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id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="pre-content heading-holder"> <div class="page-heading"> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-namespace">Template</span><span class="mw-page-title-separator">:</span><span class="mw-page-title-main">Harvard citation</span></h1> <div class="tagline"></div> </div> <ul id="p-associated-pages" class="minerva__tab-container"> <li class="minerva__tab selected"> <a class="minerva__tab-text" href="/wiki/Template:Harvard_citation" rel="" data-event-name="tabs.subject">Template</a> </li> <li class="minerva__tab "> <a class="minerva__tab-text" href="/wiki/Template_talk:Harvard_citation" rel="" data-event-name="tabs.talk">Talk</a> </li> </ul> <nav class="page-actions-menu"> <ul id="p-views" class="page-actions-menu__list"> <li id="language-selector" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"> <a role="button" href="#p-lang" data-mw="interface" data-event-name="menu.languages" title="Language" class="cdx-button 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<span class="documentation-heading" id="documentation-heading"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Test_Template_Info-Icon_-_Version_%282%29.svg/50px-Test_Template_Info-Icon_-_Version_%282%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Test_Template_Info-Icon_-_Version_%282%29.svg/75px-Test_Template_Info-Icon_-_Version_%282%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Test_Template_Info-Icon_-_Version_%282%29.svg/100px-Test_Template_Info-Icon_-_Version_%282%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1792" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> Template documentation</span><span class="mw-editsection-like plainlinks">[<a href="/wiki/Template:Harvard_citation/doc" title="Template:Harvard citation/doc">view</a>] [<a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Harvard_citation/doc" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Harvard 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//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/7/74/Ambox_warning_yellow.svg/80px-Ambox_warning_yellow.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="386" data-file-height="334" /></span></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><b>This template is used on <a class="external text" href="https://linkcount.toolforge.org/?project=en.wikipedia.org&page=Template%3AHarvard+citation#transclusions">approximately 6,100 pages</a></b> and changes may be widely noticed. Test changes in the template's <a href="/wiki/Template:Harvard_citation/sandbox" title="Template:Harvard citation/sandbox">/sandbox</a> or <a href="/wiki/Template:Harvard_citation/testcases" title="Template:Harvard citation/testcases">/testcases</a> subpages, or in your own <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:User_pages#SUB" title="Wikipedia:User pages">user subpage</a>. Consider discussing changes on the <a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Harvard_citation" title="Template talk:Harvard citation">talk page</a> before implementing them.</td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238436933"><table class="plainlinks ombox mbox-small ombox-notice" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Lua-Logo.svg/30px-Lua-Logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Lua-Logo.svg/45px-Lua-Logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Lua-Logo.svg/60px-Lua-Logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="947" data-file-height="947" /></span></span></td><td class="mbox-text">This template uses <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Lua" title="Wikipedia:Lua">Lua</a>: <div><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Footnotes" title="Module:Footnotes">Module:Footnotes</a> (<a href="/wiki/Module:Footnotes/sandbox" title="Module:Footnotes/sandbox">sandbox</a>)</li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>harv</b> ("Harvard citation") template creates a short citation in the form of "<span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">(Smith 2007, p. 22)</span>", for use inside <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:EXPLNOTESECT" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:EXPLNOTESECT">explanatory notes</a>. It is occasionally used in <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Project_namespace" title="Wikipedia:Project namespace">project namespace</a> for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Essays" title="Wikipedia:Essays">essays</a>. It can be used within footnotes, but should not be used in the <a href="/wiki/Body_text" title="Body text">body text</a> of any article. Since 2020, inline <a href="/wiki/Parenthetical_referencing" title="Parenthetical referencing">parenthetical</a> references have been <a href="/wiki/Special:PermanentLink/976895063#Deprecate_parenthetical_citations" title="Special:PermanentLink/976895063"><b>deprecated</b> on Wikipedia</a>. Any usage of parenthetical references in the body of an article can be converted to <a href="/wiki/Help:Footnotes" title="Help:Footnotes">footnotes</a>. </p><p><span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Harv" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Harv">harv</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span> is designed to be used to create <a href="/wiki/Help:Shortened_footnotes" title="Help:Shortened footnotes">shortened footnotes</a>, a citation style which pairs a short, author-date citation in a footnote with a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:HOWCITE" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:HOWCITE">complete citation</a> in the references section at the end of the article (see example <a href="#Usage">below</a>). This citation style is used to reduce clutter in the edit window and to combine multiple citations to the same source. </p><p>Common problems and known workarounds are given in the section <a href="#Possible_issues">possible issues</a> section below. </p><p>There are several other templates that are designed for use with shortened footnotes. They differ slightly in the way they format the author-date citation and how much of their functionality is automated. A full list of these related templates is <a href="#Other_author–date_citation_templates">below</a>. </p><p>Note that the use (or even non-use) of these templates is an element of citation "style", and adding or removing them in articles with an established style should be consistent with that style. See <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:CITEVAR" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:CITEVAR">WP:CITEVAR</a>. </p><p>Also note that inline use of these templates, i.e. use of <span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Harv" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Harv">harv</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span> without <code class="nowrap" style=""><ref>...</ref></code> tags around it, <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:PARREF" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:PARREF">was deprecated in September 2020</a>. See also <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:PAREN" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:PAREN">WP:PAREN</a>. </p> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none" /><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1"><a href="#Usage"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Usage</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2"><a href="#Parameters"><span class="tocnumber">1.1</span> <span class="toctext">Parameters</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3"><a href="#Author(s)_and_year"><span class="tocnumber">1.1.1</span> <span class="toctext">Author(s) and year</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-3"><a href="#Location_in_the_source_text"><span class="tocnumber">1.1.2</span> <span class="toctext">Location in the source text</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-3"><a href="#Additional_text"><span class="tocnumber">1.1.3</span> <span class="toctext">Additional text</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-3"><a href="#Hard-coded_link_names"><span class="tocnumber">1.1.4</span> <span class="toctext">Hard-coded link names</span></a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1"><a href="#Possible_issues"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Possible issues</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2"><a href="#Adding_additional_comments_or_quotes"><span class="tocnumber">2.1</span> <span class="toctext">Adding additional comments or quotes</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2"><a href="#Adding_a_URL_for_the_page_or_location"><span class="tocnumber">2.2</span> <span class="toctext">Adding a URL for the page or location</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2"><a href="#A_citation_inside_an_explanatory_footnote"><span class="tocnumber">2.3</span> <span class="toctext">A citation inside an explanatory footnote</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3"><a href="#Multiple_lists_of_inline_citations"><span class="tocnumber">2.3.1</span> <span class="toctext">Multiple lists of inline citations</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2"><a href="#More_than_one_work_in_a_year"><span class="tocnumber">2.4</span> <span class="toctext">More than one work in a year</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3"><a href="#Templates_that_use_Module:Citation/CS1"><span class="tocnumber">2.4.1</span> <span class="toctext">Templates that use Module:Citation/CS1</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2"><a href="#More_than_one_author_with_the_same_last_name"><span class="tocnumber">2.5</span> <span class="toctext">More than one author with the same last name</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2"><a href="#Large_number_of_authors"><span class="tocnumber">2.6</span> <span class="toctext">Large number of authors</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2"><a href="#No_author_name_in_citation_template"><span class="tocnumber">2.7</span> <span class="toctext">No author name in citation template</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2"><a href="#Citation_has_|date=_and_no_|year="><span class="tocnumber">2.8</span> <span class="toctext">Citation has |date= and no |year=</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2"><a href="#Using_harv_with_{{cite_comic}}"><span class="tocnumber">2.9</span> <span class="toctext">Using harv with {{cite comic}}</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2"><a href="#Using_harv_with_{{vcite}}"><span class="tocnumber">2.10</span> <span class="toctext">Using harv with {{vcite}}</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2"><a href="#Citation_format_does_not_support_anchors:_{{wikicite}}"><span class="tocnumber">2.11</span> <span class="toctext">Citation format does not support anchors: {{wikicite}}</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2"><a href="#No_closing_period:_|ps=none"><span class="tocnumber">2.12</span> <span class="toctext">No closing period: |ps=none</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2"><a href="#Wikilink_to_citation_does_not_work"><span class="tocnumber">2.13</span> <span class="toctext">Wikilink to citation does not work</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2"><a href="#Link_works_but_displays_a_no_target_error"><span class="tocnumber">2.14</span> <span class="toctext">Link works but displays a no target error</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2"><a href="#Harv_embedded_in_list-defined_ref_does_not_work"><span class="tocnumber">2.15</span> <span class="toctext">Harv embedded in list-defined ref does not work</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1"><a href="#Other_author–date_citation_templates"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Other author–date citation templates</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2"><a href="#Applications_of_these_templates"><span class="tocnumber">3.1</span> <span class="toctext">Applications of these templates</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3"><a href="#Shortened_footnote:_{{sfn}}_or_{{harvnb}}"><span class="tocnumber">3.1.1</span> <span class="toctext">Shortened footnote: {{sfn}} or {{harvnb}}</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-3"><a href="#In_text_attribution:_{{harvtxt}}"><span class="tocnumber">3.1.2</span> <span class="toctext">In text attribution: {{harvtxt}}</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-3"><a href="#Bundled_citation:_{{harvnb}}_or_{{sfnm}}"><span class="tocnumber">3.1.3</span> <span class="toctext">Bundled citation: {{harvnb}} or {{sfnm}}</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-3"><a href="#Harvard_citation:_{{harv}}"><span class="tocnumber">3.1.4</span> <span class="toctext">Harvard citation: {{harv}}</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-3"><a href="#More_exotic_Harvard_citations:_{{harvid}}_or_{{harvs}}"><span class="tocnumber">3.1.5</span> <span class="toctext">More exotic Harvard citations: {{harvid}} or {{harvs}}</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2"><a href="#Variations"><span class="tocnumber">3.2</span> <span class="toctext">Variations</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3"><a href="#Using_colon_format:_{{harvcol}},_{{harvcolnb}},_{{harvcoltxt}}"><span class="tocnumber">3.2.1</span> <span class="toctext">Using colon format: {{harvcol}}, {{harvcolnb}}, {{harvcoltxt}}</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-3"><a href="#Parentheses_around_the_year:_{{sfnp}}_and_{{harvp}}"><span class="tocnumber">3.2.2</span> <span class="toctext">Parentheses around the year: {{sfnp}} and {{harvp}}</span></a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1"><a href="#Implementation_notes"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Implementation notes</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2"><a href="#Citation_template_anchor"><span class="tocnumber">4.1</span> <span class="toctext">Citation template anchor</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2"><a href="#Harvard_citation_wikilink"><span class="tocnumber">4.2</span> <span class="toctext">Harvard citation wikilink</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2"><a href="#Using_CITEREF_directly"><span class="tocnumber">4.3</span> <span class="toctext">Using CITEREF directly</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2"><a href="#{{sfn}}'s_ref_name"><span class="tocnumber">4.4</span> <span class="toctext">{{sfn}}'s ref name</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1"><a href="#Tracking_categories"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Tracking categories</span></a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Usage">Usage</h2></div> <p>harv generates an "author-date" style short-cite from the following parameters: </p> <div style="margin-left: 2em"><code><ref>{{harv | <<var style="padding-right: 1px;">last1</var>*> | <<var style="padding-right: 1px;">last2</var>> | <<var style="padding-right: 1px;">last3</var>> | <<var style="padding-right: 1px;">last4</var>> | <<var style="padding-right: 1px;">year</var>*> | p= <<var style="padding-right: 1px;">page</var>> | loc= <<var style="padding-right: 1px;">location</var>> }}</ref></code></div> <p>with </p> <ul><li><<var style="padding-right: 1px;">last1</var>> – required; surname of first author or corporate author</li> <li><<var style="padding-right: 1px;">last2</var>>–<<var style="padding-right: 1px;">last4</var>> – positional parameters; surnames of next three authors; required if available in the full citation</li> <li><<var style="padding-right: 1px;">year</var>> – required; four-digit year; may have a lowercase disambiguation letter, like <code style="border:thin solid var(--border-color-base, #caa);background-color:var(--color-inverted, white);color:inherit;padding:1px 2px 0 1px;margin:0 2px 0 1px;white-space:nowrap;">2012a</code></li> <li><code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|p=</code> – specific page referenced in the source (alias: <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|page=</code> )</li> <li><code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|pp=</code> – comma-separated list of <a href="/wiki/Template:Csdoc#pages" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Csdoc">individual pages and / or range(s) of pages</a> referenced in the source (alias: <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|pages=</code> )</li> <li><code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|loc=</code> – in-source location when <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|p=</code> and <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|pp=</code> are inappropriate; may be used to supplement <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|p=</code> and <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|pp=</code>; information such as a section or figure number.</li></ul> <p>Typical usage is shown in the example below. The text and the footnote are connected by a bi-directional link – clicking on the superscript takes the reader to the footnote, clicking on the footnote number takes them back to the superscript. The clicking on the short citation takes them to the full citation in the references section. </p><p>Template harv is placed inside <code class="nowrap" style=""><ref>...</ref></code> tags to create <a href="/wiki/Help:Shortened_footnotes" title="Help:Shortened footnotes">shortened footnotes</a>. (Using harv outside of <code class="nowrap" style=""><ref>...</ref></code> tags <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:PARREF" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:PARREF">was deprecated in September 2020</a>). </p> <table style="margin-top:0;margin-left:0; border-width:medium; padding:0;"> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col" style="width:50%;">Markup</th> <th scope="col" style="width:50%;">Renders as  </th></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#f8f9fa; background:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle, #f8f9fa); color:var(--color-base, #000); border:1px solid #eaecf0; padding:9px 5px 5px; vertical-align:top;"><pre style="margin:0; border:none; padding:0; word-wrap:break-word; white-space:-moz-pre-wrap; white-space:-o-pre-wrap; white-space:-pre-wrap; white-space:pre-wrap; ">Article text.<ref>{{harv|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref> More article text.<ref>{{harv|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref> Still more article text.<ref>{{harv|Smith|2020|p=26}}</ref> ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{cite book | last = Smith | first = John | date = 2020 | title = Smith's Book }} </pre> </td> <td style="background:#f8f9fa; background:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle, #f8f9fa); color:var(--color-base, #000); border:1px solid #eaecf0; padding:5px; vertical-align:top;"><div style=""> <p>Article text.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> More article text.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Still more article text.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><br /> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236298596">.mw-parser-output .fake-heading{color:var(--color-emphasized,#000000);background:none;margin:0;overflow:hidden;padding-bottom:0.17em;page-break-after:avoid;padding-top:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .fake-heading.h1,.mw-parser-output .fake-heading.h2{border-bottom:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);margin-bottom:0.25em;margin-top:1em;padding:0;font-family:"Linux Libertine","Georgia","Times","Source Serif Pro",serif;line-height:1.375}body.skin-monobook .mw-parser-output .fake-heading.h1,body.skin-monobook .mw-parser-output .fake-heading.h2{font-family:inherit;line-height:inherit}body.skin-timeless .mw-parser-output .fake-heading.h1,body.skin-timeless .mw-parser-output .fake-heading.h2{border-bottom:3px solid #c8ccd1}.mw-parser-output .fake-heading.h1{font-size:1.8em}body.skin-timeless .mw-parser-output .fake-heading.h1{font-size:2em}.mw-parser-output .fake-heading.h2{font-size:1.5em}body.skin-timeless .mw-parser-output .fake-heading.h2{font-size:1.8em}.mw-parser-output .fake-heading.h3,.mw-parser-output .fake-heading.h4,.mw-parser-output .fake-heading.h5,.mw-parser-output .fake-heading.h6{font-weight:bold;margin-top:0.3em;margin-bottom:0;padding-bottom:0;line-height:1.6}.mw-parser-output .fake-heading.h3{font-size:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .fake-heading.h4{font-size:100%}</style><div class="fake-heading h3">Notes</div> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(<a href="#CITEREFSmith2020">Smith 2020</a>, p. 25)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(<a href="#CITEREFSmith2020">Smith 2020</a>, p. 25)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(<a href="#CITEREFSmith2020">Smith 2020</a>, p. 26)</span> </li> </ol></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236298596"><div class="fake-heading h3">References</div> <p><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFSmith2020" class="citation book cs1">Smith, John (2020). <i>Smith's Book</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Smith%27s+Book&rft.date=2020&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATemplate%3AHarvard+citation" class="Z3988"></span> </p> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-width:1px;border-style: none none none;border-color:#ddd; padding:5px; vertical-align:top;"> </td> <td style="border-width:1px;border-style: none none none;border-color:#ddd; padding:5px; vertical-align:top;"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Parameters">Parameters</h3></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Author(s)_and_year"><span id="Author.28s.29_and_year"></span>Author(s) and year</h4></div> <p>The first four author surnames (or all authors if fewer than four; use the values from <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|last<i>N</i>=</code> or <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|author<i>N</i>=</code> ) are required, followed by the year of publication (from <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|year=</code> or <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|date=</code>). Authors past the fourth must be omitted or an error will result. </p><p>The <a href="#Possible_issues">possible issues</a> section below describes workarounds for various common problems, such as <a href="#Large_number_of_authors">large number of authors</a>, <a href="#No_author_name_in_citation_template">no author name</a>, <a href="#More_than_one_work_in_a_year">multiple works in the same year</a>, <a href="#More_than_one_author_with_the_same_last_name">multiple authors with same last name</a> and others. </p> <table style="margin-top:0;margin-left:0; border-width:medium; padding:0;"> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col" style="width:50%;">Markup</th> <th scope="col" style="width:50%;">Renders as  </th></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#f8f9fa; background:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle, #f8f9fa); color:var(--color-base, #000); border:1px solid #eaecf0; padding:9px 5px 5px; vertical-align:top;"><pre style="margin:0; border:none; padding:0; word-wrap:break-word; white-space:-moz-pre-wrap; white-space:-o-pre-wrap; white-space:-pre-wrap; white-space:pre-wrap; ">Article text.<ref>{{harv|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref></pre> </td> <td style="background:#f8f9fa; background:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle, #f8f9fa); color:var(--color-base, #000); border:1px solid #eaecf0; padding:5px; vertical-align:top;"><div style=""> <p>Article text.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(<a href="#CITEREFSmith2020">Smith 2020</a>, p. 25)</span> </li> </ol></div></div> </div>  </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#f8f9fa; background:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle, #f8f9fa); color:var(--color-base, #000); border:1px solid #eaecf0; padding:9px 5px 5px; vertical-align:top;"><pre style="margin:0; border:none; padding:0; word-wrap:break-word; white-space:-moz-pre-wrap; white-space:-o-pre-wrap; white-space:-pre-wrap; white-space:pre-wrap; ">Article text.<ref>{{harv|Smith|Jones|2020|p=25}}</ref></pre> </td> <td style="background:#f8f9fa; background:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle, #f8f9fa); color:var(--color-base, #000); border:1px solid #eaecf0; padding:5px; vertical-align:top;"><div style=""> <p>Article text.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(<a href="#CITEREFSmithJones2020">Smith & Jones 2020</a>, p. 25)</span> </li> </ol></div></div> </div>  </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#f8f9fa; background:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle, #f8f9fa); color:var(--color-base, #000); border:1px solid #eaecf0; padding:9px 5px 5px; vertical-align:top;"><pre style="margin:0; border:none; padding:0; word-wrap:break-word; white-space:-moz-pre-wrap; white-space:-o-pre-wrap; white-space:-pre-wrap; white-space:pre-wrap; ">Article text.