay_Studios" title="Essanay Studios">Essanay Studios</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-victorian-cinema-Selig_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-victorian-cinema-Selig-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1909, Selig was the first producer<sup id="cite_ref-Silver-Lake-Chronicles_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Silver-Lake-Chronicles-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to expand filmmaking operations to the <a href="/wiki/West_Coast_of_the_United_States" title="West Coast of the United States">West Coast</a>, where he set up studio facilities in the <a href="/wiki/Edendale,_Los_Angeles,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="Edendale, Los Angeles, California">Edendale</a> area of <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles" title="Los Angeles">Los Angeles</a> with director <a href="/wiki/Francis_Boggs" title="Francis Boggs">Francis Boggs</a>. Southern California's weather allowed outdoor filming for most of the year and offered varied geography and settings which could stand in for far-flung locations around the world. Los Angeles also seemed to offer geographical isolation from Edison's <a href="/wiki/Motion_Picture_Patents_Company" title="Motion Picture Patents Company">Motion Picture Patents Company</a> (MPPC), a cartel which Selig later reluctantly joined. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Sergeant_(1910_film)" title="The Sergeant (1910 film)">The Sergeant</a></i>, a Western short shot in Yosemite and produced and directed by Boggs for the Selig Polyscope Company was released in September 1910.<sup id="cite_ref-Smith-Silent-Western-Films_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smith-Silent-Western-Films-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Agnew-Western-Filming-Location-1900-1970_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Agnew-Western-Filming-Location-1900-1970-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Selig_Polyscope_Company_studio_ca._1910.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Selig_Polyscope_Company_studio_ca._1910.jpg/220px-Selig_Polyscope_Company_studio_ca._1910.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Selig_Polyscope_Company_studio_ca._1910.jpg/330px-Selig_Polyscope_Company_studio_ca._1910.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Selig_Polyscope_Company_studio_ca._1910.jpg/440px-Selig_Polyscope_Company_studio_ca._1910.jpg 2x" data-file-width="885" data-file-height="632" /></a><figcaption>Street view of Selig's studio in Los Angeles, c. 1910.</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1911, Boggs was murdered by a Japanese gardener employed by the company. Selig was shot and wounded in the arm while trying to defend him. </p><p>Settling with Edison, Selig joined the <a href="/wiki/Motion_Picture_Patents_Company" title="Motion Picture Patents Company">Motion Picture Patents Company</a> and in 1913 joined with Vitagraph, Lubin and Essanay to form the <a href="/wiki/V-L-S-E,_Incorporated" class="mw-redirect" title="V-L-S-E, Incorporated">V-L-S-E, Incorporated</a> distribution company; prominent productions included <i>Hunting Big Game in Africa</i> 1909, a studio-made film of Theodore Roosevelt's exploits on safari; <i>The Coming of Columbus</i> 1912, a three-reeler which won a medal from <a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_X" title="Pope Pius X">Pope Pius X</a>; and <i>The Adventures of Kathlyn</i> 1913, the first serial with Kathlyn Williams.<sup id="cite_ref-victorian-cinema-Selig_7-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-victorian-cinema-Selig-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Selig had studios in <a href="/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago">Chicago</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Edendale,_Los_Angeles" title="Edendale, Los Angeles">Edendale, Los Angeles</a>, and produced animal pictures, with the Selig's Jungle Zoo near <a href="/wiki/Lincoln_Park_(Los_Angeles)" title="Lincoln Park (Los Angeles)">Eastlake Park</a> growing to the then-largest collection of 700+ wild animals.<sup id="cite_ref-victorian-cinema-Selig_7-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-victorian-cinema-Selig-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Selig produced almost a thousand movies<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and was responsible for developing new film talent such as <a href="/wiki/Roscoe_Arbuckle" title="Roscoe Arbuckle">Roscoe Arbuckle</a> along with early cowboy western stars <a href="/wiki/Gilbert_Anderson" class="mw-redirect" title="Gilbert Anderson">Gilbert M. "Bronco Billy" Anderson</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tom_Mix" title="Tom Mix">Tom Mix</a>. He also popularized the cliffhanger format through the <a href="/wiki/Serial_(film)" class="mw-redirect" title="Serial (film)">serial (film)</a> <i>The Adventures of Kathlyn</i> (1913). <i>The Spoilers</i> (1914), a western set in Alaska, is often cited as his greatest success. </p><p>In 1915, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Supreme_Court" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Supreme Court">United States Supreme Court</a> nullified all of Edison's MPPC patents, breaking the cartel and allowing increased competition. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Shakespeare_publicity">Shakespeare publicity</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Selig&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Shakespeare publicity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Shakespeare_trial_1916.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Shakespeare_trial_1916.jpg/220px-Shakespeare_trial_1916.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="205" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Shakespeare_trial_1916.jpg/330px-Shakespeare_trial_1916.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Shakespeare_trial_1916.jpg/440px-Shakespeare_trial_1916.jpg 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="698" /></a><figcaption>"Shakespeare trial", 1916, <i><a href="/wiki/Chicago_Tribune" title="Chicago Tribune">Chicago Tribune</a></i>, Selig (right)</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1916, Selig sued <a href="/wiki/George_Fabyan" title="George Fabyan">George Fabyan</a> on the grounds that profits from forthcoming films of Shakespeare's works, along with a film on "The Life of Shakespeare", would be damaged by Fabyan's assertion that <a href="/wiki/Francis_Bacon" title="Francis Bacon">Francis Bacon</a> was the real author of Shakespeare's work, a popular claim at the time. He had already obtained an injunction stopping the publication of a book by Fabyan on the subject, in which Fabyan promoted the discovery of ciphers in Shakespeare's plays, identified in his private laboratory <a href="/wiki/Fabyan_Villa" title="Fabyan Villa">Fabyan Villa</a>. Selig was hoping to capitalize on the celebrations organized for the upcoming 300th anniversary of Shakespeare's death, scheduled for April 1916. A <a href="/wiki/Cook_County,_Illinois" title="Cook County, Illinois">Cook County</a> <a href="/wiki/Illinois_circuit_courts" title="Illinois circuit courts">Circuit Court</a> judge, Richard Tuthill, found against Shakespeare. He determined that the ciphers identified by Fabyan's analyst <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Wells_Gallup" title="Elizabeth Wells Gallup">Elizabeth Wells Gallup</a> were authentic and that Francis Bacon was therefore the author of the works. Damages of $5,000 were awarded to Fabyan for the interference with the publication of the book. In the ensuing uproar, Tuthill rescinded his decision, and another judge, Judge Frederick A. Smith, dismissed the ruling.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It was later suggested by the press that the case was concocted by both parties for publicity, since Selig and Fabyan were known to be old friends.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An official of the Selig Company was quoted as saying, about the initial loss of the case, "Isn't that sad. That will be about nine million columns of publicity, won't it?" </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="After_Selig_Polyscope">After Selig Polyscope</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Selig&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: After Selig Polyscope"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/William_Selig" title="Special:EditPage/William Selig">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">August 2021</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Jungle_Goddess_(1922)_-_4.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/The_Jungle_Goddess_%281922%29_-_4.jpg/220px-The_Jungle_Goddess_%281922%29_-_4.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="304" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/The_Jungle_Goddess_%281922%29_-_4.jpg/330px-The_Jungle_Goddess_%281922%29_-_4.