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class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Innhold</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">flytt til sidefeltet</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">skjul</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Til toppen)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Hensikt_og_bruk" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hensikt_og_bruk"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Hensikt og bruk</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hensikt_og_bruk-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kulturelle_beskrivelser" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kulturelle_beskrivelser"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Kulturelle beskrivelser</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kulturelle_beskrivelser-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tacitus’_kilder" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tacitus’_kilder"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Tacitus’ kilder</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tacitus’_kilder-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Referanser" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Referanser"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Referanser</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Referanser-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Litteratur" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Litteratur"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Litteratur</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Litteratur-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Eksterne_lenker" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eksterne_lenker"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Eksterne lenker</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Eksterne_lenker-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Innhold" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Innholdsfortegnelse" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Vis/skjul innholdsfortegnelsen" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Vis/skjul innholdsfortegnelsen</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Germania (Tacitus)</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Gå til en artikkel på et annet språk. Tilgjengelig på 33 språk" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-33" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">33 språk</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germania_(Tacitus)" title="Germania (Tacitus) – dansk" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Germania (Tacitus)" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="dansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germania_(bok)" title="Germania (bok) – svensk" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Germania (bok)" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="svensk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germania_(levr)" title="Germania (levr) – bretonsk" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Germania (levr)" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="bretonsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germ%C3%A0nia_(llibre)" title="Germània (llibre) – katalansk" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Germània (llibre)" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="katalansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germania_(kniha)" title="Germania (kniha) – tsjekkisk" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Germania (kniha)" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="tsjekkisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germania_(llyfr)" title="Germania (llyfr) – walisisk" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Germania (llyfr)" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="walisisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germania_(Tacitus)" title="Germania (Tacitus) – tysk" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Germania (Tacitus)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="tysk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germania_(Tacitus)" title="Germania (Tacitus) – estisk" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Germania (Tacitus)" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germania_(book)" title="Germania (book) – engelsk" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Germania (book)" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="engelsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germania_(libro)" title="Germania (libro) – spansk" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Germania (libro)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="spansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germania_(liburua)" title="Germania (liburua) – baskisk" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Germania (liburua)" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="baskisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%98%D8%B1%D9%85%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="ژرمنیا – persisk" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ژرمنیا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Germanie" title="La Germanie – fransk" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="La Germanie" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="fransk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germania_(boek)" title="Germania (boek) – vestfrisisk" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Germania (boek)" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="vestfrisisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xermania_(libro)" title="Xermania (libro) – galisisk" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Xermania (libro)" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galisisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B2%8C%EB%A5%B4%EB%A7%8C%EC%A1%B1%EC%9D%98_%EA%B8%B0%EC%9B%90%EA%B3%BC_%ED%98%84%ED%99%A9" title="게르만족의 기원과 현황 – koreansk" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="게르만족의 기원과 현황" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="koreansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B3%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%AB%D5%A1_(%D5%8F%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%AB%D5%BF%D5%B8%D5%BD)" title="Գերմանիա (Տակիտոս) – armensk" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Գերմանիա (Տակիտոս)" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="armensk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germania_(Tacit)" title="Germania (Tacit) – kroatisk" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Germania (Tacit)" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="kroatisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_origine_et_situ_Germanorum" title="De origine et situ Germanorum – italiensk" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="De origine et situ Germanorum" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italiensk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germania_(Tacitus)" title="Germania (Tacitus) – latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Germania (Tacitus)" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Par_%C4%A2erm%C4%81nijas_atra%C5%A1an%C4%81s_vietu_un_taut%C4%81m" title="Par Ģermānijas atrašanās vietu un tautām – latvisk" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Par Ģermānijas atrašanās vietu un tautām" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="latvisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germania_(irodalmi_m%C5%B1)" title="Germania (irodalmi mű) – ungarsk" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Germania (irodalmi mű)" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="ungarsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_origine_et_situ_Germanorum" title="De origine et situ Germanorum – nederlandsk" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="De origine et situ Germanorum" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="nederlandsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B2%E3%83%AB%E3%83%9E%E3%83%8B%E3%82%A2_(%E6%9B%B8%E7%89%A9)" title="ゲルマニア (書物) – japansk" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ゲルマニア (書物)" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germania_(Tacyt)" title="Germania (Tacyt) – polsk" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Germania (Tacyt)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="polsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germ%C3%A2nia_(T%C3%A1cito)" title="Germânia (Tácito) – portugisisk" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Germânia (Tácito)" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugisisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F_(%D0%A2%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%82)" title="Германия (Тацит) – russisk" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Германия (Тацит)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="russisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germania_(lib%C3%ABr)" title="Germania (libër) – albansk" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Germania (libër)" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="albansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanija_(knjiga)" title="Germanija (knjiga) – serbokroatisk" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Germanija (knjiga)" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="serbokroatisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="lovende artikkel"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germania_(kirja)" title="Germania (kirja) – finsk" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Germania (kirja)" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germania_(kitap)" title="Germania (kitap) – tyrkisk" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Germania (kitap)" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="tyrkisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%8F_(%D0%A2%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%82)" title="Германія (Тацит) – ukrainsk" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Германія (Тацит)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ukrainsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E8%80%B3%E6%9B%BC%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9A%E5%BF%97" title="日耳曼尼亚志 – kinesisk" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="日耳曼尼亚志" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="kinesisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q428114#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Rediger lenker til artikkelen på andre språk" class="wbc-editpage">Rediger lenker</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Navnerom"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Germania_(Tacitus)" title="Vis innholdssiden [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Artikkel</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Diskusjon:Germania_(Tacitus)" rel="discussion" title="Diskusjon om innholdssiden [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Diskusjon</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Bytt språkvariant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">norsk bokmål</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Visninger"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Germania_(Tacitus)"><span>Les</span></a></li><li id="ca-ve-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Germania_(Tacitus)&veaction=edit" title="Rediger