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"https://www.academia.edu/login?post_login_redirect_url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F99315228%2FThe_evolution_of_parasite_host_range_in_heterogeneous_host_populations%3Fauto%3Ddownload"; window.loswp.translateUrl = "https://www.academia.edu/login?post_login_redirect_url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F99315228%2FThe_evolution_of_parasite_host_range_in_heterogeneous_host_populations%3Fshow_translation%3Dtrue"; window.loswp.previewableAttachments = [{"id":100438579,"identifier":"Attachment_100438579","shouldShowBulkDownload":false}]; window.loswp.shouldDetectTimezone = true; window.loswp.shouldShowBulkDownload = true; window.loswp.showSignupCaptcha = false window.loswp.willEdgeCache = false; window.loswp.work = {"work":{"id":99315228,"created_at":"2023-03-30T02:09:58.450-07:00","from_world_paper_id":230607747,"updated_at":"2024-11-26T03:42:23.731-08:00","_data":{"publisher":"Wiley","grobid_abstract":"Theory on the evolution of niche width argues that resource heterogeneity selects for niche breadth. For parasites, this theory predicts that parasite populations will evolve, or maintain, broader host ranges when selected in genetically diverse host populations relative to homogeneous host populations. To test this prediction, we selected the bacterial parasite Serratia marcescens to kill Caenorhabditis elegans in populations that were genetically heterogeneous (50% mix of two experimental genotypes) or homogeneous (100% of either genotype). After 20 rounds of selection, we compared the host range of selected parasites by measuring parasite fitness (i.e. virulence, the selected fitness trait) on the two focal host genotypes and on a novel host genotype. As predicted, heterogeneous host populations selected for parasites with a broader host range: these parasite populations gained or maintained virulence on all host genotypes. This result contrasted with selection in homogeneous populations of one host genotype. Here, host range contracted, with parasite populations gaining virulence on the focal host genotype and losing virulence on the novel host genotype. This pattern was not, however, repeated with selection in homogeneous populations of the second host genotype: these parasite populations did not gain virulence on the focal host genotype, nor did they lose virulence on the novel host genotype. Our results indicate that host heterogeneity can maintain broader host ranges in parasite populations. Individual host genotypes, however, vary in the degree to which they select for specialization in parasite populations.","publication_date":"2020,,","publication_name":"Journal of Evolutionary Biology","grobid_abstract_attachment_id":"100438579"},"document_type":"paper","pre_hit_view_count_baseline":null,"quality":"high","language":"en","title":"The evolution of parasite host range in heterogeneous host populations","broadcastable":false,"draft":null,"has_indexable_attachment":true,"indexable":true}}["work"]; window.loswp.workCoauthors = [263824266]; window.loswp.locale = "en"; window.loswp.countryCode = "SG"; window.loswp.cwvAbTestBucket = ""; window.loswp.designVariant = "ds_vanilla"; window.loswp.fullPageMobileSutdModalVariant = "full_page_mobile_sutd_modal"; window.loswp.useOptimizedScribd4genScript = false; window.loginModal = {}; window.loginModal.appleClientId = 'edu.academia.applesignon';</script><script defer="" src="https://accounts.google.com/gsi/client"></script><div class="ds-loswp-container"><div class="ds-work-card--grid-container"><div class="ds-work-card--container js-loswp-work-card"><div class="ds-work-card--cover"><div class="ds-work-cover--wrapper"><div class="ds-work-cover--container"><button class="ds-work-cover--clickable js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"swp-splash-paper-cover","attachmentId":100438579,"attachmentType":"pdf"}"><img alt="First page of “The evolution of parasite host range in heterogeneous host populations”" class="ds-work-cover--cover-thumbnail" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/attachment_thumbnails/100438579/mini_magick20230330-1-ykw8du.png?1680167652" /><img alt="PDF Icon" class="ds-work-cover--file-icon" src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/single_work_splash/adobe_icon.svg" /><div class="ds-work-cover--hover-container"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span><p>Download Free PDF</p></div><div class="ds-work-cover--ribbon-container">Download Free PDF</div><div class="ds-work-cover--ribbon-triangle"></div></button></div></div></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-information"><h1 class="ds-work-card--work-title">The evolution of parasite host range in heterogeneous host populations</h1><div class="ds-work-card--work-authors ds-work-card--detail"><a class="ds-work-card--author js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="263824266" href="https://independent.academia.edu/AroojKhalid44"><img alt="Profile image of Arooj Khalid" class="ds-work-card--author-avatar" src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/s65_no_pic.png" />Arooj Khalid</a></div><div class="ds-work-card--detail"><p class="ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-sm">2020, Journal of Evolutionary