<ref>{{harv|Smith|Jones|Brown|2020|p=25}}</ref></pre> </td> <td style="background:#f8f9fa; background:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle, #f8f9fa); color:var(--color-base, #000); border:1px solid #eaecf0; padding:5px; vertical-align:top;"><div style=""> <p>Article text.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(<a href="#CITEREFSmithJonesBrown2020">Smith, Jones & Brown 2020</a>, p. 25)</span> </li> </ol></div></div> </div>  </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#f8f9fa; background:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle, #f8f9fa); color:var(--color-base, #000); border:1px solid #eaecf0; padding:9px 5px 5px; vertical-align:top;"><pre style="margin:0; border:none; padding:0; word-wrap:break-word; white-space:-moz-pre-wrap; white-space:-o-pre-wrap; white-space:-pre-wrap; white-space:pre-wrap; ">Article text.<ref>{{harv|Smith|Jones|Brown|Black|2020|p=25}}</ref></pre> </td> <td style="background:#f8f9fa; background:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle, #f8f9fa); color:var(--color-base, #000); border:1px solid #eaecf0; padding:5px; vertical-align:top;"><div style=""> <p>Article text.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(<a href="#CITEREFSmithJonesBrownBlack2020">Smith et al. 2020</a>, p. 25)</span> </li> </ol></div></div> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-width:1px;border-style: none none none;border-color:#ddd; padding:5px; vertical-align:top;"> </td> <td style="border-width:1px;border-style: none none none;border-color:#ddd; padding:5px; vertical-align:top;"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Location_in_the_source_text">Location in the source text</h4></div> <p>The optional parameters <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|p=</code>, <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|pp=</code> and <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|loc=</code> can be used to indicate the location in the source, such as page numbers. For single pages, use <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|p=</code>; for multiple pages (such as ranges), use <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|pp=</code>. Use of <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|p=</code> for multiple pages or <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|pp=</code> for single pages can cause <a href="/wiki/Help:Cite_errors/Cite_error_references_duplicate_key" title="Help:Cite errors/Cite error references duplicate key">cite errors</a>. <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|loc=</code> can be used to specify a location in the source in another way, such as section numbers or chapters. The parameters <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|page=</code> and <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|pages=</code> exist as aliases for <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|p=</code> and <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|pp=</code>, respectively. </p> <table style="margin-top:0;margin-left:0; border-width:medium; padding:0;"> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col" style="width:50%;">Markup</th> <th scope="col" style="width:50%;">Renders as  </th></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#f8f9fa; background:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle, #f8f9fa); color:var(--color-base, #000); border:1px solid #eaecf0; padding:9px 5px 5px; vertical-align:top;"><pre style="margin:0; border:none; padding:0; word-wrap:break-word; white-space:-moz-pre-wrap; white-space:-o-pre-wrap; white-space:-pre-wrap; white-space:pre-wrap; ">Article text.<ref>{{harv|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref></pre> </td> <td style="background:#f8f9fa; background:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle, #f8f9fa); color:var(--color-base, #000); border:1px solid #eaecf0; padding:5px; vertical-align:top;"><div style=""> <p>Article text.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(<a href="#CITEREFSmith2020">Smith 2020</a>, p. 25)</span> </li> </ol></div></div> </div>  </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#f8f9fa; background:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle, #f8f9fa); color:var(--color-base, #000); border:1px solid #eaecf0; padding:9px 5px 5px; vertical-align:top;"><pre style="margin:0; border:none; padding:0; word-wrap:break-word; white-space:-moz-pre-wrap; white-space:-o-pre-wrap; white-space:-pre-wrap; white-space:pre-wrap; ">Article text.<ref>{{harv|Smith|2020|pp=25–26}}</ref></pre> </td> <td style="background:#f8f9fa; background:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle, #f8f9fa); color:var(--color-base, #000); border:1px solid #eaecf0; padding:5px; vertical-align:top;"><div style=""> <p>Article text.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(<a href="#CITEREFSmith2020">Smith 2020</a>, pp. 25–26)</span> </li> </ol></div></div> </div>  </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#f8f9fa; background:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle, #f8f9fa); color:var(--color-base, #000); border:1px solid #eaecf0; padding:9px 5px 5px; vertical-align:top;"><pre style="margin:0; border:none; padding:0; word-wrap:break-word; white-space:-moz-pre-wrap; white-space:-o-pre-wrap; white-space:-pre-wrap; white-space:pre-wrap; ">Article text.<ref>{{harv|Smith|2020|loc=chpt. 3}}</ref></pre> </td> <td style="background:#f8f9fa; background:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle, #f8f9fa); color:var(--color-base, #000); border:1px solid #eaecf0; padding:5px; vertical-align:top;"><div style=""> <p>Article text.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(<a href="#CITEREFSmith2020">Smith 2020</a>, chpt. 3)</span> </li> </ol></div></div> </div>  </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#f8f9fa; background:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle, #f8f9fa); color:var(--color-base, #000); border:1px solid #eaecf0; padding:9px 5px 5px; vertical-align:top;"><pre style="margin:0; border:none; padding:0; word-wrap:break-word; white-space:-moz-pre-wrap; white-space:-o-pre-wrap; white-space:-pre-wrap; white-space:pre-wrap; ">Article text.<ref>{{harv|Smith|2020|loc=section 7}}</ref></pre> </td> <td style="background:#f8f9fa; background:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle, #f8f9fa); color:var(--color-base, #000); border:1px solid #eaecf0; padding:5px; vertical-align:top;"><div style=""> <p>Article text.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(<a href="#CITEREFSmith2020">Smith 2020</a>, section 7)</span> </li> </ol></div></div> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-width:1px;border-style: none none none;border-color:#ddd; padding:5px; vertical-align:top;"> </td> <td style="border-width:1px;border-style: none none none;border-color:#ddd; padding:5px; vertical-align:top;"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Additional_text">Additional text</h4></div> <p>The optional parameter <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|postscript=</code> or <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|ps=</code> can be used to change the text which appears at the end of the note in the reference list. (See <a href="#Additional_comments_or_quotes">§ Adding additional comments or quotes</a> and <a href="#No_closing_period">§ No closing period</a>, below.) The postscript is only effective the first time <code>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Sfn" title="Template:Sfn">sfn</a>}}</code> is used for a particular author, year and location. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Hard-coded_link_names">Hard-coded link names</h4></div> <p><i>Not available in <code>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Sfn" title="Template:Sfn">sfn</a>}}</code> and similar templates.</i> </p><p>The optional parameter <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|ref=</code> is used to create an unusually named link from the short citation to the full citation. This parameter is usually not necessary, and it is more common to use <code>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:SfnRef" title="Template:SfnRef">sfnRef</a>}}</code> or <code>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Harvid" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Harvid">harvid</a>}}</code> in the reference section. If you specify <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|ref=none</code>, no hyperlink is created. However, if one does not want the link, it is always possible to simply use plain text instead of the template. The parameter <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|Ref=</code> is an alias for <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|ref=</code>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Possible_issues">Possible issues</h2></div> <p><span class="anchor" id="Additional_comments_or_quotes"></span> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Adding_additional_comments_or_quotes">Adding additional comments or quotes</h3></div> <p>The templates <code>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Harvnb" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Harvnb">harvnb</a>}}</code> or <code>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Harvtxt" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Harvtxt">harvtxt</a>}}</code> can be used to add quotes or additional comments into the footnote. Examples are below. </p> <table style="margin-top:0;margin-left:0; border-width:medium; padding:0;"> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col" style="width:50%;">Markup</th> <th scope="col" style="width:50%;">Renders as  </th></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#f8f9fa; background:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle, #f8f9fa); color:var(--color-base, #000); border:1px solid #eaecf0; padding:9px 5px 5px; vertical-align:top;"><pre style="margin:0; border:none; padding:0; word-wrap:break-word; white-space:-moz-pre-wrap; white-space:-o-pre-wrap; white-space:-pre-wrap; white-space:pre-wrap; ">Some information.<ref>{{harvnb|Smith|2011|p=2}}: "A quote verifying the information."</ref> == Notes == {{reflist}} </pre> </td> <td style="background:#f8f9fa; background:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle, #f8f9fa); color:var(--color-base, #000); border:1px solid #eaecf0; padding:5px; vertical-align:top;"><div style=""> <p>Some information.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236298596"><div class="fake-heading h3">Notes</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSmith2011">Smith 2011</a>, p. 2: "A quote verifying the information."</span> </li> </ol></div></div> </div>  </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#f8f9fa; background:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle, #f8f9fa); color:var(--color-base, #000); border:1px solid #eaecf0; padding:9px 5px 5px; vertical-align:top;"><pre style="margin:0; border:none; padding:0; word-wrap:break-word; white-space:-moz-pre-wrap; white-space:-o-pre-wrap; white-space:-pre-wrap; white-space:pre-wrap; ">"A quote in a secondary source."<ref>{{harvtxt|Smith|2011|p=2}} quoted in {{harvtxt|Jones|2010|p=343}}</ref> == Notes == {{reflist}} </pre> </td> <td style="background:#f8f9fa; background:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle, #f8f9fa); color:var(--color-base, #000); border:1px solid #eaecf0; padding:5px; vertical-align:top;"><div style=""> <p>"A quote in a secondary source."<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236298596"><div class="fake-heading h3">Notes</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSmith2011">Smith (2011</a>, p. 2) quoted in <a href="#CITEREFJones2010">Jones (2010</a>, p. 343)</span> </li> </ol></div></div> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-width:1px;border-style: none none none;border-color:#ddd; padding:5px; vertical-align:top;"> </td> <td style="border-width:1px;border-style: none none none;border-color:#ddd; padding:5px; vertical-align:top;"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Nota bene</i></span>: In the past, the use of <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|ps=</code> has been advised to hold this additional information, but it is not suitable for this purpose. Two or more <span class="nowrap"><code>{{sfn}}</code></span> templates with the same authors, same year, and same page, but different <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|ps=</code> will result in a <span style="font-size:85%;"><strong class="error">Cite error: The named reference ... was defined multiple times with different content</strong></span> message. This message happens because the reference names that <span class="nowrap"><code>{{sfn}}</code></span> creates will be the same, but the content between the <code class="nowrap" style=""><ref name="FOOTNOTE..."></code> tag and the <code class="nowrap" style=""></ref></code> tag will be different. A workaround is to convert one or some of the <span class="nowrap"><code>{{sfn}}</code></span> templates to <code>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Harvnb" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Harvnb">harvnb</a>}}</code> wrapped in <code class="nowrap" style=""><ref>...</ref></code> tags. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Adding_a_URL_for_the_page_or_location">Adding a URL for the page or location</h3></div> <p>If a specific link to the page or section is available, a <a href="/wiki/Uniform_Resource_Locator" class="mw-redirect" title="Uniform Resource Locator">URL</a> can be added to the location or page number. </p> <table style="margin-top:0;margin-left:0; border-width:medium; padding:0;"> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col" style="width:50%;">Markup</th> <th scope="col" style="width:50%;">Renders as  </th></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#f8f9fa; background:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle, #f8f9fa); color:var(--color-base, #000); border:1px solid #eaecf0; padding:9px 5px 5px; vertical-align:top;"><pre style="margin:0; border:none; padding:0; word-wrap:break-word; white-space:-moz-pre-wrap; white-space:-o-pre-wrap; white-space:-pre-wrap; white-space:pre-wrap; ">{{harv|Smith|2011|loc=[https://en.wikipedia.org chpt. 3]}}</pre> </td> <td style="background:#f8f9fa; background:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle, #f8f9fa); color:var(--color-base, #000); border:1px solid #eaecf0; padding:5px; vertical-align:top;"><div style=""> <p>(<a href="#CITEREFSmith2011">Smith 2011</a>, <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org">chpt. 3</a>) </p> </div>  </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#f8f9fa; background:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle, #f8f9fa); color:var(--color-base, #000); border:1px solid #eaecf0; padding:9px 5px 5px; vertical-align:top;"><pre style="margin:0; border:none; padding:0; word-wrap:break-word; white-space:-moz-pre-wrap; white-space:-o-pre-wrap; white-space:-pre-wrap; white-space:pre-wrap; ">{{harv|Smith|2011|loc=[https://en.wikipedia.org &sect;7]}}</pre> </td> <td style="background:#f8f9fa; background:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle, #f8f9fa); color:var(--color-base, #000); border:1px solid #eaecf0; padding:5px; vertical-align:top;"><div style=""> <p>(<a href="#CITEREFSmith2011">Smith 2011</a>, <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org">§7</a>) </p> </div>  </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#f8f9fa; background:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle, #f8f9fa); color:var(--color-base, #000); border:1px solid #eaecf0; padding:9px 5px 5px; vertical-align:top;"><pre style="margin:0; border:none; padding:0; word-wrap:break-word; white-space:-moz-pre-wrap; white-space:-o-pre-wrap; white-space:-pre-wrap; white-space:pre-wrap; "><div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-wikitext mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre><span></span>Article text.<span class="p">{{</span><span class="nt">sfn</span><span class="p">|</span>Smith<span class="p">|</span>2011<span class="p">|</span><span class="nl">p</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="nl">https://en.wikipedia.org</span><span class="w"> </span>3<span class="p">]}}</span> <span class="gu">==Notes==</span> <span class="p">{{</span><span class="nt">reflist</span><span class="p">}}</span> <span class="gu">==References==</span> <span class="k">*</span> <span class="p">{{</span><span class="nt">cite book</span> <span class="p">|</span><span class="nl"> last </span><span class="o">=</span> Smith <span class="p">|</span><span class="nl"> date </span><span class="o">=</span> 2011 <span class="p">|</span><span class="nl"> title </span><span class="o">=</span> Smith's other book <span class="p">}}</span> </pre></div></pre> </td> <td style="background:#f8f9fa; background:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle, #f8f9fa); color:var(--color-base, #000); border:1px solid #eaecf0; padding:5px; vertical-align:top;"><div style=""> <p>Article text.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith2011[httpsenwikipediaorg_3]_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith2011[httpsenwikipediaorg_3]-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236298596"><div class="fake-heading h3">Notes</div> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith2011[httpsenwikipediaorg_3]-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith2011[httpsenwikipediaorg_3]_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSmith2011">Smith 2011</a>, p. <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org">3</a>.</span> </li> </ol></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236298596"><div class="fake-heading h3">References</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith2011" class="citation book cs1">Smith (2011). <i>Smith's other book</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Smith%27s+other+book&rft.date=2011&rft.au=Smith&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATemplate%3AHarvard+citation" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-width:1px;border-style: none none none;border-color:#ddd; padding:5px; vertical-align:top;"> </td> <td style="border-width:1px;border-style: none none none;border-color:#ddd; padding:5px; vertical-align:top;"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="A_citation_inside_an_explanatory_footnote">A citation inside an explanatory footnote</h3></div> <p>Sometimes an explanatory footnote requires a citation. Templates like <span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Sfn" title="Template:Sfn">sfn</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span> can't be directly imbedded between <code class="nowrap" style=""><ref>...</ref></code> tags, because the following message will be produced: <span style="font-size:85%;"><strong class="error">Cite error references missing group</strong></span>. </p><p>The templates <span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Efn" title="Template:Efn">efn</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span> and <span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Notelist" title="Template:Notelist">notelist</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span> can be used to create separate explanatory footnotes from short citations, as shown in the first example. An article that uses this technique extensively is <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Room" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese Room">Chinese Room</a>. </p><p>It is also possible to use the <a href="/wiki/Help:Magic_words" title="Help:Magic words">magic word</a> <code>{{#tag:ref|...}}</code> and the <span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Sfn" title="Template:Sfn">sfn</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span> template will work correctly inside the footnote, as shown in the second example. </p> <table style="margin-top:0;margin-left:0; border-width:medium; padding:0;"> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col" style="width:50%;">Markup</th> <th scope="col" style="width:50%;">Renders as  </th></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#f8f9fa; background:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle, #f8f9fa); color:var(--color-base, #000); border:1px solid #eaecf0; padding:9px 5px 5px; vertical-align:top;"><pre style="margin:0; border:none; padding:0; word-wrap:break-word; white-space:-moz-pre-wrap; white-space:-o-pre-wrap; white-space:-pre-wrap; white-space:pre-wrap; ">Interesting fact.{{efn|Clarification of interesting fact.{{sfn|Smith|2018}}}} ==Notes== {{notelist}} ==Citations== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{cite book | last = Smith | date = 2018 | title = Smith's other book }} </pre> </td> <td style="background:#f8f9fa; background:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle, #f8f9fa); color:var(--color-base, #000); border:1px solid #eaecf0; padding:5px; vertical-align:top;"><div style=""> <p>Interesting fact.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236298596"><div class="fake-heading h2">Notes</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Clarification of interesting fact.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith2018_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith2018-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236298596"><div class="fake-heading h2">Citations</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith2018-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith2018_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSmith2018">Smith 2018</a>.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236298596"><div class="fake-heading h2">References</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith2018" class="citation book cs1">Smith (2018). <i>Smith's other book</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Smith%27s+other+book&rft.date=2018&rft.au=Smith&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATemplate%3AHarvard+citation" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div>  </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#f8f9fa; background:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle, #f8f9fa); color:var(--color-base, #000); border:1px solid #eaecf0; padding:9px 5px 5px; vertical-align:top;"><pre style="margin:0; border:none; padding:0; word-wrap:break-word; white-space:-moz-pre-wrap; white-space:-o-pre-wrap; white-space:-pre-wrap; white-space:pre-wrap; ">Interesting fact.{{#tag:ref|Clarification of interesting fact.{{sfn|Smith|2017}}}} ==Citations== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{cite book | last = Smith | date = 2017 | title = Smith's other book }} </pre> </td> <td style="background:#f8f9fa; background:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle, #f8f9fa); color:var(--color-base, #000); border:1px solid #eaecf0; padding:5px; vertical-align:top;"><div style=""> <p>Interesting fact.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236298596"><div class="fake-heading h2">Notes</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith2017-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith2017_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSmith2017">Smith 2017</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Clarification of interesting fact.