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/The_Jungle_Goddess_%281922%29_-_4.jpg/440px-The_Jungle_Goddess_%281922%29_-_4.jpg 2x" data-file-width="569" data-file-height="785" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/The_Jungle_Goddess" title="The Jungle Goddess">The Jungle Goddess</a></i> (<a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Jungle_Goddess" class="extiw" title="pt:The Jungle Goddess">pt</a>) (1922), advertisement for the serial</figcaption></figure> <p>At great expense, Selig created a zoo in <a href="/wiki/East_Los_Angeles_(region)" class="mw-redirect" title="East Los Angeles (region)">East Los Angeles</a>, stocked with hundreds of animals he had collected for his studio's jungle pictures and cliffhangers. He also moved his studio there. Meanwhile, <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> began cutting into profits from Selig Polyscope's extensive European operations and, as the war ended, the film industry moved towards more expensively produced full-length feature films. Under these circumstances, Selig Polyscope was unable to compete and closed in 1918. </p><p>Nonetheless, Selig had great hopes for the zoo. Over thirty years before <a href="/wiki/Walt_Disney" title="Walt Disney">Walt Disney</a> built <a href="/wiki/Disneyland" title="Disneyland">Disneyland</a>, Selig made plans to expand it into a major amusement park and resort called Selig Zoo Park, with many mechanical rides, a hotel, a large swimming area, theaters and restaurants, believing thousands of visitors a day would flock to the location. As head zookeeper he hired <a href="/wiki/Cy_DeVry" title="Cy DeVry">Cy DeVry</a>, who had been director of the <a href="/wiki/Lincoln_Park_Zoo" title="Lincoln Park Zoo">Lincoln Park Zoo</a> in Chicago. However, only a single carousel was ever built and the crowds never came. A business which ten years earlier had been one of the most prolific and widely known movie studios in the world had, in effect, become a struggling zoo on the other side of downtown Los Angeles from Hollywood's booming post-World War I film industry. Although for a time he was able to rent space on the lot for wild animal "location" shooting and other projects, this side of the business quickly dwindled into an animal rental service. </p><p>Selig did some work as an independent producer and expedition promoter into the 1930s, but ultimately lost the zoo and his assets during the <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a>. He then became a literary agent, re-selling story rights to film properties he had produced or acquired years before. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Partial_filmography">Partial filmography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Selig&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Partial filmography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>see: <a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Selig" class="extiw" title="fr:William Selig">fr:William Selig</a> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Adventures_of_Kathlyn.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/The_Adventures_of_Kathlyn.JPG/200px-The_Adventures_of_Kathlyn.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="302" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/The_Adventures_of_Kathlyn.JPG/300px-The_Adventures_of_Kathlyn.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/The_Adventures_of_Kathlyn.JPG/400px-The_Adventures_of_Kathlyn.JPG 2x" data-file-width="420" data-file-height="635" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/The_Adventures_of_Kathlyn" title="The Adventures of Kathlyn">The Adventures of Kathlyn</a></i>, 1913, <a href="/wiki/Selig_Polyscope" class="mw-redirect" title="Selig Polyscope">Selig Polyscope</a></figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Tramp_and_the_Dog" title="The Tramp and the Dog">The Tramp and the Dog</a>, 1896</li> <li>Soldiers at Play, 1898</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Something_Good_%E2%80%93_Negro_Kiss" title="Something Good – Negro Kiss">Something Good – Negro Kiss</a> 1898</li> <li>Chicago Police Parade, 1901</li> <li>Dewey Parade, 1901</li> <li>Gans-McGovern Fight, 1901</li> <li>A Hot Time on a Bathing Beach, 1903</li> <li>Business Rivalry, 1903</li> <li>Chicago Fire Run, 1903</li> <li>Chicago Firecats on Parade, 1903</li> <li>The Girl in Blue, 1903</li> <li>Trip Around The Union Loop, 1903</li> <li>View of State Street, 1903</li> <li>Humpty Dumpty, 1904</li> <li>The Tramp Dog, 1904</li> <li>The Grafter, 1907</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Count_of_Monte_Cristo_(1908)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Count of Monte Cristo (1908) (page does not exist)">The Count of Monte Cristo</a>, 1908</li> <li>Damon and Pythias, 1908</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Fairylogue_and_Radio-Plays" title="The Fairylogue and Radio-Plays">The Fairylogue and Radio-Plays</a>, 1908</li> <li>Hunting Big Game in Africa, 1909</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Wonderful_Wizard_of_Oz_(1910_film)" title="The Wonderful Wizard of Oz (1910 film)">The Wonderful Wizard of Oz</a>, 1910</li> <li>Lost in the Arctic, 1911</li> <li>Life on the Border, 1911 <sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The Coming of Columbus, 1911</li> <li>Brotherhood of Man, 1912</li> <li>Kings Forest, 1912</li> <li>War Time Romance, 1912</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Adventures_of_Kathlyn" title="The Adventures of Kathlyn">The Adventures of Kathlyn</a> 1913</li> <li>Arabia, the Equine Detective, 1913</li> <li>The Sheriff of Yavapai County, 1913</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Spoilers_(1914)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Spoilers (1914) (page does not exist)">The Spoilers</a>, 1914</li> <li>A Black Sheep, 1915</li> <li>The Crisis, 1915</li> <li>House of a Thousand Candles, 1915</li> <li>The Man from Texas, 1915</li> <li>The Range Girl and the Cowboy, 1915</li> <li>The Garden of Allah, 1916</li> <li>The Ne'er-Do-Well (1916). re-released in 1921.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In the Days of Daring, 1916. directed by and starring <a href="/wiki/Tom_Mix" title="Tom Mix">Tom Mix</a>, re-released as <i>Days of Daring</i> in 1920 by <a href="/wiki/Aywon_Film_Corporation" title="Aywon Film Corporation">Aywon Film Corporation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The City of Purple Dreams, 1918</li> <li>Little Orphant Annie, 1918</li> <li><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Lost_City_(1920)" class="extiw" title="pt:The Lost City (1920)">The Lost City</a> (<a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_citt%C3%A0_perduta_(serial_cinematografico)" class="extiw" title="it:La città perduta (serial cinematografico)">it</a>) (<a href="/wiki/Serial_film" title="Serial film">Serial film</a>, 1920, Selig Polyscope Company & <a href="/wiki/Warner_Brothers" class="mw-redirect" title="Warner Brothers">Warner Brothers</a>)</li> <li>Sic-Em (1920, William N. Selig Productions)</li> <li>The Fighting Stranger (1921, William N. Selig Productions & <a href="/w/index.php?title=Canyon_Pictures_Corporation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Canyon Pictures Corporation (page does not exist)">Canyon Pictures Corporation</a> (<a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canyon_Pictures_Corporation" class="extiw" title="pt:Canyon Pictures Corporation">pt</a>))</li> <li>The Hunger of the Blood (1921, William N. Selig Productions & <a href="/w/index.php?title=Canyon_Pictures_Corporation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Canyon Pictures Corporation (page does not exist)">Canyon Pictures Corporation</a> (<a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canyon_Pictures_Corporation" class="extiw" title="pt:Canyon Pictures Corporation">pt</a>))</li> <li>The Last Chance (1921, William N. Selig Productions & <a href="/w/index.php?title=Canyon_Pictures_Corporation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Canyon Pictures Corporation (page does not exist)">Canyon Pictures Corporation</a> (<a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canyon_Pictures_Corporation" class="extiw" title="pt:Canyon Pictures Corporation">pt</a>))</li> <li>The Struggle (1921, William N. Selig Productions & <a href="/w/index.php?title=Canyon_Pictures_Corporation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Canyon Pictures Corporation (page does not exist)">Canyon Pictures Corporation</a> (<a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canyon_Pictures_Corporation" class="extiw" title="pt:Canyon Pictures Corporation">pt</a>))</li> <li>The Raiders (1921, William N. Selig Productions & <a href="/w/index.php?title=Canyon_Pictures_Corporation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Canyon Pictures Corporation (page does not exist)">Canyon Pictures Corporation</a> (<a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canyon_Pictures_Corporation" class="extiw" title="pt:Canyon Pictures Corporation">pt</a>))</li> <li>Kazan (1921, William N. Selig Productions)</li> <li><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miracles_of_the_Jungle" class="extiw" title="pt:Miracles of the Jungle">pt:Miracles of the Jungle</a> (1921, Selig Studios & <a href="/wiki/Warner_Brothers" class="mw-redirect" title="Warner Brothers">Warner Brothers</a>)</li> <li>The Better Man (1921, Selig-Rork Productions)</li> <li>The Fighting Breed (1921, Selig-Rork Productions)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Shadow_of_Lightning_Ridge" title="The Shadow of Lightning Ridge">The Shadow of Lightning Ridge</a> (1921, Selig-Rork Productions)</li> <li>The Rosary (1922, Selig-Rork Productions)</li> <li>Pals in Blue (1924, Col. Wm. N. Selig)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Jungle_Goddess" title="The Jungle Goddess">The Jungle Goddess</a> (<a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Jungle_Goddess" class="extiw" title="pt:The Jungle Goddess">pt</a>)(1922, Col. Wm. N. Selig & <a href="/wiki/Warner_Brothers" class="mw-redirect" title="Warner Brothers">Warner Brothers</a>)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Selig&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Selig_Studios.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Selig_Studios.jpg/220px-Selig_Studios.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="215" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Selig_Studios.jpg/330px-Selig_Studios.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Selig_Studios.jpg/440px-Selig_Studios.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3145" data-file-height="3079" /></a><figcaption>Selig and <a href="/wiki/Harry_Lauder" title="Harry Lauder">Harry Lauder</a></figcaption></figure> <p>For his contributions to the motion picture industry, William Selig has a star on the <a href="/wiki/Hollywood_Walk_of_Fame" title="Hollywood Walk of Fame">Hollywood Walk of Fame</a> at 6116 Hollywood Boulevard.