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id="toc-Offensive-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Initial_rebel_attacks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Initial_rebel_attacks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Initial rebel attacks </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Initial_rebel_attacks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Failure_of_peace_talks_and_resumption_of_fighting" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Failure_of_peace_talks_and_resumption_of_fighting"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Failure of peace talks and resumption of fighting </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Failure_of_peace_talks_and_resumption_of_fighting-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fall_of_Bunagana,_further_rebel_advances,_and_pro-government_counter-attacks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fall_of_Bunagana,_further_rebel_advances,_and_pro-government_counter-attacks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Fall of Bunagana, further rebel advances, and pro-government counter-attacks </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fall_of_Bunagana,_further_rebel_advances,_and_pro-government_counter-attacks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pro-government_forces_retake_territory_and_stalemate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pro-government_forces_retake_territory_and_stalemate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Pro-government forces retake territory and stalemate </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pro-government_forces_retake_territory_and_stalemate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Renewed_offensive" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Renewed_offensive"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 Renewed offensive </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Renewed_offensive-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Analysis" 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.stack{box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .stack>div{margin:1px;overflow:hidden}@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-left{float:left;clear:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-right{float:right;clear:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-left{float:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-right{float:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-left{float:left;clear:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-right{float:right;clear:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-left{float:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-right{float:right;margin-left:1em}}</style><div class="stack mw-stack stack-clear-right"><div><table class="infobox vevent" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th class="summary" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">M23 offensive</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Part of the <a href="/wiki/Kivu_conflict" title="Kivu conflict">Kivu conflict</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;line-height:1.5em;"><a href="/wiki/File:M23_Offensive_Map.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/M23_Offensive_Map.svg/300px-M23_Offensive_Map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="300" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/M23_Offensive_Map.svg/450px-M23_Offensive_Map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/M23_Offensive_Map.svg/600px-M23_Offensive_Map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="2000" /></a> Military situation as of 10 August 2024 <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend" style="text-align:left;">  Controlled by <a href="/wiki/March_23_Movement" title="March 23 Movement">March 23 Movement</a> and Nyatura's militia</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend" style="text-align:left;">  Controlled by <a href="/wiki/Land_Forces_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Land Forces of the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Land Forces of the Democratic Republic of the Congo</a> and allied militias</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend" style="text-align:left;">   <a href="/wiki/Wazalendo" title="Wazalendo">Wazalendo</a> militia fighting</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><table style="width:100%;margin:0;padding:0;border:0;display:inline-table"><tbody><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Date</th><td>27 March 2022 – present (2 years, 7 months, 3 weeks and 5 days)</td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Location</th><td><div class="location"><a href="/wiki/North_Kivu" title="North Kivu">North Kivu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a> (DRC)</div></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Status</th><td class="status"> <a href="/wiki/List_of_ongoing_armed_conflicts" title="List of ongoing armed conflicts">Ongoing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2022_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo%E2%80%93Rwanda_tensions" class="mw-redirect" title="2022 Democratic Republic of the Congo–Rwanda tensions">Conflict and tensions breaks out between Rwanda and the Congo</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Territorial changes</th><td> <a href="/wiki/March_23_Movement" title="March 23 Movement">M23</a> takes <a href="/wiki/Bunagana,_DRC" class="mw-redirect" title="Bunagana, DRC">Bunagana</a> and several other settlements</td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Belligerents</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <a href="/wiki/March_23_Movement" title="March 23 Movement">March 23 Movement</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Flag_of_Rwanda.svg/23px-Flag_of_Rwanda.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Flag_of_Rwanda.svg/35px-Flag_of_Rwanda.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Flag_of_Rwanda.svg/45px-Flag_of_Rwanda.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Rwanda" title="Rwanda">Rwanda</a><a href="#cite_note-4">[a]</a> Supported by: <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Flag_of_Uganda.svg/23px-Flag_of_Uganda.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Flag_of_Uganda.svg/35px-Flag_of_Uganda.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Flag_of_Uganda.svg/45px-Flag_of_Uganda.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Uganda" title="Uganda">Uganda</a> (June 2022; alleged by DR Congo)<a href="#cite_note-reuters_13_June-5">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-monitor3-6">[5]</a> <hr /> Nyatura-Jean Marie<a href="#cite_note-Nyatura-7">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-Etahoben1-8">[7]</a></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg/31px-Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo">DR Congo</a> <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations"><img alt="United Nations" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_the_United_Nations.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Nations.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_the_United_Nations.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Nations.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_the_United_Nations.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_United_Nations.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a> <a href="/wiki/MONUSCO" title="MONUSCO">MONUSCO</a> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a><a href="#cite_note-BBC_30_March-1">[1]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/23px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/35px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/45px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a><a href="#cite_note-9">[8]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a><a href="#cite_note-BBC_30_March-1">[1]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_Serbia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Serbia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_Serbia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Serbia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_Serbia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Serbia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1350" data-file-height="900" /> <a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a><a href="#cite_note-BBC_30_March-1">[1]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Tanzania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Tanzania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Tanzania.svg/35px-Flag_of_Tanzania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Tanzania.svg/45px-Flag_of_Tanzania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Tanzania" title="Tanzania">Tanzania</a><a href="#cite_note-monitor-10">[9]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Morocco.svg/23px-Flag_of_Morocco.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Morocco.svg/35px-Flag_of_Morocco.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Morocco.svg/45px-Flag_of_Morocco.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a><a href="#cite_note-11">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-RadioOkapi_1_August-12">[11]</a></li></ul> <a href="/wiki/East_African_Community" title="East African Community"><img alt="East African Community" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_the_East_African_Community.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_East_African_Community.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_the_East_African_Community.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_East_African_Community.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_the_East_African_Community.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_East_African_Community.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="330" /></a> <a href="/wiki/East_African_Community" title="East African Community">EAC Regional Force</a> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Flag_of_Uganda.svg/23px-Flag_of_Uganda.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Flag_of_Uganda.svg/35px-Flag_of_Uganda.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Flag_of_Uganda.svg/45px-Flag_of_Uganda.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Uganda" title="Uganda">Uganda</a> (from March 2022)<a href="#cite_note-schlindwein-13">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-monitor3-6">[5]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Flag_of_Burundi.svg/23px-Flag_of_Burundi.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Flag_of_Burundi.svg/35px-Flag_of_Burundi.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Flag_of_Burundi.svg/46px-Flag_of_Burundi.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Burundi" title="Burundi">Burundi</a> (from August 2022)<a href="#cite_note-RadioOkapi5-14">[13]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Kenya.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kenya.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Kenya.svg/35px-Flag_of_Kenya.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Kenya.svg/45px-Flag_of_Kenya.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenya</a> (from November 2022)<a href="#cite_note-news24-15">[14]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_South_Sudan.svg/23px-Flag_of_South_Sudan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_South_Sudan.svg/35px-Flag_of_South_Sudan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_South_Sudan.svg/46px-Flag_of_South_Sudan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1140" data-file-height="570" /> <a href="/wiki/South_Sudan" title="South Sudan">South Sudan</a> (from December 2022)<a href="#cite_note-VoA_South_Sudan-16">[15]</a></li></ul> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Flag_of_SADC.svg/23px-Flag_of_SADC.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Flag_of_SADC.svg/35px-Flag_of_SADC.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Flag_of_SADC.svg/45px-Flag_of_SADC.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Southern_African_Development_Community" title="Southern African Development Community">SADC</a> <a href="/wiki/SADC_Mission_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_Congo" title="SADC Mission in the Democratic Republic of Congo">Mission in DRC</a><a href="#cite_note-17">[16]</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Flagge_FDLR.svg/23px-Flagge_FDLR.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Flagge_FDLR.svg/35px-Flagge_FDLR.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Flagge_FDLR.svg/46px-Flagge_FDLR.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="350" /> <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Forces_for_the_Liberation_of_Rwanda" title="Democratic Forces for the Liberation of Rwanda">FDLR</a><a href="#cite_note-VOA_aiding-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-africa_news_23_May-18">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-HRW-19">[18]</a> <a href="/wiki/Wazalendo" title="Wazalendo">Wazalendo</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nduma_Defense_of_Congo-Renovated" title="Nduma Defense of Congo-Renovated">Nduma Defense of Congo-Renovated</a></li> <li>Pro-government <a href="/wiki/Mai-Mai" title="Mai-Mai">Mai-Mai</a><a href="#cite_note-Bahati-20">[19]</a></li> <li>Pro-government Nyatura factions<a href="#cite_note-Bahati-20">[19]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alliance_of_Patriots_for_a_Free_and_Sovereign_Congo" title="Alliance of Patriots for a Free and Sovereign Congo">APCLS</a><a href="#cite_note-DefensePost-21">[20]</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Commanders and leaders</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <a href="/wiki/Bertrand_Bisimwa" title="Bertrand Bisimwa">Bertrand Bisimwa</a><a href="#cite_note-Karuhanga-22">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-Etahoben-23">[22]</a> <a href="/wiki/Sultani_Makenga" title="Sultani Makenga">Sultani Makenga</a> (<a href="/wiki/Wounded_in_action" title="Wounded in action"><abbr title="Wounded in action">WIA</abbr></a>)<a href="#cite_note-schlindwein-13">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-RadioOkapi2-24">[23]</a> <a href="/wiki/Yusuf_Mboneza" title="Yusuf Mboneza">Yusuf Mboneza</a> (allegedly killed)<a href="#cite_note-RadioOkapi2-24">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-umuseke-25">[24]</a> Léon Kanyamibwa<a href="#cite_note-RadioOkapi3-26">[25]</a></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo"><img alt="Democratic Republic of the Congo" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg/31px-Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9lix_Tshisekedi" title="Félix Tshisekedi">Félix Tshisekedi</a><a href="#cite_note-HRW-19">[18]</a> (<a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="President of the Democratic Republic of the Congo">President of DR Congo</a>) <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo"><img alt="Democratic Republic of the Congo" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg/31px-Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a> Peter Cirimwami Nkuba<a href="#cite_note-RadioOkapi3-26">[25]</a> ("Sokola 2/Nord-Kivu" commander until 6 July) <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo"><img alt="Democratic Republic of the Congo" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg/31px-Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a> Clément Bitangalo Bulime<a href="#cite_note-RadioOkapi3-26">[25]</a> ("Sokola 2/Nord-Kivu" commander from 6 July) <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo"><img alt="Democratic Republic of the Congo" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg/31px-Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a> Philémon Yav Irung<a href="#cite_note-RadioOkapi3-26">[25]</a> (32nd Military Region commander) <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo"><img alt="Democratic Republic of the Congo" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg/31px-Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Constant_Ndima_Kongba" title="Constant Ndima Kongba">Constant Ndima Kongba</a><a href="#cite_note-27">[26]</a> (North Kivu military governor) <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo"><img alt="Democratic Republic of the Congo" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg/31px-Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a> Muhindo Lwanzo<a href="#cite_note-28">[27]</a> (Rutshuru Territory military chief aide) <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo"><img alt="Democratic Republic of the Congo" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg/31px-Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a> Francois-Xavier Aba van Ang<a href="#cite_note-HRW-19">[18]</a> (North Kivu deputy police commander) <a href="/wiki/East_African_Community" title="East African Community"><img alt="East African Community" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_the_East_African_Community.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_East_African_Community.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_the_East_African_Community.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_East_African_Community.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_the_East_African_Community.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_East_African_Community.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="330" /></a><a href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya"><img alt="Kenya" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Kenya.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kenya.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Kenya.svg/35px-Flag_of_Kenya.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Kenya.svg/45px-Flag_of_Kenya.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> Jeff Mungai Nyagah<a href="#cite_note-Nyagah-29">[28]</a> (EAC-RF commander until April 2023) <a href="/wiki/East_African_Community" title="East African Community"><img alt="East African Community" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_the_East_African_Community.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_East_African_Community.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_the_East_African_Community.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_East_African_Community.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_the_East_African_Community.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_East_African_Community.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="330" /></a><a href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya"><img alt="Kenya" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Kenya.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kenya.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Kenya.svg/35px-Flag_of_Kenya.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Kenya.svg/45px-Flag_of_Kenya.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> Alphaxard Kiugu<a href="#cite_note-Alphaxard_Kiugu_App-30">[29]</a> (EAC-RF commander from April 2023)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Units involved</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> M23 forces <ul><li>Bisimwa faction<a href="#cite_note-Karuhanga-22">[21]</a> (Revolutionary Army of Congo)<a href="#cite_note-politico-31">[30]</a></li> <li>Makenga faction<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEICG202210,_15-32">[31]</a></li></ul> <a href="/wiki/Rwanda_Defence_Force" title="Rwanda Defence Force">Rwanda Defence Force</a> (denied by Rwanda)<a href="#cite_note-VOA_aiding-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-reuters_voa-33">[32]</a> <ul><li>401st Battalion<a href="#cite_note-Etahoben1-8">[7]</a></li></ul></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> DR Congo forces <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armed_Forces_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Armed Forces of the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Armed Forces (FARDC)</a> <ul><li>Operations sector "Sokola 2/Nord-Kivu"<a href="#cite_note-34">[33]</a> <ul><li>32nd Military Region<a href="#cite_note-RadioOkapi3-26">[25]</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_Force_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Air Force of the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Air Force</a><a href="#cite_note-DefensePost2-35">[34]</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Guard_(Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo)" title="Republican Guard (Democratic Republic of the Congo)">Republican Guard</a><a href="#cite_note-politico-31">[30]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congolese_National_Police" title="Congolese National Police">Congolese National Police</a><a href="#cite_note-monitor2-36">[35]</a></li> <li>Pro-government militias<a href="#cite_note-reuters_26_May-37">[36]</a></li></ul> <a href="/wiki/Mercenary" title="Mercenary">Mercenaries</a><a href="#cite_note-38">[37]</a> <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Force_Intervention_Brigade" title="United Nations Force Intervention Brigade">United Nations Force Intervention Brigade</a> <a href="/wiki/East_African_Community" title="East African Community">East African Community</a> (EAC) <a href="/wiki/Peacekeeping" title="Peacekeeping">Regional Force</a><a href="#cite_note-RadioOkapi5-14">[13]</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Uganda_People%27s_Defence_Force" title="Uganda People's Defence Force">Uganda People's Defence Force</a> (UPDF)<a href="#cite_note-schlindwein-13">[12]</a> <ul><li>25th Battalion<a href="#cite_note-monitor3-6">[5]</a></li> <li>35th Battalion<a href="#cite_note-monitor3-6">[5]</a></li></ul></li></ul></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Strength</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> Rebels: 100–200+ (March 2022)<a href="#cite_note-politico-31">[30]</a> 400+ (May 2022)<a href="#cite_note-politico-31">[30]</a> 3,000+ (June 2024)<a href="#cite_note-39">[38]</a> Rwanda: <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 3,000-4,000<a href="#cite_note-VOA_aiding-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-40">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-41">[40]</a></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo"><img alt="Democratic Republic of the Congo" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg/31px-Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a> Unknown <a href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya"><img alt="Kenya" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Kenya.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kenya.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Kenya.svg/35px-Flag_of_Kenya.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Kenya.svg/45px-Flag_of_Kenya.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> 900+<a href="#cite_note-news24-15">[14]</a> <a href="/wiki/South_Sudan" title="South Sudan"><img alt="South Sudan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_South_Sudan.svg/23px-Flag_of_South_Sudan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_South_Sudan.svg/35px-Flag_of_South_Sudan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_South_Sudan.svg/46px-Flag_of_South_Sudan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1140" data-file-height="570" /></a> 750<a href="#cite_note-VoA_South_Sudan-16">[15]</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Casualties and losses</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> Unknown</td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo"><img alt="Democratic Republic of the Congo" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg/31px-Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a> 1 helicopter shot down <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations"><img alt="United Nations" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_the_United_Nations.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Nations.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_the_United_Nations.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Nations.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_the_United_Nations.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_United_Nations.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a> <a href="/wiki/2022_MONUSCO_helicopter_crash" class="mw-redirect" title="2022 MONUSCO helicopter crash">1 helicopter shot down</a>,<a href="#cite_note-BBC_30_March-1">[1]</a> 9 killed<a href="#cite_note-42">[b]</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;border-top:1px dotted #aaa;"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li> <ul><li>30,000 civilians displaced to Uganda<a href="#cite_note-43">[41]</a></li> <li>2.5 million displaced in total (as of July 8, 2024)<a href="#cite_note-44">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-45">[43]</a></li></ul> </li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Conflicts_in_DR_Congo" style="margin:0;float:right;clear:right;width:25.