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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Frame rate differences</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Frame_rate_differences-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Frame rate differences subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Frame_rate_differences-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-2:2_pulldown" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2:2_pulldown"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>2:2 pulldown</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2:2_pulldown-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2:3_pulldown" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2:3_pulldown"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>2:3 pulldown</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2:3_pulldown-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2:2:2:2:2:2:2:2:2:2:2:3_pulldown" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2:2:2:2:2:2:2:2:2:2:2:3_pulldown"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>2:2:2:2:2:2:2:2:2:2:2:3 pulldown</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2:2:2:2:2:2:2:2:2:2:2:3_pulldown-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_pulldown_patterns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_pulldown_patterns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Other pulldown patterns</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_pulldown_patterns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Telecine_judder" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Telecine_judder"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Telecine judder</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Telecine_judder-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reverse_telecine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reverse_telecine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Reverse telecine</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reverse_telecine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Telecine_hardware" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Telecine_hardware"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Telecine hardware</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Telecine_hardware-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Telecine hardware subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Telecine_hardware-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Flying_spot_scanner" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Flying_spot_scanner"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Flying spot scanner</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Flying_spot_scanner-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Line_array_CCD" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Line_array_CCD"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Line array CCD</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Line_array_CCD-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pulsed_LED/triggered_three_CCD_camera_system" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pulsed_LED/triggered_three_CCD_camera_system"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Pulsed LED/triggered three CCD camera system</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pulsed_LED/triggered_three_CCD_camera_system-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Digital_intermediate_systems_and_virtual_telecines" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Digital_intermediate_systems_and_virtual_telecines"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Digital intermediate systems and virtual telecines</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Digital_intermediate_systems_and_virtual_telecines-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Video_cameras_that_produce_telecined_video,_and_"film_look"" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Video_cameras_that_produce_telecined_video,_and_"film_look""> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Video cameras that produce telecined video, and "film look"</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Video_cameras_that_produce_telecined_video,_and_"film_look"-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Digital_television_and_high_definition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Digital_television_and_high_definition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Digital television and high definition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Digital_television_and_high_definition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gate_weave" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gate_weave"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Gate weave</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gate_weave-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Soft_and_hard_telecine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Soft_and_hard_telecine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Soft and hard telecine</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Soft_and_hard_telecine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Image_gallery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Image_gallery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Image gallery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Image_gallery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Telecine</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 16 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-16" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">16 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecine" title="Telecine – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Telecine" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecine" title="Telecine – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Telecine" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecine" title="Telecine – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Telecine" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecine" title="Telecine – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Telecine" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A4%CE%B5%CE%BB%CE%B5%CF%83%CE%B9%CE%BD%CE%AD" title="Τελεσινέ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Τελεσινέ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecine" title="Telecine – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Telecine" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A9l%C3%A9cin%C3%A9ma" title="Télécinéma – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Télécinéma" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teilicine" title="Teilicine – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Teilicine" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%85%94%EB%A0%88%EC%8B%9C%EB%84%A4" title="텔레시네 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="텔레시네" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecinema" title="Telecinema – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Telecinema" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecine" title="Telecine – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Telecine" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%86%E3%83%AC%E3%82%B7%E3%83%8D" title="テレシネ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="テレシネ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telekino" title="Telekino – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Telekino" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecine" title="Telecine – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Telecine" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Телекинопроектор – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Телекинопроектор" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%99" title="เทเลซีน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เทเลซีน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q182393#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Telecine" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Telecine" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the device. For information about the method of movie copying, see <a href="/wiki/Telecine_(copying)" title="Telecine (copying)">Telecine (copying)</a>. For the television network in Brazil, see <a href="/wiki/Rede_Telecine" title="Rede Telecine">Rede Telecine</a>.</div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Process for broadcasting content stored on film stock</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Spirit_Datacine_4k_doors_open.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Spirit_Datacine_4k_doors_open.jpg/250px-Spirit_Datacine_4k_doors_open.