siden [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Rediger</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="collapsible vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Germania_(Tacitus)&action=edit" title="Rediger kildekoden for denne siden [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Rediger kilde</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Germania_(Tacitus)&action=history" title="Tidligere sideversjoner av denne siden [h]" accesskey="h"><span>Vis historikk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Sideverktøy"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Verktøy" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Verktøy</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Verktøy</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">flytt til sidefeltet</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">skjul</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions 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href="/wiki/Fil:Eifelblick.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Eifelblick.jpg/250px-Eifelblick.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="224" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Eifelblick.jpg/375px-Eifelblick.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Eifelblick.jpg/500px-Eifelblick.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1143" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption>Utsikt over skogkledte Nürburg i dagens Tyskland.</figcaption></figure> <p><i><b>Germania</b></i> (<a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">latinsk</a> tittel: <i>De Origine et situ Germanorum</i>), skrevet av <a href="/wiki/Tacitus" title="Tacitus">Gaius Cornelius Tacitus</a> rundt år <a href="/wiki/98" title="98">98</a>, er et <a href="/wiki/Etnografi" title="Etnografi">etnografisk</a> arbeid om <a href="/wiki/Germanere" title="Germanere">germanske</a> stammer utenfor det <a href="/wiki/Romerriket" title="Romerriket">romerske riket</a>. Verket er delt inn i 46 seksjoner. </p><p>Dette verket har kun blitt bevart i et enkeltstående manuskript som ble funnet <a href="/wiki/Hersfeldklosteret" title="Hersfeldklosteret">Hersfeldklosteret</a> i byen <a href="/wiki/Bad_Hersfeld" title="Bad Hersfeld">Bad Hersfeld</a> i den <a href="/wiki/Tyskland" title="Tyskland">tyske</a> delstaten <a href="/wiki/Hessen" title="Hessen">Hessen</a> i det daværende <a href="/wiki/Det_hellige_romerske_rike_av_den_tyske_nasjon" class="mw-redirect" title="Det hellige romerske rike av den tyske nasjon">tysk-romerske keiserdømmet</a> og ført til <a href="/wiki/Italia" title="Italia">Italia</a> i <a href="/wiki/1455" title="1455">1455</a> hvor Enea Silvio Piccolomini, den senere pave <a href="/wiki/Pius_II" title="Pius II">Pius II</a>, først undersøkte og analyserte det og deretter satte i gang interessen blant tyske <a href="/wiki/Humanisme" title="Humanisme">humanister</a> som <a href="/w/index.php?title=Conrad_Celtes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Conrad Celtes (ikke skrevet ennå)">Conrad Celtes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Aventinus" title="Johannes Aventinus">Johannes Aventinus</a>, og særlig <a href="/wiki/Ulrich_von_Hutten" title="Ulrich von Hutten">Ulrich von Hutten</a> som en autentisk kilde om det forhistoriske <a href="/wiki/Germania" title="Germania">Germania</a>. Siden da har behandlingen av teksten angående kulturen til de tidlige germanske folkene i det forhistoriske Tyskland vært en særdeles betydningsfull kilde for <a href="/wiki/Tysk_historie" class="mw-redirect" title="Tysk historie">tysk historie</a>, <a href="/wiki/Filologi" title="Filologi">filologi</a> og etnologiske studier, og i mindre grad også av betydning for studiet av <a href="/wiki/Norr%C3%B8n" title="Norrøn">norrøn</a> kultur og <a href="/wiki/Norr%C3%B8n_mytologi" title="Norrøn mytologi">norrøn mytologi</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Hensikt_og_bruk">Hensikt og bruk</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Germania_(Tacitus)&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Rediger avsnitt: Hensikt og bruk" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>rediger</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Germania_(Tacitus)&action=edit&section=1" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen Hensikt og bruk"><span>rediger kilde</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fil:Gaius_Cornelius_Tacitus.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Gaius_Cornelius_Tacitus.jpg/150px-Gaius_Cornelius_Tacitus.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="192" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Gaius_Cornelius_Tacitus.jpg/225px-Gaius_Cornelius_Tacitus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Gaius_Cornelius_Tacitus.jpg/300px-Gaius_Cornelius_Tacitus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="594" data-file-height="760" /></a><figcaption>Tacitus</figcaption></figure> <p>Etnografi hadde en lang og fornem arv i klassisk litteratur, og <i>Germania</i> passer helt og holdent innenfor tradisjonen som var blitt etablert av forfattere fra <a href="/wiki/Herodot" title="Herodot">Herodot</a> til <a href="/wiki/Julius_C%C3%A6sar" title="Julius Cæsar">Julius Cæsar</a>. Tacitus hadde selv allerede skrevet en tilsvarende, dog kortere, <a href="/wiki/Essay" title="Essay">essay</a> om landområdene og folkestammene i Britannia i hans bok <i>De vita et moribus Iulii Agricolae</i>, det vil si <i><a href="/wiki/Agricola_(bok)" title="Agricola (bok)">Agricola</a></i>, (kapitlene 10–13). <i>Germania</i> begynner med en beskrivelse av landene, lovene og sedevanene til germanerne (kapitlene 1-27); deretter går teksten over til beskrivelser av de enkelte stammene og begynner med de som bor nærmest