Biology</p><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata"><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">visibility</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm" id="work-metadata-view-count">…</p></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">description</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm">25 pages</p></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">link</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm">1 file</p></div></div><script>(async () => { const workId = 99315228; 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if (!viewCountBody) { throw new Error('Failed to find work views element'); } viewCountBody.textContent = `${commaizedViewCount} views`; } catch (error) { // Remove the whole views element if there was some issue parsing. document.getElementById('work-metadata-view-count')?.parentNode?.remove(); throw new Error(`Failed to parse view count: ${viewCount}`, error); } }; // If the DOM is still loading, wait for it to be ready before updating the view count. if (document.readyState === "loading") { document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', () => { updateViewCount(viewCount); }); // Otherwise, just update it immediately. } else { updateViewCount(viewCount); } })();</script></div><p class="ds-work-card--work-abstract ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-md">Theory on the evolution of niche width argues that resource heterogeneity selects for niche breadth. For parasites, this theory predicts that parasite populations will evolve, or maintain, broader host ranges when selected in genetically diverse host populations relative to homogeneous host populations. To test this prediction, we selected the bacterial parasite Serratia marcescens to kill Caenorhabditis elegans in populations that were genetically heterogeneous (50% mix of two experimental genotypes) or homogeneous (100% of either genotype). After 20 rounds of selection, we compared the host range of selected parasites by measuring parasite fitness (i.e. virulence, the selected fitness trait) on the two focal host genotypes and on a novel host genotype. As predicted, heterogeneous host populations selected for parasites with a broader host range: these parasite populations gained or maintained virulence on all host genotypes. This result contrasted with selection in homogeneous populations of one host genotype. Here, host range contracted, with parasite populations gaining virulence on the focal host genotype and losing virulence on the novel host genotype. This pattern was not, however, repeated with selection in homogeneous populations of the second host genotype: these parasite populations did not gain virulence on the focal host genotype, nor did they lose virulence on the novel host genotype. Our results indicate that host heterogeneity can maintain broader host ranges in parasite populations. Individual host genotypes, however, vary in the degree to which they select for specialization in parasite populations.</p><div class="ds-work-card--button-container"><button class="ds2-5-button js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"continue-reading-button--work-card","attachmentId":100438579,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":"https://www.academia.edu/99315228/The_evolution_of_parasite_host_range_in_heterogeneous_host_populations"}">See full PDF</button><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"download-pdf-button--work-card","attachmentId":100438579,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":"https://www.academia.edu/99315228/The_evolution_of_parasite_host_range_in_heterogeneous_host_populations"}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span>Download PDF</button></div></div></div></div><div data-auto_select="false" data-client_id="331998490334-rsn3chp12mbkiqhl6e7lu2q0mlbu0f1b" data-doc_id="100438579" data-landing_url="https://www.academia.edu/99315228/The_evolution_of_parasite_host_range_in_heterogeneous_host_populations" data-login_uri="https://www.academia.edu/registrations/google_one_tap" data-moment_callback="onGoogleOneTapEvent" id="g_id_onload"></div><div class="ds-top-related-works--grid-container"><div class="ds-related-content--container ds-top-related-works--container"><h2 class="ds-related-content--heading">Related papers</h2><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="0" data-entity-id="99315224" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/99315224/The_evolution_of_parasite_host_range_in_genetically_diverse_host_populations">The evolution of parasite host range in genetically diverse host populations</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="263824266" href="https://independent.academia.edu/AroojKhalid44">Arooj Khalid</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">2019</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Parasites vary enormously in their host range. Why are some parasites specialists and others generalists? We tested the hypothesis that genetically diverse host populations select for parasites with broader host ranges than genetically homogeneous host populations. To do so, we selected for increased killing ability of the bacterial parasiteSerratia marcescensin populations of the hostCaenorhabditis elegansthat were either diverse (50% mix of genotypes N2 and LTM1) or homogenous (100% N2 or LTM1). We found mixed support for the hypothesis. After 20 generations of selection, parasites selected in diverse host populations maintained a broad host range, as shown by the retention of high killing ability of a novel host genotype. Parasites selected in diverse populations killed N2 hosts equally well as parasites selected in homogenous populations of N2. However, N2-selected parasites lost killing ability against the novel host, consistent with the evolution of narrow host ranges in homog...