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="286" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Spirit_Datacine_4k_doors_open.jpg/375px-Spirit_Datacine_4k_doors_open.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Spirit_Datacine_4k_doors_open.jpg/500px-Spirit_Datacine_4k_doors_open.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2243" data-file-height="2567" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Spirit_DataCine" title="Spirit DataCine">Spirit DataCine</a> 4K with the doors open</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Telecine</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span><span title="/ɛ/: 'e' in 'dress'">ɛ</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span><span title="/eɪ/: 'a' in 'face'">eɪ</span></span>/</a></span></span> or <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˌ/: secondary stress follows">ˌ</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span><span title="/ɛ/: 'e' in 'dress'">ɛ</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span><span title="/eɪ/: 'a' in 'face'">eɪ</span></span>/</a></span></span>) is the process of transferring <a href="/wiki/Film" title="Film">film</a> into <a href="/wiki/Video" title="Video">video</a> and is performed in a <a href="/wiki/Color_suite" title="Color suite">color suite</a>. The term is also used to refer to the equipment used in this <a href="/wiki/Post-production" title="Post-production">post-production</a> process.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Telecine enables a motion picture, captured originally on <a href="/wiki/Film_stock" title="Film stock">film stock</a>, to be viewed with standard video equipment, such as <a href="/wiki/Television_set" title="Television set">television sets</a>, <a href="/wiki/Video_cassette_recorder" class="mw-redirect" title="Video cassette recorder">video cassette recorders</a> (VCR), <a href="/wiki/DVD" title="DVD">DVD</a>, <a href="/wiki/Blu-ray_Disc" class="mw-redirect" title="Blu-ray Disc">Blu-ray Disc</a> or <a href="/wiki/Computer" title="Computer">computers</a>. Initially, this allowed television broadcasters to produce programs using film, usually <a href="/wiki/16_mm_film" title="16 mm film">16-mm stock</a>, but transmit them in the same format, and quality, as other forms of television production.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Furthermore, telecine allows <a href="/wiki/Film_producer" title="Film producer">film producers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Television_producer" title="Television producer">television producers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Film_distributor" title="Film distributor">film distributors</a> working in the <a href="/wiki/Film_industry" title="Film industry">film industry</a> to release their productions on video and allows producers to use <a href="/wiki/Video_production" title="Video production">video production</a> equipment to complete their filmmaking projects. </p><p>Within the film industry, it is also referred to as a <b>TK</b>, because TC is already used to designate <a href="/wiki/Timecode" title="Timecode">timecode</a>. <a href="/wiki/Motion_picture_film_scanner" title="Motion picture film scanner">Motion picture film scanners</a> are similar to telecines. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Telecine&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>With the advent of popular <a href="/wiki/Broadcast_television" class="mw-redirect" title="Broadcast television">broadcast television</a>, producers realized they needed more than <a href="/wiki/Live_television" title="Live television">live television</a> programming. By turning to film-originated material, they would have access to the wealth of films made for the cinema in addition to recorded <a href="/wiki/Television_program" class="mw-redirect" title="Television program">television programming</a> on film that could be aired at different times. However, the difference in <a href="/wiki/Frame_rate" title="Frame rate">frame rates</a> between film (generally 24 frames per second) and television (30 or 25 frames per second, <a href="/wiki/Interlaced_video" title="Interlaced video">interlaced</a>) meant that simply playing a film into a television camera would result in flickering. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Kinescope" title="Kinescope">kinescope</a> was used to record the image from a television display to film, synchronized to the TV scan rate. The film could then be shown directly into a video camera for retransmission.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Non-live programming could also be filmed using the kinescope, edited mechanically as normal, and then played back for TV. As the film was run at the same speed as the television, the flickering was eliminated. Various displays, including projectors for these video rate films, <a href="/wiki/Slide_projector" title="Slide projector">slide projectors</a> and film cameras were often combined into a <a href="/wiki/Film_chain" title="Film chain">film chain</a>, allowing the broadcaster to cue up various forms of media and switch between them by moving a mirror or prism. Color was supported by using a multi-tube video camera, prisms, and filters to separate the original color signal and feed the red, green and blue to individual tubes. </p><p>However, this still left film shot at cinema <a href="/wiki/Frame_rate" title="Frame rate">frame rates</a> as a problem. The obvious solution is to simply speed up the film to match the television frame rates, but this, at least in the case of <a href="/wiki/NTSC" title="NTSC">NTSC</a>, requires a change that is rather obvious to the eye and ear. The simple solution is to periodically play a selected frame twice. For NTSC, the difference in frame rates can be corrected by showing every fourth frame of film twice. This solution does require the sound to be handled separately. A more advanced technique is to use <i>2:3 pulldown</i>, discussed below, which turns every second frame of the film into three <i><a href="/wiki/Field_(video)" title="Field (video)">fields</a></i> of video, which results in a slightly smoother display. <a href="/wiki/PAL" title="PAL">PAL</a> uses a similar system, <i>2:2 pulldown</i>. However, during the analog broadcasting period, the 24 frames per second film was shown at a slightly faster 25 frames per second rate, to match the PAL video signal. This resulted in a fractionally higher-pitched audio soundtrack, and resulted in feature films having a slightly shorter duration, by being shown 1 frame per second faster. </p><p>In recent decades, telecine has primarily been a film-to-storage process, as opposed to film-to-air. Changes since the 1950s have primarily been in terms of equipment and physical formats; the basic concept remains the same. <a href="/wiki/Home_movies" class="mw-redirect" title="Home movies">Home movies</a> originally on film may be transferred to <a href="/wiki/Video_tape" class="mw-redirect" title="Video tape">video tape</a> using this technique. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Frame_rate_differences">Frame rate differences</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Telecine&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Frame rate differences"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Frame_rate" title="Frame rate">Frame rate</a></div> <p>The most complex part of telecine is the <a href="/wiki/Synchronization" title="Synchronization">synchronization</a> of the mechanical film motion and the electronic video signal. Every time the video (tele) part of the telecine samples the light electronically, the film (cine) part of the telecine must have a <a href="/wiki/Frame_(film)" class="mw-redirect" title="Frame (film)">frame</a> in perfect registration and ready to photograph. This is relatively easy when the film is photographed at the same <a href="/wiki/Frame_rate" title="Frame rate">frame rate</a> as the video camera will sample, but when video and film frame rates differ, a sophisticated procedure is required. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2:2_pulldown">2:2 pulldown <span class="anchor" id="22pulldown"></span></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Telecine&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: 2:2 pulldown"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2-2pulldown.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/2-2pulldown.svg/320px-2-2pulldown.svg.png" decoding="async" width="320" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/2-2pulldown.svg/480px-2-2pulldown.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/2-2pulldown.svg/640px-2-2pulldown.