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;margin-left:1em;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-vertical hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Conflicts_in_Congo" title="Template:Campaignbox Conflicts in Congo"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_Conflicts_in_Congo" title="Template talk:Campaignbox Conflicts in Congo"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Conflicts_in_Congo" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox Conflicts in Congo"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Conflicts_in_DR_Congo" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Conflicts in <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo">DR Congo</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Background</li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colonization_of_the_Congo_Basin" title="Colonization of the Congo Basin">Colonization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congo_Free_State" title="Congo Free State">Congo Free State</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atrocities_in_the_Congo_Free_State" title="Atrocities in the Congo Free State">Atrocities</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgian_Congo" title="Belgian Congo">Belgian Congo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belgian_Congo_in_World_War_II" title="Belgian Congo in World War II">during WWII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1944_Kivu_uprising" class="mw-redirect" title="1944 Kivu uprising">1944 Kivu uprising</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9opoldville_riots" title="Léopoldville riots">Léopoldville riots</a></li></ul></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-vertical mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;margin:0;float:right;clear:right;width:25em;margin-bottom:0.5em;"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Congo_Crisis" title="Template:Campaignbox Congo Crisis"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_Congo_Crisis" title="Template talk:Campaignbox Congo Crisis"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Congo_Crisis" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox Congo Crisis"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Congo_Crisis" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Congo_Crisis" title="Congo Crisis">Congo Crisis</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/1960_Force_Publique_mutinies" title="1960 Force Publique mutinies">Force Publique mutinies</a></li> <li>Secession crisis <ul><li><a href="/wiki/State_of_Katanga" title="State of Katanga">Katanga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Kasai" title="South Kasai">South Kasai</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_South_Kasai" title="Invasion of South Kasai">Invasion</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Free Republic of the Congo">Congo-Stanleyville</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Operation_in_the_Congo" title="United Nations Operation in the Congo">UN intervention</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Rum_Punch" title="Operation Rum Punch">Rum Punch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niemba_ambush" title="Niemba ambush">Niemba ambush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kabalo" title="Battle of Kabalo">Battle of Kabalo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Jadotville" title="Siege of Jadotville">Jadotville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Unokat" title="Operation Unokat">UNOKAT</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Camp_Massart" title="Attack on Camp Massart">Camp Massart</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Grandslam" title="Operation Grandslam">Grandslam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kindu_atrocity" title="Kindu atrocity">Kindu atrocity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port_Francqui_incident" title="Port Francqui incident">Port Francqui incident</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanyarwanda_War" title="Kanyarwanda War">Kanyarwanda War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwilu_rebellion" title="Kwilu rebellion">Kwilu rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simba_rebellion" title="Simba rebellion">Simba rebellion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Dragon_Rouge" title="Operation Dragon Rouge">Dragon Rouge</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Operation_Dragon_Noir&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Operation Dragon Noir (page does not exist)">Dragon Noir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_White_Giant" title="Operation White Giant">White Giant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Violettes_Imperiales" title="Operation Violettes Imperiales">Violettes Imperiales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_South" title="Operation South">South</a></li></ul></li> Other major events <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Lumumba_Government" title="Dissolution of the Lumumba Government">Dissolution of the Lumumba Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrice_Lumumba#Final_days_and_assassination" title="Patrice Lumumba">Torture and killing of Lumumba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_of_Dag_Hammarskj%C3%B6ld" class="mw-redirect" title="Death of Dag Hammarskjöld">Death of Dag Hammarskjöld</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-vertical hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;margin:0;float:right;clear:right;width:25em;margin-bottom:0.5em;"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><div id="Shaba_Invasions" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Angolan_Civil_War#Shaba_Invasions" title="Angolan Civil War">Shaba Invasions</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaba_I" title="Shaba I">Shaba I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaba_II" title="Shaba II">Shaba II</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kolwezi" title="Battle of Kolwezi">Battle of Kolwezi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-aggression_pact_of_1979" title="Non-aggression pact of 1979">Non-aggression pact of 1979</a></li> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-vertical hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;margin:0;float:right;clear:right;width:25em;margin-bottom:0.5em;"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><div id="First_Congo_War" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/First_Congo_War" title="First Congo War">First Congo War</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Background</li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shaba_Invasions" class="mw-redirect" title="Shaba Invasions">Shaba Invasions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Sudanese_Civil_War" title="Second Sudanese Civil War">Second Sudanese Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Uganda_(1986%E2%80%931994)" title="War in Uganda (1986–1994)">War in Uganda (1986–1994)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1991_Zaire_unrest" title="1991 Zaire unrest">1991 Zaire unrest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burundian_Civil_War" title="Burundian Civil War">Burundian Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rwandan_Civil_War" title="Rwandan Civil War">Rwandan Civil War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Habyarimana" class="mw-redirect" title="Assassination of Habyarimana">Assassination of Habyarimana</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rwandan_genocide" title="Rwandan genocide">Rwandan genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes_refugee_crisis" title="Great Lakes refugee crisis">Great Lakes refugee crisis</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li>War</li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AFDL" title="AFDL">Formation of the AFDL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massacres_of_Hutus_during_the_First_Congo_War" title="Massacres of Hutus during the First Congo War">Massacres of Hutus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Thunderbolt_(1997)" title="Operation Thunderbolt (1997)">Thunderbolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Lubumbashi" title="Capture of Lubumbashi">Lubumbashi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kinsangani_(1997)" title="Battle of Kinsangani (1997)">Kinsangani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobutu_Sese_Seko#Overthrow" title="Mobutu Sese Seko">Overthrow of Mobutu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laurent-D%C3%A9sir%C3%A9_Kabila" title="Laurent-Désiré Kabila">Ascension of Laurent Kabila</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-vertical hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;margin:0;float:right;clear:right;width:25em;margin-bottom:0.5em;"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><div id="Second_Congo_War" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Second_Congo_War" title="Second Congo War">Second Congo War</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Kitona" title="Operation Kitona">Operation Kitona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lusaka_Ceasefire_Agreement" title="Lusaka Ceasefire Agreement">Lusaka Ceasefire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gbadolite_Agreement" title="Gbadolite Agreement">Gbadolite Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_City_Agreement" title="Sun City Agreement">Sun City Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Six-Day_War_(2000)" title="Six-Day War (2000)">Six-Day War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Laurent-D%C3%A9sir%C3%A9_Kabila" title="Assassination of Laurent-Désiré Kabila">Assassination of Laurent-Désiré Kabila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kisangani_massacre" title="Kisangani massacre">Kisangani massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effacer_le_tableau" title="Effacer le tableau">Effacer le tableau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bogoro_massacre" title="Bogoro massacre">Bogoro massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pretoria_Accord" title="Pretoria Accord">Pretoria Accord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MONUSCO" title="MONUSCO">MONUSCO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Criminal_Court_investigation_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="International Criminal Court investigation in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">ICC investigation</a></li></ul></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-vertical hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;margin:0;float:right;clear:right;width:25em;margin-bottom:0.5em;"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Ituri_Conflict" title="Template:Campaignbox Ituri Conflict"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_Ituri_Conflict" title="Template talk:Campaignbox Ituri Conflict"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Ituri_Conflict" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox Ituri Conflict"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ituri_conflict" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ituri_conflict" title="Ituri conflict">Ituri conflict</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Bogoro_massacre" title="Bogoro massacre">Bogoro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Artemis" title="Operation Artemis">Artemis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_North_Night_Final" title="Operation North Night Final">North Night Final</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marabho_attack" title="Marabho attack">Marabho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ndjala_massacre" title="Ndjala massacre">Ndjala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_2020_Ituri_offensive" title="October 2020 Ituri offensive">October 2020 offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boga_and_Tchabi_massacres" title="Boga and Tchabi massacres">Boga and Tchabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plaine_Savo_massacre" title="Plaine Savo massacre">Plaine Savo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyamamba_and_Mbogi_mass_graves" title="Nyamamba and Mbogi mass graves">Nyamamba and Mbogi</a></li> <dl><dt>Response</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_1484" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 1484">UN 1484</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-vertical mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;margin:0;float:right;clear:right;width:25em;margin-bottom:0.5em;"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Kivu_Conflict" title="Template:Campaignbox Kivu Conflict"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_Kivu_Conflict" title="Template talk:Campaignbox Kivu Conflict"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Kivu_Conflict" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox Kivu Conflict"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Kivu_conflict" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Kivu_conflict" title="Kivu conflict">Kivu conflict</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div style="font-size:98%;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lemera_massacre" title="Lemera massacre">Lemera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kasika_massacre" title="Kasika massacre">Kasika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makobola_massacre" title="Makobola massacre">Makobola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makombo_massacre" title="Makombo massacre">Makombo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_Nord-Kivu_campaign" title="2008 Nord-Kivu campaign">2008 Nord-Kivu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2009_Eastern_Congo_offensive" title="2009 Eastern Congo offensive">2009 Eastern Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M23_rebellion" title="M23 rebellion">M23 rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_North_Kivu_offensive" title="2014 North Kivu offensive">2014 North Kivu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_CNPSC_offensive" title="2017 CNPSC offensive">2017 CNPSC offensive</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2017_Uvira_clashes" title="2017 Uvira clashes">Uvira</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_2020_Oicha_massacres" title="January 2020 Oicha massacres">Oicha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_2020_Virunga_National_Park_massacre" title="April 2020 Virunga National Park massacre">Virunga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kipupu_massacre" title="Kipupu massacre">Kipupu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_Kangbayi_prison_break" title="2020 Kangbayi prison break">Kangbayi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lisasa_massacre" title="Lisasa massacre">Lisasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tingwe_massacre" title="Tingwe massacre">Tingwe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021%E2%80%932024_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo_attacks" title="2021–2024 Democratic Republic of the Congo attacks">2021–2024 attacks</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mwenda_massacre" title="Mwenda massacre">Mwenda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_Bulongo_massacre" title="2021 Bulongo massacre">Bulongo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maimoya_highway_massacre" title="Maimoya highway massacre">Maimoya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kasanzi_attack" title="Kasanzi attack">Kasanzi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kagogo_ambush" title="Kagogo ambush">Kagogo ambush</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">M23 offensive</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-MONUSCO_protests" title="Anti-MONUSCO protests">Anti-MONUSCO protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kishishe_massacre" title="Kishishe massacre">Kishishe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Kitshanga" title="First Battle of Kitshanga">1st Kitshanga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Kitshanga" title="Second Battle of Kitshanga">2nd Kitshanga</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masambo_attack" title="Masambo attack">Masambo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otomabere_attack" title="Otomabere attack">Otomabere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_2022_North_Kivu_attacks" title="August 2022 North Kivu attacks">2022 North Kivu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kasindi_church_bombing" title="Kasindi church bombing">Kasindi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makugwe_massacre" title="Makugwe massacre">Makugwe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mukondi_massacre" title="Mukondi massacre">Mukondi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirindera_massacre" title="Kirindera massacre">Kirindera</a></li></ul> </div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-vertical hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;margin:0;float:right;clear:right;width:25em;margin-bottom:0.5em;"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><div id="Other" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Other</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lord%27s_Resistance_Army_insurgency" title="Lord's Resistance Army insurgency">Lord's Resistance Army insurgency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katanga_insurgency" title="Katanga insurgency">Katanga insurgency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allied_Democratic_Forces_insurgency" title="Allied Democratic Forces insurgency">Allied Democratic Forces insurgency</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Shujaa" title="Operation Shujaa">Operation Shujaa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dongo_conflict" title="Dongo conflict">Dongo conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_attempt" class="mw-redirect" title="2011 Democratic Republic of the Congo coup d'état attempt">2011 coup d'etat attempt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batwa%E2%80%93Luba_clashes" title="Batwa–Luba clashes">Batwa–Luba clashes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_2013_Kinshasa_attacks" title="December 2013 Kinshasa attacks">2013 Kinshasa attacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamwina_Nsapu_rebellion" title="Kamwina Nsapu rebellion">Kamwina Nsapu rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_DR_Congo_clashes" title="Western DR Congo clashes">Western DR Congo clashes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_soldiers_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Child soldiers in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Child soldiers in the Congo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></div> In late March 2022, the <a href="/wiki/March_23_Movement" title="March 23 Movement">March 23 Movement</a> (M23), supported by <a href="/wiki/Rwanda" title="Rwanda">Rwanda</a>, launched an offensive in <a href="/wiki/North_Kivu" title="North Kivu">North Kivu</a> against the <a href="/wiki/Armed_Forces_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Armed Forces of the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Armed Forces of the Democratic Republic of the Congo</a> (FARDC) and <a href="/wiki/MONUSCO" title="MONUSCO">MONUSCO</a>. The fighting displaced hundreds of thousands of civilians and caused renewed tensions between the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rwanda" title="Rwanda">Rwanda</a>. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=M23_offensive_(2022%E2%80%93present)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/M23_rebellion" title="M23 rebellion">M23 rebellion</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kivu_conflict" title="Kivu conflict">Kivu conflict</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:M23_in_Goma.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/M23_in_Goma.PNG/220px-M23_in_Goma.PNG" decoding="async" width="220" height="115" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/M23_in_Goma.PNG/330px-M23_in_Goma.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/M23_in_Goma.PNG/440px-M23_in_Goma.PNG 2x" data-file-width="851" data-file-height="443" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/March_23_Movement" title="March 23 Movement">M23</a> rebels in <a href="/wiki/Goma" title="Goma">Goma</a>, November 2012</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/March_23_Movement" title="March 23 Movement">March 23 Movement</a> waged a <a href="/wiki/M23_rebellion" title="M23 rebellion">rebellion</a> in the northeastern <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a> (DRC) from 2012 to 2013. M23 was formed by deserters of the <a href="/wiki/Armed_Forces_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Armed Forces of the Democratic Republic of the Congo">DRC Armed Forces</a> (FARDC) who had previously been members of the <a href="/wiki/National_Congress_for_the_Defence_of_the_People" title="National Congress for the Defence of the People">CNDP</a> rebel group and been dissatisfied with the conditions of their service. Both the CNDP as well as the March 23 Movement's first rebellion were supported by <a href="/wiki/Rwanda" title="Rwanda">Rwanda</a> and <a href="/wiki/Uganda" title="Uganda">Uganda</a>.<a href="#cite_note-BBC_30_March-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-HRW-19">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-Schwikowski-46">[44]</a> The uprising was defeated by a joint campaign of the DRC and <a href="/wiki/MONUSCO" title="MONUSCO">MONUSCO</a>, the local <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_peacekeeping" title="United Nations peacekeeping">United Nations peacekeeping</a> force. After agreeing to a peace deal, M23 was largely dismantled, its fighters disarmed and moved into refugee camps in <a href="/wiki/Uganda" title="Uganda">Uganda</a>.<a href="#cite_note-BBC_30_March-1">[1]</a> Despite the agreement, hostilities between M23 and the DR Congo continued. In 2017, M23 commander <a href="/wiki/Sultani_Makenga" title="Sultani Makenga">Sultani Makenga</a> and about 100 to 200 of his followers fled from Uganda to resume their insurgency, setting up camp at <a href="/wiki/Mount_Mikeno" title="Mount Mikeno">Mount Mikeno</a> in the border area between Rwanda, Uganda, and the DR Congo.<a href="#cite_note-schlindwein-13">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEICG202210-47">[45]</a> Makenga's force launched a minor offensive against the FARDC in 2021;<a href="#cite_note-schlindwein-13">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-Schwikowski-46">[44]</a> however, this operation achieved little, as M23 no longer enjoyed significant international support. Uganda and the DR Congo had greatly improved their relations, cooperating against a common enemy, the <a href="/wiki/Allied_Democratic_Forces" title="Allied Democratic Forces">Allied Democratic Forces</a>,<a href="#cite_note-schlindwein-13">[12]</a> during <a href="/wiki/Operation_Shujaa" title="Operation Shujaa">Operation Shujaa</a>.<a href="#cite_note-monitor2-36">[35]</a> In early 2022, a growing number of M23 combatants began leaving their camps and move back to the DR Congo;<a href="#cite_note-BBC_30_March-1">[1]</a> the rebel movement launched more attacks in February 2022, but these were repelled.<a href="#cite_note-schlindwein-13">[12]</a> The M23 leadership argued that parts of their movement had resumed the insurgency because the conditions of the 2013 peace deal were not being honored by the DRC government.<a href="#cite_note-BBC_30_March-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-Schwikowski-46">[44]</a> The rebels also argued that they were attempting to defend Kivu's <a href="/wiki/Tutsi" title="Tutsi">Tutsi</a> minority from attacks by <a href="/wiki/Hutu" title="Hutu">Hutu</a> militants such as the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Forces_for_the_Liberation_of_Rwanda" title="Democratic Forces for the Liberation of Rwanda">Democratic Forces for the Liberation of Rwanda</a> (FDLR).<a href="#cite_note-africa_news_23_May-18">[17]</a> The situation was further complicated by the factionalism within M23, as the movement was split into rival groups, namely the "Alliance for the Salvation of the People" headed by <a href="/wiki/Jean-Marie_Runiga" title="Jean-Marie Runiga">Jean-Marie Runiga</a>, and the "Revolutionary Army of Congo" of <a href="/wiki/Bertrand_Bisimwa" title="Bertrand Bisimwa">Bertrand Bisimwa</a> respectively.<a href="#cite_note-Karuhanga-22">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-politico-31">[30]</a> In addition, Makenga's group was de facto separate from the other M23 forces which were still mainly based in Uganda.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEICG202210,_15-32">[31]</a> Later research organized by the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council" title="United Nations Security Council">United Nations Security Council</a> suggested that Makenga's return to an insurgency had started the gradual rearmament and restoration of M23, with Bisimwa's "Revolutionary Army of Congo" joining these efforts in late 2021 by reorganizing its remaining fighters and recruiting new ones in cooperation with Makenga. The headquarters of the restored M23 is believed to be located at <a href="/wiki/Mount_Sabyinyo" title="Mount Sabyinyo">Mount Sabyinyo</a>.<a href="#cite_note-politico-31">[30]</a> By 2022, M23 was just one of 120 armed groups that operate in the eastern DR Congo.<a href="#cite_note-monitor2-36">[35]</a> Before March 2022, the Congoloese government made attempts to reinforce its position against the resurgent M23 by sending more troops. However, such measures weakened its presence in other areas, such as those affected by the <a href="/wiki/Allied_Democratic_Forces_insurgency" title="Allied Democratic Forces insurgency">Allied Democratic Forces insurgency</a>.