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1947, Selig and several other early movie producers and directors shared a special <a href="/wiki/Academy_Honorary_Award" title="Academy Honorary Award">Academy Honorary Award</a> to acknowledge their role in building the film industry.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Personal_life">Personal life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Selig&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Personal life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Selig married Mary Holdeness Pinkham (1875–1956).<sup id="cite_ref-Leonard-1920-Whos-Who-America_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Leonard-1920-Whos-Who-America-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Sherwood-1922-Who's-Who-Movies_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sherwood-1922-Who's-Who-Movies-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Selig retired and ceased most film production in 1918, due to the same poor health that had sent him to California in 1893. Selig continued some independent film production and sponsored mountaineering expeditions and explorers.<sup id="cite_ref-victorian-cinema-Selig_7-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-victorian-cinema-Selig-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> William Selig died on July 15, 1948.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His ashes were stored in the Hall of Memory Columbarium at the <a href="/wiki/Chapel_of_the_Pines_Crematory" title="Chapel of the Pines Crematory">Chapel of the Pines Crematory</a> in Los Angeles. </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Selig&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/ICA_AG" class="extiw" title="ru:ICA AG">Internationale Camera Actiengesellschaft</a> Polyscope cameras<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Selig&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Loerzel-Bacon-Wrote-Shakespeare-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Loerzel-Bacon-Wrote-Shakespeare_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFLoerzel2003" class="citation book cs1">Loerzel, Robert (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.alchemyofbones.com/stories/shakespeare.htm"><i>Alchemy of Bones: Luetgert Judge Rules Bacon Wrote Shakespeare's Plays</i></a>. University of Illinois Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-252-02858-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-252-02858-9"><bdi>0-252-02858-9</bdi></a>. <q>He claimed to have made the first narrative film shot in Los Angeles, 1908 's The Count of Monte Cristo, and he established what may have been the first permanent studio in the Los Angeles area in 1909. He had other claims to fame as well: His studio was credited with being the first U.S. company to shoot a two-reel film, <i>Damon and Pythias</i> (1908), and the first true serial, <i>The Adventures of Kathlyn</i> (1913-1914). Western star Tom Mix got his start with Selig. Selig shut down his Selig Polyscope Company in 1918 but continued to produce motion pictures into the 1930s. The final pictures credited to Selig were <i>The Drag-Net</i> (1936) and <i>Convicts at Large</i> (1938).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Alchemy+of+Bones%3A+Luetgert+Judge+Rules+Bacon+Wrote+Shakespeare%27s+Plays&rft.pub=University+of+Illinois+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-252-02858-9&rft.aulast=Loerzel&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.alchemyofbones.com%2Fstories%2Fshakespeare.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Selig" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Erish-Selig-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Erish-Selig_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Erish-Selig_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFErish2012" class="citation book cs1">Erish, Andrew A. (1 March 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://texashistory.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metapth653623/"><i>Col. William N. Selig, the Man Who Invented Hollywood</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Texas_Press" title="University of Texas Press">University of Texas Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-292-72870-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-292-72870-7"><bdi>978-0-292-72870-7</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 August</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Col.+William+N.+Selig%2C+the+Man+Who+Invented+Hollywood&rft.pub=University+of+Texas+Press&rft.date=2012-03-01&rft.isbn=978-0-292-72870-7&rft.aulast=Erish&rft.aufirst=Andrew+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftexashistory.unt.edu%2Fark%3A%2F67531%2Fmetapth653623%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Selig" class="Z3988"></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://texashistory.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metapth653623/m2/1/high_res_d/UNT-0058-0011.pdf">PDF</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Davis-Smith-review-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Davis-Smith-review_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavis2005" class="citation journal cs1">Davis, Robert Murray (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://muse.jhu.edu/article/534975/summary">"Shooting Cowboys and Indians: Silent Western Films, American Culture, and the Birth of Hollywood by Andrew Brodie Smith (review)"</a>. <i>Western American Literature</i>. <b>39</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">465–</span>466. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fwal.2005.0061">10.1353/wal.2005.0061</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1948-7142">1948-7142</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:165425332">165425332</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 August</span> 2021</span>. <q>Later he was rescued from near-bankruptcy by the Armour Company, which wanted his help in combating bad publicity from Upton Sinclair's The Jungle (1906). Selig turned to Westerns partly because of Harry H. Buckwalter, a photographer and pitchman for Colorado tourism who had a keen eye for what is now called product placement and brought to Western films authenticity of background, if not of plot.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Western+American+Literature&rft.atitle=Shooting+Cowboys+and+Indians%3A+Silent+Western+Films%2C+American+Culture%2C+and+the+Birth+of+Hollywood+by+Andrew+Brodie+Smith+%28review%29&rft.volume=39&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E465-%3C%2Fspan%3E466&rft.date=2005&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A165425332%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1948-7142&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fwal.2005.0061&rft.aulast=Davis&rft.aufirst=Robert+Murray&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmuse.jhu.edu%2Farticle%2F534975%2Fsummary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Selig" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-thesilverlakenews-Selig-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-thesilverlakenews-Selig_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-thesilverlakenews-Selig_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-thesilverlakenews-Selig_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://thesilverlakenews.com/col-william-selig-hollywoods-forgotten-man/">"Col. William Selig, Hollywood's Forgotten Man"</a>. <i>Silver Lake News</i>. August 18, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 August</span> 2021</span>. <q>In 1909, Selig opened a permanent studio in Edendale, at 1800 Glendale Boulevard; the site, still a comparatively isolated area with a backdrop of mountains, quiet residential streets and bodies of water, all within striking distance of a bustling downtown, proved to be ideal. Others would follow Selig's lead in dramatic fashion: Mack Sennett's Keystone Film Company arrived in town and set up shop a block away (at 1712 Glendale Boulevard) followed by cowboy star Tom Mix's "Mixville" at the corner of Glendale and Silver Lake Boulevards.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Silver+Lake+News&rft.atitle=Col.+William+Selig%2C+Hollywood%27s+Forgotten+Man&rft.date=2015-08-18&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fthesilverlakenews.com%2Fcol-william-selig-hollywoods-forgotten-man%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Selig" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGiambrone2011" class="citation web cs1">Giambrone, Jeff T. (19 October 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mississippiconfederates.wordpress.com/2011/10/19/the-crisis-mississippis-first-civil-war-film/">"The Crisis: Mississippi's First Civil War Film"</a>. <i>Mississippians in the Confederate Army</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 August</span> 2021</span>. <q>the silent movie The Crisis. This was the first feature-length film to be shot in Mississippi, a Civil War epic that was released in 1916......The future studio executive got his start in the entertainment industry as a magician in 1894, billing himself as "Selig, Conjurer." From this humble beginning he expanded and developed his act into a minstrel show attraction, and picked up the rank of "Colonel." Selig saw his first movie in 1895, on a Kinetoscope, which had been invented by Thomas Edison.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Mississippians+in+the+Confederate+Army&rft.atitle=The+Crisis%3A+Mississippi%27s+First+Civil+War+Film&rft.date=2011-10-19&rft.aulast=Giambrone&rft.aufirst=Jeff+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmississippiconfederates.wordpress.com%2F2011%2F10%2F19%2Fthe-crisis-mississippis-first-civil-war-film%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Selig" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Smith-Flickering-4-Selig-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Smith-Flickering-4-Selig_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmithSelzer2015" class="citation book cs1">Smith, Michael Glover; Selzer, Adam (20 January 2015). "4". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.universitypressscholarship.com/view/10.7312/columbia/9780231174497.001.0001/upso-9780231174497-chapter-4"><i>Flickering Empire: How Chicago Invented the U.S. Film Industry</i></a>. Columbia University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.7312%2Fcolumbia%2F9780231174497.001.0001">10.7312/columbia/9780231174497.001.0001</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-85079-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-231-85079-7"><bdi>978-0-231-85079-7</bdi></a>. <q>Selig was one of the most successful, and colorful, motion-picture pioneers of the 1890s and early 1900s. A native Chicagoan and traveling magician, Selig conferred the title "Colonel" upon himself while touring the minstrel show circuit. It was while in Dallas that Selig first saw Thomas Edison's Kinetoscope, and he soon became obsessed with motion pictures and with finding his own way to create and exhibit them. Selig returned to Chicago, where he created, in collaboration with machinist Andrew Schustek, his own camera and projector based on the design of the Cinematographe. Selig named his camera the "Selig Standard Camera" and his projector the "Selig Polyscope."<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=4&rft.btitle=Flickering+Empire%3A+How+Chicago+Invented+the+U.S.+Film+Industry&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2015-01-20&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.7312%2Fcolumbia%2F9780231174497.001.0001&rft.isbn=978-0-231-85079-7&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Michael+Glover&rft.au=Selzer%2C+Adam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.universitypressscholarship.com%2Fview%2F10.7312%2Fcolumbia%2F9780231174497.001.0001%2Fupso-9780231174497-chapter-4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Selig" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-victorian-cinema-Selig-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-victorian-cinema-Selig_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-victorian-cinema-Selig_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-victorian-cinema-Selig_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-victorian-cinema-Selig_7-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-victorian-cinema-Selig_7-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-victorian-cinema-Selig_7-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-victorian-cinema-Selig_7-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.victorian-cinema.net/selig">"William N. Selig ('Colonel') (1864-1948)"</a>. <i>Who's Who of Victorian Cinema</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 August</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Who%27s+Who+of+Victorian+Cinema&rft.atitle=William+N.+Selig+%28%27Colonel%27%29+%281864-1948%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.victorian-cinema.net%2Fselig&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Selig" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Phonoscope-1896-Selig-Multiscope-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Phonoscope-1896-Selig-Multiscope_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CS05AAAAIAAJ&q=Multiscope+Selig&pg=RA6-PA13">"Makes 'Scope' Films"</a>. <i>The Phonoscope</i>. <b>1</b> (7). Phonoscope Publishing Company: 13. June 1897<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 August</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Phonoscope&rft.atitle=Makes+%27Scope%27+Films&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=13&rft.date=1897-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCS05AAAAIAAJ%26q%3DMultiscope%2BSelig%26pg%3DRA6-PA13&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Selig" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-historiccamera-Multiscope-Camera-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-historiccamera-Multiscope-Camera_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-historiccamera-Multiscope-Camera_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://historiccamera.com/cgi-bin/librarium2/pm.cgi?action=app_display&app=datasheet&app_id=1680">"Multiscope & Film Company Camera Listing"</a>. <i>Historic Camera</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 August</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Historic+Camera&rft.atitle=Multiscope+%26+Film+Company+Camera+Listing&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhistoriccamera.com%2Fcgi-bin%2Flibrarium2%2Fpm.cgi%3Faction%3Dapp_display%26app%3Ddatasheet%26app_id%3D1680&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Selig" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Keil-Cinema-1907-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Keil-Cinema-1907_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeil2001" class="citation book cs1">Keil, Charlie (3 December 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://uwpress.wisc.edu/books/3492.htm"><i>Early American Cinema in Transition: Story, Style, and Filmmaking, 1907–1913</i></a>. Univ of Wisconsin Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-299-17364-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-299-17364-7"><bdi>978-0-299-17364-7</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 August</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Early+American+Cinema+in+Transition%3A+Story%2C+Style%2C+and+Filmmaking%2C+1907%E2%80%931913&rft.pub=Univ+of+Wisconsin+Press&rft.date=2001-12-03&rft.isbn=978-0-299-17364-7&rft.aulast=Keil&rft.aufirst=Charlie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fuwpress.wisc.edu%2Fbooks%2F3492.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Selig" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Slide-Early-American-Cinema-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Slide-Early-American-Cinema_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Slide-Early-American-Cinema_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSlide1994" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Slide" title="Anthony Slide">Slide, Anthony</a> (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rowman.com/ISBN/9780810827110/Early-American-Cinema-New-and-Revised-Edition"><i>Early American Cinema</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Scarecrow_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Scarecrow Press">Scarecrow Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-2711-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-2711-0"><bdi>978-0-8108-2711-0</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 August</span> 2021</span>. <q>A completely revised and rewritten new edition of the pioneering film book first published in 1970, Early American Cinema, New and Revised Edition provides a concise history of the American motion picture industry before 1920, documenting the work of the early production companies, releasing organizations, filmmakers, and performers, and will serve both as a textbook and a reference source. Chapters cover pre-cinema, the Motion Picture Patents Company, independent filmmaking, the birth of the feature film, Thomas H. Ince, D.W. Griffith, sound and music, the star system, the role of women, new technologies, genres, and the language, business, and art of the film.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Early+American+Cinema&rft.pub=Scarecrow+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-8108-2711-0&rft.aulast=Slide&rft.aufirst=Anthony&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frowman.com%2FISBN%2F9780810827110%2FEarly-American-Cinema-New-and-Revised-Edition&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Selig" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://journaltimes.com/panoramic-camera/article_33b1fd71-0218-5f4c-b6fc-3b9e056849bc.html">"Panoramic camera"</a>. 26 November 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Panoramic+camera&rft.date=2018-11-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjournaltimes.com%2Fpanoramic-camera%2Farticle_33b1fd71-0218-5f4c-b6fc-3b9e056849bc.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Selig" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-wisconsinhistory-Multiscope-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-wisconsinhistory-Multiscope_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wisconsinhistory.org/Records/Property/HI10656">"Peter N. Angsten residence"</a>. <i>Wisconsin Historical Society</i>. 1 January 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 August</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Wisconsin+Historical+Society&rft.atitle=Peter+N.+Angsten+residence&rft.date=2012-01-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wisconsinhistory.org%2FRecords%2FProperty%2FHI10656&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Selig" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-burlingtonhistory-Multiscope-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-burlingtonhistory-Multiscope_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.burlingtonhistory.org/newsletter-june-2015">"Newsletter - June 2015"</a>. <i>Burlington History</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 August</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Burlington+History&rft.atitle=Newsletter+-+June+2015&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.burlingtonhistory.org%2Fnewsletter-june-2015&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Selig" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/87783042/">Publication: The Saint Paul Globe; Location: Saint Paul, Minnesota; Issue Date: Friday, January 19, 1900; Page: Page 3</a>; </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://archive.org/stream/annualreportofco1904unit/annualreportofco1904unit_djvu.txt">https://archive.org/stream/annualreportofco1904unit/annualreportofco1904unit_djvu.txt</a> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lahue-Pioneer-Polyscope-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Lahue-Pioneer-Polyscope_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLahue1973" class="citation book cs1">Lahue, Kalton C. (1973). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=y9xpQgAACAAJ"><i>Motion Picture Pioneer: the Selig Polyscope Company</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/A._S._Barnes" class="mw-redirect" title="A. S. Barnes">A. S. Barnes</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-498-01103-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-498-01103-0"><bdi>978-0-498-01103-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/475595062">475595062</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Motion+Picture+Pioneer%3A+the+Selig+Polyscope+Company&rft.pub=A.+S.+Barnes&rft.date=1973&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F475595062&rft.isbn=978-0-498-01103-0&rft.aulast=Lahue&rft.aufirst=Kalton+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dy9xpQgAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Selig" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Smith-Flickering-9-Selig-Polyscope-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Smith-Flickering-9-Selig-Polyscope_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmithSelzer2015" class="citation book cs1">Smith, Michael Glover; Selzer, Adam (20 January 2015). "9". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.universitypressscholarship.com/view/10.7312/columbia/9780231174497.001.0001/upso-9780231174497-chapter-9"><i>Flickering Empire: How Chicago Invented the U.S. Film Industry</i></a>. Columbia University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.7312%2Fcolumbia%2F9780231174497.001.0001">10.7312/columbia/9780231174497.001.0001</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-85079-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-231-85079-7"><bdi>978-0-231-85079-7</bdi></a>. <q>Selig Polyscope upgraded the production values of its films by taking full advantage of its new studio facilities in Chicago and making historical epics with impressively designed costumes and sets. One of the most ambitious Selig productions after opening the new Chicago studio was an adaptation of Alexandre Dumas's The Count of Monte Cristo, the first picture to effectively illustrate the superiority of southern California's exterior locations; it was, essentially, the "big bang" of Hollywood filmmaking. The Count of Monte Cristo was directed by Francis Boggs, with Thomas Persons as cinematographer. In Chicago, Colonel William Selig launched a massive publicity campaign in an attempt to make motion pictures a more acceptable form of entertainment for people other than just the working class. The year 1914 was good for Selig as a film producer; Selig Polyscope's western studio was thriving at this time as well.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=9&rft.btitle=Flickering+Empire%3A+How+Chicago+Invented+the+U.S.+Film+Industry&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2015-01-20&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.7312%2Fcolumbia%2F9780231174497.001.0001&rft.isbn=978-0-231-85079-7&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Michael+Glover&rft.au=Selzer%2C+Adam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.universitypressscholarship.com%2Fview%2F10.7312%2Fcolumbia%2F9780231174497.001.0001%2Fupso-9780231174497-chapter-9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Selig" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Silver-Lake-Chronicles-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Silver-Lake-Chronicles_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLockeBrook2014" class="citation book cs1">Locke, Michael J.; Brook, Vincent (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.arcadiapublishing.com/9781609499587/--Exploring-an-Urban-Oasis-in-Los-Angeles"><i>Silver Lake Chronicles: Exploring an Urban Oasis in Los Angeles</i></a>. History Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60949-958-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-60949-958-7"><bdi>978-1-60949-958-7</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 August</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Silver+Lake+Chronicles%3A+Exploring+an+Urban+Oasis+in+Los+Angeles&rft.pub=History+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-60949-958-7&rft.aulast=Locke&rft.aufirst=Michael+J.&rft.au=Brook%2C+Vincent&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.arcadiapublishing.com%2F9781609499587%2F--Exploring-an-Urban-Oasis-in-Los-Angeles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Selig" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Smith-Silent-Western-Films-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Smith-Silent-Western-Films_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith2003" class="citation book cs1">Smith, Andrew Brodie (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://upcolorado.com/university-press-of-colorado/item/1751-shooting-cowboys-and-indians"><i>Shooting Cowboys and Indians: Silent Western Films, American Culture, and the Birth of Hollywood</i></a>. University Press of Colorado. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87081-746-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87081-746-5"><bdi>978-0-87081-746-5</bdi></a>. <q>Focusing on such early important production companies as Selig Polyscope, New York Motion Picture, and Essanay, Smith revises current thinking about the birth of Hollywood and the establishment of Los Angeles as the nexus of filmmaking in the United States. Smith also reveals the role silent westerns played in the creation of the white male screen hero that dominated American popular culture in the twentieth century.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Shooting+Cowboys+and+Indians%3A+Silent+Western+Films%2C+American+Culture%2C+and+the+Birth+of+Hollywood&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Colorado&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-87081-746-5&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Andrew+Brodie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fupcolorado.com%2Funiversity-press-of-colorado%2Fitem%2F1751-shooting-cowboys-and-indians&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Selig" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Agnew-Western-Filming-Location-1900-1970-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Agnew-Western-Filming-Location-1900-1970_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAgnew2020" class="citation book cs1">Agnew, Jeremy (24 September 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mcfarlandbooks.com/newly-published-the-landscapes-of-western-movies/"><i>The Landscapes of Western Movies: A History of Filming on Location, 1900-1970</i></a>. McFarland. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4766-4223-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4766-4223-9"><bdi>978-1-4766-4223-9</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 August</span> 2021</span>. <q>Western films have often been tributes to place and setting, with the magnificent backdrops mirroring the wildness of the narratives. As the splendid outdoor scenery of Westerns could not be found on a studio back lot or on a Hollywood sound stage, the movies have been filmed in the wide open spaces of the American West and beyond. This book chronicles the history of filming Westerns on location, from shooting on the East Coast in the early 1900s; through the use of locations in Utah, Arizona, and California in the 1940s and 1950s; and filming Westerns in Mexico, Spain, and other parts of the world in the 1960s. Also studied is the relationship between the filming location timeline and the evolving motion picture industry of the twentieth century, and how these factors shaped audience perceptions of the "Real West."<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Landscapes+of+Western+Movies%3A+A+History+of+Filming+on+Location%2C+1900-1970&rft.pub=McFarland&rft.date=2020-09-24&rft.isbn=978-1-4766-4223-9&rft.aulast=Agnew&rft.aufirst=Jeremy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmcfarlandbooks.com%2Fnewly-published-the-landscapes-of-western-movies%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Selig" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://collections.eastman.org/search/Selig+Polyscope">"Results | Search Objects | George Eastman Museum"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Results+%26%23124%3B+Search+Objects+%26%23124%3B+George+Eastman+Museum&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcollections.eastman.org%2Fsearch%2FSelig%2BPolyscope&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Selig" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcMichaelGlenn1962" class="citation book cs1">McMichael, George L.; Glenn, Edgar M. (1962). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KlDQAAAAMAAJ"><i>Shakespeare and His Rivals: A Casebook on the Authorship Controversy</i></a>. Odyssey Press. p. 199.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Shakespeare+and+His+Rivals%3A+A+Casebook+on+the+Authorship+Controversy&rft.pages=199&rft.pub=Odyssey+Press&rft.date=1962&rft.aulast=McMichael&rft.aufirst=George+L.&rft.au=Glenn%2C+Edgar+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKlDQAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Selig" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWadsworth1958" class="citation book cs1">Wadsworth, Frank W. (1958). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/poacherfromstrat00wads"><i>The Poacher from Stratford: A Partial Account of the Controversy Over the Authorship of Shakespeare's Plays</i></a></span>. University of California Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/poacherfromstrat00wads/page/74">74–75</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Poacher+from+Stratford%3A+A+Partial+Account+of+the+Controversy+Over+the+Authorship+of+Shakespeare%27s+Plays&rft.pages=74-75&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1958&rft.aulast=Wadsworth&rft.aufirst=Frank+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpoacherfromstrat00wads&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Selig" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNiederkorn2004" class="citation journal cs1">Niederkorn, William S. (Fall 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=T0xtHAAACAAJ">"Jumping o'er times : the importance of lawyers and judges in the controversy over the identity of Shakespeare, as reflected in the pages of the New York Times"</a>. <i>Tennessee Law Review</i>. <b>72</b> (1). Tennessee Law Review Association: <span class="nowrap">82–</span>85. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0040-3288">0040-3288</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Tennessee+Law+Review&rft.atitle=Jumping+o%27er+times+%3A+the+importance+of+lawyers+and+judges+in+the+controversy+over+the+identity+of+Shakespeare%2C+as+reflected+in+the+pages+of+the+New+York+Times&rft.ssn=fall&rft.volume=72&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E82-%3C%2Fspan%3E85&rft.date=2004&rft.issn=0040-3288&rft.aulast=Niederkorn&rft.aufirst=William+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DT0xtHAAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Selig" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rose Sheldon, <i>The Friedman Collection: An Analytical Guide</i>, item 1365.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131105201529/http://abbot.si.edu/naa/dv/arrow_maker_high.mov">"Archived copy"</a>. <i>abbot.si.edu</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://abbot.si.edu/naa/dv/arrow_maker_high.mov">the original</a> on 5 November 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 January</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=abbot.si.edu&rft.atitle=Archived+copy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fabbot.si.edu%2Fnaa%2Fdv%2Farrow_maker_high.mov&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Selig" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_archived_copy_as_title" title="Category:CS1 maint: archived copy as title">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">MUNDEN, Kenneth White. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rlLbRAPOgP0C&dq=%22The+Ne%27er-Do-Well%22+paramount&pg=PA539">The American Film Institute Catalog of Motion Pictures</a>. University of California Press, 1971.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">LANGMAN, Larry. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-40mFfGB4VMC&dq=%22Days+of+Daring%22+Tom+Mix&pg=PA220">A Guide to Silent Westerns</a>, Greenwood Press, 1992, p. 220.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://walkoffame.com/william-selig/">"William Selig"</a>. <i>Hollywood Walk of Fame</i>. 25 October 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 August</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Hollywood+Walk+of+Fame&rft.atitle=William+Selig&rft.date=2019-10-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwalkoffame.com%2Fwilliam-selig%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Selig" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oscars.org/oscars/ceremonies/1948/memorable-moments">"The 20th Academy Awards Memorable Moments"</a>. <i>Oscars.org | Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences</i>. 27 August 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 August</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Oscars.org+%7C+Academy+of+Motion+Picture+Arts+and+Sciences&rft.atitle=The+20th+Academy+Awards+Memorable+Moments&rft.date=2014-08-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oscars.org%2Foscars%2Fceremonies%2F1948%2Fmemorable-moments&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Selig" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Leonard-1920-Whos-Who-America-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Leonard-1920-Whos-Who-America_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeonardMarquis1920" class="citation book cs1">Leonard, John William; Marquis, Albert Nelson (1920). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WZJDV5f3DUoC&q=Mary+Pinkham+William+Selig&pg=PA2541"><i>Who's Who in America</i></a>. A.N. Marquis<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 August</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Who%27s+Who+in+America&rft.pub=A.N.+Marquis&rft.date=1920&rft.aulast=Leonard&rft.aufirst=John+William&rft.au=Marquis%2C+Albert+Nelson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWZJDV5f3DUoC%26q%3DMary%2BPinkham%2BWilliam%2BSelig%26pg%3DPA2541&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Selig" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sherwood-1922-Who's-Who-Movies-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Sherwood-1922-Who's-Who-Movies_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSherwood1923" class="citation book cs1">Sherwood, Robert Emmet (1923). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yQOxAAAAIAAJ&q=Mary+Pinkham+William+Selig&pg=PA322"><i>The Best Moving Pictures of 1922/23: Also Who's who in the Movies and the Yearbook of the American Screen</i></a>. Small, Maynard.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Best+Moving+Pictures+of+1922%2F23%3A+Also+Who%27s+who+in+the+Movies+and+the+Yearbook+of+the+American+Screen&rft.pub=Small%2C+Maynard&rft.date=1923&rft.aulast=Sherwood&rft.aufirst=Robert+Emmet&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyQOxAAAAIAAJ%26q%3DMary%2BPinkham%2BWilliam%2BSelig%26pg%3DPA322&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Selig" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1948/07/17/archives/william-n-selig-pioneer-in-films-early-producer-and-developer-of-in.html">"William N. Selig, Pioneer in Films. Early Producer and Developer of Industry Dies. Fought With Edison on Patents"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>. July 17, 1948<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-07-16</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=William+N.+Selig%2C+Pioneer+in+Films.+Early+Producer+and+Developer+of+Industry+Dies.+Fought+With+Edison+on+Patents&rft.date=1948-07-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1948%2F07%2F17%2Farchives%2Fwilliam-n-selig-pioneer-in-films-early-producer-and-developer-of-in.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Selig" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://collections.eastman.org/people/31277/ica-ag/objects">"Works | Ica AG | People | George Eastman Museum"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Works+%26%23124%3B+Ica+AG+%26%23124%3B+People+%26%23124%3B+George+Eastman+Museum&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcollections.eastman.org%2Fpeople%2F31277%2Fica-ag%2Fobjects&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Selig" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Selig&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:William_Nicholas_Selig" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:William Nicholas Selig">William Nicholas Selig</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0783152/">William Nicholas Selig</a> at <a href="/wiki/IMDb_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="IMDb (identifier)">IMDb</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFErish2012" class="citation book cs1">Erish, Andrew A. (1 March 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://texashistory.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metapth653623/"><i>Col. William N. Selig, the Man Who Invented Hollywood</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Texas_Press" title="University of Texas Press">University of Texas Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-292-72870-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-292-72870-7"><bdi>978-0-292-72870-7</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 August</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Col.+William+N.+Selig%2C+the+Man+Who+Invented+Hollywood&rft.pub=University+of+Texas+Press&rft.date=2012-03-01&rft.isbn=978-0-292-72870-7&rft.aulast=Erish&rft.aufirst=Andrew+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftexashistory.unt.edu%2Fark%3A%2F67531%2Fmetapth653623%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Selig" class="Z3988"></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://texashistory.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metapth653623/m2/1/high_res_d/UNT-0058-0011.pdf">PDF</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalog.oscars.org/vwebv/holdingsInfo?bibId=65288">William Selig papers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Herrick_Library" title="Margaret Herrick Library">Margaret Herrick Library</a>, <a href="/wiki/Academy_of_Motion_Picture_Arts_and_Sciences" title="Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences">Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lincolnheightsla.com/selig">Selig Zoo and Movie Studio</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140113123321/http://www.lincolnheightsla.com/selig/">Archived</a> 2014-01-13 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> in Lincoln Heights LA</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.virtual-history.com/movie/person/7079/william-nicholas-selig">William Nicholas Selig</a> at Virtual History</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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href="/wiki/Charlie_Chaplin" title="Charlie Chaplin">Charlie Chaplin</a> (1928)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walt_Disney" title="Walt Disney">Walt Disney</a> (1932)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shirley_Temple" title="Shirley Temple">Shirley Temple</a> (1934)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/D._W._Griffith" title="D. W. Griffith">D. W. Griffith</a> (1935)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_March_of_Time" title="The