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="320" data-file-height="160" /></a><figcaption>2:2 pulldown diagram (A-B to A-A-B-B)</figcaption></figure> <p>In countries that use the <a href="/wiki/PAL" title="PAL">PAL</a> or <a href="/wiki/SECAM" title="SECAM">SECAM</a> video standards, film destined for television is photographed at 25 frames per second. The PAL video standard broadcasts at 25 frames per second, so the transfer from film to video is simple; for every film frame, one video frame is captured. </p><p>Theatrical features originally photographed at 24 frames per second are shown at 25 frames per second. While this is usually not noticed in the picture, the 4% increase in playback speed causes a slightly noticeable increase in <a href="/wiki/Pitch_(music)" title="Pitch (music)">audio pitch</a> by about 0.707 <a href="/wiki/Semitones" class="mw-redirect" title="Semitones">semitones</a>. This can be corrected using <a href="/wiki/Audio_time_stretching_and_pitch_scaling" title="Audio time stretching and pitch scaling">time stretching</a> algorithms, which speed up audio while preserving pitch. </p><p>2:2 pulldown is also used to transfer shows and films photographed at 30 frames per second, like <i><a href="/wiki/Friends" title="Friends">Friends</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Oklahoma!_(1955_film)" title="Oklahoma! (1955 film)">Oklahoma!</a></i> (1955),<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to <a href="/wiki/NTSC" title="NTSC">NTSC</a> video, which has ~59.94 Hz scanning rate. This requires playback speed to be slowed by a tenth of a percent. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2:3_pulldown">2:3 pulldown <span class="anchor" id="23pulldown"></span></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Telecine&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: 2:3 pulldown"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Three-two_pull_down" title="Three-two pull down">Three-two pull down</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:32pulldown.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/32pulldown.svg/320px-32pulldown.svg.png" decoding="async" width="320" height="328" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/32pulldown.svg/480px-32pulldown.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/32pulldown.svg/640px-32pulldown.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="314" data-file-height="322" /></a><figcaption>2:3 pulldown diagram (A-B-C-D to A-A-B-B-B-C-C-D-D-D)</figcaption></figure> <p>In the United States and other countries where television uses the <a href="/wiki/NTSC" title="NTSC">59.94 Hz vertical scanning</a> frequency, video is broadcast at ~29.97 frame/s. For the film's motion to be accurately rendered on the video signal, a telecine must use a technique called the <i>2:3 pulldown</i>, also known as <i>3:2 pulldown</i>, to convert from 24 to ~29.97 frame/s. </p><p>The term <i>pulldown</i> comes from the mechanical process of <i>pulling</i> (physically moving) the film downward within the film portion of the transport mechanism, to advance it from one frame to the next at a given rate (nominally 24 frames/s). This is accomplished in two steps. The first step is to slow down the film motion by NTSC's 1000/1001 ratio to 24,000/1001 (~23.976) frames/s. The difference in speed is imperceptible to the viewer. For a two-hour film, play time is extended by 7.2 seconds. If the total playback time must be kept exact, a single frame can be dropped every 1000 frames. </p><p>The second step of the 2:3 pulldown is distributing cinema frames into video fields. At 23.976 frame/s, there are four frames of film for every five frames of 29.97 frame/s video: </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\frac {23.976}{29.97}}={\frac {4}{5}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mn>23.976</mn> <mn>29.97</mn> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mn>4</mn> <mn>5</mn> </mfrac> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\frac {23.976}{29.97}}={\frac {4}{5}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/fdb9a32572645c431316ec43c6f5137511302ede" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.005ex; width:12.392ex; height:5.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\frac {23.976}{29.97}}={\frac {4}{5}}}"></span></dd></dl> <p>These four film frames are <i>stretched</i> into five video frames by exploiting the <a href="/wiki/Interlaced_video" title="Interlaced video">interlaced</a> nature of 60 Hz video. For every video frame, there are actually two incomplete images or <i>fields</i>, one for the odd-numbered lines of the image, and one for the even-numbered lines. There are, therefore, ten fields for every four film frames, which are called <i>A</i>, <i>B</i>, <i>C</i>, and <i>D</i>. The telecine alternately places frame <i>A</i> across two fields, frame <i>B</i> across three fields, frame <i>C</i> across two fields and frame <i>D</i> across three fields. This can be written as A-A-B-B-B-C-C-D-D-D or 2-3-2-3 or simply 2–3. The cycle repeats itself completely after four film frames. </p><p>A <i>3:2 pulldown</i> pattern is identical to the one described above except that it is shifted by one frame. For instance, a cycle that starts with film frame B yields a 3:2 pattern: B-B-B-C-C-D-D-D-A-A or 3-2-3-2 or simply 3–2. In other words, there is no difference between the 2-3 and 3-2 patterns. In fact, the <i>3-2</i> notation is misleading because according to SMPTE standards for every four-frame film sequence the first frame is scanned twice, not three times.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The above method is a <i>classic</i> 2:3, which was used before frame buffers allowed for holding more than one frame. The preferred method for doing a 2:3 creates only one dirty frame in every five (i.e. 3:3:2:2 or 2:3:3:2 or 2:2:3:3); while this method has slightly more <a href="#Telecine_judder">judder</a>, it allows for easier upconversion (the dirty frame can be dropped without losing information) and a better overall compression when encoding. The 2:3:3:2 pattern is supported by the <a href="/wiki/Panasonic_AG-DVX100" title="Panasonic AG-DVX100">Panasonic DVX-100B</a> video camera under the name "Advanced Pulldown". Note that just fields are displayed—no frames hence no dirty frames—in interlaced display such as on a CRT. Dirty frames may appear in other methods of displaying the interlaced video. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2:2:2:2:2:2:2:2:2:2:2:3_pulldown">2:2:2:2:2:2:2:2:2:2:2:3 pulldown</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Telecine&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: 2:2:2:2:2:2:2:2:2:2:2:3 pulldown"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A new method called 2:2:2:2:2:2:2:2:2:2:2:3, Euro, 12:1 or 24:1 pulldown,<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> can be used in order to convert 24 frame/s material to 25 frame/s.<sup id="cite_ref-filmtopal_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-filmtopal-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Usually, this involves a film to PAL transfer without the aforementioned 4% speedup. For film at 24 frame/s, there are 24 frames of film for every 25 frames of PAL video. In order to accommodate this mismatch in frame rate, 24 frames of film have to be distributed over 50 PAL fields. This can be accomplished by inserting a pulldown field every 12 frames, thus effectively spreading 12 frames of film over 25 fields (or <i>12.5 frames</i>) of PAL video. </p><p>This method was born out of a frustration with the faster, higher-pitched soundtracks that traditionally accompanied films transferred for PAL and SECAM audiences. A few motion pictures are beginning to be telecined this way<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2007)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>. It is particularly suited for films where the soundtrack is of special importance. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_pulldown_patterns">Other pulldown patterns</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Telecine&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Other pulldown patterns"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Similar techniques must be used for films shot at <i>silent speeds</i> of less than 24 frame/s, which includes home movie formats (the standard for <a href="/wiki/Standard_8_mm_film" title="Standard 8 mm film">Standard 8 mm film</a> was 16 fps, and 18 fps for <a href="/wiki/Super_8_mm_film" class="mw-redirect" title="Super 8 mm film">Super 8 mm film</a>) as well as <a href="/wiki/Silent_film" title="Silent film">silent film</a> (which in 35 mm format usually was 16 fps, 12 fps, or even lower). </p> <ul><li>16 frame/s (actually 15.984) to NTSC 30 frame/s (actually 29.97): pulldown should be 3:4:4:4 or the film may be run at 15 frame/s (actually 14.985) then pulldown should be 4:4. As motion pictures shot at this framerate are silent, there is no audio that is affected.