<a href="#cite_note-politico-31">[30]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Offensive">Offensive</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=M23_offensive_(2022%E2%80%93present)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Offensive">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Initial_rebel_attacks">Initial rebel attacks</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=M23_offensive_(2022%E2%80%93present)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Initial rebel attacks">edit</a>]</div> In the night of 27 March 2022, M23 rebels launched a new offensive in <a href="/wiki/North_Kivu" title="North Kivu">North Kivu</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Etahoben2-48">[46]</a> first attacking the villages of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tshanzu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tshanzu (page does not exist)">Tshanzu</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Runyoni&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Runyoni (page does not exist)">Runyoni</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Rutshuru_Territory" title="Rutshuru Territory">Rutshuru Territory</a><a href="#cite_note-aljazeera-49">[47]</a> from their strongholds at the surrounding hills.<a href="#cite_note-Schwikowski-46">[44]</a> The two villages had been important strongholds of the M23 Movement during the 2012–13 rebellion.<a href="#cite_note-aljazeera-49">[47]</a> The rebel attack was reportedly led by Sultani Makenga.<a href="#cite_note-schlindwein-13">[12]</a> The DRC government claimed that <a href="/wiki/Rwanda" title="Rwanda">Rwanda</a> supported the insurgent operation, a claim which was denied by the Rwandan government<a href="#cite_note-BBC_30_March-1">[1]</a> and the rebels.<a href="#cite_note-Schwikowski-46">[44]</a> <a href="/wiki/International_Crisis_Group" title="International Crisis Group">International Crisis Group</a> researcher Onesphore Sematumba argued that claims about Rwandan aid were believable. He suggested that the resurgence of M23 was probably influenced by Rwanda's wish to stop an infrastructure project which would link the DR Congo and Uganda.<a href="#cite_note-Schwikowski-46">[44]</a> On 29 March, the FARDC was able to repel a rebel attack against the border town of <a href="/wiki/Bunagana,_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Bunagana, Democratic Republic of the Congo">Bunagana</a>, but M23 captured several villages, including Mugingo, Gasiza, Chengerero, Rugamba, Kibote, Baseke and Kabindi.<a href="#cite_note-Etahoben2-48">[46]</a> In addition, a UN helicopter <a href="/wiki/2022_MONUSCO_helicopter_crash" class="mw-redirect" title="2022 MONUSCO helicopter crash">crashed at Tshanzu</a>, killing eight MONUSCO peacekeepers (six Pakistanis, a Russian, and a Serbian). The FARDC blamed M23 rebels for shooting down the aircraft.<a href="#cite_note-BBC_30_March-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEICG202211-50">[48]</a> At Bunagana, the FARDC received support by the <a href="/wiki/Uganda_People%27s_Defence_Force" title="Uganda People's Defence Force">Uganda People's Defence Force</a> (UPDF). UPDF ground forces crossed the border, while Ugandan aircraft bombed the rebels.<a href="#cite_note-schlindwein-13">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-monitor3-6">[5]</a> By 1 April, the clashes at Rutshuru had displaced 46,000 locals according to <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_High_Commissioner_for_Refugees" title="United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees">UNHCR</a>.<a href="#cite_note-51">[49]</a> Meanwhile, the M23 fighters temporarily retreated back to their mountain bases, with their first attacks being regarded as a failure.<a href="#cite_note-schlindwein-13">[12]</a> They proclaimed a unilateral ceasefire.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEICG202211-50">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-Etahoben3-52">[50]</a> One ex-M23 officer told the newspaper <a href="/wiki/Die_Tageszeitung" title="Die Tageszeitung">taz</a> that it was entirely unclear what the rebel offensive was trying to achieve, with him speculating that Makenga was possibly hoping for one last battle to die in his homeland.<a href="#cite_note-schlindwein-13">[12]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Failure_of_peace_talks_and_resumption_of_fighting">Failure of peace talks and resumption of fighting</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=M23_offensive_(2022%E2%80%93present)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Failure of peace talks and resumption of fighting">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo%E2%80%93Rwanda_tensions_(2022%E2%80%93present)" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo–Rwanda tensions (2022–present)">Democratic Republic of the Congo–Rwanda tensions (2022–present)</a></div> On 6 April, the FARDC rejected any negotiations with the M23 forces based in the DR Congo, and started a counter-attack.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEICG202211-50">[48]</a> Four days later, M23 announced that it would withdraw its troops from any villages captured during the earlier clashes.<a href="#cite_note-Etahoben3-52">[50]</a> However, as the fighting raged on, FARDC increasingly lost ground to the insurgents.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEICG202211-50">[48]</a> In late April, the DRC government and a number of rebel groups held peace talks in <a href="/wiki/Nairobi" title="Nairobi">Nairobi</a>,<a href="#cite_note-HRW-19">[18]</a> but the Bisimwa faction of M23 voluntarily left<a href="#cite_note-Karuhanga-22">[21]</a> or was expelled from the negotiations due to the ongoing clashes in North Kivu.<a href="#cite_note-HRW-19">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-africa_news_23_May-18">[17]</a> M23 forces, reportedly led by Makenga<a href="#cite_note-HRW-19">[18]</a> and including the Bisimwa faction,<a href="#cite_note-Karuhanga-22">[21]</a> restarted their offensive in May.<a href="#cite_note-HRW-19">[18]</a> This operation was reportedly supported by at least 1,000 Rwandan soldiers.<a href="#cite_note-VOA_aiding-3">[3]</a> According to a local, M23 overran <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kibumba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kibumba (page does not exist)">Kibumba</a> on 18 May.<a href="#cite_note-reuters_26_May-37">[36]</a> On 19 May, M23 rebels attacked MONUSCO peacekeepers at <a href="/w/index.php?title=Shangi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shangi (page does not exist)">Shangi</a>, Rutshuru Territory, as the latter joined the FARDC in counter-insurgency operations. The rebel leadership declared that the attack was in response to a previous joint FARDC-FDLR operation.<a href="#cite_note-africa_news_23_May-18">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-53">[c]</a> From 22 May, the rebels attempted to advance on North Kivu's provincial capital, <a href="/wiki/Goma" title="Goma">Goma</a>,<a href="#cite_note-HRW-19">[18]</a> displacing 70,000 people.<a href="#cite_note-yusuf-54">[51]</a> From 22 to 23 May, a battle raged at Kibumba, while the insurgents temporarily seized <a href="/wiki/Rumangabo" title="Rumangabo">Rumangabo</a> before it was retaken by the FARDC.<a href="#cite_note-reuters_26_May-37">[36]</a> According to independent researchers, the insurgents were supported by Rwandan soldiers during the battle for Rumangabo.<a href="#cite_note-VOA_aiding-3">[3]</a> On 25 May, M23 reached Goma's outskirts,<a href="#cite_note-HRW-19">[18]</a> but were repelled by MONUSCO, FARDC,<a href="#cite_note-yusuf-54">[51]</a> and the FDLR<a href="#cite_note-VOA_aiding-3">[3]</a> after heavy fighting. The insurgents subsequently retreated, and there was a pause in fighting for the rest of the month.<a href="#cite_note-yusuf-54">[51]</a> At this point, the FARDC accused the <a href="/wiki/Rwanda_Defence_Force" title="Rwanda Defence Force">Rwanda Defence Force</a> (RDF) of fighting directly alongside the rebels, claiming that local <a href="/wiki/Vigilantism" title="Vigilantism">vigilantes</a> had captured two Rwandan soldiers. On the other side, Rwanda claimed that the DR Congo had fired rockets into its territory, was aided by the FDLR,<a href="#cite_note-HRW-19">[18]</a> and had "abducted" the two RDF soldiers.<a href="#cite_note-monitor-10">[9]</a> The fighting also stoked local ethnic tensions; North Kivu's deputy police commander, Francois-Xavier Aba van Ang, released a video urging civilians to organize as militiamen to combat M23 in a "people's war".<a href="#cite_note-HRW-19">[18]</a> The FARDC also armed existing local militias so that they could assist in the campaign against M23.<a href="#cite_note-VOA_aiding-3">[3]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fall_of_Bunagana,_further_rebel_advances,_and_pro-government_counter-attacks">Fall of Bunagana, further rebel advances, and pro-government counter-attacks</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=M23_offensive_(2022%E2%80%93present)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Fall of Bunagana, further rebel advances, and pro-government counter-attacks">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:M23offensive.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/M23offensive.png/250px-M23offensive.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="196" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/M23offensive.png/375px-M23offensive.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/M23offensive.png/500px-M23offensive.png 2x" data-file-width="1035" data-file-height="811" /></a><figcaption>Map of the M23 offensive</figcaption></figure> By early June, clashes again took place at Bunagana.<a href="#cite_note-reuters_voa-33">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-55">[52]</a> M23 militants reportedly attacked a MONUSCO force at <a href="/w/index.php?title=Muhati&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Muhati (page does not exist)">Muhati</a>, Rutshuru Territory, on 8 June.<a href="#cite_note-monitor-10">[9]</a> On 12 June, the FARDC repelled another M23 attack on Bunagana, coinciding with the visit of <a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Belgium" title="Monarchy of Belgium">King</a> <a href="/wiki/Philippe_of_Belgium" title="Philippe of Belgium">Philippe of Belgium</a> at <a href="/wiki/Bukavu" title="Bukavu">Bukavu</a> to the south.<a href="#cite_note-56">[53]</a> Unlike the previous attack on Bunagana, however, the Ugandan security forces across the border did not intervene and instead retreated from the hills overlooking the town.<a href="#cite_note-monitor3-6">[5]</a> M23 captured Bunagana on the following day, reportedly after encircling it and thus forcing the local garrison<a href="#cite_note-reuters_13_June-5">[4]</a> of 137 soldiers and 37 police officers to retreat to <a href="/wiki/Kisoro" title="Kisoro">Kisoro</a> in Uganda.<a href="#cite_note-monitor2-36">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-57">[54]</a> There, they surrendered to the local Ugandan security forces. Many civilians also fled across the border.<a href="#cite_note-monitor2-36">[35]</a> Later, the commanders of the Bunagana garrison, Colonels Ndyadya and Lobo, and the regional sector commander, Peter Cirimwami Nkuba, accused each other of having given the order to retreat.<a href="#cite_note-58">[55]</a> North Kivu's military governor <a href="/wiki/Constant_Ndima_Kongba" title="Constant Ndima Kongba">Constant Ndima Kongba</a> initially denied that the FARDC had lost the city,<a href="#cite_note-reuters_13_June-5">[4]</a> but the FARDC spokesman <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sylvain_Ekenge&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sylvain Ekenge (page does not exist)">Sylvain Ekenge</a> later declared that the fall of Bunagana constituted "no less than an invasion" by Rwanda.<a href="#cite_note-59">[56]</a> Tensions between Rwanda and the DR Congo consequently continued to escalate, as the latter suspended "all agreements" with the former.<a href="#cite_note-monitor4-60">[57]</a> At this point, two senior Congolese security sources<a href="#cite_note-reuters_13_June-5">[4]</a> and members of the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Parliament of the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Congolese parliament</a> also accused Uganda of supporting the rebel offensive. The Congolese parliamentarians claimed that the Ugandan retreat before the rebel attack had facilitated the takeover, and specifically singled out <a href="/wiki/Muhoozi_Kainerugaba" title="Muhoozi Kainerugaba">Muhoozi Kainerugaba</a>, head of the Ugandan troops involved in Operation Shujaa, for supporting M23. The DR Congo proceeded to terminate the military cooperation with Uganda.<a href="#cite_note-monitor3-6">[5]</a> The Ugandan government subsequently halted Operation Shujaa, while the Ugandan military claimed that M23's latest attacks did not pose a threat to Ugandan citizens and equipment, making an intervention on their part unnecessary.<a href="#cite_note-monitor4-60">[57]</a> The local MONUSCO leadership stated that the claims about the Ugandan support for M23 were "nonsense" and called for calm and cooperation.<a href="#cite_note-61">[58]</a> <a href="/wiki/President_of_Kenya" title="President of Kenya">Kenyan President</a> <a href="/wiki/Uhuru_Kenyatta" title="Uhuru Kenyatta">Uhuru Kenyatta</a> reacted to the fall of Bunagana and the growing regional tensions by calling for the <a href="/wiki/East_African_Community" title="East African Community">East African Community</a> (EAC) to "immediate[ly]" organize a new <a href="/wiki/Peacekeeping" title="Peacekeeping">peacekeeping mission</a> called the "East African Regional Force" to restore security in the eastern DR Congo.<a href="#cite_note-62">[59]</a> Meanwhile, MONUSCO began to prepare its local troops to support the efforts of the Congoloese security forces to retake the city.<a href="#cite_note-63">[60]</a> FARDC troops belonging to operations sector "Sokola 2" launched an attack from Kabindi on 16 June,<a href="#cite_note-64">[61]</a> and later claimed that they had recaptured Bunagana.<a href="#cite_note-65">[62]</a> However, the city was reportedly still in rebel hands on the following day, with heavy fighting taking place to its west.<a href="#cite_note-monitor3-6">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-66">[63]</a> M23 reportedly counter-attacked, capturing the town of Tshengerero<a href="#cite_note-67">[64]</a> and the villages of Bugusa, Kabindi and Rangira. The insurgents were advancing on <a href="/wiki/Rutshuru" title="Rutshuru">Rutshuru</a>, and shot down a FARDC helicopter.<a href="#cite_note-68">[65]</a> Fighting had also spread into the <a href="/wiki/Virunga_National_Park" title="Virunga National Park">Virunga National Park</a>. Environmentalists pointed out that this threatened the survival of the local <a href="/wiki/Mountain_gorilla" title="Mountain gorilla">mountain gorillas</a>.<a href="#cite_note-69">[66]</a> The renewed advances of M23 were reportedly part of a plan by Sultani Makenga to cut off and eventually capture Goma, hoping to extract political concessions from the Congolese government in this way.<a href="#cite_note-70">[67]</a> By 18–19 June, the frontline had stabilized along the Rutshuru-Bunagana axis. Combined FARDC-MONUSCO forces still held settlements in the direct vicinity of Tshengerero such as Ntamugenga and Rwanguba, including the latter's important bridge.<a href="#cite_note-71">[68]</a><a href="#cite_note-RadioOkapi-72">[69]</a> Fighting shifted to the Runyoni-Rumangabo axis, where clashes were reported at the villages of Kavumu and Bikenge.<a href="#cite_note-RadioOkapi-72">[69]</a> Meanwhile, an EAC meeting was organized in Nairobi to discuss the diplomatic tensions between the DR Congo, Rwanda, and Uganda as well as the deployment of a new peacekeeping force in reaction to the M23 attacks. The DRC government declared that it would welcome an EAC peacekeeping mission, but only under the condition of Rwanda's exclusion from the operation.<a href="#cite_note-73">[70]</a><a href="#cite_note-74">[71]</a> The EAC subsequently called on M23 to retreat from Bunagana<a href="#cite_note-75">[72]</a> as precondition for a casefire, but the insurgents rejected the order.<a href="#cite_note-76">[73]</a> Instead, M23 reopened the Bunagana border post under its own administration,<a href="#cite_note-77">[74]</a> whereupon North Kivu's government forbid the import and export of goods through rebel-held territory.<a href="#cite_note-78">[75]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pro-government_forces_retake_territory_and_stalemate">Pro-government forces retake territory and stalemate</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=M23_offensive_(2022%E2%80%93present)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Pro-government forces retake territory and stalemate">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Anti-MONUSCO_protests" title="Anti-MONUSCO protests">Anti-MONUSCO protests</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PHOTO_DU_JOUR_DU_SAMEDI_3_JUILLET_2022.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/PHOTO_DU_JOUR_DU_SAMEDI_3_JUILLET_2022.jpg/220px-PHOTO_DU_JOUR_DU_SAMEDI_3_JUILLET_2022.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/PHOTO_DU_JOUR_DU_SAMEDI_3_JUILLET_2022.jpg/330px-PHOTO_DU_JOUR_DU_SAMEDI_3_JUILLET_2022.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/PHOTO_DU_JOUR_DU_SAMEDI_3_JUILLET_2022.jpg/440px-PHOTO_DU_JOUR_DU_SAMEDI_3_JUILLET_2022.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>Moroccan <a href="/wiki/MONUSCO" title="MONUSCO">MONUSCO</a> <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_peacekeeping" title="United Nations peacekeeping">peacekeepers</a> on a long-range patrol to protect civilians from <a href="/wiki/March_23_Movement" title="March 23 Movement">M23</a> rebels in <a href="/wiki/Rutshuru_Territory" title="Rutshuru Territory">Rutshuru Territory</a>. </figcaption></figure> From 19 to 22 June, clashes continued as M23 attempted to break through FARDC defense positions. At first, the rebels assaulted villages along the southern axis, but were repelled at Karambi, Kitagoma and Kitovu, Bweza, and Busanza. They subsequently focused on Bikenge, Ruvumu, Shangi, and Bukima, overrunning the villages before the FARDC organized a counter-attack. The military was able to retake most of these settlements, though Ruvumu, Buharo, and Rutokara reportedly remained rebel-held. Overall, the pro-government forces generally held their positions, but the rebel assaults increasingly threatened the Matebe-Rwanguba axis.<a href="#cite_note-79">[76]</a><a href="#cite_note-80">[77]</a> <a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch" title="Human Rights Watch">Human Rights Watch</a> reported that 17 civilians, including two children, had been <a href="/wiki/Summarily_executed" class="mw-redirect" title="Summarily executed">summarily executed</a> on 21 June by the M23 for suspected collaboration with the FARDC.<a href="#cite_note-81">[78]</a> According to the newspaper Eco News, the FARDC reportedly inflicted a defeat on M23 at the Runyoni frontline around this time, wounding Sultani Makenga and killing another rebel commander, Colonel <a href="/wiki/Yusuf_Mboneza" title="Yusuf Mboneza">Yusuf Mboneza</a>.<a href="#cite_note-RadioOkapi2-24">[23]</a> Mboneza's death was later disputed by pro-M23 sources.<a href="#cite_note-umuseke-25">[24]</a> There was a lull in fighting from 24 to 27 June.<a href="#cite_note-82">[79]</a> Combat resumed on 28 June, as rebels attacked FARDC positions at Bushandaba, Ruseke and the strategic hill of Bikona.<a href="#cite_note-83">[80]</a> Pro-government forces, consisting of the military and police, counter-attacked, and retook the villages of Nkokwe, Ruvumu, Rugarama, Rutakara, Ntamugenga and Rutsiro.<a href="#cite_note-84">[81]</a> On 29 June, the FARDC continued its advance, capturing Kabindi and Chengerero, though M23 militants countered by attacking Rutsiro.<a href="#cite_note-85">[82]</a> On 1 July, the FARDC claimed to had won a major victory over M23 and allied Rwandan troops after heavy fighting at Rutsiro, Ntamugenga and Nyabikona,<a href="#cite_note-86">[83]</a> completely evicting the insurgents from the Bweza <a href="/wiki/Groupings_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" class="mw-redirect" title="Groupings of the Democratic Republic of the Congo">grouping (groupement)</a> in Rutshuru.<a href="#cite_note-87">[84]</a> Clashes continued at Bikenge and Ruseke on 4 July, as the FARDC repelled M23 assaults.<a href="#cite_note-88">[85]</a> On 6 July, the FARDC reorganized the leadership of the forces opposing M23 to improve their efficiency;<a href="#cite_note-RadioOkapi3-26">[25]</a> in addition, Rwandan President <a href="/wiki/Paul_Kagame" title="Paul Kagame">Paul Kagame</a> and the Congolese President Félix Tshisekedi held a meeting on the same day. According to the Congolese side, a ceasefire and the withdrawal of M23 from Congoloese soil was agreed upon. Instead of adhering to this agreement, the rebels attacked Kanyabusoro and Rwanguba on the following day.<a href="#cite_note-89">[86]</a> Over the next days, clashes continued at various villages in the Bweza and Jomba groupements, as M23 attempted to retake territory.<a href="#cite_note-90">[87]</a><a href="#cite_note-91">[88]</a> At the same time, however, combat died down along other parts of the frontline.<a href="#cite_note-92">[89]</a> In the following days, combat largely ceased in the Bweza and Jomba groupements, but fighting erupted in the Kisigari groupement and at two important hills near Rumangabo.<a href="#cite_note-93">[90]</a> Heavy fighting also took place in the Bashali-Mukoto groupement of <a href="/wiki/Bashali_Chiefdom" title="Bashali Chiefdom">Bashali Chiefdom</a>, as two "<a href="/wiki/Nyatura" title="Nyatura">Nyatura</a>" factions clashed. One of them was a "dissident" group led by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jean-Marie_Nyatura&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jean-Marie Nyatura (page does not exist)">Jean-Marie Nyatura</a> who was considered close to M23; Jean-Marie Nyatura's force attempted to capture several villages before being evicted from most of them by its local rivals.<a href="#cite_note-Nyatura-7">[6]</a> After this point, there was again a lull in fighting.<a href="#cite_note-94">[91]</a> Negotiations continued between Rwanda and the DR Congo under international mediation, though little progress was made.<a href="#cite_note-95">[92]</a> On 14 July, Ugandan President Yoweri Museveni made another attempt at convincing M23 and the Congolese government to organize a ceasefire.<a href="#cite_note-96">[93]</a> Meanwhile, MONUSCO and the FARDC announced that they were shifting forces from other areas to prepare for an operation to fully push M23 back.<a href="#cite_note-97">[94]</a> On 18 July, Congolese government spokesman <a href="/wiki/Patrick_Muyaya_Katembwe" title="Patrick Muyaya Katembwe">Patrick Muyaya Katembwe</a> reaffirmed that any negotiations with the rebels depended on M23 retreating from its occupied territory beforehand.<a href="#cite_note-98">[95]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Anti-MONUSCO_protests_in_Goma_in_July_2022.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Anti-MONUSCO_protests_in_Goma_in_July_2022.png/220px-Anti-MONUSCO_protests_in_Goma_in_July_2022.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Anti-MONUSCO_protests_in_Goma_in_July_2022.png/330px-Anti-MONUSCO_protests_in_Goma_in_July_2022.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Anti-MONUSCO_protests_in_Goma_in_July_2022.png/440px-Anti-MONUSCO_protests_in_Goma_in_July_2022.png 2x" data-file-width="1897" data-file-height="977" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Anti-MONUSCO_protests" title="Anti-MONUSCO protests">Anti-MONUSCO protests</a> in <a href="/wiki/Goma" title="Goma">Goma</a>, July 2022. </figcaption></figure> By the end of July, M23 was installing its own officials in the occupied territories and raised a tax.<a href="#cite_note-99">[96]</a> <a href="/wiki/Anti-MONUSCO_protests" title="Anti-MONUSCO protests">Violent protests</a> also erupted in Goma and other eastern Congolese cities, with civilians attacking MONUSCO members and buildings, accusing the organization of inaction in the face of the ongoing regional rebellions. Protesters, MONUSCO peacekeepers, and bystanders were killed during the clashes.<a href="#cite_note-100">[97]</a> <a href="/wiki/The_North_Africa_Post" title="The North Africa Post">The North Africa Post</a> alleged that the rebels had used the protests as cover for attacks, and had been involved in an attack on Moroccan peacekeepers at Nyamilima.<a href="#cite_note-101">[98]</a> One MONUSCO soldier was killed in a direct clash with M23 at Bunagana.<a href="#cite_note-102">[99]</a> On 27 July, fighting between M23 and FARDC resumed at Kabingo, Rutshuru, as the rebels attempted to harvest the crops planted by locals but were confronted by government soldiers.<a href="#cite_note-103">[100]</a> On 2 August, the rebels and FARDC fought at five villages in Rutshuru.<a href="#cite_note-104">[101]</a> In the following weeks, however, a truce held along the frontline. This was condemned by many local civilians who argued that it allowed the rebels to consolidate their territorial gains.<a href="#cite_note-105">[102]</a> On 15 August, the first contingent of East African Community peacekeepers arrived in <a href="/wiki/Kivu" title="Kivu">Kivu</a>.<a href="#cite_note-106">[103]</a> This group, consisting of <a href="/wiki/National_Defence_Force_(Burundi)" title="National Defence Force (Burundi)">Burundian soldiers</a>, pledged to assist in the campaign against M23 and other insurgent factions.