romerske landområder og avslutter med de fjerneste kystene mot <a href="/wiki/%C3%98stersj%C3%B8en" title="Østersjøen">Østersjøen</a>, blant dem de ravsamlende <i>Aestii</i>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%86stisere&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Æstisere (ikke skrevet ennå)">æstisere</a>, de primitive og ville <i>Fenni</i>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fenniere&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fenniere (ikke skrevet ennå)">fenniere</a> (kanskje <a href="/wiki/Finner" title="Finner">finner</a> og/eller <a href="/wiki/Samer" title="Samer">samer</a>), og de ukjente stammene bortenfor disse. Verket kan opptre moraliserende til tider, kanskje underforstått sammenligner det verdiene til de germanske stammene med de til hans romerske samtidige, skjønt det blir ikke gjort noen direkte sammenligning mellom <a href="/wiki/Roma" title="Roma">Roma</a> og <a href="/wiki/Germania" title="Germania">Germania</a> i teksten. Da Tacitus skrev teksten ønsket han kanskje å understreke den fare som de germanske stammer betydde for <a href="/wiki/Romerriket" title="Romerriket">Romerriket</a>. </p><p>Tacitus' beskrivelser av den germanske karakter er til tider fordelaktig i kontrast til hans egne landsmenn. «Germania er en fremstilling som gjør bruk av kontraster, eller i hvert fall for hva som er underlig, er romernes egen. Selv tilsynelatende nøytrale beskrivelser rommer negative sammenligninger», slår Henrik Tvarnø fast.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tacitus framhever i rosende ordlyd den strenge monogami og ærbarhet i de germanske ekteskapsskikker. Kontrasten er hva han så som mangler og umoral som preget det samtidige romerske samfunnet (kapittel 18), og han beundrer germanernes åpne gjestefrihet, deres enkelhet og deres tapperhet i kamp. Alle disse trekkene ble framhevet, kanskje på grunn av deres likhet med de idealiserte romerske dyder. Disse fordelaktige portrettene gjorde verket senere meget populært i <a href="/wiki/Tyskland" title="Tyskland">Tyskland</a>, særlig blant tyske nasjonalister og tyske romantikere – fra <a href="/wiki/1500-tallet" class="mw-redirect" title="1500-tallet">1500-tallet</a> og framover. Men hans portrett av germanerne er ikke bare fordelaktig og positivt, han merket seg en tendens hos germanerne av hva han så som deres vanemessige drukkenskap, latskap og barbariske skikker, blant andre trekk. </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fil:Imperium_Romanum_Germania.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Imperium_Romanum_Germania.png/300px-Imperium_Romanum_Germania.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Imperium_Romanum_Germania.png/450px-Imperium_Romanum_Germania.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Imperium_Romanum_Germania.png/600px-Imperium_Romanum_Germania.png 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="491" /></a><figcaption>Kart over det romerske riket og <i>Germania Magna</i> tidlig på 100-tallet med lokaliseringen av en del av de stammene som ble beskrevet av Tacitus som germanske.</figcaption></figure> <p>Til tross for denne potensielle skjevheten gir han også mange navn på stammer som romerne hadde kommet i kontrakt med, skjønt hans informasjon var generelt ikke førsthåndskunnskap mer enn de fleste historier, og nyere forskning har antydet at en del av hans antagelser er feilaktige. Eksempelvis har dagens historikere diskutert om alle disse stammene egentlig var germanske i den forstand at de snakket germanske språk. En del av dem, som <i>Batavi</i>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bataverere&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bataverere (ikke skrevet ennå)">bataverere</a>, kan like gjerne ha snakket et <a href="/wiki/Keltiske_spr%C3%A5k" title="Keltiske språk">keltisk</a> språk. Få entydige bevis kan bli funnet i den ene eller den andre retningen. I et annet sted i <i>Germania</i> viser Tacitus ingen mangel på presisjon ved å hevde at <i>Nervii</i>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nerviere&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nerviere (ikke skrevet ennå)">nerviere</a>, ikke var germanere som de hevdet å være (kapittel 28). Han nevner også i kapittel 43 at en bestemt stamme kalt <i>Cotini</i> i sentrale Germania faktisk snakket et <a href="/wiki/Gallia" title="Gallia">gallisk</a> språk, og likeledes at <i>Osi</i> snakket en <a href="/wiki/Pannonia" title="Pannonia">pannoniansk</a> <a href="/wiki/Dialekt" title="Dialekt">dialekt</a>. </p> <dl><dd>«Det betyr ikke at verket ikke rommer korrekte informasjoner, men det er vanskelig å se hvor Tacitus prøver å gi en nøyaktig informasjon og hvor moralen løpet av med ham. Tacitus var ikke feltantropolog. Han oppholdt seg ikke selv blant fremmede og forsøker ikke – hvis det er overhodet mulig – å forstå de fremmede ut fra deres egne forutsetninger. Tacitus betrakter germanerne utenfra og konsentrerer seg følgelig om det som for ham og for den romerske leser var annerledes. Dermed er det ikke til å unngå at han legger vekt på det merkelige og risikerer å overse det typiske.»<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <p>Hans beskrivelser av den germanske gudinnen <a href="/wiki/Nerthus" title="Nerthus">Nerthus</a> i sørlige <a href="/wiki/Danmark" title="Danmark">Danmark</a> har ført til betydelig spekulasjon blant forskere av <a href="/wiki/Norr%C3%B8n_mytologi" title="Norrøn mytologi">norrøn mytologi</a> og <a href="/wiki/S%C3%B8rgermansk_mytologi" title="Sørgermansk mytologi">eldre germansk</a> og <a href="/w/index.php?title=Indoeuropeisk_mytologi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Indoeuropeisk mytologi (ikke skrevet ennå)">indoeuropeisk mytologi</a> ettersom dette er vår eneste skriftlige kilde av norrøn mytologi fra før <a href="/wiki/Snorre_Sturlason" title="Snorre Sturlason">Snorre Sturlason</a> og andre <a href="/wiki/Sagalitteratur" title="Sagalitteratur">sagatekster</a> som kom rundt tusen år senere, og ettersom disse kun svakt minner om de religiøse forestillingene som er beskrevet hos Tacitus. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Kulturelle_beskrivelser">Kulturelle beskrivelser</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Germania_(Tacitus)&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Rediger avsnitt: Kulturelle beskrivelser" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>rediger</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Germania_(Tacitus)&action=edit&section=2" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen Kulturelle beskrivelser"><span>rediger kilde</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Tacitus sier i kapittel 2 at fysisk synes germanerne å være en egenartet rase som ikke var blandet med sine naboer. I kapittel 4 nevner han at de har felles trekk som blå øyne, blondt eller rødlig hår og lange kropper. </p><p>I kapittel 7 beskriver Tacitus deres styre og deres ledere som basert på hva de har gjort tidligere og egalitært med et lederskap ved eksempel heller enn ved autoritet og at straff ble utført av prestene. Han nevner i kapittel 8 at kvinnenes meninger ble respektert. I kapittel 9 beskriver Tacitus en form for folkesamlinger som minner om de offentlige ting som er nedtegnet i senere norrøne kilder. Her hvilte den endelige beslutningen på mennene i stammen som en helhet. </p><p>Tacitus diskuterer kvinnenes rolle i kapittel 7 og 8, nevner at de ofte fulgte mennene i kamp og støttet dem. Han forteller at menn er ofte motivert til å slåss for kvinnene på grunn av en ekstrem frykt for at de skal bli tatt levende. Tacitus sier i kapittel 18 at germanerne holder seg til en hustru, unntatt i en del politiske ekteskap, og særlig og uttrykkelig sammenligner han denne praksisen med andre barbariske kulturer, kanskje siden monogami var en delt dyd i de romerske og germanske kulturene. Han nedtegner også i kapittel 19 at utroskap var svært sjelden og at en utro kvinne ble forvist av hele samfunnet uansett hvor vakker hun var. </p><p>De siste kapitlene av verket beskriver de ulike germanske stammene, deres relative lokaliseringer og en del av deres karaktertrekk. Mange av stammenavnene tilsvarer med andre (og senere) historiske nedtegnelser og tradisjoner, mens skjebnen til andre stammer er mindre klart. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tacitus’_kilder"><span id="Tacitus.E2.80.99_kilder"></span>Tacitus’ kilder</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Germania_(Tacitus)&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Rediger avsnitt: Tacitus’ kilder" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>rediger</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Germania_(Tacitus)&action=edit&section=3" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen Tacitus’ kilder"><span>rediger kilde</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Tacitus selv reiste aldri til germanske land. All hans informasjon er i bestefall annenhånds.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ronald Syme antok at Tacitus kopiert tett den tapte verket <i>Bella Germaniæ</i> av <a href="/wiki/Plinius_den_eldre" title="Plinius den eldre">Plinius den eldre</a> ettersom <i>Germania</i> er tidvis foreldet: i dens beskrivelser av stammene ved <a href="/wiki/Donau" title="Donau">Donau</a> sier Syme at «de er lojale klienter av Riket... Noe som er underlig. Sviket til disse folkene i år 89 under <a href="/wiki/Domitian" title="Domitian">Domitians</a> krig mot <a href="/wiki/Dakia" title="Dakia">dakerne</a> modifiserte hele grensepolitikken for keiserdømmet».<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mens Plinius kan ha vært hovedkilden har forskerne også identifisert andre: blant dem er Cæsars <i><a href="/wiki/Gallerkrigen" title="Gallerkrigen">Gallerkrigen</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Strabo" class="mw-redirect" title="Strabo">Strabo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Diodorus_Siculus" title="Diodorus Siculus">Diodorus Siculus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Poseidonios" title="Poseidonios">Poseidonios</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Aufidius_Bassus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aufidius Bassus (ikke skrevet ennå)">Aufidius Bassus</a> og tallrike ikkelitterære kilder: intervjuer med handelsmenn og soldater som hadde reist over grensene til <a href="/wiki/Rhinen" title="Rhinen">Rhinen</a> og Donau. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Referanser">Referanser</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Germania_(Tacitus)&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Rediger avsnitt: Referanser" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>rediger</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Germania_(Tacitus)&action=edit&section=4" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen Referanser"><span>rediger kilde</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">Tvarnø, Henrik: «Romernes oppfatning av germanerne» i Hedeager og Tvarnø: <i>Tusen års Europahistorie</i>. Oslo 2001. Side 39</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">Tvarnø, Henrik: «Romernes oppfatning av germanerne» i Hedeager og Tvarnø: <i>Tusen års Europahistorie</i>. Oslo 2001. Side 39</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">Gudeman, Alfred (1900): «The Sources of the Germania of Tacitus». <i>Transactions and Proceedings of the American Philological Association</i> 31: 93–111. doi:10.2307/282642.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">Syme, Ronald. 