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mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Chal</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Chal" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%B0%B0_(%EC%9D%8C%EB%A3%8C)" title="찰 (음료) – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="찰 (음료)" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chal_(gastronomia)" title="Chal (gastronomia) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Chal (gastronomia)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chal" title="Chal – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Chal" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D2%B1%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Шұбат – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Шұбат" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shubat" title="Shubat – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Shubat" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chal_(bebida)" title="Chal (bebida) – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Chal (bebida)" 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<div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Shubat" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1045836" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div 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id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Fermented camel milk drink of Central Asia</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the name, see <a href="/wiki/Chal_(name)" title="Chal (name)">Chal (name)</a>. For the city in Iran, see <a href="/wiki/Shal" class="mw-redirect" title="Shal">Shal</a>. For the historical Assyrian village, see <a href="/wiki/List_of_Assyrian_tribes#Chal" title="List of Assyrian tribes">List of Assyrian tribes § Chal</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox hrecipe adr"><caption class="infobox-title fn"><span>Chal</span></caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Shubat_vs_Kumis.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Shubat_vs_Kumis.jpg/250px-Shubat_vs_Kumis.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Shubat_vs_Kumis.jpg/375px-Shubat_vs_Kumis.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Shubat_vs_Kumis.jpg/500px-Shubat_vs_Kumis.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="padding-bottom:0.25em;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;">Bowls of shubat (left), beverage of fermented camel milk, and <a href="/wiki/Kumis" title="Kumis">kumis</a> (right), beverage made from fermented mare's milk</div></td></tr><tr class="note"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.15em; padding-right:0.65em;">Alternative names</th><td class="infobox-data">Shubat</td></tr><tr class="note"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.15em; padding-right:0.65em;">Place of origin</th><td class="infobox-data country-name"><a href="/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.15em; padding-right:0.65em;">Main ingredients</th><td class="infobox-data ingredient"><a href="/wiki/Camel_milk" title="Camel milk">Camel milk</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding-top:0.25em;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li> <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Shubat" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Shubat">Media: Chal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Chal</b>, also <b>shubat</b> or <b>khoormog</b> (<a href="/wiki/Kazakh_language" title="Kazakh language">Kazakh</a>: <span lang="kk">шұбат, şūbat</span>, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">pronounced</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="kk-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Kazakh" title="Help:IPA/Kazakh">[ʂo̙bɑt]</a></span>, <a href="/wiki/Mongolian_language" title="Mongolian language">Mongolian</a>: <span lang="mn">хоормог, khoormog</span>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991" /><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">pronounced</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="mn-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Mongolian" title="Help:IPA/Mongolian">[χɔ̙ːrmɞ̙k]</a></span>), is a <a href="/wiki/Turkic_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkic people">Turkic</a> (especially <a href="/wiki/Turkmen_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkmen people">Turkmen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uzbeks" title="Uzbeks">Uzbek</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kazakhs" title="Kazakhs">Kazakh</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Mongolic_peoples" title="Mongolic peoples">Mongolic</a> beverage of <a href="/wiki/Fermentation_(food)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fermentation (food)">fermented</a> <a href="/wiki/Camel_milk" title="Camel milk">camel milk</a>, sparkling white with a sour flavor, popular in <a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central Asia</a> — particularly in <a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Kazakhstan the drink is known as <i>shubat</i>, and is a staple summer food.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Due to preparation requirements and perishable nature, chal has proved difficult to export.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Agaran</i> (fermented cream) is collected from the surface of chal.