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith2017_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith2017-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236298596"><div class="fake-heading h2">References</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith2017" class="citation book cs1">Smith (2017). <i>Smith's other book</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Smith%27s+other+book&rft.date=2017&rft.au=Smith&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATemplate%3AHarvard+citation" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-width:1px;border-style: none none none;border-color:#ddd; padding:5px; vertical-align:top;"> </td> <td style="border-width:1px;border-style: none none none;border-color:#ddd; padding:5px; vertical-align:top;"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Multiple_lists_of_inline_citations">Multiple lists of inline citations</h4></div> <p>Sometimes there is a need to create two or more separate lists of inline footnotes. For example some family trees are contained in templates, they are transluded into several biographies, and they have their own self contained citations (see <a href="/wiki/Template:Houston_family_tree" title="Template:Houston family tree">Template:Houston family tree</a> and the article <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Lea_Houston" title="Margaret Lea Houston">Margaret Lea Houston</a>). </p><p>To facilitate this, while the main page uses the standard 1,2,3 footnote counting, it is common for family trees to use the efn template with a group parameter set—for example <code>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Efn-lg" title="Template:Efn-lg">efn-lg</a>}}</code> (lower-greek). The efn templates are text templates, to link some or all of the content of the efn template to a long citation template such as <code>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code> place <code>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Harvnb" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Harvnb">harvnb</a>}}</code> or <code>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Harv" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Harv">harv</a>}}</code> within the efn template. </p> <table style="margin-top:0;margin-left:0; border-width:medium; padding:0;"> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col" style="width:50%;">Markup</th> <th scope="col" style="width:50%;">Renders as  </th></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#f8f9fa; background:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle, #f8f9fa); color:var(--color-base, #000); border:1px solid #eaecf0; padding:9px 5px 5px; vertical-align:top;"><pre style="margin:0; border:none; padding:0; word-wrap:break-word; white-space:-moz-pre-wrap; white-space:-o-pre-wrap; white-space:-pre-wrap; white-space:pre-wrap; ">...by the fact itself.<ref>{{harvnb|Smith|2018|p=1}}</ref> ==Family Tree== He's his own grandpa.{{efn-lg|{{harvnb|Latham|1947|p=9}} }} ===FT notes=== {{notelist-lg}} ===FT references=== *{{citation |last=Latham |first=Dwight |date=1947 |title=The Adams family}} ==See also== [[Ipso facto]]<ref>{{harvnb|Smith|2018|p=2}}</ref> ==Notes== {{Reflist}} ==References== * {{citation |last=Smith |date=2018 |title=Smith's other book}} </pre> </td> <td style="background:#f8f9fa; background:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle, #f8f9fa); color:var(--color-base, #000); border:1px solid #eaecf0; padding:5px; vertical-align:top;"><div style=""> <p>...by the fact itself.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236298596"><div class="fake-heading h2">Family Tree</div> <p>He's his own grandpa.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>α<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <small><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236298596"><div class="fake-heading h2">FT notes</div></small> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-lower-greek"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLatham1947">Latham 1947</a>, p. 9</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <small><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236298596"><div class="fake-heading h2">FT references</div></small> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLatham1947" class="citation cs2">Latham, Dwight (1947), <i>The Adams family</i></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Adams+family&rft.date=1947&rft.aulast=Latham&rft.aufirst=Dwight&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATemplate%3AHarvard+citation" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <p><br /> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236298596"><div class="fake-heading h2">See also</div> <p><a href="/wiki/Ipso_facto" title="Ipso facto">Ipso facto</a><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236298596"><div class="fake-heading h2">Notes</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSmith2018">Smith 2018</a>, p. 1</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSmith2018">Smith 2018</a>, p. 2</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236298596"><div class="fake-heading h2">References</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith2018" class="citation cs2">Smith (2018), <i>Smith's other book</i></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Smith%27s+other+book&rft.date=2018&rft.au=Smith&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATemplate%3AHarvard+citation" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-width:1px;border-style: none none none;border-color:#ddd; padding:5px; vertical-align:top;"> </td> <td style="border-width:1px;border-style: none none none;border-color:#ddd; padding:5px; vertical-align:top;"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="More_than_one_work_in_a_year">More than one work in a year</h3></div> <p>Where there is a need to cite more than one work <i>by the same author published in the same year</i>, the standard way to disambiguate such works is to add a letter suffix after the year element of the <span class="nowrap"><code>{{sfn}}</code></span> template (e.g. <span class="nowrap"><code>{{sfn|Smith|2006a}}</code></span> and <span class="nowrap"><code>{{sfn|Smith|2006b}}</code></span>). Make sure to add the disambiguation letter to the matching full citation, (e.g. <code>{{cite book|...|last=Smith|date=2006b}}</code>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Templates_that_use_Module:Citation/CS1"><span id="Templates_that_use_Module:Citation.2FCS1"></span>Templates that use Module:Citation/CS1</h4></div> <p>When <span class="nowrap"><code>{{sfn}}</code></span> is used with <code>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Citation" title="Template:Citation">citation</a>}}</code> or <a href="/wiki/Help:Citation_Style_1" title="Help:Citation Style 1">Citation Style 1</a> templates, a year-suffix letter may be added to <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|date=</code> for all accepted date formats except year-initial numeric (<span style="font-size:85%;">YYYY-MM-DD</span>). It is not necessary to include both <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|date=</code> and <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|year=</code> (see exception <a href="#NB_YEAR">below</a>). If both are included, <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|year=</code> is used for the <code>CITEREF</code> anchor to be compliant with legacy citations. </p> <dl><dd><code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|date=2013a</code>: simple year only dates</dd> <dd><code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|date=Jan 2013b</code> or <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|date=Winter 2013b</code>: month or season and year dates</dd> <dd><code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|date=9 November 2013b</code> or <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|date=November 9, 2013b</code>: full dates</dd> <dd><code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|date=June–July 2013c</code> or <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|date=Winter–Spring 2013c</code>: month or season ranges and year dates</dd> <dd><code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|date=c. 2013d</code>: circa year dates</dd> <dd><code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|date=2024–2025e</code> or <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|date=Summer 2024–25e</code>: year ranges</dd> <dd><code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|date=n.d.f</code>: no date (n.d.)</dd> <dd><span class="anchor" id="NB_YEAR"></span><s><code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|date=2013g-11-09</code></s>: not supported, the template must use <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|year=2013g</code>. If month and day should be part of the citation as well, both parameters need to be given: <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|date=2013-11-09</code> <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|year=2013x</code>. In this case, <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|date=</code> is used for citation display and metadata purposes, and <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|year=</code> for link disambiguation.</dd></dl> <table style="margin-top:0;margin-left:0; border-width:medium; padding:0;"> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col" style="width:50%;">Markup</th> <th scope="col" style="width:50%;">Renders as  </th></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#f8f9fa; background:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle, #f8f9fa); color:var(--color-base, #000); border:1px solid #eaecf0; padding:9px 5px 5px; vertical-align:top;"><pre style="margin:0; border:none; padding:0; word-wrap:break-word; white-space:-moz-pre-wrap; white-space:-o-pre-wrap; white-space:-pre-wrap; white-space:pre-wrap; ">Article text.{{sfn|Smith|1993a|p=25}} More text.{{sfn|Smith|1993b|p=32}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{cite journal |last=Smith |first=Karen |date=January 1993a |title=Smith's first paper |journal=Important Journal }} * {{cite journal |last=Smith |first=Karen |date=Spring–Summer 1993b |title=Smith's second paper |journal=Another Important Journal }}</pre> </td> <td style="background:#f8f9fa; background:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle, #f8f9fa); color:var(--color-base, #000); border:1px solid #eaecf0; padding:5px; vertical-align:top;"><div style=""> <p>Article text.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith1993a25_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith1993a25-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> More text.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith1993b32_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith1993b32-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236298596"><div class="fake-heading h3">Notes</div> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith1993a25-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith1993a25_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSmith1993a">Smith 1993a</a>, p. 25.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith1993b32-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith1993b32_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSmith1993b">Smith 1993b</a>, p. 32.</span> </li> </ol></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236298596"><div class="fake-heading h3">References</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith1993a" class="citation journal cs1">Smith, Karen (January 1993a). "Smith's first paper". <i>Important Journal</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Important+Journal&rft.atitle=Smith%27s+first+paper&rft.date=1993-01&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Karen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATemplate%3AHarvard+citation" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith1993b" class="citation journal cs1">Smith, Karen (Spring–Summer 1993b). "Smith's second paper". <i>Another Important Journal</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Another+Important+Journal&rft.atitle=Smith%27s+second+paper&rft.chron=spring%E2%80%93summer&rft.date=1993&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Karen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATemplate%3AHarvard+citation" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-width:1px;border-style: none none none;border-color:#ddd; padding:5px; vertical-align:top;"> </td> <td style="border-width:1px;border-style: none none none;border-color:#ddd; padding:5px; vertical-align:top;"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="More_than_one_author_with_the_same_last_name">More than one author with the same last name</h3></div> <p>The above solution to add a letter suffix after the year element also works for multiple authors with the same last name. For example, both <a href="/wiki/Richard_Bushman" title="Richard Bushman">Richard Bushman</a> and <a href="/wiki/Claudia_Lauper_Bushman" title="Claudia Lauper Bushman">Claudia Lauper Bushman</a> published books in 2006. To differentiate between the two books, the first one can be given the year "2006a" and the second one "2006b". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Large_number_of_authors">Large number of authors</h3></div> <p>If there are more than four authors, the first four authors' surnames (the value in <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|last=</code> or <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|author=</code>) are required by the template. Listing more authors is not supported. It is also possible to use the <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|ref=<span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Harvid" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Harvid">harvid</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span></code> in the citation template, which allows a more concise citation in the article text. </p> <table style="margin-top:0;margin-left:0; border-width:medium; padding:0;"> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col" style="width:50%;">Markup</th> <th scope="col" style="width:50%;">Renders as  </th></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#f8f9fa; background:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle, #f8f9fa); color:var(--color-base, #000); border:1px solid #eaecf0; padding:9px 5px 5px; vertical-align:top;"><pre style="margin:0; border:none; padding:0; word-wrap:break-word; white-space:-moz-pre-wrap; white-space:-o-pre-wrap; white-space:-pre-wrap; white-space:pre-wrap; ">Article text.<ref>{{harv|Smith|Jones|Brown|Black|1994|p=25}}</ref> ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{cite journal | last = Smith | last2 = Jones | last3 = Brown | last4 = Black | last5 = Davis | last6 = Martinez | last7 = Hsu | date = 1994 | title = Scientific paper written by many scientists | journal = Important Journal }}</pre> </td> <td style="background:#f8f9fa; background:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle, #f8f9fa); color:var(--color-base, #000); border:1px solid #eaecf0; padding:5px; vertical-align:top;"><div style=""> <p>Article text.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236298596"><div class="fake-heading h3">Notes</div> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(<a href="#CITEREFSmithJonesBrownBlack1994">Smith et al. 1994</a>, p. 25)</span> </li> </ol></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236298596"><div class="fake-heading h3">References</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmithJonesBrownBlack1994" class="citation journal cs1">Smith; Jones; Brown; Black; Davis; Martinez; Hsu (1994). "Scientific paper written by many scientists". <i>Important Journal</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Important+Journal&rft.atitle=Scientific+paper+written+by+many+scientists&rft.date=1994&rft.au=Smith&rft.au=Jones&rft.au=Brown&rft.au=Black&rft.au=Davis&rft.au=Martinez&rft.au=Hsu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATemplate%3AHarvard+citation" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div>  </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#f8f9fa; background:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle, #f8f9fa); color:var(--color-base, #000); border:1px solid #eaecf0; padding:9px 5px 5px; vertical-align:top;"><pre style="margin:0; border:none; padding:0; word-wrap:break-word; white-space:-moz-pre-wrap; white-space:-o-pre-wrap; white-space:-pre-wrap; white-space:pre-wrap; ">Article text.<ref>{{harv|Smith et al.|1995|p=25}}</ref> ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{cite journal | last = Smith | last2 = Jones | last3 = Brown | last4 = Black | last5 = Davis | last6 = Martinez | last7 = Hsu | date = 1995 | title = Another paper by many scientists | journal = Important Journal | ref = {{harvid|Smith et al.|1995}} }}</pre> </td> <td style="background:#f8f9fa; background:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle, #f8f9fa); color:var(--color-base, #000); border:1px solid #eaecf0; padding:5px; vertical-align:top;"><div style=""> <p>Article text.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236298596"><div class="fake-heading h3">Notes</div> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(<a href="#CITEREFSmith_et_al.1995">Smith et al. 1995</a>, p. 25)</span> </li> </ol></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236298596"><div class="fake-heading h3">References</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith_et_al.1995" class="citation journal cs1">Smith; Jones; Brown; Black; Davis; Martinez; Hsu (1995). "Another paper by many scientists". <i>Important Journal</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Important+Journal&rft.atitle=Another+paper+by+many+scientists&rft.date=1995&rft.au=Smith&rft.au=Jones&rft.au=Brown&rft.au=Black&rft.au=Davis&rft.au=Martinez&rft.au=Hsu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATemplate%3AHarvard+citation" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-width:1px;border-style: none none none;border-color:#ddd; padding:5px; vertical-align:top;"> </td> <td style="border-width:1px;border-style: none none none;border-color:#ddd; padding:5px; vertical-align:top;"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="No_author_name_in_citation_template">No author name in citation template</h3></div> <p>Some sources do not have a single author with a last name, such as a magazine article or a report from a government institution. There is no consensus (in Wikipedia or among citation styles) about how to format author–date citations for works that do not have a specific author. Several choices are: </p> <ol><li>The title of the article, or a shortened form of the title, is recommended by some style guides.</li> <li>For a newspaper or periodical, you may use the name of the paper and the date.</li> <li>For a publication by an institution, use either: <ol><li>The initials of the institution</li> <li>The name of the institution</li></ol></li> <li>Other style guides recommend using "Anonymous" or "Anon."</li></ol> <p>An article should adopt one of these styles consistently. Using <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|ref=<span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Harvid" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Harvid">harvid</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span></code> in the citation template can handle these cases. </p> <table style="margin-top:0;margin-left:0; border-width:medium; padding:0;"> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col" style="width:50%;">Markup</th> <th scope="col" style="width:50%;">Renders as  </th></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#f8f9fa; background:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle, #f8f9fa); color:var(--color-base, #000); border:1px solid #eaecf0; padding:9px 5px 5px; vertical-align:top;"><pre style="margin:0; border:none; padding:0; word-wrap:break-word; white-space:-moz-pre-wrap; white-space:-o-pre-wrap; white-space:-pre-wrap; white-space:pre-wrap; "><div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-wikitext mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre><span></span>Article text.<span class="p">{{</span><span class="nt">sfn</span><span class="p">|</span>BGI<span class="p">|</span>1996<span class="p">|</span><span class="nl">p</span><span class="o">=</span>429<span class="p">}}</span> <span class="gu">==Notes==</span> <span class="p">{{</span><span class="nt">reflist</span><span class="p">}}</span> <span class="gu">==References==</span> <span class="k">*</span> <span class="p">{{</span><span class="nt">cite book</span> <span class="p">|</span><span class="nl"> title </span><span class="o">=</span> Important Book <span class="p">|</span><span class="nl"> date </span><span class="o">=</span> 1996 <span class="p">|</span><span class="nl"> publisher </span><span class="o">=</span> Big Government Institution <span class="p">|</span><span class="nl"> ref </span><span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">{{</span><span class="nt">harvid</span><span class="p">|</span>BGI<span class="p">|</span>1996<span class="p">}}</span> <span class="p">}}</span> </pre></div></pre> </td> <td style="background:#f8f9fa; background:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle, #f8f9fa); color:var(--color-base, #000); border:1px solid #eaecf0; padding:5px; vertical-align:top;"><div style=""> <p>Article text.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBGI1996429_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBGI1996429-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236298596"><div class="fake-heading h3">Notes</div> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBGI1996429-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBGI1996429_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBGI1996">BGI 1996</a>, p. 429.</span> </li> </ol></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236298596"><div class="fake-heading h3">References</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBGI1996" class="citation book cs1"><i>Important Book</i>. Big Government Institution. 1996.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Important+Book&rft.pub=Big+Government+Institution&rft.date=1996&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATemplate%3AHarvard+citation" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div>  </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#f8f9fa; background:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle, #f8f9fa); color:var(--color-base, #000); border:1px solid #eaecf0; padding:9px 5px 5px; vertical-align:top;"><pre style="margin:0; border:none; padding:0; word-wrap:break-word; white-space:-moz-pre-wrap; white-space:-o-pre-wrap; white-space:-pre-wrap; white-space:pre-wrap; "><div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-wikitext mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre><span></span>Article text.<span class="p">{{</span><span class="nt">sfn</span> <span class="p">|</span><span class="ge">''Popular Magazine''</span><span class="p">|</span>1996<span class="p">|</span><span class="nl">p</span><span class="o">=</span>29<span class="p">}}</span> <span class="gu">==Notes==</span> <span class="p">{{</span><span class="nt">reflist</span><span class="p">}}</span> <span class="gu">==References==</span> <span class="k">*</span> <span class="p">{{</span><span class="nt">cite magazine</span> <span class="p">|</span><span class="nl"> magazine </span><span class="o">=</span> Popular Magazine <span class="p">|</span><span class="nl"> title </span><span class="o">=</span> An Article by an Anonymous Author <span class="p">|</span><span class="nl"> date </span><span class="o">=</span> 1996 <span class="p">|</span><span class="nl"> ref </span><span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">{{</span><span class="nt">harvid</span><span class="p">|</span>Popular Magazine<span class="p">|</span>1996<span class="p">}}</span> <span class="p">}}</span> </pre></div></pre> </td> <td style="background:#f8f9fa; background:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle, #f8f9fa); color:var(--color-base, #000); border:1px solid #eaecf0; padding:5px; vertical-align:top;"><div style=""> <p>Article text.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''Popular_Magazine''199629_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''Popular_Magazine''199629-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236298596"><div class="fake-heading h3">Notes</div> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTE''Popular_Magazine''199629-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''Popular_Magazine''199629_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPopular_Magazine1996"><i>Popular Magazine</i> 1996</a>, p. 29.</span> </li> </ol></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236298596"><div class="fake-heading h3">References</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPopular_Magazine1996" class="citation magazine cs1">"An Article by an Anonymous Author". <i>Popular Magazine</i>. 1996.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Popular+Magazine&rft.atitle=An+Article+by+an+Anonymous+Author&rft.date=1996&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATemplate%3AHarvard+citation" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-width:1px;border-style: none none none;border-color:#ddd; padding:5px; vertical-align:top;"> </td> <td style="border-width:1px;border-style: none none none;border-color:#ddd; padding:5px; vertical-align:top;"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citation_has_|date=_and_no_|year="><span id="Citation_has_.7Cdate.3D_and_no_.7Cyear.3D"></span>Citation has <code>|date=</code> and no <code>|year=</code></h3></div> <p>Either the <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|date=</code> or <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|year=</code> of a citation template can be matched—the template logic can extract the year from a full date. If the date parameter is not a full date, then the extraction will fail. If the link does not seem to work, it also possible to set both <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|date=</code> and <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|year=</code> parameters. The template will display the date and use the year for the anchor. These two examples show a year being successfully extracted from full date. </p> <table style="margin-top:0;margin-left:0; border-width:medium; padding:0;"> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col" style="width:50%;">Markup</th> <th scope="col" style="width:50%;">Renders as  </th></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#f8f9fa; background:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle, #f8f9fa); color:var(--color-base, #000); border:1px solid #eaecf0; padding:9px 5px 5px; vertical-align:top;"><pre style="margin:0; border:none; padding:0; word-wrap:break-word; white-space:-moz-pre-wrap; white-space:-o-pre-wrap; white-space:-pre-wrap; white-space:pre-wrap; ">Article text.