<a href="#cite_note-RadioOkapi5-14">[13]</a> The arrival of the Burundian peacekeepers received mixed reactions by local civil groups; some welcomed them, some considered the Burundians to be exploitative foreigners, and some took a more neutral stance.<a href="#cite_note-107">[104]</a> Sporadic clashes restarted on 16 August, when rebels, allegedly supported by Rwandan troops, attacked Rwanguba, Rangira, and Muhibira in Rutshuru.<a href="#cite_note-108">[105]</a><a href="#cite_note-109">[106]</a> The M23 leadership claimed that these operations were in response to FARDC aggression, and declared that it wanted a "dialogue" with the government.<a href="#cite_note-110">[107]</a> On 19 August, M23 shelled FARDC positions at Jomba, Bweza and Busanza.<a href="#cite_note-111">[108]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Renewed_offensive">Renewed offensive</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=M23_offensive_(2022%E2%80%93present)&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Renewed offensive">edit</a>]</div> Fighting renewed on 20 October after according to the FARDC, M23 attacked a military post. on 23 October M23 group captured the town of <a href="/wiki/Ntamugenga" title="Ntamugenga">Ntamugenga</a> killing five soldiers, fighting soon spread to the strategic RN2, four civilians were killed and 40 were injured in the fighting. By 24 October fighting caused more than 23,000 people to flee their homes.<a href="#cite_note-112">[109]</a><a href="#cite_note-113">[110]</a> the offensive continued along the RN2 highway leading to M23 capturing the towns of Rubare, Kalengera, and Kako.<a href="#cite_note-114">[111]</a> On 29 October M23 rebels took control of <a href="/wiki/Rutshuru" title="Rutshuru">Rutshuru</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kiwanja" class="mw-redirect" title="Kiwanja">Kiwanja</a>.<a href="#cite_note-115">[112]</a> Around this time, allegedly Rwandan-equipped Nyatura rebels clashed with FDLR militants at in Rugari.<a href="#cite_note-Etahoben1-8">[7]</a> In response to the offensive, the government of the DRC ordered the Rwandan Ambassador to the country, Vincent Karega, to leave within the next 48 hours.<a href="#cite_note-116">[113]</a> Anti-Rwandan protests broke out on 31 October in Goma, demanding that the DRC leave the East African Community and that Russia intervene in the conflict. Government spokesman <a href="/wiki/Patrick_Muyaya_Katembwe" title="Patrick Muyaya Katembwe">Patrick Muyaya</a> said that the DRC would not negotiate with M23.<a href="#cite_note-117">[114]</a> On 2 November, Kenya announced that it would send 900 soldiers to fight against the M23.<a href="#cite_note-news24-15">[14]</a> Riots broke out in Goma after rumors of the UN transporting M23, and several UN vehicles were burned by rioting civilians. The UN accounted a "strategic and tactical withdrawal" from the <a href="/wiki/Rumangabo" title="Rumangabo">Rumangabo</a> military base.<a href="#cite_note-118">[115]</a> On 7 November, the Congolese military stated they were training 3,000 new recruits to go and fight M23,<a href="#cite_note-119">[116]</a> and soon after began to bomb the rebels with two fighter jets. Rwanda protested that a <a href="/wiki/Air_Force_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Air Force of the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Congolese Air Force</a> <a href="/wiki/Sukhoi_Su-25" title="Sukhoi Su-25">Sukhoi Su-25</a> had violated its airspace.<a href="#cite_note-DefensePost2-35">[34]</a> By 15 November 2022, M23 had pushed to the towns of Rugari and Tongo clashing with the FARDC. A M23 attack on Kibumba was initially repelled. As the insurgents advanced, hundreds of civilians fled.<a href="#cite_note-120">[117]</a> By 17 November, M23 claimed to have captured the towns of Kibumba, Ruhunda, Buhumba, Kabuhanga, Tongo, and Mulimbi from the FDLR who they accuse of working with the Congolese army.<a href="#cite_note-121">[118]</a> The Ugandan military said that they would participate in the fight against the M23 joining Kenyan troops.<a href="#cite_note-122">[119]</a> On 18 November, Rwanda declared a ceasefire on behalf of the rebels.<a href="#cite_note-123">[120]</a> By late November, the FARDC had reportedly formed a coalition with several local militias, including FLDR, <a href="/wiki/Mai-Mai" title="Mai-Mai">Mai-Mai</a> groups, and some Nyatura factions.<a href="#cite_note-Bahati-20">[19]</a> A MONUSCO investigation reported in December that massacres by the M23 in November killed at least 131 civilians in the <a href="/wiki/Rutshuru_Territory" title="Rutshuru Territory">Rutshuru Territory</a> villages of <a href="/wiki/Kishishe_massacre" title="Kishishe massacre">Bambo and Kishishe</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:0-124">[121]</a> The victims included 102 men, 17 women and 12 children, each of whom were "arbitrarily executed... as part of reprisals against the civilian population" who were perceived to be aligned with the government.<a href="#cite_note-:0-124">[121]</a> On 23 December, M23 was forced by heavy international pressure to officially hand over Kibumba to the EAC Regional Force. Despite this, their withdrawal was only partial; the insurgents maintained a presence in the town's outskirts. FARDC declared the alleged handover of Kibumba a "sham", intended to distract from M23's attempts to advance in other areas.<a href="#cite_note-DefensePost-21">[20]</a> On 28 December 2022, <a href="/wiki/South_Sudan" title="South Sudan">South Sudan</a> sent a contingency of 750 troops to join the East African Contingency to be stationed in <a href="/wiki/Goma" title="Goma">Goma</a>.<a href="#cite_note-125">[122]</a> Over the next weeks, heavy fighting took place between M23 and a number of rival militias allied to FARDC, including <a href="/wiki/Alliance_of_Patriots_for_a_Free_and_Sovereign_Congo" title="Alliance of Patriots for a Free and Sovereign Congo">APCLS</a> which declared its aim to capture Bwiza from the rebels. Meanwhile, M23 captured several villages and the town of Nyamilima near the Ugandan border.<a href="#cite_note-DefensePost-21">[20]</a> In January, clashes continued even as M23 declared its intention to surrender the Rumangabo military base to the EAC Regional Force.<a href="#cite_note-DefensePost-21">[20]</a> On 18 January Felix Tshisekedi accused the M23 of not withdrawing from the seized territory as agreed.<a href="#cite_note-126">[123]</a> On 24 January a Congolese Su-25 was damaged by ground fire from Rwanda after Rwanda said it violated its airspace.<a href="#cite_note-127">[124]</a> On 27 January M23 captured the city of Kitshanga causing people to flee and take refuge in the nearby UN base.<a href="#cite_note-128">[125]</a> Kitshanga's capture cut off the road linking <a href="/wiki/Butembo" title="Butembo">Butembo</a>, North Kivu's second largest city, to Goma.<a href="#cite_note-129">[126]</a> After two days of heavy fighting, M23 seized the village of Mushaki on February 24, forcing civilians to flee and threatening supply routes to Goma.<a href="#cite_note-130">[127]</a> Three days later M23 took the town of Rubaya and its <a href="/wiki/Rubaya_mines" title="Rubaya mines">coltan mines</a>.<a href="#cite_note-131">[128]</a> The next day, the town of Mweso also fell to the rebels.<a href="#cite_note-132">[129]</a> In March, continued clashes caused 100,000 civilians to flee their homes.<a href="#cite_note-133">[130]</a> Further attempts to implement a ceasefire, including one organized by Angola, had failed. However, M23 did withdraw from a few villages to hand them over to the EAC Regional Force.<a href="#cite_note-134">[131]</a> At this point, the insurgents controlled much of the land north of Goma, while still advancing westward.<a href="#cite_note-135">[132]</a> In late March and early April, M23 rebels vacated a number of villages, though also fought with a rival Nyatura faction during this withdrawal.<a href="#cite_note-136">[133]</a> M23 also kept attacking the FARDC in other areas.<a href="#cite_note-137">[134]</a> On 3 April, Ugandan EAC soldiers entered <a href="/wiki/Bunagana,_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Bunagana, Democratic Republic of the Congo">Bunagana</a>. However, instead of replacing the M23 occupation (as previously agreed), the peacekeepers coexisted with the rebels.<a href="#cite_note-RadioOkapi0423-138">[135]</a> Such an arrangement was also observed at Rumangabo, where Kenyans and M23 inhabited the same base, and along the Sake-Kilolirwe-Kitshanga-Mwesso axis, where Burundian and rebel forces operated next to each other.<a href="#cite_note-139">[136]</a> In addition, local sources suggested that M23 had begun to arm and train other militias.<a href="#cite_note-RadioOkapi0423-138">[135]</a> On 10 April, M23 rebels completely retreated from the Bwito chiefdom in Rutshuru, allowing EAC peacekeepers to move in.<a href="#cite_note-140">[137]</a> On the other side, the insurgents fortified and reinforced their positions in Kibumba, in one case in the direct vicinity to Kenyan EAC troops.<a href="#cite_note-141">[138]</a> In October 2023, the DRC ordered the EAC force in the country to leave by 8 December, due to a "lack of satisfactory results on the ground".<a href="#cite_note-142">[139]</a> On 26 October, the M23 rebels launched an offensive on Bambo, seizing the town.<a href="#cite_note-143">[140]</a> Meanwhile, fighting continued to close in on the city of Goma, with clashes taking place 20 kilometers from the city.<a href="#cite_note-144">[141]</a> On 4 February 2024, M23 seized the town of Shasha, severing a road linking Goma to outside areas- M23 subsequently seized the towns of Kihindo, Kituva, Bukobati, and Nyamubingwa, and was in control of the Goma-<a href="/wiki/Minova" title="Minova">Minova</a> road by 5 February. The fighting caused many civilians and the Congolese military to flee to the town of Minova, and M23 ended up in control of all routes leading out of Goma.<a href="#cite_note-145">[142]</a><a href="#cite_note-146">[143]</a> The M23 rebels were advancing on the town of <a href="/wiki/Sake,_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Sake, Democratic Republic of the Congo">Sake</a> by 7 February, causing many in the town to flee to Goma.<a href="#cite_note-147">[144]</a> The town of Sake had been heavily defended by the Congolese government and the forces of MONUSCO over the course of a year.<a href="#cite_note-148">[145]</a> On 20 June, Rwandan president <a href="/wiki/Paul_Kagame" title="Paul Kagame">Paul Kagame</a> declared to <a href="/wiki/France_24" title="France 24">France 24</a>, "we are ready to fight" against the DRC if necessary, while evading questions about Rwanda's military presence in the region.<a href="#cite_note-149">[146]</a> In July 2024, a report commissioned by the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council" title="United Nations Security Council">UN Security Council</a> disclosed that between 3,000 to 4,000 Rwandan military interventions and operations had been conducted in the <a href="/wiki/Nyiragongo_Territory" title="Nyiragongo Territory">Nyiragongo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rutshuru_Territory" title="Rutshuru Territory">Rutshuru</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Masisi_Territory" title="Masisi Territory">Masisi</a> territories, collaborating with M23 rebels, with "Kigali exercising significant control over the rebel group's operations."<a href="#cite_note-:1-150">[147]</a><a href="#cite_note-151">[148]</a> The report estimated that by April, the number of Rwandan troops was "matching if not surpassing" the estimated 3,000 M23 soldiers. It includes authenticated photographs, drone footage, video recordings, testimonies, and intelligence substantiating the RDF's systematic border incursions.<a href="#cite_note-:1-150">[147]</a> The evidence depicts rows of armed personnel in uniform, operating equipment such as artillery, armored vehicles with radar and anti-aircraft missile systems, and troop transport trucks.<a href="#cite_note-:1-150">[147]</a> It also reveals that children as young as 12 were recruited from "nearly all refugee camps in Rwanda" by intelligence officers through false promises of payment or employment, only to be sent to training camps in the rebel-controlled zone under the supervision of Rwandan soldiers and M23 combatants.<a href="#cite_note-:1-150">[147]</a> On August 5, Nearly a hundred officers of the Congolese national police fled to Uganda as fighting between the M23 rebels and the Congolese army intensified.<a href="#cite_note-152">[149]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Analysis">Analysis</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=M23_offensive_(2022%E2%80%93present)&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Analysis">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rwandan_role">Rwandan role</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=M23_offensive_(2022%E2%80%93present)&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Rwandan role">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo%E2%80%93Rwanda_tensions_(2022%E2%80%93present)" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo–Rwanda tensions (2022–present)">Democratic Republic of the Congo–Rwanda tensions (2022–present)</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo%E2%80%93Rwanda_relations" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo–Rwanda relations">Democratic Republic of the Congo–Rwanda relations</a></div> As a result of the M23 advances in 2022, <a href="/wiki/Bintou_Keita" title="Bintou Keita">Bintou Keita</a>, top UN official for the DRC, described the group as having "conducted itself as a conventional army, rather than an armed group," and warned that the group's capabilities exceeded that of MONUSCO.<a href="#cite_note-153">[150]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council" title="United Nations Security Council">United Nations Security Council</a> researchers, the presence of individuals in Rwandan uniforms among the rebels has been proven through photos and <a href="/wiki/Unmanned_aerial_vehicle" title="Unmanned aerial vehicle">drone</a> footage, partially explaining the M23 forces' increased professionalism.<a href="#cite_note-RadioOkapi3-26">[25]</a> Congolese researcher Josaphat Musamba concurred, arguing that it was "clear that there is support" behind M23's resurgence. Congo Research Group director <a href="/wiki/Jason_Stearns" title="Jason Stearns">Jason Stearns</a> stated that, though there was "no certainty" about Rwanda backing the M23 offensive, the rebels' firepower and various frontline reports made Rwandan involvement "very likely". Regardless of Rwanda's possible role in the offensive, analysts cautioned that M23 had never been just a Rwandan pawn, and always maintained its own agenda.<a href="#cite_note-Sengenya_Huon-154">[151]</a> In early August 2022, a report for the UN by independent researchers provided further evidence about Rwandan support for M23, including photos and videos showcasing Rwandan soldiers moving into Congolese territory and M23 troops armed with Rwandan weaponry.<a href="#cite_note-RadioOkapi4-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-155">[152]</a> In October, a Rwandan soldier surrendered to MONUSCO at Kiwanja; the Congolese government regarded this as a further proof of Rwandan support for the rebel offensive.<a href="#cite_note-Etahoben1-8">[7]</a> By January 2023, the United States, several European countries, and UN experts believed that Rwanda was supporting M23.<a href="#cite_note-DefensePost-21">[20]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Motives_of_M23">Motives of M23</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=M23_offensive_(2022%E2%80%93present)&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Motives of M23">edit</a>]</div> Stearns argued that the new M23 offensive was possibly aimed at enforcing the group's inclusion in a <a href="/wiki/Disarmament,_demobilisation,_and_reintegration" class="mw-redirect" title="Disarmament, demobilisation, and reintegration">disarmament, demobilisation, and reintegration</a> (DDR) programme. Previous attempts of M23 at becoming part of this process, including after the 2013 agreement, failed due to considerable opposition by the Congolese public. One of the issues hampering any attempts to achieve M23's complete demobilisation is the fact that several members of the rebel group are known to have committed various war crimes over several years of involvement in insurgencies, even before M23 itself had emerged. This makes their integration into the Congolese security forces or rewarding them with amnesties difficult to justify in the DR Congo.<a href="#cite_note-Sengenya_Huon-154">[151]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=M23_offensive_(2022%E2%80%93present)&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> Rwandan involvement was first alleged by the DR Congo,<a href="#cite_note-BBC_30_March-1">[1]</a> a claim which was later substantiated by the findings of researchers tasked by the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a>.<a href="#cite_note-RadioOkapi4-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-VOA_aiding-3">[3]</a> Rwanda has denied its support for M23.<a href="#cite_note-BBC_30_March-1">[1]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> 8 killed (6 Pakistanis, 1 Russian, 1 Serbian) during helicopter crash,<a href="#cite_note-BBC_30_March-1">[1]</a> 1 Moroccan killed in ground combat with M23.<a href="#cite_note-RadioOkapi_1_August-12">[11]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> It has been reported that some FARDC soldiers who operate in North Kivu are former FDLR members.<a href="#cite_note-Etahoben-23">[22]</a> A later report for the United Nations by independent researchers stated that the FDLR had begun to fight alongside the FARDC in May, responding to the M23 offensive.<a href="#cite_note-VOA_aiding-3">[3]</a> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=M23_offensive_(2022%E2%80%93present)&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li 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Retrieved 3 August 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=RadioOkapi&rft.atitle=Goma+%3A+dernier+hommage+de+la+MONUSCO+aux+casques+bleus+tu%C3%A9s+au+front&rft.date=2022-08-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.radiookapi.net%2F2022%2F08%2F02%2Factualite%2Fsecurite%2Fgoma-dernier-hommage-de-la-monusco-aux-casques-bleus-tues-au-front&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM23+offensive+%282022%E2%80%93present%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-schlindwein-13">^ <a href="#cite_ref-schlindwein_13-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-schlindwein_13-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-schlindwein_13-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-schlindwein_13-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-schlindwein_13-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-schlindwein_13-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-schlindwein_13-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-schlindwein_13-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-schlindwein_13-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-schlindwein_13-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-schlindwein_13-10">k</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSimone_Schlindwein2022" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Simone Schlindwein (30 March 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://taz.de/Neue-Kaempfe-im-Osten-Kongos/!5841834/">"Neue Kämpfe im Osten Kongos: UN-Blauhelme sterben"</a>. taz (in German). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220613134747/https://taz.de/Neue-Kaempfe-im-Osten-Kongos/!5841834/">Archived</a> from the original on 13 June 2022. Retrieved 13 June 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=taz&rft.atitle=Neue+K%C3%A4mpfe+im+Osten+Kongos%3A+UN-Blauhelme+sterben&rft.date=2022-03-30&rft.au=Simone+Schlindwein&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftaz.de%2FNeue-Kaempfe-im-Osten-Kongos%2F%215841834%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM23+offensive+%282022%E2%80%93present%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-RadioOkapi5-14">^ <a href="#cite_ref-RadioOkapi5_14-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-RadioOkapi5_14-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-RadioOkapi5_14-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.radiookapi.net/2022/08/16/actualite/revue-de-presse/le-potentiel-eac-des-soldats-burundais-entrent-officiellement">"Le Potentiel : " EAC : Des soldats burundais entrent officiellement en RDC ""</a>. 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Retrieved 19 August 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=RadioOkapi&rft.atitle=Le+Potentiel+%3A+%22+EAC+%3A+Des+soldats+burundais+entrent+officiellement+en+RDC+%22&rft.date=2022-08-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.radiookapi.net%2F2022%2F08%2F16%2Factualite%2Frevue-de-presse%2Fle-potentiel-eac-des-soldats-burundais-entrent-officiellement&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM23+offensive+%282022%E2%80%93present%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-news24-15">^ <a href="#cite_ref-news24_15-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-news24_15-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-news24_15-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.news24.com/news24/africa/news/kenya-to-deploy-army-to-eastern-drc-to-fight-m23-rebels-20221102">"Kenya to deploy army to eastern DRC to fight M23 rebels"</a>. news24. 2 November 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221102061959/https://www.news24.com/news24/africa/news/kenya-to-deploy-army-to-eastern-drc-to-fight-m23-rebels-20221102">Archived</a> from the original on 2 November 2022. Retrieved 2 November 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Kenya+to+deploy+army+to+eastern+DRC+to+fight+M23+rebels&rft.date=2022-11-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.news24.com%2Fnews24%2Fafrica%2Fnews%2Fkenya-to-deploy-army-to-eastern-drc-to-fight-m23-rebels-20221102&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM23+offensive+%282022%E2%80%93present%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-VoA_South_Sudan-16">^ <a href="#cite_ref-VoA_South_Sudan_16-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-VoA_South_Sudan_16-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPonnie2022" class="citation news cs1">Ponnie, Sheila (28 December 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.voanews.com/a/south-sudan-sends-750-troops-to-drc/6895421.html">"South Sudan Sends 750 Troops to DRC"</a>. Voice of America. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221229140235/https://www.voanews.com/a/south-sudan-sends-750-troops-to-drc/6895421.html">Archived</a> from the original on 29 December 2022. Retrieved 30 December 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=South+Sudan+Sends+750+Troops+to+DRC&rft.date=2022-12-28&rft.aulast=Ponnie&rft.aufirst=Sheila&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.voanews.com%2Fa%2Fsouth-sudan-sends-750-troops-to-drc%2F6895421.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM23+offensive+%282022%E2%80%93present%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/tea/news/east-africa/drc-signs-an-agreement-for-the-deployment-of-sadc-troops--4437868">"DRC signs deal for SADC troops deployment"</a>. 18 November 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231209112457/https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/tea/news/east-africa/drc-signs-an-agreement-for-the-deployment-of-sadc-troops--4437868">Archived</a> from the original on 9 December 2023. Retrieved 9 December 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=DRC+signs+deal+for+SADC+troops+deployment&rft.date=2023-11-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theeastafrican.co.ke%2Ftea%2Fnews%2Feast-africa%2Fdrc-signs-an-agreement-for-the-deployment-of-sadc-troops--4437868&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM23+offensive+%282022%E2%80%93present%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-africa_news_23_May-18">^ <a href="#cite_ref-africa_news_23_May_18-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-africa_news_23_May_18-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-africa_news_23_May_18-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-africa_news_23_May_18-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.africanews.com/2022/05/23/dr-congo-un-condemns-m23-rebel-attacks-on-peacekeeping-force-in-north-kivu/">"DR Congo: UN condemns M23 rebel attacks on peacekeeping force in North Kivu"</a>. 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HRW. 1 June 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220612113751/https://reliefweb.int/report/democratic-republic-congo/dr-congo-civilians-risk-amid-resurgence-m23-rebels">Archived</a> from the original on 12 June 2022. Retrieved 13 June 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=HRW&rft.atitle=DR+Congo%3A+Civilians+at+Risk+Amid+Resurgence+of+M23+Rebels&rft.date=2022-06-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Freliefweb.int%2Freport%2Fdemocratic-republic-congo%2Fdr-congo-civilians-risk-amid-resurgence-m23-rebels&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM23+offensive+%282022%E2%80%93present%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bahati-20">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bahati_20-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bahati_20-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bahati_20-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoise_M._Bahati2022" class="citation web cs1">Moise M. Bahati (22 November 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://allafrica.com/stories/202211240059.html">"Rwanda: New Footage Suggests FDLR Fighting Alongside DR Congo Army"</a>. The New Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221128160834/https://allafrica.com/stories/202211240059.html">Archived</a> from the original on 28 November 2022. Retrieved 7 January 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+New+Times&rft.atitle=Rwanda%3A+New+Footage+Suggests+FDLR+Fighting+Alongside+DR+Congo+Army&rft.date=2022-11-22&rft.au=Moise+M.