</li> <li>16 frame/s to PAL 25: pulldown should be 3:3:3:3:3:3:3:4 (if the film playback rate is increased to 16⅔ frame/s [1,000 frames per minute)] pulldown is simplified to 3:3)</li> <li>18 frame/s (slowed to 17.982) to NTSC 30: pulldown should be 3:3:4</li> <li>20 frame/s (slowed to 19.98) to NTSC 30: pulldown should be 3:3</li> <li>20 frame/s to PAL 25: pulldown should be 3:2</li> <li>27.5 frame/s to NTSC 30: pulldown should be 3:2:2:2:2</li> <li>27.5 frame/s to PAL 25: pulldown should be 1:2:2:2:2</li></ul> <p>Also, other patterns have been described that refer to the <a href="/wiki/Progressive_scan" title="Progressive scan">progressive</a> frame rate conversion required to display 24 frame/s video (e.g., from a DVD player) on a progressive display (e.g., LCD or plasma):<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>24 frame/s to 96 frame/s (4× frame repetition): pulldown is 4:4</li> <li>24 frame/s to 120 frame/s (5× frame repetition): pulldown is 5:5</li> <li>24 frame/s to 120 frame/s (3:2 pulldown followed by 2× deinterlacing): pulldown is 6:4</li></ul> <p><a href="/wiki/Mainframe_Entertainment" class="mw-redirect" title="Mainframe Entertainment">Mainframe Entertainment</a> used a novel process for its TV shows. They are rendered at exactly 25.000 frames per second; then, for PAL/SECAM distribution, ordinary 2:2 pulldown is applied, but for NTSC distribution, 199 fields out of every 1001 are repeated. This brings the refresh rate from 25 frames/s to exactly 60,000/1001, or ~59.94, fields per second, with no change whatsoever in speed, duration, or audio pitch. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Telecine_judder">Telecine judder</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Telecine&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Telecine judder"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <i>2:3 pulldown</i> telecine process creates a slight error in the video signal compared to the original film frames that can be seen in the <i>2:3 pulldown diagram</i> above. This is one reason why films viewed on typical NTSC home equipment may not appear as smooth as when viewed in a cinema and PAL home equipment. The effect is particularly apparent in scenes that feature slow, steady camera movements. These appear slightly jerky when viewed in material that has been through the telecine process. The phenomenon is commonly referred to as <i><b>telecine judder</b></i>. Reversing the 2:3 pulldown telecine is discussed below. </p><p>PAL material in which 2:3 (Euro) pulldown has been applied suffers from a similar lack of smoothness, though this effect is not usually called <i>telecine judder</i>. Effectively, every 12th film frame is displayed for the duration of three PAL fields (60 milliseconds), whereas the other 11 frames are each displayed for the duration of two PAL fields (40 milliseconds). This causes a slight <i>hiccup</i> in the video about twice a second. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reverse_telecine">Reverse telecine</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Telecine&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Reverse telecine"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span class="anchor" id="Inverse_telecine"></span>Some <a href="/wiki/DVD_player" title="DVD player">DVD players</a>, <a href="/wiki/Line_doubler" title="Line doubler">line doublers</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Personal_video_recorder" class="mw-redirect" title="Personal video recorder">personal video recorders</a> are designed to detect and remove 2:3 pulldown from telecined video sources, thereby reconstructing the original 24 frame/s film frames. Many video editing programs such as <a href="/wiki/AviSynth" title="AviSynth">AviSynth</a> also have this ability. This technique is known as <i>reverse telecine</i>, <i>inverse telecine</i>, <i>reverse pulldown</i> or <i>detelecine</i>. Benefits of reverse telecine include high-quality non-interlaced display on compatible display devices and the elimination of redundant data. </p><p>Reverse telecine is crucial when acquiring film material into a <a href="/wiki/Digital_non-linear_editing_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital non-linear editing system">digital non-linear editing system</a> since these machines produce <a href="/wiki/Edit_decision_list" title="Edit decision list">edit decision lists</a> which refer to specific frames in the original film material. When video from a telecine is ingested into these systems, the operator usually has available a <i>telecine trace</i>, in the form of a text file, which gives the correspondence between the video material and film original. Alternatively, the video transfer may include telecine sequence markers <i>burned in</i> to the video image along with other identifying information such as time code. </p><p>It is also possible, but more difficult, to perform reverse telecine without prior knowledge of where each field of video lies in the 2:3 pulldown pattern. This is the task faced by most consumer equipment such as line doublers and personal video recorders. Ideally, only a single field needs to be identified, the rest following the pattern in lock-step. However, the 2:3 pulldown pattern does not necessarily remain consistent throughout an entire program. Edits performed on film material after it undergoes 2:3 pulldown, e.g. in NTSC format, can introduce <i>jumps</i> in the pattern if care is not taken to preserve the original frame sequence. Most reverse telecine algorithms attempt to follow the 2:3 pattern using image analysis techniques, e.g. by searching for repeated fields. </p><p>Algorithms that perform 2:3 pulldown removal also usually perform the task of <a href="/wiki/Deinterlacing" title="Deinterlacing">deinterlacing</a>. It is possible to algorithmically determine whether video contains a 2:3 pulldown pattern or not, and selectively do either reverse telecine (in the case of film-sourced video) or simpler deinterlacing (in the case of native video sources). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Telecine_hardware">Telecine hardware</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Telecine&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Telecine hardware"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Flying_spot_scanner">Flying spot scanner</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Telecine&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Flying spot scanner"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Crt-telecine.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Crt-telecine.svg/250px-Crt-telecine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Crt-telecine.svg/375px-Crt-telecine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Crt-telecine.svg/500px-Crt-telecine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1128" data-file-height="649" /></a><figcaption>The parts of a <a href="/wiki/Flying_spot_scanner" class="mw-redirect" title="Flying spot scanner">flying spot scanner</a>: (A) <a href="/wiki/Cathode-ray_tube" title="Cathode-ray tube">cathode-ray tube</a> (CRT); (B) film plane; (C) & (D) <a href="/wiki/Dichroic_Mirror" class="mw-redirect" title="Dichroic Mirror">dichroic mirrors</a>; (E), (F) & (G) red-, green- and blue-sensitive photomultipliers</figcaption></figure> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cintel" title="Cintel">Rank Precision Industries</a> was experimenting with the <a href="/wiki/Flying-spot_scanner" title="Flying-spot scanner">flying-spot scanner</a> (FSS), which inverted the <a href="/wiki/Cathode-ray_tube" title="Cathode-ray tube">cathode-ray tube</a> (CRT) concept of scanning using a television screen. Rank Precision-<a href="/wiki/Cintel" title="Cintel">Cintel</a> introduced the Mark series of FSS telecines. In 1950 the first Rank flying spot monochrome telecine was installed at the BBC's <a href="/wiki/Lime_Grove_Studios" title="Lime Grove Studios">Lime Grove Studios</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The CRT in the FSS emits a pixel-sized electron beam which excites phosphors coating the envelope, causing them to glow in red, green, and blue. This dot of light is then focused by a lens onto the film's emulsion and finally collected by a special type of photo-electric cell known as a <a href="/wiki/Photomultiplier" title="Photomultiplier">photomultiplier</a> which converts the light into an electrical signal. This can be accomplished in <i>real time</i>, 24 frames per second (or in some cases faster). An advantage of the FSS is that color analysis is done after scanning, so there can be no registration errors as can be produced by vidicon tubes where scanning is done after color separation—it also allows simpler dichroics to be used. </p><p>The problem with flying-spot scanners was the difference in frequencies between television field rates and film frame rates. This was solved first by the Mark I Polygonal Prism system, which was optically synchronized to the television frame rate by the rotating prism and could be run at any frame rate. This was replaced by the Mark II Twin Lens, and then around 1975, by the Mark III Hopping Patch (jump scan). The Mark III series progressed from the original <i>jump scan</i> interlace scan to the Mark IIIB which used a progressive scan and included a digital scan converter (Digiscan) to output interlaced video. The Mark IIIC was the most popular of the series and used a next-generation Digiscan plus other improvements. </p><p>The Mark series was then replaced by the Ursa (1989), the first in their line of telecines capable of producing digital data in 4:2:2 color space. The Ursa Gold (1993) stepped this up to 4:4:4 and then the Ursa Diamond (1997), which incorporated many third-party improvements on the Ursa system.