</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"The evolution of parasite host range in genetically diverse host populations","attachmentId":100438582,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/99315224/The_evolution_of_parasite_host_range_in_genetically_diverse_host_populations","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/99315224/The_evolution_of_parasite_host_range_in_genetically_diverse_host_populations"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="1" data-entity-id="54410551" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/54410551/Host_heterogeneity_mitigates_virulence_evolution">Host heterogeneity mitigates virulence evolution</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="160004681" href="https://independent.academia.edu/RishikaPandey4">Rishika Pandey</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Biology Letters, 2020</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Parasites often infect genetically diverse host populations, and the evolutionary trajectories of parasite populations may be shaped by levels of host heterogeneity. Mixed genotype host populations, compared to homogeneous host populations, can reduce parasite prevalence and potentially reduce rates of parasite adaptation due to trade-offs associated with adapting to specific host genotypes. Here, we used experimental evolution to select for increased virulence in populations of the bacterial parasite Serratia marcescens exposed to either heterogeneous or homogeneous populations of Caenorhabditis elegans. We found that parasites exposed to heterogeneous host populations evolved significantly less virulence than parasites exposed to homogeneous host populations over several hundred bacterial generations. Thus, host heterogeneity impeded parasite adaptation to host populations. While we detected tradeoffs in virulence evolution, parasite adaptation to two specific host genotypes also resulted in modestly increased virulence against the reciprocal host genotypes. These results suggest that parasite adaptation to heterogeneous host populations may be impeded by both trade-offs and a reduction in the efficacy of selection as different host genotypes exert different selective pressures on a parasite population.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Host heterogeneity mitigates virulence evolution","attachmentId":70787008,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/54410551/Host_heterogeneity_mitigates_virulence_evolution","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/54410551/Host_heterogeneity_mitigates_virulence_evolution"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="2" data-entity-id="99263392" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/99263392/Host_use_dynamics_in_a_heterogeneous_fitness_landscape_generates_oscillations_in_host_range_and_diversification">Host use dynamics in a heterogeneous fitness landscape generates oscillations in host range and diversification</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="35830345" href="https://independent.academia.edu/DanielBrooks5">Daniel Brooks</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Evolution; international journal of organic evolution, 2018</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Colonization of novel hosts is thought to play an important role in parasite diversification, yet little consensus has been achieved about the macroevolutionary consequences of changes in host use. Here, we offer a mechanistic basis for the origins of parasite diversity by simulating lineages evolved in silico. We describe an individual-based model in which (i) parasites undergo sexual reproduction limited by genetic proximity, (ii) hosts are uniformly distributed along a one-dimensional resource gradient, and (iii) host use is determined by the interaction between the phenotype of the parasite and a heterogeneous fitness landscape. We found two main effects of host use on the evolution of a parasite lineage. First, the colonization of a novel host allowed parasites to explore new areas of the resource space, increasing phenotypic and genotypic variation. Second, hosts produced heterogeneity in the parasite fitness landscape, which led to reproductive isolation and therefore, specia...