+Bahati&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fallafrica.com%2Fstories%2F202211240059.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM23+offensive+%282022%E2%80%93present%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-DefensePost-21">^ <a href="#cite_ref-DefensePost_21-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-DefensePost_21-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-DefensePost_21-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-DefensePost_21-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-DefensePost_21-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thedefensepost.com/2023/01/06/m23-rebels-retreat-dr-congo/">"M23 Rebels' Vow to Retreat at Odds With Hazy Reality in DR Congo"</a>. 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Retrieved 7 January 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Defense+Post&rft.atitle=M23+Rebels%27+Vow+to+Retreat+at+Odds+With+Hazy+Reality+in+DR+Congo&rft.date=2023-01-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thedefensepost.com%2F2023%2F01%2F06%2Fm23-rebels-retreat-dr-congo%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM23+offensive+%282022%E2%80%93present%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Karuhanga-22">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Karuhanga_22-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Karuhanga_22-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Karuhanga_22-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Karuhanga_22-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Karuhanga_22-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJames_Karuhanga2022" class="citation news cs1">James Karuhanga (26 May 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://allafrica.com/stories/202205270125.html">"Rwanda Will Not Be Drawn Into Intra-Congo Conflict - Govt Spokesperson"</a>. The New Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220613134833/https://allafrica.com/stories/202205270125.html">Archived</a> from the original on 13 June 2022. Retrieved 13 June 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+Times&rft.atitle=Rwanda+Will+Not+Be+Drawn+Into+Intra-Congo+Conflict+-+Govt+Spokesperson&rft.date=2022-05-26&rft.au=James+Karuhanga&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fallafrica.com%2Fstories%2F202205270125.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM23+offensive+%282022%E2%80%93present%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Etahoben-23">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Etahoben_23-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Etahoben_23-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBisong_Etahoben2022" class="citation news cs1">Bisong Etahoben (15 April 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://humanglemedia.com/m23-rebel-movement-hands-over-captured-dr-congo-soldiers-to-red-cross/">"M23 Rebel Movement Hands Over Captured DR Congo Soldiers To Red Cross"</a>. 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Retrieved 13 June 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=HumAngle&rft.atitle=M23+Rebel+Movement+Hands+Over+Captured+DR+Congo+Soldiers+To+Red+Cross&rft.date=2022-04-15&rft.au=Bisong+Etahoben&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhumanglemedia.com%2Fm23-rebel-movement-hands-over-captured-dr-congo-soldiers-to-red-cross%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM23+offensive+%282022%E2%80%93present%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-RadioOkapi2-24">^ <a href="#cite_ref-RadioOkapi2_24-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-RadioOkapi2_24-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-RadioOkapi2_24-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.radiookapi.net/2022/06/27/actualite/revue-de-presse/le-potentiel-paix-durable-dans-lest-felix-tshisekedi-la-voie">"Le Potentiel : " Paix durable dans l'Est : Félix Tshisekedi : « La voie diplomatique demeure l'option idéale et privilégiée ""</a>. RadioOkapi. 27 June 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220630185632/https://www.radiookapi.net/2022/06/27/actualite/revue-de-presse/le-potentiel-paix-durable-dans-lest-felix-tshisekedi-la-voie">Archived</a> from the original on 30 June 2022. Retrieved 30 June 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=RadioOkapi&rft.atitle=Le+Potentiel+%3A+%22+Paix+durable+dans+l%27Est+%3A+F%C3%A9lix+Tshisekedi+%3A+%C2%AB+La+voie+diplomatique+demeure+l%27option+id%C3%A9ale+et+privil%C3%A9gi%C3%A9e+%22&rft.date=2022-06-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.radiookapi.net%2F2022%2F06%2F27%2Factualite%2Frevue-de-presse%2Fle-potentiel-paix-durable-dans-lest-felix-tshisekedi-la-voie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM23+offensive+%282022%E2%80%93present%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-umuseke-25">^ <a href="#cite_ref-umuseke_25-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-umuseke_25-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://umuseke.rw/2023/01/ibyihariye-kuri-brig-gen-mboneza-nimero-ya-kabiri-mu-ndwanyi-za-m23/">"Ibyihariye kuri Brig Gen Mboneza nimero ya kabiri mu ndwanyi za M23"</a>. 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Retrieved 14 January 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Umuseke&rft.atitle=Ibyihariye+kuri+Brig+Gen+Mboneza+nimero+ya+kabiri+mu+ndwanyi+za+M23&rft.date=2023-01-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fumuseke.rw%2F2023%2F01%2Fibyihariye-kuri-brig-gen-mboneza-nimero-ya-kabiri-mu-ndwanyi-za-m23%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM23+offensive+%282022%E2%80%93present%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-RadioOkapi3-26">^ <a href="#cite_ref-RadioOkapi3_26-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-RadioOkapi3_26-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-RadioOkapi3_26-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-RadioOkapi3_26-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-RadioOkapi3_26-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-RadioOkapi3_26-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-RadioOkapi3_26-6">g</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.radiookapi.net/2022/07/07/actualite/securite/rdc-changement-la-tete-du-commandement-militaire-au-nord-kivu-et-en">"RDC : changement à la tête du commandement militaire au Nord-Kivu et en Ituri"</a>. 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Retrieved 7 July 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=RadioOkapi&rft.atitle=RDC+%3A+changement+%C3%A0+la+t%C3%AAte+du+commandement+militaire+au+Nord-Kivu+et+en+Ituri&rft.date=2022-07-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.radiookapi.net%2F2022%2F07%2F07%2Factualite%2Fsecurite%2Frdc-changement-la-tete-du-commandement-militaire-au-nord-kivu-et-en&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM23+offensive+%282022%E2%80%93present%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://acpcongo.com/index.php/2022/06/01/the-military-governor-receives-food-from-the-fec-north-kivu-for-the-fardc/">"The military governor receives food from the FEC/North Kivu for the FARDC"</a>. 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Retrieved 13 June 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Congo+Says+Rwandan+Forces+Supported+Latest+Rebel+Attacks+as+Thousands+Flee&rft.date=2022-06-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.voanews.com%2Fa%2Fcongo-says-rwandan-forces-supported-latest-rebel-attacks-as-thousands-flee%2F6614619.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM23+offensive+%282022%E2%80%93present%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.radiookapi.net/2022/06/06/actualite/securite/nord-kivu-reprise-des-combats-entre-fardc-et-m23-rutshuru">"Nord-Kivu : reprise des combats entre FARDC et M23 à Rutshuru"</a>. 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Retrieved 17 June 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=RadioOkapi&rft.atitle=Nord-Kivu+%3A+reprise+des+combats+entre+FARDC+et+M23+%C3%A0+Rutshuru&rft.date=2022-06-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.radiookapi.net%2F2022%2F06%2F06%2Factualite%2Fsecurite%2Fnord-kivu-reprise-des-combats-entre-fardc-et-m23-rutshuru&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM23+offensive+%282022%E2%80%93present%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-DefensePost2-35">^ <a href="#cite_ref-DefensePost2_35-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-DefensePost2_35-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thedefensepost.com/2022/11/08/dr-congo-fighter-jets-m23/">"DR Congo Deploys Fighter Jets Against M23 Rebels"</a>. 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HumAngle. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220614114542/https://humanglemedia.com/m23-rebels-reclaim-dr-congo-region-after-military-takeover/">Archived</a> from the original on 14 June 2022. Retrieved 13 June 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=HumAngle&rft.atitle=M23+Rebels+Reclaim+DR+Congo+Region+After+Military+Takeover&rft.date=2022-04-14&rft.au=Bisong+Etahoben&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhumanglemedia.com%2Fm23-rebels-reclaim-dr-congo-region-after-military-takeover%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM23+offensive+%282022%E2%80%93present%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.radiookapi.net/2023/04/04/actualite/justice/proces-des-deserteurs-de-bunagana-le-general-de-brigade-peter-cirimwami">"Procès des déserteurs de Bunagana: le général de brigade Peter Cirimwami comparait en tant que renseignant"</a>. RadioOkapi. 4 April 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230413195101/https://www.radiookapi.net/2023/04/04/actualite/justice/proces-des-deserteurs-de-bunagana-le-general-de-brigade-peter-cirimwami">Archived</a> from the original on 13 April 2023. Retrieved 13 April 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=RadioOkapi&rft.atitle=Proc%C3%A8s+des+d%C3%A9serteurs+de+Bunagana%3A+le+g%C3%A9n%C3%A9ral+de+brigade+Peter+Cirimwami+comparait+en+tant+que+renseignant&rft.date=2023-04-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.radiookapi.net%2F2023%2F04%2F04%2Factualite%2Fjustice%2Fproces-des-deserteurs-de-bunagana-le-general-de-brigade-peter-cirimwami&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM23+offensive+%282022%E2%80%93present%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAl-Hadji_Kudra_MaliroJustin_Kabumba2022" class="citation news cs1">Al-Hadji Kudra Maliro; Justin Kabumba (13 June 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/m23-rebels-in-eastern-congo-seize-town-near-uganda-border/2022/06/13/3f38b9da-eb33-11ec-9f90-79df1fb28296_story.html">"Congo military accuses Rwanda of invasion; rebels seize town"</a>. Washington Post. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220809221513/https://www.washingtonpost.com/">Archived</a> from the original on 9 August 2022. Retrieved 13 June 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Congo+military+accuses+Rwanda+of+invasion%3B+rebels+seize+town&rft.date=2022-06-13&rft.au=Al-Hadji+Kudra+Maliro&rft.au=Justin+Kabumba&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fworld%2Fm23-rebels-in-eastern-congo-seize-town-near-uganda-border%2F2022%2F06%2F13%2F3f38b9da-eb33-11ec-9f90-79df1fb28296_story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM23+offensive+%282022%E2%80%93present%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-monitor4-60">^ <a href="#cite_ref-monitor4_60-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-monitor4_60-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobert_Muhereza2022" class="citation news cs1">Robert Muhereza (14 June 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/national/uganda-halts-congo-military-operations-3851330">"Uganda halts Congo military operations"</a>. Daily Monitor. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220617080609/https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/national/uganda-halts-congo-military-operations-3851330">Archived</a> from the original on 17 June 2022. Retrieved 15 June 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Daily+Monitor&rft.atitle=Uganda+halts+Congo+military+operations&rft.date=2022-06-14&rft.au=Robert+Muhereza&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.monitor.co.ug%2Fuganda%2Fnews%2Fnational%2Fuganda-halts-congo-military-operations-3851330&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM23+offensive+%282022%E2%80%93present%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.radiookapi.net/2022/06/15/actualite/politique/prise-de-bunagana-nous-navons-rien-vu-ni-entendu-que-les-ougandais">"Prise de Bunagana : " Nous n'avons rien vu, ni entendu que les Ougandais auraient trahi leurs alliées FARDC " (MONUSCO)"</a>. RadioOkapi. 15 June 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220616210507/https://www.radiookapi.net/2022/06/15/actualite/politique/prise-de-bunagana-nous-navons-rien-vu-ni-entendu-que-les-ougandais">Archived</a> from the original on 16 June 2022. Retrieved 17 June 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=RadioOkapi&rft.atitle=Prise+de+Bunagana+%3A+%22+Nous+n%27avons+rien+vu%2C+ni+entendu+que+les+Ougandais+auraient+trahi+leurs+alli%C3%A9es+FARDC+%22+%28MONUSCO%29&rft.date=2022-06-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.radiookapi.net%2F2022%2F06%2F15%2Factualite%2Fpolitique%2Fprise-de-bunagana-nous-navons-rien-vu-ni-entendu-que-les-ougandais&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM23+offensive+%282022%E2%80%93present%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/kenya-calls-immediate-deployment-regional-force-eastern-congo-2022-06-15/">"Kenya calls for immediate deployment of regional force to eastern Congo"</a>. Reuters. 2022-06-16. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220615212927/https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/kenya-calls-immediate-deployment-regional-force-eastern-congo-2022-06-15/">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-06-15. Retrieved 2022-06-16.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Kenya+calls+for+immediate+deployment+of+regional+force+to+eastern+Congo&rft.date=2022-06-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Fworld%2Fafrica%2Fkenya-calls-immediate-deployment-regional-force-eastern-congo-2022-06-15%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM23+offensive+%282022%E2%80%93present%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.radiookapi.net/2022/06/15/actualite/securite/rdc-les-troupes-de-la-monusco-en-position-defensive-pres-de-bunagana">"RDC: les troupes de la MONUSCO "en position défensive" près de Bunagana"</a>. RadioOkapi. 15 June 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220616200716/https://www.radiookapi.net/2022/06/15/actualite/securite/rdc-les-troupes-de-la-monusco-en-position-defensive-pres-de-bunagana">Archived</a> from the original on 16 June 2022. Retrieved 17 June 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=RadioOkapi&rft.atitle=RDC%3A+les+troupes+de+la+MONUSCO+%22en+position+d%C3%A9fensive%22+pr%C3%A8s+de+Bunagana&rft.date=2022-06-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.radiookapi.net%2F2022%2F06%2F15%2Factualite%2Fsecurite%2Frdc-les-troupes-de-la-monusco-en-position-defensive-pres-de-bunagana&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM23+offensive+%282022%E2%80%93present%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.radiookapi.net/2022/06/16/actualite/securite/nord-kivu-les-fardc-lancent-lassaut-contre-le-m23-pres-de-bunagana">"Nord-Kivu : les FARDC lancent l'assaut contre le M23 près de Bunagana"</a>. RadioOkapi. 16 June 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220616231222/https://www.radiookapi.net/2022/06/16/actualite/securite/nord-kivu-les-fardc-lancent-lassaut-contre-le-m23-pres-de-bunagana">Archived</a> from the original on 16 June 2022. Retrieved 17 June 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=RadioOkapi&rft.atitle=Nord-Kivu+%3A+les+FARDC+lancent+l%27assaut+contre+le+M23+pr%C3%A8s+de+Bunagana&rft.date=2022-06-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.radiookapi.net%2F2022%2F06%2F16%2Factualite%2Fsecurite%2Fnord-kivu-les-fardc-lancent-lassaut-contre-le-m23-pres-de-bunagana&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM23+offensive+%282022%E2%80%93present%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.agoragrandslacs.net/rutshuru-bunagana-est-sous-controle-des-fardc/">"Rutshuru : les FARDC reprennent le contrôlent de la cité de Bunagana"</a>. agoragrandslacs. Reuters. 16 June 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220619130443/https://www.agoragrandslacs.net/rutshuru-bunagana-est-sous-controle-des-fardc/">Archived</a> from the original on 19 June 2022. Retrieved 17 June 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=agoragrandslacs&rft.atitle=Rutshuru+%3A+les+FARDC+reprennent+le+contr%C3%B4lent+de+la+cit%C3%A9+de+Bunagana&rft.date=2022-06-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.agoragrandslacs.net%2Frutshuru-bunagana-est-sous-controle-des-fardc%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM23+offensive+%282022%E2%80%93present%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.radiookapi.net/2022/06/17/actualite/securite/nord-kivu-reprise-des-combats-entre-fardc-et-m23-autour-de-bunagana">"Nord-Kivu : reprise des combats entre FARDC et M23 autour de Bunagana"</a>. RadioOkapi. 17 June 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220617115955/https://www.radiookapi.net/2022/06/17/actualite/securite/nord-kivu-reprise-des-combats-entre-fardc-et-m23-autour-de-bunagana">Archived</a> from the original on 17 June 2022. Retrieved 17 June 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=RadioOkapi&rft.atitle=Nord-Kivu+%3A+reprise+des+combats+entre+FARDC+et+M23+autour+de+Bunagana&rft.date=2022-06-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.radiookapi.net%2F2022%2F06%2F17%2Factualite%2Fsecurite%2Fnord-kivu-reprise-des-combats-entre-fardc-et-m23-autour-de-bunagana&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM23+offensive+%282022%E2%80%93present%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSabitiBujakera2022" class="citation news cs1">Sabiti, Djaffar; Bujakera, Stanis (2022-06-17). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nationalpost.com/pmn/news-pmn/congo-soldier-shot-dead-in-rwanda-rebels-make-gains-in-east">"Congo soldier shot dead in Rwanda, rebels make gains in east"</a>. National Post. Retrieved 2022-06-17.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=National+Post&rft.atitle=Congo+soldier+shot+dead+in+Rwanda%2C+rebels+make+gains+in+east&rft.date=2022-06-17&rft.aulast=Sabiti&rft.aufirst=Djaffar&rft.au=Bujakera%2C+Stanis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnationalpost.com%2Fpmn%2Fnews-pmn%2Fcongo-soldier-shot-dead-in-rwanda-rebels-make-gains-in-east&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM23+offensive+%282022%E2%80%93present%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.radiookapi.net/2022/06/17/actualite/securite/nord-kivu-la-situation-militaire-demeure-tendue-jomba">"Nord-Kivu : la situation militaire demeure tendue à Jomba"</a>. RadioOkapi. 17 June 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220617172441/https://www.radiookapi.net/2022/06/17/actualite/securite/nord-kivu-la-situation-militaire-demeure-tendue-jomba">Archived</a> from the original on 17 June 2022. Retrieved 17 June 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=RadioOkapi&rft.atitle=Nord-Kivu+%3A+la+situation+militaire+demeure+tendue+%C3%A0+Jomba&rft.date=2022-06-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.radiookapi.net%2F2022%2F06%2F17%2Factualite%2Fsecurite%2Fnord-kivu-la-situation-militaire-demeure-tendue-jomba&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM23+offensive+%282022%E2%80%93present%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.radiookapi.net/2022/06/17/actualite/securite/rdc-rwanda-les-acteurs-de-la-societe-civile-environnementale">"RDC-Rwanda : les acteurs de la société civile environnementale préoccupés par le sort des gorilles de montagne"</a>. RadioOkapi. 17 June 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220617160920/https://www.radiookapi.net/2022/06/17/actualite/securite/rdc-rwanda-les-acteurs-de-la-societe-civile-environnementale">Archived</a> from the original on 17 June 2022. Retrieved 17 June 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=RadioOkapi&rft.atitle=RDC-Rwanda+%3A+les+acteurs+de+la+soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9+civile+environnementale+pr%C3%A9occup%C3%A9s+par+le+sort+des+gorilles+de+montagne&rft.date=2022-06-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.radiookapi.net%2F2022%2F06%2F17%2Factualite%2Fsecurite%2Frdc-rwanda-les-acteurs-de-la-societe-civile-environnementale&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM23+offensive+%282022%E2%80%93present%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/un-report-on-dr-congo-says-m23-rebels-plan-to-capture-key-city--3851654">"UN report on DR Congo says M23 rebels plan to capture key city"</a>. Daily Monitor. AFP. 17 June 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220620190622/https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/un-report-on-dr-congo-says-m23-rebels-plan-to-capture-key-city--3851654">Archived</a> from the original on 20 June 2022. Retrieved 20 June 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Daily+Monitor&rft.atitle=UN+report+on+DR+Congo+says+M23+rebels+plan+to+capture+key+city&rft.date=2022-06-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.monitor.co.ug%2Fuganda%2Fnews%2Fun-report-on-dr-congo-says-m23-rebels-plan-to-capture-key-city--3851654&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM23+offensive+%282022%E2%80%93present%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.radiookapi.net/2022/06/18/actualite/securite/nord-kivu-calme-precaire-rutshuru-sur-la-ligne-de-front-entre-larmee">"Nord-Kivu : Calme précaire à Rutshuru sur la ligne de front entre l'armée et le M23"</a>. RadioOkapi. 18 June 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220619202228/https://www.radiookapi.net/2022/06/18/actualite/securite/nord-kivu-calme-precaire-rutshuru-sur-la-ligne-de-front-entre-larmee">Archived</a> from the original on 19 June 2022. Retrieved 20 June 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=RadioOkapi&rft.atitle=Nord-Kivu+%3A+Calme+pr%C3%A9caire+%C3%A0+Rutshuru+sur+la+ligne+de+front+entre+l%27arm%C3%A9e+et+le+M23&rft.date=2022-06-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.radiookapi.net%2F2022%2F06%2F18%2Factualite%2Fsecurite%2Fnord-kivu-calme-precaire-rutshuru-sur-la-ligne-de-front-entre-larmee&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM23+offensive+%282022%E2%80%93present%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-RadioOkapi-72">^ <a href="#cite_ref-RadioOkapi_72-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-RadioOkapi_72-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.radiookapi.net/2022/06/20/actualite/securite/nord-kivu-nouveaux-affrontements-entre-fardc-et-m23-dans-le-groupement">"Nord-Kivu : nouveaux affrontements entre FARDC et M23 dans le groupement Bweza"</a>. RadioOkapi. 20 June 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220620080503/https://www.radiookapi.net/2022/06/20/actualite/securite/nord-kivu-nouveaux-affrontements-entre-fardc-et-m23-dans-le-groupement">Archived</a> from the original on 20 June 2022. Retrieved 20 June 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=RadioOkapi&rft.atitle=Nord-Kivu+%3A+nouveaux+affrontements+entre+FARDC+et+M23+dans+le+groupement+Bweza&rft.date=2022-06-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.radiookapi.net%2F2022%2F06%2F20%2Factualite%2Fsecurite%2Fnord-kivu-nouveaux-affrontements-entre-fardc-et-m23-dans-le-groupement&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM23+offensive+%282022%E2%80%93present%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/national/dr-congo-agrees-to-eac-force-deployment-without-rwandan-army-3852834">"DR Congo agrees to EAC force deployment without Rwandan army"</a>. Daily Monitor. The East African. 19 June 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220620092216/https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/national/dr-congo-agrees-to-eac-force-deployment-without-rwandan-army-3852834">Archived</a> from the original on 20 June 2022. Retrieved 20 June 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Daily+Monitor&rft.atitle=DR+Congo+agrees+to+EAC+force+deployment+without+Rwandan+army&rft.date=2022-06-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.monitor.co.ug%2Fuganda%2Fnews%2Fnational%2Fdr-congo-agrees-to-eac-force-deployment-without-rwandan-army-3852834&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM23+offensive+%282022%E2%80%93present%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/national/museveni-in-kenya-for-eac-meeting-to-discuss-dr-congo-conflict-3853696">"Museveni in Kenya for EAC meeting to discuss DR Congo conflict"</a>. Daily Monitor. 