<sup id="cite_ref-filmtotape_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-filmtotape-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Line_array_CCD">Line array CCD</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Telecine&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Line array CCD"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ccd-telecine.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Ccd-telecine.svg/250px-Ccd-telecine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Ccd-telecine.svg/375px-Ccd-telecine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Ccd-telecine.svg/500px-Ccd-telecine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1128" data-file-height="649" /></a><figcaption>The parts of a CCD scanner: (A) Xenon bulb; (B) film plane; (C) & (D) prisms and dichroic mirrors; (E), (F) & (G) red-, green- and blue-sensitive CCDs.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Robert_Bosch_GmbH" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Bosch GmbH">Robert Bosch GmbH</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fernseh" title="Fernseh">Fernseh</a> division<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> introduced the world's first <a href="/wiki/Charge-coupled_device" title="Charge-coupled device">charge-coupled device</a> (CCD) telecine (1979), the <a href="/wiki/FDL_60" class="mw-redirect" title="FDL 60">FDL 60</a>. The FDL 60 designed and made in <a href="/wiki/Darmstadt" title="Darmstadt">Darmstadt</a>, West Germany, was the first all <a href="/wiki/Solid_state_(electronics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Solid state (electronics)">solid state</a> telecine. Rank <a href="/wiki/Cintel" title="Cintel">Cintel</a> (ADS telecine 1982) and <a href="/wiki/Marconi_Company" title="Marconi Company">Marconi Company</a> (1985) both made CCD Telecines for a short time. The Marconi model B3410 telecine sold 84 units over a three-year period.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In a line array CCD telecine, a white light is shone through the exposed film image into a prism, which separates out the image into the three primary colors, red, green and blue. Each beam of colored light is then projected at a different CCD, one for each color. The CCD converts the light into electrical impulses which the telecine electronics <a href="/wiki/Modulation" title="Modulation">modulate</a> into a video signal which can then be recorded onto video tape or broadcast. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Telecine_system_(6498625539).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Telecine_system_%286498625539%29.jpg/220px-Telecine_system_%286498625539%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Telecine_system_%286498625539%29.jpg/330px-Telecine_system_%286498625539%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Telecine_system_%286498625539%29.jpg/440px-Telecine_system_%286498625539%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4320" data-file-height="2880" /></a><figcaption>Shadow telecine system, produced by <a href="/wiki/Grass_Valley_(company)" title="Grass Valley (company)">Grass Valley</a> (formerly <a href="/wiki/Technicolor_SA" class="mw-redirect" title="Technicolor SA">Thomson</a>, originated from <a href="/wiki/Fernseh" title="Fernseh">Bosch-Fernseh</a>'s inventions), installed at <a href="/wiki/DR_(broadcaster)" title="DR (broadcaster)">DR</a>, Denmark</figcaption></figure> <p>Philips-BTS eventually evolved the FDL 60 into the <a href="/wiki/FDL90" class="mw-redirect" title="FDL90">FDL 90</a> (1989) / <a href="/wiki/FDL90" class="mw-redirect" title="FDL90">Quadra</a> (1993). In 1996 Philips, working with <a href="/wiki/Kodak" title="Kodak">Kodak</a>, introduced the <a href="/wiki/Spirit_DataCine" title="Spirit DataCine">Spirit DataCine</a> (SDC 2000), which was capable of scanning the film image at <a href="/wiki/HDTV" class="mw-redirect" title="HDTV">HDTV</a> resolutions and approaching 2K (1920 Luminance and 960 Chrominace RGB) × 1556 RGB. With the data option the Spirit DataCine can be used as a <a href="/wiki/Motion_picture_film_scanner" title="Motion picture film scanner">motion picture film scanner</a> outputting <a href="/wiki/Display_resolution#Television/films" title="Display resolution">2K</a> <a href="/wiki/DPX" class="mw-redirect" title="DPX">DPX</a> <a href="/wiki/Data_file" title="Data file">data files</a> as 2048 × 1556 RGB. In 2000 Philips introduced the <a href="/wiki/Spirit_DataCine#Shadow" title="Spirit DataCine">Shadow Telecine (STE)</a>, a low cost version of the Spirit with no Kodak parts. The Spirit DataCine, <a href="/wiki/Cintel" title="Cintel">Cintel</a>'s C-Reality and ITK's Millennium opened the door to the technology of <a href="/wiki/Digital_intermediate" title="Digital intermediate">digital intermediates</a>, wherein telecine tools were not just used for video outputs, but could now be used for high-resolution data that would later be recorded back <a href="/wiki/Film_out" class="mw-redirect" title="Film out">out to film</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-filmtotape_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-filmtotape-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The DFT Digital Film Technology, formerly Grass Valley <a href="/wiki/Spirit_DataCine#SDC_2K_Spirit_DataCine" title="Spirit DataCine">Spirit 4K/2K/HD</a> (2004) replaced the Spirit 1 Datacine and uses both 2K and 4K line array CCDs. (Note: the SDC-2000 did not use a color prisms and/or dichroic mirrors.) DFT revealed its new scanner at the 2009 <a href="/wiki/National_Association_of_Broadcasters" title="National Association of Broadcasters">NAB Show</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scanity" class="mw-redirect" title="Scanity">Scanity</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Scanity uses <a href="/wiki/Time_delay_and_integration" title="Time delay and integration">time delay integration</a> (TDI) sensor technology for extremely fast and sensitive film scans. High speed scanning 15 frame/s @ 4K; 25 frame/s @ 2K; 44 frame/s @ 1K. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pulsed_LED/triggered_three_CCD_camera_system"><span id="Pulsed_LED.2Ftriggered_three_CCD_camera_system"></span>Pulsed LED/triggered three CCD camera system</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Telecine&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Pulsed LED/triggered three CCD camera system"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>With the manufacturing of new high-power LEDs, came pulsed LED/triggered three CCD camera systems. Flashing the LED light source for a very short time span gives the full-frame CCD camera a stop action of the film, allowing continuous film motion. With CCD video cameras that have a trigger input, the camera now can be electronically synced up to the film transport framing. There are now a number of retail and home made Pulsed LED/triggered camera systems. </p><p>An array of high-power multiple red, green and blue LEDs is pulsed just as the film frame is positioned in front of the optical lens. The camera sends the single, non-interlaced image of the film frame to a digital frame store, where the electronic picture is clocked out at the selected TV frame rate for PAL or NTSC or other standards. More advanced systems replace the sprocket wheel with laser or camera-based perf detection and image stabilization system. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Digital_intermediate_systems_and_virtual_telecines">Digital intermediate systems and virtual telecines</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Telecine&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Digital intermediate systems and virtual telecines"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Telecine technology is increasingly merging with that of <a href="/wiki/Motion_picture_film_scanner" title="Motion picture film scanner">motion picture film scanners</a>; high-resolution telecines, such as those mentioned above, can be regarded as film scanners that operate in real time. </p><p>As <a href="/wiki/Digital_intermediate" title="Digital intermediate">digital intermediate</a> post-production becomes more common, the need to combine the traditional telecine functions of input devices, standards converters, and <a href="/wiki/Color_grading" title="Color grading">color grading</a> systems is becoming less important as the post-production chain changes to tapeless and filmless operation. </p><p>However, the parts of the workflow associated with telecines still remain and are being pushed to the end, rather than the beginning, of the post-production chain, in the form of real-time digital grading systems and digital intermediate mastering systems, increasingly running in software on commodity computer systems. These are sometimes called <a href="/wiki/Virtual_telecine" title="Virtual telecine">virtual telecine</a> systems. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Video_cameras_that_produce_telecined_video,_and_"film_look""><span id="Video_cameras_that_produce_telecined_video.2C_and_.22film_look.22"></span>Video cameras that produce telecined video, and "film look"</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Telecine&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Video cameras that produce telecined video, and "film look""><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Update plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Update" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/42px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png" decoding="async" width="42" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/63px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/84px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="290" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs to be <b>updated</b>. The reason given is: Lots of the section refers to cameras that presumably pre-date 1080p, and interlacing as though "standard televisions" need it..<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">January 2022</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Some video cameras and consumer camcorders are able to record in progressive "24 frames/s" or "23.976 frames/s". Such a video has cinema-like motion characteristics and is the major component of the so-called <a href="/wiki/Film_look" title="Film look">film look</a>. </p><p>For most 24 frames/s cameras, the virtual 2:3 pulldown process is happening inside the camera. Although the camera is capturing a progressive frame at the CCD, just like a film camera, it is then imposing an interlacing on the image to record it to tape so that it can be played back on any standard television. Not every camera handles "24 frames/s" this way, but the majority of them do.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Cameras that record 25 frames/s (PAL) or 29.97 frames/s (NTSC) do not need to employ 2:3 pulldown, because every progressive frame occupies exactly two video fields. In the video industry, this type of encoding is called <a href="/wiki/Progressive_segmented_Frame" class="mw-redirect" title="Progressive segmented Frame">progressive segmented frame (PsF)</a>. PsF is conceptually identical to 2:2 pulldown, only there is no film original to transfer from. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Digital_television_and_high_definition">Digital television and high definition</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Telecine&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Digital television and high definition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Digital_television" title="Digital television">Digital television</a> and <a href="/wiki/High-definition_television" title="High-definition television">high-definition</a> standards provide several methods for encoding film material. Fifty field/s formats such as <a href="/wiki/576i50" class="mw-redirect" title="576i50">576i50</a> and <a href="/wiki/1080i50" class="mw-redirect" title="1080i50">1080i50</a> can accommodate film content using a 4% speed-up like PAL. 59.94 field/s interlaced formats such as <a href="/wiki/480i60" class="mw-redirect" title="480i60">480i60</a> and <a href="/wiki/1080i60" class="mw-redirect" title="1080i60">1080i60</a> use the same 2:3 pulldown technique as NTSC. In 59.94 frame/s progressive formats such as <a href="/wiki/480p60" class="mw-redirect" title="480p60">480p60</a> and <a href="/wiki/720p60" class="mw-redirect" title="720p60">720p60</a>, entire frames (rather than fields) are repeated in a 2:3 pattern, accomplishing the frame rate conversion without interlacing and its associated artifacts. Other formats such as <a href="/wiki/1080p24" class="mw-redirect" title="1080p24">1080p24</a> can decode film material at its native rate of 24 or 23.976 frame/s. </p><p>All of these coding methods are in use to some extent. In PAL countries, 25 frame/s formats remain the norm. In NTSC countries, most digital broadcasts of 24 frame/s progressive material, both standard and high definition, continue to use interlaced formats with 2:3 pulldown, even though <a href="/wiki/ATSC" class="mw-redirect" title="ATSC">ATSC</a> allows native 24 and 23.976 frame/s progressive formats which offer the greatest image quality and coding efficiency, and are widely used in motion picture and high definition video production. Nowadays, most HDTV vendors sell LCD televisions in NTSC/ATSC countries capable of 120 Hz or 240 Hz <a href="/wiki/Refresh_rate" title="Refresh rate">refresh rates</a> and plasma sets capable of 48, 72, or 96 Hz refresh.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When combined with a 1080p24-capable source (such as most Blu-ray Disc players), some of these sets are able to display film-based content using a pulldown scheme of whole multiples of 24, thereby avoiding the problems associated with 2:3 pulldown or the 4% speed-up used in PAL countries. For example, a 1080p 120 Hz set which accepts a 1080p24 input can achieve 5:5 pulldown by simply repeating each frame five times and thus not exhibit picture artifacts associated with telecine judder. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gate_weave">Gate weave</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Telecine&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Gate weave"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Gate weave, known in this context as "telecine weave" or "telecine wobble", caused by the movement of the film in the telecine machine gate, is a characteristic artifact of real-time telecine scanning. Numerous techniques have been tried to minimize gate weave, using both improvements in mechanical film handling and electronic post-processing. Line-scan telecines are less vulnerable to frame-to-frame judder than machines with conventional film gates, and non-real-time machines are also less vulnerable to gate weave than real-time machines. Some gate weave is inherent in film cinematography, as it was introduced by the film handling within the original film camera: modern digital <a href="/wiki/Image_stabilization" title="Image stabilization">image stabilization</a> techniques can remove both this and telecine/scanner gate weave. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Soft_and_hard_telecine">Soft and hard telecine</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Telecine&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Soft and hard telecine"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On <a href="/wiki/DVD" title="DVD">DVDs</a>, telecined material may be either hard telecined, or soft telecined. In the hard-telecined case, video is stored on the DVD at the playback framerate (29.97 frame/s for NTSC, 25 frame/s for PAL), using the telecined frames as shown above. In the soft-telecined case, the material is stored on the DVD at the film rate (24 or 23.976 frames/s) in the original progressive format, with special flags inserted into the <a href="/wiki/MPEG-2" title="MPEG-2">MPEG-2</a> video stream that instruct the DVD player to repeat certain fields so as to accomplish the required pulldown during playback.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Progressive_scan" title="Progressive scan">Progressive scan</a> DVD players additionally offer output at <a href="/wiki/480p" title="480p">480p</a> by using these flags to duplicate frames rather than fields, or if the TV supports it, to play the disc back at the native 24p rate. </p><p>NTSC DVDs are often soft telecined, although lower-quality hard-telecined DVDs exist. In the case of PAL DVDs using 2:2 pulldown, the difference between soft and hard telecine vanishes, and the two may be regarded as equal. In the case of PAL DVDs using 2:3 pulldown, either soft or hard telecining may be applied. </p><p>Blu-ray offers native 24 frame/s support, allowing 5:5 cadence on most modern televisions. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Image_gallery">Image gallery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Telecine&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Image gallery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1248256098">@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery{width:100%!important}}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery{display:table}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-default{background:transparent;margin-top:4px}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-center{margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-left{float:left}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-right{float:right}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-none{float:none}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-collapsible{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .title,.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .main,.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .footer{display:table-row}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .title>div{display:table-cell;padding:0 4px 4px;text-align:center;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .main>div{display:table-cell}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .gallery{line-height:1.35em}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .footer>div{display:table-cell;padding:4px;text-align:right;font-size:85%;line-height:1em}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .title>div *,.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .footer>div *{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .gallerybox img{background:none!important}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .bordered-images .thumb img{border:solid var(--background-color-neutral,#eaecf0)1px}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .whitebg .thumb{background:var(--background-color-base,#fff)!important}</style><div class="mod-gallery mod-gallery-default mod-gallery-center"><div class="main"><div><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed nochecker bordered-images whitebg"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 216px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 214px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Fdl60-cap-gate.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Bosch Fernseh FDL 60 Telecine Film Deck and Lens Gate"><img alt="Bosch Fernseh FDL 60 Telecine Film Deck and Lens Gate" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1f/Fdl60-cap-gate.JPG" decoding="async" width="214" height="180" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="240" data-file-height="202" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Bosch Fernseh FDL 60 Telecine Film Deck and Lens Gate</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 166.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 164.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:BTS_Quadra_444_Telecine.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Quadra Telecine Film Deck"><img alt="Quadra Telecine Film Deck" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a0/BTS_Quadra_444_Telecine.JPG" decoding="async" width="165" height="180" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="240" data-file-height="262" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Quadra Telecine Film Deck</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 190px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 188px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tk-mk-3-rank.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Rank Cintel Mark 3 Telecine"><img alt="Rank Cintel Mark 3 Telecine" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c1/Tk-mk-3-rank.JPG" decoding="async" width="188" height="180" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="240" data-file-height="230" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Rank Cintel Mark 3 Telecine</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 214px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 212px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tk-ursa-d-rank.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Cintel URSA Diamond Telecine"><img alt="Cintel URSA Diamond Telecine" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bc/Tk-ursa-d-rank.JPG" decoding="async" width="212" height="180" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="240" data-file-height="204" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Cintel URSA Diamond Telecine</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 238px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 236px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tkc-rel.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Cintel C-Reality Film Deck Telecine"><img alt="Cintel C-Reality Film Deck Telecine" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/91/Tkc-rel.jpg" decoding="async" width="236" height="180" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="240" data-file-height="183" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Cintel C-Reality Film Deck Telecine</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 272.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 270.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Innovation_TK_Ltd_Millennium_Machine.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Innovation TK Ltd Millennium Telecine Machine"><img alt="Innovation TK Ltd Millennium Telecine Machine" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Innovation_TK_Ltd_Millennium_Machine.jpg/406px-Innovation_TK_Ltd_Millennium_Machine.jpg" decoding="async" width="271" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Innovation_TK_Ltd_Millennium_Machine.jpg/610px-Innovation_TK_Ltd_Millennium_Machine.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Innovation_TK_Ltd_Millennium_Machine.jpg/813px-Innovation_TK_Ltd_Millennium_Machine.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1008" data-file-height="670" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Innovation TK Ltd Millennium Telecine Machine</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 384.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 382.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sdc-fcp-control_panel.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="SDC-2000 Spirit DataCine Functional Control Panel-FCP"><img alt="SDC-2000 Spirit DataCine Functional Control Panel-FCP" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5a/Sdc-fcp-control_panel.JPG" decoding="async" width="383" height="180" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="240" data-file-height="113" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">SDC-2000 Spirit DataCine Functional Control Panel-FCP</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 242px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 240px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Spirit_Datacine_4k_doors_closed.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Spirit Datacine 4k with the doors closed"><img alt="Spirit Datacine 4k with the doors closed" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Spirit_Datacine_4k_doors_closed.jpg/360px-Spirit_Datacine_4k_doors_closed.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Spirit_Datacine_4k_doors_closed.jpg/540px-Spirit_Datacine_4k_doors_closed.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Spirit_Datacine_4k_doors_closed.jpg/720px-Spirit_Datacine_4k_doors_closed.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Spirit Datacine 4k with the doors closed</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 159.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 157.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Spirit_Datacine_4k_doors_open.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Spirit Datacine 4k with the doors open"><img alt="Spirit Datacine 4k with the doors open" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Spirit_Datacine_4k_doors_open.jpg/236px-Spirit_Datacine_4k_doors_open.jpg" decoding="async" width="158" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Spirit_Datacine_4k_doors_open.jpg/354px-Spirit_Datacine_4k_doors_open.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Spirit_Datacine_4k_doors_open.jpg/472px-Spirit_Datacine_4k_doors_open.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2243" data-file-height="2567" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Spirit Datacine 4k with the doors open</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 360.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 358.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:GCP-Datacine-IMG_8756.