{{sfn|Smith|1997|p=101}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{cite journal | last = Smith | first = Karen | date = 11 May 1997 | title = Smith's 1997 paper | journal= Important Journal }}</pre> </td> <td style="background:#f8f9fa; background:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle, #f8f9fa); color:var(--color-base, #000); border:1px solid #eaecf0; padding:5px; vertical-align:top;"><div style=""> <p>Article text.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith1997101_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith1997101-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236298596"><div class="fake-heading h3">Notes</div> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith1997101-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith1997101_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSmith1997">Smith 1997</a>, p. 101.</span> </li> </ol></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236298596"><div class="fake-heading h3">References</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith1997" class="citation journal cs1">Smith, Karen (11 May 1997). "Smith's 1997 paper". <i>Important Journal</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Important+Journal&rft.atitle=Smith%27s+1997+paper&rft.date=1997-05-11&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Karen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATemplate%3AHarvard+citation" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div>  </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#f8f9fa; background:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle, #f8f9fa); color:var(--color-base, #000); border:1px solid #eaecf0; padding:9px 5px 5px; vertical-align:top;"><pre style="margin:0; border:none; padding:0; word-wrap:break-word; white-space:-moz-pre-wrap; white-space:-o-pre-wrap; white-space:-pre-wrap; white-space:pre-wrap; ">Article text.{{sfn|Smith|1998|p=101}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{cite journal | last = Smith | first = Karen | date = May 1998 | title = Smith's 1998 paper | journal= Important Journal }}</pre> </td> <td style="background:#f8f9fa; background:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle, #f8f9fa); color:var(--color-base, #000); border:1px solid #eaecf0; padding:5px; vertical-align:top;"><div style=""> <p>Article text.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith1998101_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith1998101-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236298596"><div class="fake-heading h3">Notes</div> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith1998101-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith1998101_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSmith1998">Smith 1998</a>, p. 101.</span> </li> </ol></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236298596"><div class="fake-heading h3">References</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith1998" class="citation journal cs1">Smith, Karen (May 1998). "Smith's 1998 paper". <i>Important Journal</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Important+Journal&rft.atitle=Smith%27s+1998+paper&rft.date=1998-05&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Karen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATemplate%3AHarvard+citation" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-width:1px;border-style: none none none;border-color:#ddd; padding:5px; vertical-align:top;"> </td> <td style="border-width:1px;border-style: none none none;border-color:#ddd; padding:5px; vertical-align:top;"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Using_harv_with_{{cite_comic}}"><span id="Using_harv_with_.7B.7Bcite_comic.7D.7D"></span>Using harv with <a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_comic" title="Template:Cite comic"><code>{{cite comic}}</code></a></h3></div> <p>The <span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_comic" title="Template:Cite comic">cite comic</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span> template uses the parameter <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|ref=</code> to create an anchor for the Harvard citation templates. This can be set with <code>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:SfnRef" title="Template:SfnRef">sfnRef</a>}}</code>, <code>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Harvid" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Harvid">harvid</a>}}</code>, or using CITEREF directly with a concatenation of <code>#CITEREF</code> plus the parameters passed to the Harvard citation template. </p> <table style="margin-top:0;margin-left:0; border-width:medium; padding:0;"> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col" style="width:50%;">Markup</th> <th scope="col" style="width:50%;">Renders as  </th></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#f8f9fa; background:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle, #f8f9fa); color:var(--color-base, #000); border:1px solid #eaecf0; padding:9px 5px 5px; vertical-align:top;"><pre style="margin:0; border:none; padding:0; word-wrap:break-word; white-space:-moz-pre-wrap; white-space:-o-pre-wrap; white-space:-pre-wrap; white-space:pre-wrap; ">Article text.{{sfn|Morrison|1987}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{cite comic |writer=Morrison, Grant |artist=Yeowell, Steve |title=2000 AD |date=August 15, 1987 |publisher=[[Fleetway]] |ref={{sfnref|Morrison|1987}} }}</pre> </td> <td style="background:#f8f9fa; background:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle, #f8f9fa); color:var(--color-base, #000); border:1px solid #eaecf0; padding:5px; vertical-align:top;"><div style=""> <p>Article text.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorrison1987_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorrison1987-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236298596"><div class="fake-heading h3">Notes</div> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorrison1987-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorrison1987_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMorrison1987">Morrison 1987</a>.</span> </li> </ol></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236298596"><div class="fake-heading h3">References</div> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1041539562">.mw-parser-output .citation{word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}</style><span class="citation" id="CITEREFMorrison1987">Morrison, Grant (<a href="/wiki/Script_(comics)" title="Script (comics)">w</a>), Yeowell, Steve (<a href="/wiki/Artist" title="Artist">a</a>). <i> 2000 AD</i> (August 15, 1987). <a href="/wiki/Fleetway" class="mw-redirect" title="Fleetway">Fleetway</a>.</span></li></ul> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-width:1px;border-style: none none none;border-color:#ddd; padding:5px; vertical-align:top;"> </td> <td style="border-width:1px;border-style: none none none;border-color:#ddd; padding:5px; vertical-align:top;"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Using_harv_with_{{vcite}}"><span id="Using_harv_with_.7B.7Bvcite.7D.7D"></span>Using harv with <a href="/wiki/Template:Vcite" title="Template:Vcite"><code>{{vcite}}</code></a></h3></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Help:Citation_Style_Vancouver" title="Help:Citation Style Vancouver">Citation Style Vancouver</a> family of templates use parameter <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|harvid=</code> to create an anchor for the Harvard citation templates. This must be set to a concatenation of the parameters passed to the Harvard citation template. </p> <table style="margin-top:0;margin-left:0; border-width:medium; padding:0;"> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col" style="width:50%;">Markup</th> <th scope="col" style="width:50%;">Renders as  </th></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#f8f9fa; background:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle, #f8f9fa); color:var(--color-base, #000); border:1px solid #eaecf0; padding:9px 5px 5px; vertical-align:top;"><pre style="margin:0; border:none; padding:0; word-wrap:break-word; white-space:-moz-pre-wrap; white-space:-o-pre-wrap; white-space:-pre-wrap; white-space:pre-wrap; ">Article text.{{sfn|Smith|1999|p=101}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{vcite book | author = Smith K | date = 1999 | title = Smith's 1999 Book | harvid = Smith1999 }}</pre> </td> <td style="background:#f8f9fa; background:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle, #f8f9fa); color:var(--color-base, #000); border:1px solid #eaecf0; padding:5px; vertical-align:top;"><div style=""> <p>Article text.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith1999101_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith1999101-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236298596"><div class="fake-heading h3">Notes</div> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith1999101-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith1999101_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSmith1999">Smith 1999</a>, p. 101.</span> </li> </ol></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236298596"><div class="fake-heading h3">References</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><cite class="citation book csvan" id="CITEREFSmith1999">Smith K. <i>Smith's 1999 Book</i>. 1999.</cite></li></ul> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-width:1px;border-style: none none none;border-color:#ddd; padding:5px; vertical-align:top;"> </td> <td style="border-width:1px;border-style: none none none;border-color:#ddd; padding:5px; vertical-align:top;"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citation_format_does_not_support_anchors:_{{wikicite}}"><span id="Citation_format_does_not_support_anchors:_.7B.7Bwikicite.7D.7D"></span>Citation format does not support anchors: <a href="/wiki/Template:Wikicite" title="Template:Wikicite"><code>{{wikicite}}</code></a></h3></div> <p>In a few very rare cases, it may be impossible for the citation templates to create an anchor. Either (1) the citation is formatted with a template that does not support the <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|ref=</code> parameter or (2) the source can't be described using our citation templates at all. In these cases, it is possible to use <code>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Wikicite" title="Template:Wikicite">wikicite</a>}}</code> to make the anchor. (As of November 2010, there are only approximately 100 articles that require this technique.) It is also possible that (3) local editors would prefer not to use citation templates. In this case, it is important to discuss what the local editors would like to do about the bad links. It is always possible to simply remove <code>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Harv" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Harv">harv</a>}}</code> or <code>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Sfn" title="Template:Sfn">sfn</a>}}</code>, leaving plain text without links. </p> <table style="margin-top:0;margin-left:0; border-width:medium; padding:0;"> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col" style="width:50%;">Markup</th> <th scope="col" style="width:50%;">Renders as  </th></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#f8f9fa; background:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle, #f8f9fa); color:var(--color-base, #000); border:1px solid #eaecf0; padding:9px 5px 5px; vertical-align:top;"><pre style="margin:0; border:none; padding:0; word-wrap:break-word; white-space:-moz-pre-wrap; white-space:-o-pre-wrap; white-space:-pre-wrap; white-space:pre-wrap; ">Article text.{{sfn |Big Government Agency|1999}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{wikicite | reference = {{cite report | title=Important Government Report | publisher=Big Government Agency | date=1999 }} | ref = {{harvid|Big Government Agency|1999}} }} </pre> </td> <td style="background:#f8f9fa; background:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle, #f8f9fa); color:var(--color-base, #000); border:1px solid #eaecf0; padding:5px; vertical-align:top;"><div style=""> <p>Article text.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBig_Government_Agency1999_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBig_Government_Agency1999-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236298596"><div class="fake-heading h3">Notes</div> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBig_Government_Agency1999-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBig_Government_Agency1999_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBig_Government_Agency1999">Big Government Agency 1999</a>.</span> </li> </ol></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236298596"><div class="fake-heading h3">References</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><cite class="citation wikicite" id="CITEREFBig_Government_Agency1999"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation report cs1">Important Government Report (Report). Big Government Agency. 1999.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Important+Government+Report&rft.pub=Big+Government+Agency&rft.date=1999&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATemplate%3AHarvard+citation" class="Z3988"></span></cite></li></ul> </div>  </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#f8f9fa; background:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle, #f8f9fa); color:var(--color-base, #000); border:1px solid #eaecf0; padding:9px 5px 5px; vertical-align:top;"><pre style="margin:0; border:none; padding:0; word-wrap:break-word; white-space:-moz-pre-wrap; white-space:-o-pre-wrap; white-space:-pre-wrap; white-space:pre-wrap; ">Article text.{{sfn |A particularly unusual citation}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{wikicite | reference = A source that can't be described using our citation templates at all. | ref = {{harvid|A particularly unusual citation}} }} </pre> </td> <td style="background:#f8f9fa; background:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle, #f8f9fa); color:var(--color-base, #000); border:1px solid #eaecf0; padding:5px; vertical-align:top;"><div style=""> <p>Article text.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEA_particularly_unusual_citation_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEA_particularly_unusual_citation-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236298596"><div class="fake-heading h3">Notes</div> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEA_particularly_unusual_citation-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEA_particularly_unusual_citation_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFA_particularly_unusual_citation">A particularly unusual citation</a>.</span> </li> </ol></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236298596"><div class="fake-heading h3">References</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><cite class="citation wikicite" id="CITEREFA_particularly_unusual_citation">A source that can't be described using our citation templates at all.</cite></li></ul> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-width:1px;border-style: none none none;border-color:#ddd; padding:5px; vertical-align:top;"> </td> <td style="border-width:1px;border-style: none none none;border-color:#ddd; padding:5px; vertical-align:top;"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>It is also possible to use <code class="nowrap" style=""><cite></code> to achieve the same effect, but this may not be compatible with <a href="/wiki/HTML_5" class="mw-redirect" title="HTML 5">HTML 5</a>. </p><p><span class="anchor" id="Citation_has_multiple_authors_and_no_date"></span> </p><p><span class="anchor" id="No_closing_period"></span> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="No_closing_period:_|ps=none"><span id="No_closing_period:_.7Cps.3Dnone"></span>No closing period: <code>|ps=none</code></h3></div> <p>Using <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|ps=none</code> in <code>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Sfn" title="Template:Sfn">sfn</a>}}</code> removes the final period. Compare the two examples. Suppressing the default period (full stop) ensures consistency with <a href="/wiki/Help:Citation_Style_2" title="Help:Citation Style 2">Citation style 2</a>, as produced by <code>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Citation" title="Template:Citation">Citation</a>}}</code>, which does not use a trailing period (full stop) when rendering full citations. The postscript is only effective the first time <code>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Sfn" title="Template:Sfn">sfn</a>}}</code> is used for a particular author, year, and location. An empty <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|ps=</code> will also suppress terminal punctuation, but <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|ps=none</code> is recommended in order to make it clear that an editor intended there to be no terminal punctuation. </p> <table style="margin-top:0;margin-left:0; border-width:medium; padding:0;"> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col" style="width:50%;">Markup</th> <th scope="col" style="width:50%;">Renders as  </th></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#f8f9fa; background:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle, #f8f9fa); color:var(--color-base, #000); border:1px solid #eaecf0; padding:9px 5px 5px; vertical-align:top;"><pre style="margin:0; border:none; padding:0; word-wrap:break-word; white-space:-moz-pre-wrap; white-space:-o-pre-wrap; white-space:-pre-wrap; white-space:pre-wrap; ">Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2011|ps=none}} == Notes == {{reflist}} </pre> </td> <td style="background:#f8f9fa; background:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle, #f8f9fa); color:var(--color-base, #000); border:1px solid #eaecf0; padding:5px; vertical-align:top;"><div style=""> <p>Article text.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith2011_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith2011-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236298596"><div class="fake-heading h3">Notes</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith2011-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith2011_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSmith2011">Smith 2011</a></span> </li> </ol></div></div> </div>  </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#f8f9fa; background:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle, #f8f9fa); color:var(--color-base, #000); border:1px solid #eaecf0; padding:9px 5px 5px; vertical-align:top;"><pre style="margin:0; border:none; padding:0; word-wrap:break-word; white-space:-moz-pre-wrap; white-space:-o-pre-wrap; white-space:-pre-wrap; white-space:pre-wrap; ">Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2011}} == Notes == {{reflist}} </pre> </td> <td style="background:#f8f9fa; background:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle, #f8f9fa); color:var(--color-base, #000); border:1px solid #eaecf0; padding:5px; vertical-align:top;"><div style=""> <p>Article text.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith2011_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith2011-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236298596"><div class="fake-heading h3">Notes</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith2011-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith2011_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSmith2011">Smith 2011</a>.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-width:1px;border-style: none none none;border-color:#ddd; padding:5px; vertical-align:top;"> </td> <td style="border-width:1px;border-style: none none none;border-color:#ddd; padding:5px; vertical-align:top;"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Wikilink_to_citation_does_not_work">Wikilink to citation does not work</h3></div> <p>If an article is using this template, and nothing happens when you click on the highlighted <a href="/wiki/Wikilink" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikilink">wikilink</a> from a Harvard style citation to a full citation at the bottom of the page, there are several possible solutions. If: </p> <ol><li>The correct citation does <i>not</i> appear at the bottom of the article. <b>Solution</b>: Find the source (it may be copied from an article on a similar subject), and check that it verifies the text. If the source can't be found, tag the citation with <code>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Citation_not_found" title="Template:Citation not found">citation not found</a>}}</code>.</li> <li>The correct citation appears at the bottom of the article, and <ol><li>The Harvard citation uses a template (such as <code>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Sfn" title="Template:Sfn">sfn</a>}}</code> or <code>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Harv" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Harv">harv</a>}}</code>): <ol><li>The citation uses a template from the list at <a href="/wiki/Help:Citation_Style_1" title="Help:Citation Style 1">Citation Style 1</a>: <ol><li>The name is spelled or capitalized differently here than in the citation. <b>Solution</b>: check the source for the correct spelling, and use the same spelling, spacing, and capitalization in both the short and full citations.</li> <li>The year is different here than the citation. <b>Solution</b>: check the source for the correct year, and use the same year in both the short and full citations.</li> <li>The template has a <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|date=</code> field and no <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|year=</code> field, but the format of the <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|date=</code> field is unusual. <b>Solution</b>: Try to fix the date. If the link still does not work, add <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|year=</code> to the citation template. (It's okay if it has both.)</li> <li>The citation does not have an author's, or an editor's, last name (authors take precedence over editors). <b>Solution</b>: check that <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|ref=<span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Harvid" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Harvid">harvid</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span></code> is set correctly (see below).</li></ol></li> <li>The citation uses a <a href="/wiki/Help:Citation_Style_Vancouver" title="Help:Citation Style Vancouver">Citation Style Vancouver</a> template. <b>Solution</b>: check that <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|harvid=</code> is set correctly (see below).</li> <li>The citation uses a template that does not support <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|ref=</code> (See <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_templates_and_reference_anchors" title="Wikipedia:Citation templates and reference anchors">Wikipedia:Citation templates and reference anchors</a>). <b>Solution</b>: Consider modifying the template to support <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|ref=</code>. Alternatively, an anchor can be created using <code>{{wikicite|id={{harvid|<i>args</i>}}|reference={{<i>citation</i>}}}}</code>.</li> <li>The full citation does not use a template: <ol><li>It has no wikicode to create an anchor. <b>Solution</b>: If <code>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Citation/core" title="Template:Citation/core">cite *</a>}}</code> citation templates are used liberally throughout the article, then reformat the full citation with the appropriate <code>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Citation/core" title="Template:Citation/core">cite *</a>}}</code> template (and set the <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|ref=</code> appropriately, if necessary). Otherwise consult with local editors on the talk page about how to proceed. Either add <code>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Citation/core" title="Template:Citation/core">cite *</a>}}</code> templates and <code>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Harv" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Harv">harv</a>}}</code> templates, or remove all templates, depending on what local editors prefer. A few articles use <code>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Wikicite" title="Template:Wikicite">wikicite</a>}}</code> to create an anchor as an alternative to standard templates.