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Description">Description</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chal&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Description"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Fermented chal is reputed to possess <a href="/wiki/Virucidal" class="mw-redirect" title="Virucidal">virucidal</a> and virus inhibiting properties<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> not found in fresh camel or cow milk, both in its <a href="/wiki/Liquid" title="Liquid">liquid</a> and lyophilized form — a characteristic which is (reputedly) unaffected by shelf life. </p><p>Chal is typically prepared by first souring camel milk in a skin bag or ceramic jar by adding previously soured milk. For 3–4 days, fresh milk is mixed in; the matured chal will consist of one third to one fifth previously soured milk.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Camel milk will not sour for up to 72 hours at temperatures below 10 °C (50 °F). At 30 °C (86 °F) the milk sours in approximately 8 hours (compared to cow's milk, which sours within 3 hours). </p><p>A comparison of the composition of camel milk and camel chal:<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table width="50%" align="center"> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th><u>Camel milk</u> </th> <th>“<u>Chal</u>” </th></tr> <tr> <td>acidity </td> <td>18°D </td> <td>28°D </td></tr> <tr> <td>fat </td> <td>4.3% </td> <td>4.3% </td></tr> <tr> <td>lactose </td> <td>2.75% </td> <td>1.32% </td></tr> <tr> <td>non-fat solids </td> <td>8.2% </td> <td>6.6% </td></tr> <tr> <td>ash </td> <td>0.86% </td> <td>0.75% </td></tr> <tr> <td>ethyl alcohol </td> <td> </td> <td>1.1% </td></tr> <tr> <td>ascorbic acid </td> <td>5.6 mg% </td> <td>4.8 mg% </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dornic_acidity&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dornic acidity (page does not exist)">Dornic acidity</a> is used to describe acidity in milk products, with 1 Dornic degree (1°D) equal to 0.1g of lactic acid per liter.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The chal contained <a href="/wiki/Lactobacillus" title="Lactobacillus">Lactobacilli</a> lactic; <a href="/wiki/Streptococcus" title="Streptococcus">streptococci</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yeast" title="Yeast">yeast</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Chal may be cultured with <i>lactobacillus casei</i>, <i>streptococcus thermophilus</i>, and lactose-fermenting yeasts incubating in inoculated milk for 8 hours at 25 °C (77 °F), and then subsequently for 16 hours at 20 °C (68 °F). Holder <a href="/wiki/Pasteurization" title="Pasteurization">pasteurization</a> does not affect the quality of the milk, but pasteurization at higher temperatures (85 °C/185 °F) for 5 minutes negatively impacts flavour. Chal made from pure cultures of <i>lactobacillus casei</i>, <i>streptococcus thermophilus</i>, and species of <a href="/wiki/Torula" title="Torula">torula</a> has markedly less not-fat solids and lactose than the milk from which it is made.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chal&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ayran" title="Ayran">Ayran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borhani" title="Borhani">Borhani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Kazakhstan" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuisine of Kazakhstan">Cuisine of Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_yogurt-based_dishes_and_beverages" title="List of yogurt-based dishes and beverages">List of yogurt-based dishes and beverages</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chal&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFAnatoly_Michailovich_Khazanov1994" class="citation book cs1">Anatoly Michailovich Khazanov (15 May 1994). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780299142841"><i>Nomads and the outside world</i></a></span> (2nd ed.). Univ of Wisconsin Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780299142841/page/49">49</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-299-14284-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-299-14284-1"><bdi>978-0-299-14284-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nomads+and+the+outside+world&rft.pages=49&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Univ+of+Wisconsin+Press&rft.date=1994-05-15&rft.isbn=978-0-299-14284-1&rft.au=Anatoly+Michailovich+Khazanov&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fisbn_9780299142841&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAlhadramiFaye2016" class="citation book cs1">Alhadrami, G.A.; Faye, Bernard (2016). "Animals that produce dairy foods: Camel". <i>Reference module in food sciences</i>. Elsevier.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Animals+that+produce+dairy+foods%3A+Camel&rft.btitle=Reference+module+in+food+sciences&rft.pub=Elsevier&rft.date=2016&rft.aulast=Alhadrami&rft.aufirst=G.A.&rft.au=Faye%2C+Bernard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAliya_MeldebekovaGaukhar_KonuspayevaEmilie_DiaconoBernard_Faye2008" class="citation book cs1">Aliya Meldebekova; Gaukhar Konuspayeva; Emilie Diacono; Bernard Faye (2008). "Heavy Metals and Trace Elements Content in Camel Milk and <i>Shubat</i> from Kazakhstan". In Yuriy Sinyavskiy; Bernard Faye (eds.). <i>Impact of Pollution on Animal Products (NATO Science for Peace and Security Series C: Environmental Security)</i>. Berlin: Springer. pp. <span class="nowrap">117–</span>123. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-1-4020-8359-4">10.1007/978-1-4020-8359-4</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4020-8357-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4020-8357-0"><bdi>978-1-4020-8357-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Heavy+Metals+and+Trace+Elements+Content+in+Camel+Milk+and+Shubat+from+Kazakhstan&rft.btitle=Impact+of+Pollution+on+Animal+Products+%28NATO+Science+for+Peace+and+Security+Series+C%3A+Environmental+Security%29&rft.place=Berlin&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E117-%3C%2Fspan%3E123&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-1-4020-8359-4&rft.isbn=978-1-4020-8357-0&rft.au=Aliya+Meldebekova&rft.au=Gaukhar+Konuspayeva&rft.au=Emilie+Diacono&rft.au=Bernard+Faye&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071013152555/http://foodfind.ru/dictionary/1393/">"Great Culinary Dictionary. Chal in Russian, retrieved April 11, 2007"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://foodfind.ru/dictionary/1393/">the original</a> on October 13, 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 11,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Great+Culinary+Dictionary.