March of Time">The March of Time</a></i> / <a href="/wiki/W._Howard_Greene" title="W. Howard Greene">W. Howard Greene</a> and <a href="/wiki/Harold_Rosson" title="Harold Rosson">Harold Rosson</a> (1936)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edgar_Bergen" title="Edgar Bergen">Edgar Bergen</a> / <a href="/wiki/W._Howard_Greene" title="W. Howard Greene">W. Howard Greene</a> / <a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Modern_Art_Department_of_Film" title="Museum of Modern Art Department of Film">Museum of Modern Art Film Library</a> / <a href="/wiki/Mack_Sennett" title="Mack Sennett">Mack Sennett</a> (1937)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_A._Ball_(inventor)" title="Joseph A. Ball (inventor)">J. Arthur Ball</a> / <a href="/wiki/Walt_Disney" title="Walt Disney">Walt Disney</a> / <a href="/wiki/Deanna_Durbin" title="Deanna Durbin">Deanna Durbin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mickey_Rooney" title="Mickey Rooney">Mickey Rooney</a> / <a href="/wiki/Gordon_Jennings" title="Gordon Jennings">Gordon Jennings</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jan_Domela" title="Jan Domela">Jan Domela</a>, Devereaux Jennings, Irmin Roberts, Art Smith, <a href="/wiki/Farciot_Edouart" title="Farciot Edouart">Farciot Edouart</a>, <a href="/wiki/Loyal_Griggs" title="Loyal Griggs">Loyal Griggs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Loren_L._Ryder" title="Loren L. Ryder">Loren L. Ryder</a>, Harry D. Mills, <a href="/wiki/Louis_Mesenkop" title="Louis Mesenkop">Louis Mesenkop</a>, Walter Oberst / <a href="/wiki/Oliver_T._Marsh" title="Oliver T. Marsh">Oliver T. Marsh</a> and Allen Davey / <a href="/wiki/Harry_Warner" title="Harry Warner">Harry Warner</a> (1938)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_Fairbanks" title="Douglas Fairbanks">Douglas Fairbanks</a> / <a href="/wiki/Judy_Garland" title="Judy Garland">Judy Garland</a> / <a href="/wiki/William_Cameron_Menzies" title="William Cameron Menzies">William Cameron Menzies</a> / <a href="/wiki/Motion_Picture_%26_Television_Fund" title="Motion Picture & Television Fund">Motion Picture Relief Fund</a> (<a href="/wiki/Jean_Hersholt" title="Jean Hersholt">Jean Hersholt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Morgan" title="Ralph Morgan">Ralph Morgan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Block" title="Ralph Block">Ralph Block</a>, <a href="/wiki/Conrad_Nagel" title="Conrad Nagel">Conrad Nagel</a>) / <a href="/wiki/Vantiva" title="Vantiva">Technicolor SA</a> (1939)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Hope" title="Bob Hope">Bob Hope</a> / <a href="/wiki/Nathan_Levinson" title="Nathan Levinson">Nathan Levinson</a> (1940)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walt_Disney" title="Walt Disney">Walt Disney</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_Garity" title="William Garity">William Garity</a>, John N. A. Hawkins, and the <a href="/wiki/RCA" title="RCA">RCA Manufacturing Company</a> / <a href="/wiki/Leopold_Stokowski" title="Leopold Stokowski">Leopold Stokowski</a> and his associates / Rey Scott / <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Information_(United_Kingdom)" title="Ministry of Information (United Kingdom)">British Ministry of Information</a> (1941)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Boyer" title="Charles Boyer">Charles Boyer</a> / <a href="/wiki/No%C3%ABl_Coward" title="Noël Coward">Noël Coward</a> / <a href="/wiki/Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer" title="Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer">Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer</a> (1942)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Pal" title="George Pal">George Pal</a> (1943)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Hope" title="Bob Hope">Bob Hope</a> / <a href="/wiki/Margaret_O%27Brien" title="Margaret O'Brien">Margaret O'Brien</a> (1944)</li> <li>Republic Studio, <a href="/wiki/Daniel_J._Bloomberg" title="Daniel J. Bloomberg">Daniel J. Bloomberg</a>, and the Republic Studio Sound Department / <a href="/wiki/Walter_Wanger" title="Walter Wanger">Walter Wanger</a> / <i><a href="/wiki/The_House_I_Live_In_(1945_film)" title="The House I Live In (1945 film)">The House I Live In</a></i> / <a href="/wiki/Peggy_Ann_Garner" title="Peggy Ann Garner">Peggy Ann Garner</a> (1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Russell" title="Harold Russell">Harold Russell</a> / <a href="/wiki/Laurence_Olivier" title="Laurence Olivier">Laurence Olivier</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ernst_Lubitsch" title="Ernst Lubitsch">Ernst Lubitsch</a> / <a href="/wiki/Claude_Jarman_Jr." title="Claude Jarman Jr.">Claude Jarman Jr.</a> (1946)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Baskett" title="James Baskett">James Baskett</a> / <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Armat" title="Thomas Armat">Thomas Armat</a>, <a class="mw-selflink selflink">William Nicholas Selig</a>, <a href="/wiki/Albert_E._Smith_(producer)" title="Albert E. Smith (producer)">Albert E. Smith</a>, and <a href="/wiki/George_Kirke_Spoor" title="George Kirke Spoor">George Kirke Spoor</a> / <i><a href="/wiki/Bill_and_Coo" title="Bill and Coo">Bill and Coo</a></i> / <i><a href="/wiki/Shoeshine_(film)" title="Shoeshine (film)">Shoeshine</a></i> (1947)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Wanger" title="Walter Wanger">Walter Wanger</a> / <i><a href="/wiki/Monsieur_Vincent" title="Monsieur Vincent">Monsieur Vincent</a></i> / <a href="/wiki/Sid_Grauman" title="Sid Grauman">Sid Grauman</a> / <a href="/wiki/Adolph_Zukor" title="Adolph Zukor">Adolph Zukor</a> (1948)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Hersholt" title="Jean Hersholt">Jean Hersholt</a> / <a href="/wiki/Fred_Astaire" title="Fred Astaire">Fred Astaire</a> / <a href="/wiki/Cecil_B._DeMille" title="Cecil B. DeMille">Cecil B. DeMille</a> / <i><a href="/wiki/Bicycle_Thieves" title="Bicycle Thieves">The Bicycle Thief</a></i> (1949)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_B._Mayer" title="Louis B. Mayer">Louis B. Mayer</a> / <a href="/wiki/George_Murphy" title="George Murphy">George Murphy</a> / <i><a href="/wiki/The_Walls_of_Malapaga" title="The Walls of Malapaga">The Walls of Malapaga</a></i> (1950)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #EEDD82;width:1%">1951–1975</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gene_Kelly" title="Gene Kelly">Gene Kelly</a> / <i><a href="/wiki/Rashomon" title="Rashomon">Rashomon</a></i> (1951)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merian_C._Cooper" title="Merian C. Cooper">Merian C. Cooper</a> / <a href="/wiki/Bob_Hope" title="Bob Hope">Bob Hope</a> / <a href="/wiki/Harold_Lloyd" title="Harold Lloyd">Harold Lloyd</a> / George Mitchell / <a href="/wiki/Joseph_M._Schenck" title="Joseph M. Schenck">Joseph M. Schenck</a> / <i><a href="/wiki/Forbidden_Games" title="Forbidden Games">Forbidden Games</a></i> (1952)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/20th_Century_Studios" title="20th Century Studios">20th Century-Fox Film Corporation</a> / <a href="/wiki/Bell_%26_Howell" title="Bell & Howell">Bell & Howell Company</a> / <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Breen" title="Joseph Breen">Joseph Breen</a> / <a href="/wiki/Pete_Smith_(film_producer)" title="Pete Smith (film producer)">Pete Smith</a> (1953)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bausch_%26_Lomb" title="Bausch & Lomb">Bausch & Lomb Optical Company</a> / <a href="/wiki/Danny_Kaye" title="Danny Kaye">Danny Kaye</a> / Kemp Niver / <a href="/wiki/Greta_Garbo" title="Greta Garbo">Greta Garbo</a> / <a href="/wiki/Jon_Whiteley" title="Jon Whiteley">Jon Whiteley</a> / <a href="/wiki/Vincent_Winter" title="Vincent Winter">Vincent Winter</a> / <a href="/wiki/Gate_of_Hell_(film)" title="Gate of Hell (film)"><i>Gate of Hell</i></a> (1954)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Samurai_I:_Musashi_Miyamoto" title="Samurai I: Musashi Miyamoto">Samurai I: Musashi Miyamoto</a></i> (1955)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eddie_Cantor" title="Eddie Cantor">Eddie Cantor</a> (1956)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_of_Motion_Picture_and_Television_Engineers" title="Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers">Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers</a> / <a href="/wiki/Broncho_Billy_Anderson" title="Broncho Billy Anderson">Gilbert M. "Broncho Billy" Anderson</a> / <a href="/wiki/Charles_Brackett" title="Charles Brackett">Charles Brackett</a> / <a href="/wiki/B._B._Kahane" title="B. B. Kahane">B. B. Kahane</a> (1957)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Chevalier" title="Maurice Chevalier">Maurice Chevalier</a> (1958)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buster_Keaton" title="Buster Keaton">Buster Keaton</a> / <a href="/wiki/Lee_de_Forest" title="Lee de Forest">Lee de Forest</a> (1959)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gary_Cooper" title="Gary Cooper">Gary Cooper</a> / <a href="/wiki/Stan_Laurel" title="Stan Laurel">Stan Laurel</a> / <a href="/wiki/Hayley_Mills" title="Hayley Mills">Hayley Mills</a> (1960)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_L._Hendricks" title="William L. Hendricks">William L. Hendricks</a> / Fred L. Metzler / <a href="/wiki/Jerome_Robbins" title="Jerome Robbins">Jerome Robbins</a> (1961)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_J._Tuttle" title="William J. Tuttle">William J. Tuttle</a> (1964)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Hope" title="Bob Hope">Bob Hope</a> (1965)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakima_Canutt" title="Yakima Canutt">Yakima Canutt</a> / <a href="/wiki/Y._Frank_Freeman" title="Y. Frank Freeman">Y. Frank Freeman</a> (1966)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Freed" title="Arthur Freed">Arthur Freed</a> (1967)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Chambers_(make-up_artist)" title="John Chambers (make-up artist)">John Chambers</a> / <a href="/wiki/Onna_White" title="Onna White">Onna White</a> (1968)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cary_Grant" title="Cary Grant">Cary Grant</a> (1969)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lillian_Gish" title="Lillian Gish">Lillian Gish</a> / <a href="/wiki/Orson_Welles" title="Orson Welles">Orson Welles</a> (1970)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlie_Chaplin" title="Charlie Chaplin">Charlie Chaplin</a> (1971)</li> <li>Charles S. Boren / <a href="/wiki/Edward_G._Robinson" title="Edward G. Robinson">Edward G. Robinson</a> (1972)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_Langlois" title="Henri Langlois">Henri Langlois</a> / <a href="/wiki/Groucho_Marx" title="Groucho Marx">Groucho Marx</a> (1973)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_Hawks" title="Howard Hawks">Howard Hawks</a> / <a href="/wiki/Jean_Renoir" title="Jean Renoir">Jean Renoir</a> (1974)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Pickford" title="Mary Pickford">Mary Pickford</a> (1975)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #EEDD82;width:1%">1976–2000</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Booth" title="Margaret Booth">Margaret Booth</a> (1977)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Lantz" title="Walter Lantz">Walter Lantz</a> / <a href="/wiki/Laurence_Olivier" title="Laurence Olivier">Laurence Olivier</a> / <a href="/wiki/King_Vidor" title="King Vidor">King Vidor</a> / <a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Modern_Art" title="Museum of Modern Art">Museum of Modern Art Department of Film</a> (1978)</li> <li>Hal Elias / <a href="/wiki/Alec_Guinness" title="Alec Guinness">Alec Guinness</a> (1979)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Fonda" title="Henry Fonda">Henry Fonda</a> (1980)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Stanwyck" title="Barbara Stanwyck">Barbara Stanwyck</a> (1981)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mickey_Rooney" title="Mickey Rooney">Mickey Rooney</a> (1982)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hal_Roach" title="Hal Roach">Hal Roach</a> (1983)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Stewart" title="James Stewart">James Stewart</a> / <a href="/wiki/National_Endowment_for_the_Arts" title="National Endowment for the Arts">National Endowment for the Arts</a> (1984)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Newman" title="Paul Newman">Paul Newman</a> / <a href="/wiki/Alex_North" title="Alex North">Alex North</a> (1985)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Bellamy" title="Ralph Bellamy">Ralph Bellamy</a> (1986)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kodak" title="Kodak">Eastman Kodak Company</a> / <a href="/wiki/National_Film_Board_of_Canada" title="National Film Board of Canada">National Film Board of Canada</a> (1988)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akira_Kurosawa" title="Akira Kurosawa">Akira Kurosawa</a> (1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sophia_Loren" title="Sophia Loren">Sophia Loren</a> / <a href="/wiki/Myrna_Loy" title="Myrna Loy">Myrna Loy</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satyajit_Ray" title="Satyajit Ray">Satyajit Ray</a> (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federico_Fellini" title="Federico Fellini">Federico Fellini</a> (1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deborah_Kerr" title="Deborah Kerr">Deborah Kerr</a> (1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michelangelo_Antonioni" title="Michelangelo Antonioni">Michelangelo Antonioni</a> (1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirk_Douglas" title="Kirk Douglas">Kirk Douglas</a> / <a href="/wiki/Chuck_Jones" title="Chuck Jones">Chuck Jones</a> (1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Kidd" title="Michael Kidd">Michael Kidd</a> (1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Donen" title="Stanley Donen">Stanley Donen</a> (1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elia_Kazan" title="Elia Kazan">Elia Kazan</a> (1998)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrzej_Wajda" title="Andrzej Wajda">Andrzej Wajda</a> (1999)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Cardiff" title="Jack Cardiff">Jack Cardiff</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Lehman" title="Ernest Lehman">Ernest Lehman</a> (2000)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #EEDD82;width:1%">2001–present</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sidney_Poitier" title="Sidney Poitier">Sidney Poitier</a> / <a href="/wiki/Robert_Redford" title="Robert Redford">Robert Redford</a> (2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_O%27Toole" title="Peter O'Toole">Peter O'Toole</a> (2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blake_Edwards" title="Blake Edwards">Blake Edwards</a> (2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidney_Lumet" title="Sidney Lumet">Sidney Lumet</a> (2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Altman" title="Robert Altman">Robert Altman</a> (2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ennio_Morricone" title="Ennio Morricone">Ennio Morricone</a> (2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_F._Boyle" title="Robert F. Boyle">Robert F. Boyle</a> (2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lauren_Bacall" title="Lauren Bacall">Lauren Bacall</a> / <a href="/wiki/Roger_Corman" title="Roger Corman">Roger Corman</a> / <a href="/wiki/Gordon_Willis" title="Gordon Willis">Gordon Willis</a> (2009)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kevin_Brownlow" title="Kevin Brownlow">Kevin Brownlow</a> / <a href="/wiki/Jean-Luc_Godard" title="Jean-Luc Godard">Jean-Luc Godard</a> / <a href="/wiki/Eli_Wallach" title="Eli Wallach">Eli Wallach</a> (2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Earl_Jones" title="James Earl Jones">James Earl Jones</a> / <a href="/wiki/Dick_Smith_(make-up_artist)" title="Dick Smith (make-up artist)">Dick Smith</a> (2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/D._A._Pennebaker" title="D. A. Pennebaker">D. A. Pennebaker</a> / <a href="/wiki/Hal_Needham" title="Hal Needham">Hal Needham</a> / <a href="/wiki/George_Stevens_Jr." title="George Stevens Jr.">George Stevens Jr.</a> (2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angela_Lansbury" title="Angela Lansbury">Angela Lansbury</a> / <a href="/wiki/Steve_Martin" title="Steve Martin">Steve Martin</a> / <a href="/wiki/Piero_Tosi" title="Piero Tosi">Piero Tosi</a> (2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Claude_Carri%C3%A8re" title="Jean-Claude Carrière">Jean-Claude Carrière</a> / <a href="/wiki/Hayao_Miyazaki" title="Hayao Miyazaki">Hayao Miyazaki</a> / <a href="/wiki/Maureen_O%27Hara" title="Maureen O'Hara">Maureen O'Hara</a> (2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spike_Lee" title="Spike Lee">Spike Lee</a> / <a href="/wiki/Gena_Rowlands" title="Gena Rowlands">Gena Rowlands</a> (2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jackie_Chan" title="Jackie Chan">Jackie Chan</a> / <a href="/wiki/Lynn_Stalmaster" title="Lynn Stalmaster">Lynn Stalmaster</a> / <a href="/wiki/Anne_V._Coates" title="Anne V. Coates">Anne V. Coates</a> / <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Wiseman" title="Frederick Wiseman">Frederick Wiseman</a> (2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Burnett_(director)" title="Charles Burnett (director)">Charles Burnett</a> / <a href="/wiki/Owen_Roizman" title="Owen Roizman">Owen Roizman</a> / <a href="/wiki/Donald_Sutherland" title="Donald Sutherland">Donald Sutherland</a> / <a href="/wiki/Agn%C3%A8s_Varda" title="Agnès Varda">Agnès Varda</a> (2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marvin_Levy_(publicist)" title="Marvin Levy (publicist)">Marvin Levy</a> / <a href="/wiki/Lalo_Schifrin" title="Lalo Schifrin">Lalo Schifrin</a> / <a href="/wiki/Cicely_Tyson" title="Cicely Tyson">Cicely Tyson</a> (2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Lynch" title="David Lynch">David Lynch</a> / <a href="/wiki/Wes_Studi" title="Wes Studi">Wes Studi</a> / <a href="/wiki/Lina_Wertm%C3%BCller" title="Lina Wertmüller">Lina Wertmüller</a> (2019)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_L._Jackson" title="Samuel L. Jackson">Samuel L. Jackson</a> / <a href="/wiki/Elaine_May" title="Elaine May">Elaine May</a> / <a href="/wiki/Liv_Ullmann" title="Liv Ullmann">Liv Ullmann</a> (2021)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euzhan_Palcy" title="Euzhan Palcy">Euzhan Palcy</a> / <a href="/wiki/Diane_Warren" title="Diane Warren">Diane Warren</a> / <a href="/wiki/Peter_Weir" title="Peter Weir">Peter Weir</a> (2022)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angela_Bassett" title="Angela Bassett">Angela Bassett</a> / <a href="/wiki/Mel_Brooks" title="Mel Brooks">Mel Brooks</a> / <a href="/wiki/Carol_Littleton" title="Carol Littleton">Carol Littleton</a> (2023)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quincy_Jones" title="Quincy Jones">Quincy Jones</a> / <a href="/wiki/Juliet_Taylor" title="Juliet Taylor">Juliet Taylor</a> (2024)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q452737#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1405" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q452737#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1405" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q452737#identifiers" title="Edit this at 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href="https://viaf.org/viaf/46324079">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/287992/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJmdtRQrpXvmjdRG37fKBP">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/1022639617">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/no91015664">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb16715986n">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" 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