20 June 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220620074843/https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/national/museveni-in-kenya-for-eac-meeting-to-discuss-dr-congo-conflict-3853696">Archived</a> from the original on 20 June 2022. Retrieved 20 June 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Daily+Monitor&rft.atitle=Museveni+in+Kenya+for+EAC+meeting+to+discuss+DR+Congo+conflict&rft.date=2022-06-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.monitor.co.ug%2Fuganda%2Fnews%2Fnational%2Fmuseveni-in-kenya-for-eac-meeting-to-discuss-dr-congo-conflict-3853696&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM23+offensive+%282022%E2%80%93present%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndrew_Bagala2022" class="citation news cs1">Andrew Bagala (21 June 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/national/eac-leaders-order-m23-rebels-out-of-bunagana-3854600">"EAC leaders order M23 rebels out of Bunagana"</a>. Daily Monitor. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220622094947/https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/national/eac-leaders-order-m23-rebels-out-of-bunagana-3854600">Archived</a> from the original on 22 June 2022. Retrieved 22 June 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Daily+Monitor&rft.atitle=EAC+leaders+order+M23+rebels+out+of+Bunagana&rft.date=2022-06-21&rft.au=Andrew+Bagala&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.monitor.co.ug%2Fuganda%2Fnews%2Fnational%2Feac-leaders-order-m23-rebels-out-of-bunagana-3854600&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM23+offensive+%282022%E2%80%93present%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndrew_BagalaRobert_Muhereza2022" class="citation news cs1">Andrew Bagala; Robert Muhereza (22 June 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/national/congo-m23-ceasefire-fails-3856060">"Congo-M23 ceasefire fails"</a>. Daily Monitor. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220622075907/https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/national/congo-m23-ceasefire-fails-3856060">Archived</a> from the original on 22 June 2022. Retrieved 22 June 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Daily+Monitor&rft.atitle=Congo-M23+ceasefire+fails&rft.date=2022-06-22&rft.au=Andrew+Bagala&rft.au=Robert+Muhereza&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.monitor.co.ug%2Fuganda%2Fnews%2Fnational%2Fcongo-m23-ceasefire-fails-3856060&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM23+offensive+%282022%E2%80%93present%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/national/dr-congo-rebels-reopen-border-post-with-uganda-3854222">"DR Congo rebels reopen border post with Uganda"</a>. Daily Monitor. AFP. 20 June 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220621180932/https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/national/dr-congo-rebels-reopen-border-post-with-uganda-3854222">Archived</a> from the original on 21 June 2022. 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RadioOkapi. 21 June 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220622094949/https://www.radiookapi.net/2022/06/21/actualite/economie/nord-kivu-interdiction-dimporter-et-dexporter-les-marchandises">Archived</a> from the original on 22 June 2022. Retrieved 22 June 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=RadioOkapi&rft.atitle=Nord-Kivu+%3A+interdiction+d%27importer+et+d%27exporter+les+marchandises+via+Bunagana&rft.date=2022-06-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.radiookapi.net%2F2022%2F06%2F21%2Factualite%2Feconomie%2Fnord-kivu-interdiction-dimporter-et-dexporter-les-marchandises&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM23+offensive+%282022%E2%80%93present%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.radiookapi.net/2022/06/21/actualite/securite/nord-kivu-les-combats-sintensifient-entre-les-fardc-et-m23-rutshuru">"Nord-Kivu : les combats s'intensifient entre les FARDC et M23 à Rutshuru"</a>. RadioOkapi. 21 June 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220622094946/https://www.radiookapi.net/2022/06/21/actualite/securite/nord-kivu-les-combats-sintensifient-entre-les-fardc-et-m23-rutshuru">Archived</a> from the original on 22 June 2022. 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RadioOkapi. 22 June 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220623065500/https://www.radiookapi.net/2022/06/22/actualite/securite/nord-kivu-13-civils-tues-par-les-bombes-lancees-par-le-m23-kisigari">Archived</a> from the original on 23 June 2022. 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RadioOkapi. 28 June 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220629162210/https://www.radiookapi.net/2022/06/28/actualite/securite/rdc-nouveaux-affrontements-entre-larmee-et-le-m23-rutshuru">Archived</a> from the original on 29 June 2022. 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RadioOkapi. 29 June 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220629171652/https://www.radiookapi.net/2022/06/29/actualite/securite/rutshuru-les-fardc-reprennent-le-controle-de-4-villages-jadis-occupes">Archived</a> from the original on 29 June 2022. 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RadioOkapi. 30 June 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220630123409/https://www.radiookapi.net/2022/06/30/actualite/securite/nord-kivu-deux-villages-de-jomba-sous-controle-des-fardc">Archived</a> from the original on 30 June 2022. Retrieved 30 June 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=RadioOkapi&rft.atitle=Nord-Kivu+%3A+deux+villages+de+Jomba+sous+contr%C3%B4le+des+FARDC&rft.date=2022-06-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.radiookapi.net%2F2022%2F06%2F30%2Factualite%2Fsecurite%2Fnord-kivu-deux-villages-de-jomba-sous-controle-des-fardc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM23+offensive+%282022%E2%80%93present%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.radiookapi.net/2022/07/01/actualite/securite/nord-kivu-les-fardc-affirment-avoir-neutralise-27-rebelles-m23">"Nord-Kivu : les FARDC affirment avoir " neutralisé 27 rebelles M23 " à Rutshuru"</a>. RadioOkapi. 1 July 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220707133908/https://www.radiookapi.net/2022/07/01/actualite/securite/nord-kivu-les-fardc-affirment-avoir-neutralise-27-rebelles-m23">Archived</a> from the original on 7 July 2022. 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The North Africa Post. 27 July 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220803192244/https://northafricapost.com/59344-un-chief-offers-condolences-to-morocco-following-death-of-moroccan-blue-helmet-in-drc.html">Archived</a> from the original on 3 August 2022. 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RadioOkapi. 27 July 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220803164051/https://www.radiookapi.net/2022/07/27/actualite/securite/nord-kivu-reprise-des-combats-entre-fardc-et-m23-rutshuru">Archived</a> from the original on 3 August 2022. 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RadioOkapi. 3 August 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220803163219/https://www.radiookapi.net/2022/08/03/actualite/securite/affrontements-fardc-m23-au-moins-5-villages-vides-de-leurs-populations">Archived</a> from the original on 3 August 2022. 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RadioOkapi. 11 August 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220819161402/https://www.radiookapi.net/2022/08/11/actualite/societe/rutshuru-la-societe-civile-deplore-la-treve-des-fardc-engagees-aux">Archived</a> from the original on 19 August 2022. 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RadioOkapi. 16 August 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220819161357/https://www.radiookapi.net/2022/08/16/actualite/securite/mutualisation-des-forces-de-leac-les-groupes-armes-cibles-par-la-force">Archived</a> from the original on 19 August 2022. 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VOA. 18 August 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220820221128/https://www.voaafrica.com/a/burundi-troops-split-drc-opinions/6706738.html">Archived</a> from the original on 20 August 2022. 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RadioOkapi. 18 August 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220818192046/https://www.radiookapi.net/2022/08/18/actualite/securite/nord-kivu-larmee-denonce-de-graves-violations-des-droits-humains-lors">Archived</a> from the original on 18 August 2022. 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RadioOkapi. 18 August 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220819161401/https://www.radiookapi.net/2022/08/16/actualite/securite/nord-kivu-reprise-des-combats-entre-fardc-et-m23">Archived</a> from the original on 19 August 2022. 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HumAngle. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220907214736/https://humanglemedia.com/m23-rebels-want-dialogue-with-dr-congo-government/">Archived</a> from the original on 7 September 2022. 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RadioOkapi. 19 August 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220819103213/https://www.radiookapi.net/2022/08/19/actualite/securite/rusthuru-le-m23-accuse-de-bombarder-ce-vendredi-les-positions-des">Archived</a> from the original on 19 August 2022. 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Reuters. 24 October 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221029110230/https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/m23-rebels-clash-with-army-renewed-east-congo-fighting-2022-10-24/">Archived</a> from the original on 29 October 2022. 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France24. 23 October 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221030173143/https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20221023-dr-congo-troops-clash-with-m23-rebels">Archived</a> from the original on 30 October 2022. Retrieved 30 October 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=DR+Congo+troops+clash+with+M23+rebels&rft.date=2022-10-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.france24.com%2Fen%2Flive-news%2F20221023-dr-congo-troops-clash-with-m23-rebels&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM23+offensive+%282022%E2%80%93present%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thedefensepost.com/2022/10/27/dr-congo-clash-m23-rebels/">"DR Congo Army Clashes With M23 Rebels Around Strategic Eastern Highway"</a>. The Defense Post. 27 October 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221030173146/https://www.thedefensepost.com/2022/10/27/dr-congo-clash-m23-rebels/">Archived</a> from the original on 30 October 2022. Retrieved 30 October 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Defense+Post&rft.atitle=DR+Congo+Army+Clashes+With+M23+Rebels+Around+Strategic+Eastern+Highway&rft.date=2022-10-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thedefensepost.com%2F2022%2F10%2F27%2Fdr-congo-clash-m23-rebels%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM23+offensive+%282022%E2%80%93present%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/official-m23-rebels-capture-towns-eastern-congo-92341297">Rebels makes new advance, and Congo expels Rwandan envoy</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221030103948/https://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/official-m23-rebels-capture-towns-eastern-congo-92341297">Archived</a> 2022-10-30 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, 30 October 2022 </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/10/30/dr-congo-expels-rwandan-ambassador-as-m23-rebels-gain-ground">"DR Congo expels Rwandan ambassador as M23 rebels seize towns"</a>. aljazeera. 30 October 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221030085840/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/10/30/dr-congo-expels-rwandan-ambassador-as-m23-rebels-gain-ground">Archived</a> from the original on 30 October 2022. Retrieved 30 October 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=DR+Congo+expels+Rwandan+ambassador+as+M23+rebels+seize+towns&rft.date=2022-10-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Fnews%2F2022%2F10%2F30%2Fdr-congo-expels-rwandan-ambassador-as-m23-rebels-gain-ground&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM23+offensive+%282022%E2%80%93present%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://chimpreports.com/drc-rules-out-talks-with-terrorist-m23-as-tensions-worsen/">"drc rules out talks with terrorist-m23 as tensions worsen"</a>. chimpreports. 1 November 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221101061524/https://chimpreports.com/drc-rules-out-talks-with-terrorist-m23-as-tensions-worsen/">Archived</a> from the original on 1 November 2022. Retrieved 1 November 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=drc+rules+out+talks+with+terrorist-m23+as+tensions+worsen&rft.date=2022-11-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fchimpreports.com%2Fdrc-rules-out-talks-with-terrorist-m23-as-tensions-worsen%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM23+offensive+%282022%E2%80%93present%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.africanews.com/2022/11/02/protesters-set-fire-to-un-vehicles-in-goma-on-tuesday-night-protesting-against-the-presenc/">"Protesters in DRC set fire to UN vehicles in Goma"</a>. africanews. 2 November 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221102084911/http://www.africanews.com/2022/11/02/protesters-set-fire-to-un-vehicles-in-goma-on-tuesday-night-protesting-against-the-presenc/">Archived</a> from the original on 2 November 2022. Retrieved 2 November 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Protesters+in+DRC+set+fire+to+UN+vehicles+in+Goma&rft.date=2022-11-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.africanews.com%2F2022%2F11%2F02%2Fprotesters-set-fire-to-un-vehicles-in-goma-on-tuesday-night-protesting-against-the-presenc%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM23+offensive+%282022%E2%80%93present%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.greenwichtime.com/news/article/Congo-trains-3-000-new-army-recruits-amid-Rwanda-17564179.php">"Congo trains 3,000 new army recruits amid Rwanda tensions"</a>. greenwich time. 7 November 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221107154607/https://www.greenwichtime.com/news/article/Congo-trains-3-000-new-army-recruits-amid-Rwanda-17564179.php">Archived</a> from the original on 7 November 2022. 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Al Jazeera. 15 November 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221118141701/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/11/15/hundreds-flee-as-congos-m23-rebels-near-key-city-of-goma">Archived</a> from the original on 18 November 2022. 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Retrieved 18 November 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=M23+claims+capture+of+FDLR+strongholds&rft.date=2022-11-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newtimes.co.rw%2Farticle%2F2723%2Fnews%2Fafrica%2Fm23-claims-capture-of-fdlr-strongholds&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM23+offensive+%282022%E2%80%93present%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://chimpreports.com/uganda-readies-strike-force-to-counter-m23-rebels/">"Uganda Readies Strike Force to Counter M23 Rebels"</a>. Chimp Reports. 17 November 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221117204846/https://chimpreports.com/uganda-readies-strike-force-to-counter-m23-rebels/">Archived</a> from the original on 17 November 2022. Retrieved 18 November 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Uganda+Readies+Strike+Force+to+Counter+M23+Rebels&rft.date=2022-11-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fchimpreports.com%2Fuganda-readies-strike-force-to-counter-m23-rebels%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM23+offensive+%282022%E2%80%93present%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/11/18/rwanda-agrees-on-immediate-ceasefire-in-eastern-dr-congo">"Rwanda agrees on 'immediate ceasefire' in eastern DR Congo"</a>. al-Jazeera. 18 November 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230107004812/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/11/18/rwanda-agrees-on-immediate-ceasefire-in-eastern-dr-congo">Archived</a> from the original on 7 January 2023. Retrieved 7 January 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=al-Jazeera&rft.atitle=Rwanda+agrees+on+%27immediate+ceasefire%27+in+eastern+DR+Congo&rft.date=2022-11-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Fnews%2F2022%2F11%2F18%2Frwanda-agrees-on-immediate-ceasefire-in-eastern-dr-congo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM23+offensive+%282022%E2%80%93present%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-124">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_124-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_124-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-63899461">"DR Congo conflict: M23 rebels executed over 130 civilians - UN"</a>. BBC News. 2022-12-08. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221208105038/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-63899461">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-12-08. Retrieved 2022-12-08.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=DR+Congo+conflict%3A+M23+rebels+executed+over+130+civilians+-+UN&rft.date=2022-12-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-africa-63899461&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM23+offensive+%282022%E2%80%93present%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.voanews.com/a/south-sudan-sends-750-troops-to-drc/6895421.html">"South Sudan Sends 750 Troops to DRC"</a>. 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Retrieved 2022-12-30.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=VOA&rft.atitle=South+Sudan+Sends+750+Troops+to+DRC&rft.date=2022-12-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.voanews.com%2Fa%2Fsouth-sudan-sends-750-troops-to-drc%2F6895421.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM23+offensive+%282022%E2%80%93present%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/1/18/update-1-congolese-president-says-m23-rebels-have-not-withdrawn-as-agreed">"DRC president says M23 rebels yet to withdraw as agreed"</a>. 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Retrieved 24 January 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=DRC+president+says+M23+rebels+yet+to+withdraw+as+agreed&rft.date=2022-01-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Fnews%2F2023%2F1%2F18%2Fupdate-1-congolese-president-says-m23-rebels-have-not-withdrawn-as-agreed&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM23+offensive+%282022%E2%80%93present%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/rwanda-says-congo-fighter-jet-violated-its-airspace-2023-01-24/">"Rwanda says Congo fighter jet violated its airspace"</a>. 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Retrieved 26 February 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=News+Times&rft.atitle=Rebels+capture+more+ground+in+Congo+as+fighting+intensifies&rft.date=2023-02-24&rft.aulast=Malkia&rft.aufirst=Christina&rft.au=Kabumba%2C+Justin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newstimes.com%2Fnews%2Fworld%2Farticle%2Frebels-capture-more-ground-in-congo-as-fighting-17804118.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM23+offensive+%282022%E2%80%93present%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMulegwa2023" class="citation web cs1">Mulegwa, Pascal (27 February 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aa.com.tr/en/africa/congolese-m23-rebels-seize-major-mining-town-of-rubaya/2832658">"Congolese M23 rebels seize major mining town of Rubaya"</a>. Anadolu Agency. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230227175337/https://www.aa.com.tr/en/africa/congolese-m23-rebels-seize-major-mining-town-of-rubaya/2832658">Archived</a> from the original on 27 February 2023. 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Voice of America. 28 February 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230228231907/https://www.voanews.com/a/rebel-clashes-flare-in-east-dr-congo-despite-pullout-plan-/6983022.html">Archived</a> from the original on 28 February 2023. 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VOA. 17 March 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230413195040/https://www.voanews.com/a/western-donors-pressed-to-sanction-rwanda-as-drc-violence-escalates-/7010244.html">Archived</a> from the original on 13 April 2023. 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VOA. 17 March 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230413200543/https://www.voanews.com/a/rebels-pull-back-in-eastern-dr-congo-as-regional-force-deploys-/7008905.html">Archived</a> from the original on 13 April 2023. Retrieved 13 April 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=VOA&rft.atitle=Rebels+Pull+Back+in+Eastern+DR+Congo+as+Regional+Force+Deploys&rft.date=2023-03-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.voanews.com%2Fa%2Frebels-pull-back-in-eastern-dr-congo-as-regional-force-deploys-%2F7008905.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM23+offensive+%282022%E2%80%93present%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thedefensepost.com/2023/03/08/rebels-clash-congo-ceasefire/">"M23 Rebels Clash With Army in East DR Congo After Failed Ceasefire"</a>. Defense Post. 8 March 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230413195040/https://www.thedefensepost.com/2023/03/08/rebels-clash-congo-ceasefire/">Archived</a> from the original on 13 April 2023. Retrieved 13 April 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Defense+Post&rft.atitle=M23+Rebels+Clash+With+Army+in+East+DR+Congo+After+Failed+Ceasefire&rft.date=2023-03-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thedefensepost.com%2F2023%2F03%2F08%2Frebels-clash-congo-ceasefire%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM23+offensive+%282022%E2%80%93present%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.radiookapi.net/2023/04/03/actualite/securite/nord-kivu-les-m23-se-retirent-de-kishishe-et-bambu-mais-renforcent">"Nord-Kivu : les M23 se retirent de Kishishe et Bambu, mais renforcent leurs positions à Rugari et Kibumba"</a>. RadioOkapi. 3 April 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230413195049/https://www.radiookapi.net/2023/04/03/actualite/securite/nord-kivu-les-m23-se-retirent-de-kishishe-et-bambu-mais-renforcent">Archived</a> from the original on 13 April 2023. Retrieved 13 April 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=RadioOkapi&rft.atitle=Nord-Kivu+%3A+les+M23+se+retirent+de+Kishishe+et+Bambu%2C+mais+renforcent+leurs+positions+%C3%A0+Rugari+et+Kibumba&rft.date=2023-04-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.radiookapi.net%2F2023%2F04%2F03%2Factualite%2Fsecurite%2Fnord-kivu-les-m23-se-retirent-de-kishishe-et-bambu-mais-renforcent&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM23+offensive+%282022%E2%80%93present%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.radiookapi.net/2023/03/30/actualite/securite/nord-kivu-reprise-des-combats-entre-fardc-et-m23">"Nord-Kivu : reprise des combats entre FARDC et M23"</a>. RadioOkapi. 30 March 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230413195050/https://www.radiookapi.net/2023/03/30/actualite/securite/nord-kivu-reprise-des-combats-entre-fardc-et-m23">Archived</a> from the original on 13 April 2023. Retrieved 13 April 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=RadioOkapi&rft.atitle=Nord-Kivu+%3A+reprise+des+combats+entre+FARDC+et+M23&rft.date=2023-03-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.radiookapi.net%2F2023%2F03%2F30%2Factualite%2Fsecurite%2Fnord-kivu-reprise-des-combats-entre-fardc-et-m23&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM23+offensive+%282022%E2%80%93present%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-RadioOkapi0423-138">^ <a href="#cite_ref-RadioOkapi0423_138-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-RadioOkapi0423_138-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.radiookapi.net/2023/04/04/actualite/securite/nord-kivu-le-contingent-ougandais-de-leac-cohabite-avec-les-rebelles">"Nord-Kivu : le contingent ougandais de l'EAC cohabite avec les rebelles du M23 à Bunagana(sources locales)"</a>. RadioOkapi. 4 April 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230413200543/https://www.radiookapi.net/2023/04/04/actualite/securite/nord-kivu-le-contingent-ougandais-de-leac-cohabite-avec-les-rebelles">Archived</a> from the original on 13 April 2023. 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RadioOkapi. 3 April 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230413195123/https://www.radiookapi.net/2023/04/03/actualite/securite/rdc-arrivee-des-detachements-precurseurs-des-militaires-sud-soudanais">Archived</a> from the original on 13 April 2023. Retrieved 13 April 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=RadioOkapi&rft.atitle=RDC+%3A+arriv%C3%A9e+des+d%C3%A9tachements+pr%C3%A9curseurs+des+militaires+sud-soudanais+%C3%A0+Goma&rft.date=2023-04-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.radiookapi.net%2F2023%2F04%2F03%2Factualite%2Fsecurite%2Frdc-arrivee-des-detachements-precurseurs-des-militaires-sud-soudanais&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM23+offensive+%282022%E2%80%93present%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.radiookapi.net/2023/04/11/actualite/securite/nord-kivu-le-m23-poursuit-son-retrait-de-certaines-positions">"Nord-Kivu : le M23 poursuit son retrait de certaines positions"</a>. RadioOkapi. 