</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Host use dynamics in a heterogeneous fitness landscape generates oscillations in host range and diversification","attachmentId":100400292,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/99263392/Host_use_dynamics_in_a_heterogeneous_fitness_landscape_generates_oscillations_in_host_range_and_diversification","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/99263392/Host_use_dynamics_in_a_heterogeneous_fitness_landscape_generates_oscillations_in_host_range_and_diversification"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="3" data-entity-id="12507848" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/12507848/The_evolution_of_host_parasite_range">The evolution of host-parasite range</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="31377409" href="https://independent.academia.edu/EKisdi">E. Kisdi</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">The American naturalist, 2010</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Understanding the coevolution of hosts and parasites is one of the key challenges for evolutionary biology. In particular, it is important to understand the processes that generate and maintain variation. Here, we examine a coevolutionary model of hosts and parasites where infection does not depend on absolute rates of transmission and defense but is approximately all-or-nothing, depending on the relative levels of defense and infectivity of the host and the parasite. We show that considerable diversity can be generated and maintained because of epidemiological feedbacks, with strains differing in the range of host and parasite types they can respectively infect or resist. Parasites with broad and narrow ranges therefore coexist, as do broadly and narrowly resistant hosts, but this diversity occurs without the assumption of highly specific gene interactions. In contrast to gene-for-gene models, cycling in strain types is found only under a restrictive set of circumstances. The gener...</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"The evolution of host-parasite range","attachmentId":46130336,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/12507848/The_evolution_of_host_parasite_range","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/12507848/The_evolution_of_host_parasite_range"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="4" data-entity-id="117622831" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/117622831/Direct_and_Correlated_Responses_to_Selection_in_a_Host_Parasite_System_Testing_for_the_Emergence_of_Genotype_Specificity">Direct and Correlated Responses to Selection in a Host-Parasite System: Testing for the Emergence of Genotype Specificity</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="291404642" href="https://independent.academia.edu/PhookanArundhati">Arundhati Phookan</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Evolution, 2007</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Genotype × environment interactions can facilitate coexistence of locally adapted specialists. Interactions evolve if adaptation to one environment trades off with performance in others. We investigated whether evolution on one host genotype traded off with performance on others in long-term experimental populations of different genotypes of the protozoan Paramecium caudatum, infected with the bacterial parasite Holospora undulata. A total of nine parasite selection lines evolving on three host genotypes and the ancestral parasite were tested in a cross-infection experiment. We found that evolved parasites produced more infections than did the ancestral parasites, both on host genotypes they had evolved on (positive direct response to selection) and on genotypes they had not evolved on (positive correlated response to selection). On two host genotypes, a negative relationship between direct and correlated responses indicated pleiotropic costs of adaptation. On the third, a positive relationship suggested cost-free adaptation. Nonetheless, on all three hosts, resident parasites tended to be superior to the average nonresident parasite. Thus genotype specificity (i.e., patterns of local adaptation) may evolve without costs of adaptation, as long as direct responses to selection exceed correlated responses.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Direct and Correlated Responses to Selection in a Host-Parasite System: Testing for the Emergence of Genotype Specificity","attachmentId":113431257,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/117622831/Direct_and_Correlated_Responses_to_Selection_in_a_Host_Parasite_System_Testing_for_the_Emergence_of_Genotype_Specificity","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/117622831/Direct_and_Correlated_Responses_to_Selection_in_a_Host_Parasite_System_Testing_for_the_Emergence_of_Genotype_Specificity"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="5" data-entity-id="102101807" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/102101807/Evolution_of_Caenorhabditis_elegans_host_defense_under_selection_by_the_bacterial_parasite_Serratia_marcescens">Evolution of Caenorhabditis elegans host defense under selection by the bacterial parasite Serratia marcescens</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="250567007" href="https://independent.academia.edu/GiangHa97">Giang Ha</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">PLOS ONE, 2017</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Parasites can impose strong selection on hosts. In response, some host populations have adapted via the evolution of defenses that prevent or impede infection by parasites. However, host populations have also evolved life history shifts that maximize host fitness despite infection. Outcrossing and self-fertilization can have contrasting effects on evolutionary trajectories of host populations. While selfing and outcrossing are known to affect the rate at which host populations adapt in response to parasites, these mating systems may also influence the specific traits that underlie adaptation to parasites. Here, we