</li> <li>It uses a <code class="nowrap" style=""><cite>...</cite></code> span to create an anchor. <b>Solution</b>: remove the cite span (these are deprecated) and proceed following the recommendation immediately above.</li> <li>It uses <code>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Wikicite" title="Template:Wikicite">wikicite</a>}}</code>. <b>Solution</b>: Check that the text in <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|id=<span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Harvid" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Harvid">harvid</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span></code> matches the text in <code>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Wikicite" title="Template:Wikicite">wikicite</a>}}</code>.</li></ol></li></ol></li> <li>If the Harvard citation uses a handwritten wikilink, such as <code>[[#Reference-Smith2006|Smith (2006)]]</code>: <ol><li>The citation uses a citation template which supports <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|ref=</code> (See <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_templates_and_reference_anchors" title="Wikipedia:Citation templates and reference anchors">Wikipedia:Citation templates and reference anchors</a>). <b>Solution</b>: Check that <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|ref=</code> is set to a matching id.</li> <li>Otherwise, check that the reference has <code>{{wikicite|ref=<i>id</i>|reference=<i>citation</i>}}</code> with a matching id.</li></ol></li></ol></li></ol> <p>Templates that have broken <a href="/wiki/Wikilink" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikilink">wikilinks</a> using these templates are added to the category <a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_broken_links_to_citations" title="Category:All articles with broken links to citations">Category:All articles with broken links to citations</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Link_works_but_displays_a_no_target_error">Link works but displays a no target error</h3></div> <p>When a short-cite template links to a full citation that is rendered by a template that wraps a CS1 template, like <code>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_DNB" title="Template:Cite DNB">cite DNB</a>}}</code> (which wraps <code>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_encyclopedia" title="Template:Cite encyclopedia">cite encyclopedia</a>}}</code>), a <span style="font-size:85%;"><span class="error">no target</span></span> error may be displayed even when the short-cite template is valid and the link works. That is a "false positive" error. The error message can be suppressed by adding <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|ignore-err=yes</code> to the template, or by adding the template <span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Sfn_whitelist" title="Template:Sfn whitelist">Sfn whitelist</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span> with the anchor ID(s) to the article. If you are testing changes in <a href="/wiki/Special:ExpandTemplates" title="Special:ExpandTemplates">Special:ExpandTemplates</a> and the error message cannot be suppressed, try testing in a sandbox or user subpage instead. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Harv_embedded_in_list-defined_ref_does_not_work">Harv embedded in list-defined ref does not work</h3></div> <p>If you <a href="/wiki/Help:Footnotes#embedding_references" title="Help:Footnotes">embed</a> an Harv template in a <a href="/wiki/Help:List-defined_references" title="Help:List-defined references">list-defined reference</a>, you may get a false-positive "<a href="/wiki/Help:Cite_errors/Cite_error_references_missing_key" title="Help:Cite errors/Cite error references missing key">missing key" error</a> which looks like this: </p> <dl><dd><span style="color:#d73333; font-weight:bold; font-size:115%">A <a href="/wiki/Help:Footnotes#WP:LDR" title="Help:Footnotes">list-defined reference</a> named "<span class="nowrap">. . .</span>" is not used in the content (see the <a href="/wiki/Help:Cite_errors/Cite_error_references_missing_key" title="Help:Cite errors/Cite error references missing key">help page</a>).</span></dd></dl> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1227084136">.mw-parser-output .tracked{float:right;clear:right;margin:0 0 1em 1em;width:12em;border:1px solid #72777d;border-radius:2px;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive,#EAECF0);color:var(--color-base,#202122);font-size:85%;text-align:center;padding:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .tracked-url{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .tracked-closure{color:black;font-weight:bold;text-transform:uppercase}.mw-parser-output .tracked-resolved{color:green}</style><div role="note" class="tracked plainlinks mw-trackedTemplate">Tracked in <a href="https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/" class="extiw" title="phabricator:">Phabricator</a><br /><span class="tracked-url"><a href="https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T22707" class="extiw" title="phabricator:T22707"><span class="trakfab-T22707"> Task T22707</span></a></span><br /></div> <p>This is a false-positive: list-defined references <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Nesting_footnotes#5._List-defined_references" title="Wikipedia:Nesting footnotes">do not work correctly when references are nested</a>. It is due to a long-standing bug in mediawiki software (see <a href="https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T22707" class="extiw" title="phab:T22707">phab:T22707</a>). A <a href="/wiki/Template:Sfnlink#example-3" title="Template:Sfnlink">workaround</a> is possible using <span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Sfnlink" title="Template:Sfnlink">sfnlink</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Help:Cite_errors/Cite_error_references_missing_key#Bugs" title="Help:Cite errors/Cite error references missing key">Additional bugs</a> associated with embedding footnotes in list-defined references are known. One of them is that the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:REFNAME" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:REFNAME">reference name</a> given in the error message will identify the wrong list-defined reference in the first false-positive error message on the page; this is tracked in <a href="https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T26600" class="extiw" title="phabricator:T26600">T26600</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_author–date_citation_templates"><span id="Other_author.E2.80.93date_citation_templates"></span>Other author–date citation templates</h2></div> <p>There are several templates used to create short citations; they differ in the use and placement of parentheses, in the separator before the page or location, and in whether a terminal full stop (period) is present: </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>In-text templates </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Templates</th> <th>Aliases</th> <th>Example </th></tr> <tr> <td><code>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Harvard_citation_no_brackets" title="Template:Harvard citation no brackets">Harvard citation no brackets</a>}}</code></td> <td><code>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Harvnb" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Harvnb">harvnb</a>}}</code></td> <td><a href="#CITEREFSmith2006">Smith 2006</a>, p. 25 </td></tr> <tr> <td><code>{{<a class="mw-selflink selflink">Harvard citation</a>}}</code></td> <td><code>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Harv" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Harv">harv</a>}}</code></td> <td>(<a href="#CITEREFSmith2006">Smith 2006</a>, p. 25) </td></tr> <tr> <td><code>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Harvard_citation_text" title="Template:Harvard citation text">Harvard citation text</a>}}</code></td> <td><code>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Harvtxt" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Harvtxt">harvtxt</a>}}</code></td> <td><a href="#CITEREFSmith2006">Smith (2006</a>, p. 25) </td></tr> <tr> <td><code>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Harvard_citation_with_colon_text" title="Template:Harvard citation with colon text">Harvard citation with colon text</a>}}</code></td> <td><code>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Harvcoltxt" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Harvcoltxt">harvcoltxt</a>}}</code></td> <td><a href="#CITEREFSmith2006">Smith (2006</a>:25) </td></tr> <tr> <td><code>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Harvard_citation_with_colon" title="Template:Harvard citation with colon">Harvard citation with colon</a>}}</code></td> <td><code>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Harvcol" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Harvcol">harvcol</a>}}</code></td> <td>(<a href="#CITEREFSmith2006">Smith 2006</a>:25) </td></tr> <tr> <td><code>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Harvard_citation_with_colon_no_brackets" title="Template:Harvard citation with colon no brackets">Harvard citation with colon no brackets</a>}}</code></td> <td><code>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Harvcolnb" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Harvcolnb">harvcolnb</a>}}</code></td> <td><a href="#CITEREFSmith2006">Smith 2006</a>:25 </td></tr> <tr> <td><code>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Harvard_citations" title="Template:Harvard citations">Harvard citations</a>}}</code></td> <td><code>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Harvs" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Harvs">harvs</a>}}</code></td> <td>John Smith (<a href="#CITEREFSmith2006">2006</a>, <a href="#CITEREFSmith2007">2007</a>) <i>(and many other forms)</i>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><code>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Harvard_citation_year_brackets" title="Template:Harvard citation year brackets">Harvard citation year brackets</a>}}</code></td> <td><code>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Harvp" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Harvp">harvp</a>}}</code></td> <td><a href="#CITEREFSmith2006">Smith (2006)</a>, p. 25 </td></tr> <tr> <td><code>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Harvc" title="Template:Harvc">Harvc</a>}}</code></td> <td><code>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Citec" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Citec">Citec</a>}}</code></td> <td>(Cite several contributions/chapters in a larger work)<br />Article text.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStoutJohnson1957_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStoutJohnson1957-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> More article text.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWadleigh1957_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWadleigh1957-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Even more article text.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <p><b>References</b> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStoutJohnson1957-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStoutJohnson1957_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStoutJohnson1957">Stout & Johnson 1957</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWadleigh1957-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWadleigh1957_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWadleigh1957">Wadleigh 1957</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Stefferud_preface">Stefferud 1957</a></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <p><b>Sources</b> </p> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStefferud1957" class="citation book cs1">Stefferud, Alfred, ed. (1957). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/yoa1957#page/n2/mode/1up"><i>Soil: The Yearbook of Agriculture 1957</i></a>. United States Department of Agriculture. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/704186906">704186906</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Soil%3A+The+Yearbook+of+Agriculture+1957&rft.pub=United+States+Department+of+Agriculture&rft.date=1957&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F704186906&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fyoa1957%23page%2Fn2%2Fmode%2F1up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATemplate%3AHarvard+citation" class="Z3988"></span> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><span id="Stefferud_preface" class="citation">Stefferud, A. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/yoa1957#page/n7/mode/1up">Preface</a>. In <a href="#CITEREFStefferud1957">Stefferud (1957)</a>.</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><span id="CITEREFStoutJohnson1957" class="citation">Stout, P. R.; Johnson, C. M. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/yoa1957#page/n167/mode/1up">Trace Elements</a>". In <a href="#CITEREFStefferud1957">Stefferud (1957)</a>.</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><span id="CITEREFWadleigh1957" class="citation">Wadleigh, C. H. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/yoa1957#page/n57/mode/1up">Growth of Plants</a>". In <a href="#CITEREFStefferud1957">Stefferud (1957)</a>.</span></li></ul></li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td><code>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Sfn" title="Template:Sfn">sfn</a>}}</code></td> <td><code>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Shortened_footnote_template" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Shortened footnote template">Shortened footnote template</a>}}</code></td> <td>Article text.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith200625_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith200625-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <br /> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith200625-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith200625_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSmith2006">Smith 2006</a>, p. 25.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><code>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Sfnp" title="Template:Sfnp">Sfnp</a>}}</code></td> <td></td> <td>Article text.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith200625_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith200625-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <br /> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith200625-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith200625_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSmith2006">Smith (2006)</a>, p. 25.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><code>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Sfnm" title="Template:Sfnm">Sfnm</a>}}</code></td> <td></td> <td>Article text.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmithJonesBrown200515Smith200650_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmithJonesBrown200515Smith200650-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <br /> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESmithJonesBrown200515Smith200650-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmithJonesBrown200515Smith200650_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSmithJonesBrown2005">Smith, Jones & Brown 2005</a>, p. 15; <a href="#CITEREFSmith2006">Smith 2006</a>, p. 50.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><code>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Sfnmp" title="Template:Sfnmp">Sfnmp</a>}}</code></td> <td></td> <td>Article text.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmithJonesBrown200515Smith200650_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmithJonesBrown200515Smith200650-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <br /> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESmithJonesBrown200515Smith200650-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmithJonesBrown200515Smith200650_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSmithJonesBrown2005">Smith, Jones & Brown (2005)</a>, p. 15; <a href="#CITEREFSmith2006">Smith (2006)</a>, p. 50.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Full citations can be created manually or by templates: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Help:Citation_Style_1" title="Help:Citation Style 1">Citation Style 1</a> templates</li> <li><code>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Citation" title="Template:Citation">citation</a>}}</code></li></ul> <p>All of these templates have the same parameters and basic functionality. This page describes all of them except the parameters of <code>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Sfnm" title="Template:Sfnm">sfnm</a>}}</code> and <code>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Harvs" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Harvs">harvs</a>}}</code>; please see their documentation pages. Editors editing one of these templates are requested to make parallel changes to the other versions. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Applications_of_these_templates">Applications of these templates</h3></div> <p><span class="anchor" id="Shortened_footnote"></span> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Shortened_footnote:_{{sfn}}_or_{{harvnb}}"><span id="Shortened_footnote:_.7B.7Bsfn.7D.7D_or_.7B.7Bharvnb.7D.7D"></span>Shortened footnote: <a href="/wiki/Template:Sfn" title="Template:Sfn"><code>{{sfn}}</code></a> or <a href="/wiki/Template:Harvnb" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Harvnb"><code>{{harvnb}}</code></a></h4></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Short_citations" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">Wikipedia:Citing sources § Short citations</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Help:Shortened_footnotes" title="Help:Shortened footnotes">Help:Shortened footnotes</a></div> <p>Template <code>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Harvnb" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Harvnb">harvnb</a>}}</code> inside a <code class="nowrap" style=""><ref></code> span can be used to create a <a href="/wiki/Help:Shortened_footnotes" title="Help:Shortened footnotes">shortened footnote</a> that is linked to the full citation at the bottom of the article. Template <code>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Sfn" title="Template:Sfn">sfn</a>}}</code> (without the use of <code class="nowrap" style=""><ref></code>) has the same effect, automatically adds a period (full stop) after the page number, and combines identical footnotes automatically. </p> <table style="margin-top:0;margin-left:0; border-width:medium; padding:0;"> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col" style="width:50%;">Markup</th> <th scope="col" style="width:50%;">Renders as  </th></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#f8f9fa; background:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle, #f8f9fa); color:var(--color-base, #000); border:1px solid #eaecf0; padding:9px 5px 5px; vertical-align:top;"><pre style="margin:0; border:none; padding:0; word-wrap:break-word; white-space:-moz-pre-wrap; white-space:-o-pre-wrap; white-space:-pre-wrap; white-space:pre-wrap; ">Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2007|p=25}} More article text.{{sfn|Smith|2007|p=25}} Still more article text.{{sfn|Smith|2007|p=26}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{cite book | last = Smith | first = John | date = 2007 | title = Smith's Book }} </pre> </td> <td style="background:#f8f9fa; background:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle, #f8f9fa); color:var(--color-base, #000); border:1px solid #eaecf0; padding:5px; vertical-align:top;"><div style=""> <p>Article text.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith200725_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith200725-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> More article text.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith200725_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith200725-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Still more article text.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith200726_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith200726-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236298596"><div class="fake-heading h3">Notes</div> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith200725-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith200725_43-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith200725_43-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSmith2007">Smith 2007</a>, p. 25.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith200726-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith200726_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSmith2007">Smith 2007</a>, p. 26.</span> </li> </ol></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236298596"><div class="fake-heading h3">References</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith2007" class="citation book cs1">Smith, John (2007). <i>Smith's Book</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Smith%27s+Book&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATemplate%3AHarvard+citation" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div>  </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#f8f9fa; background:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle, #f8f9fa); color:var(--color-base, #000); border:1px solid #eaecf0; padding:9px 5px 5px; vertical-align:top;"><pre style="margin:0; border:none; padding:0; word-wrap:break-word; white-space:-moz-pre-wrap; white-space:-o-pre-wrap; white-space:-pre-wrap; white-space:pre-wrap; ">Article text.<ref name=Smith2008p25>{{harvnb|Smith|2008|p=25}}.</ref> More article text.<ref name=Smith2008p25/> Still more article text.<ref>{{harvnb|Smith|2008|p=26}}.</ref> ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{cite book | last = Smith | first = John | date = 2008 | title = Smith's Book }} </pre> </td> <td style="background:#f8f9fa; background:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle, #f8f9fa); color:var(--color-base, #000); border:1px solid #eaecf0; padding:5px; vertical-align:top;"><div style=""> <p>Article text.<sup id="cite_ref-Smith2007p25_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smith2007p25-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> More article text.<sup id="cite_ref-Smith2007p25_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smith2007p25-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Still more article text.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><br /> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236298596"><div class="fake-heading h3">Notes</div> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Smith2007p25-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Smith2007p25_45-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Smith2007p25_45-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSmith2008">Smith 2008</a>, p. 25.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSmith2008">Smith 2008</a>, p. 26.