+Chal+in+Russian%2C+retrieved+April+11%2C+2007&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffoodfind.ru%2Fdictionary%2F1393%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://turkolog.narod.ru/info/trkm-32.htm">I.Barkhanov. Neutral Turkmenistan newspaper, in Russian, August 9, 2001</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051110050616/http://turkolog.narod.ru/info/trkm-32.htm">Archived</a> November 10, 2005, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dawn.com/weekly/science/archive/041009/science7.htm">Prof Zafar Iqbal Chaudhary & Dr Shahan Azeem, Is camel milk good for human health? DAWN Sci-tech world, October 9, 2004</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070927221516/http://www.dawn.com/weekly/science/archive/041009/science7.htm">Archived</a> September 27, 2007, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGrigoryants,_N.N.1954" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Grigoryants, N.N. (1954). "Composition of camel milk and chal". <i>Vop. Pit.</i> (in Russian). <b>13</b>: <span class="nowrap">41–</span>5.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Vop.+Pit.&rft.atitle=Composition+of+camel+milk+and+chal&rft.volume=13&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E41-%3C%2Fspan%3E5&rft.date=1954&rft.au=Grigoryants%2C+N.N.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304035043/http://www.idfdairynutrition.org/Files/media/Glossary_documents_PDF/ENG/L/Lex_EN_-_lactic_acid_071226-2008-00159.pdf">"Lactic Acid"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>International Dairy Federation</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.idfdairynutrition.org/Files/media/Glossary_documents_PDF/ENG/L/Lex_EN_-_lactic_acid_071226-2008-00159.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 4 March 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=International+Dairy+Federation&rft.atitle=Lactic+Acid&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.idfdairynutrition.org%2FFiles%2Fmedia%2FGlossary_documents_PDF%2FENG%2FL%2FLex_EN_-_lactic_acid_071226-2008-00159.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKieselev,_N.1956" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Kieselev, N. (1956). "Bacteriological examination of chal". <i>Mol. Prom.</i> (in Russian). <b>17</b>: <span class="nowrap">31–</span>4.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Mol.+Prom.&rft.atitle=Bacteriological+examination+of+chal&rft.volume=17&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E31-%3C%2Fspan%3E4&rft.date=1956&rft.au=Kieselev%2C+N.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKuliev,_K.1959" class="citation journal cs1">Kuliev, K. (1959). "The utilisation of camels' milk". <i>Mol. Promyslenn</i>. <b>20</b> (28).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Mol.+Promyslenn&rft.atitle=The+utilisation+of+camels%27+milk&rft.volume=20&rft.issue=28&rft.date=1959&rft.au=Kuliev%2C+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChal" class="Z3988"></span><br />cited in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFR._Yagil1982" class="citation book cs1">R. Yagil (1982). <i>Camels and Camel milk</i>. FAO animal production and health paper. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/92-5-101169-9" title="Special:BookSources/92-5-101169-9"><bdi>92-5-101169-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Camels+and+Camel+milk&rft.place=Rome&rft.series=FAO+animal+production+and+health+paper&rft.pub=Food+and+Agriculture+Organization+of+the+United+Nations+%28FAO%29&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=92-5-101169-9&rft.au=R.+Yagil&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chal&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBrigor'iants_NN1954" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Brigor'iants NN (1954). "[Chemical composition of chal (fermented camel's milk)]". <i>Vopr Pitan</i> (in Russian). <b>13</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">41–</span>2. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/13187930">13187930</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Vopr+Pitan&rft.atitle=%5BChemical+composition+of+chal+%28fermented+camel%27s+milk%29%5D&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E41-%3C%2Fspan%3E2&rft.date=1954&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F13187930&rft.au=Brigor%27iants+NN&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChal" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKonuspayevaFayeLoiseauLevieux2007" class="citation journal cs1">Konuspayeva G, Faye B, Loiseau G, Levieux D (January 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3168%2Fjds.S0022-0302%2807%2972606-1">"Lactoferrin and immunoglobulin contents in camel's milk (<i>Camelus bactrianus</i>, <i>Camelus dromedarius</i>, and Hybrids) from Kazakhstan"</a>. <i>J. Dairy Sci</i>. <b>90</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">38–</span>46. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3168%2Fjds.S0022-0302%2807%2972606-1">10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(07)72606-1</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17183073">17183073</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=J.+Dairy+Sci.