determined the role of evolved host defense versus altered life history,in mixed mating (selfing and outcrossing) and obligately outcrossing C. elegans host populations after experimental evolution with the bacterial parasite, S. marcescens. Similar to previous studies, we found that both mixed mating and obligately outcrossing host populations adapted to S. marcescens exposure, and that the obligately outcrossing populations exhibited the greatest rates of adaptation. Regardless of the host population mating system, exposure to parasites did not significantly alter reproductive timing or total fecundity over the course of experimental evolution. However, both mixed mating and obligately outcrossing host populations exhibited significantly reduced mortality rates in the presence of the parasite after experimental evolution. Therefore, adaptation in both the mixed mating and obligately outcrossing populations was driven, at least in part, by the evolution of increased host defense and not changes in host life history. Thus, the host mating system altered the rate of adaptation, but not the nature of adaptive change in the host populations.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Evolution of Caenorhabditis elegans host defense under selection by the bacterial parasite Serratia marcescens","attachmentId":102455718,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/102101807/Evolution_of_Caenorhabditis_elegans_host_defense_under_selection_by_the_bacterial_parasite_Serratia_marcescens","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/102101807/Evolution_of_Caenorhabditis_elegans_host_defense_under_selection_by_the_bacterial_parasite_Serratia_marcescens"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="6" data-entity-id="99315223" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/99315223/No_measurable_fitness_cost_to_experimentally_evolved_host_defence_in_the_Caenorhabditis_elegans_Serratia_marcescens_host_parasite_system">No measurable fitness cost to experimentally evolved host defence in the Caenorhabditis elegans-Serratia marcescens host-parasite system</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="263824266" href="https://independent.academia.edu/AroojKhalid44">Arooj Khalid</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Journal of Evolutionary Biology, 2018</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Host susceptibility to parasites can vary over space and time. Costs associated with the maintenance of host defense are thought to account for a portion of this variation. Specifically, tradeoffs wherein elevated defense is maintained at the cost of fitness in the absence of the parasite may cause levels of host defense to change over time and differ between populations. In previous studies we found that populations of the host nematode, Caenorhabditis elegans evolved greater levels of parasite avoidance and resistance against the bacterial parasite, Serratia marcescens. Here, we passaged these host populations either in the presence or absence of the parasite to test for a cost of elevated host defenses. After 16 generations, we found that elevated levels of host defense were maintained during evolution in both the presence and absence of the parasite. Further, this maintenance of defense was not the result of limited standing genetic variation, but rather the absence of a measurable cost associated with defense. Therefore, costs associated with host defense may not broadly account for differences in host susceptibility across space and time.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"No measurable fitness cost to experimentally evolved host defence in the Caenorhabditis elegans-Serratia marcescens host-parasite system","attachmentId":100438573,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/99315223/No_measurable_fitness_cost_to_experimentally_evolved_host_defence_in_the_Caenorhabditis_elegans_Serratia_marcescens_host_parasite_system","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/99315223/No_measurable_fitness_cost_to_experimentally_evolved_host_defence_in_the_Caenorhabditis_elegans_Serratia_marcescens_host_parasite_system"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="7" data-entity-id="63656854" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/63656854/Chance_or_choice_Understanding_parasite_selection_and_infection_in_multi_host_communities">Chance or choice? Understanding parasite selection and infection in multi-host communities</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="199731281" href="https://independent.academia.edu/DanaCalhoun3">Dana Calhoun</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">International Journal for Parasitology</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Ongoing debate over the relationship between biodiversity and disease risk underscores the need to develop a more mechanistic understanding of how changes in host community composition influence parasite transmission, particularly in complex communities with multiple hosts. A key challenge involves determining how motile parasites select among potential hosts and the degree to which this process shifts with community composition. Focusing on interactions between larval amphibians and the pathogenic trematode Ribeiroia ondatrae, we designed a novel, large-volume set of choice chambers to assess how the selectivity of