</span> </li> </ol></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236298596"><div class="fake-heading h3">References</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith2008" class="citation book cs1">Smith, John (2008). <i>Smith's Book</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Smith%27s+Book&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATemplate%3AHarvard+citation" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-width:1px;border-style: none none none;border-color:#ddd; padding:5px; vertical-align:top;"> </td> <td style="border-width:1px;border-style: none none none;border-color:#ddd; padding:5px; vertical-align:top;"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="In_text_attribution:_{{harvtxt}}"><span id="In_text_attribution:_.7B.7Bharvtxt.7D.7D"></span>In text attribution: <a href="/wiki/Template:Harvtxt" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Harvtxt"><code>{{harvtxt}}</code></a></h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#In-text_attribution" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">Wikipedia:Citing sources § In-text attribution</a></div> <p>Template <code>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Harvtxt" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Harvtxt">harvtxt</a>}}</code> can be used to link an <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#In-text_attribution" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">in-text attribution</a> to the full citation at the bottom of the page. </p> <table style="margin-top:0;margin-left:0; border-width:medium; padding:0;"> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col" style="width:50%;">Markup</th> <th scope="col" style="width:50%;">Renders as  </th></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#f8f9fa; background:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle, #f8f9fa); color:var(--color-base, #000); border:1px solid #eaecf0; padding:9px 5px 5px; vertical-align:top;"><pre style="margin:0; border:none; padding:0; word-wrap:break-word; white-space:-moz-pre-wrap; white-space:-o-pre-wrap; white-space:-pre-wrap; white-space:pre-wrap; ">According to {{harvtxt|Smith|2009|p=25}} ... ==References== * {{citation | last = Smith | first = John | date = 2009 | title = Smith's Book }} </pre> </td> <td style="background:#f8f9fa; background:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle, #f8f9fa); color:var(--color-base, #000); border:1px solid #eaecf0; padding:5px; vertical-align:top;"><div style=""> <p>According to <a href="#CITEREFSmith2009">Smith (2009</a>, p. 25) ... </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236298596"><div class="fake-heading h3">References</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith2009" class="citation cs2">Smith, John (2009), <i>Smith's Book</i></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Smith%27s+Book&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATemplate%3AHarvard+citation" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-width:1px;border-style: none none none;border-color:#ddd; padding:5px; vertical-align:top;"> </td> <td style="border-width:1px;border-style: none none none;border-color:#ddd; padding:5px; vertical-align:top;"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Bundled_citation:_{{harvnb}}_or_{{sfnm}}"><span id="Bundled_citation:_.7B.7Bharvnb.7D.7D_or_.7B.7Bsfnm.7D.7D"></span>Bundled citation: <a href="/wiki/Template:Harvnb" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Harvnb"><code>{{harvnb}}</code></a> or <a href="/wiki/Template:Sfnm" title="Template:Sfnm"><code>{{sfnm}}</code></a></h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Help:Citation_merging" title="Help:Citation merging">Help:Citation merging ‎</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Bundling_citations" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">Wikipedia:Citing sources § Bundling citations</a></div> <p>Template <code>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Harvnb" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Harvnb">harvnb</a>}}</code> can be used to <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:CITE#Bundling_citations" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:CITE">bundle citations</a>. <code>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Sfnm" title="Template:Sfnm">sfnm</a>}}</code> also produces bundled citations. </p> <table style="margin-top:0;margin-left:0; border-width:medium; padding:0;"> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col" style="width:50%;">Markup</th> <th scope="col" style="width:50%;">Renders as  </th></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#f8f9fa; background:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle, #f8f9fa); color:var(--color-base, #000); border:1px solid #eaecf0; padding:9px 5px 5px; vertical-align:top;"><pre style="margin:0; border:none; padding:0; word-wrap:break-word; white-space:-moz-pre-wrap; white-space:-o-pre-wrap; white-space:-pre-wrap; white-space:pre-wrap; ">Article text ({{harvnb|Smith|2010|p=25}}; {{harvnb|Jones|2010}}). </pre> </td> <td style="background:#f8f9fa; background:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle, #f8f9fa); color:var(--color-base, #000); border:1px solid #eaecf0; padding:5px; vertical-align:top;"><div style=""> <p>Article text (<a href="#CITEREFSmith2010">Smith 2010</a>, p. 25; <a href="#CITEREFJones2010">Jones 2010</a>). </p> </div>  </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#f8f9fa; background:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle, #f8f9fa); color:var(--color-base, #000); border:1px solid #eaecf0; padding:9px 5px 5px; vertical-align:top;"><pre style="margin:0; border:none; padding:0; word-wrap:break-word; white-space:-moz-pre-wrap; white-space:-o-pre-wrap; white-space:-pre-wrap; white-space:pre-wrap; ">Article text.<ref>{{harvnb|Smith|2010|p=25}}; {{harvnb|Jones|2010}}</ref> </pre> </td> <td style="background:#f8f9fa; background:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle, #f8f9fa); color:var(--color-base, #000); border:1px solid #eaecf0; padding:5px; vertical-align:top;"><div style=""> <p>Article text.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236298596"><div class="fake-heading h3">Notes</div> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSmith2010">Smith 2010</a>, p. 25; <a href="#CITEREFJones2010">Jones 2010</a></span> </li> </ol></div> </div>  </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#f8f9fa; background:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle, #f8f9fa); color:var(--color-base, #000); border:1px solid #eaecf0; padding:9px 5px 5px; vertical-align:top;"><pre style="margin:0; border:none; padding:0; word-wrap:break-word; white-space:-moz-pre-wrap; white-space:-o-pre-wrap; white-space:-pre-wrap; white-space:pre-wrap; ">Article text.{{sfnm|la1=Smith|y1=2010|p1=25|la2=Jones|y2=2010}} </pre> </td> <td style="background:#f8f9fa; background:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle, #f8f9fa); color:var(--color-base, #000); border:1px solid #eaecf0; padding:5px; vertical-align:top;"><div style=""> <p>Article text.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236298596"><div class="fake-heading h3">Notes</div> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSmith2010">Smith 2010</a>, p. 25; <a href="#CITEREFJones2010">Jones 2010</a></span> </li> </ol></div> </div>  </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#f8f9fa; background:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle, #f8f9fa); color:var(--color-base, #000); border:1px solid #eaecf0; padding:9px 5px 5px; vertical-align:top;"><pre style="margin:0; border:none; padding:0; word-wrap:break-word; white-space:-moz-pre-wrap; white-space:-o-pre-wrap; white-space:-pre-wrap; white-space:pre-wrap; ">==References== * {{cite book |last = Smith |first = John ... Smith's book}} * {{cite book |last = Jones |first = Mary ... Jones' book}} </pre> </td> <td style="background:#f8f9fa; background:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle, #f8f9fa); color:var(--color-base, #000); border:1px solid #eaecf0; padding:5px; vertical-align:top;"><div style=""> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236298596"><div class="fake-heading h3">References</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith2010" class="citation book cs1">Smith, John (2010). <i>Smith's book</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Smith%27s+book&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATemplate%3AHarvard+citation" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJones2010" class="citation book cs1">Jones, Mary (2010). <i>Jones' book</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jones%27+book&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Mary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATemplate%3AHarvard+citation" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-width:1px;border-style: none none none;border-color:#ddd; padding:5px; vertical-align:top;"> </td> <td style="border-width:1px;border-style: none none none;border-color:#ddd; padding:5px; vertical-align:top;"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Note that <code>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Sfn" title="Template:Sfn">sfn</a>}}</code> is inappropriate for bundled citations; use <code>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Harvnb" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Harvnb">harvnb</a>}}</code> or <code>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Sfnm" title="Template:Sfnm">sfnm</a>}}</code>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Harvard_citation:_{{harv}}"><span id="Harvard_citation:_.7B.7Bharv.7D.7D"></span>Harvard citation: <a href="/wiki/Template:Harv" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Harv"><code>{{harv}}</code></a></h4></div> <p>Template <code>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Harv" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Harv">harv</a>}}</code> creates a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Parenthetical_referencing" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">parenthetical reference</a> with a link to the full citation. It should only be used within footnotes or on internal pages. Use of inline parenthetical referencing within the <a href="/wiki/Body_text" title="Body text">body text</a> of articles has been <b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:PARENTHETICAL" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:PARENTHETICAL">deprecated by the Wikipedia community</a></b> since 2022. This usage has not been deprecated within internal pages such as Wikipedia documentation, user pages, or wikiprojects, though there is rarely a practical use for it instead of just using normal <a href="/wiki/Help:Footnotes" title="Help:Footnotes">citation footnotes</a>. </p> <table style="margin-top:0;margin-left:0; border-width:medium; padding:0;"> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col" style="width:50%;">Markup</th> <th scope="col" style="width:50%;">Renders as  </th></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#f8f9fa; background:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle, #f8f9fa); color:var(--color-base, #000); border:1px solid #eaecf0; padding:9px 5px 5px; vertical-align:top;"><pre style="margin:0; border:none; padding:0; word-wrap:break-word; white-space:-moz-pre-wrap; white-space:-o-pre-wrap; white-space:-pre-wrap; white-space:pre-wrap; ">Article text.<ref>{{harv|Smith|2006|p=25}}</ref> ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{cite book | last = Smith | first = John | title = Smith's book | date = 2006 }}</pre> </td> <td style="background:#f8f9fa; background:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle, #f8f9fa); color:var(--color-base, #000); border:1px solid #eaecf0; padding:5px; vertical-align:top;"><div style=""> <p>Article text.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236298596"><div class="fake-heading h3">Notes</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(<a href="#CITEREFSmith2006">Smith 2006</a>, p. 25)</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236298596"><div class="fake-heading h3">References</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith2006" class="citation book cs1">Smith, John (2006). <i>Smith's book</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Smith%27s+book&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATemplate%3AHarvard+citation" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-width:1px;border-style: none none none;border-color:#ddd; padding:5px; vertical-align:top;"> </td> <td style="border-width:1px;border-style: none none none;border-color:#ddd; padding:5px; vertical-align:top;"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="More_exotic_Harvard_citations:_{{harvid}}_or_{{harvs}}"><span id="More_exotic_Harvard_citations:_.7B.7Bharvid.7D.7D_or_.7B.7Bharvs.7D.7D"></span>More exotic Harvard citations: <a href="/wiki/Template:Harvid" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Harvid"><code>{{harvid}}</code></a> or <a href="/wiki/Template:Harvs" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Harvs"><code>{{harvs}}</code></a></h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main pages: <a href="/wiki/Template:Harvard_citations" title="Template:Harvard citations">Template:Harvard citations</a> and <a href="/wiki/Template:Harvid" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Harvid">Template:harvid</a></div> <p>More exotic Harvard citations can be constructed using the <code>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Harvs" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Harvs">harvs</a>}}</code> template, such as multiple papers by the same author, using both the first and last names, links to articles about the author, and others. Any kind of unusual link can also be constructed using the idiom <code>[[#{{harvid|</code><i>parameters</i><code>}}|</code><i>link name</i><code>]]</code>. (<span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Citeref" title="Template:Citeref">citeref</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span> is a wrapper for <span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Harvid" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Harvid">harvid</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span> making it easier to consistently create such internal links in small superscript<sup>[n]</sup> or plain-text label styles.) </p> <table style="margin-top:0;margin-left:0; border-width:medium; padding:0;"> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col" style="width:50%;">Markup</th> <th scope="col" style="width:50%;">Renders as  </th></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#f8f9fa; background:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle, #f8f9fa); color:var(--color-base, #000); border:1px solid #eaecf0; padding:9px 5px 5px; vertical-align:top;"><pre style="margin:0; border:none; padding:0; word-wrap:break-word; white-space:-moz-pre-wrap; white-space:-o-pre-wrap; white-space:-pre-wrap; white-space:pre-wrap; ">The theory was developed by {{harvs|txt|first=F. J.|last=Murray|author1-link=F. J. Murray|first2=J.|last2=von Neumann|author2-link=John von Neumann|year=1936|year2=1937|year3=1943}}. </pre> </td> <td style="background:#f8f9fa; background:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle, #f8f9fa); color:var(--color-base, #000); border:1px solid #eaecf0; padding:5px; vertical-align:top;"><div style=""> <p>The theory was developed by <a href="/wiki/F._J._Murray" class="mw-redirect" title="F. J. Murray">F. J. Murray</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_von_Neumann" title="John von Neumann">J. von Neumann</a> (<a href="#CITEREFMurrayvon_Neumann1936">1936</a>, <a href="#CITEREFMurrayvon_Neumann1937">1937</a>, <a href="#CITEREFMurrayvon_Neumann1943">1943</a>). </p> </div>  </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#f8f9fa; background:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle, #f8f9fa); color:var(--color-base, #000); border:1px solid #eaecf0; padding:9px 5px 5px; vertical-align:top;"><pre style="margin:0; border:none; padding:0; word-wrap:break-word; white-space:-moz-pre-wrap; white-space:-o-pre-wrap; white-space:-pre-wrap; white-space:pre-wrap; ">The theory was developed by [[F. J. Murray]] and [[John von Neumann|J. von Neumann]] ([[#{{harvid|Murray|von Neumann|1936}}|1936]],[[#{{harvid|Murray|von Neumann|1937}}|1937]],[[#{{harvid|Murray|von Neumann|1943}}|1943]]). </pre> </td> <td style="background:#f8f9fa; background:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle, #f8f9fa); color:var(--color-base, #000); border:1px solid #eaecf0; padding:5px; vertical-align:top;"><div style=""> <p>The theory was developed by <a href="/wiki/F._J._Murray" class="mw-redirect" title="F. J. Murray">F. J. Murray</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_von_Neumann" title="John von Neumann">J. von Neumann</a> (<a href="#CITEREFMurrayvon_Neumann1936">1936</a>, <a href="#CITEREFMurrayvon_Neumann1937">1937</a>, <a href="#CITEREFMurrayvon_Neumann1943">1943</a>). </p> </div>  </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#f8f9fa; background:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle, #f8f9fa); color:var(--color-base, #000); border:1px solid #eaecf0; padding:9px 5px 5px; vertical-align:top;"><pre style="margin:0; border:none; padding:0; word-wrap:break-word; white-space:-moz-pre-wrap; white-space:-o-pre-wrap; white-space:-pre-wrap; white-space:pre-wrap; ">== References == * {{citation | last1 = Murray | first1 = F. J. | date = 1936 | ...}} * {{citation | last1 = Murray | first1 = F. J. | date = 1937 | ...}} * {{citation | last1 = Murray | first1 = F. J. | date = 1943 | ...}} </pre> </td> <td style="background:#f8f9fa; background:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle, #f8f9fa); color:var(--color-base, #000); border:1px solid #eaecf0; padding:5px; vertical-align:top;"><div style=""> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236298596"><div class="fake-heading h3">References</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMurrayvon_Neumann1936" class="citation cs2">Murray, F. J.; von Neumann, John (1936), <i>Mathematics Paper</i></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mathematics+Paper&rft.date=1936&rft.aulast=Murray&rft.aufirst=F.+J.&rft.au=von+Neumann%2C+John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATemplate%3AHarvard+citation" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMurrayvon_Neumann1937" class="citation cs2">Murray, F. J.; von Neumann, John (1937), <i>Another Mathematics Paper</i></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Another+Mathematics+Paper&rft.date=1937&rft.aulast=Murray&rft.aufirst=F.+J.&rft.au=von+Neumann%2C+John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATemplate%3AHarvard+citation" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMurrayvon_Neumann1943" class="citation cs2">Murray, F. J.; von Neumann, John (1943), <i>Yet Another Mathematics Paper</i></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Yet+Another+Mathematics+Paper&rft.date=1943&rft.aulast=Murray&rft.aufirst=F.+J.&rft.au=von+Neumann%2C+John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATemplate%3AHarvard+citation" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-width:1px;border-style: none none none;border-color:#ddd; padding:5px; vertical-align:top;"> </td> <td style="border-width:1px;border-style: none none none;border-color:#ddd; padding:5px; vertical-align:top;"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Some articles use this idiom <code>[[#CITEREF</code><i>id </i>|<i> link name </i><code>]]</code>. See notes on <a href="#Implementation_notes">implementation details</a> below. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Variations">Variations</h3></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Using_colon_format:_{{harvcol}},_{{harvcolnb}},_{{harvcoltxt}}"><span id="Using_colon_format:_.7B.7Bharvcol.7D.7D.2C_.7B.7Bharvcolnb.7D.7D.2C_.7B.7Bharvcoltxt.7D.7D"></span>Using colon format: <code>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Harvcol" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Harvcol">harvcol</a>}}</code>, <code>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Harvcolnb" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Harvcolnb">harvcolnb</a>}}</code>, <code>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Harvcoltxt" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Harvcoltxt">harvcoltxt</a>}}</code></h4></div> <p>Templates <code>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Harvcol" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Harvcol">harvcol</a>}}</code>, <code>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Harvcolnb" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Harvcolnb">harvcolnb</a>}}</code>, and <code>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Harvcoltxt" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Harvcoltxt">harvcoltxt</a>}}</code> use a colon to indicate the page number(s) or location. </p> <table style="margin-top:0;margin-left:0; border-width:medium; padding:0;"> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col" style="width:50%;">Markup</th> <th scope="col" style="width:50%;">Renders as  </th></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#f8f9fa; background:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle, #f8f9fa); color:var(--color-base, #000); border:1px solid #eaecf0; padding:9px 5px 5px; vertical-align:top;"><pre style="margin:0; border:none; padding:0; word-wrap:break-word; white-space:-moz-pre-wrap; white-space:-o-pre-wrap; white-space:-pre-wrap; white-space:pre-wrap; ">{{harvcol|Smith|2011|p=25}}</pre> </td> <td style="background:#f8f9fa; background:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle, #f8f9fa); color:var(--color-base, #000); border:1px solid #eaecf0; padding:5px; vertical-align:top;"><div style=""> <p>(<a href="#CITEREFSmith2011">Smith 2011</a>:25) </p> </div>  </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#f8f9fa; background:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle, #f8f9fa); color:var(--color-base, #000); border:1px solid #eaecf0; padding:9px 5px 5px; vertical-align:top;"><pre style="margin:0; border:none; padding:0; word-wrap:break-word; white-space:-moz-pre-wrap; white-space:-o-pre-wrap; white-space:-pre-wrap; white-space:pre-wrap; ">{{harvcolnb|Smith|2011|p=25}}</pre> </td> <td style="background:#f8f9fa; background:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle, #f8f9fa); color:var(--color-base, #000); border:1px solid #eaecf0; padding:5px; vertical-align:top;"><div style=""> <p><a href="#CITEREFSmith2011">Smith 2011</a>:25 </p> </div>  </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#f8f9fa; background:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle, #f8f9fa); color:var(--color-base, #000); border:1px solid #eaecf0; padding:9px 5px 5px; vertical-align:top;"><pre style="margin:0; border:none; padding:0; word-wrap:break-word; white-space:-moz-pre-wrap; white-space:-o-pre-wrap; white-space:-pre-wrap; white-space:pre-wrap; ">{{harvcoltxt|Smith|2011|p=25}}</pre> </td> <td style="background:#f8f9fa; background:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle, #f8f9fa); color:var(--color-base, #000); border:1px solid #eaecf0; padding:5px; vertical-align:top;"><div style=""> <p><a href="#CITEREFSmith2011">Smith (2011</a>:25) </p> </div>  </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#f8f9fa; background:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle, #f8f9fa); color:var(--color-base, #000); border:1px solid #eaecf0; padding:9px 5px 5px; vertical-align:top;"><pre style="margin:0; border:none; padding:0; word-wrap:break-word; white-space:-moz-pre-wrap; white-space:-o-pre-wrap; white-space:-pre-wrap; white-space:pre-wrap; ">{{harvcol|Smith|2011|p=25–26}}</pre> </td> <td style="background:#f8f9fa; background:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle, #f8f9fa); color:var(--color-base, #000); border:1px solid #eaecf0; padding:5px; vertical-align:top;"><div style=""> <p>(<a href="#CITEREFSmith2011">Smith 2011</a>:25–26) </p> </div>  </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#f8f9fa; background:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle, #f8f9fa); color:var(--color-base, #000); border:1px solid #eaecf0; padding:9px 5px 5px; vertical-align:top;"><pre style="margin:0; border:none; padding:0; word-wrap:break-word; white-space:-moz-pre-wrap; white-space:-o-pre-wrap; white-space:-pre-wrap; white-space:pre-wrap; ">{{harvcol|Smith|2011|loc=chpt. 3}}</pre> </td> <td style="background:#f8f9fa; background:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle, #f8f9fa); color:var(--color-base, #000); border:1px solid #eaecf0; padding:5px; vertical-align:top;"><div style=""> <p>(<a href="#CITEREFSmith2011">Smith 2011</a>:chpt. 3) </p> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-width:1px;border-style: none none none;border-color:#ddd; padding:5px; vertical-align:top;"> </td> <td style="border-width:1px;border-style: none none none;border-color:#ddd; padding:5px; vertical-align:top;"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Parentheses_around_the_year:_{{sfnp}}_and_{{harvp}}"><span id="Parentheses_around_the_year:_.7B.7Bsfnp.7D.7D_and_.7B.7Bharvp.7D.7D"></span>Parentheses around the year: <a href="/wiki/Template:Sfnp" title="Template:Sfnp"><code>{{sfnp}}</code></a> and <a href="/wiki/Template:Harvp" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Harvp"><code>{{harvp}}</code></a></h4></div> <p>Template <code>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Sfnp" title="Template:Sfnp">sfnp</a>}}</code> puts parentheses around the year. Compare the two examples. </p> <table style="margin-top:0;margin-left:0; border-width:medium; padding:0;"> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col" style="width:50%;">Markup</th> <th scope="col" style="width:50%;">Renders as  </th></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#f8f9fa; background:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle, #f8f9fa); color:var(--color-base, #000); border:1px solid #eaecf0; padding:9px 5px 5px; vertical-align:top;"><pre style="margin:0; border:none; padding:0; word-wrap:break-word; white-space:-moz-pre-wrap; white-space:-o-pre-wrap; white-space:-pre-wrap; white-space:pre-wrap; ">Article text.