&rft.atitle=Lactoferrin+and+immunoglobulin+contents+in+camel%27s+milk+%28Camelus+bactrianus%2C+Camelus+dromedarius%2C+and+Hybrids%29+from+Kazakhstan&rft.volume=90&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E38-%3C%2Fspan%3E46&rft.date=2007-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3168%2Fjds.S0022-0302%2807%2972606-1&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17183073&rft.aulast=Konuspayeva&rft.aufirst=G&rft.au=Faye%2C+B&rft.au=Loiseau%2C+G&rft.au=Levieux%2C+D&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.3168%252Fjds.S0022-0302%252807%252972606-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChal" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMartinenko,_N.l.Yagodinskaya,_S.G.Adhundov,_A.A.Charyev,_K.C.1977" class="citation journal cs1">Martinenko, N.l.; Yagodinskaya, S.G.; Adhundov, A.A.; Charyev, K.C. & Khumedov, O. (1977). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110525082342/http://www.greenstone.org/greenstone3/nzdl;jsessionid=3373D1F2BB80999BC21D600A4A7E6D54?a=d&c=hdl&d=HASH01a561fe8c8ed1299b760e82.11&sib=1">"Content of trace elements, copper, manganese, molybdenum in culture of chal and camel's milk and their clinical significance"</a>. <i>Dairy Sci. Abst</i>. <b>40</b> (7802): 824. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.greenstone.org/greenstone3/nzdl;jsessionid=3373D1F2BB80999BC21D600A4A7E6D54?a=d&c=hdl&d=HASH01a561fe8c8ed1299b760e82.11&sib=1">the original</a> on 2011-05-25<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-04-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Dairy+Sci.+Abst.&rft.atitle=Content+of+trace+elements%2C+copper%2C+manganese%2C+molybdenum+in+culture+of+chal+and+camel%27s+milk+and+their+clinical+significance&rft.volume=40&rft.issue=7802&rft.pages=824&rft.date=1977&rft.au=Martinenko%2C+N.l.&rft.au=Yagodinskaya%2C+S.G.&rft.au=Adhundov%2C+A.A.&rft.au=Charyev%2C+K.C.&rft.au=Khumedov%2C+O.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.greenstone.org%2Fgreenstone3%2Fnzdl%3Bjsessionid%3D3373D1F2BB80999BC21D600A4A7E6D54%3Fa%3Dd%26c%3Dhdl%26d%3DHASH01a561fe8c8ed1299b760e82.11%26sib%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChal" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPalmated_EsenovBernard_Faye2005" class="citation book cs1">Palmated Esenov; Bernard Faye, eds. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070928055749/http://www.iospress.nl/flyers_b/fl9781586034733.pdf"><i>Desertification Combat and Food Safety: The Added Value of Camel Producers</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Amsterdam: IOS Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-58603-473-1" title="Special:BookSources/1-58603-473-1"><bdi>1-58603-473-1</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iospress.nl/flyers_b/fl9781586034733.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2007-09-28<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-04-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Desertification+Combat+and+Food+Safety%3A+The+Added+Value+of+Camel+Producers&rft.place=Amsterdam&rft.pub=IOS+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=1-58603-473-1&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iospress.nl%2Fflyers_b%2Ffl9781586034733.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChal" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070407142627/http://eurasianet.org/departments/culture/articles/eav102502.shtml">Filip Noubel, "Golden Century of the Turkmens:" A Bleak Picture of Village Life in the Desert. EurasiaNet photo essay, 10/25/02</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Yogurts" title="Template:Yogurts"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Yogurts" title="Template talk:Yogurts"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Yogurts" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Yogurts"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Yogurt163" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Yogurt" title="Yogurt">Yogurt</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Varieties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Curd_(India)" class="mw-redirect" title="Curd (India)">Curd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dadiah" title="Dadiah">Dadiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhau" title="Dhau">Dhau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frozen_yogurt" title="Frozen yogurt">Frozen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matzoon" title="Matzoon">Matzoon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nai_lao" title="Nai lao">Nai lao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qatiq" title="Qatiq">Qatiq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strained_yogurt" title="Strained yogurt">Strained</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Obstjoghurt01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Obstjoghurt01.jpg/80px-Obstjoghurt01.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="60" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Obstjoghurt01.jpg/120px-Obstjoghurt01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Obstjoghurt01.jpg/160px-Obstjoghurt01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="900" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fermentation_starter" title="Fermentation starter">Cultures</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lactobacillus_delbrueckii_subsp._bulgaricus" title="Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus"><i>Lactobacillus delbrueckii</i> subsp. <i>bulgaricus</i></a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Streptococcus_thermophilus" title="Streptococcus thermophilus">Streptococcus