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="GCP control panel for a Spirit Datacine"><img alt="GCP control panel for a Spirit Datacine" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/GCP-Datacine-IMG_8756.jpg/538px-GCP-Datacine-IMG_8756.jpg" decoding="async" width="359" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/GCP-Datacine-IMG_8756.jpg/807px-GCP-Datacine-IMG_8756.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/GCP-Datacine-IMG_8756.jpg/1075px-GCP-Datacine-IMG_8756.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2781" data-file-height="1397" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">GCP control panel for a Spirit Datacine</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 242px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 240px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Telecine_room.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A telecine room"><img alt="A telecine room" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Telecine_room.jpg/360px-Telecine_room.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Telecine_room.jpg/540px-Telecine_room.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Telecine_room.jpg/720px-Telecine_room.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A telecine room</div> </li> </ul></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Telecine&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/3D_LUT" class="mw-redirect" title="3D LUT">3D LUT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cintel" title="Cintel">Cintel</a>, telecine equipment</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_motion_picture_film" title="Color motion picture film">Color motion picture film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_suite" title="Color suite">Color suite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Da_Vinci_Systems" title="Da Vinci Systems">Da Vinci Systems</a> for color grading and video editing systems</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_intermediate" title="Digital intermediate">Digital intermediate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Display_motion_blur" title="Display motion blur">Display motion blur</a>, factors causing motion blur on displays</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Display_resolution" title="Display resolution">Display resolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faroudja" title="Faroudja">Faroudja</a>, inventors of reverse telecine technologies</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film-out" title="Film-out">Film-out</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_recorder" title="Film recorder">Film recorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_restoration" class="mw-redirect" title="Film restoration">Film restoration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gamma_correction" title="Gamma correction">Gamma correction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hard_disk_recorder" title="Hard disk recorder">Hard disk recorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Image_scanner" title="Image scanner">Image scanner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keykode" title="Keykode">Keykode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandora_International" title="Pandora International">Pandora International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_segmented_frame" title="Progressive segmented frame">Progressive segmented frame</a>, a scheme designed to acquire, store, modify, and distribute progressive-scan video using interlaced equipment and media</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sound_follower" title="Sound follower">Sound follower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecine_(piracy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Telecine (piracy)">Telecine (piracy)</a>, an unauthorized copy of a film created with a telecine</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telerecording" class="mw-redirect" title="Telerecording">Telerecording</a> (UK)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television" title="Television">Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Test_film" title="Test film">Test film</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Telecine&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">This later became <a href="/wiki/Broadcast_Television_Systems_Inc." title="Broadcast Television Systems Inc.">BTS Inc.</a> –  <a href="/wiki/Philips" title="Philips">Philips</a> Digital Video Systems, <a href="/wiki/Technicolor_SA" class="mw-redirect" title="Technicolor SA">Thomson</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Grass_Valley_(company)" title="Grass Valley (company)">Grass Valley</a> and now is DFT Digital Film Technology</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Telecine&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>NAB Engineering Handbook</i>. Focal Press. 2007. pp. 1421-ff. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-240-80751-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-240-80751-5"><bdi>978-0-240-80751-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=NAB+Engineering+Handbook&rft.pages=1421-ff&rft.pub=Focal+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-240-80751-5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATelecine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnNick2018" class="citation journal cs1">John, Ellis; Nick, Hall (April 11, 2018). 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Morgan Kaufmann. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781558607927" title="Special:BookSources/9781558607927"><bdi>9781558607927</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Charles+Poynton%2C+Digital+Video+and+HDTV%3A+Algorithms+and+Interfaces&rft.pub=Morgan+Kaufmann&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=9781558607927&rft.aulast=Poynton&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dra1lcAwgvq4C%26q%3Dpoynton%26pg%3DPA430&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATelecine" class="Z3988"></span>, page 430</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFlorihollasch2021" class="citation web cs1">lorihollasch (June 3, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/windows-hardware/drivers/ddi/d3d10umddi/ne-d3d10umddi-d3d11_1ddi_video_processor_itelecine_caps">"D3D11_1DDI_VIDEO_PROCESSOR_ITELECINE_CAPS (d3d10umddi.h) - Windows drivers"</a>. <i>learn.microsoft.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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"From Film to Tape" <i>American Cinematographer Magazine</i>, pp. 108–122.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://journal.smpte.org/content/91/11/1066.abstract">"Digital Library"</a>. <i>smpte.org</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=smpte.org&rft.atitle=Digital+Library&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjournal.smpte.org%2Fcontent%2F91%2F11%2F1066.abstract&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATelecine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dft-film.com/scanners/scanity.php">DFT Scanity</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090618124959/http://www.dft-film.com/scanners/scanity.php">Archived</a> June 18, 2009, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071025030832/http://www.dv.com/columns/columns_item.php?articleId=196603515">"Jay Holben, More Detail on 24p"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dv.com/columns/columns_item.php?articleId=196603515">the original</a> on October 25, 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Jay+Holben%2C+More+Detail+on+24p&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dv.com%2Fcolumns%2Fcolumns_item.php%3FarticleId%3D196603515&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATelecine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.avsforum.com/avs-vb/showthread.php?t=997138">"Displays that support 1080p/24 signal at multiplies of the original frame rate"</a>. <i>avsforum.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=avsforum.com&rft.atitle=Displays+that+support+1080p%2F24+signal+at+multiplies+of+the+original+frame+rate&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.avsforum.com%2Favs-vb%2Fshowthread.php%3Ft%3D997138&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATelecine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090105165318/http://www.dvdfile.com/article/what-the-heck-is-32-pulldown-8800">"Coming Soon To DVD –  Find Out DVD Release Dates!"</a>. <i>ComingSoon.net</i>. 6 October 2015. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dvdfile.com/article/what-the-heck-is-32-pulldown-8800">the original</a> on 5 January 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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