{{sfnp|Smith|2011}} == Notes == {{reflist}} </pre> </td> <td style="background:#f8f9fa; background:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle, #f8f9fa); color:var(--color-base, #000); border:1px solid #eaecf0; padding:5px; vertical-align:top;"><div style=""> <p>Article text.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith2011_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith2011-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236298596"><div class="fake-heading h3">Notes</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith2011-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith2011_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSmith2011">Smith (2011)</a>.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> </div>  </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#f8f9fa; background:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle, #f8f9fa); color:var(--color-base, #000); border:1px solid #eaecf0; padding:9px 5px 5px; vertical-align:top;"><pre style="margin:0; border:none; padding:0; word-wrap:break-word; white-space:-moz-pre-wrap; white-space:-o-pre-wrap; white-space:-pre-wrap; white-space:pre-wrap; ">Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2011}} == Notes == {{reflist}} </pre> </td> <td style="background:#f8f9fa; background:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle, #f8f9fa); color:var(--color-base, #000); border:1px solid #eaecf0; padding:5px; vertical-align:top;"><div style=""> <p>Article text.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith2011_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith2011-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236298596"><div class="fake-heading h3">Notes</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith2011-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith2011_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSmith2011">Smith 2011</a>.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-width:1px;border-style: none none none;border-color:#ddd; padding:5px; vertical-align:top;"> </td> <td style="border-width:1px;border-style: none none none;border-color:#ddd; padding:5px; vertical-align:top;"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Similarly, in order to mimic <a href="/wiki/Help:Citation_Style_1" title="Help:Citation Style 1">Citation Style 1</a> citations, template <code>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Harvp" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Harvp">harvp</a>}}</code> puts parentheses around the year. </p> <table style="margin-top:0;margin-left:0; border-width:medium; padding:0;"> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col" style="width:50%;">Markup</th> <th scope="col" style="width:50%;">Renders as  </th></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#f8f9fa; background:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle, #f8f9fa); color:var(--color-base, #000); border:1px solid #eaecf0; padding:9px 5px 5px; vertical-align:top;"><pre style="margin:0; border:none; padding:0; word-wrap:break-word; white-space:-moz-pre-wrap; white-space:-o-pre-wrap; white-space:-pre-wrap; white-space:pre-wrap; ">{{harvp|Smith|2011|p=25}}</pre> </td> <td style="background:#f8f9fa; background:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle, #f8f9fa); color:var(--color-base, #000); border:1px solid #eaecf0; padding:5px; vertical-align:top;"><div style=""> <p><a href="#CITEREFSmith2011">Smith (2011)</a>, p. 25 </p> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-width:1px;border-style: none none none;border-color:#ddd; padding:5px; vertical-align:top;"> </td> <td style="border-width:1px;border-style: none none none;border-color:#ddd; padding:5px; vertical-align:top;"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Implementation_notes">Implementation notes</h2></div> <p>These templates use two elements: a <a href="/wiki/Wikilink" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikilink">wikilink</a> in the body of the article, and an <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:ANCHOR_DEF" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:ANCHOR DEF">anchor</a> in the reference section of the article. Clicking on the wikilink repositions the page at the anchor. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citation_template_anchor">Citation template <a href="/wiki/HTML_element#Links_and_anchors" title="HTML element">anchor</a></h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_templates_and_reference_anchors" title="Wikipedia:Citation templates and reference anchors">Wikipedia:Citation templates and reference anchors</a></div> <p>The most common citation templates are <a href="/wiki/Help:Citation_Style_1" title="Help:Citation Style 1">Citation Style 1</a> or <a href="/wiki/Help:Citation_Style_2" title="Help:Citation Style 2">Citation Style 2</a>. By default, <a href="/wiki/Module:Citation/CS1" title="Module:Citation/CS1">Module:Citation/CS1</a> creates an <a href="/wiki/HTML_element#Links_and_anchors" title="HTML element">anchor</a> <code class="nowrap" style=""><a name="CITEREF"></code> followed by the concatenation of the following parameters: </p> <ul><li><b>last</b> or <b>last1</b> or <b>surname</b> or <b>surname1</b> or <b>author-last</b> or <b>author-last1</b> or <b>author1-last</b> or <b>author-surname</b> or <b>author-surname1</b> or <b>author1-surname</b> or <b>author</b> or <b>author1</b> or <b>authors</b>,</li> <li><b>last2</b> or <b>surname2</b> or <b>author-last2</b> or <b>author2-last</b> or <b>author-surname2</b> or <b>author2-surname</b> or <b>author2</b>,</li> <li><b>last3</b> or <b>surname3</b> or <b>author-last3</b> or <b>author3-last</b> or <b>author-surname3</b> or <b>author3-surname</b> or <b>author3</b>,</li> <li><b>last4</b> or <b>surname4</b> or <b>author-last4</b> or <b>author4-last</b> or <b>author-surname4</b> or <b>author4-surname</b> or <b>author4</b>,</li> <li><b>editor-last</b> or <b>editor-last1</b> or <b>editor1-last</b> or <b>editor-surname</b> or <b>editor-surname1</b> or <b>editor1-surname</b> or <b>editor1</b> or <b>editor</b>,</li> <li><b>editor-last2</b> or <b>editor2-last</b> or <b>editor-surname2</b> or <b>editor2-surname</b> or <b>editor2</b>,</li> <li><b>editor-last3</b> or <b>editor3-last</b> or <b>editor-surname3</b> or <b>editor3-surname</b> or <b>editor3</b>,</li> <li><b>editor-last4</b> or <b>editor4-last</b> or <b>editor-surname4</b> or <b>editor4-surname</b> or <b>editor4</b>,</li> <li><b>date</b>, <b>year</b></li></ul> <p>This covers the most common templates. Information about all of the templates is available at <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_templates_and_reference_anchors" title="Wikipedia:Citation templates and reference anchors">Wikipedia:Citation templates and reference anchors</a>. </p><p>Use of the <b>date</b> parameter in place of the <b>year</b> parameter in citation templates is preferred. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Harvard_citation_wikilink">Harvard citation wikilink</h3></div> <p>The Harvard citation templates create a <a href="/wiki/Wikilink" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikilink">wikilink</a> to the anchor. For example <code>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Harv" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Harv">Harv</a>|Smith|2006|p=25}}</code> produces the link <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">#CITEREFSmith2006</code> and <code>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Citation" title="Template:Citation">Citation</a>|last=Smith|first=John|date=27 January 2006|title=My Life}}</code> produces the anchor <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">CITEREFSmith2006</code>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Using_CITEREF_directly">Using CITEREF directly</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1252059228"><div class="module-shortcutanchordiv"><span id="WP:CITEREF"></span></div><div class="module-shortcutboxplain noprint" role="note"><div class="module-shortcutlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcut</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:CITEREF&redirect=no">WP:CITEREF</a></span></li></ul></div></div> <p>A few articles create a custom ID using <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">CITEREF</code>, either in place of the Harvard citation template (e.g. <code>[[#CITEREFSmith2006|(2006)]]</code>) or as a value for <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|ref=</code> in the citation template. A custom ID must follow these rules: </p> <ul><li>Names are case-sensitive. Please do not use raNdOM capitalization.</li> <li>Names <strong>must not</strong> be purely numeric; the software will accept something like <code>":31337"</code> (which is punctuation plus a number), but it will ignore <code>"31337"</code> (purely numeric).</li> <li>Names should have semantic value, so that they can be more easily distinguished from each other by human editors who are looking at the wikitext. This means that ref names like <code>"Nguyen 2010"</code> are preferred to names like <code>":31337"</code>.</li> <li>Names must be unique. You may not use the same name to define different groups or footnotes. Try to avoid picking a name that someone else is likely to choose for a new citation, such as <code>":0"</code> or <code>"NYT"</code>.</li> <li>Please consider keeping reference names short, simple, and restricted to the standard <a href="/wiki/English_alphabet" title="English alphabet">English alphabet</a> and numerals. If spaces are used, the following technical restrictions become relevant: <ul><li>Quotation marks are preferred but optional if the only characters used are letters <code>A–Z</code>, <code>a–z</code>, digits <code>0–9</code>, and the symbols <code style="word-break: break-all;">!$%&()*,-.:;<@[]^_`{|}~</code>. That is, all printable ASCII characters except <code style="word-break: break-all;">#"'/=<>?\</code> and space.</li> <li>Inclusion of any other characters, <em>including spaces</em>, requires that the reference name be enclosed in quotes; for example, <code>name="John Smith"</code>. But quote-enclosed reference names may not include a less-than sign (<code><</code>) or a double straight quote symbol (<code>"</code>), which may however be included by <a href="/wiki/Escape_sequence" title="Escape sequence">escaping</a> as <code>&lt;</code> and <code>&quot;</code> respectively.</li></ul></li> <li>If CITEREF is used, then spaces in the <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|ref=</code> field must be replaced with underscores <ul><li>The quote marks must be the standard, straight, double quotation marks (<code>"</code>); curly or other quotes will be parsed as part of the reference name.</li></ul></li> <li>You may optionally provide reference names even when the reference name is not required. This makes later re-use of the sourced reference easier.</li></ul> <p>Examples: </p> <ul><li><code>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Sfn" title="Template:Sfn">sfn</a>|<var style="padding-right: 1px;">cite name</var>|<var style="padding-right: 1px;">year</var>}}</code></li> <li><code>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>|ref=CITEREF<var style="padding-right: 1px;">cite_nameyear</var>}}</code></li> <li><code>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>|ref=<span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Sfnref" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Sfnref">sfnref</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span>}}</code></li></ul> <p>Where <var style="padding-right: 1px;">cite_name</var> is a name such as the publisher. </p><p>To avoid the sometimes difficult to remember syntax for links to CITEREF anchors, <span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Citeref" title="Template:Citeref">citeref</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span> can be used to create internal wikilinks with either small superscript-style labels (like this<sup>[n]</sup>) or plain free-text labels to such anchors. It can be used inside of other citations. </p><p>Note that the <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">CITEREF</code> prefix is necessary for the <a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Reference_Tooltips" class="extiw" title="mw:Reference Tooltips">reference tooltips gadget</a> (<a href="/wiki/MediaWiki:Gadget-ReferenceTooltips.js" title="MediaWiki:Gadget-ReferenceTooltips.js">MediaWiki:Gadget-ReferenceTooltips.js</a>) to detect that a link goes to a citation. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="{{sfn}}'s_ref_name"><span id=".7B.7Bsfn.7D.7D.27s_ref_name"></span><a href="/wiki/Template:Sfn" title="Template:Sfn"><code>{{sfn}}</code></a>'s <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:REFNAME" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:REFNAME">ref name</a></h3></div> <p>Template <code>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Sfn" title="Template:Sfn">sfn</a>}}</code> creates a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:REFNAME" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:REFNAME">named footnote</a>, so that identical footnotes are combined automatically. The footnote name begins with <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">FOOTNOTE</code> followed by a concatenation of the arguments to <code>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Sfn" title="Template:Sfn">sfn</a>}}</code>. E.g.: this template call <code>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Sfn" title="Template:Sfn">sfn</a>|Smith|2006|p=26}}</code> should have exactly the same functionality as <code class="nowrap" style=""><ref name="FOOTNOTESmith200626"><span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Harvnb" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Harvnb">Harvnb</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span></ref></code> which, in turn, has the same functionality as <code class="nowrap" style=""><ref name="FOOTNOTESmith200626">[[#CITEREFSmith2006|Smith (2006)]], p. 26</ref></code>. </p><p>The ref name becomes more complicated when the page (p) parameter includes a URL, e.g. <code>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Sfn" title="Template:Sfn">sfn</a>|Joyce|1903|p=<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/aconcisehistory00joycgoog/page/n226">213</a>}}</code>, which, once defined, can be called by <code class="nowrap" style=""><ref name="FOOTNOTEJoyce1903[httpsarchiveorgdetailsaconcisehistory00joycgoogpagen226 213]" /></code>. The "p=" and the characters |,:,.,/,?,=; are therefore stripped out of the URL. </p><p>The call to <code>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Harvnb" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Harvnb">harvnb</a>}}</code> has been <a href="/wiki/Subst" class="mw-redirect" title="Subst">subst</a>'ed for quicker load times. </p> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul 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aria-labelledby="Wikipedia_referencing" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Wikipedia_referencing" title="Template:Wikipedia referencing"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Wikipedia_referencing" title="Template talk:Wikipedia referencing"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Wikipedia_referencing" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Wikipedia referencing"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Wikipedia_referencing" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">Wikipedia referencing</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Policies and guidelines</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">Verifiability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research" title="Wikipedia:No original research">No original research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Biographies_of_living_persons" title="Wikipedia:Biographies of living persons">Biographies of living persons</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Identifying_reliable_sources_(medicine)" title="Wikipedia:Identifying reliable sources (medicine)">Medicine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">Citing sources</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Scientific_citation_guidelines" title="Wikipedia:Scientific citation guidelines">Scientific citations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General advice</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">Citation needed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Combining_sources" title="Wikipedia:Combining sources">Combining sources</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Offline_sources" title="Wikipedia:Offline sources">Offline sources</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Overview_of_referencing_styles" title="Help:Overview of referencing styles">Referencing styles</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">Citing sources</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Help:Citation_Style_1" title="Help:Citation Style 1">Citation Style 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Citation_Style_2" title="Help:Citation Style 2">Citation Style 2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Citation_Style_Vancouver" title="Help:Citation Style Vancouver">Citation Style Vancouver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Bluebook_style_citation_templates" title="Category:Bluebook style citation templates">Bluebook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Comics_citation_templates" title="Category:Comics citation templates">Comics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_templates" title="Wikipedia:Citation templates">Citation templates</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Inline_citation" title="Wikipedia:Inline citation">Inline citations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Help:Footnotes" title="Help:Footnotes">Footnotes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style#Punctuation_and_footnotes" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style">Punctuation and footnotes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Shortened_footnotes" title="Help:Shortened footnotes">Shortened footnotes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Nesting_footnotes" title="Wikipedia:Nesting footnotes">Nesting footnotes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">Help for beginners</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Help:Reftags" title="Help:Reftags">Reference-tags</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Citations_quick_reference" title="Help:Citations quick reference">Citations quick reference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction_to_referencing_with_Wiki_Markup/1" title="Help:Introduction to referencing with Wiki Markup/1">Introduction to referencing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners_with_citation_templates" title="Help:Referencing for beginners with citation templates">Referencing with citation templates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners_without_using_templates" title="Help:Referencing for beginners without using templates">Referencing without using templates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:References_dos_and_don%27ts" title="Wikipedia:References dos and don'ts">Referencing dos and don'ts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia:Citing Wikipedia">Citing Wikipedia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Advanced help</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Help:Cite_link_labels" title="Help:Cite link labels">Cite link labels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Cite_errors" title="Help:Cite errors">Cite errors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Citation_merging" title="Help:Citation merging">Citation merging (bundling)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Cite_messages" title="Help:Cite messages">Cite messages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Converting_between_references_formats" title="Help:Converting between references formats">Converting between references formats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Reference_display_customization" title="Help:Reference display customization">Reference display customization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:References_and_page_numbers" title="Help:References and page numbers">References and page numbers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Guidance_on_source_reviewing_at_FAC" title="Wikipedia:Guidance on source reviewing at FAC">Guidance on source reviewing at FAC</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Footnote_templates" title="Category:Footnote templates">Footnote templates</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Citation_Style_documentation" title="Template:Citation Style documentation">Citation Style documentation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Multiple_references" class="mw-disambig" title="Template:Multiple references">Multiple references</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Reflist" title="Template:Reflist">Reflist</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Refbegin" title="Template:Refbegin">Refbegin</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Find_sources" title="Help:Find sources">Find references </a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:FIND" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:FIND">How to find sources</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:List_of_bibliographies" title="Wikipedia:List of bibliographies">Bibliographies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:The_Wikipedia_Library" title="Wikipedia:The Wikipedia Library">Wikipedia Library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Resource_Exchange/Resource_Request" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Resource Exchange/Resource Request">Resource Exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reference_desk" title="Wikipedia:Reference desk">Reference Desk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Book_sources" title="Wikipedia:Book sources">Book Sources</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Free_English_newspaper_sources" title="Wikipedia:Free English newspaper sources">Free newspaper sources</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Citation_tools" title="Help:Citation tools">Citation tools</a><br />(External links)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://citer.toolforge.org/">Citer</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sumsearch.org/cite/">Biomedical cite</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://tools.wmflabs.org/citations/">Citation bot</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://tools.wmflabs.org/makeref/">MakeRef</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://refill.toolforge.org/ng/">Refill</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/">WayBack</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tracking_categories">Tracking categories</h2></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_sfn_with_unknown_parameters" title="Category:Pages using sfn with unknown parameters">Category:Pages using sfn with unknown parameters</a> (0) </p> <section class="mw-templatedata-doc-wrap"><header><p class="mw-templatedata-doc-desc">This template creates a short author–date citation with a one-directional link to the first matching citation template on the same page.</p></header><table class="wikitable mw-templatedata-doc-params sortable"><caption><p class="mw-templatedata-caption">Template parameters<span class="mw-editsection-like"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Harvard_citation/doc&action=edit&templatedata=edit" title="Template:Harvard citation/doc">Edit template data</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></p><p><span class="oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-template-format-inline oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement-invisible oo-ui-iconWidget"></span><span class="mw-templatedata-format">This template prefers inline formatting of parameters.