free-swimming infectious parasites varied among five host species and in response to changes in assemblage composition (four different permutations). In a second set of trials, cercariae were allowed to contact and infect hosts, allowing comparison of host-parasite encounter rates (parasite choice) with infection outcomes (successful infections). Cercariae exhibited consistent preferences for specific host species that were independent of the community context; large-bodied amphibians, such as larval bullfrogs (Rana catesbeiana), exhibited the highest level of parasite attraction. However, because host attractiveness was decoupled from susceptibility to infection, assemblage composition sharply affected both per-host infection as well as total infection (summed among co-occurring hosts). Species such as the non-native R. catesbeiana functioned as epidemiological 'sinks' or dilution hosts, attracting a disproportionate fraction of parasites relative to the number that established successfully, whereas Taricha granulosa and especially Pseudacris regilla supported comparatively more metacercariae relative to cercariae selection. These findings provide a framework for integrating information on parasite preference in combination with more traditional factors such as host competence and density to forecast how changes within complex communities will affect parasite transmission.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Chance or choice? Understanding parasite selection and infection in multi-host communities","attachmentId":76013907,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/63656854/Chance_or_choice_Understanding_parasite_selection_and_infection_in_multi_host_communities","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/63656854/Chance_or_choice_Understanding_parasite_selection_and_infection_in_multi_host_communities"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="8" data-entity-id="85742732" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/85742732/The_Evolution_of_Host_Specialization_in_an_Insect_Pathogen">The Evolution of Host Specialization in an Insect Pathogen</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="57894820" href="https://independent.academia.edu/DinaAlhassani">Dina Alhassani</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">2021</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Niche breadth coevolution between biotic partners underpins theories of diversity and co-existence and influences patterns of disease emergence and transmission in host-parasite systems. Despite these broad implications, we still do not fully understand how the breadth of parasites&#39; infectivity evolves, the nature of any associated costs, or the genetic basis of specialization. Here, we serially passage a granulosis virus on multiple inbred populations of its Plodia interpunctella host to explore the dynamics and outcomes of specialization. In particular, we collect time series of phenotypic and genetic data to explore the dynamics of host genotype specialization throughout the course of experimental evolution and examine two fitness components. We find that the Plodia interpunctella granulosis virus consistently evolves increases in overall specialization, but that our two fitness components evolve independently such that lines specialize in either productivity or infectivity. ...</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"The Evolution of Host Specialization in an Insect Pathogen","attachmentId":90350294,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/85742732/The_Evolution_of_Host_Specialization_in_an_Insect_Pathogen","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/85742732/The_Evolution_of_Host_Specialization_in_an_Insect_Pathogen"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="9" data-entity-id="52852528" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/52852528/Niche_breadth_in_parasites_an_evolutionarily_stable_strategy_model_with_special_reference_to_the_protozoan_parasite_Leishmania">Niche breadth in parasites: an evolutionarily stable strategy model, with special reference to the protozoan parasite Leishmania</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="39519345" href="https://independent.academia.edu/EricGarnick">Eric Garnick</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Theoretical population biology, 1992</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">A parasite&#39;s host range essentially defines its niche breadth, which, as foraging theory predicts, is influenced by resource availability. For parasites, the interaction of infection and transmission characteristics with host population dynamics determines host availability. An epidemiological model, involving two host types and describing competition between a &quot;generalist&quot; parasite strain and a related &quot;specialist&quot; strain, is used to examine the interplay among host range, relative host availabilities, and adaptational compromises engendered by increased host range. Results show that the generalist can predominate even when it cannot maintain itself in either host alone, but that the specialist can persist if its reproductive rate attains some threshold relative to either of the generalist&#39;s respective rates in its two hosts. The model is in rough, qualitative agreement with observed dynamics of two Leishmania parasite-host systems, and overall results s...