11 April 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230412174143/https://www.radiookapi.net/2023/04/11/actualite/securite/nord-kivu-le-m23-poursuit-son-retrait-de-certaines-positions">Archived</a> from the original on 12 April 2023. Retrieved 13 April 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=RadioOkapi&rft.atitle=Nord-Kivu+%3A+le+M23+poursuit+son+retrait+de+certaines+positions&rft.date=2023-04-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.radiookapi.net%2F2023%2F04%2F11%2Factualite%2Fsecurite%2Fnord-kivu-le-m23-poursuit-son-retrait-de-certaines-positions&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM23+offensive+%282022%E2%80%93present%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.radiookapi.net/2023/04/05/actualite/securite/nord-kivu-les-rebelles-du-m23-renforcent-leur-position-kibumba">"Nord-Kivu : les rebelles du M23 renforcent leur position à Kibumba"</a>. RadioOkapi. 5 April 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230413195048/https://www.radiookapi.net/2023/04/05/actualite/securite/nord-kivu-les-rebelles-du-m23-renforcent-leur-position-kibumba">Archived</a> from the original on 13 April 2023. Retrieved 13 April 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=RadioOkapi&rft.atitle=Nord-Kivu+%3A+les+rebelles+du+M23+renforcent+leur+position+%C3%A0+Kibumba&rft.date=2023-04-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.radiookapi.net%2F2023%2F04%2F05%2Factualite%2Fsecurite%2Fnord-kivu-les-rebelles-du-m23-renforcent-leur-position-kibumba&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM23+offensive+%282022%E2%80%93present%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apnews.com/article/congo-m23-rebels-east-african-peacekeeping-mission-65e3d72e57be636f1436a11ac29ac578">"Congo orders regional peacekeepers to leave by December"</a>. AP News. 2023-10-10. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231029184110/https://apnews.com/article/congo-m23-rebels-east-african-peacekeeping-mission-65e3d72e57be636f1436a11ac29ac578">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-10-29. Retrieved 2023-10-29.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=AP+News&rft.atitle=Congo+orders+regional+peacekeepers+to+leave+by+December&rft.date=2023-10-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapnews.com%2Farticle%2Fcongo-m23-rebels-east-african-peacekeeping-mission-65e3d72e57be636f1436a11ac29ac578&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM23+offensive+%282022%E2%80%93present%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lemonde.fr/en/international/article/2023/10/26/democratic-republic-of-congo-rocked-by-new-m23-rebel-offensive_6206156_4.html">"Democratic Republic of Congo rocked by new M23 rebel offensive"</a>. Le Monde.fr. 2023-10-26. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231028232619/https://www.lemonde.fr/en/international/article/2023/10/26/democratic-republic-of-congo-rocked-by-new-m23-rebel-offensive_6206156_4.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-10-28. Retrieved 2023-10-29.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Le+Monde.fr&rft.atitle=Democratic+Republic+of+Congo+rocked+by+new+M23+rebel+offensive&rft.date=2023-10-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lemonde.fr%2Fen%2Finternational%2Farticle%2F2023%2F10%2F26%2Fdemocratic-republic-of-congo-rocked-by-new-m23-rebel-offensive_6206156_4.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM23+offensive+%282022%E2%80%93present%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPresse" class="citation web cs1">Presse, AFP-Agence France. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.barrons.com/news/dr-congo-fighting-moves-close-to-goma-city-ea599a8f">"DR Congo Fighting Moves Close To Goma City"</a>. www.barrons.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231029183859/https://www.barrons.com/news/dr-congo-fighting-moves-close-to-goma-city-ea599a8f">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-10-29. Retrieved 2023-10-29.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.barrons.com&rft.atitle=DR+Congo+Fighting+Moves+Close+To+Goma+City&rft.aulast=Presse&rft.aufirst=AFP-Agence+France&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.barrons.com%2Fnews%2Fdr-congo-fighting-moves-close-to-goma-city-ea599a8f&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM23+offensive+%282022%E2%80%93present%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNdushabandi2024" class="citation web cs1">Ndushabandi, Claver (2024-02-05). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://chimpreports.com/m23-rebels-seize-strategic-town-in-rapid-advance-to-goma/">"M23 Rebels Seize Strategic Town in Rapid Advance to Goma"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240207124930/https://chimpreports.com/m23-rebels-seize-strategic-town-in-rapid-advance-to-goma/">Archived</a> from the original on 2024-02-07. 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Retrieved 7 July 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+New+Humanitarian&rft.atitle=Revived+M23+rebellion+worsens+DR+Congo%27s+security+troubles&rft.date=2022-07-07&rft.au=Claude+Sengenya&rft.au=Patricia+Huon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thenewhumanitarian.org%2Fanalysis%2F2022%2F07%2F07%2FCongo-M23-Rwanda-martial-law-demobilisation-ADF-CODECO&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM23+offensive+%282022%E2%80%93present%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-155"><a href="#cite_ref-155">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.radiookapi.net/2022/08/05/actualite/politique/rdc-le-gouvernement-salue-le-rapport-de-lonu-sur-le-soutien-du-rwanda">"RDC : le gouvernement salue le rapport de l'ONU sur le soutien du Rwanda au M23"</a>. 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Retrieved 19 August 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=RadioOkapi&rft.atitle=RDC+%3A+le+gouvernement+salue+le+rapport+de+l%27ONU+sur+le+soutien+du+Rwanda+au+M23&rft.date=2022-08-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.radiookapi.net%2F2022%2F08%2F05%2Factualite%2Fpolitique%2Frdc-le-gouvernement-salue-le-rapport-de-lonu-sur-le-soutien-du-rwanda&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM23+offensive+%282022%E2%80%93present%29" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Works_cited">Works cited</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=M23_offensive_(2022%E2%80%93present)&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Works cited">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFICG2022" class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d2071andvip0wj.cloudfront.net/b181-dr-congo-great-lakes.pdf">"Easing the Turmoil in the Eastern DR Congo and Great Lakes"</a> (PDF). Crisis Group Africa Briefing (181). <a href="/wiki/Nairobi" title="Nairobi">Nairobi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brussels" title="Brussels">Brussels</a>: <a href="/wiki/International_Crisis_Group" title="International Crisis Group">International Crisis Group</a>. 25 May 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Crisis+Group+Africa+Briefing&rft.atitle=Easing+the+Turmoil+in+the+Eastern+DR+Congo+and+Great+Lakes&rft.issue=181&rft.date=2022-05-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fd2071andvip0wj.cloudfront.net%2Fb181-dr-congo-great-lakes.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM23+offensive+%282022%E2%80%93present%29" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=M23_offensive_(2022%E2%80%93present)&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDahir2022" class="citation news cs1">Dahir, Abdi Latif (2022-06-17). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2022/06/17/world/africa/congo-rwanda-border-tensions.html">"Congo Closes Border With Rwanda After Soldier Is Killed in Gunfight"</a>. The New York Times. Retrieved 2023-12-18.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Congo+Closes+Border+With+Rwanda+After+Soldier+Is+Killed+in+Gunfight&rft.date=2022-06-17&rft.aulast=Dahir&rft.aufirst=Abdi+Latif&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2022%2F06%2F17%2Fworld%2Fafrica%2Fcongo-rwanda-border-tensions.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM23+offensive+%282022%E2%80%93present%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVogelHoffmann2022" class="citation news cs1">Vogel, Christoph; Hoffmann, Kasper (22 May 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://theconversation.com/what-m23s-on-and-off-insurgency-tells-us-about-drcs-precarious-search-for-peace-182520">"What M23's on-and-off insurgency tells us about DRC's precarious search for peace"</a>. The Conversation. Retrieved 2022-06-18.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Conversation&rft.atitle=What+M23%27s+on-and-off+insurgency+tells+us+about+DRC%27s+precarious+search+for+peace&rft.date=2022-05-22&rft.aulast=Vogel&rft.aufirst=Christoph&rft.au=Hoffmann%2C+Kasper&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftheconversation.com%2Fwhat-m23s-on-and-off-insurgency-tells-us-about-drcs-precarious-search-for-peace-182520&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM23+offensive+%282022%E2%80%93present%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalshBashizi2023" class="citation news cs1">Walsh, Declan; Bashizi, Arlette (2023-12-17). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2023/12/17/world/africa/democratic-republic-of-congo-elections.html">"The Overlooked Crisis in Congo: 'We Live in War'"</a>. The New York Times. Retrieved 2023-12-18.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=The+Overlooked+Crisis+in+Congo%3A+%27We+Live+in+War%27&rft.date=2023-12-17&rft.aulast=Walsh&rft.aufirst=Declan&rft.au=Bashizi%2C+Arlette&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2023%2F12%2F17%2Fworld%2Fafrica%2Fdemocratic-republic-of-congo-elections.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM23+offensive+%282022%E2%80%93present%29" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Conflicts_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:DR_Congo_conflicts_footer" title="Template:DR Congo conflicts footer"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:DR_Congo_conflicts_footer" title="Template talk:DR Congo conflicts footer"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:DR_Congo_conflicts_footer" title="Special:EditPage/Template:DR Congo conflicts footer"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Conflicts_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Conflicts in the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colonization_of_the_Congo_Basin" title="Colonization of the Congo Basin">Colonization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congo_Free_State" title="Congo Free State">Congo Free State</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atrocities_in_the_Congo_Free_State" title="Atrocities in the Congo Free State">Atrocities</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgian_Congo" title="Belgian Congo">Belgian Congo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pre-1960</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Congo%E2%80%93Arab_war" title="Congo–Arab war">Congo–Arab war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batetela_rebellion" title="Batetela rebellion">Batetela rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rejaf" title="Battle of Rejaf">Battle of Rejaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_African_campaign_(World_War_I)" title="East African campaign (World War I)">East African campaign (World War I)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgian_Congo_in_World_War_II" title="Belgian Congo in World War II">Belgian Congo in World War II</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Masisi-Lubutu_revolt" title="Masisi-Lubutu revolt">Masisi-Lubutu revolt</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9opoldville_riots" title="Léopoldville riots">Léopoldville riots</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Congo_Crisis" title="Congo Crisis">Congo Crisis</a> (1960–1965)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1960_Force_Publique_mutinies" title="1960 Force Publique mutinies">Force Publique mutinies</a></li> <li>Secession crisis <ul><li><a href="/wiki/State_of_Katanga" title="State of Katanga">Katanga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Kasai" title="South Kasai">South Kasai</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_South_Kasai" title="Invasion of South Kasai">Invasion</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Free Republic of the Congo">Congo-Stanleyville</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Lumumba_Government" title="Dissolution of the Lumumba Government">Dissolution of the Lumumba Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrice_Lumumba#Final_days_and_assassination" title="Patrice Lumumba">Torture and killing of Lumumba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_of_Dag_Hammarskj%C3%B6ld" class="mw-redirect" title="Death of Dag Hammarskjöld">Death of Dag Hammarskjöld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Operation_in_the_Congo" title="United Nations Operation in the Congo">UN intervention</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Rum_Punch" title="Operation Rum Punch">Rum Punch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niemba_ambush" title="Niemba ambush">Niemba ambush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kabalo" title="Battle of Kabalo">Battle of Kabalo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Jadotville" title="Siege of Jadotville">Jadotville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Unokat" title="Operation Unokat">UNOKAT</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Camp_Massart" title="Attack on Camp Massart">Camp Massart</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Grandslam" title="Operation Grandslam">Grandslam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kindu_atrocity" title="Kindu atrocity">Kindu atrocity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port_Francqui_incident" title="Port Francqui incident">Port Francqui incident</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanyarwanda_War" title="Kanyarwanda War">Kanyarwanda War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwilu_rebellion" title="Kwilu rebellion">Kwilu rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simba_rebellion" title="Simba rebellion">Simba rebellion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Dragon_Rouge" title="Operation Dragon Rouge">Dragon Rouge</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Mobutu_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="Second Mobutu coup d'état">1965 coup d'état</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1966–1995</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stanleyville_mutinies" title="Stanleyville mutinies">Stanleyville mutinies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angolan_Civil_War#Shaba_invasions" title="Angolan Civil War">Shaba invasions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shaba_I" title="Shaba I">Shaba I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaba_II" title="Shaba II">Shaba II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kolwezi" title="Battle of Kolwezi">Battle of Kolwezi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1991_Zaire_unrest" title="1991 Zaire unrest">1991 Zaire unrest</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/First_Congo_War" title="First Congo War">First Congo War</a> (1996–1997)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AFDL" title="AFDL">Formation of the AFDL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massacres_of_Hutus_during_the_First_Congo_War" title="Massacres of Hutus during the First Congo War">Massacres of Hutus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allied_Democratic_Forces_insurgency" title="Allied Democratic Forces insurgency">AFD insurgency (1996–99)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kichwamba_massacre" title="Kichwamba massacre">Kichwamba massacre</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Thunderbolt_(1997)" title="Operation Thunderbolt (1997)">Operation Thunderbolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobutu_Sese_Seko#Overthrow" title="Mobutu Sese Seko">Overthrow of Mobutu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laurent-D%C3%A9sir%C3%A9_Kabila" title="Laurent-Désiré Kabila">Ascension of Laurent Kabila</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Second_Congo_War" title="Second Congo War">Second Congo War</a> (1998–2003)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Kitona" title="Operation Kitona">Operation Kitona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ituri_conflict" title="Ituri conflict">Ituri conflict</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bogoro_massacre" title="Bogoro massacre">Bogoro massacre</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Six-Day_War_(2000)" title="Six-Day War (2000)">Six-Day War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Laurent-D%C3%A9sir%C3%A9_Kabila" title="Assassination of Laurent-Désiré Kabila">Assassination of Kabila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kisangani_massacre" title="Kisangani massacre">Kisangani massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effacer_le_tableau" title="Effacer le tableau">Effacer le tableau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Criminal_Court_investigation_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="International Criminal Court investigation in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">ICC investigation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Post-2003 conflicts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Ituri_conflict(Post-2003)" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ituri_conflict#Peacekeeping_operations_(2003–2006)" title="Ituri conflict">Ituri conflict</a> (Post-2003)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Artemis" title="Operation Artemis">Operation Artemis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_North_Night_Final" title="Operation North Night Final">Operation North Night Final</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plaine_Savo_massacre" title="Plaine Savo massacre">Plaine Savo massacre</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kivu_conflict" title="Kivu conflict">Kivu conflict</a> (2004–present)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2008_Nord-Kivu_campaign" title="2008 Nord-Kivu campaign">2008 Nord-Kivu campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2009_Eastern_Congo_offensive" title="2009 Eastern Congo offensive">2009 Eastern Congo offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_North_Kivu_offensive" title="2014 North Kivu offensive">2014 North Kivu offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_CNPSC_offensive" title="2017 CNPSC offensive">2017 CNPSC offensive</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2017_Uvira_clashes" title="2017 Uvira clashes">Uvira clashes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kipupu_massacre" title="Kipupu massacre">Kipupu massacre</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="AFD_insurgency(Post-2007)" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Allied_Democratic_Forces_insurgency" title="Allied Democratic Forces insurgency">AFD insurgency</a> (Post-2007)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beni_massacre" title="Beni massacre">Beni massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Semuliki_attack" title="2017 Semuliki attack">2017 Semuliki attack</a></li> <li>Nationwide attacks <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2020_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo_attacks" title="2020 Democratic Republic of the Congo attacks">2020</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021%E2%80%932024_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo_attacks" title="2021–2024 Democratic Republic of the Congo attacks">2021–24</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Shujaa" title="Operation Shujaa">Operation Shujaa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="M23_conflict" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/March_23_Movement" title="March 23 Movement">M23 conflict</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/M23_rebellion" title="M23 rebellion">M23 rebellion</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">M23 offensive (2022–24)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Others" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dongo_conflict" title="Dongo conflict">Dongo conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo_coup_attempt" title="2011 Democratic Republic of the Congo coup attempt">2011 coup attempt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batwa%E2%80%93Luba_clashes" title="Batwa–Luba clashes">Batwa–Luba clashes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_2013_Kinshasa_attacks" title="December 2013 Kinshasa attacks">2013 Kinshasa attacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_Mutarule_attack" title="2014 Mutarule attack">2014 Mutarule attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamwina_Nsapu_rebellion" title="Kamwina Nsapu rebellion">Kamwina Nsapu rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_Yumbi_massacre" title="2018 Yumbi massacre">2018 Yumbi massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_DR_Congo_clashes" title="Western DR Congo clashes">Western DR Congo clashes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Perennial conflicts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Katanga_insurgency" title="Katanga insurgency">Katanga insurgency</a> (1963–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord%27s_Resistance_Army_insurgency" title="Lord's Resistance Army insurgency">Lord's Resistance Army insurgency</a> (1987–present)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Overview / related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Child_soldiers_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Child soldiers in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Child soldiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mining_industry_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Mining industry of the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Mining industry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conflict_resource#Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" class="mw-redirect" title="Conflict resource">Conflict resources</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_violence_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Sexual violence in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Sexual violence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rape_during_the_First_and_Second_Congo_Wars" title="Rape during the First and Second Congo Wars">during the Congo Wars</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgian_colonial_empire" title="Belgian colonial empire">Belgian colonialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo%E2%80%93Rwanda_relations" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo–Rwanda relations">Democratic Republic of the Congo–Rwanda relations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo%E2%80%93Rwanda_tensions_(2022%E2%80%93present)" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo–Rwanda tensions (2022–present)">tensions since 2022</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MONUSCO" title="MONUSCO">MONUSCO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rwandan_genocide" title="Rwandan genocide">Rwandan genocide</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo&#124;link=Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo–Rwanda_relations_23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Rwanda&#124;link=Rwanda" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo%E2%80%93Rwanda_relations" title="Template:Democratic Republic of the Congo–Rwanda relations"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo%E2%80%93Rwanda_relations" title="Template talk:Democratic Republic of the Congo–Rwanda relations"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo%E2%80%93Rwanda_relations" 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//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo%E2%80%93Rwanda_relations" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo–Rwanda relations">Democratic Republic of the Congo–Rwanda relations</a> <a href="/wiki/Rwanda" title="Rwanda"><img alt="Rwanda" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Flag_of_Rwanda.svg/23px-Flag_of_Rwanda.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Flag_of_Rwanda.svg/35px-Flag_of_Rwanda.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Flag_of_Rwanda.svg/45px-Flag_of_Rwanda.