</span></p></caption><thead><tr><th colspan="2">Parameter</th><th>Description</th><th>Type</th><th>Status</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><th>1</th><td class="mw-templatedata-doc-param-name"><code>1</code></td><td><p>1st author's last name</p><dl><dt>Example</dt><dd>Smith</dd></dl></td><td class="mw-templatedata-doc-param-type">String</td><td class="mw-templatedata-doc-param-status-required" data-sort-value="2">required</td></tr><tr><th>2</th><td class="mw-templatedata-doc-param-name"><code>2</code></td><td><p>2nd author's last name or year of publication</p><dl><dt>Example</dt><dd>Williams or 2002</dd></dl></td><td class="mw-templatedata-doc-param-type">String</td><td class="mw-templatedata-doc-param-status-required" data-sort-value="2">required</td></tr><tr><th>3</th><td class="mw-templatedata-doc-param-name"><code>3</code></td><td><p>3rd author's last name or year of publication</p><dl><dt>Example</dt><dd>Jones or 2003</dd></dl></td><td class="mw-templatedata-doc-param-type">String</td><td class="mw-templatedata-doc-param-status-optional" data-sort-value="0">optional</td></tr><tr><th>4</th><td class="mw-templatedata-doc-param-name"><code>4</code></td><td><p>4th author's last name or year of publication</p><dl><dt>Example</dt><dd>Brown or 2004</dd></dl></td><td class="mw-templatedata-doc-param-type">String</td><td class="mw-templatedata-doc-param-status-optional" data-sort-value="0">optional</td></tr><tr><th>5</th><td class="mw-templatedata-doc-param-name"><code>5</code></td><td><p>Year of publication</p><dl><dt>Example</dt><dd>2005</dd></dl></td><td class="mw-templatedata-doc-param-type">Number</td><td class="mw-templatedata-doc-param-status-optional" data-sort-value="0">optional</td></tr><tr><th>Reference value</th><td class="mw-templatedata-doc-param-name"><code>ref</code> <code class="mw-templatedata-doc-param-alias">Ref</code></td><td><p>Usual not used. Reference value that links the short citation to the full citation. If you specify |ref=none, no hyperlink is created.</p><dl><dt>Example</dt><dd>none</dd></dl></td><td class="mw-templatedata-doc-param-type mw-templatedata-doc-muted">Unknown</td><td class="mw-templatedata-doc-param-status-optional" data-sort-value="0">optional</td></tr><tr><th>Ref</th><td class="mw-templatedata-doc-param-name"><code>Ref</code></td><td><p class="mw-templatedata-doc-muted">no description</p><dl></dl></td><td class="mw-templatedata-doc-param-type mw-templatedata-doc-muted">Unknown</td><td class="mw-templatedata-doc-param-status-optional" data-sort-value="0">optional</td></tr><tr><th>Location</th><td class="mw-templatedata-doc-param-name"><code>loc</code> <code class="mw-templatedata-doc-param-alias">at</code></td><td><p>Some other description of the location. Can be a URL in [ ].</p><dl><dt>Example</dt><dd>[https://archive.org/stream/merriamwebsterdi00merr#page/253]</dd></dl></td><td class="mw-templatedata-doc-param-type">URL</td><td class="mw-templatedata-doc-param-status-optional" data-sort-value="0">optional</td></tr><tr><th>Page</th><td class="mw-templatedata-doc-param-name"><code>p</code> <code class="mw-templatedata-doc-param-alias">page</code></td><td><p>Single page number</p><dl><dt>Example</dt><dd>374, xii, or A4</dd></dl></td><td class="mw-templatedata-doc-param-type">String</td><td class="mw-templatedata-doc-param-status-suggested" data-sort-value="1">suggested</td></tr><tr><th>page</th><td class="mw-templatedata-doc-param-name"><code>page</code></td><td><p class="mw-templatedata-doc-muted">no description</p><dl></dl></td><td class="mw-templatedata-doc-param-type mw-templatedata-doc-muted">Unknown</td><td class="mw-templatedata-doc-param-status-optional" data-sort-value="0">optional</td></tr><tr><th>Pages</th><td class="mw-templatedata-doc-param-name"><code>pp</code> <code class="mw-templatedata-doc-param-alias">pages</code></td><td><p>range of page numbers or multiple separate page numbers</p><dl><dt>Example</dt><dd>124–27 or 42,47,A113</dd></dl></td><td class="mw-templatedata-doc-param-type">String</td><td class="mw-templatedata-doc-param-status-deprecated" data-sort-value="-1">deprecated</td></tr><tr><th>pages</th><td class="mw-templatedata-doc-param-name"><code>pages</code></td><td><p class="mw-templatedata-doc-muted">no description</p><dl></dl></td><td class="mw-templatedata-doc-param-type mw-templatedata-doc-muted">Unknown</td><td class="mw-templatedata-doc-param-status-optional" data-sort-value="0">optional</td></tr><tr><th>Quotes or additional comments</th><td class="mw-templatedata-doc-param-name"><code>ps</code></td><td><p>Used to add quotes or additional comments.</p><dl><dt>Example</dt><dd>Table 7.1</dd></dl></td><td class="mw-templatedata-doc-param-type">String</td><td class="mw-templatedata-doc-param-status-optional" data-sort-value="0">optional</td></tr></tbody></table></section> <div class="documentation-clear"></div> </div> <div role="note" class="documentation-metadata plainlinks">The above <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Template_documentation" title="Wikipedia:Template documentation">documentation</a> is <a href="/wiki/Help:Transclusion" title="Help:Transclusion">transcluded</a> from <a href="/wiki/Template:Harvard_citation/doc" title="Template:Harvard citation/doc">Template:Harvard citation/doc</a>. <span class="documentation-toolbar">(<a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Harvard_citation/doc" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Harvard citation/doc">edit</a> | <a href="/wiki/Special:PageHistory/Template:Harvard_citation/doc" title="Special:PageHistory/Template:Harvard citation/doc">history</a>)</span><br />Editors can experiment in this template's <a href="/wiki/Template:Harvard_citation/sandbox" title="Template:Harvard citation/sandbox">sandbox</a> <span class="documentation-toolbar">(<a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Harvard_citation/sandbox" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Harvard citation/sandbox">edit</a> | <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special%3AComparePages&page1=Template%3AHarvard+citation&page2=Template%3AHarvard+citation%2Fsandbox">diff</a>)</span> and <a href="/wiki/Template:Harvard_citation/testcases" title="Template:Harvard citation/testcases">testcases</a> <span class="documentation-toolbar">(<a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Harvard_citation/testcases" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Harvard citation/testcases">edit</a>)</span> pages.<br />Add categories to the <a href="/wiki/Template:Harvard_citation/doc" title="Template:Harvard citation/doc">/doc</a> subpage. <a href="/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Template:Harvard_citation/" title="Special:PrefixIndex/Template:Harvard citation/">Subpages of this template</a>.</div></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.m.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&mobile=1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Harvard_citation&oldid=972066551">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Harvard_citation&oldid=972066551</a>"</div></div> </div> <div class="post-content" id="page-secondary-actions"> </div> </main> <footer class="mw-footer minerva-footer" role="contentinfo"> <a class="last-modified-bar" href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Harvard_citation&action=history"> <div class="post-content last-modified-bar__content"> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon-size-medium minerva-icon--modified-history"></span> <span class="last-modified-bar__text modified-enhancement" data-user-name="Bsherr" data-user-gender="male" data-timestamp="1597018785"> <span>Last edited on 10 August 2020, at 00:19</span> </span> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon-size-small minerva-icon--expand"></span> </div> </a> <div class="post-content footer-content"> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Languages</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sjabloon:Harvard_citation" title="Sjabloon:Harvard citation – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Sjabloon:Harvard citation" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8:Harvard_citation" title="قالب:Harvard citation – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="قالب:Harvard citation" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BF%D5%A1%D5%B2%D5%A1%D5%BA%D5%A1%D6%80:Harvard_citation" title="Կաղապար:Harvard citation – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Կաղապար:Harvard citation" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%81%E0%A6%9A:Harvard_citation" title="সাঁচ:Harvard citation – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="সাঁচ:Harvard citation" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plant%C3%ADa:Cita_Harvard" title="Plantía:Cita Harvard – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Plantía:Cita Harvard" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BF:Harvard_citation" title="Халип:Harvard citation – Avaric" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="Халип:Harvard citation" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="Avaric" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Авар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Eablon:Harvard_citation" title="Şablon:Harvard citation – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Şablon:Harvard citation" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mal:Harvard_citation" title="Mal:Harvard citation – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Mal:Harvard citation" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%9F:%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A1_%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A7%E0%A7%83%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF" title="টেমপ্লেট:হার্ভার্ড উদ্ধৃতি – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="টেমপ্লেট:হার্ভার্ড উদ্ধৃতি" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citakan:Harv" title="Citakan:Harv – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Citakan:Harv" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Banjar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pang-b%C3%B4%CD%98:Harvard_citation" title="Pang-bô͘:Harvard citation – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Pang-bô͘:Harvard citation" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD:Harvard_citation" title="Шаблон:Harvard citation – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Шаблон:Harvard citation" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%9F:Harvard_citation" title="टेम्पलेट:Harvard citation – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="टेम्पलेट:Harvard citation" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD:Harv" title="Шаблон:Harv – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Шаблон:Harv" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0ablon:Harv" title="Šablon:Harv – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Šablon:Harv" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plantilla:Harv" title="Plantilla:Harv – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Plantilla:Harv" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cita" title="Template:Cita – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Template:Cita" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Corsu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nodyn:Harvard_citation" title="Nodyn:Harvard citation – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Nodyn:Harvard citation" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skabelon:Harv" title="Skabelon:Harv – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Skabelon:Harv" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B6%D9%8A%D9%84:Harv" title="موضيل:Harv – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="موضيل:Harv" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dty mw-list-item"><a href="https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%81%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE:Harvard_citation" title="ढाँचा:Harvard citation – Doteli" lang="dty" hreflang="dty" data-title="ढाँचा:Harvard citation" data-language-autonym="डोटेली" data-language-local-name="Doteli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>डोटेली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CF%81%CF%8C%CF%84%CF%85%CF%80%CE%BF:Harvard_citation" title="Πρότυπο:Harvard citation – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Πρότυπο:Harvard citation" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plantilla:Cita_Harvard" title="Plantilla:Cita Harvard – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Plantilla:Cita Harvard" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Cablono:Harv" title="Ŝablono:Harv – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Ŝablono:Harv" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%DA%AF%D9%88:Harvard_citation" title="الگو:Harvard citation – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="الگو:Harvard citation" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyrimynd:Harvard_citation" title="Fyrimynd:Harvard citation – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Fyrimynd:Harvard citation" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mod%C3%A8le:R%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence_Harvard" title="Modèle:Référence Harvard – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Modèle:Référence Harvard" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modelo:Cita_Harvard" title="Modelo:Cita Harvard – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Modelo:Cita Harvard" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%A2%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%82%E0%AA%9A%E0%AB%8B:Harvard_citation" title="ઢાંચો:Harvard citation – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="ઢાંચો:Harvard citation" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-guw mw-list-item"><a href="https://guw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohia:Harvard_citation" title="Ohia:Harvard citation – Gun" lang="guw" hreflang="guw" data-title="Ohia:Harvard citation" data-language-autonym="Gungbe" data-language-local-name="Gun" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gungbe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%8B%80:%ED%95%98%EB%B2%84%EB%93%9C_%EC%9D%B8%EC%9A%A9" title="틀:하버드 인용 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="틀:하버드 인용" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BF%D5%A1%D5%B2%D5%A1%D5%BA%D5%A1%D6%80:Harvard_citation" title="Կաղապար:Harvard citation – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Կաղապար:Harvard citation" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plantilia:Harvard_citation" title="Plantilia:Harvard citation – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Plantilia:Harvard citation" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Templat:Harvard_citation" title="Templat:Harvard citation – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Templat:Harvard citation" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sni%C3%B0:Harv" title="Snið:Harv – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Snið:Harv" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%AA%D7%91%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%AA:Harv" title="תבנית:Harv – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="תבנית:Harv" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cithakan:Harvard_citation" title="Cithakan:Harvard citation – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Cithakan:Harvard citation" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%97%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%92%E1%83%98:Harv" title="თარგი:Harv – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="თარგი:Harv" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Eablon:Harvard_citation" title="Şablon:Harvard citation – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Şablon:Harvard citation" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B%D0%BF:Harvard_citation" title="Калып:Harvard citation – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Калып:Harvard citation" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Harvard_citation" title="Template:Harvard citation – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Template:Harvard citation" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formula:Harvard_citation" title="Formula:Harvard citation – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Formula:Harvard citation" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veidne:Harv" title="Veidne:Harv – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Veidne:Harv" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0ablonas:Harvard_citation" title="Šablonas:Harvard citation – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Šablonas:Harvard citation" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:%C3%87itta" title="Template:Çitta – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Template:Çitta" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sablon:Harvard_citation" title="Sablon:Harvard citation – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Sablon:Harvard citation" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF:Harvard_citation" title="आकृति:Harvard citation – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="आकृति:Harvard citation" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मैथिली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%B0:%D0%A5%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B4" title="Предлошка:Харвардски навод – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Предлошка:Харвардски навод" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mudell:%C4%8Aita_harvard" title="Mudell:Ċita harvard – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Mudell:Ċita harvard" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE:Harvard_citation" title="साचा:Harvard citation – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="साचा:Harvard citation" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8:Harvard_citation" title="قالب:Harvard citation – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="قالب:Harvard citation" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Templat:Harvard_citation" title="Templat:Harvard citation – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Templat:Harvard citation" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%A8%A1%E6%9D%BF:Harvard_citation" title="模板:Harvard citation – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="模板:Harvard citation" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD:Harvard_citation" title="Шаблон:Harvard citation – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Шаблон:Harvard citation" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Мокшень</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%90%E1%80%99%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%95%E1%80%9C%E1%80%AD%E1%80%90%E1%80%BA:Harvard_citation" title="တမ်းပလိတ်:Harvard citation – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="တမ်းပလိတ်:Harvard citation" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%81%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE:Harvard_citation" title="ढाँचा:Harvard citation – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="ढाँचा:Harvard citation" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Harvard_citation" title="Template:Harvard citation – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="Template:Harvard citation" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Harv" title="Template:Harv – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="Template:Harv" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mal:Harv" title="Mal:Harv – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Mal:Harv" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mod%C3%A8l:Ref-Havard" title="Modèl:Ref-Havard – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Modèl:Ref-Havard" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Predefini%C3%A7%C3%A3o:Harv" title="Predefinição:Harv – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Predefinição:Harv" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Format:Harvard_citation" title="Format:Harvard citation – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Format:Harvard citation" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD:Harvard_citation" title="Шаблон:Harvard citation – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Шаблон:Harvard citation" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D:Harvard_citation" title="फलकम्:Harvard citation – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="फलकम्:Harvard citation" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Tzita" title="Template:Tzita – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Template:Tzita" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Harvard_citation" title="Template:Harvard citation – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Template:Harvard citation" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stampa:Harvard_citation" title="Stampa:Harvard citation – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Stampa:Harvard citation" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%90%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%BD:Harvard_citation" title="සැකිල්ල:Harvard citation – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="සැකිල්ල:Harvard citation" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Harvard_citation" title="Template:Harvard citation – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Template:Harvard citation" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%86%D9%88:Harvard_citation" title="سانچو:Harvard citation – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="سانچو:Harvard citation" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0abl%C3%B3na:Harv" title="Šablóna:Harv – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Šablóna:Harv" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Predloga:Harvard_citation" title="Predloga:Harvard citation – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Predloga:Harvard citation" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%A7%DA%95%DB%8E%DA%98%DB%95:Harvard_citation" title="داڕێژە:Harvard citation – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="داڕێژە:Harvard citation" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD:Harvard_citation" title="Шаблон:Harvard citation – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Шаблон:Harvard citation" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mall:Harvard" title="Mall:Harvard – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Mall:Harvard" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Padron:Harvard_citation" title="Padron:Harvard citation – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Padron:Harvard citation" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tal%C9%A3a:Harvard_citation" title="Talɣa:Harvard citation – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Talɣa:Harvard citation" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shn mw-list-item"><a href="https://shn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%91%E1%82%85%E1%80%99%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%95%E1%80%9C%E1%80%B5%E1%80%90%E1%80%BA%E1%82%89:Harvard_citation" title="ထႅမ်းပလဵတ်ႉ:Harvard citation – Shan" lang="shn" hreflang="shn" data-title="ထႅမ်းပလဵတ်ႉ:Harvard citation" data-language-autonym="ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး " data-language-local-name="Shan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး </span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%82%E0%B0%B8:Harvard_citation" title="మూస:Harvard citation – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="మూస:Harvard citation" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%88%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%9A:Harvard_citation" title="แม่แบบ:Harvard citation – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="แม่แบบ:Harvard citation" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Eablon:Harvard_al%C4%B1nt%C4%B1" title="Şablon:Harvard alıntı – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Şablon:Harvard alıntı" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD:Harvard_citation" title="Шаблон:Harvard citation – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Шаблон:Harvard citation" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%86%DB%81:Harvard_citation" title="سانچہ:Harvard citation – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="سانچہ:Harvard citation" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%E1%BA%A3n_m%E1%BA%ABu:Harvard_citation" title="Bản mẫu:Harvard citation – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Bản mẫu:Harvard citation" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%A8%A1%E6%9D%BF:Harvard_citation" title="模板:Harvard citation – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="模板:Harvard citation" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%A2%D7%A8:Harv" title="מוסטער:Harv – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="מוסטער:Harv" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Harvard_citation" title="Template:Harvard citation – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="Template:Harvard citation" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Harvard_citation" title="Template:Harvard citation – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="Template:Harvard citation" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li></ul> </section> </div> <div class="minerva-footer-logo"><img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" alt="Wikipedia" width="120" height="18" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"/> </div> <ul id="footer-info" class="footer-info hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 10 August 2020, at 00:19<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li 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