</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Niche breadth in parasites: an evolutionarily stable strategy model, with special reference to the protozoan parasite Leishmania","attachmentId":69916626,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/52852528/Niche_breadth_in_parasites_an_evolutionarily_stable_strategy_model_with_special_reference_to_the_protozoan_parasite_Leishmania","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/52852528/Niche_breadth_in_parasites_an_evolutionarily_stable_strategy_model_with_special_reference_to_the_protozoan_parasite_Leishmania"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div></div></div><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--wrapper js-loswp-sticky-ctas hidden"><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--grid-container"><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--container"><button class="ds2-5-button js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"continue-reading-button--sticky-ctas","attachmentId":100438579,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":null}">See full PDF</button><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"download-pdf-button--sticky-ctas","attachmentId":100438579,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":null}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span>Download PDF</button></div></div></div><div class="ds-below-fold--grid-container"><div class="ds-work--container js-loswp-embedded-document"><div class="attachment_preview" data-attachment="Attachment_100438579" style="display: none"><div class="js-scribd-document-container"><div class="scribd--document-loading js-scribd-document-loader" style="display: block;"><img alt="Loading..." src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/loaders/paper-load.gif" /><p>Loading Preview</p></div></div><div style="text-align: center;"><div class="scribd--no-preview-alert js-preview-unavailable"><p>Sorry, preview is currently unavailable. You can download the paper by clicking the button above.</p></div></div></div></div><div class="ds-sidebar--container js-work-sidebar"><div class="ds-related-content--container"><h2 class="ds-related-content--heading">Related papers</h2><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="0" data-entity-id="6048961" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/6048961/Coevolution_in_multidimensional_trait_space_favours_escape_from_parasites_and_pathogens">Coevolution in multidimensional trait space favours escape from parasites and pathogens</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="9089631" href="https://fcu.academia.edu/TonyJhwueng">Tony Jhwueng</a></div><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Coevolution in multidimensional trait space favours escape from parasites and pathogens","attachmentId":32979725,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/6048961/Coevolution_in_multidimensional_trait_space_favours_escape_from_parasites_and_pathogens","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/6048961/Coevolution_in_multidimensional_trait_space_favours_escape_from_parasites_and_pathogens"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="1" data-entity-id="22323876" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/22323876/Host_Availability_and_the_Evolution_of_Parasite_Life_History_Strategies">Host Availability and the Evolution of Parasite Life-History Strategies</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="43641886" href="https://independent.academia.edu/AndyFenton">Andy Fenton</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Evolution, 2007</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Host Availability and the Evolution of Parasite Life-History Strategies","attachmentId":42961459,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/22323876/Host_Availability_and_the_Evolution_of_Parasite_Life_History_Strategies","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/22323876/Host_Availability_and_the_Evolution_of_Parasite_Life_History_Strategies"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="2" data-entity-id="96135831" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/96135831/Within_host_competition_and_diversification_of_macro_parasites">Within-host competition and diversification of macro-parasites</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="187029" href="https://univ-montp2.academia.edu/SergeMorand">Serge Morand</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Journal of The Royal Society Interface, 2012</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Within-host competition and diversification of macro-parasites","attachmentId":98117981,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/96135831/Within_host_competition_and_diversification_of_macro_parasites","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/96135831/Within_host_competition_and_diversification_of_macro_parasites"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="3" data-entity-id="12069070" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/12069070/Coevolution_of_resource_trade_offs_driving_species_interactions_in_a_host_parasite_network_an_exploratory_model">Coevolution of resource trade-offs driving species interactions in a host–parasite network: an exploratory model</a><div 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