1958. Side 128</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Litteratur">Litteratur</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Germania_(Tacitus)&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Rediger avsnitt: Litteratur" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>rediger</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Germania_(Tacitus)&action=edit&section=5" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen Litteratur"><span>rediger kilde</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>J.G.C. Anderson (red.): <i>Germania</i>. Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1938</li> <li>Hedeager, Lotte og Tvarnø, Henrik: <i>Tusen års Europahistorie. Romere, germanere og nordboere</i>. Oslo 2001. <a href="/wiki/Spesial:Bokkilder/8253022514" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 82-530-2251-4</a></li> <li>T.A. Dorey, <i> 'Agricola' and 'Germania', </i> i <i>Tacitus</i>. London, Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1969. (Studies in Latin Literature series)</li> <li>Alfred Gudeman, <i>The Sources of the Germania of Tacitus</i>, in <i>Transactions and Proceedings of the American Philological Association</i>, Vol. 31. (1900), ss. 93-111</li> <li>Christopher B. Krebs: <i>Negotiatio Germaniae. Tacitus' Germania und Enea Silvio Piccolomini, Giannantonio Campano, Conrad Celtis und Heinrich Bebel</i> (Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 2005). <a href="/wiki/Spesial:Bokkilder/3525252579" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 3-525-25257-9</a>.</li> <li>Schama, Simon (1995): <i>Landscape and Memory</i> 2.i "The hunt for Germania"</li> <li>Syme, Ronald: <i>Tacitus</i>, vol. 1. Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1958</li> <li>Rodney Potter Robinson, 1935: The Germania of Tacitus. Middletown, Connecticut; American Philological Association. (tekst- og manuskriptanalyse)</li> <li>Schellhase, Kenneth C. (1976): Tacitus in Renaissance Political Thought (Chicago)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Eksterne_lenker">Eksterne lenker</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Germania_(Tacitus)&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Rediger avsnitt: Eksterne lenker" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>rediger</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Germania_(Tacitus)&action=edit&section=6" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen Eksterne lenker"><span>rediger kilde</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li></ul> <table border="0" cellspacing="1"> <tbody><tr valign="middle"> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://no.wikisource.org/wiki/Hovedside" title="Wikisource"><img alt="Wikisource" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/14px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/21px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/28px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></a></span> </td> <td align="left"><span class="bjeller" style="color: var(--color-subtle, #54595d); cursor:help;" title="engelsk">(en)</span> <a href="https://no.wikisource.org/wiki/en:Germania" class="extiw" title="s:en:Germania">Germania</a> – originaltekster fra den engelskspråklige <a href="/wiki/Wikikilden" title="Wikikilden">Wikikilden</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cornelius.tacitus.nu/rom/germania/inledning.htm">Tacitus.nu: Germania</a>, med innledning av Per Persson (svensk)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unrv.com/provinces/germania.php">Roman empire: Germania</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/basis/tacitus-germanygord.html">En kopi av <i>Germania</i> online hos Fordham.edu</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080916075339/http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/basis/tacitus-germanygord.html">Arkivert</a> 16. september 2008 hos <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/source/tacitus1.html"><i>Germania</i>, fortsettelse</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120320225941/http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/source/tacitus1.html">Arkivert</a> 20. mars 2012 hos <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/sbook2.html">The Internet Medieval Sourcebook</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140910131140/http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/sbook2.html">Arkivert</a> 10. september 2014 hos <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. – middelalderkildetekster</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?lookup=Tac.+Ger.+1">Perseus text</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tertullian.org/rpearse/tacitus/index.htm">Roger Pearse, «Tacitus and his manuscripts»</a></li></ul> <div id="catlinks"><p id="portlinks" class="catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Portaler" title="Wikipedia:Portaler">Portal</a>: <a href="/wiki/Portal:Historie" title="Portal:Historie">Historie</a></p></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r23230704">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-viewsource-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-protected-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-editLock mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-editLock"></span> <span></span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-buttons"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet mw-interlanguage-selector" id="p-lang-btn-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-language"></span> <span>33 språk</span> </button> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive" id="ca-addsection-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="addsection-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbleAdd-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbleAdd-progressive"></span> <span>Nytt 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