thermophilus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lactobacillus" title="Lactobacillus">Lactobacillus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bifidobacterium" title="Bifidobacterium">Bifidobacterium</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_yogurt-based_dishes_and_beverages" title="List of yogurt-based dishes and beverages">Dishes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Borani" title="Borani">Borani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Churri" title="Churri">Churri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%87%C4%B1lb%C4%B1r" title="Çılbır">Çılbır</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chukauni" title="Chukauni">Chukauni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cucumber_raita" title="Cucumber raita">Cucumber raita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dahi_chutney" title="Dahi chutney">Dahi chutney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dahi_baigana" title="Dahi baigana">Dahi baigana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dahi_machha" title="Dahi machha">Dahi machha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dahi_puri" title="Dahi puri">Dahi puri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dahi_vada" title="Dahi vada">Dahi vada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dahibara_Aludam" class="mw-redirect" title="Dahibara Aludam">Dahibara Aludam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dovga" title="Dovga">Dovga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jameed" title="Jameed">Jameed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kadhi" title="Kadhi">Kadhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashk" title="Kashk">Kashk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitha_dahi" class="mw-redirect" title="Mitha dahi">Mitha dahi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parfait" title="Parfait">Parfait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papri_chaat" class="mw-redirect" title="Papri chaat">Papri chaat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raita" title="Raita">Raita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shrikhand" title="Shrikhand">Shrikhand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spas_(soup)" title="Spas (soup)">Spas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarator" class="mw-redirect" title="Tarator">Tarator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tzatziki" title="Tzatziki">Tzatziki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhoixo" title="Zhoixo">Zhoixo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_yogurt-based_dishes_and_beverages" title="List of yogurt-based dishes and beverages">Drinks</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acidophiline" title="Acidophiline">Acidophiline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayran" title="Ayran">Ayran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaas" title="Chaas">Chaas</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Chal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chalap" title="Chalap">Chalap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doogh" title="Doogh">Doogh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lassi" title="Lassi">Lassi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leben_(milk_product)" title="Leben (milk product)">Leben</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mattha" title="Mattha">Mattha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nai_lao" title="Nai lao">Nai lao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omaere" title="Omaere">Omaere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ryazhenka" title="Ryazhenka">Ryazhenka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varenets" title="Varenets">Varenets</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fermented_milk_products" class="mw-redirect" title="Fermented milk products">Fermented milk products</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amasi" title="Amasi">Amasi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buttermilk" title="Buttermilk">Buttermilk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calpis" title="Calpis">Calpis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clabber_(food)" title="Clabber (food)">Clabber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cr%C3%A8me_fra%C3%AEche" title="Crème fraîche">Crème fraîche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filmj%C3%B6lk" title="Filmjölk">Filmjölk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jocoque" title="Jocoque">Jocoque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kefir" title="Kefir">Kefir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumis" title="Kumis">Kumis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mursik" title="Mursik">Mursik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quark_(dairy_product)" title="Quark (dairy product)">Quark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skyr" title="Skyr">Skyr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smetana_(dairy_product)" title="Smetana (dairy product)">Smetana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sour_cream" title="Sour cream">Sour cream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soured_milk" title="Soured milk">Soured milk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suorat" title="Suorat">Suorat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viili" title="Viili">Viili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakult" title="Yakult">Yakult</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yay%C4%B1k_ayran%C4%B1" title="Yayık ayranı">Yayık ayranı</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ymer_(dairy_product)" title="Ymer (dairy product)">Ymer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whey" title="Whey">Whey</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    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