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Diplomacy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lusaka_Ceasefire_Agreement" title="Lusaka Ceasefire Agreement">Lusaka Ceasefire Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pretoria_Accord" title="Pretoria Accord">Pretoria Accord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_City_Agreement" title="Sun City Agreement">Sun City Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_Market_for_Eastern_and_Southern_Africa" title="Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa">COMESA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agreement_on_the_Conservation_of_Gorillas_and_Their_Habitats" title="Agreement on the Conservation of Gorillas and Their Habitats">Gorilla Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_African_Community" title="East African Community">East African Community</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economic_Community_of_the_Great_Lakes_Countries" title="Economic Community of the Great Lakes Countries">Economic Community of the Great Lakes Countries</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Military relations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_African_campaign_(World_War_I)" title="East African campaign (World War I)">East African campaign (World War I)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simba_rebellion" title="Simba rebellion">Simba rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rwandan_Civil_War" title="Rwandan Civil War">Rwandan Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Congo_War" title="First Congo War">First Congo War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AFDL" title="AFDL">AFDL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lemera_massacre" title="Lemera massacre">Lemera massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massacres_of_Hutus_during_the_First_Congo_War" title="Massacres of Hutus during the First Congo War">Massacres of Hutus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Congo_War" title="Second Congo War">Second Congo War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dongo_conflict" title="Dongo conflict">Dongo conflict</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Kivu_conflict" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kivu_conflict" title="Kivu conflict">Kivu conflict</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Makobola_massacre" title="Makobola massacre">Makobola massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_Nord-Kivu_campaign" title="2008 Nord-Kivu campaign">2008 Nord-Kivu campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2009_Eastern_Congo_offensive" title="2009 Eastern Congo offensive">2009 Eastern Congo offensive</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="March_23Movement" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/March_23_Movement" title="March 23 Movement">March 23 Movement</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/M23_rebellion" title="M23 rebellion">M23 rebellion</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">M23 offensive</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kishishe_massacre" title="Kishishe massacre">Kishishe massacre</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Incidents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2012_Congolese%E2%80%93Rwandan_border_clash" title="2012 Congolese–Rwandan border clash">2012 Congolese–Rwandan border clash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo%E2%80%93Rwanda_tensions_(2022%E2%80%93present)" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo–Rwanda tensions (2022–present)">Democratic Republic of the Congo–Rwanda tensions (2022–present)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo%E2%80%93Rwanda_border" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo–Rwanda border">Border</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banyamulenge" title="Banyamulenge">Banyamulenge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bwito_Chiefdom" title="Bwito Chiefdom">Bwito Chiefdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaziba_Chiefdom" title="Kaziba Chiefdom">Kaziba Chiefdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ngweshe_Chiefdom" title="Ngweshe Chiefdom">Ngweshe Chiefdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgian_colonial_empire" title="Belgian colonial empire">Belgian colonial empire</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kivu_frontier_incident" title="Kivu frontier incident">Kivu frontier incident</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mining_industry_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Mining industry of the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Mining industry of the Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercenaries_and_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Mercenaries and the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Mercenaries and the Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rwandan_Revolution" title="Rwandan Revolution">Rwandan Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katanga_insurgency" title="Katanga insurgency">Katanga insurgency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanyarwanda_War" title="Kanyarwanda War">Kanyarwanda War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rwandan_genocide" title="Rwandan genocide">Rwandan genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes_refugee_crisis" title="Great Lakes refugee crisis">Great Lakes refugee crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Forces_for_the_Liberation_of_Rwanda" title="Democratic Forces for the Liberation of Rwanda">FDLR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rally_for_Congolese_Democracy" title="Rally for Congolese Democracy">RCD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MONUSCO" title="MONUSCO">MONUSCO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Criminal_Court_investigation_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="International Criminal Court investigation in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">International Criminal Court investigation in the Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_Mutarule_attack" title="2014 Mutarule attack">2014 Mutarule attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kipupu_massacre" title="Kipupu massacre">Kipupu massacre</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo%E2%80%93Rwanda_relations" title="Category:Democratic Republic of the Congo–Rwanda relations">Category</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="2020s_in_history" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:2020s_in_history" title="Template:2020s in history"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:2020s_in_history" title="Template talk:2020s in history"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:2020s_in_history" title="Special:EditPage/Template:2020s in history"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="2020s_in_history" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/2020s_in_history" title="2020s in history">2020s in history</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2020s_in_military_history" title="2020s in military history">2020s in military history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020s_in_economic_history" title="2020s in economic history">2020s in economic history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020s_in_environmental_history" title="2020s in environmental history">2020s in environmental history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020s_in_science_and_technology" title="2020s in science and technology">2020s in science and technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020s_in_climate_history" title="2020s in climate history">2020s in climate history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020s_in_social_history" title="2020s in social history">2020s in social history</a> </li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_21st_century" title="Timeline of the 21st century">Timeline of the 21st century</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_state_leaders_in_the_2020s" title="List of state leaders in the 2020s">State leaders in the 2020s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_protests_in_the_21st_century" title="List of protests in the 21st century">List of protests in the 21st century</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ongoing_armed_conflicts" title="List of ongoing armed conflicts">List of ongoing armed conflicts</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">World</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paris_Agreement" title="Paris Agreement">Paris Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic" title="COVID-19 pandemic">COVID-19 pandemic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economic_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic" title="Economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic">economic impact</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_stock_market_crash" title="2020 stock market crash">2020 stock market crash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Removal_of_cannabis_and_cannabis_resin_from_Schedule_IV_of_the_Single_Convention_on_narcotic_drugs,_1961" title="Removal of cannabis and cannabis resin from Schedule IV of the Single Convention on narcotic drugs, 1961">Treaty descheduling of cannabis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Govts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nio_Guterres" title="António Guterres">UN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_members_of_the_United_Nations_Security_Council" title="List of members of the United Nations Security Council">UN Security Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jens_Stoltenberg" title="Jens Stoltenberg">NATO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ninth_European_Parliament" title="Ninth European Parliament">EU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Union" title="African Union">African Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Aboul_Gheit" title="Ahmed Aboul Gheit">Arab League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Administration_of_Luis_Almagro" class="mw-redirect" title="Administration of Luis Almagro">OAS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BRICS" title="BRICS">BRICS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_intergovernmental_organizations" title="List of intergovernmental organizations">List of all groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_regional_organizations_by_population" title="List of regional organizations by population"> Major groups, by size</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">North America</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_North_America" title="COVID-19 pandemic in North America">COVID-19 pandemic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Floyd_protests" title="George Floyd protests">George Floyd protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_racial_unrest_(2020%E2%80%93present)" class="mw-redirect" title="United States racial unrest (2020–present)">United States racial unrest</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Govts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>United States <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2020_United_States_presidential_election" title="2020 United States presidential election">2020 presidential election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_presidency_of_Donald_Trump" title="First presidency of Donald Trump">Trump presidency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Joe_Biden" title="Presidency of Joe Biden">Biden presidency</a></li> <li>timeline <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2020_in_United_States_politics_and_government" title="2020 in United States politics and government">2020</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_in_United_States_politics_and_government" title="2021 in United States politics and government">2021</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Premiership_of_Justin_Trudeau" title="Premiership of Justin Trudeau">Canada</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">South America</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crisis_in_Venezuela" title="Crisis in Venezuela">Crisis in Venezuela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forum_for_the_Progress_and_Integration_of_South_America" title="Forum for the Progress and Integration of South America">Forum for the Progress and Integration of South America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_South_America" title="COVID-19 pandemic in South America">COVID-19 pandemic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Govts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Chile <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sebasti%C3%A1n_Pi%C3%B1era" title="Sebastián Piñera">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Boric" title="Gabriel Boric">2</a></li></ul></li> <li>Brazil <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Jair_Bolsonaro" title="Presidency of Jair Bolsonaro">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_presidency_of_Lula_da_Silva" title="Second presidency of Lula da Silva">2</a></li></ul></li> <li>Peru <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mart%C3%ADn_Vizcarra" title="Martín Vizcarra">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Francisco_Sagasti" title="Presidency of Francisco Sagasti">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Pedro_Castillo" title="Presidency of Pedro Castillo">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Dina_Boluarte" title="Presidency of Dina Boluarte">4</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brexit" title="Brexit">Brexit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Europe">COVID-19 pandemic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Ukrainian_War" title="Russo-Ukrainian War">Russo-Ukrainian War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Russian invasion of Ukraine">Russian invasion of Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_the_Russo-Ukrainian_War" title="Outline of the Russo-Ukrainian War">outline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belarus%E2%80%93European_Union_border_crisis" title="Belarus–European Union border crisis">Belarus–European Union border crisis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Govts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>United Kingdom <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Premiership_of_Boris_Johnson" title="Premiership of Boris Johnson">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Premiership_of_Liz_Truss" title="Premiership of Liz Truss">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Premiership_of_Rishi_Sunak" title="Premiership of Rishi Sunak">3</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Emmanuel_Macron" title="Presidency of Emmanuel Macron">France</a></li> <li>Germany <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chancellorship_of_Angela_Merkel" class="mw-redirect" title="Chancellorship of Angela Merkel">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chancellorship_of_Olaf_Scholz" class="mw-redirect" title="Chancellorship of Olaf Scholz">2</a></li></ul></li> <li>Italy <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Conte#Prime_Minister_of_Italy_(2018–2021)" title="Giuseppe Conte">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Draghi_government" title="Draghi government">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meloni_government" title="Meloni government">3</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Vladimir_Putin" class="mw-redirect" title="Presidency of Vladimir Putin">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_33rd_D%C3%A1il" title="Government of the 33rd Dáil">Republic of Ireland</a></li> <li>Belgium <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wilm%C3%A8s_II_Government" title="Wilmès II Government">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/De_Croo_Government" title="De Croo Government">2</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2020_Kyrgyz_Revolution" title="2020 Kyrgyz Revolution">2020 Kyrgyz Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_Sri_Lankan_protests" title="2022 Sri Lankan protests">2022 Sri Lankan protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Noto_earthquake" title="2024 Noto earthquake">2024 Noto earthquake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Asia" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Asia">COVID-19 pandemic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myanmar_civil_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Myanmar civil war">Myanmar civil war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_drug_war" title="Philippine drug war">Philippine drug war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_Comprehensive_Economic_Partnership" title="Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership">Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Nagorno-Karabakh_War" title="Second Nagorno-Karabakh War">Second Nagorno-Karabakh War</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Govts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Xi_Jinping_Administration" class="mw-redirect" title="Xi Jinping Administration">China</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Li_Keqiang_Government" class="mw-redirect" title="Li Keqiang Government">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Qiang_Government" class="mw-redirect" title="Li Qiang Government">2</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kim_Jong_Un" title="Kim Jong Un">North Korea</a></li> <li>Japan <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Abe_Cabinet" title="Fourth Abe Cabinet">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suga_Cabinet" title="Suga Cabinet">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Kishida_Cabinet" title="First Kishida Cabinet">3a</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Kishida_Cabinet" title="Second Kishida Cabinet">3b</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Kishida_Cabinet_(First_Reshuffle)" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Kishida Cabinet (First Reshuffle)">3c</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Kishida_Cabinet_(Second_Reshuffle)" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Kishida Cabinet (Second Reshuffle)">3d</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Premiership_of_Narendra_Modi" title="Premiership of Narendra Modi">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Joko_Widodo" class="mw-redirect" title="Presidency of Joko Widodo">Indonesia</a></li> <li>Malaysia <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mahathir_Mohamad" title="Mahathir Mohamad">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhyiddin_Yassin" title="Muhyiddin Yassin">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ismail_Sabri_Yaakob" title="Ismail Sabri Yaakob">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anwar_Ibrahim" title="Anwar Ibrahim">4</a></li></ul></li> <li>Pakistan <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Ministership_of_Imran_Khan" class="mw-redirect" title="Prime Ministership of Imran Khan">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Premiership_of_Shehbaz_Sharif" title="Premiership of Shehbaz Sharif">2</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Middle East and North Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Middle_East_economic_integration" title="Middle East economic integration">Middle East economic integration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_civil_war" title="Syrian civil war">Syrian civil war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libyan_civil_war_(2014%E2%80%932020)" title="Libyan civil war (2014–2020)">Libyan civil war (2014–2020)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemeni_civil_war_(2014%E2%80%93present)" title="Yemeni civil war (2014–present)">Yemeni civil war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018%E2%80%932022_Israeli_political_crisis" title="2018–2022 Israeli political crisis">Israeli political crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019%E2%80%932021_Iraqi_protests" title="2019–2021 Iraqi protests">Iraqi protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Accords" title="Abraham Accords">Abraham Accords</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahsa_Amini_protests" title="Mahsa Amini protests">Mahsa Amini protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93Hamas_war" title="Israel–Hamas war">Israel–Hamas war</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_the_Israel%E2%80%93Hamas_war" title="Outline of the Israel–Hamas war">outline</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Govts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Abdel_Fattah_el-Sisi" class="mw-redirect" title="Presidency of Abdel Fattah el-Sisi">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salman_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Salman of Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li>Israel <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thirty-fourth_government_of_Israel" title="Thirty-fourth government of Israel">1a</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirty-fifth_government_of_Israel" title="Thirty-fifth government of Israel">1b</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirty-sixth_government_of_Israel" title="Thirty-sixth government of Israel">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirty-seventh_government_of_Israel" title="Thirty-seventh government of Israel">3a</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_war_cabinet" title="Israeli war cabinet">3b</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sub-Saharan Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Continental_Free_Trade_Area" title="African Continental Free Trade Area">African Continental Free Trade Area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigeria_Vision_2020" title="Nigeria Vision 2020">Nigeria Vision 2020</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudanese_transition_to_democracy" class="mw-redirect" title="Sudanese transition to democracy">Sudanese transition to democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_civil_conflict_(2018%E2%80%93present)" title="Ethiopian civil conflict (2018–present)">Ethiopian civil conflict</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tigray_war" title="Tigray war">Tigray war</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Africa" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Africa">COVID-19 pandemic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_timeline_by_country_in_Africa" title="COVID-19 timeline by country in Africa">timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Africa" title="National responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in Africa">national responses</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coup_Belt" title="Coup Belt">Coup Belt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo%E2%80%93Rwanda_tensions_(2022%E2%80%93present)" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo–Rwanda tensions (2022–present)">DRC–Rwanda tensions</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">M23 offensive</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigerien_crisis_(2023%E2%80%932024)" title="Nigerien crisis (2023–2024)">Nigerien crisis (2023–2024)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Govts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Somalia <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mohamed_Abdullahi_Mohamed" title="Mohamed Abdullahi Mohamed">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hassan_Sheikh_Mohamud" title="Hassan Sheikh Mohamud">2</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salva_Kiir_Mayardit" title="Salva Kiir Mayardit">South Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sovereignty_Council_of_Sudan" class="mw-redirect" title="Sovereignty Council of Sudan">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abiy_Ahmed" title="Abiy Ahmed">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaias_Afwerki" title="Isaias Afwerki">Eritrea</a></li> <li>Nigeria <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Muhammadu_Buhari" title="Presidency of Muhammadu Buhari">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Bola_Tinubu" class="mw-redirect" title="Presidency of Bola Tinubu">2</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Australia and Oceania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Islands_Forum" title="Pacific Islands Forum">Pacific Islands Forum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Community" title="Pacific Community">Pacific Community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Oceania" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Oceania">COVID-19 pandemic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Govts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Australia <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Morrison_government" title="Morrison government">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanese_government" title="Albanese government">2</a></li></ul></li> <li>New Zealand <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sixth_Labour_Government_of_New_Zealand" title="Sixth Labour Government of New Zealand">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sixth_National_Government_of_New_Zealand" title="Sixth National Government of New Zealand">2</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Years</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Topical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2020_in_science" title="2020 in science">Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_in_art" title="2020 in art">Art</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Portal:Current events">Portal:Current events</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=M23_offensive_(2022–present)&oldid=1241896928">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=M23_offensive_(2022–present)&oldid=1241896928</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:North_Kivu" title="Category:North Kivu">North Kivu</a></li><li><a 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